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+{"text":"Weekly COVID-19 Update \u2013 Jan. 8, 2021: DPH Announces First Pediatric COVID-19 Death in Delaware\nDelaware Health and Social Services | Division of Public Health | News | Date Posted: Friday, January 8, 2021\nDOVER (Jan. 8, 2021) \u2013 The Delaware Division of Public Health (DPH) is providing an update on the most recent statistics related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Delaware, as of 6 p.m. Thursday, January 7, 2021.\nDPH is reporting the state's first COVID-19 related death of a child since the start of the pandemic. The death involves a child under the age of 5 from New Castle County who had a significant number of co-morbidities. Additional details about the individual will not be provided to protect patient privacy.\n\"While each life lost as a result of this virus is tragic, the loss of a child is felt across our entire community,\" said DPH Director Dr. Karyl Rattay. \"We send our deepest condolences to this child's family and all of those who have lost a loved one during this pandemic. We are urging everyone in our state to come together, take this current winter surge seriously, remain vigilant about mitigation measures, and keep each other safe.\"\nA total of 957 Delawareans have passed away due to complications from COVID-19. The state reported 31 additional deaths since last week's update. The total number of individuals who have died from COVID-19 ranges in age from younger than 5 to 104 years old. Of those who have died, 487 were female and 470 were male. A total of 476 individuals were from New Castle County, 171 were from Kent County, and 310 were from Sussex County.\nA total of 63,503 positive cases of COVID-19 among Delaware residents have been reported to DPH since March 11, 2020. A record number of new positive cases (1,241 positive cases) were reported on Wednesday this week, and the seven-day average increased to 778.6 as of Thursday, Jan. 7.\nThe seven-day average for the percentage of persons who tested positive for COVID-19 as of Thursday, Jan. 7 was 27.3%, an increase from 25.1% as of Thursday, Dec. 31. DPH publishes both positivity rates \u2013 persons tested and total tests conducted \u2013 on its COVID-19 data portal. As of Tuesday, Jan. 5, the seven-day average for the percentage of total tests that were positive was 10.4%, an increase from 9.1% as of Tuesday, Dec. 29. There is a two-day lag for presenting data related to percent of tests that are positive to account for the time delay between the date of the test and the date that DPH receives the test result.\nIn addition, 451 individuals are currently hospitalized due to COVID-19 in Delaware, an increase of 39 as of last Thursday. Fifty-nine of the hospitalized persons are critically ill, up one from last week.\nAs of midnight, Thursday, Jan. 7, 21,814 administered doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have been reported to the state's immunization information system, DelVAX. Delaware's latest COVID-19 vaccination statistics can be found under the Vaccine Tracker dashboard at de.gov\/healthycommunity. Additional information about COVID-19 vaccine rollout is available at de.gov\/covidvaccine. Questions can be directed to the Vaccine Call Center at 1-833-643-1715. People who are deaf and hard of hearing should call 2-1-1 or text their ZIP code to 898-211. Individuals can email their questions concerning the vaccine to Vaccine@Delaware.gov.\nUpdate on COVID-19 Outbreaks in Long-term Care Facilities: The Division of Public Health continues to investigate COVID-19 outbreaks in long-term care facilities throughout the state. The following facilities have experienced significant outbreaks since late September. Resident and staff tallies represent cumulative case totals between Sept. 25, 2020, and Jan. 7, 2020, and may not represent the number of active cases at each facility at this particular point in time:\n\u2022 Atlantic Shores Rehabilitation & Health Center in Millsboro; 21 residents and 18 staff\n\u2022 Brandywine Assisted Living at Seaside in Rehoboth Beach; 39 residents and 15 staff\n\u2022 Brookdale in Dover; 58 residents and 36 staff\n\u2022 Cadia Healthcare Broadmeadow in Middletown; 20 residents and 25 staff\n\u2022 Cadia Healthcare Renaissance in Millsboro; 22 residents and 20 staff\n\u2022 Cadia Healthcare Silverside in Wilmington; 58 residents and 46 staff members\n\u2022 Cadia Healthcare Capitol in Dover; 47 residents and 34 staff\n\u2022 Churchman Village in Newark; 63 residents and 47 staff\n\u2022 Delmar Nursing and Rehabilitation Center in Delmar; 38 residents and 38 staff\n\u2022 Dover Place in Dover; 39 residents and 23 staff\n\u2022 Foulk Manor South in Wilmington; 29 residents and 30 staff\n\u2022 Harbor Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center in Lewes; 51 residents and 23 staff\n\u2022 Hillside Center in Wilmington; 23 residents and 18 staff\n\u2022 Kutz Senior Living in Wilmington; 33 residents and 20 staff\n\u2022 Lofland Park in Seaford; 19 residents and 17 staff\n\u2022 ManorCare Health Services in Wilmington; 11 residents and 18 staff\n\u2022 Milford Center, Genesis Healthcare in Milford; 49 residents and 14 staff\n\u2022 Oak Bridge Terrace at Cokesbury Village in Hockessin; 16 residents and 14 staff\n\u2022 Regal Heights Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center in Hockessin; 90 residents and 41 staff\n\u2022 Regency Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center in Wilmington; 74 residents and 47 staff\n\u2022 Seaford Center Nursing Home in Seaford; 21 residents and 19 staff\n\u2022 The Moorings at Lewes in Lewes; 17 residents and 39 staff\n\u2022 Westminster Village in Dover; 47 residents and 29 staff\n\u2022 WillowBrooke Court Skilled Center at Manor House in Seaford; 44 residents and 36 staff\n\u2022 WillowBrooke Court at Cokesbury Village in Hockessin; 13 residents and 14 staff\n*Staff members may include health care and non-health care personnel, such as facility vendors or other individuals working in the long-term care facility who may not be full-time facility employees. Facilities listed represent those that have had a cumulative total of more than 10 cases among residents and more than 10 cases among staff to date since the beginning of the outbreak monitoring period, Sept. 25, 2020. As facility outbreak investigations close, they will be removed from this list.\nLong-term Care Statistics:\nAs of 6 p.m. Thursday, January 7, there have been a total of 1,980 positive COVID-19 cases cumulatively involving long-term care residents, and 512 residents of Delaware long-term care facilities have died from complications related to COVID-19.\nThe locations and number of deaths involving residents of long-term care facilities are:\nAtlantic Shores Rehabilitation and Health Center, Millsboro (18)\nBrackenville Center, Genesis Healthcare, Hockessin (18)\nBrandywine Nursing and Rehabilitation Center, Wilmington (34)\nBrandywine Living at Seaside Pointe, Rehoboth Beach (4)\nBrookdale Dover, Dover (9)\nCadia Healthcare Broadmeadow, Middletown (13)\nCadia Healthcare Capitol, Dover (18)\nCadia Healthcare Renaissance, Millsboro (10)\nCadia Healthcare North Wilmington\/Silverside, Wilmington (26)\nChurchman Village, Newark (7)\nCountry Rest Home, Greenwood (11)\nDelaware Hospital for the Chronically Ill, Smyrna (13)\nDover Place, Dover (4)\nFoulk Manor South, Wilmington (3)\nForwood Manor, Wilmington (2)\nGovernor Bacon Health Center, Delaware City (1)\nHarborChase of Wilmington, Wilmington (4)\nHarbor Healthcare and Rehabilitation, Lewes (24)\nHarrison House Senior Living, Georgetown (43)\nHillside Center, Wilmington (4)\nKentmere Rehabilitation and Healthcare Center, Wilmington (8)\nKutz Senior Living, Wilmington (3)\nLittle Sisters of the Poor, Newark (11)\nLofland Park Center, Genesis Healthcare, Seaford (6)\nManorCare Health Services, Wilmington (14)\nManorCare Health Services, Pike Creek (23)\nMethodist Country House, Wilmington (4)\nMillcroft, Newark (2)\nMilford Center, Genesis Healthcare, Milford (40)\nNew Castle Health and Rehabilitation Center, New Castle (12)\nNewark Manor Nursing Home, Newark (11)\nParkview Nursing and Rehabilitation, Wilmington (26)\nPinnacle Rehabilitation and Health Center, Smyrna (24)\nRegal Heights Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center, Hockessin (11)\nRegency Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center, Wilmington (8)\nSomerford House and Place, Newark (2)\nSummit Assisted Living, Hockessin (3)\nSunrise Assisted Living, Wilmington (2)\nThe Center at Eden Hill, Dover (2)\nThe Moorings at Lewes, Lewes (4)\nWestminster Village, Dover (13)\nWillowBrooke Court Skilled Center at Manor House, Seaford (7)\nWillowBrooke Court at Cokesbury Village, Hockessin (2)\nFive other New Castle County long-term care facilities (1 death at each facility)\nTwo other Kent County long-term care facility (1 death at this facility)\nOne other Sussex County long-term care facility (1 death at this facility)\nAggregate K-12 School-Related COVID-19 Statistics:\nOn Tuesday, Jan. 5, the Division of Public Health launched a new, schools-focused COVID-19 dashboard on its COVID-19 data portal. The dashboard tracks the number of contagious cases among staff and students of Delaware schools, and offer a more detailed picture of COVID-19 infection in school buildings. The new dashboard can be found at myhealthycommunity.dhss.delaware.gov\/locations\/state\/in-person-contagious.\nIf you are sick with any of the following symptoms, stay home: fever, cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, muscle aches, fatigue, chills, shaking with chills, loss of smell or taste, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea, or headache or congestion or runny nose without a known cause such as allergies. Other symptoms such as abdominal pain or lack of appetite have been identified as potential symptoms related to COVID-19 and may prompt further screening, action or investigation by a primary care provider. If you are sick and need essential supplies, ask someone else to go to the grocery store or the pharmacy to get what you need.\nDPH reminds Delawareans that if you believe you have been exposed to someone with COVID-19, or have symptoms of illness, make sure to distance yourself from others, particularly vulnerable populations. Older adults and people of any age with serious underlying medical conditions \u2013 including serious heart conditions, chronic lung conditions, including moderate to severe asthma, severe obesity and those who are immunocompromised, including through cancer treatment \u2013 may have a higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19.\nInformation about testing events, including community testing sites, permanent fixed testing sites, and free-standing sites operated by the health care systems and hospitals, will be listed on the testing section of the Delaware coronavirus website at de.gov\/gettested.\nDelawareans over the age of 18 are encouraged to download COVID Alert DE, Delaware's free exposure notification app to help protect your neighbors while ensuring your privacy. Download on the App Store or Google Play.\nIndividuals with general questions about COVID-19 should call Delaware 2-1-1, individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing can text their ZIP code to 898-211, or email delaware211@uwde.org. Hours of operation are 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Monday through Friday; 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Saturday and Sunday. Medically related questions regarding testing, symptoms, and health-related guidance can be submitted by email at DPHCall@delaware.gov.\nIndividuals who have complaints about individuals violating public gathering restrictions should contact state or local law enforcement. Concerns that a business may be violating operating restrictions should be directed to: HSPContact@delaware.gov. Questions related to business re-openings or operations as businesses re-open should go to COVID19FAQ@delaware.gov. Questions regarding unemployment claims should be emailed to: UIClaims@delaware.gov.\nDPH will continue to update the public as more information becomes available. For the latest on Delaware's response, go to de.gov\/coronavirus.\nRelated Topics: Coronavirus, COVID-19","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Apple updates MobileMe status after weekend of fixes\nBy Philip Michaels\nAfter working over the weekend to restore functionality to MobileMe, Apple said on Sunday night that nearly half of the users affected by the ongoing woes plaguing the newly launched online service have e-mail access once more.\nAbout 1 percent of MobileMe's subscribers had been affected by an e-mail outage, Apple confirmed on Friday. The problem was caused when one of Apple's mail servers blocked access to users' MobileMe mail accounts.\nBy Sunday, Apple said in a post at its MobileMe status page that 40 percent of the affected users now have e-mail access again along with most of their e-mail history restored.\n\"We turned on web access to [affected subscribers'] current email yesterday and the feedback has been cautiously positive,\" the post reads. \"Since then, we've restored full email history (minus the approximately 10% of mail received between July 18 and July 22 which may have been lost) and the ability to access email from a Mac, PC and iPhone, to over 40% of these users, and expect the remainder to be restored in the next few days.\"\nApple adds that e-mail received by users affected by the outage between July 18 and July 22 was placed on its new server with a July 23 date stamp. \"If you need the actual date for particular messages you can take advantage of the ability to view long headers in MobileMe Mail (via Preferences) to peer into the log and find the actual mailing time and date,\" the post adds.\nMobileMe, the replacement for Apple's .Mac service, officially launched July 11. The service is aimed at giving users the ability to simultaneously sync mail, contact, and calendar information between computers, iPhones, and other mobile devices.\nHowever, the service has been plagued by problems since launch, a fact Apple acknowledged on July 16 when it apologized for the rocky transition and extended MobileMe subscriptions by 30 days. However, problems have continued for some users, with Apple vowing to have \"people\u2026 working 24-7 to improve matters.\"\nIn Sunday's update on MobileMe service restoration, Apple vowed to post another status report early this week.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Paul: 'Compassion' will grow GOP\nknorvell@dmreg.com\nDAVENPORT, Ia. \u2014 Sen. Rand Paul said he believes to grow the Republican Party and win Iowa the eventual presidential nominee should attract new voters by \"showing compassion for people who are down on their luck.\"\nThe Republican presidential hopeful said in Knoxville, Ia., he's the candidate who can reach out to voters who have left the party behind \u2014 or Democrats thinking of doing the same. The biggest problem, he said, is a Republican hasn't won Iowa in the general election for eight years because the party lacks diversity.\nA way to build that base is to attract the youth vote by \"being more boldly for what we're for\" but also recognizing that some people \"deserve a second chance in life,\" Paul said.\n\"Do we need to be big spending liberals on this? No,\" he said. \"But I think we need to have compassion for people who are down on their luck and aren't doing well, whether they've gotten in trouble with the law or whether they're in trouble because of poverty.\"\nIn Davenport later, the Kentucky senator expanded on his position by touting his record on criminal justice reform \u2014 a point he hammered in Thursday's debate by condemning the disproportionate number of black men in prison for non-violent crimes. He has introduced several bills in the U.S. Senate that would eliminate mandatory minimum sentences, expunge records for certain drug crimes and restore federal voting rights, he said.\nPaul said the biggest impediment to getting a job is a criminal record, and to keep people off welfare there should be a \"second chance\" for people who have \"changed their ways.\" He would also help lift people out of poverty by creating \"economic freedom zones\" where taxes are lower in certain pockets of poverty, he said.\n\"We can have a message that's consistent with what we believe in,\" Paul said. \"Most of us are Christians and believe in redemption and believe in a second chance. I think the law ought to believe that.\"\nPastor Brian Nolder, of Pella, said in Knoxville he appreciates that Paul introduced a personhood amendment that would define life as beginning at conception, but that \"the pro-life ethic also needs to reflect in our foreign policy, as well.\"\n\"I'm not a pacifist, Senator Paul is not a pacifist,\" he said. \"But we do need to be really concerned about the way that we go about defending our nation and that we not entangle ourselves in foreign affairs unjustly in a way that's potentially taking innocent life and costing us a lot of money and a lot of blood.\"\nAt the events\nSetting: The National Sprint Car Hall of Fame and Museum in Knoxville and the Hotel Blackhawk in Davenport.\nCrowd: About 50 in Knoxville and more than 150 in Davenport.\nReaction: Both crowds applauded several times, but in Davenport he elicited verbal shouts of agreement on several points, including his desire to re-evaluate the war on drugs and when explaining his 14.5 percent flat tax plan. \"I want the government to have less money and you to have more money,\" he said.\nWhat's next: Paul has a busy schedule through caucus night. Check DesMoinesRegister.com for more details.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Country Weekly Archive\nTag Archives: Mark O'Connor\n2017 Grammy Awards: Country Music Winners List [Updated]\nThe 59th Grammy Awards are underway in LA, and we'll be posting the winners as they are announced in the country, bluegrass and Americana categories. Best Country Album A Sailor's Guide to Earth \u2014 Sturgill Simpson WINNER Big Day in a Small Town \u2014 Brandy Clark Full Circle \u2014 Loretta Lynn Hero \u2014 Maren Morris Ripcord \u2014 Keith Urban Best Country\u2026\u2026 MORE\nGrammy Time\nThe 62nd Grammy Awards will air live from Los Angeles' Staples Center on Jan. 26 on CBS at 8 p.m. ET\/5 p.m. PT.\nThe Gatlin Brothers Announce \"65th Anniversary Tour\"\nLuke Bryan Announces New Album, \"Born Here, Live Here, Die Here,\" and New Tour\nJason Aldean Extends \"We Back Tour\" With Brett Young, Mitchell Tenpenny & More\nChris Young Announces \"Town Ain't Big Enough Tour\" With Scotty McCreery\nBrooks & Dunn to Hit the Road for \"Reboot 2020 Tour\"\nTim McGraw Announces \"Here On Earth Tour\" With Midland, Ingrid Andress & 2 Shows With Special Guest Luke Combs\nCharlie Daniels Band & Marshall Tucker Band Join Forces for \"Fire on the Mountain Tour\"\nZac Brown Band Announces \"Roar With the Lions Tour\"\nCanaan Smith Announces \"Pour Decisions Tour\"\n2020 Bonnaroo Lineup Includes Jason Isbell, Morgan Wallen, Yola & More [Full Lineup]","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Aberdeen Reports Shareholders' Equity of $0.37 Per Share and 2015 Year End Financial Results\nTORONTO, ONTARIO--(Marketwired - May 4, 2015) - Aberdeen International Inc. (\"Aberdeen\") (TSX:AAB) (\"Aberdeen\", or the \"Company\") is pleased to announce that it has released its financial results for the fourth quarter of 2015, for the period ended January 31, 2015. For more information please see the Company's Annual Financial Statements and Management's Discussion and Analysis (\"MD&A\") posted on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.\nAs at January 31, 2015, Aberdeen's Shareholders' Equity (or Net Asset Value, \"NAV\") was $35.9 million, or $0.37 per share. Aberdeen's shareholders' equity increased by $4.8 million from $31.1 million at the end of Q3 2015. The increase in shareholders' equity was due to the performance of Aberdeen's equity investment portfolio in the fourth quarter, which had a total investment gain of $2.8 million for the quarter in addition to the Company's $2.0 million equity raise in Q4 2015. On a year-over-year basis, Aberdeen's shareholders' equity decreased by $11.6 million. Note that the reference to shareholders' equity is similar to previous references to Net Asset Value or \"NAV\" by Aberdeen.\n2015 January 31,\n2014 October 31,\nShares outstanding 97,349,422 87,349,422 87,349,422\n$ $\/Shares $ $\/Shares $ $\/Shares\nCash on hand 355,188 0.00 868,267 0.01 3,167,364 0.04\nPublicly traded 18,941,776 0.195 17,216,988 0.197 15,461,756 0.177\nPrivate 17,700,622 0.182 20,075,953 0.230 9,870,765 0.113\nIntrinsic value 17,500 0.000 25,000 0.000 - -\nOption value 12,500 0.000 545,909 0.006 14,900 0.000\n30,000 0.000 570,909 0.007 14,900 0.000\nPortfolio Investments 36,672,398 0.377 37,863,850 0.433 25,347,421 0.290\nLoans \/ preferred shares 61,538 0.001 6,902,617 0.079 61,538 0.001\nTotal 37,089,124 0.381 45,634,734 0.522 28,576,323 0.327\nFor the twelve months ended January 31, 2015, Aberdeen reported net earnings of $(13.8) million or $(0.15) per basic share on total revenue of $(2.8) million. Revenue was comprised of $(3.0) million from net investment losses and $0.2 million from interest income and dividends. For the twelve months ending January 31, 2014, Aberdeen reported net earnings of $(16.3) million or $(0.19) per share on total revenue of $(13.5) million ($(14.3) million from net investment losses and $0.8 million from interest and dividend income and advisory service fees).\nCorporate Update\nAberdeen is pleased that its investment, African Thunder Platinum has announced several important milestones in recent weeks. On March 26, 2015, African Thunder announced the restart of the Smokey Hills Mine in January and on April 29, 2015, announced the successful commissioning of the plant at the end of March with the first PGM concentrate shipment on April 18, 2015. Production continues to improve and management of ATP is confident that the mine is on track to achieve full ramp-up before the end of the year. David Stein also noted, \"Aberdeen has been pleased to see the mine start-up as scheduled, and the first concentrate shipment, which signals the first revenue received from ore production at the Smokey Hills Mine. In a few short months, African Thunder has accomplished a number of important milestones which we believe will be instrumental of the development of the project into a growing platinum Company.\"\nThe Company continues to implement its five point plan as disclosed in January 2015. In particular:\nSubsequent to the year ended January 31, 2015, the Company purchased 691,170 common shares for cancellation under the Company's normal course issue bid (\"NCIB\") at an average cost of $0.145. Aberdeen expects to continue to purchase shares over the remainder of its NCIB, depending on market conditions and other investment opportunities that may be available.\nSubsequent to the year ended January 31, 2015, the Company has implemented a cost reduction program and has reduced its ongoing G&A costs. The Company expects to report more details in its Q1 2016 results.\nAberdeen is also reviewing or engaged in several other opportunities that would allow the Company to earn revenue alongside its investments including interest income, management fees and\/or royalties. Aberdeen is pleased to have received its first dividend from its position in Tahoe Resources Inc. in April, and expects to continue to receive income from this holding while the Company reviews other opportunities.\nAberdeen also continues to evaluate further improvements to its corporate governance\nAberdeen is pleased to announce the recent appointment of Rob Hopkins as Manager, Investor Relations. Mr. Hopkins is an experienced investor relations professional who has been focused on the mining sector for the past four years. Investors will have already noticed improved disclosure on our new investments over the past quarter and we ramp up a broader investor relations program and will continue to update the market on these initiatives.\nAberdeen is a publicly traded global investment and merchant banking company focused on small cap companies in the resource sector. Aberdeen will seek to acquire significant equity participation in pre-IPO and\/or early stage public resource companies with undeveloped or undervalued high-quality resources. Aberdeen will focus on companies that: (i) are in need of managerial, technical and financial resources to realize their full potential; (ii) are undervalued in foreign capital markets; and\/or (iii) operate in jurisdictions with moderate local political risk. Aberdeen will seek to provide value-added managerial and board advisory services to companies. The Corporation's intention will be to optimize the return on its investment over a 24 to 36 month investment time frame.\nFor additional information, please visit our website at www.aberdeeninternational.ca and follow us on Twitter: @AberdeenAAB.\nExcept for statements of historical fact contained herein, the information in this press release constitutes \"forward-looking information\" within the meaning of Canadian securities law. Such forward-looking information may be identified by words such as \"plans\", \"proposes\", \"estimates\", \"intends\", \"expects\", \"believes\", \"may\", \"will\" and include without limitation, statements regarding the impact of the appointment on Aberdeen; past success as an indicator of future success; net asset value of the Company; the potential of investee companies and the appreciation of their share price; the future intentions of the Company with regard to its shareholdings; the Company's plan of business operations; timing with respect to proposed transaction, the ability to complete any transactions on the terms proposed, or at all; and anticipated returns. There can be no assurance that such statements will prove to be accurate; actual results and future events could differ materially from such statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include, among others, metal prices, competition, financing risks, acquisition risks, risks inherent in the mining industry, and regulatory risks. Most of these factors are outside the control of the Company. Investors are cautioned not to put undue reliance on forward-looking information. Except as otherwise required by applicable securities statutes or regulation, the Company expressly disclaims any intent or obligation to update publicly forward-looking information, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.\nRob Hopkins","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Our climate is changing, and it is clear that these changes will continue to have an impact on Northern Ireland. This presents a wide range of risks and opportunities to our natural environment, infrastructure services, built environment, economy and other vital societal support structures.\nWhilst working to limit the effects of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, we must adapt. Historical emissions of greenhouse gases have made climate change inevitable, regardless of our emission reductions.\nThe European Commission defines adaptation as:\n\"Anticipating the adverse effects of climate change and taking appropriate action to prevent or minimise the damage they can cause, or taking advantage of opportunities that may arise.\"\nhttps:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/clima\/policies\/adaptation_en\nAdaptation is essential to better prepare us to respond to current and future changing climatic conditions. Planning for these changes will enable NI to build resilience to the potential negative impacts of climate change, whilst allowing us to take advantage of any opportunities.\nSee our UK Climate Change Adaptation Policy page to learn about the legislation in place to help the UK and each of its devolved administrations, including Northern Ireland to address climate change.\nTo learn more about the projected climatic changes, see our\nUK Climate Projections 2018 (UKCP18) page. This includes a presentation from the Met Office, which provides an overview of the latest climate projections, the data available and how to access information.\nUK Climate Change Adaptation Policy\nAdaptation in Northern Ireland\nNI Climate Change Research Database","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Call us: 0304 111 24 24\nEmail: headoffice@myscs.org\nStudy Abroad Countries\nDownloads Forms\nYou are here: Home > UK and Scotland\nUK and Scotland\nWhy study in UK? The UK and its universities have an undisputed reputation for academic excellence and quality with thousands of courses available for students, as well as being an ideal destination for many decades for over a million international students from all over the world. To some extent getting a student visa in the UK is easier than in different countries. UK study visa not only helps you study in your choice University in UK but also provides opportunities and boost your potential to get full time jobs when the academic year is over.\nMiddlesex University London\nWhy Study in UK ?\nThe UK and its universities have an undisputed reputation for academic excellence and quality with thousands of courses available for students, as well as being an ideal destination for many decades for over a million international students from all over the world.\nWhat are the Benefits of Studying in UK ?\nUK higher education and qualifications have a remarkable international reputation and the UK degree is globally by international universities, top employers and government bodies, creating huge number of chances to get placed with leading companies. Along with your studies, you can work in a part-time job, internship or placement and develop valuable skills that will be added to your CV. Your university may assist in providing placement after studies.\nIs UK a Good Place to Study ?\nStudying in the UK is good value for money \u2013 average costs here are lower than in both the USA and Australia. Generally speaking, humanities and social science courses cost the least, while laboratory and clinical degrees are more expensive.\nHow much a student can earn in UK ?\nThe UK has a National Minimum Wage that all employers must abide by. The NMW for a student aged between 18 and 20 is \u00a35.30 per hour; for those 21 and over, the NMW is \u00a36.70 per hour.\nCan I stay in UK after graduation ?\nThe new post-study work visa rules will allow you to work in the UK after graduation. From September 2020 any student enrolling at a UK university can stay in the UK after graduation for up to two years in order to look for work related to their degree or course.\nIs UK Expensive to Study ?\nBudgeting is part of student life! The cost of living in the UK as a student is estimated at around \u00a312,200 per year.\nCopyright \u00a9 2018 My SCS, All rights reserved.\nPowered by: SEO Training Courses Lahore SEO Services Lahore\nWeb Development Lahore\nHead Office Lahore: ICD House 107 Mamdot Block Mustafa Town Wahdet Road Lahore Offices in PESHAWAR, ISLAMABAD, KARACHI, SIALKOT & GUJRANWALA.\nUAN:0304 111 24 24\nTel: 042 35420894-5,\nHotline: 0304 111 24 24\nStudent Expert","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Migraci\u00f3n Web of Science\nEvaluation of new antihypertensive drugs designed in silico using Thermolysin as a target\nMacLeod Carey, Desmond\nSolis Cespedes, Eduardo\nLamazares, Emilio\nMena Ulecia, Karel\nSAUDI PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL,Vol.28,582-592,2020\nThe search for new therapies for the treatment of Arterial hypertension is a major concern in the scientific community. Here, we employ a computational biochemistry protocol to evaluate the performance of six compounds (Lig783, Lig1022, Lig1392, Lig2177, Lig3444 and Lig6199) to act as antihypertensive agents. This protocol consists of Docking experiments, efficiency calculations of ligands, molecular dynamics simulations, free energy, pharmacological and toxicological properties predictions (ADME-Tox) of the six ligands against Thermolysin. Our results show that the docked structures had an adequate orientation in the pocket of the Thermolysin enzymes, reproducing the X-ray crystal structure of InhibitorThermolysin complexes in an acceptable way. The most promising candidates to act as antihypertensive agents among the series are Lig2177 and Lig3444. These compounds form the most stable ligandThermolysin complexes according to their binding free energy values obtained in the docking experiments as well as MM-GBSA decomposition analysis calculations. They present the lowest values of Ki, indicating that these ligands bind strongly to Thermolysin. Lig2177 was oriented in the pocket of Thermolysin in such a way that both OH of the dihydroxyl-amino groups to establish hydrogen bond interactions with Glu146 and Glu166. In the same way, Lig3444 interacts with Asp150, Glu143 and Tyr157. Additionally, Lig2177 and Lig3444 fulfill all the requirements established by Lipinski Veber and Pfizer 3\/75 rules, indicating that these compounds could be safe compounds to be used as antihypertensive agents. We are confident that our computational biochemistry protocol can be used to evaluate and predict the behavior of a broad range of compounds designed in silicoagainst a protein target. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Tags: Japan | quake | baby\nBaby Rescued From Japan Quake Rubble\nRescuers dramatically pulled a baby girl from a collapsed house early Friday more than six hours after a swarm of powerful earthquakes rocked southwestern Japan and left nine people dead.\nVideo footage provided by the National Police Agency showed the tiny pink pajama-clad baby gently carried away in a blanket by helmeted rescuers from the rubble of the home.\nThe rescue of the eight-month old girl came in the Kumamoto prefectural town of Mashiki, the locale hardest hit by the 6.5-magnitude quake that struck Thursday night.\nThe girl whose name has not been released, reportedly did not suffer any injuries.\nThe child's mother, grandfather, grandmother, and older brother were in the living room and kitchen of the home as she slept in another room on the first floor when the quake shook the southern island of Kyushu, the Mainichi Shimbun daily reported.\nThe family members, who all managed to escape, tried to rescue the baby but the house collapsed, the paper said.\nBut a 50-member rescue team managed to pull her safely from the rubble around 3:45 am Friday, Kyodo News reported.\nThe infant's rescue came as nine people were killed -- eight of them in Mashiki -- after dozens of aftershocks shook the area following the initial quake.\nMashiki, a town with the population of about 35,000 people, is near the quake's epicenter.\nPeople following news of the baby's ordeal shared their emotions on Twitter.\n\"I thought I'd cry,\" one user wrote. \"Hope she is safely back to her mother. She had been a good girl for six hours!\"\nAnother wrote: \"So relieved to know the baby is safe. I cannot stop crying.\"\n\u00a9 AFP 2021\nJapan, quake, baby","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"AI You Can Trust\nWith the DataRobot platform, our built-in expertise and guardrails ensure that you receive predictions you can trust.\nDataRobot is building the world's most Trusted AI\nTrust is essential in any relationship and must be earned. When you meet a new business partner, you know how to quickly read whether or not they are trustworthy. With an AI system, that sophisticated assessment is just as vital, and it comprises key steps that should become routine.\nAt DataRobot, we provide the expertise and tools to test your systems across multiple dimensions of trust in order to design AI that performs exceptionally, maintains operational excellence, and reflects your values. This is Trusted AI.\nHumility in AI: Building Trustworthy and Ethical AI Systems\nDataRobot's Framework for Trusted AI\nDataRobot's technology was created by some of the world's top data scientists, incorporating best practices with recent research developments. We recognize that AI trust is multidimensional and an AI creator, operator, and consumer each have different needs. Success happens when humans and AI work together.\nThe DataRobot platform incorporates guardrails to ensure performance and enable the democratization of AI so that knowledgeable business users across an organization can rely on it.\nValue and Risk\nWith DataRobot's Humble AI feature, you get real-time analysis and protection for the predictions generated by any of your deployed models, making it easier to trust your model and get more value from it.\nEthical and Explainable\nTechnical and non-technical users must be able to explain AI models in a way that is transparent and reflects your company's values. DataRobot's platform is not a black box and will give you clear and concise explanations for the predictions it produces.\nLearn More about Trusted AI\nOur white papers, blogs, webinars, case studies, and courses can help you learn more about how trust in AI shapes the decisions of organizations across many different business segments.\nTrusted AI 101: A Guide to Building Trustworthy and Ethical AI Systems\nLearn about the basic components of trustworthy and ethical AI systems and how to build them. Find out how DataRobot delivers trust in AI.\nEthical AI DataRobot University Course\nA seminar that teaches how to identify ethical challenges related to machine learning projects and how to build a framework for developing your organization's ethical AI policy.\nIn this ebook, we explore the concept of humility in AI systems and how it can be applied to existing solutions to ensure their trustworthiness, ethicality, and reliability in a fast-changing world.\nDataRobot in the News\nWSJ: Corporate Tech Leaders Are Mixed on EU Artificial Intelligence Bill\nFortune: Europe proposes strict A.I. regulation likely to have an impact around the world\nDataRobot Names New Global AI Ethicist\nDatanami: AI Bias a Real Concern in Business, Survey Says\nWhy you need to pay more attention to combatting AI bias\nEU AI regulation guidelines worry vendors\nHow to Stop Worrying and Start Tackling AI Bias\nThe stories of bias in AI are everywhere: Amazon's recruiting tool, Apple's credit card limits, Google's facial recognition, and dozens more. The quick solution is just to blame the algorithm and its designers. However, the only way to create fairer AI is to understand the true source of the model's bias.\nHumble AI: Building Guardrails Against Overconfidence\nAs AI becomes ubiquitous, more and more high-stakes decisions will be made automatically by machine learning models. AI can determine the very future of your business and can make life-or-death decisions for real people.\nThe State of AI Bias\nWhile many people believe AI can help solve complex problems plaguing modern societies, can we trust that the AI solutions directing our work and livelihood are rooted in reliable, unbiased data? Do organizations have the proper systems in place to prevent, or quickly address, issues resulting from AI bias?\nData Science Fails: Case Studies and Lessons Learned\nIn this webinar we discuss 6 case studies in AI failure, and discover how you can avoid becoming yet another data science failure statistic.\nOpening Keynote: Trust in AI is not a feature, it's a requirement\nDo you trust your AI? As businesses increasingly rely on AI to make predictions\u2014sometimes with life or death outcomes\u2014it's essential that those forecasts are accurate and credible. And there are many ways an AI system can go wrong: inaccuracy, overconfidence, bias, and privacy concerns.\nBringing Trust into AI\nIn this session, we'll investigate the root cause of bias in machine learning and present DataRobot's framework for implementing more trustworthy AI. You'll come away with a greater awareness of how bias\u2013both explicit and implicit\u2013affects your organization and concrete plan to address it.\nBuild Fairer and More Equitable AI with Bias Testing\nA great deal of research has been done on the negative effects of algorithmic bias, but few templates exist for how organizations can implement Responsible AI. Data scientists need tools to help guide, standardize and operationalize their organizations' Responsible AI policy positions.\nTrusted AI 102: A Guide to Building Fair and Unbiased AI Systems\nThe risk of bias in artificial intelligence (AI) has been the source of much concern and debate. Numerous high-profile examples demonstrate the reality that AI is not a default \"neutral\" technology and can come to reflect or exacerbate bias encoded in human data. These risks undermine the underlying trust in AI and affect your organization's ability to deliver successful AI projects, unhindered by potential ethical and reputational consequences.\nFostering trust in AI systems is a great obstacle to bringing transformative AI technologies into reality, such as autonomous vehicles or the large-scale integration of machine intelligence in medicine. The challenge is to translate guiding ethical principles and aspirations into implementation and make the responsible practice of AI accessible, reproducible, and achievable for all who engage with the design and use of AI systems. This is a tall order but far from an insurmountable challenge.\nAutomatic Bias and Fairness Testing\nIntroducing DataRobot Bias and Fairness Testing\nEnabling Trustworthy AI with Digital Risk Mitigation and Cybersecurity\nHealthcare, like all industries, is being transformed by the large-scale adoption of digital technologies both at their core value chain and external innovation initiatives. And like all other industries, healthcare is at risk from data breaches, ransomware, and similar attacks. Gaining and keeping the trust of patients, providers, and payers has to be upheld at all cost. Strong cybersecurity is the answer and has been becoming an increasingly strategic asset for this industry's highly sensitive data.\nStart trusting your AI system.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Transgender Woman Has Child Porn Conviction Overturned Because She Was 'Struggling With Her Identity'\nVetea Joseph Bunton, 22, was reportedly caught with graphic depictions of child sex on her phone in Jan. 2016. Australian authorities say that Bunton, a transgender \"woman\" who was 18 at the time, had images on her phone of children having sex with each other as well as children having sex with adults.\n\"There were a total of 15 images depicting young boys between the age of five years and 16 years posing naked, performing oral sex or engaging in anal intercourse, either with other young people or adults,\" the court said.\nBunton pleaded guilty in Dec. 2018 to a charge of possessing child exploitation material in the District Court of Burbane. Justice Brian Devereaux gave Bunton leniency the during initial court proceedings in part because of comments she made to forensic psychologist, Dr. Gavan Palk, who apparently vouched for her in his report.\n\"She does not present as a person who is a risk to children. Her sexual offences appear situational and in the context of low self-esteem and lack of confidence due to teenage sexual adjustment issues,\" he said. 'There was no evidence of entrenched pedophilic tendencies.\"\nBunton claimed that she only downloaded the kiddie porn \"out of curiosity and at a time when she was struggling with issues concerning her transgender identity and sexual identity.\" Devereaux noted that none of Bunton's testimony \"really excuses obtaining child exploitation material with children as young as five.\"\nDevereaux ultimately sentenced Bunton to two years of probation along with mandatory treatment. She was also required to register as a sex offender under the initial ruling. Even though Bunton avoided any jail time, an appeals court felt that Devereaux's determination was unfair and overturned the conviction for this member of the LGBT community.\nA three-judge panel determined that Devereaux's ruling was \"inappropriate\" and \"disproportionate to the real risk she presents by her offending.\"\n\"In my respectful view, the applicant's circumstances are unusual,\" Justice Philip Morrison wrote on behalf of the three-judge panel.\nMorrison worried that Bunton's status as a sex offender would affect her transition. He was concerned about \"onerous\" reporting requirements and the inability to develop an alias as she \"undergoes transgender treatment.\"\nThe LGBT agenda is causing the disintegration of the rule of law across the West. The recent case of 7-year-old James Younger, who is being transitioned into a girl by his mother in Texas against the wishes of his father, has drawn attention to how the left-wing courts are enabling gender insanity:\nJudge Kim Cooks has granted joint custody to the parents of 7-year-old James Younger, a young boy who has been encouraged to transition into a girl by his mother.\nJeffrey Younger and his ex-wife, Dr. Anne Georgulas, have been involved in a bitter court battle over their twin children, James and Jude, for many months now. Georgulas wants to transition James from a boy into a girl named \"Luna\" and pump him full of puberty blockers before he reaches the age of 10\u2026\nMaking matters worse, Georgulas is a licensed pediatrician in Coppell, TX. She may be using her authority to push her Mengelean gender beliefs on other unsuspecting parents and children\u2026\nThis judge's decision is a rare victory for sanity against the pervasive child abuse agenda of the LGBT movement.\nOther abominations \u2013 like drag queen story hour and pride parades featuring pornographic displays \u2013 are regularly occurring throughout the West as well. LGBT activists have proven their critics to be correct as they wage war against traditional morality, as the souls of children hang in the balance.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Men's Basketball Season Ends in Loss to Morrisville State\nMorrisville St.\nKeuka\nMorrisville St. (21-4, 15-1 NEAC) 43 36 79\nKeuka (9-14, 6-10 NEAC) 21 37 58\nJames Barnes (10) led the Wolves with 18 points on Saturday -- Photo by Brooke Overton\nPts: Tyrin Miller - 26\nReb: Kevin Dennis - 13\nAst: Lamel Faison - 8\nPts: James Barnes - 18\nReb: Trevor Powell - 7\nKEUKA PARK, N.Y. \u2014 The Keuka College Men's Basketball team lost 79-58 to Morrisville State at the JMW Recreation and Athletics Center on Saturday, ending the season for the Wolves.\nKeuka College finished the year with a 9-14 record, including a 6-10 mark in the North Eastern Athletic Conference\nJames Barnes led the Wolves with 18 points against the Mustangs. David Oliveras added 15 points and Trevor Powell finished with 10 in the loss.\nMorrisville State 79 at Keuka College 58\nThe Mustangs jumped out to an early 10-4 lead over the Wolves five minutes into the game on Saturday. Morrisville State pushed the lead to double figures and then went on a 9-0 run to widen the margin. They used the long ball in building their lead, outscoring the Wolves 21-3 from three-point territory. Morrisville State led 43-21 at the half.\nKeuka College fought to stay in the game in the second half. The Wolves went on an 8-0, capped by a Trevor Powell three, to cut the margin to 15 points a 57-42. The Green and Gold continued to battle but the Mustangs had an answer for every push by the Wolves as Morrisville State continued onto the 79-58 victory.\nKC Notes:\nThe Wolves fell to 8-13 all-time and 5-5 on David M. Sweet Court against Morrisville State\nKeuka College attacked the offensive glass on Saturday, grabbing 17 offensive rebounds\nThe Wolves took care of the ball, turning it over only nine times against the Mustangs","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Water which are included for the air(humidity) and plant production\nCaution: This page is made with the purpose of the plant production, and it has been designed for the use in the ordinary temperature in which the crop grows.\nProduced By Hoshi, Takehiko, Ph.D. (Tokai University)\nAgri-Environment Experiment, Science House Pub. Ed. By Dr. Watanabe, Ichirou\nHand-Book for High-Tech. Agricultue production, Tokai Univ. Press Co., Ed. By Society of High-Technology in Agriculture\nThe humidity is important as an environmental condition which influences the growth of the plant with temperature and light. There is the relation which is profound with transpiration of the plant, generation of the disease, generation of the mists and fog, stresses of the plant, heating and cooling energy, etc. on the humidity in the air. And, there are various types, even if that the humidity is an index on the water which is included for the air goes to the draft with the humidity. In this page, it is made that the humidity is understood, though you measure the humidity actually, and though it is calculated, to be a purpose.\nMeasuring method of the humidity\nCalculation of the various humidities\nDescription of the values concerning the humidity\nHumidity calculation sheet\nWet and dry bulb thermometers or thermometers and relative humidity meters are necessary in order to measure the humidity. The relative humidity meter is the instrument which measures the result of calling what is called \"the 70% humidity\", etc. with the humidity generally.\nWet and dry bulb thermometer\nIt is convenient to use the wet and dry bulb thermometer in order to the most accurately measure. This the gauze has been wound to temperature sensing element of another thermometer by the equipment that 2 thermometers were installed, and it is being inserted in the bottle. It puts the water in this bottle, and the gauze of the temperature sensing element would moisten in the capillarity. And, one side measures the temperature. Showing temperature of the thermometer which moistens in winding the gauze, is called the wet bulb temperature. And, one side is called dry-bulb temperature or temperature only.\nThough the simple wet and dry bulb thermometer does not pass the wind at temperature sensing element, it sends and ventilates the wind of about 5m\/s wind velocity to the temperature sensing element in order to accurately measure. It is called conformer wet and dry bulb thermometer which ventilates this, and there is the Asman ventilation type wet and dry bulb thermometer as a representative thing.\nThermometer and relative humidity meter\nRelative humidity meter is for measuring the relative humidity directly. The humidity is measured using the contraction of cellophane and hair, and the semiconductor is used, and there is relative humidity meter of various structure.\nTo begin with, the dry-bulb temperature ( air temperature ) is measured, and thereupon, it is written with C. The person who uses wet and dry bulb thermometer in continueing, writes the field: C as wet bulb temperature, or the person who uses relative humidity meter a substitute for the wet bulb temperature writes the field: % as relative humidity. It has been written, and the button is pushed. Various humidity is obtained like the following, when it is done. It is the button, when it wants to already redo the once, and the filling up field is eliminated, and it is it good. Here, by assuming 1 atm (1013.25 hPa), the atmospheric pressure calculates it.\ndry-bulb temperature\nabsolute humidity\nspecific volume\npercentage humidity\ndew-point temperature\nkg\/kgD.A.\nkJ\/kgD.A.\nm3\/kgD.A.\nThe meaning of each humidity is described well-informed in this after.\nPreparation for the description\nIt explains on the basis of the value measured actually. Please read, after the numerical value measured in the actually place in the field of following dry-bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature or relative humidity with the self is let in, and after \"Explain\" button is pushed.\nFor the pressure ( the saturated vapor pressure ) of the steam in containing the water to the limit the, whether there was the steam of the pressure of the what percent at present showed % by the relative humidity. The aerial relative humidity here is %. It becomes 0 %, when it becomes a case in which the water is contained to the limit for 100 %, and when it completely does not contain the water.\nThis relative humidity is indicated, when it is generally called the humidity. However, the quantity of including water is be same, when the aerial temperature changes, and the value of the relative humidity changes. As the saturated vapor pressure changes on this by the aerial temperature, be.\nThe aerial absolute humidity here is kg\/kgD.A. This shows whether it includes the water of what kg for drying air 1kg. This absolute humidity is spent, when they want to accurately know the mass of the water which is included for the air.\nUsually, the volume of 1kg dry air becomes about 0.83m3 at 20 C in 1 atm. The water of weight (kg) over this numerical value will be included for the air in 1m cube in one side. The water of the quantity of surprising so that it may not see it as a water, is included.\nThe pressure of the vapor which is included for the air is shown. The pressure of the steam which is included for this air is mmHg. The unit is the pressure which corresponds to the Torricelli's making length which is vacuum by the mercury. 760 mmHg is 1 atm, and it becomes that it is broken in 760 by putting on 1013.25 for this value, for the unit of hPa.\nThis shows the energy which the air has. This aerial enthalpy is kJ\/kgD.A. 4.186 KJ becomes 1 kcal. Therefore, it can be converted into the kilo calorie, if it is sent, by dropping below calculated value in 4.186.\nFor example, it is possible to measure the energy given to the air by the heating, if suction port of the heater and difference of the enthalpy of the outlet and aerial flow rate are obtained. It is an important index, when heating and cooling of greenhouses is considered.\nThis aerial volume including 1kg wet air is shown. The value of the air here is m3\/kg\nIt is called the saturation. The mass of the possible steam of the water of containing for any air as a steam largest, for the mass ( specific humidity at satulation ) which is included at present is shown at the proportion. This air is %.\nSince it appears as a liquid without not dissolving in the air, that it gives the dew in the glass window and that the mist comes out like ( condensation and dew condensation ) and bathroom happens. The possible quantity of the dissolution of the water as a steam in the air decreases, as the temperature lowers. So, the dew is easy to be given at the indifferent part. The fog may instantaneously arise, when the suddenly indifferent air is put in, by opening windows such as the greenhouse. Including water calls the fact of appearing temperature the dew-point temperature by the cooling of the air as it is as a liquid. With that the air in of today is cooled to \ufffdA C, the dew condensation is done, and the fog arises.\nIt puts the numerical value in dry-bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature or relative humidity, and the calculation is possible, when \"Calculate\" button is pushed.\nCopyright (C) 1996 Takehiko Hoshi, Tokai University, Shizuoka JAPAN","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Mr. Driller: Drill Till You Drop\nPlatform: DS\nTags: Puzzle\nDeveloper: Bandai Namco\nAKA: Sakutto Hama Reru Hori Hori Action: Mr. Driller (JP)\nView all 9 available Mr. Driller: Drill Till You Drop images\nMr. Driller: Drill Till You Drop Reviews Around the Internet\nBelow are links to Mr. Driller: Drill Till You Drop reviews we found on external sites. If the site's content is still active, you can click on the rating the site awarded the game to open the review in a new tab or window, or click the name of the site to see a selection of other reviews from that outlet. The game's average score across the referenced sites (not including sites that don't offer a numerical score) is indicated to the right.\nMore DS Games to Consider...\nMeteos\nSystem: DS; Reviews: 4\nRelease Date: June 27, 2005 (North America)\nRelease Date: April 18, 2005 (North America)\nRelease Date: March 20, 2006 (North America)\nAt HonestGamers, we love reader reviews. If you're a great writer, we'd love to host your Mr. Driller: Drill Till You Drop review on this page. Thanks for your support, and we hope you'll let your friends know about us!\nNone of the material contained within this site may be reproduced in any conceivable fashion without permission from the author(s) of said material. This site is not sponsored or endorsed by Nintendo, Sega, Sony, Microsoft, or any other such party. Mr. Driller: Drill Till You Drop is a registered trademark of its copyright holder. This site makes no claim to Mr. Driller: Drill Till You Drop, its characters, screenshots, artwork, music, or any intellectual property contained within. Opinions expressed on this site do not necessarily represent the opinion of site staff or sponsors. Staff and freelance reviews are typically written based on time spent with a retail review copy or review key for the game that is provided by its publisher.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"You've Got to See How Eataly's Rooftop Restaurant Transformed Itself for Fall\nThe menu features classic fall favorites and edible cocktails.\nIf you're currently on the lookout for a New York City rooftop restaurant to dine at this fall, your search has officially come to an end. Eataly's rooftop featuring Serra d'Autunno proves that autumn\u2014not summer\u2014is the perfect time of year for a meal while taking in the view of NYC's iconic skyscrapers.\nThis particular rooftop restaurant at Eataly's Flatiron location, SERRA by Birreria, changes its vibrant, Instagrammable decor with every season\u2014in the spring it's covered in pink flowers, the winter has a dreamy Alpine scheme\u2014but the fall might be the dreamiest of all. Since September 10, the space has been transformed into an \"autumn greenhouse,\" with just about every inch of the space blanketed in orange, red, and yellow foliage.\nBOOK NOW Eataly, NYC; TripAdvisor\nBesides a stellar Instagram photo that'll make all of your followers jealous, Serra d'Autunno will also feature cocktails served out of edible cups. Keep an eye out for pumpkin, apple, and pomegranate drinks that will be served in hollowed-out fruit. Think of it as an appetizer to your appetizer!\nAs if that weren't enough, the rooftop restaurant has a build-your-own cider bar that'll give you all the fall feels. All that's missing is your coziest sweater.\nThe Most Beautiful Spots For Fall Foliage\nJo Gaines Unveils Magnolia Market's Fall Display\nYou Need to See How Blown-Glass Pitchers are Made\nFinally A Chic Dog Toy Exists\nThis Is The Chicest Apr\u00e8s Ski Scene Probably Ever","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Attorney makes large donation to unnamed nonprofit\nMichelle Casady, San Antonio Express-News\nOct. 14, 2014 Updated: Oct. 15, 2014 11 a.m.\n1of4Corpus Christi attorney Thomas J. Henry speaks about his donation of $694,000 to the Nicholas LaHood campaign for Bexar County district attorney during a press conference on Tuesday, Oct. 14, 2014. Show MoreShow Less\n2of4Thomas J. Henry supports Nicholas LaHood's campaign for Bexar County district attorney. Henry said he is giving $350,000 to a nonprofit to help identify and prevent child abuse. The recipient does not want to be identified, Henry said.Billy Calzada \/ San Antonio Express-NewsShow MoreShow Less\n3of4Corpus Christi attorney Thomas J. Henry speaks about his donation of $694,000 to the Nicholas LaHood campaign for Bexar County district attorney during a press conference on Tuesday, Oct. 14, 2014.Billy CalzadaShow MoreShow Less\n4of4Corpus Christi attorney Thomas J. Henry enters his press conference at which he explained his $694,000 donation to the Nicholas LaHood campaign for Bexar County district attorney on Tuesday, Oct. 14, 2014.Billy CalzadaShow MoreShow Less\nSAN ANTONIO \u2014 Thomas J. Henry said Tuesday he is giving $350,000 to a nonprofit group that will use the money to identify and prevent child abuse, but the personal-injury attorney declined to name the nonprofit.\n\"To me, it's a cause, it's a way to reverse a trend,\" he said. \"And the way to reverse this trend is not just through this political process, but it's through education and other mechanisms that I think are very important.\"\nHenry, virtually unknown in local politics, has contributed nearly $694,000 to the political campaign of Nicholas LaHood, who's running for district attorney against incumbent Susan Reed.\nIn a recent full-page San Antonio Express-News ad, Henry said he is supporting LaHood because Bexar County has \"extremely high rates of sexual crimes against children and the District Attorney's office has failed to effectively deal with the problem for over 16 years.\"\nHenry, who said he moved here from Corpus Christi with his wife and children in recent months and enrolled them in school this month, told reporters on Tuesday the issue of child abuse in Bexar County was brought to his attention by his community relations department when he asked staff to look into issues in Bexar County in which he could become involved.\nLaHood and Hurd attacks don't ring true\nLaHood donor sued for stinginess\nThe nonprofit grant, detailed on a poster at a news conference, will focus on web-based education and training for 49,000 teachers and 200 nurses and health care workers on how to identify and prevent child abuse.\nThe $350,000 will be used over three years, with a rollout within 90 days.\n\"Out of courtesy, I'm not bringing that nonprofit into this political process,\" he said, adding he promised the director he wouldn't identify the nonprofit. \"I want to respect their ability and desire to stay out of politics.\"\nHenry said education combined with effective prosecution of offenders can reverse the \"completely unacceptable\" trend, which is why he said he's supporting LaHood in the DA's race.\n\"It's going to take a lot of effort,\" he said. 'It's going to take, I think, a different leadership.\"\nReed said she doesn't buy it.\n\"I don't think he's the least bit genuine,\" she said of his claims that child-abuse rates motivated his participation in the race. \"It's all about trying to buy this office and legitimize himself.\"\nBut he doesn't try criminal cases and would never take a referral case from the district attorney, Henry said in combating those claims.\n\"I don't buy offices. I don't need offices,\" he said.\nmcasady@express-news.net\nTwitter: @MichelleCasady\nMichelle Casady\nReach Michelle on\nMichelle Casady is one of a team of reporters covering crime and breaking news in San Antonio and the surrounding communities. She came to the Express-News in February 2012. For three years prior to that, she covered the breaking news and criminal justice beats in Aggieland for The Bryan-College Station Eagle. She graduated from Texas Tech University in 2008 with a journalism degree and grew up in Alvin, Texas, best known as the hometown of Nolan Ryan.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND WAR NEWSLETTER #13\nNUCLEAR WEAPONS AND GENOCIDE NEWSLETTER # 13, July 27, 2012. OMNI Building a Culture of PEACE, Compiled by Dick Bennett. (See #1, June 14, 2007; #2, January 8, 2008; #3 May 16, 2008; #4 June 10; 2009, #5 July 23, 2009, ; #6 Sept. 21, 2009; #7 August 29, 2010; #8 April 11, 2011; #9 August 4, 2011; #10 Feb. 27, 2012; #11 April 4, 2012; #12 June 27, 2012.) Imagine a world free of nuclear weapons, be committed to that goal.\nUS NATIONAL SECURITY STATE: CORPORATE-PENTAGON-CONGRESS-PRESIDENT-SECRECY-SURVEILLANCE-NUCLEAR Complex\nSee: Nuclear Abolition Day June 2. International Day against Nuclear Tests (29 August). OMNI NUCLEAR FREE AND INDEPENDENT PACIFIC DAY AND MARSHALL ISLANDS NUCLEAR VICTIMS DAY, MARCH 1. NEWSLETTER #1. March 1, 2012. Expressions of OMNI's NATIONAL\/INTERNATIONAL DAYS PROJECT.\nhttp:\/\/www.omnicenter.org\/newsletter-archive\/ The dozens of newsletters provide OMNI and the peace and justice movement with subject-focused information and criticism. Editors are wanted for these Newsletter who can devote adequate attention to the subjects.\nContents of Nos. 9-11 at end.\nContents of #12\nThe SANE Act\nSchell, Abolish Nuclear Weapons\nUranium Double Standards\nWittner, Deterrence?\nFalk and Krieger Dialogue\nContact President: Take Nukes Off Alert\nFCNL Washington Newsletter\nHartung, MAD Still\n[CLW] 13 Minutes to Doomsday? Tell the President to Reduce the Threat of Nuclear War\nJohn Isaacs, Council for a Livable World advocacy@clw.org via uark.edu\nOur good friends at Peace Action, our allies on so many issues, urge you to take action on taking our nuclear weapons off hair-trigger alert. Peace Action has long been involved in trying to stop the nuclear arms race, having been originally formed to oppose nuclear weapons explosive testing.\nPlease consider their message.\nJohn Isaacs & Guy Stevens\nI don't find myself agreeing with the Washington Post's editorial board all that often. What used to be known as a liberal newspaper has become more and more conservative, especially on war and peace issues, over the years.\nBut, a recent lead editorial was a nice surprise over my morning coffee. 13 Minutes to doomsday outlines what should be a no-brainer, the case for the U.S. and Russia to take our nuclear weapons off hair-trigger, launch-ready alert.\nOf course we at Peace Action want all nuclear weapons abolished worldwide, by 5:00 this afternoon if possible! But de-alerting is one of the single most effective steps we could take to reduce the danger of nuclear war.\nTell the president he needs to do it, right away! http:\/\/salsa.democracyinaction.org\/o\/161\/p\/dia\/action\/public\/?action_KEY=11098\nThe title of the editorial, 13 Minutes to Doomsday, refers to the time a president would have to make a decision to launch our nuclear missiles in response to a report that the US is under nuclear attack. Not a lot of time to prevent doomsday.\nToday, you can prevent doomsday before it's too late. To quote the Post, \"the president will soon sign off on instructions to the military to implement the posture review,\" referring to the 2010 Nuclear Posture Review, which set overall current U.S. nuclear weapons policy.\nTell the President to take action to decrease the likelihood of an accidental or hasty decision to launch a nuclear attack. Over two decades after the end of the Cold War, this simple step of \"de-alerting\" nuclear weapons is long overdue.\nHelp me convince President Obama to take this simple step to make our country-- and the world-- safer.\nPeace Action\nPS : There is no sane reason for keeping nuclear weapons on hair trigger alert. Acting together as the President prepares his instructions to the military will impact this important decision. Get your friends involved by forwarding them this message.\n[This excellent Quaker newsletter no. is all about controlling nuclear weapons. D]\n\u2022 Washington Newsletter\nNuclear Weapons: Congress at a Turning Point\nIn the last 16 months, lawmakers have ratified the New START treaty to reduce the number of nuclear weapons, increased funding to prevent these weapons' spread, and blocked the start of a $5 billion nuclear weapons facility. Yet lawmakers need to hear that constituents want more or this progress could be rolled back.\nThe bimonthly FCNL Washington Newsletter provides news and analysis for a selection of domestic and international issues with a primary focus on peace, disarmament, international cooperation, and social and economic justice.\n\u2022 Read past issues\n\u2022 Browse articles by topic\nSign up to receive notification when a new issue is available online.\nOr subscribe to the newsletter by mail. We send the newsletter free to current donors and to others who request it.\nThe Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty: Still a Good Idea\nNuclear testing may seem a thing of the past: in the last 10 years, only North Korea has conducted any test explosions. The United States, Russia and other countries that have acknowledged nuclear weapons programs have all publicly announced a moratorium on testing. Yet right now this moratorium depends on good will, not the force of international law. This treaty is critical to preventing a new generation of nuclear weapons powers from emerging in the world today and getting the United States back on the road toward nuclear disarmament.\nBudgeting for Fewer Nuclear Weapons\nMembers of Congress are under pressure to trim federal spending and cut the budget deficit. This era of belt-tightening is leading some members to take a hard look at the high cost of the U.S. nuclear weapons program and could pave the way for some long overdue cuts. At the same time, funding for programs to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and materials is as critical as ever.\nA Plan for Action: Ridding the World of Nuclear Weapons\nThe idea of a world without nuclear weapons is embraced by people on all sides of the political spectrum. However an idea is not a reality. The U.S. could make real progress towards this vision by taking a few important steps to accomplish this goal.\n1. The Nuclear Resister\nwww.nukeresister.org\/\nOn the morning of June 14, two Trident Ploughshares activists sat in the road at the North Gate of Faslane Trident Submarine base, stopping any traffic from ...\nYou visited this page on 6\/16\/12.\n~ Post prison reflection from ...\n... Chet Collins and Larry Purcell in the FCI Dublin visiting room. A ... E-bulletin April 2012\nThe Nuclear Resister. April, 2012. IN THIS E-BULLETIN: 1 ...\n~ Prison reflection from Steve ...\nPrison reflection from Steve Kelly, SJ. Posted on June 13, 2012 ... Donate\nWE NEED YOUR HELP! Read more\u2026 Please make a donation ...\nInside & Out\nWrite a note of support to these imprisoned anti-nuclear and ... Future Actions\nMay 1 through Summer, 2012. EDO\/ITT FACTORY ...\nMore results from nukeresister.org \u00bb\nnuclearresister.org\/\nJun 18, 2010 \u2013 send your postal address to nukeresister@igc.org. PLEASE MAKE A DONATION TO SUPPORT THIS WORK! You can use the secure paypal ...\nwww.facebook.com\/pages\/The-Nuclear-Resister\/135445896495485\nhttp:\/\/www.nukeresister.org\/2012\/06\/22\/fr-steve-kelly-released-from-seatac\/ \u2022 Fr. Steve Kelly released from SEATAC \u00ab The Nuclear Resister. www.nukeresister.\n4. Nukeresister - www.Nukeresister.org\nwww.markosweb.com \u203a U S\nNukeresister org SmartViper Statistics Mashups. U s, nuclear power, anti war related sites. Advanced keyword suggestions. Last updated on Apr 7, 2012.\n5. Peace Movements Web Archive: Search\nwebarchives.cdlib.org\/a\/Peace\/search?terms...nukeresister.org%2F\nwww.nukeresister.org\/ 38.9 kB text\/html ... nukeresister.org\/robots.txt 350 Bytes text\/plain ... www.commondreams.org\/view\/2010\/10\/09-4 44.5 kB text\/html ...\n6. www.nukeresister.org\nwww.pagesinventory.com\/domain\/www.nukeresister.org.html\nwww.nukeresister.org is a domain maintained by 3 domain name servers ns1. datarealm.com, ns2.datarealm.com, ns3.datarealm.com. Domain name is ...\n7. Resistance For a Nuclear-Free Future \u00ab Disarmnowplowshares's Blog\ndisarmnowplowshares.wordpress.com\/...\/resistance-for-a-nuclear-free...\nMay 18, 2010 \u2013 http:\/\/www.nukeresister.org\/2010\/07\/08\/resistance-for-a-nuclear-free-future-%e2 %80%93-report-on-the-july-3-5-2010-gathering-and-action\/ ...\n8. Government Resources\nMarquette University Center for ...\nwww.marquette.edu\/peacemaking\/governmentresources.shtml\nThe Nuclear Resister: Nonviolent Resistance for a Peaceful and Nuclear Free Future (http:\/\/www.nukeresister.org\/) - while President Obama talks about a world ...\n9. 2012 \u00bb April \u00bb 14 SafeCarolinas.org\nsafecarolinas.org\/?m=20120414\nApr 13, 2012 \u2013 http:\/\/www.nukeresister.org\/ Please read the actions taken on Good Friday opposing nuclear and nuclear weapons. Share. Email. Earn ...\n10. Nukeresister.org Nukeresister - Web Analysis\nwww.statscrop.com\/www\/nukeresister.org\nRating: 2.5 - Review by StatsCrop - Jan 9, 2012\nNukeresister.org stats - web status: online, last updated: 9 Jan 2012.\nTomgram: William Hartung, Why No One Notices Our MAD Planet\nI can still remember sneaking with two friends into the balcony of some Broadway movie palace to see the world end. The year was 1959, the film was On the Beach, and I was 15. It was the movie version of Neville Shute's still eerie 1957 novel about an Australia awaiting its death sentence from radioactive fallout from World War III, which had already happened in the northern hemisphere. We three were jacked by the thrill of the illicit and then, to our undying surprise, bored by the quiet, grownup way the movie imagined human life winding down on this planet. (\"We're all doomed, you know. The whole, silly, drunken, pathetic lot of us. Doomed by the air we're about to breathe.\")\nIt couldn't hold a candle to giant, radioactive, mutant ants heading for L.A. (Them!), or planets exploding as alien civilizations nuclearized themselves (This Island Earth), or a monstrous prehistoric reptile tearing up Tokyo after being awakened from its sleep by atomic tests (Godzilla), or for that matter the sort of post-nuclear, post-apocalyptic survivalist novels that were common enough in that era.\nIt's true that anything can be transformed into entertainment, even versions of our own demise -- and that there's something strangely reassuring about then leaving a theater or turning the last page of a book and having life go on. Still, we teenagers didn't doubt that something serious and dangerous was afoot in that Cold War era, not when we \"ducked and covered\" under our school desks while (test) sirens screamed outside and the CONELRAD announcer on the radio on the teacher's desk offered chilling warnings.\nNor did we doubt it when we dreamed about the bomb, as I did reasonably regularly in those years, or when we wondered how our \"victory weapon\" in the Pacific in World War II might, in the hands of the Reds, obliterate us and the rest of what in those days we called the Free World (with the obligatory caps). We sensed that, for the first time since peasants climbed into their coffins at the millennium to await the last days, we were potentially already in our coffins in everyday life, that our world could actually vanish in a few moments in a paroxysm of superpower destruction.\nToday, from climate change to pandemics, apocalyptic scenarios (real and imaginary) have only multiplied. But the original world-ender of our modern age, that wonder weapon manqu\u00e9, as military expert, TomDispatch regular, and author of Prophets of War: Lockheed and the Making of the Military-Industrial Complex Bill Hartung points out, is still unbelievably with us and still proliferating. http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/1568586973\/ref=nosim\/?tag=tomdispatch-20&utm_source=TomDispatch&utm_campaign=8463b3e7f7-TD_Hartung7_8_2012&utm_medium=email Yes, logic -- and the evidence from Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- should tell us that nuclear weapons are too staggeringly destructive to be usable, but in crisis moments, logic has never been a particularly human trait. How strange, then, that a genuine apocalyptic possibility has dropped out of our dreams, as well as pop culture, and as Hartung makes clear, is barely visible in our world. Which is why, on a landscape remarkably barren of everything nuclear except the massive arsenals that dot the planet, TomDispatch considers it important to raise the possibility of returning the nuclear issue to the place it deserves in the human agenda. (To catch Timothy MacBain's latest Tomcast audio interview in which Hartung discusses the upside-down world of global nuclear politics, click here or download it to your iPod here.) Tom\nBeyond Nuclear Denial\n\"How a World-Ending Weapon Disappeared From Our Lives, But Not Our World\" By William D. Hartung http:\/\/www.tomdispatch.com\/authors\/williamhartung?utm_source=TomDispatch&utm_campaign=8463b3e7f7-TD_Hartung7_8_2012&utm_medium=email\nThere was a time when nuclear weapons were a significant part of our national conversation. Addressing the issue of potential atomic annihilation was once described by nuclear theorist Herman Kahn as \"thinking about the unthinkable,\" but that didn't keep us from thinking, talking, fantasizing, worrying about it, or putting images of possible nuclear nightmares (often transmuted to invading aliens or outer space) endlessly on screen.\nNow, on a planet still overstocked with city-busting, world-ending weaponry, in which almost 67 years have passed since a nuclear weapon was last used, the only nuke that Americans regularly hear about is one that doesn't exist: Iran's. The nearly 20,000 nuclear weapons on missiles, planes, and submarines possessed by Russia, the United States, France, the United Kingdom, China, Israel, Pakistan, India, and North Korea are barely mentioned in what passes for press coverage of the nuclear issue.\nClick here to read more of this dispatch.Visit our sister sites: http:\/\/www.tomdispatch.com\/post\/175565\/tomgram%3A_william_hartung%2C_why_no_one_notices_our_mad_planet\/?utm_source=TomDispatch&utm_campaign=8463b3e7f7-TD_Hartung7_8_2012&utm_medium=email#more\nICAN around the world\n\u2022 ABOUT ICAN\n\u2022 PROBLEM\n\u2022 SOLUTION\n\uf0a7 CONTACT\n\uf0a7 ARCHIVE\nSchools program\nHow students can rid the world of nuclear weapons\n\u2022 \u00ab Schools program Activities for school students\n\u2022 Case for abolition Action plan for a saner world\n\u2022 Upload your plea Record a message to leaders\n\u2022 \u00bbPause\nSwedes push for a nuclear ban\nICAN Sweden makes it clear to their politicians that they expect action for a nuclear ban.\nBringing ICAN to Syria\nA profile of ICAN campaigner Ghassan Shahrour, who is working for a nuclear-free Middle East.\n10 seconds is all it takes\nWatch this powerful new video and take action on Nuclear Abolition Day, June 2.\nParis action for disarmament\nJoin ICAN campaigners in Paris, France, for a four-day hunger strike for nuclear abolition.\nICAN meeting in Vienna\nICAN held a campaigners' meeting in Vienna from 28 to 29 April in advance of the NPT PrepCom.\nHumanitarian consequences\nICAN welcomes international conference on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons in 2013.\nCut nuclear spending\nNuclear disarmament campaigners participate in the Global Day of Action on Military Spending.\nDon't Bank on the Bomb\nICAN launches a global report on the financing of nuclear weapons producers. Is your bank involved?\n\u2022 1 of 6\n\u2022 \u203a\u203a\nICAN CAMPAIGN MEETING IN HIROSHIMA\nLATEST ICAN VIDEOS\nICAN campaigners from around the world call for immediate negotiations on a nuclear weapons ban.\nBiological and chemical weapons, landmines and cluster bombs have been banned. Why not nuclear weapons?\nBAN NUCLEAR WEAPONS\nFor ICAN's weekly roundup of global news, click here.\nICAN, you can, we can\nThe global campaign\nPlay video \u00bb\nWhy it's time\nA Little Less Conversation\nTime to start negotiations\nNuclear Insecurity Summit\nEnd the hypocrisy\nBeating the Bomb\nThe peace movement\nAbout ICAN\n\u2022 The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons is a global grassroots movement for the total elimination of nuclear weapons through a legally binding, verifiable Nuclear Weapons Convention.\nWith more than 200 partner organizations in 60 countries, we provide a voice to the overwhelming majority of people globally who support the prompt abolition of nuclear weapons.\nProminent individuals such as anti-apartheid leader Desmond Tutu, the Dalai Lama and Nobel Peace Prize winner Jody Williams have lent their support to the campaign.\nOther ICAN sites\nBasic nuclear facts\n\u2022 Problem at a glance\n\u2022 From 1945 to present\n\u2022 Arguments for abolition\n\u2022 International law\n\u2022 Medical effects\n\u2022 The politics at play\n\u2022 How they work\n\u2022 Nuclear fuel chain\nNational ICAN sites\n\u2022 ICAN Aotearoa New Zealand\n\u2022 ICAN Australia\n\u2022 ICAN France\n\u2022 ICAN Norway\n\u2022 ICAN United Kingdom\nLatest ICAN publications\nCampaign Overview (2010)\nThis 8-page booklet provides an overview of ICAN since its inception in 2007. It outlines the direction the campaign is taking following the NPT Review Conference and describes why a Nuclear Weapons Convention is the most realistic path to zero. Download\nTowards Nuclear Abolition (2010)\nTowards Nuclear Abolition is an ICAN report of the eighth Non-Proliferation Treaty review conference, held in New York in May 2010. It documents the growing support among nations for the negotiation of a convention to outlaw and eliminate all nuclear weapons. Download\nThe Case against Nuclear Weapons (2010)\nThis 20-page booklet describes the nuclear problem and outlines why a Nuclear Weapons Convention is needed. It argues that nuclear weapons are inhumane, make the world less secure, are harmful to the environment and are a waste of money. Download\nCONTENTS OF OMNI NUCLEAR WEAPONS NEWSLETTERS NOS. 9-11.\nWeapons Budgets Compared: Obama, Ryan, People\nBook: Nuclear WWIII\nFacts about Nuclear Weapons\nCost Study Project\nCountdown to Zero Film\nEl Baradei's The Age of Deception\nNonproliferation Funding\nHealth Effects of Nuclear Weapons Production and Testing\nNuke Spending Increased\nO'Hanlon's Book on Disarmament\nWeinstein, Nuclear Weapons Locations in US\nMitchell, Atomic Cover-up\nWittner, Scrapping Two Nuclear Plans\nBanerjee, A Victory in New Mexico\nNorton, Bill to Abolish Nuclear Weapons\nEnd Missile Tests at Vandenberg\nInternational Campaign to Abolish\nPres. Obama's Contradictions\nTHE POOR AND THE PENTAGON\nUS POOR, PENTAGON, RECRUITING\nFrom Veterans for Peace. Tue Jul 24, 2012 9:05 am (PDT) . Posted by: \"Sanford Kelson\" Attorney-at-Law 8231 South Canal Road Conneaut Lake, Pennsylvania 16316 Email: sandkel@windstream.net\nSent: Wednesday, July 18, 2012 10:53 AM\nWe condition the poor and the working class to go to war. We promise them honor, status, glory, and adventure.\nhttp:\/\/www.bostonreview.net\/about JULY\/AUGUST 2012\nWar Is Betrayal: Persistent Myths of Combat by Chris Hedges\nWe condition the poor and the working class to go to war. We promise\nthem honor, status, glory, and adventure. We promise boys they will\nbecome men. We hold these promises up against the dead-end jobs of\nsmall-town life, the financial dislocations, credit card debt, bad\nmarriages, lack of health insurance, and dread of unemployment. The\nmilitary is the call of the Sirens, the enticement that has for\ngenerations seduced young Americans working in fast food restaurants or\nbehind the counters of Walmarts to fight and die for war profiteers and\nelites.\nThe poor embrace the military because every other cul-de-sac in their\nlives breaks their spirit and their dignity. Pick up Erich Maria\nRemarque's All Quiet on the Western Front or James Jones's From Here to\nEternity. Read Henry IV. Turn to the Iliad. The allure of combat is a\ntrap, a ploy, an old, dirty game of deception in which the powerful, who\ndo not go to war, promise a mirage to those who do.\nI saw this in my own family. At the age of ten I was given a scholarship\nto a top New England boarding school. I spent my adolescence in the\nschizophrenic embrace of the wealthy, on the playing fields and in the\ndorms and classrooms that condition boys and girls for privilege, and\ncame back to my working-class relations in the depressed former mill\ntowns in Maine. I traveled between two universes: one where everyone got\nchance after chance after chance, where connections and money and\ninfluence almost guaranteed that you would not fail; the other where no\none ever got a second try. I learned at an early age that when the poor\nfall no one picks them up, while the rich stumble and trip their way to\nthe top.\nThose I knew in prep school did not seek out the military and were not\nsought by it. But in the impoverished enclaves of central Maine, where I\nhad relatives living in trailers, nearly everyone was a veteran. My\ngrandfather. My uncles. My cousins. My second cousins. They were all in\nthe military. Some of them-including my Uncle Morris, who fought in the\ninfantry in the South Pacific during World War II-were destroyed by the\nwar. Uncle Morris drank himself to death in his trailer. He sold the\nhunting rifle my grandfather had given to me to buy booze.\nHe was not alone. After World War II, thousands of families struggled\nwith broken men who, because they could never read the approved lines\nfrom the patriotic script, had been discarded. They were not trotted out\nfor red-white-and-blue love fests on the Fourth of July or Veterans Day.\nThe myth of war held fast, despite the deep bitterness of my\ngrandmother-who acidly denounced what war had done to her only son-and\nof others like her. The myth held because it was all the soldiers and\ntheir families had. Even those who knew it to be a lie-and I think most\ndid-were loath to give up the fleeting moments of recognition, the only\ntimes in their lives they were told they were worth something.\n\"For it's Tommy this, an' Tommy that, an' 'Chuck him out, the brute!'\"\nRudyard Kipling wrote. \"But it's 'Saviour of 'is country' when the guns\nbegin to shoot.\"\nAny story of war is a story of elites preying on the weak, the gullible,\nthe marginal, the poor. I do not know of a single member of my\ngraduating prep school class who went into the military. You could not\nsay this about the high school class that graduated the same year in\nMechanic Falls, Maine.\nGeoff Millard was born in Buffalo, New York and lived in a predominately\nblack neighborhood until he was eleven. His family then moved to\nLockport, a nearby white suburb. He wrestled and played football in high\nschool. He listened to punk rock.\n\"I didn't really do well in classes,\" he says. \"But that didn't seem to\nmatter much to my teachers.\"\nAt fifteen he was approached in school by a military recruiter.\n\"He sat down next to me at a lunch table,\" Millard says. \"He was a\nMarine. I remember the uniform was crisp. All the medals were shiny. It\nwas what I thought I wanted to be at the time.\n\"He knew my name,\" Millard adds. \"He knew what classes I was taking. He\nknew more about me than I did. It was freaky, actually.\"\nTwo years later, as a senior, Millard faced graduation after having been\nrejected from the only college where he had applied.\n\"I looked at what jobs I could get,\" he says. \"I wasn't really prepared\nto do any job. I wasn't prepared for college. I wasn't prepared for the\nworkforce. So I started looking at the military. I wanted to go active duty Marine Corps, I thought. You know, they were the best. And that's what I was going to do.\n\"There were a lot of other reasons behind it, too,\" he says. \"I mean, growing up in this culture you envy that, the soldier.\"\nFEMALE HOMELESS VETERANS AND PTSD\nSupport the Troops? How About 55,000 Female Homeless Veterans By Jin Zhao, AlterNet 25 July 12, RSN\nHomelessness among women veterans is a growing national concern. Tens of thousands of women veterans are fighting a war they did not choose to wage, and many of them have had multiple traumatic experiences, not only during service but also before and after. These traumatic experiences, which can include everything from combat-related stress to childhood abuse to domestic violence, contribute to this growing crisis.\nThere are some 55,000 homeless women veterans in the U.S. today, and that number is likely to grow as the number of women veterans increases overall. (The VA projects the number to grow from 1.8 million, or 8.2 percent of the total number of veterans, in 2010 to 2.1 million, or 15.2 percent of the total, in 2036.)\nResearch shows that trauma is a gateway to homelessness. As many as 93 percent of female veterans have been exposed to some type of trauma. The high concentration of trauma among women veterans contributes to the fact that women veterans are four times more likely to become homeless than their civilian counterparts. Among homeless women veterans, 53 percent have experienced military sexual trauma (MST), compared to one in five among women veterans in general.\nAs more women are deployed in combat operations, trauma is becoming an urgent concern in women veterans' care. The VA reports that 182,000 women have been deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan, compared to 41,000 in the Gulf War. This increase in women deployment correlates the number of women veterans who suffer PTSD and traumatic brain injury, two major risks related to homelessness.\nJennifer, a 45-year-old homeless veteran, shared with AlterNet her story of struggling with MST over the years. Jennifer joined the Marine Corps in 1988, but her dream of building a military career was shattered just a year later when she was sexually assaulted by a staff sergeant while on duty overseas.\nThe perpetrator was tried and found guilty, but with little support, Jennifer started a downward spiral. For more than 20 years, Jennifer has struggled with substance addiction and mental illnesses. (She's been diagnosed with bi-polar disorder, depression and PTSD.) She has a difficult time holding a job. She's neglected her children. After two failed marriages, Jennifer hit a new low point 18 months ago and became homeless.\nThose who work with homeless women veterans would easily recognize this familiar pattern: trauma, addition\/mental illness, homelessness. Often the cycle repeats itself. A woman interviewed for a VA study described her experience living that pattern:\n\"It's like for me, you start with the rape. Then you go into the drugs. And drugs leads to homelessness. You regroup. You go back to the rape. You go back to the drugs. Go back to the homelessness....You go to stay with people and they rape you. It's a vicious cycle until something stops.\"\nTrauma-Informed Care for Homeless Women Veterans\nThere are few available services tailored to women veterans' needs, and many homeless women vets are not aware of the programs and services that are available to them due to programs' inadequate outreach and communication.\nIn March, the VA's Office of Inspector General audited a number of VA-funded homeless services providers, and the results raised a few red flags. The OIG found that 31 percent of the providers it reviewed did not adequately address the safety, security and privacy risks of veterans, especially female veterans. In one case, a sex offender was placed in a facility where a homeless women veteran and her 18-month-old son lived.\nBut these issues are not new. Last year, the Government Accountability Office expressed safety concerns with VA-funded housing. Incidents of sexual harassment or assault on women residents had been reported and there were no minimum gender-specific safety and security standards for the programs.\nThe VA has vowed to improve safety and security of the providers it funds to serve women veterans. However, ensuring safety and security is only part of what needs to be done to better help homeless women veterans.\n\"Some services providers overlook the impact of trauma. They mislabel or misunderstand people's challenges and behaviors, when they are in a lot of ways responses to traumatic experiences that people have. So what can happen is that it can lead sometimes to services...designed to help people who experienced trauma end up retraumatizing people inadvertently. By retraumatizing I mean in ways sort of recreating situations that may mimic past trauma,\" said Kathleen Guarino of the National Center on Family Homelessness.\nGuarino worked with the Department of Labor Women's Bureau last year to create Trauma-Informed Care for Women Veterans Experience Homelessness, a guide for community homeless service providers that work with women veterans. According to Guarino, the key to success for service providers is to \"identify what [women veterans'] unique needs are, and to design [homeless service] programs to speak to those needs.\"\nThat means programs must avoid putting women veterans in situations that mimic their traumatic experiences -- situations that make them feel vulnerable or helpless. Details such as installing locks on doors become crucial in facilities housing women veterans. Structural arrangements such as including women veterans in making policies and rules for themselves are also important because they give women veterans a sense of control over their own lives.\nSigns of distress can be subtle. \"As somebody becomes agitated or shuts down or becomes more anxious, that could be...misunderstood or mislabeled as defensive or difficult, kind of label them in more negative ways. What may be really happening is somebody is having a trauma-related response,\" said Guarino. That's why a good understanding of trauma should be an important qualification in those who work with this population.\nWith proper help, homeless women veterans can break their vicious cycle and get back on their feet. Jennifer has been receiving trauma-informed care for three months and is making remarkable progress in the Veterans Village of San Diego, a residential program for veterans with addiction and mental illness. Sober for four months, she has reconnected with her two older daughters and is getting ready for a new semester at the City College of San Diego, where she will study skin care. She said her life has been \"turned around.\"\nThough hopeful for the future, Jennifer wished that help had come earlier. \"To turn to addiction, to lose your family, seriously, that should have been acknowledged in the beginning,\" she said. \"But that was a long time ago. Now I just started recovering and it's been 20 years.\"\nEmpowering Women in the Military and Beyond\nIn the recently released documentary The Invisible War, director Kirby Dick documents heart-wrenching stories of military sexual violence victims. Many of these women are retraumatized by the responses to their attacks. In a male-oriented military culture, victims of sexual assault are often discouraged or intimidated so they do not report their assaults. And when assaults are reported, they can be dismissed, and victims blamed.\n\"When you have military sexual trauma, people look at you like it's your fault or you did something wrong, or you provoked it. And then in the male-oriented environment, they look at you like it is your fault completely so...it is tough,\" said Jennifer, adding that her roommate is an MST survivor who never reported her assault.\nWhat makes it difficult for women in the military or women veterans to come forward and\/or ask for help is the high expectation of self-reliance. \"You have to be tough. I chose to be in the military, so things shouldn't bother me. That's how I felt. And I felt like I was very weak if I said anything, like I was whining,\" Jennifer said. Until recently, she did not tell anybody in her personal life about her assault -- not her ex-husband, her children or her friends.\nThe military isn't the only place where bad things happen. Many homeless women veterans have experienced multiple traumas before and after their military service as well. Taken together, these traumas become a huge burden.\nIt is reported that 52 percent of homeless women veterans had \"pre-military adversity\" such as child abuse (sexual and physical) and domestic violence. Post-military intimate partner abuse is also common among this population.\nWorse, pre-military abuse often contributes to a young woman's decision to enter the military in the first place. As a homeless woman veteran told VA researchers, she joined the military to get out of her abusive environment, hoping that the military would be a \"safe haven.\"\nWhat we see here is a pipeline that produces trauma, and it should be taken seriously if we are serious about ending homelessness among women veterans. When girls and young women find themselves in abusive situations, they should have more options than joining the military or sleeping on the streets. Only when women are validated, respected and empowered in the military and in society at large, will the wounds of those who have been hurt start to heal.\nJin Zhao is a freelance journalist, multimedia producer and photographer. Her work has appeared in the Nation and on AlterNet. Follow her on twitter @jinealogy and visit her blog thingsyoudontknowaboutchina.com\nRetired professor of English speaks up for peace on earth\nBy aubunique - July 23, 2012 No comments:\nCUTTING PENTAGON BUDGET\n*Action: A Great Week to Cut the Pentagon Budget and End the War!\nThe 2013 \"Defense\" Appropriations Bill is expected to be voted on in the House this week. Members of Congress are introducing amendments to cut the military budget and to end the war in Afghanistan. Urge your Rep. to support these amendments.\nhttp:\/\/www.justforeignpolicy.org\/act\/defense-approps-2013\nFor Barney Frank's Legacy: Pass the Mulvaney Amendment\nFrank is retiring from the House this year after thirty-two years of service. In the cause of working to rein in America's out-of-control military spending, Frank has stood out from his colleagues. Now Frank is trying to do something about the fact that, despite all the bloviating about the deficit, the House is on track to pass a military budget that busts the spending caps of the Budget Control Act.\nhttp:\/\/truth-out.org\/news\/item\/10412-for-barney-franks-legacy-pass-the-mulvaney-amendment\nWAR ON TERROR NEWSLETTER #6\nOMNI NEWSLETTER #6 ON US WAR ON TERRORISM, July 19, 2012. Compiled by Dick Bennett for a Culture of Peace. (#4 Jan. 19, 2012; #5 May 29, 2012).\nRelated Newsletters: Afghanistan, Air War, Bases, Bush, CIA, Homeland Security, Imperialism, Indefinite Detention, Iraq, Lawlessness, Militarism, National Security State, 9-11, Obama, Pakistan, Pentagon, Secrecy, State Terrorism, Surveillance, Terrorism, Torture , War Crimes, Wars, and more.\n\"Number of private U.S. citizens killed in terrorist attacks in 2010: 15. Number killed by falling televisions: 16.\" (\"Harper's Index,\" August 2012, p. 9). And our warrior leaders and their war-monger supporters have produced two wars (or is that four?) to defend \"America\" and \"freedom\" at the price of trillions of dollars and tens of thousands of innocent people?\nCole and Lobel, Less Safe, Less Free\nCosts of Privatized War on Terror\nKlare: Al Qaeda to China\nObama, Oil, China\nAllende to Bin Laden\nMother Jones: FBI vs. Muslims, Continued Rendition\nJPN: Islamophobia Around the World\nYounge: Bigotry and Europe's Terrorists\nFAIR: Perceiving \"Islamic Terror\" in Norway\nBacevitch, What Is It?\nEuropean Nations and US\nEngelhardt and Bacevich, Special Operations\nWho's Winning?\nFBI's Manufactured Plots\nSilverstein, \"Terrorism Expert\"\nIn Colombia\nTwo Terrorists:\nShakir Hamoodi\nTarek Mahanna\nBacevitch, Obama' Secret Ops\nFox News Misinformation\nTwo Books on Terrorism\nSHAKIR HAMOODI: 9\/11, War on Terror, and PERSECUTION (There are hundreds of cases, and many more egregious ones like Hamoodi's. One good source is Susan Herman's Taking Liberties).\nTake action:\nHamoodi Family Benefit Trust\nc\/o Law Office, 1103 East Broadway, Columbia, MO 65201\nSign petition and contribute to the trust: www.helphamoodi.org\n1. GUEST COMMENTARY: Support justice for Shakir Hamoodi ...\nwww.columbiamissourian.com\/...\/guest-commentary-show-support-s...\nMay 24, 2012 \u2013 Shakir should not go to prison for sending money to his family in Iraq.\n2. Help Dr. Shakir Hamoodi\nwww.helphamoodi.org\/\nShakir Hamoodi Dr. Shakir Hamoodi is an Iraq-born US citizen, father, Nuclear Engineer, businessman, Interfaith leader, Islamic scholar and cultural leader ...\n3. Shakir Hamoodi and the meaning of justice\nChert Hollow Farm, LLC\ncherthollowfarm.com\/...\/shakir-hamoodi-and-the-meaning-of-justice\/\nMay 19, 2012 \u2013 Shakir Hamoodi has been sentenced to Federal prison for three years for \" conspiring\" to send money to support friends and family left behind in ...\n4. 2 people named Shakir Hamoodi in the US\nnames.whitepages.com \u203a Name Popularity\nFind shakir hamoodi on WhitePages. There are 2 people named shakir hamoodi in Columbia, MO.\n5. Iraq native did what was right\nThe Columbia Daily Tribune ...\nwww.columbiatribune.com\/comments\/cr\/73\/114571\/\nMay 27, 2012 \u2013 When I heard the judge sentence my friend Shakir Hamoodi to three years in prison, I remembered our first introduction and his advice before I ...\n6. Hamoodi - Commentary\nThe Columbia Daily Tribune - Columbia ...\nMay 21, 2012 \u2013 Shakir Hamoodi and his family came from Iraq and settled in Columbia, where he became a nuclear scientist at the University of Missouri and ...\n7. Support Dr. Shakir Hamoodi\nwww.facebook.com\/ShakirHamoodi\nTo connect with Support Dr. Shakir Hamoodi, sign up for Facebook today. ... Dr. Shakir Hamoodi, a Columbia businessman and cultural leader, was sentenced ...\n8. President Barack Obama: Commute the 36-month sentence of Dr ...\nblazestuck.tumblr.com\/...\/president-barack-obama-commute-the-36-...\nJun 3, 2012 \u2013 Dr. Shakir Hamoodi has worked tirelessly to ease the tensions between many different faith groups and organizations. His was sentenced to 36 ...\n9. Shakir Hamoodi Remarks on Sentencing\ntomsager.org\/ShakirHamoodiRemarksOnSentencing.html\nMay 28, 2012 \u2013 Remarks on the Sentencing of Shakir Hamoodi for Violating Sanctions of Iraq Veterans for Peace Memorial Day Peace Gathering Columbia ...\n10. Shakir Hamoodi\nkbia.org\/term\/shakir-hamoodi\nMay 18, 2012 \u2013 Shakir Hamoodi. closeNews podcasts; Use iTunes \u2022 Use a different player \u2022 RSS. All Content. closeNews podcasts ... Tagged: Shakir Hamoodi ...\n11. News for shakir hamoodi\n1. Hamoodi punished for his 'family values'\nColumbia Daily Tribune\u200e - 7 hours ago\nFamily values are what my friend Shakir Hamoodi exemplifies. Shakir has lived in the United States since 1985 and raised five children to be ...\nSon Of Liberty\nBy Tarek Mehanna, Harper's Magazine (July 2012)\nFrom a statement read in court by Tarek Mehanna, a twenty-nine-year-old Massachusetts man who in April was sentenced to seventeen and a half years in prison on charges including materially supporting terrorism, for offenses such as translating and posting Al Qaeda propaganda online.\nJuly 01, 2012 \"Information Clearing House\" -- -- I was born and raised right here in America. This angers many people: How can an American believe the things I believe, take the positions I take? In more ways than one, it's because of America that I am who I am.\nWhen I was six, I began putting together a massive collection of comic books. Batman implanted a concept in my mind, a paradigm as to how the world is set up: that there are oppressors, there are the oppressed, and there are those who step up to defend the oppressed. Throughout my childhood, I gravitated toward any book that reflected that paradigm\u2014Uncle Tom's Cabin, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, even The Catcher in the Rye.\nBy the time I began high school and took a history class, I was learning just how real that paradigm is. I learned about the Native Americans and what befell them at the hands of European settlers. I learned about how the descendants of those European settlers were in turn oppressed under the tyranny of King George III. I read about Paul Revere, Tom Paine, and how Americans began an armed insurgency against British forces\u2014an insurgency we now celebrate as the American Revolutionary War. I learned about the fight against slavery in this country, and the struggles of the labor unions, working class, and poor. I learned about the civil rights struggle.\nFrom all the historical figures I learned about, one stood out above the rest. I was impressed by many things about Malcolm X, but above all I was fascinated by his transformation. I don't know if you've seen the movie Malcolm X by Spike Lee\u2014it's over three hours long, and the Malcolm at the beginning is different from the Malcolm at the end. He starts off as an illiterate criminal but ends up a husband, a father, a protective and eloquent leader, a disciplined Muslim performing the hajj in Mecca, and, finally, a martyr.\nMalcolm's life taught me that Islam is not something inherited; it's not a culture or ethnicity. It's a way of life, a state of mind anyone can choose no matter where he comes from or how he was raised. Since there's no priesthood, I could directly and immediately begin digging into the texts of the Koran and the teachings of Prophet Mohammed. The more I learned, the more I valued Islam like a piece of gold.\nWith that, my attention turned to what was happening to other Muslims in different parts of the world. And everywhere I looked, I saw the powers-that-be trying to destroy what I loved. I learned what the Soviets had done to the Muslims of Afghanistan. I learned what the Serbs had done to the Muslims of Bosnia . I learned what the Russians were doing to the Muslims of Chechnya. I learned what Israel had done in Lebanon\u2014and what it continues to do in Palestine\u2014with the full backing of the United States.\nI learned what America itself was doing to Muslims. I learned about the Gulf War and depleted-uraniumbombs. I learned about the American-led sanctions that prevented food, medicine, and medical equipment from entering Iraq, and how\u2014according to the United Nations\u2014over half a million children perished as a result. I remember a clip from a 60 Minutes interview of Madeleine Albright in which she expressed her view that these dead children were \"worth it.\" I watched on September 11 as a group of people felt driven to hijack airplanes and fly them into buildings from their outrage at the deaths of these children.\nI watched as America attacked and invaded Iraq. I saw the effects of \"shock and awe\" in the opening days of the invasion\u2014the children in hospital wards with shrapnel from American missiles sticking out of their foreheads. I learned about the town of Haditha, where twenty-four Muslims\u2014including a seventy-six-year-old man in a wheelchair, women, and even toddlers\u2014were shot up by U.S. Marines. I learned about Abeer Qassim al-Janabi, a fourteen-year-old Iraqi girl gangraped by five American soldiers, who then shot her and her family and set fire to the corpses. These are just the stories that make it to the headlines.\nI mentioned Paul Revere. When he jumped on a horse and went on his midnight ride, it was to warn the people that the British were marching to Lexington to arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock, then on to Concord to confiscate the weapons stored there by the Minutemen. By the time they got to Concord, they found the Minutemen waiting for them, weapons in hand. From that battle came the American Revolution. There's an Arabic word to describe what those Minutemen did that day. It was a word repeated many times in this courtroom. That word is jihad.\n\"Unleashed: Globalizing the Global War on Terror\"\nhttp:\/\/www.tomdispatch.com\/post\/175547\nBy Andrew Bacevich, TomDispatch.com, posted May 29, 2012\nThe author teaches history and international relations at Boston University\nTomgram: Andrew Bacevich, The Golden Age of Special Operations\nPosted by Andrew Bacevich at 6:51am, May 29, 2012.\nFollow TomDispatch on Twitter @TomDispatch.\nThey have a way of slipping under the radar, whether heading into Pakistan looking for Osama bin Laden, Central Africa looking for Joseph Kony, or Yemen assumedly to direct local military action against al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. I'm talking, of course, about U.S. special operations forces. These days, from Somalia to the Philippines, presidential global interventions are increasingly a dime a dozen; and they are normally spearheaded by those special ops troops backed by CIA or Air Force drones. Few Americans even notice.\nAn ever expanding secret military cocooned inside the U.S. military, special operations types remain remarkably, determinedly anonymous. With the exception of their commander, Admiral William McRaven, they generally won't even reveal their last names in public, which only contributes to their growing mystique in this country.\nBut for a crew so dedicated to anonymity, they also turn out to be publicity hounds of the first order. In 2011, for instance, active-duty U.S. Navy Seals (first-name only please!) became movie stars, spearheading a number one box office hit, Act of Valor. It was the film equivalent of a vanity-press production, focused as it did on their own skills in battle in... hmmm, the Philippines (to prevent a terror strike against the U.S.). A team of SEALs even parachuted onto Sunset Boulevard for the film's Hollywood premiere.\nThen last week another special ops team, in coordination with their Norwegian and Australian counterparts, heroically rescued the mayor of Tampa Bay, held \"hostage.\" They also rappelled down from helicopters and arrived in Humvees to secure the area around the Tampa Convention Center, which will service 15,000 members of the media when the Republicans hit town to nominate Mitt Romney for president. Whew! Another close publicity call!\nIt was a mock assault on terror watched by thousands of Tampa residents, all timed to the annual Special Operations Forces Industry Conference, also in town and swarmed by 8,000 attendees, including McRaven. Its goal: to bring together special operators from around the world and the industry that arms and accessorizes them. (U.S. special ops forces have a $2 billion purchasing budget each year for all the gadgets the defense industry can produce.)\nOh, and if you want a measure of how hot the special ops guys are these days, how much everyone wants to horn in on their act, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton spoke before the conference, offering, according to Danger Room's David Axe, \"a vision in which shadowy U.S. and allied Special Operations Forces, working hand in hand with America's embassies and foreign governments, together play a key role preventing low-intensity conflicts.\" And if those conflicts aren't prevented, then the Foreign Service, Clinton assured her listeners, will be happy to lend its \"language and cultural skills\" to the fighting prowess of the special ops troops. Diplomacy? It's so old school in such a sexy, new, \"covert\" war-fightin' world.\nThe basic principle is simple enough: if you see a juggernaut heading your way, duck. As TomDispatch regular Andrew Bacevich, editor most recently of The Short American Century, makes clear, war American-style is heading back \"into the shadows\" and it's going to be one roller-coaster of a scary ride. (To catch Timothy MacBain's latest Tomcast audio interview in which Bacevich discusses what we don't know about special operations forces, click here or download it to your iPod here.) Tom\nGlobalizing the Global War on Terror\nBy Andrew J. Bacevich\nAs he campaigns for reelection, President Obama periodically reminds audiences of his success in terminating the deeply unpopular Iraq War. With fingers crossed for luck, he vows to do the same with the equally unpopular war in Afghanistan. If not exactly a peacemaker, our Nobel Peace Prize-winning president can (with some justification) at least claim credit for being a war-ender.\nYet when it comes to military policy, the Obama administration's success in shutting down wars conducted in plain sight tells only half the story, and the lesser half at that. More significant has been this president's enthusiasm for instigating or expanding secret wars, those conducted out of sight and by commandos.\nPresident Franklin Roosevelt may not have invented the airplane, but during World War II he transformed strategic bombing into one of the principal emblems of the reigning American way of war. General Dwight D. Eisenhower had nothing to do with the Manhattan Project that developed the atomic bomb. Yet, as president, Ike's strategy of Massive Retaliation made nukes the centerpiece of U.S. national security policy.\nSo, too, with Barack Obama and special operations forces. The U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) with its constituent operating forces -- Green Berets, Army Rangers, Navy SEALs, and the like -- predated his presidency by decades. Yet it is only on Obama's watch that these secret warriors have reached the pinnacle of the U.S. military's prestige hierarchy.\nJohn F. Kennedy famously gave the Green Berets their distinctive headgear. Obama has endowed the whole special operations \"community\" with something less decorative but far more important: privileged status that provides special operators with maximum autonomy while insulating them from the vagaries of politics, budgetary or otherwise. Congress may yet require the Pentagon to undertake some (very modest) belt-tightening, but one thing's for sure: no one is going to tell USSOCOM to go on a diet. What the special ops types want, they will get, with few questions asked -- and virtually none of those few posed in public.\nSince 9\/11, USSOCOM's budget has quadrupled. The special operations order of battle has expanded accordingly. At present, there are an estimated 66,000 uniformed and civilian personnel on the rolls, a doubling in size since 2001 with further growth projected. Yet this expansion had already begun under Obama's predecessor. His essential contribution has been to broaden the special ops mandate. As one observer put it, the Obama White House let Special Operations Command \"off the leash.\"\nAs a consequence, USSOCOM assets today go more places and undertake more missions while enjoying greater freedom of action than ever before. After a decade in which Iraq and Afghanistan absorbed the lion's share of the attention, hitherto neglected swaths of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are receiving greater scrutiny. Already operating in dozens of countries around the world -- as many as 120 by the end of this year -- special operators engage in activities that range from reconnaissance and counterterrorism to humanitarian assistance and \"direct action.\" The traditional motto of the Army special forces is \"De Oppresso Liber\" (\"To Free the Oppressed\"). A more apt slogan for special operations forces as a whole might be \"Coming soon to a Third World country near you!\"\nThe displacement of conventional forces by special operations forces as the preferred U.S. military instrument -- the \"force of choice\" according to the head of USSOCOM, Admiral William McRaven -- marks the completion of a decades-long cultural repositioning of the American soldier. The G.I., once represented by the likes of cartoonist Bill Mauldin's iconic Willie and Joe, is no more, his place taken by today's elite warrior professional. Mauldin's creations were heroes, but not superheroes. The nameless, lionized SEALs who killed Osama bin Laden are flesh-and blood Avengers. Willie and Joe were \"us.\" SEALs are anything but \"us.\" They occupy a pedestal well above mere mortals. Couch potato America stands in awe of their skill and bravery.\nThis cultural transformation has important political implications. It represents the ultimate manifestation of the abyss now separating the military and society. Nominally bemoaned by some, including former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and former Joint Chiefs Chairman Admiral Mike Mullen, this civilian-military gap has only grown over the course of decades and is now widely accepted as the norm. As one consequence, the American people have forfeited owner's rights over their army, having less control over the employment of U.S. forces than New Yorkers have over the management of the Knicks or Yankees.\nAs admiring spectators, we may take at face value the testimony of experts (even if such testimony is seldom disinterested) who assure us that the SEALs, Rangers, Green Berets, etc. are the best of the best, and that they stand ready to deploy at a moment's notice so that Americans can sleep soundly in their beds. If the United States is indeed engaged, as Admiral McRaven has said, in \"a generational struggle,\" we will surely want these guys in our corner.\nEven so, allowing war in the shadows to become the new American way of war is not without a downside. Here are three reasons why we should think twice before turning global security over to Admiral McRaven and his associates.\nGoodbye accountability. Autonomy and accountability exist in inverse proportion to one another. Indulge the former and kiss the latter goodbye. In practice, the only thing the public knows about special ops activities is what the national security apparatus chooses to reveal. Can you rely on those who speak for that apparatus in Washington to tell the truth? No more than you can rely on JPMorgan Chase to manage your money prudently. Granted, out there in the field, most troops will do the right thing most of the time. On occasion, however, even members of an elite force will stray off the straight-and-narrow. (Until just a few weeks ago, most Americans considered White House Secret Service agents part of an elite force.) Americans have a strong inclination to trust the military. Yet as a famous Republican once said: trust but verify. There's no verifying things that remain secret. Unleashing USSOCOM is a recipe for mischief.\nHello imperial presidency. From a president's point of view, one of the appealing things about special forces is that he can send them wherever he wants to do whatever he directs. There's no need to ask permission or to explain. Employing USSOCOM as your own private military means never having to say you're sorry. When President Clinton intervened in Bosnia or Kosovo, when President Bush invaded Afghanistan and Iraq, they at least went on television to clue the rest of us in. However perfunctory the consultations may have been, the White House at least talked things over with the leaders on Capitol Hill. Once in a while, members of Congress even cast votes to indicate approval or disapproval of some military action. With special ops, no such notification or consultation is necessary. The president and his minions have a free hand. Building on the precedents set by Obama, stupid and reckless presidents will enjoy this prerogative no less than shrewd and well-intentioned ones.\nAnd then what...? As U.S. special ops forces roam the world slaying evildoers, the famous question posed by David Petraeus as the invasion of Iraq began -- \"Tell me how this ends\" -- rises to the level of Talmudic conundrum. There are certainly plenty of evildoers who wish us ill (primarily but not necessarily in the Greater Middle East). How many will USSOCOM have to liquidate before the job is done? Answering that question becomes all the more difficult given that some of the killing has the effect of adding new recruits to the ranks of the non-well-wishers.\nIn short, handing war to the special operators severs an already too tenuous link between war and politics; it becomes war for its own sake. Remember George W. Bush's \"Global War on Terror\"? Actually, his war was never truly global. War waged in a special-operations-first world just might become truly global -- and never-ending. In that case, Admiral McRaven's \"generational struggle\" is likely to become a self-fulfilling prophecy.\nAndrew J. Bacevich is professor of history and international relations at Boston University and a TomDispatch regular. He is editor of the new book The Short American Century, just published by Harvard University Press. To listen to Timothy MacBain's latest Tomcast audio interview in which Bacevich discusses what we don't know about special operations forces, click here or download it to your iPod here.\nFollow TomDispatch on Twitter @TomDispatch and join us on Facebook.\nCopyright 2012 Andrew\nDoes Fox Hire Uninformed Pundits\u2014or Does Being on Fox Make You Uninformed?\nPosted on 06\/08\/2012 by Jim Naureckas\nOn the popular Fox News show the Five (6\/6\/12), co-host Eric Bolling blasted Muslim advocates who are suing the New York Police Department over its spying program targeting Muslims, saying that in the last 15 years, \"Every terrorist on American soil has been a Muslim.\"\nIn fact, Muslims are responsible for a tiny fraction of terrorism in the U.S.; as a Rand study pointed out in 2010 (Extra!, 5\/11), of the \"83 terrorist attacks in the United States between 9\/11 and the end of 2009, only three\u2026were clearly connected with the jihadist cause.\"\nBolling has made a habit of broadcasting false information about terrorism in the U.S. Last year (7\/13\/11), he bizarrely claimed that there hadn't been any terrorism on American soil when George W. Bush was in office. He later (7\/14\/11) amended that to say \"in the aftermath of 9\/11\"\u2013which is equally untrue (FAIR Blog, 7\/15\/11).\nStudies have suggested a correlation between primarily relying on Fox News for your information about the world and ignorance about basic facts. Those studies do not address whether the relationship is causal\u2014in other words, it isn't clear if watching Fox News makes one ignorant, or if less-informed people are somehow drawn to Fox News. Eric Bolling's popularity on Fox does not clear up that question.\nMichael Blain, Power, Discourse and Victimage Ritual in the War on Terror\nBlending concepts from 'dramatism' such as 'victimage ritual' with Foucault's approach to modern power and knowledge regimes, this book presents a novel and illuminating perspective on political power and domination resulting from the global war on terrorism. With attention to media sources and political discourse within the context of the global war on terror, the author draws attention to the manner in which power elites construct scapegoats by way of a victimage ritual, thus providing themselves with a political pretext for extending their power and authority over new territories and populations, as well as legitimating an intensification of domestic surveillance and social control. A compelling analysis of ritual rhetoric and political violence, \"Power, Discourse and Victimage Ritual in the War on Terror\" will be of interest to sociologists, political theorists and scholars of media and communication concerned with questions of surveillance and social control, political communication, hegemony, foreign policy and the war on terror.\nAn Intellectual History of Terror:\nWar, Violence and the State By Mikkel Thorup\n2010 by Routledge \u2013 282 pages.\nSeries: Routledge Critical Terrorism Studies\n\u2022 View Inside this Book\n\u2022 Description\n\u2022 Contents\n\u2022 Author Bio\n\u2022 Subjects\nThis book investigates terrorism and anti-terrorism as related and interacting phenomena, undertaking a simultaneous reading of terrorist and statist ideologists in order to reconstruct the 'deadly dialogue' between them.\nThis work investigates an extensive array of violent phenomena and actors, trying to broaden the scope and ambition of the history of terrorism studies. It combines an extensive reading of state and terrorist discourse from various sources with theorizing of modernity's political, institutional and ideological development, forms of violence, and its guiding images of self and other, order and disorder. Chapters explore groups of actors (terrorists, pirates, partisans, anarchists, Islamists, neo-Nazis, revolutionaries, soldiers, politicians, scholars) as well as a broad empirical source material, and combine them into a narrative of how our ideas and concepts of state, terrorism, order, disorder, territory, violence and others came about and influence the struggle between the modern state and its challengers. The main focus is on how the state and its challengers have conceptualized and legitimated themselves, defended their existence and, most importantly, their violence. In doing so, the book situates terrorism and anti-terrorism within modernity's grander history of state, war, ideology and violence.\nThis book will be of much interest to students of critical terrorism studies, political violence, sociology, philosophy, and Security Studies\/IR in genera\nMikkel Thorup is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, University of Aarhus, Denmark\nCHEMICAL WARFARE NEWSLETTER #1\nOMNI CHEMICAL WARFARE NEWSLETTER #1. July 16, 2012. Compiled by Dick Bennett for a Culture of Peace.\nHere is the link to all OMNI newsletters: http:\/\/www.omnicenter.org\/newsletter-archive\/ For a knowledge-based peace, justice, and ecology movement and an informed citizenry as the foundation for change. See: War Crimes, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), Vietnam War and other wars.\nVVAW vs. Agent Orange\nAgent Orange Relief Act\nVFP vs. Agent Orange\nWikipedia: Tear Gas\nWar Resisters League Campaign vs. Tear Gas\nIsraeli Tear Gas\nThe Legacy of Agent Orange is a Continuing Focus of VVAW By Paul Cox\nBy the time you read this [2008], the fourth Vietnamese delegation of Agent Orange victims co-sponsored by VVAW will have finished their 10-city tour, including a stop in Chicago where they were hosted by VVAW. Public events were held at the Gage Gallery in Roosevelt University and at the Jane Hull House, and they were interviewed on NPR's World View program. Bob Gronko did a great job organizing their stay in Chicago, and VVAW made a generous donation to support the tour.\nVVAW has a long history of fighting for justice for victims of Agent Orange poisoning; VVAW was a loud and clear voice exposing AO and calling for help and compensation for veterans suffering the ill effects of AO\/dioxin since 1978. In recent years, VVAW has strongly supported the Vietnamese people in their efforts to achieve recognition and for relief from the massive damage AO\/dioxin has done to their environment and their people.\nVVAW has hosted in Chicago Agent Orange victims delegations in 2005, 2007, and October 2008 (the other delegation went only to DC). The delegations are from the Vietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange\/dioxin (VAVA), which is the membership organization in Vietnam fighting for justice for the Vietnamese. Dave Cline and Bill Davis\u2014both of whom we lost last year\u2014and many others in VVAW have worked hard on the AO issue, which continues to develop as more information becomes available about its effects. But much more work is needed.\nAs reported in the last issue of The Veteran, the US Court of Appeals failed in its duty to reinstate the VAVA lawsuit against the chemical companies that was dismissed by Jack Weinstein. On October 6, attorneys for VAVA filed a writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court asking them to hear the case for reinstatement. This court, though, is not likely to accept the case, but the Vietnamese want to exhaust all remedies. Whether or not the case dies at the steps of the Supreme Court, the struggle will continue.\nAs you may know the Vietnam Agent Orange Relief and Responsibility Campaign (VAORRC) is one of the organizations in the US that is working to support VAVA. Dave Cline and Bill Davis were on the national board and national coordinators of VAORRC, as are VVAW members Barry Romo and Paul Cox. At the steps of the Supreme Court, VAORRC launched the international corporate campaign against Dow and Monsanto: \"Do the right thing \u2013 compensate Vietnam's Agent Orange victims!\" Next year VAORRC will mount a legislative campaign to convince Congress to step up to our responsibilities and provide\u2014if for no other reason\u2014real funds for humanitarian assistance to the Vietnamese victims of AO. The legislation has not yet been written, but a number of influential congress members and senators have expressed firm support for such a bill. When the bill is submitted, it should have provisions for a number of distinct projects:\n\u2022 Environmental clean-up of the forty identified hotspots.\n\u2022 Stationary or mobile clinics for pre-natal testing of pregnant women who may have been exposed to AO.\n\u2022 Testing programs for populations living near hot spots for dioxin in their bodies.\n\u2022 Genetic and epidemiological research into the multi-generational effects of dioxin exposure.\n\u2022 Reconstructive surgery for the many children with deformities whose lives could be improved by it.\n\u2022 Prostheses, wheelchairs, accessibility modifications to habitat, and independent living training for those whose can benefit from such aid.\n\u2022 Medical treatment for those sick from AO.\n\u2022 Long-term supportive care for those who are disabled from exposures or birth defects.\n\u2022 Financial assistance to those families driven into poverty due to disabilities or birth defects of family members.\nGetting comprehensive well-funded legislation through Congress will take a major advocacy effort. If it is to be successful, it will require some effort from every VVAW member and supporter, and every person in this country who thinks our nation needs to step up to its responsibilities. Once the legislation is introduced, we will all have to contact our representatives and urge them to support it. Actually, in some cases, we will have to not only urge it; we will have to require it, insist upon it, demand it, and shout it. It will be a fight worthy of VVAW!\nAGENT ORANGE LEGISLATION: VICTIMS OF AGENT ORANGE RELIEF ACT OF 2011, HR 2634, SUPPORT FOR \u2013 2011\n(Paul Cox, VFP Chapter 69)\nWhereas, The U.S. government, in violation of international law, waged massive chemical warfare in Vietnam, including the use of Agent Orange and other herbicides containing highly toxic dioxin, from 1961 to 1971, and 10\nWhereas, Chemical companies, including Dow Chemical and Monsanto and thirty-six others, knowingly and unnecessarily produced Agent Orange contaminated with dioxin, and\nWhereas, Dioxin exposure causes various forms of cancers, reproductive illnesses, immune deficiency, endocrine deficiencies, nervous system damage, physical and developmental disabilities, emotional problems, and epigenetic effects, and\nWhereas, In Vietnam more than three million people, and in the U.S. hundreds of thousands of veterans, their children, and Vietnamese-Americans, have been sickened, disabled or died from the effects of Agent Orange\/dioxin, and\nWhereas, Dioxin residues in the soil, sediment, and food continue to poison many people in numerous areas throughout southern Vietnam, and\nWhereas, Vietnamese of least three generations born since the war are now suffering from disabilities due to their parents' exposure to Agent Orange or from direct exposure in the environment, and\nWhereas, Many Veterans for Peace members and other veterans suffer from affects of Agent Orange due to their exposure in Vietnam, as do their children, and\nWhereas, Vietnamese Americans have the same types and incidence of health problems related to Agent Orange as the Vietnamese and US Veterans, and\nWhereas, The U.S. government has refused to recognize its responsibility clean up the contamination it left in Vietnam or to heal the wounds of war, and has failed to provide assistance for the serious health, economic and environmental devastation caused by Agent Orange that continues through to the present day, and\nWhereas, Dow Chemical and Monsanto and the other chemical manufacturers have refused to recognize that Agent Orange is deleterious to human health and have refused to recognize their responsibility to compensate their victims in Vietnam, and\nWhereas, 2011 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the start of the defoliation program in Vietnam in 1961 without any significant remedial action by the U.S. government or the chemical companies, and\nWhereas, Veterans for Peace has a long history of holding the US Government and the chemical companies accountable to all victims of Agent Orange both in Vietnam and in the U.S., and\nWhereas, Congressman Bob Filner has in July, 2011, introduced legislation into the House of Representatives\u2014Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2001, HR 2634\u2014that contains four elements: environmental remediation of the widespread dioxin contamination in Vietnam; assistance to Vietnamese Agent Orange victims for health care and other necessary social services; creation of regional medical centers in the US for the Agent-Orange-affected children and grandchildren of US veterans; and medical assistance to the Vietnamese-Americans affected by Agent Orange.\nTherefore, Be It Resolved, Veterans for Peace calls for all Congress members to co-sponsor and support HR 2634, Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2011,\nAnd Be It Further Resolved, Veterans for Peace calls on all Senators to enact and support similar legislation. 11\nAnd Be It Further Resolved, Veterans for Peace calls for Dow Chemical, Monsanto, and the other chemical companies to assume their responsibility by allocating funds to make a significant contribution to meet the needs of victims of Agent Orange in Vietnam.\nApproved at the 2011 VFP national convention \u2013 Portland, OR\n1. Veterans For Peace :: ABOUT VFP\nwww.veteransforpeace.org\/search\/swish.cgi?...Agent+Orange&x...\nResults 1 - 15 of 124 \u2013 We found 124 pages based on your search ( Agent Orange ). ... Support Of Agent Orange Victims, Justice for Vietnam\u0101\u20ac\u2122s Agent Orange ... OF AGENT ORANGE RELIEF ACT OF 2011, HR 2634, SUPPORT FOR 2011 US . ... by Paul Cox Originally ... of the lawsuit by the Vietnam Association for Victims ...\n2. [PDF]\nVeterans For Peace National Resolutions\nwww.veteransforpeace.org\/...\/resolution_master_index_%20aug_201...\nAGENT ORANGE LEGISLATION: VICTIMS OF AGENT ORANGE RELIEF ACT OF . 2011, HR 2634, SUPPORT FOR \u2013 2011. (Paul Cox, VFP Chapter 69) ...\n3. News- Vietnam Agent Orange Relief & Responsibility Campaign ...\nwww.vn-agentorange.org\/news.html\nH.R. 2634, the Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2011 .... Tribunal of Conscience in Support of the Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange 1. ... Heading the delegation is Paul Cox (Read Paul Cox's statement \u00bb and Claire Tran's statement \u00bb.\n4. Vietnam Agent Orange Relief & Responsibility Campaign\nwww.vn-agentorange.org\/\nSign the Postcard to Congress in support of the Victims of Agent Orange Act of ... The Agent Orange Legislation: Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2011, July ...\n5. Legislation HR# 2634- Agent Orange Victims Relief Act of 2011 ...\nvfp-vn.ning.com\/forum\/topics\/legislation-hr-2634-agent\nJul 27, 2011 \u2013 The legislation to help Agent Orange affected Vietnamese, children of US ... Legislation HR# 2634- Agent Orange Victims Relief Act of 2011 ...\n6. The Legacy of Agent Orange is a Continuing Focus of VVAW\nwww.vvaw.org\/veteran\/article\/?id=949\nVVAW has a long history of fighting for justice for victims of Agent Orange ... efforts to achieve recognition and for relief from the massive damage AO\/dioxin has done ... coordinators of VAORRC, as are VVAW members Barry Romo and Paul Cox. ... congress members and senators have expressed firm support for such a bill.\nROLLING THUNDER\u00ae, INC\nwww.rollingthunder1.com\/PDFs\/newsletter.pdf\nFeb 1, 2012 \u2013 after all previous wars, and to help correct the past and to protect future ..... The invocation was given by Rich Cox,. National ... Paul Carro and Gus Dante opposed. ... HR 2634. Victims of Agent Orange Relief Act of 2011.\n8. Vietnam Agent Orange Relief & Responsibility Campaign - KeyWiki\nkeywiki.org\/...\/Vietnam_Agent_Orange_Relief_%26_Responsibility_ ...\n50+ items \u2013 In support of justice for Vietnamese Agent Orange victims, ...\nElliott Adams (former President, Veterans for Peace, MO)\nSteve Ault (Gay & lesbian activist, NY)\nCS gas TEAR GAS\nCS gas\nIUPAC name[hide]\n2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile\nOther names[hide]\nTear gas\nJmol-3D images\nC10H5Cl N2[2]\n188.6 g\/mol[1]\nColourless gas when burned\n93\u00b0C, (366.15 K), (199.4 \u00b0F)\n310 \u00b0C, (583.15 K), (590 \u00b0F)[3]\nVapor pressure\n(mm Hg) 3.4 \u00d7 10\u22125 at 20 \u00b0C\nExternal MSDS\nRelated compounds SDBS\nSupplementary data page\nStructure and\nn, \u03b5r, etc.\nThermodynamic\nPhase behaviour\nSolid, liquid, gas\nUV, IR, NMR, MS\n(verify) (what is: \/ ?)\nExcept where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 \u00b0C, 100 kPa)\nInfobox references\n2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile (also called o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile) (chemical formula: C10H5ClN2), a cyanocarbon, is the defining component of a \"tear gas\" commonly referred to as CS gas, which is used as a riot control agent. \"CS gas\" is actually an aerosol of a volatile solvent (a substance that dissolves other active substances and that easily evaporates with it) and 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile, which is a solid compound at room temperature. CS gas is generally accepted as being non-lethal. It was discovered by two Americans, Ben Corson and Roger Stoughton, at Middlebury College in 1928, and the chemical's name is derived from the first letters of the scientists' surnames.[4][5]\nCS was developed and tested secretly at Porton Down in Wiltshire, England, in the 1950s and 1960s. CS was used first on animals, then subsequently on British Army servicemen volunteers. Notably, CS has a limited effect on animals due to \"under-developed tear-ducts and protection by fur\".[6]\n\u2022 1 Production\no 1.1 Use as an aerosol\n\u2022 2 Effects\n\u2022 3 Toxicity\n\u2022 4 Decontamination\n\u2022 5 Use\no 5.1 Bahrain\no 5.2 Egypt\no 5.3 Cyprus\no 5.4 Iraq\no 5.5 Israel\no 5.6 Philippines\no 5.7 Sri Lanka\no 5.8 United Kingdom\n\uf0a7 5.8.1 Northern Ireland\n\uf0a7 5.8.2 Great Britain\no 5.9 United States\no 5.10 Vietnam\no 5.11 Elsewhere\n\u2022 6 See also\n\u2022 7 References\n\u2022 8 External links\n[edit] Production\nCS is synthesized by the reaction of 2-chlorobenzaldehyde and malononitrile via the Knoevenagel condensation:\nClC6H4CHO + H2C(CN)2 \u2192 ClC6H4CHC(CN)2 + H2O\nThe reaction is catalysed with weak base like piperidine or pyridine. The production method has not changed since the substance was discovered by Corson and Stoughton.[7] Other bases, solvent free methods and microwave promotion have been suggested to improve the production of the substance.[8]\nThe physiological properties had been discovered already by the chemists first synthesising the compound in 1928: \"Physiological Properties. Certain of these dinitriles have the effect of sneeze and tear gases. They are harmless when wet but to handle the dry powder is disastrous.\"[7]\n[edit] Use as an aerosol\nAs 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile is a solid at room temperature, not a gas, a variety of techniques have been used to make this solid usable as an aerosol:\n\u2022 Melted and sprayed in the molten form.\n\u2022 Dissolved in organic solvent.\n\u2022 CS2 dry powder (CS2 is a siliconized, micro-pulverized form of CS).\n\u2022 CS from thermal grenades by generation of hot gases.[1]\nIn the Waco Siege, CS was dissolved in the organic solvent dichloromethane (also known as methylene chloride). The solution was dispersed as an aerosol via explosive force and when the highly volatile dichloromethane evaporated, CS crystals precipitated and formed a fine dispersion in the air.[1]\n[edit] Effects\nMany types of tear gas and other riot control agents have been produced with effects ranging from mild tearing of the eyes to immediate vomiting and prostration. CN and CS are the most widely used and known, but around 15 different types of tear gas have been developed worldwide e.g. adamsite or bromoacetone, CNB, and CNC. CS has become the most popular due to its strong effect and lack of toxicity in comparison with other similar chemical agents. The effect of CS on a person will depend on whether it is packaged as a solution or used as an aerosol. The size of solution droplets and the size of the CS particulates after evaporation are factors determining its effect on the human body.[9]\nThe chemical reacts with moisture on the skin and in the eyes, causing a burning sensation and the immediate forceful and uncontrollable shutting of the eyes. Effects usually include tears streaming from the eyes, profuse coughing, exceptional nasal discharge that is full of mucus, burning in the eyes, eyelids, nose and throat areas, disorientation, dizziness and restricted breathing. It will also burn the skin where sweaty and or sunburned. In highly concentrated doses it can also induce severe coughing and vomiting. Almost all of the immediate effects wear off within an hour (such as exceptional nasal discharge and profuse coughing), although the feeling of burning and highly irritated skin may persist for hours. Affected clothing will need to be washed several times or thrown away.\n[edit] Toxicity\nBogside Artists' mural of a boy running from CS gas in Derry.\nAlthough described as a non-lethal weapon for crowd control, many studies have raised doubts about this classification. As well as creating severe pulmonary damage, CS can also significantly damage the heart and liver.[10]\nOn September 28, 2000, Prof. Dr. Uwe Heinrich released a study commissioned by John C. Danforth, of the United States Office of Special Counsel, to investigate the use of CS by the FBI at the Branch Davidians' Mount Carmel compound. He concluded that the lethality of CS used would have been determined mainly by two factors: whether gas masks were used and whether the occupants were trapped in a room. He suggests that if no gas masks were used and the occupants were trapped, then, \"...there is a distinct possibility that this kind of CS exposure can significantly contribute to or even cause lethal effects.\"[1]\nMany reports have associated CS exposure with miscarriages.[10] This is consistent with its reported clastogenic effect (abnormal chromosome change) on mammalian cells.\nWhen CS is metabolized, cyanide can be detected in human tissue.[10] According to the United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, CS emits \"very toxic fumes\" when heated to decomposition, and at specified concentrations CS gas is an immediate danger to life and health. They also state that those exposed to CS gas should seek medical attention immediately.[2]\nIn Israel, CS gas was reported to be the cause of death of Jawaher Abu Rahmah on December 31, 2010,[11] although the Israel Defence Forces have questioned the veracity of the report. In Egypt, CS gas was reported to be the cause of death of several protesters in Mohamed Mahmoud street near Tahrir square on November 2011 protests.\nIt has been noted that the solvent MiBK is itself harmful, and can cause inflammation, dermatitis, burns to the skin and liver damage.[12]\n[edit] Decontamination\nCS contamination can be removed by washing with an alkaline solution of water and 5% sodium bisulfite.[6][13]\n[edit] Use\nRWG\u0141-3 Polish tear gas grenade launcher.\nCS was used to flush the Viet Cong from their tunnels in Vietnam.\nCS is used in spray form by many police forces as a temporary incapacitant and to subdue attackers or persons who are violently aggressive. Officers that are trained in the use and application of CS spray are routinely exposed to it as part of their training.\nRecently, blank pistol cartridges carrying CS in powder form have been released to public. These, when fired in relatively close ranges, fully expose the target to the effects of CS, and are employed as a potent defensive weapon in regions where blank firing pistols are legally permitted for such use.\nAlthough predominantly used by police it has also been used in criminal attacks in various countries.[14][15][16][17]\nUse of CS in war is prohibited under the terms of the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention, signed by most nations in 1993 with all but five other nations signing between the years of 1994 through 1997. The reasoning behind the prohibition is pragmatic: use of CS by one combatant could easily trigger retaliation with much more toxic chemical weapons such as nerve agents. Only five nations have not signed the Chemical Weapons Convention and are therefore unhindered by restrictions on the use of CS gas: Angola, Egypt, North Korea, Somalia, and Syria.[18]\nDomestic police use of CS is legal in many countries, however, as the Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits only military use.\n[edit] Bahrain\nBahrain riot police use tear gas on protesters in Manama during 2011-2012 Bahraini uprising\nCS gas has been used extensively by Bahrain's police since the start of the 2011 Bahraini Uprising.[19](p260) The Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry concluded that Bahrain's police used a disproportionate amount of CS gas when dispersing protests, and that in a number of situations, police fired CS gas into private homes in an \"unnecessary and indiscriminate\" manner.[19](p277) In one particular incident witnessed by Commission investigators, police fired \"at least four tear gas canisters (each containing six projectiles) ... from a short range into the kitchen and living room of a home.\"[19](p261)\nAccording to opposition activists and families of the deceased, ten individuals have died as a result of CS gas between 25 March 2011 and 17 December 2011.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] One allegedly died from the impact of the CS gas canister[25], and the remainder are said to have died from the effects of inhaling the gas. The Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry received information that a further three deaths may have been attributable to the use of CS gas.[19](pp239-40,253) Of these three, one allegedly died from the impact of the canister, and two from the effects of inhaling the gas.\n[edit] Egypt\nCS was widely used by Egypt's Police\/Military Forces in November 2011. The CS gas used was imported from the US.[citation needed]\n[edit] Cyprus\nCS was first tested in the field by the British army in Cyprus in 1958. At this time it was known by the code name T792.[30]\n[edit] Iraq\nIraq successfully developed CS during the 1970s and during the 1980s produced tons of the substance firstly at Salman Pak and later at al-Muthanna.[31] Then-Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered troops to use nerve agents against Iraqi Kurds in his own country and against Iran during the Iran\u2013Iraq War. It is believed that Iraqi forces used multiple chemical agents during the attack, including mustard gas and the nerve agents sarin, soman, tabun and VX;[32] some sources have also pointed to the blood agent hydrogen cyanide.\nMain article: Halabja poison gas attack\nBlackwater Worldwide, acting as an agent of the United States, deployed CS in the Iraq War from a helicopter hovering over a checkpoint in the Green Zone in Bagdhad.[33]\n[edit] Israel\nIsrael Police forces spray CS gas at riot control situations. It is widely used at demonstrations within the Palestinian Territories and at the Israeli West Bank barrier.[34][35]\n[edit] Philippines\nCS tear gas was used in suppression of the mutiny in Makati that was led by Sen. Antonio Trillanes. The tear gas was fired in the building and all the people in the building including reporters were affected.[citation needed]\n[edit] Sri Lanka\nThe LTTE, also known as Tamil Tigers of Sri Lanka, an insurgent group in Sri Lanka used CS gas against government forces that were on an offensive to flush and defeat these insurgents during September 2008.[36] Its use hindered the army's progress but ultimately proved ineffective in preventing the army from overrunning LTTE positions.\nThis is one of the first few cases of insurgents using CS gas as an insurgent weapon.\n[edit] United Kingdom\n[edit] Northern Ireland\nA mural in Derry, Northern Ireland of a young boy in a gas mask holding a petrol bomb during the Battle of the Bogside, August 1969.\nCS gas was used extensively in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland during the \"Battle of the Bogside\", a two-day riot in August, 1969. A total of 1,091 canisters containing 12.5g of CS each, and 14 canisters containing 50g of CS each, were released in the densely populated residential area.[37] On 30 August the Himsworth Inquiry was set up to investigate the medical effects of its use in Derry. Its conclusions, viewed in the political context of the time, still pointed towards the necessity of further testing of CS gas before being used as a riot control agent. During the rioting in Belfast, the following year, known as the Falls Curfew, the Army fired up to 1,600 canisters into the densely populated Falls Road area. It was also used in Lenadoon on 9 July 1972 on the breakdown of the IRA ceasefire. Not long after, the British Army and RUC ceased using CS in Northern Ireland. Up to this point, it had been used in crowd control scenarios in Derry and Belfast.\n[edit] Great Britain\nThe first use of CS gas on the UK mainland that was not part of military training was carried out in 1944 during a hostage siege at a North London address. Soldiers were asked to throw CS grenades through the skylight in hope of bringing the incident to a speedy conclusion, however, the hostage-taker had brought his civilian-issue gas mask with him, negating the effect.[citation needed]\nThe siege of Trough Gate, in Oldham, during 1973 was the second non-military use of CS gas on UK Mainland. It was applied to the rear of a van where the chief suspect was hiding. The suspect committed suicide with the handgun he was armed with.\nThe first use of CS tear gas to quell rioting in mainland Britain was in the Toxteth area of Liverpool in 1981.[38]\nCS gas incapacitant sprays were first introduced into the British police in 1995, to assist them in dealing with violent incidents.[39] The CS is in the form of a hand-held aerosol canister, with the solution being 5% CS, with methyl isobutyl ketone as the solvent, which is propelled by pressurized nitrogen. The liquid stream is directed where the user points the canister, being accurate up to 4 metres. All forces dictate that for an officer to be authorised to carry CS, they have to have completed a training course in the spray's use. Under UK firearm law CS and other incapacitant sprays are classed as prohibited weapons, making it unlawful for a member of the public to possess such an item. In recent years, some forces have stopped using CS, in favour of the new PAVA spray.[40]\nA six month trial by sixteen police forces in England began on the 1 March 1996. Only two weeks later, on 16 March 1996, a Gambian asylum seeker, Ibrahima Sey was taken to Ilford Police Station in east London. Whilst incapacitating the man, police sprayed him with CS and held him on the ground for over 15 minutes, and he subsequently died. Although a verdict of unlawful killing was given by the jury at the end of the inquest into his death, no charges were brought against any member of the police force.[41]\nThe police forces that do use the PIS in the UK require that the personnel undergoing training should themselves be sprayed with a 3% dissolved CS, during self-defense training, in order for them to be able to be authorized to carry it as personal protection equipment. They are also trained in helping the incapacitated person recover quickly once successfully restrained. Most forces currently issue CS spray to its officers, but there has been a recent move for a few forces to issue PAVA Spray (pelargonic acid vanillylamide aka nonivamide).\nThe CS spray used by UK police is generally more concentrated than spray used by American police forces depending on the particular city\/state (e.g. Campus Police, Keyser, West Virginia.[42]\nIn 1999 the UK mental health charity MIND called for a suspension in its use until it is fully tested and there is proof that CS is safe.[43]\nIn February 2006, there were calls to have CS spray banned in the UK after Dan Ford, from Wareham in Dorset, was permanently facially scarred after being sprayed in the face with a police CS canister. Mr Ford was subsequently advised by doctors to stay out of sunlight for at least 12 months. After the incident, his cousin, Donna Lewis, was quoted as saying, \"To look at him, it was like looking at a melting man, with liquid oozing from his face.\"[44] However, it has not yet been confirmed that Mr Ford's injury was a reaction to having been exposed to police CS spray, or whether an unrelated chemical exposure caused the injury. An investigation is ongoing.\nIn January 2011, CS was used by the Metropolitan Police at a UK Uncut protest in London.[45][46]\nThe British Armed Forces use CS gas annually to test their CBRN equipment. During initial training they introduce recruits to CS gas by ordering them into a small enclosed space known as a Respirator Test Facility (RTF) and igniting chemical tablets to induce CS production. After recruits have carried out their CBRN drills, they must remove their respirators and inhale the CS to realise it effects and become confident their masks work.[not in citation given] [47][48]\n[edit] United States\nCS is used by many police forces within the United States. It was most famously used as one of a number of techniques by Federal Bureau of Investigation law enforcement officials in the 1993 Waco Siege.[49]\nRiot police in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in September, 2009 used CS gas and riot control techniques to disperse assemblies in the vicinity of the 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit.\nIn Berkeley, California during the Bloody Thursday events in People's Park on Wednesday, May 21, 1969, a midday memorial was held for student James Rector, a non-protester shot to death by police, at Sproul Plaza on the University campus. In his honor, several thousand people peacefully assembled to listen to speakers remembering his life. Without warning, National Guard troops surrounded Sproul Plaza, donned their gas masks, and pointed their bayonets inward, while helicopters dropped CS gas directly on the trapped crowd. No escape was possible, and the gas caused acute respiratory distress, disorientation, temporary blindness and vomiting. Many people, including children and the elderly, were injured during the ensuing panic. The gas was so intense that breezes carried it into Cowell Memorial Hospital, endangering patients, interrupting operations and incapacitating nurses. Students at nearby Jefferson and Franklin elementary schools were also affected.[50][51]\nMembers of the United States armed forces are exposed to CS during initial training, and during training refresher courses or equipment maintenance exercises, using CS tablets that are melted on a hotplate. This is to demonstrate the importance of properly wearing a gas or protective mask, as the agent's presence quickly reveals an improper fit or seal of the mask's rubber gaskets against the face. Following exposure while wearing a mask, recruits are ordered to remove the masks and endure exposure in the room for one minute. These exercises also encourage confidence in the ability of the equipment to protect the wearer from such chemical attacks. Such an event is a requirement for graduation from United States Army Basic Training, Air Force Basic Military Training, Navy Basic Training, and Marine Corps recruit training.[52] CS gas in the form of grenades is also used extensively in the United States Marine Corps in some service schools. CS gas is used during the final field exercise of the Scout Sniper Basic Course to simulate being compromised. In addition, it is used during the 25 km (16 mi) escape-and-evasion exercise (\"Trail of Tears\"), the last event before graduation from the course. It is also used during several events in the Marine Corps Basic Reconnaissance Course (BRC) including some rucksack runs and escape-and-evasion exercises. While students going through the course are given the opportunity to bring and wear a gas mask for the event, usually none are worn because once donned, gas masks could not be removed until the end of the exercise. This could last anywhere from 3\u201312 hours and would make running 25 km while wearing 125 lb (57 kg) of gear virtually impossible.\n[edit] Vietnam\nIt has been reported that thousands of tons of CS gas were used by the U.S. forces in Vietnam to bring Viet Cong into the open. It was also used by the North Vietnamese forces in some battles like Hue in 1968 or during the Easter Offensive in 1972.[53]\n[edit] Elsewhere\nPolice fire tear gas at protesters in Quebec.\nCS gas has been and is still routinely used by Greek riot police (MAT) in order to quell student and labor protests, as well as riots by hooligans. In some cases gas had expired for more than thirty years. The legality and safety of the use of CS by policemen has been challenged both by people within Greece and the European Union.[citation needed]\nCS was used to quell a protest in Lusaka, Zambia in July 1997 and the 1999 WTO riots in Seattle. Amnesty International reported that it had been manufactured by the UK company Pains-Wessex. Subsequently, Amnesty called for an export ban when the receiving regime is either not fully trained in the use of CS, or had shown usage \"contrary to the manufacturer's instructions\".[54]\nIn September 2000, the Guardian newspaper revealed how a UK company, HPP, used legal loopholes to export CS to a private security company in Rwanda, in breach of United Nations sanctions.[55] The Guardian also reported that CS was used by the Hutu militia in Rwanda to flush Tutsis out of buildings before hacking them to death.\nCS has been used by the government in South Africa; by Israel against Palestinians and Israelis; by the South Korean government in Seoul, and during the Balkan conflicts by Serbia. In Malta it was used by Police between 1981 and 1987 to the detriment of Nationalist Party Supporters.\nCS tear gas was used at the G8 protests in Genoa, Italy[56] and Quebec City, Canada[57] during the FTAA anti-globalization demonstrations during the Quebec City Summit of the Americas.\nThe Malaysia Federal Reserve Unit has also been known to use CS tear gas against its citizens who rallied for clean and fair elections under what were called Bersih rallies in 2011 [58] and 2012. [59]\nThe Canadian, Norwegian and Australian Armies train their soldiers with CS gas in a manner similar to that of the USA, as it is a basic part of CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear) training. Gas is released by burning tablets, usually in a building reserved for this purpose (a \"gas hut\"). In the training, the person enters the building unprotected, and must fit and clear the gas mask before leaving. Other drills such as drinking and under-mask decontamination are also practiced. Some Norwegian units are exposed to CS-gas while engaged in physical activity such as push-ups.\nWAR RESISTERS LEAGUE CAMPAIGN AGAINST TEAR GAS 2012. To participate contact WRL's Ali Issa at ali@warresisters.org\nGlobal movements against domestic militarism, local movements against global militarism.\nOn June 17th, for Fathers' Day, WRL marched with thousands of New Yorkers in the Silent March to End Stop and Frisk, led by Communities United for Police Reform and the NAACP and endorsed by over 200 organizations.\nOur contingent merged with that of the Global Justice Working Group of Occupy Wall Street, Havaar: Iranian Initiative Against War, Sanctions, and State Repression, and other groups, all of us marching in solidarity with those most targeted by the police practice of Stop and Frisk domestically while making the connections to global and US-led militarism.\nClick here for the statement from the Global Justice table and here for an interview about the connections between domestic and global militarism with WRL organizer Kimber Heinz. Also check out this new video created by our partners with South Asia Solidarity Initiative, highlighting interviews with global justice activists about why they stand against Stop and Frisk.\nAs WRL continues to collect stories about people's experiences with tear gas from all over the world on our Facing Tear Gas Tumblr, we are struck by the pervasive use of tear gas against people rising up in dissent globally as well as against poor people and people of color here in the US. http:\/\/facingteargas.tumblr.com\/\nSimilar to Stop and Frisk, the domestic use of tear gas is a preemptive attack against people with the potential to come together to protest structural racism and seek alternative economic systems to the one that keeps them in poverty. Just last week, on July 4th, a group of teenagers were tear gassed in Center City Park in Greensboro, NC, while hanging out downtown following the local fireworks show. Three people were detained, two of them arrested, all of them Black men under the age of 20.\nWhat you can do now to support WRL's campaign against tear gas:\nIf you haven't already, please share your story about tear gas with us.\nOn Facebook, post a link to the Tumblr on your wall: \"Got a tear gas story? Share it to help build a campaign to ban the gas!\"\nChange your wall photo to one of our tear gas photo stories.\nReblog our newest post on the Facing Tear Gas Tumblr.\nTweet a link to the Tumblr with the tags #tear gas and #facing tear gas.\nContact us at facingteargas@warresisters.org\nTake action against Israeli abuses: Tear gas is just the tip of the iceberg\nWar Resisters League wrl@warresisters.org via uark.edu to jbennet\nTell Congress: No US military aid for Israel's chemical weapons\nWRL is partnering with US Campaign to End the Occupation to call Israel and its US goverment backers to task for Israel's human rights record during its ongoing occupation of Palestinian land. http:\/\/www.endtheoccupation.org\/ Israel, the top recipient of US military aid, is responsible for a large number of human rights violations thoughout Palestine, as noted in a recent State Department report. http:\/\/www.state.gov\/j\/drl\/rls\/hrrpt\/humanrightsreport\/index.htm?dynamic_load_id=186430#wrapper Will you take action in support of human rights?\nOn a regular basis, the Israeli military uses tear gas often made in the US against people protesting the daily violations of Israeli apartheid in the Occupied Territories and shoots high-velocity tear gas at a close range at demonstrators. This practice killed Mustafa Tamimi in December of last year. http:\/\/mondoweiss.net\/2011\/12\/mustafa-tamimi-had-died.html Tamimi's story appears via his friend on WRL's Facing Tear Gas Tumblr.\nTake action now by sending a message to your Congresspeople demanding an investigation into Israeli human rights abuses and US government compliance with its own laws on arms export and military aid. http:\/\/org2.democracyinaction.org\/o\/6521\/p\/dia\/action\/public\/?action_KEY=11270\nFor more stories about people's experiences with tear gas all over the world, go to http:\/\/facingteargas.tumblr.com .\nFor more information, send an email to facingteargas@warresisters.org.\nRetired professor of English speaks up for peace o...\nEMPIRE OF BASES\nDick Bennett speaks about peace books by Catholic ...\nDick Bennett's book reviews on public television J...\nPentagon, Military-Industrial Complex, US Militari...\nDick Bennett reviews books June 28, 2012, on Publi...","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Trigger Mortis\nTrigger (band)\nTrigger (particle physics)\nTrigger Mortis is a 2015 James Bond novel written by Anthony Horowitz, and the latest Bond novel to be commissioned by the estate of Bond's creator Ian Fleming, which was published on 8 September 2015.\nThe book is set in 1957 against the backdrop of the Space Race, and begins two weeks after the events of Goldfinger. The novel is the first in the literary series to be set during the original timeline created by Fleming since 1968's Colonel Sun and sees the return of Bond girl Pussy Galore, who made her debut in Goldfinger. Bond's mission is to protect a British racing driver at the N\u00fcrburgring racetrack. He begins with driving lessons from an expert lady driver, who shows Bond the ropes in a Maserati 250. Pussy finds herself a little tied up and painted a la Goldfinger, but Bond saves her just before she succumbs to death by painting. At the N\u00fcrburgring Bond beats the would be assassin with a pit manoeuvre at high speed and the true mission is then revealed.\nTrigger Mortis was announced in October 2014. It contains previously unpublished material written by Fleming for an unfilmed television series, Murder on Wheels, which Horowitz has used to write the opening chapter. The book title was revealed on 28 May 2015 to coincide with Fleming's 107th birthday.\nThis page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -\thttps:\/\/wn.com\/Trigger_Mortis\nTrigger may refer to:\nNotable animals and people\nTrigger (horse), owned by cowboy star Roy Rogers\nTrigger Alpert (1916\u20132013), American jazz bassist\nBruce Trigger (1937\u20132006), Canadian archaeologist\nTrigger (firearms), a mechanism that actuates the firing of firearms\nDatabase trigger\nDead man's trigger, a safety device that activates safeguards if the operator is incapacitated\nFlip-flop (electronics), called a trigger circuit by IBM\nImage trigger, a device used in high speed cameras\nSchmitt trigger, an electronic circuit\nTrigger function, in event-driven programming\nArt, entertainment, and media\nFictional entities\nTrigger (Only Fools and Horses), a BBC sitcom character played by Roger Lloyd-Pack\nTrigger Argee, a fictional character in a series of science fiction short stories by James H. Schmitz\nDevil Trigger, a transformation ability found in the Devil May Cry series\nTrigger, a fictional horse in \"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)\"\nTrigger (film), a 2010 Canadian film\nThis page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -\thttps:\/\/wn.com\/Trigger\nTrigger is a Serbian hard rock\/heavy metal band from Belgrade.\nThe band was formed in 2005. During the same year, the band started working on the songs for their debut album, enetering the studio in 2006. The lineup changed several times during the work on the album, but became stable at the beginning of 2007. It featured female vocalist Milena Brankovi\u0107, guitarist Du\u0161an Svilokos \u0110uri\u0107, bass guitarist Petar \"Pera\" Popovi\u0107, keyboardist Marko Antoni\u0107, and drummer Zoran Jovi\u0107 \"\u0110avo\".\nThe band's debut album Ljubav (Love) was released in December 2007 through PGP-RTS.Ljubav was imagined as a concept album, featuring lyrics dealing with dark sides of love. The album was met with mostly positive reactions by the critics. The promotional video was recorded for the song \"Jedan dan\" (\"A Day\"). \"Jedan dan\" won the first place on TV Panonija chart, TV Metropolis Top 10 chart, and Radio 202 Hit of the Week chart. During the same year, the band started the concert promotion of the album, starting with the appearance on Belgrade Beer Fest. In 2008, the band was awarded with the Discovery of the Year Award by TV Metropolis, and was polled the Best Young Band of 2008 by the listeners of the Radio 202 show Hit 202.\nThis page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -\thttps:\/\/wn.com\/Trigger_(band)\nIn particle physics, a trigger is a system that uses criteria to rapidly decide which events in a particle detector to keep when only a small fraction of the total can be recorded. Trigger systems are necessary due to real-world limitations in computing power, data storage capacity and rates. Since experiments are typically searching for \"interesting\" events (such as decays of rare particles) that occur at a relatively low rate, trigger systems are used to identify the events that should be recorded for later analysis. Current accelerators have event rates greater than 1 MHz and trigger rates that can be below 10 Hz. The ratio of the trigger rate to the event rate is referred to as the selectivity of the trigger. For example, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has an event rate of 40 MHz (4\u00b7107 Hz), and the Higgs boson is expected to be produced there at a rate of roughly 1 Hz. The LHC detectors can manage to permanently store a few hundred events per second. Therefore the minimum selectivity required is 10\u22125, with much stricter requirements for the data analysis afterwards.\nThis page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia -\thttps:\/\/wn.com\/Trigger_(particle_physics)\n'Trigger Mortis' is featured as a movie character in the following productions:\nGlam Slam: The Dallas Derby Documentary (2009)\nActors: Trigger Mortis (actor), Pyro Maim Ya (actor), Cheatin Chong (actress), Brittney Fierce (actress), Panther City Princess (actress), Smack the Ripper (actress), Spanish Rock (actress), LuAnn Splatter (actress), Gloria Vanderbitch (actress), Miley Virus (actress), Kelly Michelle Campbell (producer), Andy Chiles (producer), Joe Easton (producer), Kelly Michelle Campbell (director), Joe Easton (director),\nGenres: Documentary, Short,\nTaglines: This ain't your Grandmother's Roller Derby\nThe Outlaws Is Coming (1965)\nActors: Joe Bolton (actor), Tiny Brauer (actor), Bill Camfield (actor), Joe DeRita (actor), Larry Fine (actor), Duke Fishman (actor), Paul Frees (actor), Paul Frees (actor), Hal Fryar (actor), Henry Gibson (actor), Johnny Ginger (actor), Rex Holman (actor), Moe Howard (actor), Lloyd Kino (actor), Murray Alper (actor),\nPlot: Larry, Moe, and Curly Joe work for an editor at a Boston wildlife conservation magazine. They make such a mess of the pressroom that their publisher gets rid of them by sending them out west to stop the slaughter of buffalo. Upon their arrival they find themselves being sought after by every notorious gunslinger in history, including Wyatt Earp, Wild Bill Hickcock, and Jesse James. Luckily, pistol-packing Annie Oakley, who has fallen in love with the handsome editor, agrees to protect them against the bad guys.\nKeywords: 1870s, annie-oakley, buffalo, catfight, contest, duel, female-gunfighter, gunfight, pie-fight, sharpshooter\nGenres: Comedy, Western,\nTaglines: A Full-Length Gun-Slinging, Rip-Roaring Feature Film! The Epic To Finish All Epics! Together In One Picture! The West's Most Notorious Desperadoes And The World's Biggest Nuts...\nJohnny Ringo: [after shooting a telegraph delivery man] That'll teach ya to interrupt me when I'm swoonin' the gals!\nJesse James: Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the fastest gun of all?::Narrator: Jesse James, you was best, til this new boy came out west.::Jesse James: That's a lie! [shoots mirror]\nMortis, Trigger Filmography\nGlam Slam: The Dallas Derby Documentary\n2009, role: actor , character name: Trigger Mortis\nLatest News for: trigger mortis\nIdris Elba Calls the Racist Backlash to Those James Bond Rumors 'Disheartening'\nNew York Observer 28 Jun 2019\nSix actors have portrayed James Bond on the big screen and all six have been white. Will that ever change? Potentially ... Well, the franchise's smart, discerning fans at least. Not everyone agrees. Anthony Horowitz, author of the James Bond novel Trigger Mortis, said in 2015 that Elba was \"probably a bit to 'street'\" for 007 ... SEE ALSO ... ....\nWhen fingers can point to the time of death\nThe Times of India 30 Dec 2018\nAHMEDABAD ... \"At the time of death, the heart stops pumping blood in circulatory system, triggering blood clot. It's the reason why the body gradually stiffens (rigor mortis). After 24 to 48 hours, the body begins to cool down (algor mortis) ... Its diameter reduces during rigor mortis after which it increases nominally,\" said Dr Babu ... ....\nAnthony Horowitz revisits James Bond before he got a licence to kill\nCanada Dot Com 30 Nov 2018\nForever and a Day. Anthony Horowitz. HarperCollins. \u00a0. Jamie Portman. LONDON \u2014 He was just a schoolboy, enduring the misery of a North London boarding school that he remembers as \"a brutal, cold, unpleasant place.\" ... Dr ... No ... James Bond was, as they say, an offer he couldn't refuse, and his initial 007 thriller, Trigger Mortis, was a bestseller ... ....\n5 new books you won't want to miss this week: Lee Child, Joanna Gaines, Liane Moriarty\nHerald Mail 04 Nov 2018\nUSA TODAY's Jocelyn McClurg scopes out the hottest books on sale each week. 1. \"Past Tense\" by Lee Child (Delacorte, fiction, on sale Nov. 5). What it's about ... The buzz ... 2. \"Homebody ... 6). What it's about ... The buzz ... 3 ... 6). What it's about ... The buzz ... 4 ... 6) ... This is Horowitz's second Fleming estate-commissioned Bond novel; the first was 2015's \"Trigger Mortis.\". 5 ... 6) ... ....\n'Connery rather than Craig'\nThe Hindu 27 Sep 2018\nForever and a Day is his second James Bond novel after Trigger Mortis ... It seemed that the hard-core Bond fans had all enjoyed Trigger Mortis and being invited back gave me a sense of entitlement ... on Wheels', which throws Bond into the world of Grand Prix, for Trigger Mortis....\nEvery single time Idris Elba has told us he won't be playing James Bond\nDigital Spy 27 Aug 2018\nInstead, they asked more seriously ... \"It's a rumour ... \"But it's an amazing part \u2013 I don't think there's any actor who wouldn't like to play Bond.\" September 2015 After Anthony Horowitz, the writer of new Bond novel Trigger Mortis, called Elba \"too street\" to play 007 he had the perfect response ... Related....\nEunice Gayson, the first Bond girl, dies\nCNN 10 Jun 2018\n(CNN)Actress Eunice Gayson, the first Bond girl in the James Bond movies, has died, according to a tweet from the franchise's page. She was 90 ... Comment from Michael G ... \"Dr ... Photos ... British actor David Oyelowo reportedly told The Guardian that he's been picked to portray Bond and other characters in the audiobook version of the novel \"Trigger Mortis.\" ... ....\nAll the times they tried \u2013 and failed \u2013 to make a James Bond TV series\nDigital Spy 06 Jun 2018\nSuccess on the small screen, though, has eluded the character. (Yes, we're chalking up James Bond Jr. as a failure. It hasn't aged well ... One further treatment, Murder on Wheels, which saw 007 enter the high-octane world of motor racing, was later adapted by Anthony Horowitz as a chapter of his own Bond novel Trigger Mortis in 2015 ... ....\nAnthony Horowitz is committing (and solving) literary crimes in his new meta-mystery\nEntertainment Weekly 05 Jun 2018\nAnthony Horowitz has a murder to solve ... So known is his work that when the Ian Fleming estate sought to commission new official James Bond novels, it turned first to him \u2014 his output, 2015's Trigger Mortis, was roundly acclaimed, so much so that the estate returned to him to pen a follow-up, Forever and a Day, due out stateside in November ... ....\nAnthony Horowitz reveals the cover for his James Bond prequel, Forever and a Day\nEntertainment Weekly 30 May 2018\nThree years ago, he penned Trigger Mortis, a well-received sequel to Goldfinger that he was commissioned to write by the Fleming estate ... Trigger Mortis did so well and I was so pleased with the result of that, that it was a thrill to be asked a second time \u2014 and also a surprise ......\nForever and a Day by Anthony Horowitz review \u2013 a prequel to Casino Royale\nThe Guardian 23 May 2018\nWe meet again Mr Bond \u2026 but this time 007 is still learning the ropes of spycraft, in this enjoyable spinoff authorised by the Fleming estate ... To the reader of Fleming, Bond is a fully formed force of nature, elegantly inevitable ... As with his previous Bond effort, Trigger Mortis, Horowitz was given some original material by the Fleming estate ... ....\nThese Worms Experience Rigor Mortis Before They Are Dead\nIFL Science 09 Mar 2018\nHumans usually experience rigor mortis \u2013 the stiffening of the body \u2013 hours after they have died ... elegans) actually experienced rigor mortis before it had officially died ... However, there are normally quite a few events that happen before and after someone dies, including rigor mortis....\nThis is how death spreads in the body, scientists say\nAtlanta Journal 09 Mar 2018\n\"Cell death has been widely studied but much less is known about death of whole organisms, how it happens, what triggers it, and when it begins and ends ... In this process, dying cells trigger the death of neighboring cells in a ripple effect, and shoot calcium into one another ... Muscle cells go first, leading to what is known as rigor mortis....\nBBC News | 16 Jul 2019","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Sign in My activities Contact Us\nNorth America: 1-877-820-2575\nUnited Kingdom: +44 808 281 2767\nSubmit a ticket:\nFor more information on how to contact the Absorb Support Team click here.\nAbsorb LMS Help Desk\nHow Does the Department Progress Report Determine Progress Data?\nThough this Report has a Column that shows the number of individuals contained in one of your Departments ('Users') - as well as a Column that shows the number of individuals that are in that same Department plus all of the people contained in any of its related Sub-Departments ('Users (including Sub-Depts)'), the three performance statistics provided in this Report (i.e. Average Score, Progress and Progress of Enrolled Columns) are only calculated using the numbers from the first column, the top level 'Users' Column.\nWhy do the performance statistics only reflect data from the Users and not the Users plus sub departments?\nThis is because a Department in Absorb can potentially have a large number of Sub-Departments (with each of those also possibly having any number of Sub-Departments of their own as well) and it would confusing to have more than one Department's stats on the same row - especially if you wanted to look at the same three Columns for each member that is part of a particular departmental hierarchy. Therefore, the the Report only has performance data listed for one Department and one level at a time.\nIf you want to get a combined performance stat for an individual Department including all of its Sub-Departments, you will need to gather the separate values of that particular Column from each of the applicable Department rows in your Report, and then average them together.\nPublished on June 27, 2016 21:15\nAbsorb strives to respond to requests according to ticket severity as follows:\nLevel 1: < 2 Hours\nLevel 4: < 24 Hours\nTicket severity levels are described in our Terms and Conditions\nLearner Progress Report\nHow Does the Enroll Anyone Permission Work?\nCourse Activity Report: Pre & Post Completion\nCourse Summary Report\nDepartment Progress Report","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Cryptoverse: Messi takes on Ronaldo in fan coin world cup\nMedha Singh and Lisa Pauline Mattackal via Reuters\nSoccer Football - FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 - Doha, Qatar - November 25, 2022 An Argentina fan holds up his drum with an image of Lionel Messi on it on the Doha Corniche (Reuters\/Lee Smith\/File Photo)\nThe market for fan tokens, a volatile cocktail of crypto and sport, is heating up in the desert of Qatar.\nInterest in this niche breed of cryptocurrencies, typically linked to sports teams like Barcelona or Brazil, has been charged up by the soccer World Cup which began on Nov. 20.\nAverage daily trading volumes for these tokens have risen to around $300 million in November from $32 million the month before, according to Kaiko, a Paris-based crypto data firm.\n\"So we have 10-fold increase in volume which is huge for these tokens,\" said research analyst Dessislava Aubert.\nFor some buyers, these token offer the chance to engage with their side and gain perks such as the chance to win prizes and vote on songs played at matches. For others, the tradeable coins provide a new investment opportunity.\nIt's a brave investor who'd seek to divine any sensible link between erratic coin prices and real-world events, though.\nThe token of Lionel Messi's Argentina side slumped 25% to $5.26 following the team's shock defeat by Saudi Arabia in their opening World Cup game. Yet it has dropped a further 22% since the team's subsequent victory over Mexico brought fan relief.\nThe coin of Cristiano Ronaldo's Portugal rallied 119% to $7 in the 10 days leading up to the tournament but then proceeded to lose almost half its value even though it was unbeaten and top of its group heading into its clash with Uruguay on Monday, which it won to reach the knock-out stage.\nSimilarly in club football, Arsenal's token has fallen 12.5% since the start of the season to $1.68 despite their glittering run to the top of the English Premier League.\nThe broader crypto market malaise is partly to blame for price drops, according to researchers who said the flighty assets were wilting as investors shunned risk.\nThe overall market cap for fan coins jumped to $401 million on the opening weekend of the World Cup, from $256 million about 10 days earlier, according to data from CoinGecko, but it has since fallen back below $300 million.\nSiddharth Jaiswal, founder and CEO of Sportzchain, which mainly issues tokens for the Asian market, said people shouldn't buy the coins primarily to make money.\n\"The cherry on the cake is that it's a tool, available on the blockchain that can be easily traded in the future, so there is a financial connotation attached to it,\" he added.\n\"But the first perception should never be that you're buying the fan token from a profit-generating standpoint.\"\nBrooding bitcoin\nSocios, which is promoted by Messi, is the biggest player in this slice of the crypto industry. It facilitates trading of most fan coins, describing buying such tokens as joining a loyalty scheme with exclusive benefits and prizes.\nSome of the world's biggest football clubs have launched tokens supported by Socios including Paris Saint-Germain, Manchester City, Inter Milan and Atletico Madrid, as well as the Portuguese and Argentinian national teams, with market caps of tokens ranging from about $7 million to $21 million.\nTrading volumes for the Socios-linked token Chilliz, which users buy in order to trade with their team tokens, hit a seven-month high in early November ahead of the World Cup but have since retreated 40% from that peak.\nWhen looking at the breakdown of trading in the Chilliz token by fiat currency, the Korean won KRW= dominates with its total fiat volume exceeding 87% in early November followed by Turkey's lira TRY=, according to data from Kaiko.\nThe growth spurt in fan tokens comes at a time of tumult in the crypto market, which is reeling from the collapse of major exchange FTX earlier this month. Bitcoin BTC=BTSP is brooding near two-year lows at around $16,245.\nWhile the FTX fiasco has raised serious questions about the lack of regulation in digital assets, fan coins \u2013 which some issuers say fall under the utility token category \u2013 remain a grey area.\n\"Tokens which do not offer sufficient utility could face some regulatory scrutiny, because this would infer that the token is an investment into the club,\" said Marcus Sotiriou, analyst at digital asset broker GlobalBlock.\n\"However, if the token offers exclusive benefits and focuses on the utility it provides to its fans, then I do not think there will be regulatory issues.\"\nSocios said it believed in regulation to give fans trust and transparency.\nIn August, Britain's advertising watchdog upheld a ruling against Arsenal over two adverts about fan tokens posted on the club's website and Facebook that it deemed were misleading and irresponsible, although the club denied this.\nMarkus Thielen, head of research at digital assets platform Matrixport, said interest in these tokens among soccer fans could be short-lived.\n\"Companies and teams that are selling those tokens must now offer more value at regular intervals, otherwise users will lose interest after the World Cup quite quickly,\"\n\u2014Reporting by Medha Singh and Lisa Mattackal in Bengaluru; Editing by Pravin Char\nEnglish Premier League.\nIt pooped plastic: rescued sea turtles return to ocean in Argentina after detox\nLooking back on the 2022 FIFA World Cup: A tournament of surprises and controversy\nArgentina win incredible World Cup final in shootout\nWorld Cup 2022: How many migrant workers have died in Qatar?\nSpain in mourning, local Moroccans rejoice at World Cup surprise\nFactobox: Crypto companies crash into bankruptcy","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Mission Organizations\nKenya Life\nMangoes in ministry\nSeptember 5, 2014 August 29, 2014 by Doug DeVries\nChristian Aid Mission has been ministering to the area through mangoes for many years.\nBangladesh (CAM) \u2014 The serene Bandarban Hills of southeast Bangladesh are a different universe from the clogged streets of Dhaka, located some 155 miles away. And that's just how the Maru like it. Threatened by the push of progress, they cling to a traditional agrarian way of life set amidst bamboo houses and Buddhist shrines.\nWith its tropical climate and ample rainfall, the surrounding terrain is ideal for growing staple fruit crops like bananas and pineapples. It's also perfect for producing mangoes\u2013the national tree of Bangladesh.\nThe Maru (also called Mru) are among 11 tribal groups in Bandarban who had little or no exposure to the Gospel until about 20 years ago. To this day, many practice a blend of animist and Buddhist rituals that include sacrifices to appease the forest spirits.\nWhen Christian Aid Mission learned of a church-planting ministry's desire to expand its outreach to the Maru and other hill tribes, the director responded with a surprising request. He asked CAM to help him purchase mango saplings!\nThe purpose was three-fold. Planting mango groves in the area would give missionaries the opportunity to live among the tribal peoples and establish relationships with them. Local workers would be hired to maintain the trees and harvest the fruit, thus providing a source of livelihood for village families. The project would also generate income for the ministry, with the potential to produce enough revenue to support ten or more missionaries.\nThat was in 2006. The ministry planted some 2,000 trees that have been yielding a bountiful supply of mangoes the past two summers. Its project committee oversees the general care of the trees and hires laborers to weed the groves three times a year and harvest the fruit in June. The mangoes are then sold at a nearby market.\nWhat is more impressive, however, is the spiritual harvest that began long before the first mango was plucked from its branch\u2013and which has only multiplied as a result of this project. Since 1994 the ministry has established more than 40 tribal churches in the Bandarban Hill District, including two new churches in Maru villages.\nRui lives in one of the Maru villages where the ministry built a church last year. The 45-year-old man took pride in being deeply religious, faithfully following the Buddhist practices of his forefathers.\nIf he or a family member became ill, Rui offered an animal sacrifice to the gods and goddesses. He asked for healing and for forgiveness of any sin that may have led to the sickness.\n\"But nothing happened. We were not healed from our sickness. I could not get peace in my heart,\" explained Rui.\nA gospel worker came to Rui's village and shared a message from a holy book he called \"the Word of God.\" Rui had never heard of this book before, nor had he heard about God's Son, Jesus Christ, who had come down from heaven to give him true forgiveness and healing.\nRui knew in his heart that he had committed many sins. He constantly feared trouble would befall his family. But hearing about the Savior who gave His life to forgive and rescue sinners like Rui from eternal punishment was liberating. The message soaked deeper into his soul each time he heard the missionary speak.\nMonths later, Rui is a changed man. He still lives a quiet life, but he can't be quiet about his God. He received the Lord Jesus Christ as his personal Savior and was baptized. His wife and children have also received Christ and been baptized by the same missionary pastor. Now the whole family attends the new village church.\n\"I am now living in peace,\" said Rui. \"I have received answers to prayers from the Lord God. I thank God for His love and kindness toward me and my family.\"\nCompleting the vision\nIsolated and desperately-poor hill tribes like the Maru have traditionally shied away from outside influences\u2013including fellow Bangladeshi who hail from the lowlands and the coast. The mango project provides a practical ministry, a \"fertile soil\" of sorts whereby native missionaries can build trust with Maru villagers and help them supplement their meager incomes.\nPerhaps more than any other group in the region, the Maru have demonstrated a growing openness to the gospel. After becoming followers of Christ, some of them have become church planters and pastors among their people.The ministry director recently thanked Christian Aid for our ongoing financial support that assists several of their 30 missionaries.\n\"Our evangelists and missionaries have been working very faithfully in the Maru and Chakma villages and towns, sharing and preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ among the Maru people, Chakma people, Tangchangya people, Khamui people, Bawm people, and Marma people,\" the director reported. \"I thank the Lord that last year we baptized 10 Marus, 6 Bawm, 6 Chakmas, and 3 Marma for a total of 25 persons from different villages who have believed on the Lord Jesus Christ as their personal Savior. We have led marriage ceremonies, and I have dedicated Bawm and Maru children to the Lord in the worship services. Two local pastors from a Maru village and a Chakma village were ordained in the 2013 Annual Assembly.\n\"God has blessed our evangelism among the tribal peoples. By the grace of God, in the near future many tribal peoples will come to Christ,\" he said.\nThrough resources sent by Christian Aid, the ministry bought bicycles this past fall for 16 of its missionaries and obtained textbooks and materials for 24 children at a village school.\nThe ministry also sponsors evangelistic events and conducts leadership training for tribal pastors and elders. The November sessions were attended by 24 church leaders representing several ethnic groups.\nClick here to contribute online to the work of Christian Aid Mission.You may also call 434-977-5650 to contribute by phone, of mail your gift to Christian Aid Mission, Box 9037, Charlottesville, VA 22906. Please use Gift Code: 600SAM.\nUkrainians fearful following Crimea referendum\nHope remains in disaster zones\nHow can HELPING hurt?\nDiscover how our best efforts can sometimes have a negative impact. Check out on Amazon.com.\nMission News & Articles\nHarungi Foundation Uganda\nRoyal Missionary Outreach International\nWhat is Solomon's Porch?\nSolomon's Porch is connecting people with organizations and opportunities. Connecting you with organizations and agencies where you can effectively use the gifts and abilities God has given you. There are so many places you can get involved! The name comes from Acts 5:12 \u2013 \"The apostles performed many signs and wonders among the people. And all the believers used to meet together in Solomon's Porch\".\nAdvertise with Solomon's Porch\nInterested in targeted advertising? Contact Us for package opportunities to promote your services to our community.\nSubmit Your Organization\nCopyright \u00a9 2021 \u2022 Solomon's Porch.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Peterson, Herbert\nFebruary 18th, 2011 Guest Book \u00bb\nRetired Wilmington Police Sergeant Herbert W. \"Herb\" Peterson, age 80, a long-time resident of Wilmington, died suddenly on February 18, 2011.\nHerb was born on November 2, 1930 in Somerville, MA, he was the cherished only son of the late Herbert W. and Catherine B. (O'Brien) Peterson. Herb grew up in Somerville and was a graduate of Somerville High School. He summered with his family at Silver Lake in Wilmington on Grove Avenue, where Herb met his childhood sweetheart Claire Marie Bemis, a Charlestown woman who moved to Wilmington as a young girl. Herb and Claire kept their long distance courting going for many years until Herb moved to Wilmington permanently in 1948 and their romance blossomed.\nHerb enlisted in the United States Navy during the Korean Conflict in August of 1953, and married the love of his life Claire on October 31, 1953. He fulfilled his Naval duties at the U. S. Naval Air Station in Hutchinson, Kansas. Herb was honorably discharged on August 3, 1955 and returned to his family in Wilmington.\nWhen Herb was discharged from the Navy, he took a job as a glazier at Brockway Smith Company in Somerville for several years to support his family .\nHerb was appointed as a Patrolman for the Wilmington Police Department in 1960. He worked hard and made Sergeant in 1969, a position where his attention to detail was evident. Herb retired as the Prosecutor at Woburn District Court in 1989 after 29 years of dedicated service to the town.\nHerb was also very involved in the community, as an active member of the Wilmington Rotary Club. He attended weekly meetings, always greeting the other members with a joke or a smile, eager to hear what was going on in Wilmington and how he could help. Herb volunteered at countless fund raising events, and would often be seen behind the grill at the Annual Fourth of July festivities cooking for the Rotary Barbecue.\nHerb was also a member of the International Brotherhood of Police Officers, Mass. Police Association, and the Boston Police Emerald Society for many years.\nHerb was a man of devout Catholic faith, a communicant for many years at St. Dorothy's Church where he had married. He recently attended St. Thomas Church with various family members. He was also a member of the Fr. Croke Council Knights of Columbus in Wilmington.\nFamily was most important to Herb, and his life revolved around their activities. He was extremely proud of all their accomplishments.\nHerb and Claire shared over 43 years of marriage, raised six beautiful children, and made many wonderful memories to last for generations to come before Claire's passing in September of 1997.\nHerb was a devoted husband and father, and always wanted the best for his family.\nHe was happiest in the company of his large family, whether attending a school or sporting event, traveling to Disney or their trips to the Irish Village on Cape Cod. \"Papa\" loved family parties, or to share a dinner or cup of coffee as a way of keeping in touch.\nHerb was also very proud of his Irish heritage, he traveled to Ireland many times, researched his family roots, and received his Irish citizenship.\nHerb will be fondly remembered as a devoted family man, a dedicated Police Officer, a connoisseur of a good cigar and glass of red wine, and a great friend to many. He will be sorely missed.\nHerb was the beloved husband of 43 years to the late Claire M. (Bemis) Peterson, devoted father of Stephen P. Peterson, Robert G. Peterson & his wife Carla, James M. Peterson & his wife Kimberly, Nancy E. Devlin & her husband Thomas, Cynthia A. Kilday & her husband Kevin all of Wilmington and Michael T. Peterson & his wife Susan of Westford, loving grandfather of Stephen J. Peterson, Robert G., Jr., Catherine T., Mary E., and David J. Peterson, Margaret C. and Conor J. Peterson, Matthew W., Rachel C., Paul T., and Hannah E. Devlin, Julianne M. and Jennifer L. Peterson, Kathleen E., Connor P., and John K. Kilday, brother of Audrey C. Brennan of Wilmington, dear friend and companion of Maura McColgan of Northern Ireland and her children Gillian Muriph and Carl McColgan, brother-in-law of Mary L. Pitman, Elaine & John Curran, Daniel & Beverly Bemis, and Nancy Bemis, Herb is also survived by nieces, nephews, fellow officers, and dear friends.\nFamily and friends will gather in St. Thomas of Villanova Church, 126 Middlesex Ave., Wilmington for visiting hours on Tuesday, February 22nd from 3-8 p.m. A Funeral Mass will be held in St. Thomas of Villanova Church on Wednesday morning, February 23rd at 10:00 a.m. Interment to follow in the family lot at Wildwood Cemetery in Wilmington.\nMemorial donations in Herb's name may be made to the Claire M. Peterson Memorial Scholarship Fund, c\/o Wilmington Rotary Club, P. O. Box 503, Wilmington, MA 01887.\n39 Entries in Guest Book for \"Peterson, Herbert\"\nSheila Bemis says:\nI will miss you uncle Herb\u2026. You were a terrific uncle who I will never forget, Thanks for all the great memories\u2026 You will be missed\nLove Ya Sheila\nMichele Burke says:\nHerb was like a father to me growing up and I will never forget those times I shared with him, he made me feel like I was always part of his family. The world has lost a wonderful man, my thoughts and prayers go out to the Peterson family. Memories of Herb will be with us forever! Rest in Peace Herb\nBill Duffey says:\nRest Well, Brother.\nMary Regan says:\nNot a good day, first I'm told my Aunt Alice passed away then a longtime friend, Herb, has also passed. I will miss The Wolftone Concerts with you and your family and will always remember the fun we had at the \" Pool Parties\". My condolences to the whole family.\nJudson Miller says:\nMy thoughts and prayers are with the Peterson family at this time.\nR.I.P. Herb\nemma muriph says:\nherb was so kind and caring,fun to be with he will be so missed,rest in peace dear friend.\nNancy Bemis says:\nHerb you were a great brother-law who I will truly miss.. I will always cherish the times we spent together. Your kids and grandkids are somthing to be proud of, they were lucky to have you as a dad and grandfather..\nI will always hold you close to my heart\nLove your sister in-law\nNancy Bemis\nBarry and Pam Solomon says:\nWe will miss you joining us for dinner and baseball at our house. Our thoughts and prayers go out to the Peterson family.\nanita (rosa) gleason says:\nSteve, our hearts are with you. Your family has been a wonderful asset to the town, for a long time. Your Dad certainly made an impact that won't easily be forgotten and he has left a wonderful family to carry on. Our thoughts and prayers are with you all.\nSuzi Cushing says:\n\"Any man can be a father. It takes a special man to be a Dad\"\nThis quote seemed so right to describe Herb. My thoughts and love are with you all. Sleep in peace Herb\u2026..\nAs I friend of the Devlins' I know Mr. Peterson will be missed. He was very close to them and everytime I saw them I heard of him. He was truly loved by his grandaughter Rachel, she talked of him often and I am sure will miss him even more. My Prayers go out to you all!\nMadonna Toto says:\nDear Peterson Family\nSo sorry for your loss. I never had the pleasure of meeting him, but my husband said he was a kind man. He must have been because he and his wife raised wonderful children and their legacy will live on forever. My thoughts are with the family at this very sad time.\nGloria Szabo says:\nMy sympathy to the family. Herb was a very nice man. He will be missed by all who knew him. I am sorry to hear of his passing.\nCarl, Laura, Connor & Hannah McColgan says:\nHerb, you were a true gentleman. It was a great privledge for us to have met you and enjoyed your company. You will be greatly missed by everyone who knew and loved you. Rest in peace.\nMaura McColgan says:\nFond memories of a wonderful friend and companion. Herb, you will be dearly missed. My thoughts and prayers are with the Peterson family at this time. Rest in peace.\nThe Nelson Family says:\nTruly a wise man, with a gift to place a smile on everyone he met. May warm memories soon bring you solace \u2013 Herb will be missed by many. George, Mary, Mark & Kristen\nDebbie O'Brien says:\nMy thoughts and prayers are with you all, during this very sad time.\nHerb was a true gentlemen and a great friend.\nAL Sciuto says:\nYou were a class act and you will be missed.\nGillian and Seth Muriph says:\nSuch wonderful memories we have of our times with Herb here is Wilmington and his many visits to Ireland. A wonderful man and a true gentleman. You will be badly missed. Rest in peace.\nSusan (Barry) Hewitt says:\nTo the Peterson family ,\nWe are very sorry for your loss. Herb was a good man dedicated to his family and also to the town. May he rest in peace. Our thoughts and prayers go out to his entire family.\nDennis and Susan Hewitt\nFran and Charlene Berube says:\nTo Mike and family: What a wonderful example of devotion to family, church, country and community! Your dad was truly someone who will be greqtly missed. Our deepest heartfelt sympathies to the whole Peterson family.\nGinny Johnson says:\nI am sorry to hear of the passing of your Dad. He was a wonderful man and did so much for our community. Please accept my condolences.\nGinny Johnson\nGeorge and Alice Hooper says:\nWe are so very sorry to hear of your loss.\nOur thoughts and prayers are with your family.\nHerb rest in peace.\nGeorge and Alice\nesposito family says:\nyour family is in our thoughts and prayers. we arw sorry to hear about the loss of Herbie.\nDawn Kindred says:\nHerb was a wonderful man. I really enjoyed talking to him when I lived in the buidling he currently resides in. I would bring his morning paper up to him everyday once it was delivered to the main enterance. He always let me know when he was going away and when to expect him back and took a geniune interst in me and my childresn's well being.\nPrayers for healing go out this Maura and Herb's entire family. I hope that all of your wonderful memories will guide through this difficult time.\nRest in peace Mr. Peterson\u2026 you will be missed.\nGerry & Annette McCreesh says:\nWe have been greatly saddened by the sudden death of Herb. He was a kind and true gentelman and we always looked forward to his visits when he enjoyed a glass of the \"Black Stuff\" and a \"Wee Chaser\", We will miss his visits to Ireland. Our deepest sympathy to the Peterson family, our thoughts and prayers are with you all at this time. May he Rest in Peace.\nGerry & Annette McCreesh, Ireland\nBev and Dinny says:\nWe will never forget all the times we had together. Every time we have our haddock dinner which you loved we will think of you. There are too many memories and we will always love you You will always be in our heart. Love\nMike and Sheila Carter says:\nThere are no words for the sadness we feel hearing of Herb's passing. Thank you for the wonderful memories our friend. Our deepest sympathies to the entire Peterson family at this very difficult time. May we all aspire to be a fraction of the person Herb Peterson was. We will miss you and always love you Herb.\nKim (Wandell) McDonough says:\nSteve, Bobby, Jimmy, Nancy, Mike, and Cindy, I am sorry to hear about the passing of your Dad. He was such a good man, who was always smiling. I will always remember the Saturday night gang (your Mom and Dad, the Lawrensons, and my parents). May he rest in peace, you are all in my thoughts and prayers, Kim (Wandell) McDonough\nAnne Coates says:\nI am very sorry for your loss. My Prayers are with you.\nBev O'Connell-Rooney says:\nTo the entire Peterson family, Very sorry to hear of the unexpected passing of your Dad. He was a wonderful man. He always called to check in on Jim and made it here on Jim's last night to see him. I know you are such a close family, so you will have each other for support through this difficult time, which means so much. You are in my thoughts.\nBetsy (Palmer) Feeley says:\nTo all the Petersons,\nWhat a wonderful tribute last night was to your Dad. I have so many wonderful memories from my teenage years at your parents home. They were truly incredible people. When I lost my brother Rob I recieved many cards but there was one that I have re-read many times a very wise person (Cindy you know who) wrote that it is not what is taken from you but it is what is left behind..memories and love. I know that your Dad left you all with wonderful memories and lots of love.\nI will keep all of you in my prayers and thoughts. Betsy\nBrendan & Ailish Shiels says:\nFrom looking forward to seeing Herb again this spring on one of his regular visits to Ireland to mourning the sudden passing of this gentle man is difficult to take in.\nWe feel priveliged to have known him and enjoyed his easy company.\nOur thoughts and prayers are with the Peterson family at this sad time.\nBrendan & Ailish Shiels, Ireland\nMike Champoux says:\nTo the entire Peterson Family, On behalf of the Officers and entire membership of the Fr. Croke Council of the Knights of Columbus, I offer our deepest and most heartfelt condolences. We remember Mr. Peterson and all of you in our prayers at this difficult time.\nMichael Champoux\nGrand Knight '10-'11\nMark Dionne says:\nHi Mike, i just heard today. Sorry for your loss.\nDebora BAldwin says:\nMy condolances to the whole Peterson family. Herb will be very much missed. I learned from him to love and accept and enfold ever single person on this earth to his family. I never felt out of place at your family functions.\nMy deepest love.\nSiobhan O'Flaherty says:\nCindy and family,\nI was so sad to hear of your dad's sudden passing. I am happy that I saw him twice last week and got to say hello. I will miss seeing him in church on Saturdays. I always loved running into him and talking to him about his latest trips to Ireland. He was a wonderful man who will be sorely missed by all who knew him. Our prayers are with your entire family at this very sad time. Rest in peace Mr. Peterson.\nKieran, Siobhan, Cailin & Brendan O'Flaherty\nPeter & Iris Mc Creesh Belfast says:\nSadly we say Goodbye to Herb, a warm and true gentle man whose passing leaves a huge gap in our circle of friends.\nFond memories will remain with us of happy moments spent in Herb's company.\nWe offer our sincere sympathy and prayers to the Peterson family\nMay you Rest in Peace, Herb.\nSally Meehan says:\nlots of good memeories with the families. you will be missed. Enjoyed great times at the Cape, hampton Beach, and Our trip to ireland.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Reflections on\nThe Settles Family Pattern\nIn the Fall of 2020 Brandon identified several patterns within our collections that spoke to him. He reached out to us to have something made for his house that could resemble the passion that he felt in his heritage and in the history lessons he was teaching his growing family.\nHe was certain that any of the patterns would be appropriate to display he was ready to demonstrate his pride in a unique way.\nThe Family Pattern Project had just launched and after discussing the concept with Brandon and his wife Adrienne they found that our solution was so much in alignment with their needs that they described it as \"cosmic.\"\nThe three of us sat down for the initial conversation, or the Harmonize step of the Family Pattern Project. Very quickly they became delightfully engaged with the thought-provoking questions, prompting Brandon to say, \"This is fun! This is like brain pushups!\"\nNext our work at The Pattern House began. It was a joy to transform the statements of The Settles on life, love, family, and marriage into vibrant color using our LiteWork process. As we selected three key moments that became the seed of their patterns, certain details influenced the growth habit of their final patterns.\nFor example, The Settles unknowingly described themselves as two separate phenomenon that are one phenomenal process! Adrienne sees Brandon as a stabilizing cyclical force that is very regular and predictable, like the Moon. Brandon sees Adrienne as very free, with a radicalizing turbidity that engenders deep confidence within him. Her dynamism must be unconstrained, like the ocean. What a marvel, and honor it was to watch their eyes as they realized together that they separately described each half of the Tides!\nThe patterns required a steady freedom, repetition with outbursts of color and emotion that can be channeled to harness energy and power. These requirements were fulfilled, as we can read in their testimonial:\nThis experience with Mason has been a journey through culture, history, imagination, and self-discovery. The project helped us discover new ways to honor our past, understand our present, and intentionally shape our future. Mason gave us a new approach to express ourselves as a family, more diversely than how we normally walk, talk, dress, and create.\nWe were given the opportunity to visualize our values beyond words and actions, and have that vision transferred into a design. Projects to capture ideas, identity, branding, legacy and then bring it to life visually, are coming for business. We believe this practice is very valuable for a family as well. Portions of the discovery process were and exciting challenge for us to dig deeper and try to \"see\" our thoughts. Mason masterfully guided us on a venture that helped us learn and teach more about ourselves, while creatively connecting with each other. The fruit of this effort gave us our pattern expressed in fabric, to keep for years to come. We now have a family symbol specific only to us, informed by our own speech and stories\u2026that is a treasure beyond words.\n-Brandon & Adrienne S.\nThe Settles journeyed from seeing patterns that spoke to them, to seeing their words woven speaking back to them! I'm certain that if you are still reading this you have an excellent idea of what the Family Pattern Project can do for you. Share it with us at mason@olona.de so that together we can realize what is in your imagination","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Keyword Analysis & Research: white house live flag\nwhite house live flag 1.99 0.7 7132 69 21\nwhite 0.06 0.3 916 12 5\nhouse 1.81 0.3 6923 8 5\nlive 0.46 0.7 6872 14 4\nflag 0.73 0.5 8946 51 4\nKeyword Research: People who searched white house live flag also searched\nwhite house live flag 1.64 0.8 5770 84\nwhite house live stream flag 1.44 0.4 2602 52\nwhite house flag live cam 0.93 1 3302 69\nflag at white house live 0.43 1 3580 94\nlive stream white house flag 0.99 0.7 690 51\nWhere can I watch the White House live webcam in Washington DC?\nEnjoy a live virtual streaming webcam tour around Capitol Hill in the centre of Washington DC by watching this real time HD streaming White House webcam in the capital city of the United States - Washington DC - District of Columbia.\nWhy isn't there a flag flying over the White House?\n\" [W]hen there is no flag flying over the White House it means that the power has been turned over to the military,\" the fictitious posts read. \"This means selective martial law or that the president has signed the Insurrection Act.\"\nWhere is the White House?\nFrom this cam feed at Lafayette Square you see the northern fa\u00e7ade, Pennsylvania Avenue and North Lawn, the president's front yard. The White House is the official home as well as the workplace of the president of the United States, as it has been since 1800.\nWhich president selected the site for the White House?\nOur first president, George Washington, selected the site for the White House in 1791.\nSearch Results related to white house live flag on Search Engine\nLive | The White House\nhttps:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/live\/\nLIVE White House events and press briefings with President Joe Biden, Vice President Kamala Harris and other administration officials.\nWebcam Washington D.C. White House live | earthTV\nearthtv.com\nhttps:\/\/www.earthtv.com\/en\/webcam\/washington-white-house\nWebcam Washington D.C. White House Live Stream. Washington DC is more than just the Capital city of the United States of America, it is also home to some of the most famous monuments and landmarks in the world. Of course, the main draw for many people to the city is the world famed White House, which is home to the president of the United States.\nWhite House Web Cam Live - Inside and Outside the White House\ngov1.info\nhttps:\/\/whitehouse.gov1.info\/webcam\/\nClick below to access the live webcams. Some of these webcams are interactive and allow you to pan and zoom. The traffic webcams below are provided by the District Department of Transportation (DDOT). The map shows the location of the six cams nearest the White House. To view these and other traffic cams in the city, click on the map.\nWHITE HOUSE LIVE CAM - Washington D.C. | USA - \u2026\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=F3NuBfWI3Co\nThis camera is live again here: https:\/\/youtu.be\/5OYlzN9cr5wSpecial event broadcast of THE WORLD LIVE camera from the White House, for more visit: https:\/\/ww...\nhttps:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/\nThe White House. To search this site, enter a search term. Search. We're investing in the American people. A Path out of the Pandemic. Read President Biden's COVID-19 Action Plan. The Build Back ... live flag\nlive flag\nUnder President Trump, the POW\/MIA Flag Flies 24\/7 at \u2026\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=goh0lMl0zMY\nJun 18, 2020 \u00b7 About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators ...\nFalse Claim of 'No Flag' Above White House - FactCheck.org\nhttps:\/\/www.factcheck.org\/2021\/01\/false-claim-of-no-flag-above-white-house\/\nClaim: There was no flag flying above the White House on Jan. 20, meaning \"the power has been turned over to the military.\"\nLive White House Web Cam Capitol Hill Washington DC\nmylivestreams.com\nhttps:\/\/www.mylivestreams.com\/webcam\/white-house-live-capitol-hill-webcam-washington-dc-district-of-columbia-usa\/11087.html\n10. Rating: 3.6 \/10 (38 votes cast) Enjoy a live virtual streaming webcam tour around Capitol Hill in the centre of Washington DC by watching this real time HD streaming White House webcam in the capital city of the United States - Washington DC - District of Columbia. This live White House camera is located at the Phoenix Hotel on Capitol Hill ...\nLive Webcam The White House, Washington D.C, USA\nwebcamtaxi.com\nhttps:\/\/www.webcamtaxi.com\/en\/usa\/washington-dc\/the-white-house.html\nThe White House Cam. Watch this live moving webcam of the historic White House and Washington Monument tower, from Washington DC, the capital of the United States. From this cam feed at Lafayette Square you see the northern fa\u00e7ade, Pennsylvania Avenue and North Lawn, the president's front yard. The White House is the official home as well as ...","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The National Council of Churches condemns the terror attack in lower Manhattan yesterday in which eight persons were killed. We grieve with the families of those who lost loved ones and join with our churches across the nation in praying for the recovery of those who were injured. Once again we repudiate the violent, anti-Islamic ideology of ISIS and attacks on the innocent prompted by this ideology.\nWhile questions remain about the perpetrator, his motivations, his connections, and his radicalization, we nonetheless continue to assert that Scripture repeatedly calls us to love the immigrant and sojourner.\nThe perpetrator of this act should be properly brought to justice. We ask our churches to continue to open their doors to the immigrant and the refugee and see it as our sacred duty to do so, and we call for policies that protect those who come to our country to begin new lives and contribute to our society.\nWe continue to work for a society in which all people of all races and backgrounds can live together peacefully and without fear.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home News Samsung Galaxy S11 to Launch with 25W Fast Charging, Reveals Chinese Certification\nSamsung Galaxy S11 to Launch with 25W Fast Charging, Reveals Chinese Certification\nKishalaya Kundu -\nKishalaya Kundu\nThe Galaxy S11 launch may still be a long way away, but leaks, rumors and speculations about the device have been pouring in already. The latest report about the next-gen Samsung flagship now suggests that the device may ship with 25W fast charging, which will be an improvement over its predecessor, the Galaxy S10, which only offers 15W charging.\nThe information was revealed after China's Compulsory Certification (3C) agency listed a new Samsung product on its website. The device, which bears the model number SM-G9860, also comes with 5G support and, is expected to be marketed as part of the Samsung Galaxy S11 lineup, which is rumored to include as many as five devices this year.\nIn case you haven't been keeping up with the incessant torrent of Galaxy S11 leaks, the device is rumored to be launched next February with some of the best hardware that money can buy. A report earlier this week seemingly reaffirmed earlier rumors that it might ship with a 120Hz panel with an option to either automatically or manually switch back and forth between 60Hz and 120Hz.\nEarlier reports had also suggested that it might sport Samsung's very own 108MP Bright HMX sensor paired with a 5x optical zoom lens as its primary imaging option. Originally seen on Xiaomi's recently-launched Mi Note 10, it is expected to be an upgrade over the 12MP sensor seen in the Galaxy S10 lineup. The device is also said to offer up to 1TB of built-in storage, although the base model will come with just 128GB.\nSOURCEChina Compulsory Certification (Chinese)\niQOO Smartphone With 120W Fast Charging to Launch in August\nOppo to Unveil its 125W Fast-Charging Technology on July 15\nXiaomi 'Mi Charge Turbo' Fast Charging Tech to be Announced September 9\nYour Phone and Car Batteries Might Soon Charge in Just 6 Minutes\nOnePlus Drops Dash Charge Branding, Moves on to Warp Charge","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"2072253231 admin@nezinscotfarm.com\nCOVID-19 Response & Precautions\nFarm Specialties\nYarn Shop & Fiber Studio\nRetreats & Farm Stays\nFiber Studio Update: The Life of Wool\nMar 20, 2017 | Fiber Studio, Homesteading Skills\nFiber Farming and Wool Processing\nThe Textile Expansion at Nezinscot Farm\nOver the past seven months I've had the pleasure of learning about the art and craft of fiber farming. What started out as a desire to master the art of weaving and spinning has transformed into an obsession with the cultivation, manipulation, and usage of wool textiles. Now as Nezinscot expands its own unique twist on wool processing, I expand my own abilities as a growing fiber artist and shepherdess\u2026\nSo behold (see photo)\n\u2026. It is not much to see now but over the next few months we will begin renovations to create an eco-friendly wool processing facility. The room will be used for washing, picking, carding and dyeing our beautiful organic fibers, all while using an eco-friendly waste water system that will drain into our liquid manure pit . This compost is later used to fertilize our hay fields and pastures. The room will be equipt for 100% natural dyeing, using our own plants, locally foraged materials, and other natural sources. Raw wool will be handspun and used in a variety of fiber crafts.\nThe idea behind this new venture is to bring an anciet tradition back to life. The art of farming, specifically wool farming, dates back nearly 10,000 years as sheep were a form of food, shelter, and clothing for man. Although man did not begin to spin and weave till later in our history, sheep have still provided key support that has allowed civilization to spread its borders. Wool has built landmarks in farming, export, and art \u2014 and while we find ourselves in a world of mass production, and economic puzzles where quantity and quality have reversed roles, wool farming has remained a primitive art. From shepherds to weavers alike, we find ourselves fighting for the perpetuation of the industry. Here at Nezinscot we believe the industry itself is more than just a business, it is a way of life, a way of thinking, and an essential part of our history. We find it important to produce in a sustainable and environmentally conscious way \u2014 whether in our gardens, cheese room, or fiber studio. Beyond functionality and practicality we are striving to preserve a limited industry by educating not only ourselves but also our community.\nSo stay tuned for more because \"The Life of Wool\" has only just begun.\nThe Farmer's Apprentice\nCategories Select Category Business Updates (1) Cooking from scratch (12) Fall Time (7) Farming (27) Farming in Winter (8) Fiber Studio (21) Food for Thought (18) Gardening (19) Homesteading Skills (31) Life (25) Organization (3) Special Events (7) Spring Time (12) Summer time (3) Uncategorized (23)\n284 Turner Center Road\nTurner, ME 04282\nE. admin@nezinscotfarm.com\nTakeout and outside eating only\nCoffee Shop: 6 a.m. \u2013 5 p.m.\nStore: 7 a.m \u2013 5 p.m\nCafe: 7 a.m \u2013 3 p.m\nSelf Serve Market (No Meals):\nMonday \u2013 Wednesday 9 a.m \u2013 3 p.m\nArtisans Guild\nWeaving & Fiber Arts Weekend\nLegal & Privacy Disclosures\n\u00a9 Nezinscot Farm 2020. all rights reserved.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The Painter of the Damned audiobook is out!\nRob Samborn\nRob SambornRob SambornRob Samborn\nDual-Timeline Thrillers\nThe Prisoner of Paradise\nPainter of the Damned\nThe Swordsman of Venice\nBook Clubs & Playlist\nPrisoners of Art\nRob Samborn's gift for vivid narrative, world-building and edgy suspense is brilliantly showcased in this immersive, time-traveling thriller infused with Gothic horror, supernatural danger and twisty suspense.\nJayne Ann Krentz, New York Times best-selling author\nAmerican Book Fest\nFinalist (Multi-Genre) - 2022\nHFC Book of the Year\nSilver Category Winner - 2022\n(Historical Time Travel or Dual Timeline)\nReaders' Favorite Awards\nBronze Medal (Fiction-Intrigue) - 2022\nHistorical Fiction Company\nFive-Star Award of Excellence - 2022\nHonorable Mention (General Fiction) - 2022\nAmerican Writing Awards\nFinalist (Thrillers\/Adventure) - 2021\nThe Writers Lounge\nBookshelf Award Nominee - 2022\nWinner (Best Novella) - 2022\nPraise for the prisoner of paradise\n\"The Prisoner of Paradise, is a winner. Combining romance, historical, metaphysical, and conspiracy elements into a thriller that supersedes several of today's best-selling authors is no easy task. However, Samborn's writing style indicates a writer whose skill shines through its smooth flow, akin to that of the great names in thriller fiction from Poe to Ludlum, Koontz, Child and, yes, Dan Brown.\"\n- Lex Allen, Readers Favorite Reviewer\n\"Wow! I picked this book because of the reviews, but even they didn't prepare me for the grandeur of the novel. ...an epic well worth reading.\"\n- Doug Y., NetGalley Reviewer\n\"... this book took my breath away with its classic descriptive prose, intense heart pounding action scenes and all encompassing love story.\"\n- Linda McCutcheon, Bookstagrammer\n\" A beautiful arrangement woven together to create a story of theft, betrayal, transgressions, even love.\"\n- Kathy, Our Town Book Reviews\n\"...this book is brilliant! The plot is fantastic... unlike anything I've previously read. A fast-paced story, full of action, intrigue, religion, art and a secret order, you name it, this book has it!\"\n- Amy McElroy, Book Blogger\n\"Wonderful plot and an innovative time travel mechanism, a step up the literature ladder from Dan Brown.\"\n- Susie Helme, Reedsy Discovery Reviewer\n\"Riveting. Period. The Prisoner of Paradise is absolutely fabulous, a masterpiece.\"\n- Kathy, Goodreads Reviewer\n\"Combining the heart of Outlander and the thrill ride of the Da Vinci Code series this book took my breath away with its classic descriptive prose, intense heart pounding action scenes and all encompassing love story.\"\n- Linda McCutcheon, Instagram Book Reviewer\n\"The city of Venice soaks into your bones in Rob Samborn's THE PRISONER OF PARADISE. As the painting comes alive, so does every word from the page in this gripping and transportive read.\"\n- EJ Mellow, bestselling author of SONG OF THE FOREVER RAINS\n\"Samborn writes vivid, cinematic prose, deftly penning scenes of Venice that feel so alive you might start speaking Italian while sipping espresso. This spectacular thriller will capture you - heart and soul!\"\n- Avanti Centrae, international bestselling author of the VANOPS thriller series\n\"A truly evocative and finely-woven tale reminiscent of Dan Brown and Gwendolyn Womack. Rob Samborn's The Prisoner of Paradise slips effortlessly between present day and 16th century Venice with intriguing characters, clever plotting, and deft pacing that makes this book difficult to put down. Filled with stunning writing, the Venetian art world, and well-researched and vivid historical detail, this thrilling story captivates until the very last page.\"\n- Charissa Weaks, author of THE WITCH COLLECTOR\n\"THE DA VINCI CODE meets THE TIME TRAVELER'S WIFE. In this imaginative thrill ride, Samborn transports the reader between modern day and Renaissance Venice unraveling conspiracy in the pursuit of destiny. I was dazzled from beginning to end. This ambitious debut does not disappoint.\"\n- Robert Gwaltney, author of The Cicada Tree\n\"Wildly imaginative and richly detailed, THE PRISONER OF PARADISE is a spellbinding debut. It's an alchemy of mystery and intrigue that reaches deep inside the human heart and emerges with a propulsive story that manages to span centuries while leaving the reader breathless. Rob Samborn is an author to watch!\"\n- Ellen Meister, author of THE ROOFTOP PARTY, THE OTHER LIFE, and FAREWELL, DOROTHY PARKER\n\"Rob Samborn's THE PRISONER OF PARADISE is an immersive, otherworldly tale of forbidden love, a dangerous brotherhood, and a most unusual purgatory. Spanning four centuries from Renaissance Venice to modern-day, Samborn invites his readers to unravel a vast conspiracy of secrets, murder, and trapped souls, in this rousing and thought-provoking thriller perfect for fans of Dan Brown.\"\n- Shanessa Gluhm, author of ENEMIES OF DOVES\n\"A tale of ill-fated lovers that transcends time, THE PRISONER OF PARADISE never fails to impress. The intriguing mix of history, scheming cults, and the high art of Venice blend together, creating a gripping story that will leave readers hungry for more.\"\n- D.W. Gillespie, author of ONE BY ONE and THE TOY THIEF\n\"An engrossing tale that spans centuries of Venetian history, art, and social mores, Rob Samborn's THE PRISONER OF PARADISE is full of intrigue and angst, focusing on the heroic choices we strive to make, the sins we feel compelled to pursue, and the gray area of right and wrong that bridges all of our crucial decisions about life and love.\"\n- Kathy Ramsperger, author of THE SHORES OF OUR SOULS and A THOUSAND FLYING THINGS\n\"Not to be out shadowed by the historical and conspiracy thriller writing luminaries of our time, Rob Samborn shines as a brilliant debut novelist to watch for. Immediately catapulted out of 1589 Renaissance Venice in The Prisoner of Paradise, you hit the ground running with Nick O'Connor as he navigates both present and past with orders to release imprisoned souls, including his own soul mate.\"\n- Ruthie Marlen\u00e9e, Author of AGAVE BLUES\nPraise for PAINTER OF THE DAMNED\n\"From 16th century Venice to modern Madrid, Painter of the Damned splashes bright history, dark arts, crimson action, and shape-shifting twists onto an epic canvas to create a genre-bending masterwork.\"\n- David L. Robbins, New York Times bestselling author of THE DEVIL'S WATERS and ISAAC'S BEACON\n\"Rob Samborn delivers with his latest thriller... You will want to read Painter of the Damned. Period!\"\n- Yasmin Angoe, bestselling author of HER NAME IS KNIGHT\n\"Impossible to predict and equally impossible to put down... ...lush prose and fascinating historical detail while plumbing a powerful love story that crosses time itself. Nothing ordinary, here's a mystery thriller that brings history alive through fully animated characters and a brilliant, vibrant background that plunges the reader from the past to the present with equal ease.\"\n- Jane Thornley, bestselling author of THE AGENCY OF THE ANCIENT LOST & FOUND historical mystery thriller series\n\"A truly unique thriller blending elements of mystery, suspense and loads of action, Painter of the Damned takes readers on a journey unlike any other. Strap in for a heady adventure that delivers on all levels.\"\n- Andrew Clawson, author of THE ARTHURIAN RELIC and THE HARRY FOX series\n\"In this soulful sequel, hop into a Venetian gondola for the ride of your past life. Death stalks the shadows of every arched footbridge. Expect only the unexpected.\"\n- Avanti Centrae, eight-time award-winning author of the international bestselling VANOPS thriller series\n\"...manages that rare feat: weaving strands of the other world, history, art, and an ancient, secret order into an entrancing tale you just cannot put down. Fans of Dan Brown and Umberto Eco would love this lyrical, cinematic, yet fast-paced thriller that captures present-day and Renaissance Venice with equal ease.\"\n- Damyanti Biswas, author of THE BLUE BAR and YOU BENEATH YOUR SKIN\n\"Cleverly using time itself as a central theme, Painter of the Damned is an uncommonly intelligent, shrewd and deftly paced thriller, crafted with such lush language and provocative narrative that it kept me turning pages throughout the long nights.\"\n- Gary McAvoy, bestselling author of THE MAGDALENE CHRONICLES and THE AVIGNON AFFAIR\n\"The edge-of-your-seat action continues... Full of detail and the idiosyncrasies of medieval Venice, Samborn's skill with prose and the fantastical world his characters inhabits shines in this thrilling sequel.\"\n- Laura Kemp, award-winning author of THE LANTERN CREEK Series\n\"...a plot that never stops twisting. Samborn's narrative shifts seamlessly between past and present, with a cast of realistic characters that either attract or repel as in real life. Nick and Julia are the perfect duo for this sweeping drama that has the reader turning the last page to look for more.\"\n- Mike Krentz, author of DEAD ALREADY and ANGELS FALLING\n\"Rob Samborn has done it again! With cinematic action and exquisite writing, Painter of the Damned is a sweeping sequel that exceeded all my expectations. Combining classical art, rich Venetian history, compelling characters, and a centuries-old conspiracy, Samborn weaves an intelligent, intricate story with nonstop momentum that will leave you breathless. Engrossing, mysterious, romantic, and altogether original ...a literary triumph that cleared the extremely high bar set by its predecessor.\"\n- Shanessa Gluhm, author of ENEMIES OF DOVES and A RIVER OF CROWS\n\"Gripping. Rob Samborn can give Dan Brown a run for his money. He weaves a story in a web of psychological intrigue that takes his readers on a roller coaster ride with an ancient order, a framed couple, and a Renaissance painting with an eerie secret. But it doesn't stop there. Samborn has eloquent prose that gives a level of sophistication to a story with a broad mass appeal. If you are into enigmatic thrillers, this book will leave you wanting more.\"\n- Readers' Favorite review\n\"An incredibly imaginative, page-turning tale bursting with twists and turns like the alleys and canals of its setting of Venice, Painter of the Damned keeps you on your toes and shows how love never dies.\"\n- C. D'Angelo, author of THE DIFFERENCE and THE VISITOR\n\"Medieval and modern Venice collide in ways you simply wouldn't expect. I'll never view a Tintoretto in quite the same way again!\"\n- KM Kelly, author of THE SLEEPERS\n\"Deftly interweaving art history and fantasy into story that bridges time ...takes the reader into a Venice filled with mysteries from both the past and the present. With its complex plot, vivid characters, and adventuresome twists, Painter of the Damned is a page turner from start to finish.\"\n- Carolyn Korsmeyer, author of CHARLOTTE'S STORY and LITTLE FOLLIES\nInterview on the Book Corner with DC Gomez - 11-30-22\nhttps:\/\/www.amazon.com\/shop\/dcgomez-author\nInterview with Jeff Gordon, founder of Writers Boot Camp - 11-18-22\nlink to come\nInterview on The Writers Lounge (BlogTalkRadio) - 11-14-22\nhttps:\/\/www.blogtalkradio.com\/the-writers-lounge\/2022\/11\/15\/the-writers-lounge-presents-rob-samborn\nInterview on The Mystery of Writing Blog - 11-14-22\nhttps:\/\/www.themysteryofwriting.com\/2022\/11\/14\/painter-of-the-damned-new-thriller\/#comment-3322\nThe Launch Pad Radio Show\nhttps:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/bookish.road.trip\nThe Big Thrill - 10\/31\/22\nhttps:\/\/www.thebigthrill.org\/2022\/10\/painter-of-the-damned-by-rob-samborn\/\nInterview with Kelly Schuknecht - 10\/25\/22\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vs7A9XE2_uQ\nThe Tea Grannies Podcast - 9\/9\/22\nhttps:\/\/shows.acast.com\/the-tea-grannies\/episodes\/traditional-publishing-q-and-a\nThe Bookish Hour - 6\/23\/22\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vtD5LI_l4JA&t=3591s\nAuthors on the Air Podcast - 6\/23\/22\nhttps:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AuthorsOnTheAir\/videos\/2276600495825352\nInterview on The Literary Vixen blog - 5\/29\/22\nhttps:\/\/theliteraryvixen.com\/\nInterview on The Writers Lounge podcast - 5\/16\/22\nAppearance on the Drinking with Authors podcast - 4\/28\/22\nFull episode: https:\/\/rss.com\/podcasts\/drinkingwithauthors\/469463\/\nLiterary briefs: https:\/\/rss.com\/podcasts\/drinkingwithauthors\/471992\/\nInterview with Mike Siegel on the Travel Tales Podcast - 4\/21\/22\nhttp:\/\/www.traveltalespodcast.com\/podcast\/rob-samborn\/\nAppearance on the Once and Future Authors podcast - 4\/6\/22\nhttps:\/\/youtu.be\/9GJfSnCNRTc\nAppearance on Flavors of Italy podcast - 3\/22\/22\nhttps:\/\/flavorofitaly.com\/trips-travel\/italian-regions\/veneto\/mystery-and-intrigue-in-venice-tintoretto-and-...\nAppearance on the Between the Covers podcast - 3\/2\/22\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2TqnseNJMTA&t=5s\nInterview with author Elizabeth J. St. John - 2\/23\/22\nhttp:\/\/www.elizabethjstjohn.com\/updates\/an-author-chat-with-rob-samborn-the-prisoner-of-paradise\/\nInterview with thriller author Elena Taylor - 1\/31\/22\nhttps:\/\/www.elenataylorauthor.com\/2022\/02\/03\/hybrid-genre-thriller-the-prisoner-of-paradise\/\nInterview on Quiet Fury Books - 1\/28\/22\nhttp:\/\/quietfurybooks.com\/spotlight-on-the-prisoner-of-paradise-by-rob-samborn\/\nInterview with author Christina Consolino - 1\/3\/22\nhttps:\/\/christinaconsolino.com\/2022\/01\/03\/an-interview-with-rob-samborn\/\nBonnie Brae Living Magazine - 12\/15\/21\nhttps:\/\/robsamborn.com\/bonnie-brae-living\nInterview on MeetTheAuthors.com - 12\/10\/21\nhttps:\/\/meetingtheauthors.com\/2021\/12\/10\/meet-the-author-the-prisoner-of-paradise-by-rob-samborn\/\nInterview on CentralValleyTalk.com - 12\/8\/21\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6yIaiY1ZXOw&t=7s\nInterview on Time To Feed My Reads Blog - 12\/7\/21\nhttps:\/\/timetofeedmyreads.blogspot.com\/2021\/12\/rob-samborn-interview.html\nAuthor chat with Mike Krentz and TouchPoint Press - 11\/30\/21\nhttps:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MikeJKrentzAuthor\/videos\/885398288801553\nCopyright \u00a9 2023 Rob Samborn - All Rights Reserved.\nLIVE WITH JAYNE ANN KRENTZ\nThis Tuesday, Jan. 31, please join fellow thriller author Mike Krentz and me for a conversation with bestselling author and sensation Jayne Ann Krentz!\nwww.facebook.com\/jayneannkrentz\nEnter robsamborn.com","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Ask CSA: Shock Hazard Test Probe for Submersible Luminaires for Use in a Pool\nFeaturesJuly\/August 2001CSA Group\nSection 68 of the Canadian Electrical Code, Part I, applies to electrical installations and electrical equipment in or adjacent to pools. In this section of the code, a pool is deemed to include:\n1. permanently installed and storable swimming pools;\n2. hydromassage bathtubs;\n3. spas and hot tubs;\n4. wading pools;\n5. baptismal pools; and\n6. decorative pools.\nWhen an electrical product is submerged in the water of a pool, some of the current that is drawn to power the equipment will enter the water external to the equipment as leakage current and flow to ground via the pool walls and non-current-carrying metal parts of pool equipment that are bonded to the ground. The amount of leakage current is equal to the difference between total current drawn by the product and the current returning to the neutral of the supply circuit.\nFigure 1. Current density test probe\nWhen a person is immersed in pool water at or near the location of a submerged electrical product such as a luminaire, a portion of the leakage current will pass through that person's body before flowing to ground. The portion of leakage current that enters a person's body is known as body current.\nA luminaire intended for use in a pool must be constructed so that body current caused by the luminaire, when it is submerged and energized, does not present a shock hazard to any person who is immersed in the pool water at or near the location of the luminaire.\nIn situations where a person is not immersed in water, it is not difficult to determine total body current when the person is in contact with an electrical product. The situation is different, however, when a person is immersed in a conductive medium such as pool water.\nIt has been found that some methods used to determine the amount of leakage current from a luminaire only measure the total leakage current that enters the pool water, without indicating what portion of that current might enter a person's body. This approach is considered unrealistic for use as a compliance test for submersible equipment.\nAnother factor not taken into account by traditional methods used for measuring leakage current is that a person's body affects the total resistance of the current path taken by the leakage current. The total resistance of the current path depends upon the resistivity of the pool water and the impedance of a person's body when immersed in that water.\nWhile a person is immersed in a pool, the water forms an infinite series of conductive paths in parallel with the person's body.\nThe total current that flows in a person's body is affected by the area of the body and the electric field in the water.\nFor the purpose of determining the amount of current that flows in the body, the term \"current density\" is used. It is a measure of current flow per unit area and is expressed in amps\/cm\u00b2.\nA number of articles1have been written regarding different physiological effects of electric current on the human body. Among these effects, in the order of least to most serious are perception, reaction, let-go, stoppage of breathing, ventricular fibrillation of the heart, electric burns, and paralysis. Of these physiological effects, electric burns, let-go and ventricular fibrillation are considered to be most critical.\nA current flowing in a human body can heat body tissues sufficiently to cause serious burns. However, no specific values of current that cause electric burns to people have been established.\n\"Let-go\" is a phenomenon in which a person's ability to release his\/her grip on a current-carrying part depends upon the extent of that person's involuntary muscle contractions caused by the flow of body current. When the current of the current-carrying part is further increased, ventricular fibrillation will occur.\nVentricular fibrillation occurs when contractions of the heart cause heart action to become uncoordinated and asynchronous, and the heart becomes unable to function any longer as a pump.\nWhen a person is immersed in a pool, the area of the person's body considered most critical is the chest-heart area.\nThe current density limit for this area should be determined based on the threshold of ventricular fibrillation of a two-year-old child. The limit for a 60 hertz sinusoidal current as determined by A. Smoot and C.A. Bental\u00b2is 30 A\/cm\u00b2. The limit also includes some safety factors.\nTo accurately measure the current density of water in a pool in which energized electrical products are submerged, CSA International recognized that a special test probe is required.\nAccording to Ohm's Law, for a constant source voltage a change in load resistance will change the current flowing in the load. This principle also applies to the current density in pool water. The total resistance will change if an object having a higher or lower resistance is submerged in pool water having uniform resistivity.\nIn Bulletin of Research No. 60, A. Smoot and C.A. Bental2 describe the development of a shock hazard test procedure for underwater swimming pool luminaires and the basis parameters for constructing an experimental current density\ntest probe.\nFigure 2. Equipment for calibrating current density test probe\nRecognizing the importance of the experimental test probe and with the expectation that this technology could be put into practice, CSA proceeded to build further the existing research work that had already been done. A current density test probe was developed, utilizing two 20 mm diameter by 0.5 mm thick copper discs (see figure 1 for details).\nThe copper disc electrodes were mechanically attached and sealed to an 8 cm long teflon body. A hole was made through the centre of the teflon body along its longitudinal axis for the full length of 8 cm. A 4.2 mm diameter plastic tube and sleeve were inserted through a second hole drilled at the centre of the teflon body perpendicular to the longitudinal axis to form a water-tight joint and inverted \"T\"-shaped wiring raceway. The plastic tube may be of any length that is suitable for conducting a current density test.\nA length of 45 cm was found to be sufficient.\nTwo insulated No. 26 AWG stranded copper wires were threaded through the plastic tube and teflon body and connected to two bronze threaded rods, each rod being soldered to one of the copper disc electrodes.\nThe two leads were twisted together to reduce any mutual electromagnetic field generated by the flow of current. The two copper disc electrodes function to detect any minute current flow when the test probe is immersed in the water of\na pool.\nIn order to measure the current density in pool water, the test probe should be electrically invisible in the water. To be invisible the probe must have the same resistance as the volume of water it displaces. Therefore, the current in the pool water would flow through the probe in the same manner as it would have through the water the probe has displaced. Any current which flows in the main body of water surrounding the probe would not be diverted away from or attracted to the probe. To achieve \"invisibility\" the probe should be placed such that its axis is oriented orthogonal to voltage gradient in the direction of current flow in the water surrounding\nthe probe.\nSince the resistance of the test probe, as constructed, may not match the resistivity of the pool water in the majority of installed pools, an external resistor is required to be connected across the probe leads. The resistivity of pool water normally ranges from 22 ohm-cm for sea water pools to 300 ohm-cm for treated fresh water pools.\nTo calibrate the test probe for pool water with a specific resistivity as may be prescribed by a safety standard, the following method\nwas used.\nThe work was conducted in an area free of radio interference.\nThe equipment for calibrating the test probe consisted of a uniform current density calibration glass tank, two 24 cm x 29.5 cm stainless steel plates mounted on the opposite ends of the tank, and a plexiglass plate with two electric field pick-up electrodes of 1.4 mm diameter stainless steel mounted 9 cm apart. The equipment is illustrated in figure 2.\nThe tank was then filled with water having specific resistivity. For example, 300 ohm-cm saline water was used for testing equipment submerged in fresh water pools.\nA plexiglass plate was mounted on top of the tank, so that the two electric field pick-up electrodes were submerged in the test\nsolution water.\nAn ac supply was connected to the leads of the stainless steel plates and the voltage was gradually increased so that the potential across the electric field pick-up electrodes was about 65 mV and the current through the tank was adequately maintained at a constant value.\nThe test probe was submerged in the test solution and positioned between the electric field pick-up electrodes with its axis parallel to the tank main axis.\nAn external resistor was connected to the leads of the test probe and then adjusted until the test probe could be moved through the space of the electrical field pick-up electrode without causing a change in reading in voltage when the test probe was present or absent. In the investigation conducted by CSA, an external resistor of 650 ohms as determined by calculation was required to make the test probe invisible in a test solution having a resistivity of 300 ohm-cm.\nTo measure the current density generated by submersible electrical equipment such as luminaires, while submerged in a saline solution having the required resistivity, the following method is used.\nFigure 3. Current density test probe for measuring current density in a solution\nThe submersible electrical equipment is placed in the saline solution and rated voltage is applied to the equipment.\nA test probe that has been calibrated in a saline solution having identical resistivity is used. A high internal impedance mili-volt voltmeter is connected across the two leads of the test probe (see figure 3).\nThe test probe is moved around as closely as possible to the luminaire. Maximum voltage drop across the leads of the test probe, as indicated by the voltmeter in figure 3, is recorded. The maximum voltage drop (Vm) in millivolts is recorded when the axis of the test probe is aligned orthogonal to voltage gradient in the test solution surrounding the probe.\nCurrent density, Id, expressed in A\/cm\u00b2 is defined as:\nId = Vm(A)\nRpx Ap\nVmis the maximum voltage drop in volts across the leads of the\nRpis the total resistance in ohms of test solution displaced by the current density test probe.\nApis the area in cm\u00b2 of the electrode disc of the test probe.\nEquation (A) can be simplified as follows for ease of calculation of the current density using the maximum voltage drop measured.\nAccording to Ohm's Law:\nVm= I x Rp(B)\n\"I\" is the total current in amperes that flows through the volume of the solution the test probe displaces.\nI = Idx Ap(C)\nBy combining Equations (B) and (C), Vm can be expressed in terms of Id as follows:\nVm= Idx Apx Rp(D)\nHowever, Rp, the total resistance of test solution displaced by the test probe is defined as:\nRp= Rwx Lp(E)\nRwis the resistivity of water in ohm-cm.\nLpis the length of the test probe in cm.\nSubstituting Rpin Equation (D) for Rpin Equation (E):\nVm= Idx Rwx Lp(F)\nId= Vm(G)\nRwx Lp\nIt is obvious from Equation (G) that the current density (Id), is independent of the area of the test probe (Ap), even though the variable Apappears in Equation (A).\nEquation (G) can be further simplified for ease of calculating current density of any saline solution with known resistivity, given the length of the test probe is also known.\nAs an example, a test solution having resistivity of 300 ohm-cm and a test probe shown as Figure 1, Equation (G) can be rewritten as:\nId= Vm(H)\nEquation (H) provides a simple way to calculate the current density in a solution having a resistivity of 300 ohm-cm, for different types of submersible electrical products, when the test probe shown in figure 1 is used.\nIt must be emphasized that the measuring method described so far is intended to measure the current density in a solution as a result of the submersion of an electrical product with or without the failure of a sealing means.\nThe same current density may not be experienced by a human body because of the skin resistance, tissue resistance and configuration of the body.\nThe combined resistance of these factors could possibly reduce the current density that is experienced by the human body to as low as five percent of the current density of the test solution.\nHowever, taking the current density in the test solution as it is, without applying the correction factor for the current density experienced by a human body, is considered to be the worst-case scenario.\nThis approach to evaluating a product under the worst-case scenario is consistent with the generally accepted practice of recognized testing laboratories such as CSA, and the test probe described in this article does provide a practical means to measure the maximum possible current density that could be experienced by a human body submersed in pool water.\n1. \"Development of test equipment and methods for measuring potentially lethal and otherwise damaging current levels,\" U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission\/Underwriters Laboratories Inc., pp. 2-1\u20132-4, May 1981.\n2. A. Smoot and C.A. Bentel, \"Development of a shock hazard test procedure for underwater swimming pool lighting fixtures,\" Underwriters' Laboratories Inc., Bullet of Research No. 60, pp 41\u201344, November 1971.\nTagged: July\/August 2001 lighting Pools and Spas swimming pool\tShare\nThe CSA Group, is a not-for-profit standards organization which develops standards in 57 areas. CSA publishes standards in print and electronic form and provides training and advisory services.\nCode Hunter: Pools & Spas NEC 2017\nOctober 1, 2018 January 10, 2020\nNew Standard for Electrically-Operated Pool Lifts\nIn-Ground Conductive Pool Shells for Swimming Pools\nPool Lifts and PV Connectors\nPrevious Story Emergency Electrical Systems Installations and Inspections\nNext Story Grounding and Bonding CEC\/NEC \u2013 How Different Are They?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Vancouver's PNE says it's been left out of wage subsidies and grants available to most other businesses and organizations amid the pandemic because it's municipally owned. (Evanessence Photography)\nNo PNE? Future of B.C.'s 111-year-old attraction hangs on funding\nThe PNE has survived two world wars and the Great Depression, but the challenges of COVID have pushed the tourist attraction to the brink, with thousands of jobs now at risk\nSarah Grochowski\nMay. 28, 2021 12:00 p.m.\nThe iconic Pacific National Exhibition in Vancouver has survived two world wars and the Great Depression, but the economic challenges of COVID-19 have pushed it to the financial brink, with thousands of jobs now at risk.\nIf the PNE doesn't survive the pandemic's blow, Vancouver stands to lose more than the hundreds of games and rides offered to visitors of Playland.\nIt's a sense of community that the amusement park offers visitors, says Katie Dritsas, a 19-year-old carnival worker who spent the last few summers there running games.\n\"It brings people to Vancouver and makes the city a fun place. There isn't anywhere else a diverse group of people can enjoy together. The PNE is that place for families.\"\nDritsas, a Cranbrook native, recalls hours spent as a family each summer making the drive out west.\nHer family is among the 730,000 visitors that attended the amusement park each summer before COVID-19's spread sparked a global pandemic.\nThe future of dozens of B.C. tourist attractions from the Abbotsford Air Show to Vancouver Island's Sunfest festival is unclear as budgets move deeper into the red and PNE organizers call for more government support to stay afloat.\nKatie Dritsas, 19, has worked as a carnival worker at PNE's Playland, the largest employer of youth in British Columbia. (Submitted)\nThe province's largest employer of youth\nAs B.C.'s largest employer of youth, the PNE hires around 4,300 people each summer throughout its 111-year history. More than half of its staff, around 2,500, are youth.\nWhen Dritsas moved to Coquitlam at age 15, she got her first job at Playland.\n\"I was shy at the time. Working in the games department pushed me out of my comfort zone, in a good way.\"\nNow a business student at the University of British Columbia, the teen is using her paycheque to fund her studies in September.\n\"Although, I really want to be back, socializing and making money,\" the teen says.\nRELATED: B.C. provides $50 million in grants to keep major tourist attractions going\nProvince announces $1M in support, $7M still needed\nOn Tuesday (May 18), the province announced a $1-million tourism grant for the PNE \u2013 the first emergency aid made available to the non-profit attraction.\nB.C. Premier John Horgan said, \"We're going to continue to work with both the city and the PNE and, of course, other attractions across the province, but this was designed for the PNE to make the application.\"\nHowever, the money isn't enough for an event that generates $200 million annually for the economy, says CEO Shelley Frost, because the non-profit is also responsible for the 114-acre municipal park that hosts Playland, Pacific Coliseum and Agrodome.\nHastings Park includes hundreds of thousands of square feet of buildings still in use by the community and several sports fields, a horse racing track, gardens, bike trails, and a skateboard park. The PNE pays for the electricity, water, and maintenance costs of these facilities.\nThe fair is already $8 million in debt and projections have that figure climbing to $16 million by 2022.\n\"If it doesn't bankrupt us, it will change us forever \u2013 in a negative way,\" Frost says.\nPeople wear face masks while riding the wooden roller coaster at Playland amusement park at the Pacific National Exhibition. (Darryl Dyck)\nExcluded from federal aid programs\nThe PNE has been left out of wage subsidies and grants available to most other businesses and organizations amid the pandemic because it's a municipally owned entity.\nBy definition, the attraction wasn't eligible for the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS), even though Frost said they were encouraged by several B.C. politicians to apply.\nIt's due to the \"misconception that because the PNE is owned by a municipality, it has less urgent needs, said Vancouver Mayor Kennedy Stewart.\n\"No other support programs, including the federal wage subsidy, take into account the owner of the applicant when making funding decisions.\"\nAfter being granted $4.1-million in CEWS aid by the federal government, Frost says the funds were placed in a restricted bank account on the recommendation of an accountant.\n\"As soon as someone from Canada Revenue Agency examines our application more closely, they could ask us to pay it back and fine us even more because we are considered ineligible for the benefit.\"\nThe PNE has survived two world wars and the Great Depression, but the challenges of COVID have pushed it to the brink, with thousands of jobs now at risk. (PNE)\nOther tourist attractions receive help from the feds\nFrost questions why other Canadian tourist attractions, including Canadian National Exhibition (CNE) and Calgary Stampede, receive millions in emergency federal aid amid the pandemic.\nGranville Island, comprised of 300 Vancouver businesses and owned by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, has received a total of $22 million in emergency federal aid.\nThe Calgary Stampede, owned by North American Midway, was granted $1 million in 2020 to pay its employees after applying for CEWS on top of other federal grants.\nGoverned by an agricultural non-profit agency, the CNE is also eligible for a loan from the federal government.\n'Three levels of government need to come together'\nThe only other assistance the PNE has received is from the City of Vancouver, which has been extending its growing line of credit with a bank.\nIt's also promised more capital funding in the coming years towards projects that support the event, though none of the funds go directly towards paying off the amusement park's growing debt.\nB.C. Tourism Minister Melanie Mark said, \"all three levels of government need to come together to support the PNE, which is an iconic attraction in B.C.\"\nOut of the federal government's $1-billion tourism recovery budget, $400 million has been earmarked for festivals and events.\nCOVID was stressful enough, PNE CEO Frost pointed out, \"But seeing opportunities made available that I can't use to help our organization has made it one of the toughest years to date.\n\"We had three of our best years on record leading into COVID. We were growing, redeveloping our amphitheaters to bring in more concerts, but this puts all of that in jeopardy.\"\n\u2013 with files from Canadian Press\n@sarahgrowch\nsarah.grochowski@bpdigital.ca\nWant to support local journalism? Make a donation here.\nagritourismCoronavirusTourism\n'Delicate, sensitive process:' Expert talks on searching for burial sites with radar\nWarm, dry summer expected across much of Canada, Weather Network predicts\nRats, camera, action: Langley resident gets creative in a new rat documentary","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"When the 11th Commando Black Hackle came to Arran\nPosted on 31st August 2020 1st September 2020\nThe 11th (Scottish) Commando Black Hackle\nA history by Jim Henderson\nIn this new 6 part series, Arran local Jim Henderson, gives an account of the period during the 2nd World War when the 11th Commando were posted to Arran where they lived and trained, forging many relationships and connections with Arran that continue to this day.\nPart 1 \u2013 'Lest we forget'\nWednesday 6th September will be the 80th anniversary of when over 500 of the 11th (Scottish) Commando arrived in Lamlash to continue training. When the 11th Commando was formed it was decided that the headdress would be a glengarry with a black hackle supported by the badge of the Soldiers own regiment.\nAfter the War ended in 1945, the surviving Commando returned to their units, homes and loved ones. A few returned to Ayrshire and Arran to renew friendships made, which often led to marriage. Many of the 11th Commando returned to Arran for holidays and a small number became members of Lamlash Golf Club, which led to the formation of the annual reunions.\nThe reunions were organised on the first weekend following the English bank holiday to coincide with the weekend nearest the 6th September. The first reunion in 1985 was organised by Lamlash locals, which included Harold (Spud) and Jessie Taylor, Isabel Allen and Ban Turner and around 50 former officers and men of the 11th Commando attended. The following year in 1986 over 70 of the men and their families gathered in the gardens of Brodick Castle. The 3rd reunion had around 40 of the men present plus their family members.\nThe first reunion of the 11th Commando held in 1985 in Arran. Left to right: JImmy Storie, George Dove, Tommy McPherson, Len Mitchell and Reg Hammer DCM\nDuring the 50th anniversary, in 1990, the 5th reunion, there were around 120 men and family of all ages present when the grandson of Richard Pedder unveiled a plaque in Lamlash Church. This also marked the involvement of Lamlash Golf Club when the Commando were welcomed as part of their annual celebrations. An annual competition was organised and in 1993 the Commando presented the Commando Veterans Cup and the individual prizes. The first winner of the cup was Ronald McDowall who just popped the author by one stroke. In 1997 the winner was Blair McGunnigle the grandson of Walter Marshall.\nAs the years progressed nature began to take its toll and the number of the Commando making the journey to Arran began to decrease. At the 70th anniversary in 2010, only one of the Commando were able to attend the reunion, however relatives have kept the tradition alive. Peter Turfrey as the Commando secretary organised the reunions from 1997, assisted by David McNaughton who acted as the treasurer. In 2013 when, in the early stages of another Arran reunion, Peter and David passed on unexpectedly their widows, Maureen and Christine, have kept up the tradition attending the Arran weekend every year, Maureen travelling from near Birmingham and Christine from Kilmarnock. Maureen's step-father was Reginald Walters who was in 4 troop 11 Commando and latterly with the 204 Mission and Chindits. Christine's father was Matthew Wilson, a member of the Seaforth Highlanders and Cameroon. He joined the 11 Commando and was batman to Major David Blair who was in charge of 6 troop and was billeted in Kinniel House.\nThis year will be the 35th annual visit.\nThe reunion at Brodick Castle in 1986\nThe Commandos were formed in July 1940, following a command by Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom following the evacuation of troops from Dunkirk. The volunteers came from all parts of the United Kingdom.\nBy May of 1940 the Germans had invaded Norway, in the low countries the resistance from the French and Belgian armies collapsed and the British Expeditionary Forces had to make an orderly evacuation from Dunkirk on the 6th June 1940. Churchill directed Lord Ismay, head of the Military Wing of the War Cabinet Secretariat to prepare an Enterprise consisting of specially trained troops of the hunter class, who could develop a reign of terror first of all on a 'butcher and bolt policy'.\nChurchill held a meeting with the Chiefs of Staff and instructed them to train a special force capable of developing a reign of terror by forming an offensive to defend Britain and keep the Germans at bay, who occupied the coastline of the North Sea and the English Channel.\nLt Colonel Dudley Clarke came up with an idea based on the guerrilla fighters of the Boer War and named these special forces 'Commando'. The object was to form a specially trained group of Commando, who were able to fight independently under the command of specially selected officers.\nDespite opposition from regular army authorities, officers were selected and allocated a destination to train his group, normally a seaside location where the men would be billeted and trained, when not engaged in operations. The Commando organisation was intended to create a group of men capable of the following:\n1. Operating independently for a 24-hour period.\n2. Capable of very wide dispersion and individual action.\n3. Not capable of resisting an attack or overcoming a defence of formed bodies of troops, specialising in quick hit and run tactics dependent for their survival and success upon speed, ingenuity and dispersion.\nLieutenant Colonel Richard Peddar\nThe Commandos came under the province of Combined Operations in July 1940. Churchill appointed Sir Roger Keyes Admiral of the Fleet as Director of Combined Operations, who was followed by Lord Louis Mountbatten from October 1941 for a duration of 100 weeks. A number of the new units were despatched to several parts of Britain \u2013 3rd and 4th Commando were the Southern command, 5th and 6th the Western command, 7th the Eastern command, 8th the London district command and the 9th and 11th Commando the Scottish contingent.\nLt Colonel Richard R Pedder aged 36 was chosen to lead the 11th. He requested volunteers from the Scottish forces, who were joined by troops from England and Ireland, all of them associated with Scottish regiments like the Black Watch, Argyle and Sutherland Highlanders, Royal Scots Greys and others, for an undefined hazardous nature and ruthlessly culled both officers and men he considered unsuitable for the task ahead.\nThe Scottish Commando became Individual, Different and Unique. History records their brief time as one of the most important in all of the services.\nThe men who formed the 11th (Scottish) Commando were the first group to reach operational strength. Among the volunteers was the son of Sir Roger Keyes \u2013 Captain Geoffrey Keyes who was part of the Royal Scots Greys stationed at Redford barracks in Edinburgh. Once selected, he brought with him several troops from the old regiment including Walter Marshall (who lived in Lamlash until his death in 2005).\nOther volunteers included Robert Mayne (Paddy) of the Royal Ulster Rifles and Eoin McGonigal, who although was undisciplined, proved to be a tough Commando and developed a strong bond with Captain Keyes.\nCOMMANDO, a Portuguese word meaning command, which was adopted in the early 1900's by the 'Boers' in South Africa for military purposes and expeditions against the local populations. Commando units eventually were made up of the Special Air Service, Special boat service and Parachute regiments, over a period of time, which were disbanded and integrated with the S.A.S in 1941 [Special Air Service] and the L.R.D.G. [Long Range Desert Group] after the 11th Commando were disbanded.\nAfter the war ended the Commando role was exclusively given to the Royal Marines. Their missions were the stuff of fiction, but it was in fact a reality. During the period of 1940 to 1943 the Commando units proved to be the toughest and the bravest of hand-picked members of the British military. Hundreds of them perished; many were engaged in what was more like suicide missions, in operations which were so daring and dangerous that even the officers planning the missions had on occasions, reason to question the tactics.\nNext month, Jim's account continues with Churchill's orders, early combat and the start of the 11th Commando.\nFeatured image shows the 11th Commando Black Hackle in Cyprus\nTAGS: History WW2\nArran Arboretum, let the trees continue the clapping!\nFuture generations deserve good ancestors. Will you be one?\nEarth Overshoot Day reached last month\nOn Fish Farms by Mowi\nNews from a Scottish Water apprentice on Arran\nIs it time to stop climbing mountains? Obsession with reaching summits is a modern invention\nMake Space for Nature\nHelp Fidra with a citizen science project testing food packaging\nEco Savvy events and ARG news\nLocal author publishes third book in the Corrie's Capers series\nThe 52 Stitched Stories exhibition opens in September\nAn interview with the director James Kent\nReconnecting with Arran's Artistic Heritage\nPoem for September\nLearning more about Arran's Bronze Age\nArran NTS jobs are safe and Brodick Castle reopens\nThe Octopus Centre reopens\nPhotos from August\nPlan to run Hunterston's cracked reactors for another year\nRecipe for September","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Category Archives: Press Releases\nCFF SCHOOL BOARD CANDIDATE FORUM\nOctober 20, 2014 Candidate Forums, CFF, Events, Ferndale Schools, Press Releases, Voter ForumsCandidate Forum, Candidate Forums, events, Ferndale Schoolsadmin\nCitizens for a Fair Ferndale, 263 Vester St., Ferndale, MI 48220\nFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: 10\/20\/14; Contact (248) 515-7803\nCitizens For a Fair Ferndale to Hold Candidate Forum\nOn Saturday, October 25, 2014, Citizens for a Fair Ferndale (CFF) will hold a School Board Candidate Forum at the Ferndale Library at 1:30 pm. The event will also be recorded and submitted to WFRN for airing until Election Day. The public and the media are encouraged to attend.\nCFF has invited all declared candidates: Nan Kerr-Mueller, Jennifer LaTosch, Karen Twomey, and Keith Warnick.\nThe format is simple:\n1. All declared Candidates for School Board are invited to participate.\n2. Candidates are at a table in the front of the room.\n3. Each Candidate will have an opportunity to give a 3 minute introduction.\n4. As people come in, they are given 3 x 5 cards. These are gathered periodically and brought to the moderator. The moderator then poses the questions to the candidates. Each Candidate has 2 minutes to answer each question. The order of response changes so each has a chance to be first.\n5. There is a timer to help you pace answers.\n6. Each Candidate will have an opportunity to give a closing statement.\nClick here for CFF's complete Forum Guidelines\nCFF's mission is to foster a community that is dedicated to the fair and equal treatment of all residents and visitors regardless of sexual orientation, race, color, religion, gender, age, height, weight, familial status, national origin, physical or mental ability.\nCFF48220@gmail.com or (248) 515-7803\nCitizens for a Fair Ferndale Call for Good Neighbor Nominations\nFebruary 3, 2014 CFF, Events, Ferndale Good Neighbors, Good Neighbors = Strong Community Awards, Press ReleasesGood Neighbors = Strong Community Awardsadmin\nFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: February 3, 2014\nContact: Kat Bruner James, Chair\n248-515-7803,CFF48220@gmail.com\nFERNDALE: Citizens for a Fair Ferndale (CFF) is seeking nominations for its Good Neighbor = Strong Community Awards. The public is invited to nominate individuals, organizations and businesses in our community who are outstanding examples of \"good neighbors,\" and who are committed to building, preserving and improving the quality of life in their neighborhoods and community.\nNominations will be accepted through March 14, 2014. About 10 honorees will be selected and celebrated at a special event in May. Past winners have represented a diverse group of individuals ranging from well-recognized community leaders to quiet, unsung heroes who all make a difference daily through caring for others, speaking out against injustices or making people feel included in the community.\n\"Good Neighbors are what make Ferndale such a special place to live and do business,\" said Kathryn Bruner James, CFF chair. \"The Good Neighbors = Strong Community Awards are an opportunity to honor those who generously give so much to others through care, support and advocacy.\" Previous honorees have include a selection of diverse individuals, organizations and businesses celebrated for good works in the community. They include community leaders and local businesses as well as those \"unsung heroes\" deserving of recognition.\nNomination forms can be found at www.fairferndale.org\/?page_id=152. Submissions can be made online or mailed to Citizens for a Fair Ferndale, 263 Vester, Ferndale, MI 48220.\nCitizens for a Fair Ferndale is a 501(c)(3) non-profit, established in 2003. CFF is dedicated to the fair and equal treatment of all residents and visitors regardless of sexual orientation, race, color, religion, gender, age, height, weight, familial status, national origin, physical or mental disability. The group hosts forums and community workshops, encourages dialog to dissolve barriers and recognizes local residents who support its mission.\nCFF meetings are held the second Thursday of every month at the Ferndale Public Library. For meeting information please contact Kat Bruner James at 248-515-7803. Everyone is welcome!\nCFF TO HOST CANDIDATE FORUM\nOctober 8, 2013 Ballot Question Forums, Candidate Forums, CFF, Events, Press Releases, Voter Forumsadmin\nCitizens for a Fair Ferndale, 263 Vester St., Ferndale, MI 48220 www.fairferndale.org\nFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: 10\/8\/13; Contact (248) 515-7803\nOn Saturday, October 26, 2013, Citizens for a Fair Ferndale (CFF) will hold a Candidate & Ballot Proposal Forum at the Ferndale Library (12:30-2:00 p.m. for the Mayoral Forum, 2:15-3:00 p.m. for the City Council Forum, 3:00-3:45 p.m. for the Proposal A Forum, and 3:45-4:00 p.m. Library Board Candidates). The event will also be recorded and submitted to WFRN for airing until Election Day. The public and the media are encouraged to attend.\nCFF has invited all declared candidates, plus one participant presenting each side of the question presented to voters in Proposal A.\nCFF's complete Forum Guidelines can be found at http:\/\/fairferndale.org\/?p=248\nCFF's mission is to foster a community that is dedicated to the fair and equal treatment of all residents and visitors regardless of sexual orientation, race, color, religion, gender, age, height, weight, familial status, national origin, physical or mental disability.\nLearn more about CFF at www.fairferndale.org\nCFF SCHOOL BOARD CANDIDATE FORUM PRESS RELEASE\nApril 12, 2010 Candidate Forums, CFF, Events, Press Releases, Voter Forumsadmin\nFOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: 4\/12\/10; Contact (248) 515-7803\nCitizens For a Fair Ferndale to Hold School Board Forum\nCitizens for a Fair Ferndale (CFF) will hold a Candidate Forum for the upcoming Ferndale School Board election. The forum will take place at the Kulick Center (1201 Livernois, Ferndale) on Sunday, April 25 at 1pm.\nThe candidates will have the opportunity to fill out a questionnaire prior to the event, which will provide an overview of their experience and platform. CFF will post the candidates' answers on the group's website: www.fairferndale.org. Public attendees will also have the opportunity to submit questions to the candidates.\nCFF48220@aol.com or (248) 515-7803","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"News:Nomura announces December trailer launch times, reveals three additional trailers\n(Redirected from News:20181209A)\nBy KeybladeSpyMaster \u2022 09:54, 9 December 2018 (MST)\nNomura announces December trailer launch times, reveals three additional trailers\nSix trailers will launch in December, according to series director Tetsuya Nomura\nDuring X018 last month, Kingdom Hearts series director Tetsuya Nomura revealed that there would be multiple trailers in December. At the end of November, he revealed via the official Kingdom Hearts Twitter account the days of those trailers. Now, Nomura has revealed the exact times those trailers are set to launch.\nJust two days ago, Nomura again took to the official Kingdom Hearts Twitter account to reveal that the first trailer is set to launch on Monday, December 10 at midnight JST (Sun. December 9 at 10:00 AM EST\/8:00 AM MST\/7:00 AM PST\/15:00 UTC). Another trailer will launch on the 16th at 6:00 PM JST, and seems to be the cinematic trailer originally set for the 21st from the November tweet. It's also likely the \"Together\" trailer from November, which at the time, Nomura had said they were working on a Japanese version for it.\nDecember 18 will feature the ominously-labeled \"Final\" trailer, set to launch at 5:00 PM JST (3:00 AM EST\/1:00 AM MST\/12:00 AM PST\/8:00 UTC). Finally, on December 21, three 15-second cinematic trailers will launch, though there's no set time for them yet.\nAs always, the times are subject to change. Notably, none of these seem to line up with Jump Festa later this month; the event has in the past been a major venue for Kingdom Hearts information. We'll keep you updated if more information on any additional trailers show up. Are you excited for the new trailers?\nRetrieved from \"https:\/\/www.khdatabase.com\/index.php?title=News:Nomura_announces_December_trailer_launch_times,_reveals_three_additional_trailers&oldid=10210\"\nDecember 2018 news","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Messenger International\nGet the MessengerX App\nMessenger Cup\nWelcome to Messenger International!\nAs part of our mission to help develop uncompromising followers of Christ, Messenger International, Inc. collects and processes a lot of information. This Privacy Policy is intended to help you better understand how we collect, use and store your personal information. By using any of Messenger International's sites you are agreeing to the terms of this Privacy Policy.\nWe may update this Privacy Policy from time to time in order to reflect, for example, changes to our privacy practices or for other operational, legal, or regulatory reasons. If we make material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will give you notice of such changes by posting the revised policy on this Website, and where appropriate, by other means. By continuing to use this Website or the Support Service after these changes are posted, you agree to the revised policy.\nThis Privacy Policy describes how your personal information is collected, used, and shared when you visit or perform a transaction from messengerinternational.org or other web properties developed and managed by Messenger International (the \"Site\").\n\u2013 \"Cookies\" are data files that are placed on your device or computer and often include an anonymous unique identifier. For more information about cookies, and how to disable cookies, visit http:\/\/www.allaboutcookies.org.\n\u2013 \"Log files\" track actions occurring on the Site, and collect data including your IP address, browser type, Internet service provider, referring\/exit pages, and date\/time stamps.\n\u2013 \"Web beacons,\" \"tags,\" and \"pixels\" are electronic files used to record information about how you browse the Site.\nWe also collect personal information submitted by you via any messaging feature (including email sign up forms) available from any of our websites (\"Messaging Feature\").\nAdditionally when you make a purchase\/donation or attempt to make a purchase\/donation through the Site, we collect certain information from you, including your name, billing address, shipping address, payment information (including credit card numbers), email address, and phone number. We refer to this information as \"Transaction Information.\"\nWhen we talk about \"Personal Information\" in this Privacy Policy, we are talking both about Device Information and Transaction Information.\nWe use the Transaction Information that we collect generally to fulfill any orders placed through the Site (including processing your payment information, arranging for shipping, and providing you with invoices and\/or order confirmations). Additionally, we use this Transaction Information to:\nIf you've previously opted in to email marketing from us, and you decide to longer be included in those communications, you can opt out via the \"unsubscribe\" link offered in all of our marketing emails. If you have opted in to multiple email marketing lists with us, you will need to opt out of each list.\nWhat we don't do with your personal information\nWe do not and will never share, disclose, sell, rent, or otherwise provide personal information to other companies for the marketing of their own products or services.\nHow do we keep your personal information secure?\nWe follow industry standards on information security management to safeguard sensitive information, such as financial information, intellectual property, employee details and any other personal information entrusted to us. Our information security systems apply to people, processes and information technology systems on a risk management basis.\nNo method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100% secure. Therefore, we cannot guarantee the absolute security of your personal information.\nWe share your Personal Information with third parties to help us use your Personal Information, as described above. For example, we use Shopify to power our online store\u2013you can read more about how Shopify uses your Personal Information here: https:\/\/www.shopify.com\/legal\/privacy. We also use Google Analytics to help us understand how our customers use the Site\u2013you can read more about how Google uses your Personal Information here: https:\/\/www.google.com\/intl\/en\/policies\/privacy\/. You can also opt-out of Google Analytics here: https:\/\/tools.google.com\/dlpage\/gaoptout.\nFacebook \u2013 https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/settings\/?tab=ads\nGoogle \u2013 https:\/\/www.google.com\/settings\/ads\/anonymous\nBing \u2013 https:\/\/advertise.bingads.microsoft.com\/en-us\/resources\/policies\/personalized-ads\nIn general, we keep your personal information throughout your relationship with us. When you place an order or donation through the Site, we will maintain your Transaction Information for our records unless and until you ask us to delete this information.\nOnce you terminate your relationship with us, we generally will continue to store archived copies of your personal information for legitimate business purposes and to comply with the law, except when we receive a valid erasure request.\nWe will continue to store anonymous or anonymized information, such as website visits, without identifiers, in order to improve our Services.\nSMS Opt-Ins\nBy entering your phone number into our opt-in service, you consent to receive marketing text messages (such as promotion codes, cart reminders, and offers) from Messenger International at the number provided, including messages sent by autodialer. Consent is not a condition of any purchase. Message and data rates may apply. Message frequency varies. You can unsubscribe at any time by replying STOP or clicking the unsubscribe link (where available) in one of our messages.\nMessenger International, PO Box 888, Palmer Lake, CO, 80133, United States\n\u00a9 2022 Messenger International, Inc.\nAddison Bevere\nArden Bevere\n\u00a9 1992-2022 Messenger International\nMessenger International is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt organization. Your contribution over and above the fair market value of any goods or services received is tax deductible as allowed by law in the United States.\nBy using our site, you acknowledge that you have read and understand our Privacy Policy.\nDr. Joseph Serwadda's Story\nOver the past decade, numerous pastors and leaders from all over the world have been crying out (and even begging us) for discipleship resources in their language. This may sound extreme, but in America we have an abundance of books and resources that are available to us that are often taken for granted. In many ways, we have access to excess.\nIn some developing nations, people have never seen a book in their language. When leaders from these nations are given a book, they treat it as sacred gift! They even hand-write books and Bibles word for word so that they can spread this message of hope to others in their sphere of influence.\nDr. Joseph Serwadda, a leader from Uganda who oversees a group of churches that number approximately 27,000, echoes this need among pastors and leaders all over the world: \"Our biggest need is not money or bigger buildings, but solid teaching. We lack literature for people to read and study on their own. The more people we have in church who are less instructed in the Word of God, the less solidity we have. Come and help us preserve the harvest. This is a Macedonian call!\"\nPastor Yassir's Story\nOver the years, Cubans have long suffered under the oppression of a single message: communism. Despite this challenge, Yassir is committed to sharing a new message with his people, a message of transformation that can lead to national revival.\nCubans, in general, have been conditioned toward communistic consumption. That's why Yassir wants his people to embrace a new identity: a life defined by what they can give. This shift requires growth and maturity that can only come through a new perspective.\nHe explained, \"The Cuban church is strong and filled with passion. But I believe it's important that we shift our mentality. We need to see how the Gospel goes beyond our own needs. Ultimately, we need to take responsibility for ourselves and our nation, and not just wait for outside intervention.\"\nThere aren't many Christian resources in Cuba. So, Pastor Yassir's church, along with many other churches throughout Cuba, have been profoundly impacted by the resources Messenger International has provided for them in their own language.\nIn our conversations with Pastor Yassir, he often cited an ancient proverb: Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you've fed him for a lifetime. He sees MessengerX as a tool both to feed his people and teach them to fish.\nIt's become evident that after many years in our ministry, the most effective way to transform a village or town is not to construct a church building. This just keeps the local leadership dependent on us.\nWe are much more effective if we give the indigenous leaders such as Pastor Yassir spiritual knowledge that will empower them to influence their village, town, or city. Such knowledge helps produce the faith needed to grow and sustain the work, which, if necessary, will include buildings and other resources.\nStories like Pastor Yassir's fuel our mission, because we believe that everyone deserves to know life-transforming truth!\nNura's Story\nBefore Nura became a follower of Christ, her life was a living hell.\nAfter the death of her husband\u2014from whom she endured many years of abuse and suffering\u2014she became a widow with four children. In search of peace and inner healing, she sought solace in religious places and practices, which only led her deeper into depression and financial debt.\nHer last resort was Jesus.\n\"I came to the Christian church and begged for help! I accepted Christ after I heard of the promise of peace and healing that is found in Him,\" Nura wrote. \"I slowly began to recover, but there was one thing hindering my healing\u2014unforgiveness.\"\nFilled with regrets, Nura struggled to forgive her husband. But the grip of offense began to weaken when her pastor handed her a copy of The Bait of Satan.\n\"I forgave my husband after I learned how much I, too, needed forgiveness,\" shared Nura. \"Now I am healed, and I have peace for the first time in my life. Some even say I look ten years younger!\"\nPastor Raphael's Story\nPastor Raphael was raised in Kenya, immersed in a culture of darkness. As a child, he lacked affection because his father believed that strong men don't show love. He continually witnessed his father beat and belittle his mother. Everywhere he looked, insidious behavior was practiced toward women and infants\u2014families were being destroyed and lives were ending before they had a chance to begin.\nThis was the destiny Raphael was headed toward.\nBut everything changed when truth entered the scene. The first area to be transformed was Raphael's heart\u2014which, in turn, transformed his marriage and his family. And with a strong and healthy family, his whole outlook toward life has changed.\n\"Through the resources of Messenger International, a relentless passion was ignited in me to see the people of my country free from lies,\" shared Raphael. \"I discovered my purpose to train up others and bring God's transforming truth to remote villages.\"\nRaphael has trekked miles through mud and rain to reach people, often rising early and returning late. He would travel over 50 miles a day with his bicycle\u2014but through the generosity of the MessengerX community, he was given a motorcycle, which has enabled him to double his efforts while easily transporting the resources and supplies he needs to facilitate his classes. Raphael has seen over 200 of his students graduate in the villages he serves.\n\"Thank you for investing in my people,\" expressed Raphael. \"Each day tribal warriors are transformed into children of God, marriages are infused with love, and the innocent are protected. Your generosity has given us the tools we need to rewrite our story and reclaim our humanity.\"\nDahlia's Story\nFormerly a Muslim, Dahlia fled to Turkey after she was expelled from her Iranian school and excommunicated by her family. Her crime? Becoming a Christian.\nYou can now find Dahlia in a refugee camp, far from what she once called home. But despite the upheaval, she has found purpose in her pain. On a daily basis, Dahlia walks through her makeshift town and prays over the people. They have become her people\u2014the audience of her message.\nDahlia has become a messenger, and she is often spotted lovingly serving those around her and sharing her faith with them. Despite language barriers, people are drawn to her because they see something different in her. And what's amazing is that she's not only reaching the people in her refugee camp, she's also impacting those she left behind in Iran.\n\"I've had calls from Iran,\" writes Dahlia. \"People who mocked me because of my faith now believe in Jesus and want to know more. So, I tell them about MessengerX, which has a lot of translated discipleship resources.\"\nAs we continue to provide people like Dahlia with life-transforming truth in their own language, we're helping them grow in their faith and discover their purpose\u2014and we're equipping them to make a difference in their world.\n\"I am beyond thankful for all of the books that I've been able to read in my language, such as Driven by Eternity, translated in Farsi,\" shared Dahlia. \"I read them again and again. The messages keep me company in this lonely season, and they inspire me to reveal Jesus to the hurting people all around me.\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"UPNG-ANU academics begin health and education research\nby Tara Davda and Grant Walton\nDenise Lokinap and Peter Kanaparo examine questionnaires during training.\nOver the past two months a small team of academics from the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) and The Australian National University (ANU) have been conducting research into the impacts of decentralization on the operational effectiveness of schools and health facilities.\nUPNG staff Denise Lokinap and Peter Kanaparo, along with ANU staff Colin Wiltshire, Tara Davda, Grant Walton and Tatia Currie have been involved in training, a pilot and initial fieldwork in Gulf Province.\nThe research aims to better understand the performance of some of the current PNG Government's key policies: financing of the health and education sectors, and decentralisation. By analysing case studies, it will shed light on how recent reforms impact schools and health facilities; and the reasons that church-run and accessible schools\/health facilities performed better than those run by the state and in remote locations (key findings of the A Lost Decade? report).\nTara Davda, Colin Wiltshire and Peter Kanaparo examine a map.\nThis collaborative research project seeks to strengthen links between ANU and UPNG, and build the capacity of UPNG academics by providing training and experience in research and analysis.\nTraining was conducted at UPNG in April and included a field trip to Central Province. The training and pilot allowed the team to test and subsequently improve their research instruments.\nWith an improved set of qualitative and quantitative research instruments, last month the research team made an initial visit to Gulf Province, focusing on Kerema district.\nRespondents at health facilities included the Officer in Charge, and various community representatives. Education representatives included head-teachers, representatives from the Board of Management (such as the Women's Representative, Chairperson, and Treasurer), community representatives, and teachers. The team also spoke to numerous district and provincial officials.\nTrekking back from a remote school in Gulf Province.\nRespondents spoke about the challenges of delivering services in Gulf Province \u2013 one of PNG's most remote provinces. The team was told of the high costs of transportation, which impacted on government officers \u2013 for example, on the ability for education Standards Officers (inspectors) to visit schools. Emotions sometimes ran high as provincial and district officers, and school and health facility workers recalled the numerous hardships they endure to do their jobs. The province's remoteness had particularly dire consequences for implementing the Tuition Fee-Free Policy (TFF) and the government's more recently established policies on free health care provision.\nPushing a boat through shallow waters in Gulf Province.\nFurther trips are scheduled to Gulf (this time to the even more remote Kikori district) and East New Britain (a better performing province) in June. The team will be analysing the data later in the year.\nOur first update on the progress of this research (looking at the impact of the TFF policy on schools in Central Province) was published this week. Look out for more updates on the findings from this research on the blog over the coming months.\nThis research is supported by the Australian Aid Program through the Pacific Governance and Leadership Precinct, as part of the ANU-UPNG Partnership.\nRecruiting: Economics Lecturer\nPapua New Guinea: government, economy and society\nFarewell Maev O'Collins\nReflections after a decade at the University of Papua New Guinea\nUPNG's economics graduates: finding work not easy, even for some of the nation's best\nEducation Global health Papua New Guinea Service delivery\nTara Davda\nTara Davda was a Research Officer at the Development Policy Centre from 2016 to 2018. She holds a Masters in International and Development Economics from Crawford School of Public Policy, and currently works at Abt Associates.\nGrant Walton\nGrant Walton is a fellow at the Development Policy Centre and the author of Anti-Corruption and its Discontents: Local, National and International Perspectives on Corruption in Papua New Guinea.\nThomas Kevaro says:\nHi Tara \/ Grant\nI'd love to get a copy of your follow up visit (in June this year) after your data analysis later in the year is over and when you publish the research report.\nI have a cousin brother who is a standards officer for the Baimuru sub-district (Primary School) and he does a wonderful job, but lacks resources to move around. Another cousin sister is a nursing officer in one of the functioning sub health centres.\nTara & Grant\nThank you so much for making the 2nd trip back to Gulf Province. Yes, I know the feeling when teachers express gut wrenching times\/situations they experience in making sure they try their best in implementing the policies of the Government, especially in Education & Health. Over my 6 years (2011 \u2013 2016) in working in the province as a Oil & Gas employee (exploration), I have come across many similar situations described here.\nMy company I work has been as part of its CSR Policies, assisted many remote schools and health centres. I once donated a pretty expensive Solar vaccine Fridge (K30,000.00) to a remote health centre after I assisted a nearby health centre nursing staff manage a measles outbreak in a number of villages near the exploration drilling site. And I have helped deliver school materials where the Govt was not able to.\nGulf Province by all means is not remote. It is one of only two provinces in this country that is connected to the Capital City by road, hence it should be taking advantage of this unique position. Yet it is not doing so. It is far cheaper to move things in bulk to Kerema the provincial capital by road from Port Moresby and then re-distributing by Sea, River and Air. The major issue is the proper use of funding to ensure this happens. Unfortunately, most often this is not the case. Contributing issues of good governance are also major concerns when development priorities are mis-placed by leaders (at the political & administrative level). This is also exacerbated by lack of proper planning by key bureaucrats & total negligence by political leaders to lead changes. The end result is lack of development all areas of the development in the province.\nGulf has the people at the provincial, district and local level to bring about changes in the people's lives in the key social indexes but need to have good leadership at all levels of the society (Province).\nSign me up for the fortnightly newsletter!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Former top Justice Dept. official's notes say Trump asked him to call election \"corrupt\"\nUpdated on: July 31, 2021 \/ 12:03 PM \/ CBS News\nFormer President Trump in late December spoke with top Justice Department officials about the 2020 presidential election and told them to \"just say the election was corrupt and to leave the rest to me\" and Republicans in Congress, according to notes taken by then-acting Deputy Attorney General Richard Donoghue.\nDonoghue's notes, released Friday by the Democratic-led House Oversight and Government Reform Committee, detail a December 27, 2020 phone conversation with Mr. Trump, former Acting Attorney General Jeffrey Rosen and Donoghue. The former president has repeatedly insisted that the presidential election was rigged, but the documented phone conversation suggests that Rosen and Donoghue felt that they were being asked by the president to alter the election results.\nHere is the relevant section of Donoghue's handwritten notes:\n-DAG - we'll look at whether have more ballots in PA than registered voters - should be able to check on that quickly but understand that the DOJ can't and won't snap its fingers and change the outcome of the election, doesn't work that way.\n-P: \"Don't expect you to do that, just say that the election was corrupt + leave the rest to me and the R. Congressmen.\"\nThe president also noted, \"Not much time left.\"\nThat exchange took place during a broader discussion about the election results and possible steps forward, detailed across eight pages of handwritten notes.\nAccording to the notes, Rosen and Donoghue told the president, \"We are doing our job. Much of the info you're getting is false.\" They refuted his claims of fraud, citing a report that claimed a \"68% error rate \u2014 but reality is it was .0063% error rate \u2014 less than 1 in 15K.\"\nIn light of the note detailing the December phone conversation, House Oversight and Reform Chairwoman Carolyn Maloney said her committee is seeking more interviews.\n\"These handwritten notes show that President Trump directly instructed our nation's top law enforcement agency to take steps to overturn a free and fair election in the final days of his presidency,\" Maloney said in a statement. \"The Committee has begun scheduling interviews with key witnesses to investigate the full extent of the former President's corruption, and I will exercise every tool at my disposal to ensure all witness testimony is secured without delay.\"\nIn a statement Saturday, Mr. Trump called the House Democrats who run the House Oversight Committee \"corrupt and highly partisan,\" and said they \"released documents\u2014including court filings dealing with the rigged election of 2020\u2014that they dishonestly described as attempting to overturn the election.\"\n\"In fact, it is just the opposite,\" Mr. Trump said in part. \"The documents were meant to uphold the integrity and honesty of elections and the sanctity of our vote. The American People want, and demand, that the President of the United States, its chief law enforcement officer in the country, stand with them to fight for Election Integrity and to investigate attempts to undermine our nation.\"\nOn the House Oversight Committee's website, Maloney said the committee had written to the Justice Department in May to request documents related to Mr. Trump's \"efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 election.\" In June, it released 229 pages of documents provided by the Justice Department that it said show \"the extent of President Trump and his allies' improper efforts to interfere with the 2020 election.\"\nThe committee has already requested transcribed interviews with Rosen, Donoghue, former White House chief of staff Mark Meadows and former Assistant Attorney General Jeffrey Clark, and other Justice Department officials.\nMaloney noted that the Justice Department had authorized officials to give \"unrestricted testimony\" before Congress because the committee has \"'compelling legislative interests' in understanding the 'extraordinary events' surrounding President Trump's conduct.\" She also said that the Justice Department would not assert any claims of privilege in the officials' testimony.\nDespite the January 6 assault on the Capitol by pro-Trump rioters that came shortly after Mr. Trump held a rally in Washington, the ex-president has not given up his groundless assertions that the election was rigged or stolen. In June, he released a statement referring to \"the 2020 Presidential Election Scam.\"\n\"Whether it be voting machines, underaged people, dead people, illegal aliens, ballot drops, ballot cheating, absentee ballots, post office delivery (or lack thereof!), lock boxes, people being paid to vote, or other things, the 2020 Presidential Election is, in my mind, the Crime of the Century,\" he said.\nNewly released video shows Paul Pelosi attack\nMeet the 5 powerful women who could keep the U.S. from fiscal disaster\nBolton says Trump is \"poison\" for GOP's chances in 2024\nHere's how Republicans' proposed Fair Tax Act would work\nFirst published on July 30, 2021 \/ 3:32 PM","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Students from NE boycott youth fest event over 'discrimination'https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/cities\/delhi\/students-from-ne-boycott-youth-fest-event-over-discrimination-5027703\/\nStudents from NE boycott youth fest event over 'discrimination'\n\"Volunteers of several events made comments such as 'pagal ho, pagal hi rahoge', 'chinki', etc. The kind of discrimination faced by Northeastern people is seen nowhere in the world,\" a student from Manipur said on condition of anonymity\nWritten by Aditi Vatsa | Noida | Published: January 17, 2018 1:32:29 am\nOn the last day of the three-day National Youth Festival 2018 at Gautam Buddha University, participants from some Northeastern states boycotted the closing ceremony, alleging discrimination by organisers and other participants.\nSome of the allegations levelled by the students include questions on whether they understood Hindi or English, being asked to sign filled-in feedback forms, and comments about their eating habits.\n\"Volunteers of several events made comments such as 'pagal ho, pagal hi rahoge', 'chinki', etc. The kind of discrimination faced by Northeastern people is seen nowhere in the world,\" a student from Manipur said on condition of anonymity.\nThe organisers, on the other hand, acknowledged that complaints had reached the authorities but no action had been taken so far.\n\"The festival has been conducted in an excellent manner and 100% feedback has been received\u2026,\" Major Dilawar Singh, DG of Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan, said.\nA student from Assam also alleged they were asked if they ate \"dogs and snakes\". He said the alleged discrimination spilled onto the sports ground. \"The volleyball winner and runners-up, who belong to Manipur and Assam, faced discrimination.\nThe Manipuris were given runners-up medals despite being the winners, while the Assamese were denied their prize.\"\n\"Feedback forms were to be filled in by each participant\u2026 but the organisers filled them for the Nagaland team and asked them to just sign. They also mocked cultural earring of Nagaland by comparing it with a jhaadu (broom). We had come with the hope of presenting ourselves as part of the 'new India',\" the student alleged.\n1 Daughters thrown off train: Man held at Lucknow station, says was drunk, wanted to kill them\n2 Delhi Lt Governor nod for 'quality health for all' scheme\n3 Delhi: Man on scooter injured after hitting car door, woman booked","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Inspector Morse: The Complete Case Files\nAs Time Goes By: Remastered Complete Series\nInspector Lynley Mysteries Remastered: Complete Series\nInspector Lewis: The Complete Collection\nAgatha Christie's Miss Marple: The Complete Collection\nAre You Being Served? The Complete Collection\nKeeping Up Appearances: The Remastered Collector's Edition\nSherlock: The Complete Series\nWallander: The Complete Collection\nFoyle's War: The Complete Saga\nAbsolutely Fabulous Remastered: Absolutely All of It\nWire in the Blood: The Complete Collection\nGeorge Gently: The Complete Collection\nMurdoch Mysteries: Seasons 5-8 Collection\nDownton Abbey: The Movie & TV Collection\nTrial and Retribution: The Complete Collection\nDoctor Who: Series 6 (Blu-ray)\nGeorge Gently: The Complete Collection (Blu-ray)\nMiss Fisher's Murder Mysteries: The Complete Collection\nMurdoch Mysteries: Seasons 9-12 Collection\nA Place to Call Home: The Complete Collection\nMiss Fisher's Murder Mysteries: The Complete Collection (Blu-ray)\nMurdoch Mysteries: Seasons 5-8 Collection (Blu-ray)\nCountry Music A Film by Ken Burns","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Brian Mullan Memorial Club\nDedicated to the memory of Brian Mullan\nBMMC Collection\nWelcome to the Brian Mullan Memorial Club; dedicated to the memory of Brian Mullan and his collection of hand built and restored vehicles.\nNew members are always welcome. Membership is free. If you're interested in joining the club just sign up to the forum using the link above.\nYou can get in touch with us using the Contact Us page if you have any questions. We attend several events each year where the cars are displayed.\n1937 Ford Model Y Special\nHand built open top coachwork on a modified Model Y chassis. Steel bodywork frame with aluminium panels. Engine stripped and rebuilt complete with Aquaplane head and 1 \u00bc\" SU carbs.\n1972 Lotus Elan +2 S130\nComplete restoration using original parts. Engine, gearbox, back end, suspension arms, etc. refurbished and refitted. Wolfrace spin on rims polished and fitted with 205\/60 x 13's on the rear and 185\/60 x13's on the front to clear arches.\nBought in 1978 and still used every day. It was dismantled, converted to diesel then rebuilt and refurbished \u2013 inside, outside and underneath. The only main original parts used were the bonnet, bulkhead, roof and chassis.\n1977 Bedford CF Motorhome\nBought as a brand new CF shell in 1978 and built as a van with Recaro seats, roof lining, sunroofs, inner panels, carpet, etc. It was later split in two, lengthened by 8ft, fitted with a specially made high roof, and converted it into a motorhome.\nWelcome to the Brian Mullan Memorial Club, a website dedicated to the memory of Brian Mullan and his collection of hand built and restored vehicles. New members are always welcome. Membership is free. If you're interested in joining the club just sign up to the forum using the link above. You can get in touch with us using the Contact Us page if you have any questions.\nBrian Mullan \u2013 A Dedication Part 1\nBy brianmullanmemorialclub 8th June 2017 21st October 2019 Brian Mullan Dedication\nI set up the Brian Mullan Memorial Club to honour my dad's memory, to get his work appreciated, to meet people interested in the type of vehicles he built and restored, to meet local enthusiasts and to keep a record of dad's cars at shows, etc. Firstly let me thank\u2026 Continue reading\nMy father, Brian Mullan, always loved to have a good car and thanks to his hard work, and the love and care of my mum Sadie, he was always able to achieve that\u2026 from MG Midgets to MGB's to Rover 2000\u2032s to BMW's Opel Manta's to Landrovers to Range Rovers\u2026 Continue reading\nIt wasn't long after that that we all moved to the house which we still call home today that daddy bought the Range Rover in 1977, drove it a couple of years, then decided to rebuild it from the chassis up and convert it to diesel\u2026 a long, arduous process\u2026 Continue reading\nIn the last few years, daddy concentrated more on the Classic & Vintage side of things. His first car which he restored and attended shows with was 'The Byford'. I'll not go into all the details, however he was well known and easily recognizable when out in it, not only\u2026 Continue reading\nDad's Unfinished Project\nBMMC Collection (6)\nBrian Mullan Dedication (4)\n1937 Ford Model Y Special (2) 1972 Lotus Elan +2 S130 (1) 1973 Range Rover (1) 1977 Bedford CF Motorhome (1) Bird of Prey (1) Irish Vintage Scene (2)\nSelected Gallery\nCopyright \u00a9 2021 Paul Mullan, Brian Mullan Memorial Club. All Rights Reserved | A Flivver Online Website","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Rational choice theory\nPhilosophy Index: Aesthetics \u00b7 Epistemology \u00b7 Ethics \u00b7 Logic \u00b7 Metaphysics \u00b7 Consciousness \u00b7 Philosophy of Language \u00b7 Philosophy of Mind \u00b7 Philosophy of Science \u00b7 Social and Political philosophy \u00b7 Philosophies \u00b7 Philosophers \u00b7 List of lists\nFor Rational Choice Theory in criminology, see Rational choice theory (criminology)\nIn the most general sense, rational choice theory describes human behavior by specifying laws of human decision making. Its two implicit assumptions are that: i) decisions determine behavior and ii) decisions follow a set of general laws. Just as Newton's Laws describe the motion of particles, rational choice theory describes the behavior of individuals. And, just as particles minimize potential energy, humans maximize their expected utility.\nRational choice theory is a way of looking at deliberations between a number of potential courses of action, in which \"rationality\" of one form or another is used either to decide which course of action would be the best to take, or to predict which course of action actually will be taken. Such a perspective finds itself in models for both human behavior and behavior of non-human but nonetheless potentially rational entities, such as corporations or nation-states.\nObviously, what is taken as \"rational\" is of chief importance here. This varies with context:\nThe technical meaning in economics is about preferences: preferences are defined to be rational if they are complete and transitive. That is, that the decision-maker is able to compare all of the alternatives, and that these comparisons are consistent. See the preferences page for further explanation.\nIf uncertainty is involved, then the independence axiom is often assumed in addition to rational preferences.\nIf decision-making over time is involved, time consistency is generally assumed as well.\nRationality can also mean that the decision-maker always chooses the most preferred option, as in the Utility Maximization Problem.\nOften, to simplify calculation and ease prediction, some rather unrealistic assumptions are made about the world. These can include:\nAn individual has precise information about exactly what will occur under any choice made. (Alternatively, an individual has a reliable probability distribution describing what will happen under any choice made.)\nAn individual has time and ability to weigh every choice against every other choice.\nAn individual is fully aware of all possible choices.\nAssumptions such as these have sparked criticism from a number of camps. Some people have tried to create models of bounded rationality, which try to be more psychologically plausible without completely abandoning the idea that some kind of reason underlies decision-making processes. For a long time, a popular strain of critique was a lack of empirical basis, but experimental economics and experimental game theory have largely changed that critique (although they have added other critiques, mainly by demonstrating some human behavior that consistently deviates from rational choice theory). Early critiques of the rational choice approach in political science for example, argued that the rational choice theorists could not explain why people voted, much less make more sophisticated arguments about political behavior.\nRodney Stark has been a mayor proponent of the Rational Choice Theory within the sociology of religion. Using the Rational Choice Theory he has provided strong theoretical frameworks for analytically understanding the development and eventual success of some new religious movements. Based on his findings, he has presented a theory on the development of early Christianity, based on Networks of Faith, rather than miraculous mass conversions. The Networks of Faith Theory in turn made possible the theoretical prediction of LDS growth in the period c.1970-2005; a feat Stark was originally scorned, but ultimately applauded for.\nWhy rational choice theory?[edit | edit source]\nOne question that can be asked is why people try to base their models on concepts such as \"reason\", \"preferences\", and what is implied by them, free will. Some potential reasons:\nThey see people as \"rational\" beings, and thus believe that a model in which they are represented as such should be reasonably accurate. This has been especially significant and relevant in the sociology of religion, where the Enlightenment ideas of religion and religiosity has re-constructed religious people as ultimatelly irrational agents. This has in its own turn made possible correspondence with expanding cognitivist approaches to the study of religion.\nAssumptions of rationality have useful formal properties.\nRational choice is an individualistic methodology which looks on social situations as being results of individual actions, which, for many people, allows for an easier understanding.\nVarious researchers have found some limits to this theory, under the name of bounded rationality, an element used for example in behavioral economics.\nFraming (economics)\nHomo economicus\nOrganizational theory\nRational expectations\nRational ignorance\nRational pricing\nRational Choice Theory - Article by John Scott\nda:Rational Choice-teorien de:Theorie der rationalen Entscheidung es:Acci\u00f3n racional fi:Rationaalisen valinnan teoria\nRetrieved from \"https:\/\/psychology.wikia.org\/wiki\/Rational_choice_theory?oldid=13168\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"VAN LIVING & CONVERSION GUIDE\nThe Van Life\nSleeping & Safety\nWorking & Money\nPets & Kids\nWhat Van to Get\nPacking List Essentials\nThe Van Conversion\nCeiling & Walls\nElectrical & Solar Panels\nPosts filed under: Stories\n#spotthetrash, a Way for all Travelers to Help Our Planet\nby The Numinous Project\nAbout two years ago, we started talking about the \"nomad\" life. The life where you had a van and drove around the world, exploring. From the start, it was just talk and some googling to see what kind of vans...\nOur 48 State Road Trip \u2013 5 Lessons From The Road\nby The Fites\nToday is my thirtieth birthday. There is something about a birthday that makes you reflect on where you've been, where you are and where you want to be. When I entered my 20s, I wouldn't have expected the life I'm...\nStarting a Clothing Brand out of a Van\nby Meggie Nolan\nTo do what we love, with each other for as long as we can\u2026 that's the dream. It all came together through a love of the sun, ocean and open road. We didn't want to just 'do a lap' of...\nLearning & Living: Two Students in a Van\nby Tom & Lily\nRoad-trips are often imagined as completely spontaneous. No time schedules, no rules, no worries. It's a beautiful dream, but not quite our reality\u2026 We are Tom and Lily; two 20-year-old Aussies fighting to find the perfect balance between vanlife and...\nVan Life Money Saving Tips\nby Elise Taylor\nWant to go on a road trip with no predetermined destination? Just pack the bare necessities and hit the road? Live simply and explore constantly? If you want to, you can \u2013 if there's a will, there's a way. And...\n#Vadervan: The Force is Strong with this Star Wars Themed Van\nby Brandye Conley\n#Vadervan \"For you\u2026A Thousand Times Over\" We will do anything for our kids, even travel to the end of the earth just to see them smile, which makes the crazy journey to get there worth all of the effort. For...\n#VanLife as a Single Lady\nby Outbound Living Contributor\nI never set out to live in a van by myself. But on the last day of October 2017 that became my reality. All you fierce women out there, who love exploring but feel you need a partner to live...\nEmbracing the Great Unknown\nby The Wild Drive\nYou can always make more money, but you can't make more time; time with yourself and those you love. Discovering those little moments of bliss that come out of nowhere and the new situations that inspire growth and progression, THAT...\nHow to be an Entrepreneur while Living on the Road\nby Creatives in a Van\nWe are Ryan & Alex, two 26-year-old Art Directors who decided to take life in an unexpected direction. We are full-time professional digital nomads who live and work out of a converted sprinter van, and are co-founders of our branding...\nHow to Live in a Bus with Two Kids\nby Mama Bird Bus\nWe live in our self-converted skoolie with our two young children ages 2 and 4. These tips will be most helpful for families with very young children who are interested in living in a bus or tiny mobile space. 1)...\nVan Life Essentials\nBest Campervan Fridges for Van Life\nSlab City: A Day in California's Lawless Desert Town\nBest Roof Vent Fans For Your Van Conversion\nVan Life Statistics Report\nTo create, curate, and share the most comprehensive and inspiring van life adventures.\n\u00a9 Copyright 2018. Outbound Living Contact Us About Become a Contributor Terms Privacy PolicyPartners","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Hollywood Spider-man: Far From Home Trailer Release Date Confirmed\nSpider-man: Far From Home Trailer Release Date Confirmed\nSrujan December 14, 2018\nSpider-Man: Far From Home is an upcoming superhero movie which is based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man which is produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Sony Pictures. It is going to be a sequel for Spider-Man Homecoming movie which was released in 2017.\nThe filming began in July 2018 in countries like England, Czech Republic, Venice, and New York city and the shooting was wrapped in October 2018 as stated by Tom Holland.\nLast week was huge for Marvel fans, as they were given with the second trailer for Captain Marvel and first trailer for Avengers: Endgame and the trailer was set to release that week but it didn't for some reasons but an exclusive trailer for Spider-man: Far From Home debuted and premiered for the fans at CCXP in Brazil.\nPeople are eagerly waiting for the trailer and it sounds like the trailer is about to release soon. According to Daniel Richtman, Sony is going to release the trailer for Spider-Man: Far From Home next week maybe on 25th of December, he predicted the date for the Captain Marvel trailer and Avengers: Endgame trailer and the predictions and his news turned out to be true, It should be released within 28th December by latest.\nThere is a reason why Sony and Marvel didn't release the trailer the same week as the trailer of Captain Marvel trailer 2 and Avengers Endgame trailer, because Captain Marvel and Avengers Endgame are going to be huge success and turning point for the Marvel Cinematic Universe, especially the hype for Avengers Endgame is insane and hence Marvel and Sony didn't want the trailer of the Spiderman Far From Home to be released the same week as that of the time when both superior movie trailer were released and they overshadow the trailer of Spiderman Far From Home and hence it is being delayed by Marvel and Sony.\nThe movie is said to be a sequel for Spider-Man: Homecoming and the events are said to be happening before the movie Avengers: Infinity War. Spider-Man: Far from Home is set to release July 5, 2019 starring Tom Holland, Zendaya, Jake Gyllenhaal, Jacob Batalon and many more.\nClick here for comments\nDecember 14, 2018 at 10:41 AM \u00d7\nDammn\nDecember 17, 2018 at 5:44 AM \u00d7\ndqmnnnnn","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Mitchell Bernard\nMitch Bernard has successfully litigated water, air, toxics, and environmental justice cases against Texaco, Mallinckrodt, Duke Energy, and a variety of government agencies. He is recognized by Lawdragon as one of the 500 leading lawyers in the United States for 2019.\nFrom 1995 to 1998, as a monitor appointed by U.S. District Judge John S. Martin, Jr., Bernard oversaw the creation and implementation of an environmental compliance program at Con Edison. He later served as a consultant to the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York. He is a graduate of Princeton University and New York University School of Law, where he was a Hays Civil Liberties Fellow. He was a law clerk in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. Bernard is based in NRDC's New York office.\nThis Leader of the (Legal) Resistance Has Never Felt More Ready\nNRDC Chief Counsel Mitch Bernard takes on big polluters, climate deniers, and their powerful allies\u2014including those who sit in the West Wing.\nAn Uphill Battle, and Persistence, in Flint\nThese four NRDC lawyers would finish each other's thoughts\u2014at any odd hour of the day or night\u2014in their quest to help victims of the city's lead crisis.\nState Autonomy Doesn't Operate at the Convenience of the President\nBy Mitchell Bernard\nHurricane Dorian Highlights the Need for Effective Home Buyouts\nAn Empty Chair and a Devil's Bargain\nConfronting the President's Agenda of Hate\nAdvancing Bold Equitable and Just Climate Action\nJosh Mogerman\n312-651-7909 jmogerman@nrdc.org","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Paul Senate Resolution on Arms Sale to Saudi Arabia Fails\nWKMS | By Lisa Autry\nJ. Tyler Franklin\/WFPL News\nThe U.S. Senate has blocked a measure that would have halted the sale of weapons to Saudi Arabia. Kentucky Republican Rand Paul was one of four lawmakers who forced a vote on the issue.\nOn a 71-27 vote, U.S. Senators approved continuing to support Saudi Arabia, including the sale of more than a billion dollars in Abrams tanks and other military equipment. Senator Paul has called Saudi Arabia an uncertain ally with an abysmal human rights record.\nWhile the resolution didn't pass, Paul acknowledged the debate was significant in and of itself.\n\"Today, a growing coalition of legislators refused to sit idly by while the President inserts America into another war and an escalating arms race in an unstable region without congressional authorization or debate,\" Sen. Paul said in a statement. \"As violent jihadists attack the West, the Saudis continue to fund madrassas that preach hatred and violence against the West. The Founders did not entrust the power to initiate war to the legislature lightly. Today does not mark an end, but an important next step in reclaiming Congress' rightful constitutional role in foreign policy.\"\nPaul, a Bowling Green Republican, introduced unsuccessful resolutions in the past that tried to block foreign aid to Egypt and the sale of military aircraft to Pakistan. Paul is seeking a second term in the U.S. Senate and is facing Democratic nominee Jim Gray in the November election.\nGovernment & Politics Rand PaulSenator Rand PaulSaudi Arabia\nRand Paul defeats Charles Booker, securing third term in U.S. Senate\nU.S. Senate hopeful Charles Booker banks on progressive platform to beat Rand Paul\nRand Paul seeks third U.S. Senate term stoking controversy, railing against authority","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Chapter 4.5. Division of Workers' Compensation\nSubchapter 1.5. Injuries on or After January 1, 1990\nArticle 3. Auditing\n\u00a710107. Notice of Audit; Claim File Selection; Production of Claim Files; Auditing Procedure.\n(a) Once a subject has been selected for an audit, the Audit Unit shall serve a Notice of Audit on the claims administrator. The Notice shall inform the administrator of its selection for audit, and shall include a request to provide the Audit Unit with a claim log or logs. The audit subject shall provide two copies of the specified claim log(s) within fourteen days of the date of the receipt of the Notice. The Audit Unit may select any or all claim files for audit.\n(b) The Audit Unit shall send the audit subject a Notice of Audit Commencement identifying the files to be audited, except that no notice need be given to audit claim files which are the subject of inquiries or complaints. The audit shall commence no less than fourteen days from the date the Notice was sent, unless the audit subject agrees to earlier commencement.(c) The Audit Unit shall randomly select separate samples of indemnity, denied, and medical-only files from two years' of the audit subject's claim logs, except that if the earliest of the last two completed years has already been the subject of an audit, claims will be randomly selected from only the last completed year.\n(1) The total number of indemnity files randomly selected for audit will be determined based on the following table:\n1 less than total\n23,994 +\n(2) In conducting the audit, the Audit Unit shall calculate the frequency of files with violations as percentages of the files with exposure for violations after the following number of randomly selected indemnity files are audited:\nPopulation Sample Size\n5 or less all\n11 - 13 2 less than total\n96 - 102 37\n1,273 - 2,091 57\n5,531 + 59\nIf any of the following criteria are met after auditing the sample size as set forth in this subsection (c)(2), the Audit Unit will proceed to audit the remaining number of randomly selected indemnity files selected for audit pursuant to subsection (c)(1):\n(i) The number of randomly selected audited files with violations involving the failure to pay indemnity exceeds 20% of those files in which indemnity is accrued and payable and the average amount of unpaid indemnity exceeds $200.00 per file in which indemnity is accrued and payable;\n(ii) The numbers of randomly selected files with violations involving the late first payments of temporary disability indemnity, permanent disability indemnity, vocational rehabilitation maintenance allowance, late subsequent indemnity payments, and late payments of death benefits, as mitigated for frequency under Section 10111.1(e)(3)(i) through (v), exceeds 30% of the files in which those indemnity payments have been made;\n(iii) The number of randomly selected audited files with violations involving the failure to issue benefit notices, as assessed under Section 10111.1(a)(7)(ii) of these regulations, exceeds 30% of those files in which there is a requirement to issue those notices.\nThe determination of whether or not to audit the number of files selected pursuant to subsection (c)(1) of this section shall not be the subject of appeal, and no preliminary report of findings will be issued to the audit subject before the determination is made.\n(d) The total numbers of denied files and medical-only files randomly selected for audit will be determined based on the following table:\n7 - 10 1 less than total\n223- 242 52\n(e) In addition to randomly selected indemnity, denied, and medical-only files, the Audit Unit may also select for audit any or all files for which the Division of Workers' Compensation has received complaints within the past three years.\n(f) The audit subject shall pay all expenses of an audit of an adjusting location outside the State of California, including per diem, travel expense, and compensated overtime of audit personnel.\n(g) The audit subject shall make each of the files selected for audit available at the audit site at the time of audit commencement. If files are maintained in an electronic or other non-paper storage medium, the claims administrator shall, upon request, produce legible printed paper copies of the claim files, including all records of compensation payments.\n(h) The Audit Unit shall have discretion to audit files in addition to those identified with the Notice of Audit Commencement. The audit subject shall make each of the additional files selected for audit available at the audit site within 14 days of receipt of written notice identifying the additional files.\n(i) The audit subject shall provide the auditor(s) an adequate, safe, and healthful work space during the audit, which allows the auditors a reasonable degree of privacy. If this work space is not provided, the Audit Unit may require the audit subject to deliver the files to the nearest Audit Unit office for completion of the audit.\n(j) The Audit Unit may obtain and retain copies of documentation or information from claim files to support the assessment of penalties.\n(k) The audit subject shall have the opportunity to discuss preliminary findings and provide additional information at a post-audit conference.\n(l) The Audit Unit may at any time request additional information or documentation in order to complete its audit. Such information may include documentation that, as specified by Labor Code Sections 3751(a) and 3752, compensation has not been reduced or affected by any insurance, contribution, or other benefit due to or received by or from the employee. The audit subject shall provide any requested documentation or other information within thirty days from the Audit Unit's request, unless the Audit Unit extends the time for good cause.\n(m) The Audit Unit shall issue a report of audit findings which may include, but is not limited to, the following: one or more requests for additional documentation or compliance, Notices of Intention to Issue Notice of Compensation Due, Preliminary Notices of Penalty Assessments, Notices of Compensation Due, or Notices of Penalty Assessments. If any additional requested documentation is not provided within thirty days of receipt of the report, additional audit penalties may be assessed under Section 10111.1(d)(2) of these Regulations.\nNOTE: Authority cited: Sections 59, 129.5, 133 and 5307.3, Labor Code. Reference: Sections 11180, 11180.5, and 11182, Goverment Code. Sections 111, 124, 129, 129.5, 3751 and 3752, Labor Code.\n1. Repealer and new section filed 1-28-94; operative 1-28-94. Submitted to OAL for printing only pursuant to Government Code section 11351 (Register 94, No. 4). For prior history, see Register 90, No. 4.\n2. New subsections (c)-(e), subsection relettering, amendment of newly designated subsection (g) and amendment of Note filed 10-26-98; operative 11-25-98 (Register 98, No. 44).\nGo Back to Article 3 Table of Contents","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"NEW CONTRACT: STECHY SIGNS ON FOR ANOTHER TWO YEARS!\nMarek pens a one year extension to current deal keeping him at the Kenny until 2020\nGoalkeeper Marek Stech has agreed a one-year contract extension with the Hatters, keeping him at Kenilworth Road until 2020.\nThe 28-year-old Czech Republic stopper joined the Town from Sparta Prague last summer, penning an initial two-year deal, and went onto keep 15 clean sheets in his 42 appearances as he played a crucial role in Nathan Jones' side's promotion to League One.\nManager Jones told lutontown.co.uk: \"We are delighted to secure Marek for another two years. He was an integral part of what we did last season.\n\"It was the first time Marek had played regular football for a few years, obviously being at Sparta Prague as number two for a couple of years, so we knew he'd have a dip at some stage, and that's why we brought in an excellent keeper in James Shea.\n\"But we love having him here and we think there is plenty more to come. We think he'll be even better this year for having the season that he did. We brought him in to get promoted and he was a massive part in us getting promoted.\n\"There is plenty of scope for him to continue to learn. He's a really good age, he's a great character around the place, the players love him, we love him and it's just about giving him the guidance so that he continues to get better and continues to go forward with us.\"\nThe former West Ham and Yeovil keeper became a real fans' favourite at the Kenny after making early-season penalty saves against the Glovers and Mansfield, and pulling off a string of top drawer stops as the Hatters gained promotion.\nSpeaking after signing his new contract at The Brache, he said: \"I'm over the moon to sign, really happy to be fully committed for another two years to this football club \u2013 especially with what we achieved last season.\n\"I love to come in here to work, improving every day. We achieved something special last season and hopefully if we can do that this year as well, it will be incredible.\n\"I love this football club and the fans play a big part. What we just experienced last season, every home game was packed and every away game they sold the stand out, so they have been incredible all the way through my time here so far and I really appreciate it.\n\"I want to put as much work as I can into this year and hopefully we can achieve the same together.\"\nWell done, Stechy!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"\u2190 Essay: The Importance of Positive Communications Around Sustainability\nUpcoming Event: Open Source Energy Monitor making at #madlab in #Manchester, Thurs 13 Dec \u2192\nThe #Manchester Climate Change Action Plan \"refresh\" insultation; MCFly's contribution\nAttention Conservation Notice: This is an open letter to the Steering Group about their \"refresh\" of the Manchester Climate Change Action Plan. We know it will be ignored, but silence in the face of such disastrous inadequacy is complicity. And the stakes are too high to be so complicit\u2026. Meanwhile, the deadline for responses has been extended by five days, presumably because an embarrassingly low number of replies had come in.\nyou do know that you are running a zombie process, right? Nobody really cares about it. In the last three years nobody beyond the very usual suspects (actually, a subset of the usual suspects) has been engaged in it. That's not their fault, it's the Council's fault for showing so little political or cultural leadership (partial exceptions being Richard Leese and Sue Murphy), and the Steering Group's fault for sitting around and not using the vast human resources (30 members!!) and the potential goodwill of the wider community. This potential goodwill was largely pissed away by the worse-than-useless half day \"conference\" at the beginning of the year, and ongoing irrelevance, evasion and silence since then. The zombie will stagger on \u2013 too much face would be lost if it folded altogether, but it is basically irrelevant to the actions we need to take to prepare for the worst (and the worst is what we are going to get, as you sort of acknowledge in places in your document.)\nAnyhows, before addressing the \"substance\" of the document, I have a few questions about the nature of your \"consultation.\" (I personally think it should be called an \"insultation\", but maybe that's just me.)\nWhere is your social media strategy for this, beyond a linked-in group that barely gets used?\nDoes the Steering Group have a facebook page? A twitter account? Your hashtag?\nHave you made any videos explaining what the action plan is, why it matters?\nHave you explained to anyone what the refresh is, and how they can be involved without a) attending a bunch of meetings in August or b) downloading a 32 page document and sending in an email.\nDid you think to post the document as a scribd document, so people can read it without the hassle of downloading and opening as a pdf?\nDid you think to post it as a series of blog posts, so people can leave comments, and \u2013 crucially \u2013 see what other comments have been made?\nDid you think to get Richard Leese to blog about it on the Leader's Blog? Did you think to get articles in the MEN, or a letter to the editor signed by the Steering Group? Or a story on the BBC (television, radio).\nDid you think that you could use the fact that three significant environmental groups were having big meetings in the first week of December \u2013 FoE, AfSL, MERCi? Did you think to ask for a short slot in each meetings to make the pitch that people should respond? ( There were, for a fact, members of the Steering Group at the FoE and AfSL meetings. Do they have any obligation to help with these \"consultations?\")\nI think the answer to all of these questions \u2013 and others \u2013 is short, simple and irritating; \"No.\"\nI could go on, but you are just dismissing this as more venom from Marc Hudson, and I really can't be bothered; if you are that crushingly inept at communication, then there is no hope.\nRight, onto the \"substance.\" (Or bits of it anyhow- refer to the previous paragraph. A fisking would be a waste of time.)\n1.1 (Page 2)\n\"many agree that a 4 degree rise in global temperature may now be unavoidable \u2013 and that radical strategies for both emissions reduction and adaptation are\nnow more urgent than they were in 2009.\"\nShow me the credible scientist who thinks that we can adapt to a rise of 4 degrees global average above pre-Industrial levels. We can't adapt.\n\"Alongside the strategy document a targeted Implementation Plan for 2012-2015 has also been produced\".\nReally?? At the last meeting of the Environment Commission, before it was mercifully axed by Richard Leese, the GM Climate Strategy Implementation Plan was stuck in development hell. Or perhaps the clue is in the weasel adjective \"targeted\"? Has a bite-sized chunk of the overall strategy been taken and an \"implementation plan\" been bodged together at last? Where is this \"targeted Implementation plan\"? Is there a hyperlink to it? Please consider this a FOIA request if there isn't indeed a hyperlink.\n[UPDATE 28\/12\/12 \u2013 According to the first meeting of the Low Carbon Hub (Dec 2012) the implementation plan is now ready and will be approved at the GMCA Exec Meeting on 25th January 2013. Seeing is believing.]\nYou don't admit that you held no conference in 2011, because you simply couldn't get around to organising one. You don't admit that you failed to hold elections in 2012, as per your original terms of reference. You don't admit your website is dead.\n\"While there are some signs of this rate slowing in Manchester and in the UK, this progress is not substantial. It is not yet proportionate to the scale of change required for us to play our part in averting potentially catastrophic levels of future climate change nor in preparing Manchester for the direct and indirect local impacts that a changed climate will have on our city in the decades beyond 2020.\"\nIf I had kids, I would be panicking about now. And hanging my head in shame.\n\"Against this background, the process of growing low carbon opportunities and generating the momentum for change set out in the plan has not been straightforward. While there may not yet have been significant progress in delivering substantial reductions in Manchester's emissions, the process of developing programmes, plans and strategies has begun to create a framework for action and there are early signs that 'low carbon thinking' is becoming more widespread and more embedded in the city's culture.\"\nI think this means \"we have done nowt, except write more reports like this one.\"\n2.3 Embedding 'low carbon thinking' in the lifestyles and operations of the city\nNowhere do you say how many organisations have actually endorsed the climate change action plan. And how many you aimed for. And how many groups that have endorsed the plan have gone ahead and written their own implementation plans.\nAnd what you intend to do about it.\nWhy not? Could it be that the numbers are just crushingly embarrassing?\n2.4 A PLANNED APPROACH (page 8)\n\"The involvement of Government as a partner in delivery through the GM Low Carbon Hub, secured through GM's City Deal, has created the opportunity for the national contributions to emissions reduction in the city to be captured in our plans.\"\nOoh, Low Carbon Hub. That sounds exciting!! Didn't there used to be a commission about Environmental matters? What was it called again? Best to pretend that it never existed, isn't it, since in its three years it only ever produced more reports promising more action\u2026\nIn no part of this draft consultation do you ask the obvious questions\nWhat hasn't gone well?\nWhy? (beyond whining about things beyond your control)\nWhat. Are. You. Going. To. Do. DIFFERENTLY?\nWhy should people believe the next round of shiny promises??\n3.5 Role of the Steering Group\n\"The MACF Steering Group was established in 2010, set up to represent the views of the city's stakeholders, engage them to undertake their own climate change action, and to oversee and steer the plan's delivery. This role has evolved over the last three years, much as the plan itself has. In tandem with the drafting of this Refresh, the Steering Group has undertaken a review of its role, to ensure that it can add most value to the plan's delivery and continue to engage ever-wider groups of stakeholders to play their part.\nFrom 2013 the Steering Group will be focussed on a refreshed headline aim; 'to ensure that the climate change action plan for Manchester thrives'.\nFulfilling this challenging role, for a plan which contains such a breadth and depth of activity, will be achieved through a range of Steering Group activities.\nAmong them, one of the biggest developments since 2010 is the establishment of sub-groups for each of the five themes in the plan, enabling focus and momentum on each area to be maintained at all times. And allowing the Steering Group to maintain oversight of the whole, driving and communicating our collective progress to stakeholders across the city and beyond.\"\nWho do you think is paying attention to this guff? Who have you engaged? Who do you represent, how? That you can write \"one of the biggest developments since 2010 is the establishment of sub-groups for each of the five themes in the plan\" without any apparent sense of irony is perhaps the saddest thing I will read all year.\nSection 4 (page 19)\n\"Thus our headline actions will be implemented so that they reflect other priorities in the city and respond to the pressures and opportunities presented by government initiatives and policy and the state of the national and global economy.\"\nWiggle Room. That's all that paragraph means. Wiggle Room.\n\"The Universities, NHS Hospitals and the Council all have plans to reduce emissions from their estates \u2013 mostly in line with the MACF objective \u2013 by 2020. All will need to make significant progress against these targets by 2015.\"\n\"mostly\". Well, that's alright then, isn't it? Extraordinary.\nACTIONS BY LOCATION: LOCAL ACTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (page 31)\n\"The South Manchester Environment Forum will be helping to run and promote a number of schemes to engage local residents in climate change action.\"\nThat would be the same SMEF whose funding runs out at the end of 2013? And seriously, SMEF is a lot better than it was, but the fact that it is one of only four \"priorities for action\" in South Manchester tells you everything you need to know about the city's response to climate change.\nThe silences in your document are, of course, more revealing than the \"content.\" You are basically silent on aviation. You are silent on the likelihood of disruptive events in the coming years, and the need for genuine community-level and led \"resilience.\" You are silent on the need to increase the amount of food grown locally at mind-boggling speed. You are silent on the shameful silence of elected leaders and officials in promoting genuine dialogue and open-ness about the core challenge of the coming decades. You are silent on the failures of the process to date, choosing instead to blame national and international factors. You are silent on the problem of growth. You are silent on everything that matters, and hopelessly verbose on everything that doesn't.\nMarc Hudson\nmcmonthly@gmail.com\nThis entry was posted in Climate Change Action Plan, Democratic deficit and tagged Steering Group. Bookmark the permalink.\n1 Response to The #Manchester Climate Change Action Plan \"refresh\" insultation; MCFly's contribution\nDave Bishop says:\nI've lost all faith in \"Action Plans\" (That's such an inadequate statement. It's hard to adequately express my lack of faith!). If the 'Climate Change Action Plan' is anything like the 'Biodiversity Action Plan' then it expresses nothing more than a vague aspiration, i.e. in an 'ideal world' (a world in which we are neither in a phase of frantic economic growth nor in a recession) a healthy environment would be nice to have \u2026 possibly? Let's face it, in the 'real world' \u2013 the world of (unsustainable) 'economic growth, 'development' and mad, resource devouring greed \u2013 the environment has NO priority. I suspect that when the big eco-catastrophe hits us, in the near future, the powers-that-be are hoping to use paper 'Action Plans' as a fig leaves to protect themselves from the massive 'kick-in-the-cods' they richly deserve (look, we did our bit, we wrote an Action Plan)! But don't worry lads \u2013 you can stop wasting our money on these worthless bits of paper \u2013 in the long run, it's never people like you who suffer.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"HomeSportGAANewtown hold out to seal Junior title\nRyan Mayse in action for Newtownstewart.\nNewtown hold out to seal Junior title\nPosted: 1:39 pm October 8, 2018\nA DOMINANT first half performance provided Newtownstewart with the cushion that they needed to withstand a determined Beragh comeback during the closing stages of this Junior Championship final at Healy Park last night (Sunday) as they sealed a 1-10 to 1-12 victory.\nThe St Eugene's led throughout the game, but they had to endure some anxious moments towards the finish as the Red Knights battled back to within two points. Ultimately, though, the composure of Kevin Gallagher and the attacking prowess of Ryan Mayse proved decisive.\nNewtown can now look forward to Intermediate football in 2019 following a fourth Junior success. For Beragh, there is the consolation of attempting to retrieve their season through the league play-offs during the coming weeks.\nElsewhere, Killyclogher and Coalisland both sealed their places in the Senior decider after seeing off the challenges of Ardboe and Edendork respectively.\nKillyclogher's championship hopes were on life support but they staged a miraculous recovery against Ardboe on Sunday to advance from an slow-burning semi-final encounter at Carrickmore.\nLazarus has nothing on this bunch of players. Killyclogher were a distinct second best for much of the second-half while Kyle Coney sauntered around like he owned the joint, but Dominic Corrigan's men (almost) never looked back after an opportunist goal from Conall McCann as the clock ticked into injury time.\nKillyclogher still required extra-time to seal the deal but they did so in jaw-dropping fashion, fashioning some sublime team scores when they really should have been reaching for the oxygen tank.\nTheir achievement is all the more noteworthy considering they effectively did it without Mark Bradley, who was forced off with injury with a quarter of the game remaining.\nCoalisland also encountered choppy waters in their semi-final as battling Edendork made light of their underdogs tag to hand the Fianna an almighty\nscare.\nTrailing by three points as the match headed into the final ten minutes, the Blues sent out the distress signals and belatedly their SOS request was answered, a late scoring spree ensuring that they fended off St Malachy's right at the death.\nWith captain Stephen McNally spearheading the charge, assisted by Padriag Hampsey and Plunkett Kane, Coalisland recaptured their dynamic form of recent weeks in the final ten minutes, reeling off five points on the spin.\nIt was harsh on Edendork and they will probably be left pondering what the outcome might have been if county goalie Niall Morgan, who was having an immense game out the field, hadn't been black carded in the 50th minute.\nMeanwhile, in the Intermediate semi-finals, reigning Junior champions Tattyreagh booked their place in the decider after seeing off Gortin by 0-11 to 1-7 and Augher defeated Stewartstown 3-15 to 2-8.\nFULL COVERAGE IN TODAY'S TYRONE HERALD","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Health and Wellness | Health News\nCA Leaders Issue Dire Warnings if ACA is Struck Down\nIowa Lawmakers Push for Drivers' Hands-Free Cellphone Use\nCalifornia is leading a coalition of dozens of states in defending the Affordable Care Act at the U.S. Supreme Court next month. (MachineHeadz\/iStockphoto)\nAccording to research from the American Federation of Teachers, there were 55,000 fewer registered nurses employed in the U.S. in 2021 than in 2020. This was the first decrease in five years. (Adobe Stock)\nAbout 400 fatal crashes happen each year as a direct result of texting and driving nationally, according to Sensiblemotive. (Adobe Stock)\nSuzanne Potter, Producer\nMark Moran, Producer-Editor\nSACRAMENTO, Calif. -- Almost four million Californians gained health coverage when the Affordable Care Act (ACA) expanded Medi-Cal, and that goes away if the Supreme Court strikes down the law without a replacement.\nThat's just one jaw-dropping warning at a hearing held Wednesday by the state Senate Committee on Health.\nDeborah Reidy Kelch, an independent health policy consultant, said the Golden State would pay dearly if the court kills the ACA.\n\"The U.C. Berkeley Labor Center estimates that California could annually lose 27 billion and potentially 299,000 jobs if the ACA was struck down,\" Kelch outlined.\nPresident Donald Trump said he will protect people with pre-existing conditions, but his Justice Department argues the entire law must go, now that Congress has repealed the individual mandate.\nMelanie Fontes Rainer, special assistant attorney general, said in any case the rest of the law should remain in force even without a mandate that everyone buy coverage or pay a fine.\n\"This president, in his own words, wants to explode the ACA,\" Rainer asserted. \"We don't think that health care should just be for those who are healthy or rich. And we've done everything in our power to fight his sabotage of the Affordable Care Act.\"\nWithout the ACA, insurance companies could once again kick young adults 18 to 26 off their parents' health plans.\nThey could reimpose annual and lifetime spending limits on coverage, and would no longer be required to cover mental-health or addiction services.\nBefore the ACA, people with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, diabetes or even pregnancy could be denied coverage or charged sky-high premiums.\nState Sen. Dr. Richard Pan, D-Sacramento, said COVID would likely be considered a pre-existing condition going forward.\n\"The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services said that 19% to 50% have a pre-existing condition when it came to health-care coverage,\" Pan stated. \"When we're talking about overturning the ACA, we're talking about something that could affect half of all Americans.\"\nTrump Supreme Court nominee Judge Amy Coney Barrett, who has been critical of the ACA, is expected to be confirmed before opening statements begin on November 10.\nHealth-care professionals say low pay and a worker shortage have led a dramatic number of nursing homes in rural Iowa to close their doors. They hope increased government funding and more focus on rural health care this year will help.\nLooking at a graph that shows the number of nursing-home employees between January 2019 and January 2020, the bright red line goes almost straight down. The pandemic was a big reason for that, but Iowa Health Care Association President and CEO Brent Willet said there are other economic factors at work, and the staffing shortages have already resulted in double-digit closures.\n\"It is alarming,\" he said. \"The latest figures are, we've had 17 nursing homes in Iowa close in the last 12 months. Fifteen of those 17 have been in rural parts of the state.\"\nWillet said nursing homes can't offer competitive wages to people who are willing to take these demanding jobs, especially in rural areas where the population is declining. He said he remains optimistic, though, adding that the Iowa Legislature will reconsider those wages this year, since more than half of nursing-home funding comes from state and federal governments.\nWillet said it's also becoming harder for people in rural nursing homes to get the support they need from other medical-service providers in town. He said this adds to the problems already caused by staffing shortages, simply because those services dwindle along with the population.\n\"Like dialysis, like their primary-care doctor,\" he said. \"As those services become harder and harder to come by, it creates additional challenges pertaining to costs and logistics to care for people in their home community.\"\nThe national long-term care facility numbers are also alarming. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services reported recently that 129 nursing homes closed in 2022 - although this year, the numbers are starting to improve.\nStatistics in photo caption Bureau of Labor Statistics 1\/26\/2023\nHealth-care professionals and advocates in Connecticut have said it will take sweeping reforms to bolster the state's flailing public health system.\nAt the labor union 1199 SEIU's Health-Care Policy Symposium, experts spoke of the system's long-time underfunding and staffing shortages. A union-related group, called Expand Services to Save Lives, wants to see part of the state's multi-billion-dollar surplus used to address the issues - including $30 million to recruit and retain public-health workers.\nRebecca Simonsen, vice president and director of the public division at 1199 SEIU, said the state needs to revitalize this system of critical services.\n\"State health-care services generally serve the most at-risk, highest need, complex residents,\" she said. \"Often folks without insurance, often folks that have been turned away from the private sector. And we created these services because, as a state, we believe that every resident's life should be valued.\"\nIn 2022, the state received a $32 million grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for public-health workforce development. She added that even if the group gets everything it's seeking from this legislative agenda, it wouldn't be the entire solution.\nOne area of the staffing crisis to be addressed is retention of nurses, more of whom are leaving the field due to burnout and higher patient limits. The union wants to see a pipeline created for nursing students to prepare them for public-sector jobs.\nBrian Williams, an organizer for 1199 SEIU and a certified addiction counselor with the Connecticut Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, said it's time to commit to action instead of acknowledging the problem.\n\"We cannot continue to say, 'Hey, you know, we have a nursing crisis, we have a nursing crisis.' We have to create incentives to actually expand the pool of nurses,\" he said. \"And this is one of the proposals that we have that we believe will have an impact.\"\nThe group also proposed a $12 million investment to add workers to the department to address what was described at the conference as an ongoing mental-health crisis.\nIowa lawmakers are considering a bill which would dramatically reduce the use of cellphones in vehicles.\nRight now, it is illegal in Iowa to send or read text messages while driving, but drivers can use a cellphone for navigation, which often takes more attention than texting. Senate Bill 60 would tighten the rules further, prohibiting drivers from operating a phone if it takes more than a single touch to activate or deactivate it.\nSen. Claire Celsi, D-West Des Moines, said she is personally motivated by the measure after attending the wake of a constituent's 12-year-old child who was killed by a distracted driver.\n\"It really affected me,\" Celsi recounted. \"The dad just said, 'Please, please, please make this illegal. Please help people like us never to have to go through a loss like this.' So, that's what really spurred me to join onto the bill this year. It's a Republican bill, but I completely support it.\"\nThe Iowa Department of Public Safety said drivers who use handheld devices are four times more likely to be in a collision causing injuries than those who are not using their phones. The bill is headed to a Senate committee.\nCelsi acknowledged she used to oppose hands-free cell phone measures, because she felt the costs were prohibitive, but she said technology has caught up, and prices have come down.\n\"You can buy something at Walmart for $20 that can help you go hands free in your car,\" Celsi pointed out. \"I think it really demands now that we reexamine the issue and do something about distracted driving in our state.\"\nThe Insurance Institute for Highway Safety said about half of states prohibit the handheld use of cellphones when driving, and all but Montana prohibit text-messaging while driving.\nSenate File 60 2023\nCellphone laws Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Jan. 2023\nAccident data SensibleMotive 01\/05\/2023\nIn a recent survey, 62% of Washingtonians said they've experienced at least one health care affordability burden in the past year. (grzejnik1981\/Adobe Stock)\nWA Lawmakers Look to Tackle Staggering Health Care Cost Increases\nNational health spending is projected to reach $6.2 trillion by 2028, according to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. (Adobe Stock)\nTask Force Makes Recommendations for NC Public Health\nThe primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease are hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, family history and advanced age. (Andrey Popov\/Adobe Stock)\nHypertension: A Silent Killer in Communities of Color\nThe Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 includes provisions to lower prescription drug costs for people with Medicare coverage, including those who take insulin, which went into effect this month. (Sebra\/Adobe Stock)\nNew Changes to Medicare Set to Benefit Georgia Seniors\nIn 2020, 83% of Arkansans reported being registered to vote. That's lower than the national average of just over 87%, according to the MIT Elections Performance Index. (Andrey Popov\/Adobe Stock)\nStronger Federal Methane Rules Would Benefit NM Residents, But When?\nNew Mexico residents have two weeks to submit written comments to the Environmental Protection Agency about its proposal to implement stronger standar\u2026\nNV Journalism Professor: Diverse Sources Key for News Consumers\nAs National News Literacy Week comes to an end, one Nevada journalism professor says media professionals need to make building trust with their \u2026","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Precision Aviation Group (PAG) announces FAA Approval in Australia\nMarch 6, 2017 Africa, Aviation, Precision Aviation Group, South Africa\nATLANTA, March 6, 2017 \/PRNewswire\/ \u2014 Precision Aviation Group, Inc. (PAG), a leading provider of products and value-added services to the Worldwide Aerospace and Defense industry is pleased to announce they received approval from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to provide Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) services for various accessories at PAG Company Precision Accessories & Instruments \u2013 Australia (PAI-AU).\n\"This new certification will allow PAI-AU to provide local MRO Services on accessories specifically, wheels, brakes and search lights to operators in the PAC Asia region,\" said David Mast, President and CEO of PAG. \"This certification reiterates PAG's commitment to our customers and provides them with a known and trusted brand in country when looking for an MRO provider,\" said Mast. \"Australia represents a growing aviation market, and we will continue to make capital investments in the coming years.\"\n\"Already having a Part 145 CASA & EASA approved repair station in Australia has enabled us to reduce aircraft downtime, improve response time, and has enabled customers to leverage the full scope of PAG services locally in Australia,\" said Chris Slade, Director of Operations PAI-AU. \"The recent approval from the FAA represents another effort to extend our capabilities to international operators,\" adds Slade. The 15,000-square foot facility strategically located near Brisbane's Airport, allows PAI-AU to provide sales, exchanges and MRO services to mission critical operators in \"real time\".\nAbout Precision Aviation Group (PAG)\nPrecision Aviation Group (PAG) is a leading provider of products and value-added services to the worldwide aerospace and defense industry. With 10 locations and more than 250,000-square-feet of sales and service facilities in the United States, Canada, Australia and Brazil, PAG uses its distinct business units and customer-focused business model to serve aviation customers through two business functions \u2013 Aviation Supply Chain and its trademarked Inventory Supported Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (ISMRO\u00ae) services.\nPAG provides MRO and Supply Chain Solutions for Fixed and Rotary-wing aircraft through: Precision Heliparts \u2013 PHP (www.heliparts.com); Precision Aviation Services \u2013 PAS (www.precisionaviationservices.com); Precision Accessories & Instruments \u2013 PAI (www.precisionaccessories.com); Precision Heliparts Canada \u2013 PHP-C (www.heliparts.ca); Precision Accessories & Instruments Canada \u2013 PAI-C (www.precisionaccessories.ca); PHP-Instruments & Accessories \u2013 PHP-IA ((http:\/\/www.heliparts.la); Precision Heliparts \u2013 Brazil (www.precisionaviationgroup.com\/php-br) Precision Aero Technology \u2013PAT (www.precisionaerotechnology.com), Precision Heliparts \u2013 Australia \u2013 PHP-AU (http:\/\/www.precisionheliparts.com.au.), Precision Accessories & Instruments \u2013 Australia (PAI-AU) (http:\/\/www.precisionaccessories.com.au\/) and Precision Aviation Controls \u2013 PAC (http:\/\/www.precisionaviationgroup.com\/pac\/). PAG subsidiaries have MRO capabilities on over 35,000 products, including accessories, avionics, engine components, hydraulics, instruments, NDT, starter\/generators, and wheels\/brakes (http:\/\/www.precisionaviationgroup.com).\nLogo \u2013 http:\/\/mma.prnewswire.com\/media\/338527\/precision_aviation_group_inc_logo.jpg","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home MMA News Jon Jones Takes Aim at Georges St-Pierre Over PEDs Comments\nJon Jones Takes Aim at Georges St-Pierre Over PEDs Comments\nGeorges St-Pierre has long been a vocal critic of performance-enhancing drug use in sports, but his latest comments went a bit too far for Jon Jones, who lashed out at the former two-division UFC champion.\n\"It sucks when you have to hear someone you've always shown respect to sit and talk foolishness. But that's the nature of the game these days,\" Jones wrote on Instagram.\nHis comments were apparently in response to St-Pierre's remarks during an interview with MMAFighting.com.\n\"Look, I remember there was a fight between two opponents, and one guy said, 'Oh, it's not the performance-enhancing (drugs) that threw the kick. It's me.' Actually, it's not true. That's the performance-enhancing drugs that threw the kick, because you wouldn't have thrown the kick if you would have not taken them. So to give you an example, it makes you more creative. It makes you more hungry. It changes the physique,\" St-Pierre said, referencing a comment that Jones had made.\n\"Also, not only the physique, it changes the mind of the person. So with people, they think it's only affecting strength and conditioning and stuff like that. No, it doesn't. It's not only recuperation, it changes the person entirely. It makes him a better athlete. And yes, I think they should be removed from the (discussion about the greatest of all time).\"\nJones disagrees with St-Pierre and went on to say so in his Instagram post, blasting St-Pierre's take on performance-enhancing drugs and how they affect a fighter.\n\"Saying steroids change more than physical performance. 'Make you more creative and hungry.' Do you know how crazy that sounds? I guess brain damage is real out here,\" Jones wrote.\nTRENDING > Watch Conor McGregor Get Unhinged Ahead of Second UFC 229 Press Conference\n\"Saying PED metabolites threw a kick? Come on man. It's called training and identifying a weakness. So much in fact, I told him to his face it was coming and then landed it. That's called execution.\n\"How about rather than campaigning for GOAT status, you get in there and dominate your next fight? I've had nothing but respect for you over all these years. Don't change that now. You're better than this.\"\nJones is scheduled to return from a UFC Anti-Doping Policy violation, in which an arbitrator determined he had no intent to cheat, in October.\nSt-Pierre has been on the sidelines since he vacated the UFC middleweight title late last year in order to deal with health issues.\nSource \u2013 link to original article\nDana White: We might see Daniel Cormier-Jon Jones trilogy at heavyweight\nJon Jones on Georges St-Pierre's PED comments: 'I guess brain damage is real out here'\nTotD: McGregor grabs a cup of coffee\u2026 in Amsterdam\nCain Velasquez Injured Yet Again, Fabricio Werdum Now Faces Stipe Miocic at UFC 196\nMuay Thai, April 30, 2016\nFOX Sports Host Colin Cowherd Chastises Conor McGregor Over Challenging UFC\nConor McGregor Says Frankie Edgar is 'Desperate and Begging' for Title Fight\nMorning Report: Urijah Faber says Paige VanZant believes 'in her mind' she's ready for Joanna Jedrzejczyk\nUFC on ESPN 2 video: Desmond Green runs through Ross Pearson","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"I Have Trouble With History\n\"I didn't really buy any of Sun Ra's records because I could just go and hang out when they were performing, or go to one of their rehearsals, so I didn't need the record!\"\nLonnie Liston Smith interviewed by Anton Spice .\nWell, that's cool Lonnie. The thing is, I've got everything in my little sardine box music screen machine here, so I don't need to go out. Musically, I am staring blankly at the pasta section in a supermarket that stretches as far as the eye can see, marvelling at what I could eat. I'm not eating it, but I'm marvelling at my marvellous \"eating future\". I'm going to check that out. The trolley's still empty but think of what could fill it. No-Wave, post-punk, fettuccini, stuff my kids listen to, all things I'm going to check out. Really soon. It's a really exciting time. Or it will be. The future's bright.\nNot all music, however, is designed for solitary listening, and we know that because people keep going out for it. It's so cheap to have it sent straight into your ears, yet people spend a lot of money to be around other people listening to live music in a field where the wind may all but blow the sound out of earshot, and most of what you can hear is other people singing along to each other as the band do something somewhere out of sight. People do listen, even if it's often with their eyes. Social media has propped up a kind of military takeover of the other four senses by the one that now reigns unchallenged; seeing. Seeing is believing.\nAs you get away from the festival experience, an event defined by numbers in many ways, immersion in music is more an act of will. Sometimes you have to do that yourself, make a conscious decision, lower yourself into the bath of it rather than wait for an attendant with a big bucket to pour it over you. Jazz has always been like that for me; and this goes for its history too.\nMy knowledge of jazz came from record covers laid out on the floor like a soap opera storyboard, this follows that, swing-bebop-cool-hardbop etc etc. I knew the accepted story, but my knowledge was not a bodily thing, it wasn't in me, wasn't backed up by any kind of experience. Jazz history played out like the Battle Of Waterloo with toy soldiers, and you just kind of put them in whatever position you felt most likely. The music's past, and the past I would like to have experienced but didn't, was for me a construct, pieced together from the musical fragments available at the time.\nIt all started around 1983, or thereabouts, The Churchill Library, Bromley, an exploded sonic star where the slowly falling fragments were catalogued alphabetically. Records I took home because they were there. Sun Ra's \"Mystery Of The Two\". Stravinsky's \"Requiem Canticles\". One casualty of the move from analogue to digital was the Duke Ellington with Jimmy Blanton album, which now sounds wrong because the scratch that made it jump a beat in 1984 is missing. Nothing was in any kind of order. Earl Hines, for example, he was an early favourite, but nobody had informed me that learning to play jazz required starting with later players, where it's less about playing the piano and more about \"information\", \"content\". It was too late for me. Hines, Stravinsky, Ellington, Cecil Taylor \u2013 I started a file under \"piano sonorities\" and staggered on. For me they were connected by sound, as if the sounds themselves lived, went to school, met other sounds and reproduced.\nBut if I'd seen Hines bump into a young Cecil Taylor at the florist, I might have made that other connection, might have seen those worlds joined for myself. A kind of social bond that ensures the passage of the tradition, where it finds its own winding path, through accident and circumstance, seemingly disparate worlds coming together in a shared taste for daffodils. I had no history, no tradition, no reason to be doing what I did aside from a general dissatisfaction with life as it was presented to me and so, lacking a social connection, I made my history up, a fake news repository of unchecked facts and suppositions, and I surveyed it as I imagine the owner of a train set would, congratulating myself on the detail whilst knowing real engines don't run on tables.\nHistory was never my subject, I just couldn't hold facts or remember names, couldn't visualise the things happening. I never understood how, considering our impressive roster of cruel mistakes when we get together in big groups, we never learnt from them. It's unlikely that lessons in jazz history would have helped me, but I would have liked to have seen where Duke Ellington bought his vegetables, I think I'd have learnt a lot from that.\nPosted in arts, Bromley, creativity, Education, improvisation, Music, music, School, Sound, teaching, The Future, The Past\nTagged Duke Ellington, Earl Hines, fake news, Flowers, History, Igor Stravinsky, jazz, Listen, Lonnie Liston Smith, Procrastination, Records, Ron Carter, Sun Ra, vegetables\nYou'll Get Over It (obscenity warning).\nWhen I was a kid at school my teacher called me something that no teacher would, or could, ever call a pupil today. He called me a ****. I was twelve, and so were the other twenty nine sniggering boys who were in the room at the time.\nA bit of background. Every Monday my clarinet lesson was smack in the middle of the morning, which disrupted my Technical Drawing class, a joyless class where we learnt to draw perfect circles with dangerously sharp compasses and dissect them with straight lines. To ask permission to leave the lesson, I had to go through this wretched pantomime of putting up my hand, and him saying;\n\"What is it Noble?\"\nAnd me saying, or stammering rather;\n\"I've got a\u2026a clarinet lesson, sir.\"\nAnd every Monday brought a new insult. Here's one.\n\"Off to your banjo lesson again are we?\"\nDespite predating by some thirty years my acute interest in Appalachian music, I nevertheless felt it necessary to correct his use of the first person plural \"we\"\u2026.oh no, that was a dream I had\u2026.no I was terrified of him actually. And the Boomtown Rats had just released \"I Don't Like Mondays\". People said about Frank Sinatra, they said it felt like he was singing just for you, and Bob Geldof's piercing whine went similarly to my bobby socked core.\nSo the **** marked a new development in this man's reign of terror. Often, he would grace our drawings with epigrams like \"well done, 3\/10\", thoroughly deserved when a dissecting line was one or two degrees out of whack. Evidently it was important to start priming the kids who would go on to push Technical Drawing into the future, the men from the boys as it were, the men who were twelve from the boys who were twelve. Many a pre-adolescent boy's dream of a glittering future that was somehow bathed in knowledge of angles and set squares was dashed on the rocks of Mr Wrack's brutal marking system.\nAnyway, the word has fascinated me since. It inspires such fear and hushed disapproval. To say this word, you have to be with a social group possessing an almost molecular familiarity with each other, because in any other situation it is a huge risk. It's an admission of baseness, a declaration of debauchery, it reveals in its messenger a complete and absolute lack of consideration for the feelings of anyone else. To say **** is a sacrilegious act.\nThere are many good hearted people in the world, and some are religious and some are not. Many of the latter (I suppose I would like to count myself among them) take comfort in the smug knowledge that we do not believe in anything that does not conform to hard science, that is received wisdom masquerading as fact, that takes allegorical stories as historical document, that views as obscene anything that breaks rules originating in the faded and remote histories of places unseen and unknowable. Finally, the hard won common sense nurtured by our up-to-date knowledge and enlightened democracy has triumphed over old world superstition, mired as it was in the shock and awe of religious splendour and corruption. We see things from every angle, we refuse to bow to prejudice in any way, and in doing so we walk on brave and strong into a new world of understanding. It's really great.\n\"Erm, did someone just say the c word? I don't use that word.\"\n\"It's ugly.\"\n\"Well, you know, it's\u2026.\"\n\"Shunt, punt, hunt, grunt, runt.\"\n\"It degrades a part of the human body that for some is\u2026\"\n\"Prick. Cock.\"\nIt's like arguing for dinosaurs against a Creationist.\nShould words have rights? I am angered and upset by the discrimination against this word on the basis of ugliness (this would not work if **** were a person), inappropriateness (oh come on, what does that mean), sexism (in a world where \"dickhead\" is so often the only word left to describe such a huge range of people in life). ****. Listen to the sound of it, its perfect bluntness, it's over in a moment but it leaves such a glorious dent in any conversation. Maybe it's too good for us? Maybe we have not yet proven ourselves worthy of its use? I think we need to show some humility in the face of a word like this.\nSo what does this have to do with music? Well, sitting at the piano and trying to find the next section for a piece of music I had written, I found the perfect foil in some Elton John-styled chords, which got me thinking of the eighties, then school, and then this very story. Mr Wrack. Icon of my school days. Immortalised forever in my tune of the same title. Who's laughing now?\nWhat a cunt.\nPosted in arts, Bromley, creativity, Jazz, music, arts, improvisation, creativity, composition, Music, music, School, teaching\nTagged atheism, belief, Bob Geldof, C word, creationists, Frank Sinatra, I Don't Like Mondays, religion, technical drawing\nWho Do I Listen To?\n\"Nature then, is just nature. I admit I am very impressed with it. The attitude that nature is chaotic and that the artist puts order into it is a very absurd point of view, I think. All that we can do for is to put some order in ourselves.\"\nThe cloud comes down, but too fast and too heavy, more like a blanket, or like jelly just before it sets. It always happens like this. I'm in a room with someone, and I'm teaching them. And they say something, and the room fills slowly up with an imaginary, cloying, sticky liquid. This person is aged between 18 and 21. They say :\n\"Who should I be listening to?\"\nI have been trying to think of what to say in reply to this for as many years as I've been teaching. It's the key to everything. When a person says this, and eagerly awaits an answer, they are unwittingly telling you that they think they will never be a jazz musician, pure and simple. They have made this choice. Obviously I can't tell them that. They want answers. Their parents have just forked out twenty seven grand in used notes in exchange for little nuggets of information such as the one I am about to impart. The great spirit of rebellion that spawned this music, the anger and joy coexisting in Bud Powell's recordings, the machismo and feminine battling it out in the mind of Miles Davis, the sheer don't-give-a-fuck fire running through Sonny Rollins's titanic improvisations, Geri Allen's fragile spider-like lines underpinned with the swagger of a New Orleans marching band, has it all ended up here in this room? I am starting to feel a bit claustrophobic.\nLook, I'm no writer. The opening paragraph of this blog has, compared to my others, a lot of short sentences. This is because I've just finished James Ellroy's brilliantly nasty, disparaging and fictionalised account of the years leading up to Kennedy's assassination, \"American Tabloid\". The anger and disgust of the unseen narrator jumps off the page at every turn. And it has lots of short sentences in it. My ear started to like the sound of them. And how they look. And that reminded me of the anger in Bud Powell's music, anger that in his case was transformed into a kind of ecstatic energy. I imagine a lot of jazz musicians had this experience; there was plenty to be angry about, and in some kind of chicken and egg coincidence the way music was made was undergoing an explosive revolution.\nWith this in mind, I get on the tube; Jesus everyone looks fucking angry. Bill Evans comes on my headphones, even he sounds angry today, a taunted bull rampaging through a room full of rose petals. Ellroy, Powell, Evans, their energy is being let out in order that they can get up in the morning, write a new book, make a new record, they are making things ok.\nThen something else happens; I go and see some very close friends of mine for a couple of days. The anger, the idea of anger, drifts away. The energy of friendship, of common ground both musical and personal, the way time passes and we are still here years later, the same and different. Bill Evans sounds different today, like he's reading me a bedtime story. Monk's angles are child-like, sincere, playful, but not quite as belligerent.\nAt a band reunion, a band in which I played an instrument I no longer even have, there are faces from even further back, the same but different. I remember sitting in the third clarinets playing Vaughan Williams's \"Folk Song Suite\", medleys of Broadway shows, newly commissioned overtures, \"The Rockford Files\". From my vantage point, along with five other clarinets playing the same line, I could feel the air move, we were all somehow engulfed in it, embraced by the sound, so different to sitting at a piano, where one somehow hovers above it. (Watching Bill Evans play is, to me, watching someone trying to actually \"climb inside\" the chords, ear cocked to the keyboard with bird-like attentiveness, anxious to catch anything that passes.)\nI remember the impossibility of looking demure whilst playing the bassoon, the irresistible urge to show off that frequently befell the lead trumpet or the percussionists, the way the conductor would lean inexplicably back in his seat for the \"jazzy\" numbers and then tense up like a cat eying its prey for the Gordon Jacob suite. I remember how, when we played \"What I Did For Love\" in the Marvin Hamlisch medley, I would feel waves of emotion that were almost physical and in the room, coupled with a teenage, slightly manufactured distaste for such sentimentality (anyone who's ever listened to Keith Jarrett will know what I'm talking about). In particular, I learnt how to play with other people, and from that how to be with other people. I discovered that I wasn't the only freak in Bromley in the 1980s. This is all valuable information that I still think about; well, maybe not the bassoon bit.\nLook, I'm no psychologist. But when someone who wants to be a jazz musician asks me what to listen to, I imagine them asking me how to choose their friends. They are almost asking me how and what to feel. And it's not entirely their fault. They are the customers now, and like all customers they are always right. Time is money, they don't have a limitless apprenticeship to figure this out at their leisure, there's no time for accidents, wrong turnings, red herrings. And the amount of energy needed to resist the increasingly conformist, consensual nature of modern culture is enormous. Jazz musicians are not, on the whole, still being beaten up by the police and given electric shock therapy in hospitals. But we are in a bit of a state over this whole role of music in contemporary life thing. Maybe this could, in some way, be our source of anger, our disgust, the unseen enemy that we kick against whilst all the time only putting \"some order in ourselves\"?\nPosted in Bromley, Jazz, music, arts, improvisation, creativity, composition, Music, Sound\nTagged American Tabloid, Bill Evans, Bud Powell, Education, friendship, James Ellroy, jazz, Keith Jarrett, marvin hamlisch, Thelonious Monk, Vaughan Williams, willem de koonig, XBY","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Stratford's 2016 Modern Drama\nThis Arthur Miller drama feels a-typical for the company that's made its name on Shakespeare and its money on musicals. Though modern drama isn't Stratford's usual racket, Martha Henry's smartly cast and emotionally wrought production might be the best thing at the festival this year (well, maybe second to Breath of Kings: Rebellion). Lucy Peacock is distractingly big in her performance as matriarch Kate Keller (surely she doesn't need to point at the sky to demonstrate \"airplane\") but everyone else beautifully evokes an achingly impossible situation and empathetically optimistic people. Henry insightfully employs some of the company's incredible actors of colour (Sarah Afful, EB Smith, Michael Blake) to inform the play's backstory and give the unfolding plot a new layer of social consequence, adding issues of white privilege to an already rich exploration of socio-economic power and the world's fundamental unfairness. The perennially wonderful and perennially under-cast Michael Blake delivers his greatest performance to date as George Deever, a star turn that will hopefully earn him the star designation he's long deserved at the festival, and Tim Campbell similarly breaks out as the emotional core of the production, shattering my heart as golden son Chris Keller. Joseph Ziegler, a proven Miller star with Soulpepper, is expectedly sublime as shady pillar of the community Joe Keller. The production doesn't need all its bells and whistles (the lightning-hit tree splinters and falls onstage to kick off the show), its heart and head could easily stand on its own.\nPhotography by David Hou.\nThe Lion, The Witch & The Wardrobe\nNarnia, on the other hand, is very bells-and-whistles dependent. Unlike, say, the Shaw Festival's Alice in Wonderland (or Stratford's Alice Through the Looking Glass, for that matter), there is some substance here behind all the stage magic and that relative substance is supported well by strong performances from Mike Nadajewski (Mr. Tumnus), Tom McCamus (Professor Kirk\/Aslan) and all four \"children\" (Gareth Potter, Andr\u00e9 Morin, Ruby Joy and Sara Farb as Peter, Edmund, Susan and Lucy respectively) but the point here really is the spectacle. The trees move, the projections feel immersive, Mike Nadajewski performs on stilts, there's a full-size sleigh pulled by reindeer-people and Aslan, the exiled King of Beasts might be the coolest onstage effect of the year, worthy of the many \"ahh\"s it elicits from the rapt audience. The perfect kid-friendly extravaganza but perhaps slightly \"meh\" for a skeptical adult crowd.\nI love that Stratford debuted a Hannah Moscovitch play in the studio this year. Young, female, fresh-voiced, prolific and Canadian, hers is the sort of work that really stretches the often repetitive company. And any meaty lead role for the incomparable Maev Beaty is fine by me. But I didn't love this first person relationship memoir, mostly because I didn't love its first person. Krystin Pellerin's crucial best friend character lacks depth, her friendship with Beaty's complicated Sorrel seeming to exist just because she rides up on a bike and says \"we're friends\". The simplicity of the roster of men that surround Sorrel, on the other hand, is purposeful, memorably played by Tim Campbell, David Patrick Flemming, Cyrus Lane and Emilio Vieira with good differentiation. I just had a hard time connecting with the protagonist (despite her being played by Maev Beaty), perhaps a function of writing that's not quite up to the Moscovitch's beautifully empathetic standard but more likely just a function of my own experience in the world relating in no way to Sorrel's.\nI hated this stark, self-serious melodrama with its excessive sound design and inhumanly over-the-top performances. Designer Christina Poddubiuk's pretty costumes are far from enough to make up for the fact that I didn't care for a second about any of the characters onstage.\nSee also: Shakespeare in Love\nContemporary Theatre\nIbsen\nMoscovitch\nThe Stratford Festival","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"COVID-19 Updates News Business and Operations Finance\nGovernment's throne speech must signal support for food-service operators: Restaurants Canada\nBy Colleen Cross\nRestaurants Canada (CNW Group\/Restaurants Canada)\nToronto \u2013 With patio season winding down, Restaurants Canada is calling for the federal government's upcoming throne speech to signal plans to continue supporting Canada's food-service sector. Among other measures, the association is calling for a program similar to the \"Eat Out to Help Out\" program in the U.K. designed to boost revenue for struggling restaurants.\nIn a letter to the Prime Minister's office, Restaurants Canada's president and CEO, Todd Barclay, commends the federal government for stepping up to provide significant support to restaurants struggling to survive the impacts of COVID-19 over the past six months.\nLooking ahead, Barclay calls for further assistance to ensure business continuity so that restaurants can continue contributing to economic growth: \"The recovery of the foodservice industry will not be linear. Despite best efforts to innovate and adapt to the current environment, our sector will experience ups and downs as patios close, consumer behaviour adjusts and areas such as downtowns no longer host office workers and tourists in the same volumes they once did.\"\nCanada's restaurant sector continues to be hardest hit by COVID-19\nRestaurants have played a critical role in providing their communities with safe and reliable meal options throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the restaurant industry was one of the first sectors impacted by the crisis, and continues to be the hardest hit:\nOne out of every five jobs lost in the wake of the pandemic was in food service. The restaurant industry lost more jobs during the first six weeks of lockdown than the entire Canadian economy during the 2008-09 recession.\nEmployment in the food-service sector remains 260,000 jobs short of where it was in February, according to the latest Labour Force Survey results from Statistics Canada. No other industry comes close to this level of shortfall.\nTotal food-service sales in Canada could drop by nearly half in 2020, representing $44.8 billion in lost sales compared to 2019.\nRoughly 10 per cent of food-service businesses have already permanently closed due to the impacts of COVID-19 and most are still losing money. More than half of respondents to a survey that Restaurants Canada conducted during the summer said they are continuing to operate at a loss and expect to take at least a year to return to profitability.\nCalling for a renewed commitment to food service\nRestaurants Canada is recommending the upcoming throne speech signal clear intentions to support the foodservice industry in the following ways:\nExtend and adapt the main emergency COVID-19 federal business support programs, including the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy, the Canada Emergency Commercial Rent Assistance Program and the Canada Emergency Business Account.\nDirect stimulus spending toward the restaurant industry, with a program similar to the \"Eat Out to Help Out\" program in the U.K., to boost critically needed revenue to struggling restaurants and the sectors of the economy that depend on their survival.\nEnsure any new measures under consideration take into account the challenging realities of operating a business during the ongoing pandemic and continue to create conditions that support Canadians returning to work.\nRestaurants Canada urges government to support foodservice amid pandemic recovery\nRestaurants Canada urges support for New Brunswick's foodservice sector's recovery\nMost restaurants will need continued government support to survive Canada's recovery from COVID-19: Restaurants Canada\nRestaurants need more working capital to successfully reopen: Restaurants Canada\nG Cinelli Esperia Corporation\nEarthstone Ovens\nPandemic shines light on terroir: Terroir Symposium highlights\nSkilled trades need new digital skills: Conference Board","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Powered by familytreeassistant.com\nAncestry Records\nAllmendinger Family Tree research resources\nDelve into the history of the Allmendinger Family History using the resources below. We hope you find these sites useful whilst you are researching your Allmendinger Genealogy !\n(Research another surname)\nCoronavirus Boredom Relief Here!\nAllmendinger records on Ancestry\nAncestry is a major source of information if you are filling out your Allmendinger family tree. A vast range of data is available to search ranging from census records, births, deaths and marriages, military records and immigration records to name but a few. Free trials are normally available and are a good way to fill out a lot of your tree quickly.\nAncestry.com Global records search results for the Allmendinger family.\nAncestry.com US records search results for the Allmendinger family.\nAncestry.co.uk UK records search results for the Allmendinger family.\nAncestry.ca Canadian records search results for the Allmendinger family.\nAncestry.com.au Australian records search results for the Allmendinger family.\nOrigins and History\nNew to Family History? Check out our Getting Started page. Check out House Of Names to investigate the origins of the Allmendinger surname or get a copy of the Allmendinger family Crest (a great gift idea!).\nSometimes you can run into a brick wall in your tree and you just don't have enough evidence to make that next step back in time. If you are lucky then you may find some previously undiscovered Allmendinger ancestors. Additionally, the modern DNA test can give you a breakdown of your ethnic mix - you may be surprised at the results!\nHave you reached a brick wall in your Allmendinger Tree?\nVisit our Allmendinger DNA page to find out more.\nBirth, Death and Marriage Records for the Allmendinger Family Tree\nBirth, Death and Marriage records are often the best method of making the links to the Allmendinger Genealogy that will form part of your family tree. Although records vary from country to country, they are normally the most formal record of a person's relations. From the sources below you will be able to find a birth record and, from that, a birth certificate can be ordered which lists the names of the mother and father, taking you back another generation in your tree. A marriage certificate may also list the names of the respective fathers of the bride and groom which may then help you to find them earlier in life on a census record enabling you to fill out more detail in the Allmendinger family tree.\nStudy Allmendinger Parish Records at Find My Past.\nCheck out the UK registered births, marriages and deaths of the Allmendinger family using the FreeBMD database.\nCheck out Genealogy Bank for Allmendinger family records.\nInvestigate MyHeritage for Allmendinger family data.\nCheck out the LDS Database for records of the Allmendinger family.\nResearch the Allmendinger surname using fold3 Military Archives and view images of original Allmendinger Military records.\nAllmendinger Genealogy Databases\nInvestigate WikiTree for user contributed Allmendinger family records. Collaboration is encouraged so that accuracy of Allmendinger data can be verified or corrected by other users.\nStudy MyTrees for information on the Allmendinger family and people looking to contact living Allmendinger relations.\nStudy GENi for Allmendinger family records.\nLook at One Great Family for Allmendinger records submitted by people who are already researching the Allmendinger Genealogy .\nFind your Irish Allmendinger relatives on findmypast.ie\nAllmendinger Forums\nResearch the Allmendinger surname using Genealogy.com forums .\nMiscellaneous Allmendinger Databases\nInvestigate the Ellis Island Database for information on the Allmendinger family. This database contains over 25 million immigration records detailing passengers arriving in the United States of America.\nUse the Surname Map project to look at the current distribution of the Allmendinger surname in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Romania.\nLooking for information on a Allmendinger in your family tree? Why not post a question here -\nSome Famous People with the surname of Allmendinger\nKarl Allmendinger Karl Allmendinger (3 February 1891 ? 2 October 1965) was a German general of Infantry, serving during World War II.\nErnest Allmendinger Ernest \"Aqua\" Allmendinger (August 25, 1890 ? May 7, 1973) was an All-American college football player.\nOther names that sound a bit like Allmendinger\nAleman Alenin Aliman Alimandi Alimann Allamon Allamong Alleman Allemand Allingham Allman Allmand Allmandinger Allmann Allmen Allmon Allmond Alman Almand Almany Almanza Almind Almon Almond Almonte Alnoon Aulmond","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Iran Says Ready to Resume Relations with Saudi Arabia\nin Iran, Politics, Saudi Arabia\nIranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian speaking during the Third Tehran Dialogue Forum in Tehran on Monday.\nIran Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian said this Monday that his country is ready and willing to resume relations with Saudi Arabia.\nThis Monday, Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian said that the Islamic Republic is willing to open its arms to Saudi Arabia and resume bilateral relations after years of political tensions.\nDuring the Tehran Dialogue Forum in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tehran, Amir-Abdollahian told reporters that normalization of relations between the two countries can happen \"when Riyadh is willing to\", and that \"Tehran is ready to resume diplomatic ties with Riyadh and even reopen embassies,\".\nThe top Iranian diplomat also expressed readiness for holding a joint meeting with his counterparts from Saudi Arabia as well as other Gulf countries on the sidelines of a regional summit on Iraq in the Jordanian capital Amman.\nThe above-mentioned summit that is planned to be held on this Tuesday, will be attended by Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Egypt, France, as well as Bahrain and Oman, which will attend the summit as guests.\nIran-Saudi tense relations from past to present\nIran says it has every reason to resent from Saudi Arabia. The Islamic Republic has accused Riyadh of financially supporting the London-based Iran International, a Farsi-language satellite news channel which has been reporting extensively on the protests that erupted in Iran in mid-September. Iran believes the protests are orchestrated by foreign agents, including the U.S. and its regional allies. Also good to mention that the news channel is majority-owned by a Saudi national.\nBut that's not all; Iran was also irritated by a joint statement issued after an Arab-China summit in Riyadh last week. In the statement, Saudi Arabia and China said they agreed to \"strengthen joint cooperation to ensure the peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program,\" while also calling on Iran to respect \"principles of good neighborliness and non-interference in internal affairs of states.\"\nThe rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran, however, dates back to 1979, when the Islamic Revolution took place in the former. With a majority Sunni population in Saudi Arabia and a majority Shiite population in Iran, the two have been at odds since then. But bilateral relations worsened after the 2016 execution of Shiite cleric Nimr al-Nimr by Riyadh, a prominent Shiite cleric put to death in the mass execution of 47 prisoners.\nThe incident inflamed sectarian tensions in a region and led to massive protests especially in Saudi Arabia and Iran, where demonstrators set fire to the Saudi Embassy in Tehran. In solidarity with the Muslims who condemned Saudi Arabia's move, Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said back then that Saudi Arabia would face divine retribution for al-Nemer's execution.\nEfforts to cool down tensions\nSaudi Arabia then announced cutting off diplomatic relations with Iran, giving Iranian diplomats 48 hours to leave the country.\nIn a bid to improve relations after nearly five years, however, direct talks were launched in April 2021, with Iraq hosting the talks and playing the role of mediator. The mere existence of a dialogue was seen as important, even if the only notable result so far has been Iran reopening the country's representative office to the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in the Saudi city of Jeddah.\nBut now, with Iran's Foreign Minister formally inviting Saudi Arabia for resuming relations this Monday, it is hoped that the two come together once again in Bagdad to hold the sixth rounds of talks to possibly end this political dead-end.\nTags: IranIran-Saudi TalksPolitics\n'Insult a man by Insulting his Beliefs'; Jewish Rabbis Condemn Quran Desecration in Netherlands and Sweden\nDutch Jews condemned Edwin Wagensveld, a far-right politician and head of the Islamophobic party Pegida, for recently disgracing the Quran...\nThe PA Campaigns Against Palestinians Fighting the Israeli Occupation Continue","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Last edited by Kagahn\n1 edition of Microcomputers found in the catalog.\nthe mini-micro revolution\nPublished 1977 by Input Two-Nine Ltd in London .\nStatement compiled and edited by Alan Simpson.\nSeries Currentaspects of computer technology\nContributions Simpson, Alan, 1930-\nMicrocomputers Lecture One-Page 1 of 11 Dr. Hadeel Nasrat INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AND MICROCOMPUTERS What is a Computer? An electronic device that accepts input, stores large quantities of data, execute complex instructions which direct it to perform mathematical and logical operations and outputs the answers in a human readable form. There are numerous types of microcomputers, including laptops, desktop computers, and smartphones. The one thing all microcomputers have in common is that the central processing unit (CPU) is contained within a single processing chip.\nThese microcomputers consist of the system unit, keyboard and monitor. Desktop microcomputers are cheaper than laptops or notebooks. Unlike a notebook, which is ultra-mobile, a desktop microcomputer is stay at one location. The desktop microcomputers are more reliable than notebooks and laptops and easy to . Microcomputers In Education. by Pierre P. Barrette Assistant Professor Information Science Department of Curriculum, Instruction and Media College of Education Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois This article includes excerpts from: The Microcomputer and the School Library Media Specialist.\nAug 04, \u00b7 Adam Osborne An Introduction to Microcomputers Volume 1 Osborne & Associates Inc. Acrobat 7 Pdf Mb. Scanned by artmisa using Canon DRC. My most ambitious book project of the pre-biking years was a textbook on industrial microprocessor engineering, published by Prentice-Hall first as a hardcover (Industrial Design with Microcomputers) and then as a softcover edition (Creative Design with Microcomputers).It enjoyed a sort of cult-like status in some circles, as it was by no means a normal textbook the theme was my most.\nDescendants of William McCreary, 1710-1961\nessentials of eastern philosophy\nVengeance on the run\nOur future inheritance\nShear strength of high-strength concrete walls and deep beams\nReport on the records of the Fabian Society 1881-1974.\nDe Republica Anglorum\nMurder for profit\nIn other lands\nA New-Years gift, or A brief account of the sacrament, of the Lords Supper.\nEnglish local government\nMemorial of Nathan Hall Loring and others, late cadets at the Military Academy, West Point\nane County economy\nwritings and speeches of Grover Cleveland\nEvaluation of magnetics for fine particle control\nState by State Guide to Workplace Safety Regulation, 2002\nstory of Mexico\nThe little Brute family\nMicrocomputers Download PDF EPUB FB2\nOct 24, \u00b7 An Introduction to Microcomputers Vol 0: The Beginner's Book Adam Osborne. out of 5 stars 4. Paperback. 13 offers from $ Next. Customers who bought this item also bought.\nPage 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1. This shopping feature will continue to load items when the Enter key is pressed. In order to navigate out of this carousel please Cited by: Expanding and Networking Microcomputers: The Complete and up to Date Guide to over Boards for Apple and IBM Pcs by D.\nLongley Microcomputers book M. Shain | Aug 31, Paperback. Browse Computers > Personal Computers & Microcomputers eBooks to read online or download in EPUB or PDF format on your mobile device and PC. Toggle navigation. The book discusses the drawbacks of PCI and how PCI-X solves these problems to.\nA microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as Microcomputers book central processing unit (CPU). It includes a microprocessor, memory and minimal input\/output (I\/O) circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board (PCB).\nMicrocomputers became popular in the s and s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. Open Library is an initiative of the Internet Archive, a (c)(3) non-profit, building a digital library of Internet sites and other cultural artifacts in digital virtuosobs.com projects include the Wayback Machine, virtuosobs.com and virtuosobs.com Microprocessors and Microcomputers: Hardware and Software by Tocci, Ronald J.; Ambrosio, Frank J This is an ex-library book and may have the usual library\/used-book markings virtuosobs.com book has hardback covers.\nIn fair condition, suitable as a study copy. No dust jacket. Please note the Image in this listing is a stock photo and may not. Microcomputers for Process Control provides an introduction to microprocessor technology for process monitoring and control.\nThe book begins with an overview of microprocessor applications in areas such as consumer products, factories, and telecommunications. The Encyclopedia of Microcomputers serves as the ideal companion reference to the popular Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology.\nNow in its 10th year of publication, this timely reference work details the broad spectrum of microcomputer technology, including microcomputer history; explains and illustrates the use of microcomputers throughout academe, business, goPages: The Encyclopedia of Microcomputers serves as the ideal companion reference to the popular Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology.\nNow in its 10th year of publication, this timely reference work details the broad spectrum of microcomputer technology, including microcomputer history; explains and illustrates the use of microcomputers throughout academe, business,Pages: Microcomputer, an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).\nMicrocomputer was formerly a commonly used term for personal computers, particularly any of a class of small digital computers whose CPU is contained on a single integrated semiconductor chip.\nThus, a. \u2022 The definitions of microcomputers, microcontroller, and microprocessor What we've learned \u2022 The importance of microcom puters in the real world \u2022 Princeton* and Harvard architectures \u2022 Processor, control unit, memory, clock, and I\/O are the major components of microcomputers.\nNow. I get the clear picture what the microcomputers are. CATALOG DESCRIPTION: Introduces the physical components and operation of microcomputers.\nFocuses on computer literacy and provides hands on training in four areas of microcomputer applications software: word processing, electronic spreadsheets, databases management and presentation software.\nBook Store [email protected] All submissions. Managing Microcomputers in Large Organizations, by National Research Council Board on Telecommunications and Computer Applications (page images with commentary at NAP) Michael Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book (c), by Michael Abrash (PDF files at virtuosobs.com).\nFind a huge variety of new & used Computers Personal Computers Microcomputers books online including bestsellers & rare titles at the best prices.\nShop Computers Personal Computers Microcomputers books at Alibris. Expectations of this Course: This is an online course, meaning that most of the course work will be conducted online. Expectations for performance in an online course are the same as for a traditional course; in fact, online courses require a degree of self-motivation, self-discipline, and technology skills that can make them more demanding for some students.\nmicrocontrollers and microcomputers Download microcontrollers and microcomputers or read online books in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to get microcontrollers and microcomputers book now.\nThis site is like a library, Use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The sixth edition of Microprocessors and Microcomputers: Hardware and Software provides a comprehensive introduction to the concepts, principles, and techniques of microprocessors and microprocessor-based systems.\nThe book focuses on the elements and features of the popular and powerful 68HC \/5(18). All Book Search results \u00bb About the author () Givone received his B.S.E.E. degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the M.S. and Ph.D.\ndegrees in. The microcomputer's role in the real world. Selecting the right microprocessor. Memory. Microcomputer input and output methods. Interface components and their characteristics.\nDesigning interface circuits. Interfacing to standard buses and peripherals. Interface layout and construction. Interface software design and implementation. Glossary of microcomputer terminology.\nNote: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. This practical book is aimed at microcomputer users in small or medium sized accountancy firms, whose clients have accounting information requirements which .Microcomputers and Microprocessors by National Open University of Nigeria File Type: PDF Number of Pages: Description This note introduces you to operating modern microprocessor-based system on assembly language and hardware level.Microcomputers in transportation: software and source book, February ([Washington, D.C.: Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Methods Division, ) (page images at HathiTrust) HEC-1 and HEC-2 applications on the microcomputer.\nvirtuosobs.com - Microcomputers book \u00a9 2020","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Jax Daily Record Wednesday, Sep. 5, 201805:10 AM EST\nCity plans to offer employees 6 weeks of paid maternity leave\nThe policy takes effect Oct. 1, pending approval by City Council.\nMayor Lenny Curry on Tuesday announced a new six-week paid maternity leave program for city, Jacksonville Sheriff's Office and Jacksonville Fire and Rescue Department employees.\nMen and women can take up to six-weeks paid leave following the birth or adoption of a child.\nBliss named Jacksonville Historical Society executive director\nJAA seeks permits for new Cecil air traffic control tower, spaceport","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Traffic Accident Lawyer U.: Tailgating\nTAILGATING CAN CAUSE A TRAFFIC ACCIDENT.\nHow far away does the law say you have to keep from the car in front of you?\nIn order to prevent a traffic accident, a driver must maintain a safe distance behind another vehicle. The New Jersey Legislature has put this duty into law. The law reads as follows:\n\"The driver of a vehicle shall not follow another vehicle more closely than is reasonable and prudent, having due regard to the speed of the preceding vehicle and the traffic upon, and condition of, the highway.\"\nNew Jersey Courts have ruled that this law merely restates the legal standard that judges applied even before the Legislature passed the law. However, by passing the law, the Legislature also authorized certain specific penalties for tailgating. For example, a tailgating conviction comes with five motor vehicle points. Additionally, a convicted tailgater can be fined up to $400. He or she also faces up to 15 days in prison.\nIf a driver violates the tailgating law and therefore causes a traffic accident, there may be further consequences. A tailgating violation is considered to be negligence. Say the tailgater injured someone else in the traffic accident, and the victim sues. The jury will be instructed by the judge that, if the party being sued violated the tailgating law, then he or she acted negligently.\nThus, because the law imposes a duty of care on a driver following behind another driver, a finding that the driver violated the duty eliminates the need for further proof of negligence.\nThis legal standard is also contained in the charge that the judge reads to the jury in tailgating accident cases.\nExactly How Close to Follow to Avoid a Traffic Accident.\nYou may ask, what does reasonable and prudent mean? Exactly how close to the car in front of me can I drive legally?\nAt least one car length twenty feet of distance is advisable for each ten miles an hour you are traveling. For example, if you're traveling 50 miles an hour, stay at least 100 feet behind the vehicle ahead of you. If road conditions are not ideal, you should increase your distance substantially. You can also use the so-called three second rule.\nIf you have been in a car accident due to tailgating contact a traffic accident lawyer a soon as possible.\nStay safe out there.\nPersonal Injury News\n5 Ways to Save Money on Car Insurance\nNJ Injury Lawyers' Tip: Medical Insurance\nJudge Talks to Jury with Lawyers Absent\nAccident Lawyer vs. Underinsured Driver","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Short Article About Technology Technology Affects People All Over The\u2026\nThe overuse of technology could have a extra significant influence on growing children and youngsters. While some forms of technology may have made optimistic adjustments on the earth, there may be proof for the adverse effects of technology and its overuse, as nicely. People are more related than ever, thanks in large part to rapid advancements in technology. evolution of vehicle technologyThe revolution within the vehicle business from the early years to now with greener, electric, high-technology cars.\nThe first long-distance street, which got here into use round 3500 BCE, spanned 1,500 miles from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea, but was not paved and was solely partially maintained. In around 2000 BCE, the Minoans on the Greek island of Crete constructed a fifty-kilometer (thirty-mile) highway main from the palace of Gortyn on the south side of the island, by way of the mountains, to the palace of Knossos on the north aspect of the island. Continuing improvements led to the furnace and bellows and offered, for the primary time, the flexibility to smelt and forge gold, copper, silver, and lead \u2013 native metals present in relatively pure form in nature. The advantages of copper tools over stone, bone, and wood tools were quickly obvious to early people, and native copper was in all probability used from near the start of Neolithic times .\nTool use remained comparatively unchanged for most of early human history. Approximately 50,000 years ago, the use of tools and complex set of behaviors emerged, believed by many archaeologists to be related to the emergence of absolutely modern language.\nStress, Burnout And Redundancy: Tough Times In It\nThe social media large says it's making ready authorized motion after being ordered to dam access in Thailand. Carmakers and tech corporations warn prices of 5G devices and connected cars will rise if motion is not taken. Sorting your photographs, whether or not digital or print or each, can appear daunting. The social media service hid the president's publish about ballot drop boxes, saying it violated Twitter's election integrity rules.\nMore just lately, students have borrowed from European philosophers of \"technique\" to increase the which means of technology to various forms of instrumental reason, as in Foucault's work on technologies of the self . Life was burdensome and everyday chores consumed an excessive amount of of our time, earlier than the arrival of contemporary day technology. The entry to education, medication, business, transportation etc. has been simplified due to development in modern-day technology. Due to the convenience and effectivity provided by technology, our lives have improved.\nTim Sweeney, chief government of Epic Games, the maker of Fortnite, has railed towards tech power. Pickup trucks are some of the popular kinds of automobiles in America. Here's a chronological history of American pickup vans from 1925 to at present.\nNegative Effects Of Technology: What To Know\nOcean thermal power, is a largely untapped useful resource, and one of many world's largest renewable power sources. For instance, right now Bluerise is engaged on creating an power breakthrough by producing utility scale electrical energy through Ocean thermal energy conversion.\nMarch 26, 2020 alexandria\nTags: about, affects, article, people, short, technology","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Evening Briefing\nAll Covid-19Evening BriefingMorning BriefingNewsPolitics\nAuthor: PA Media\nMinister calls for 'stable governance' as Bill to keep Stormont running passes\n\"Stable governance\" is needed in Northern Ireland, a Government minister has said while urging the DUP to return to the Stormont powersharing Executive.\nNorthern Ireland minister Conor Burns made the remarks as legislation which will protect the Assembly from collapse passed its final stage at Westminster.\nNorthern Ireland was plunged into a fresh political crisis last week when the DUP withdrew Paul Givan as first minister in protest at the post-Brexit Northern Ireland Protocol.\nThe step also automatically removed Sinn Fein's Michelle O'Neill from her position as deputy first minister and leaves Northern Ireland without a functioning Executive.\nConservative former Northern Ireland secretary Julian Smith told MPs that the latest powersharing crisis at Stormont was a \"deeply depressing state of affairs\".\nThe Northern Ireland (Ministers, Elections and Petitions of Concern) Bill will allow for the Northern Ireland Assembly to continue without a functioning Executive for at least six months.\nIts passing has lessened the likelihood of an early election as one of its provisions states the Secretary of State cannot call an election for six weeks after the resignation of the first or deputy first minister.\nOn Monday evening, MPs passed amendments to the Bill from the House of Lords, one of which allows for the legislation to be applied retrospectively, which will cover Mr Givan's resignation last week.\nThe Bill is expected to receive royal assent later this week.\nAddressing DUP leader Sir Jeffrey Donaldson at Westminster, Mr Burns said: \"Our message very strongly to the party of the member opposite is we would rather he returned his party to the Executive, a stable Executive, stable governance, is in the interests of the people who matter most in all of this, the people of Northern Ireland.\"\nMr Smith said: \"Having worked with so many others across this House and beyond to get Stormont back up and running two years ago, last Thursday was deeply depressing.\"\nDUP leader Sir Jeffrey Donaldson criticised the EU for its approach to the Northern Ireland Protocol (Peter Morrison\/PA)\nSir Jeffrey said amendments to the Bill will be \"irrelevant\" if the issues which have led to the impasse are not resolved.\nHe added: \"I would love to see a resolution in the next six weeks because I can assure you if that happens, we will not be found wanting in terms of reinstating those institutions and restoring ministers to office.\"\nSir Jeffrey went on to criticise the European Union for its approach to the protocol, telling MPs: \"If the European Union insisted that your constituents' personal belongings are searched every time you move from one part of the United Kingdom to another, would you hear from your constituents about that? Might they have cause for complaint?\n\"And yet that is what my constituents will be subjected to if the European Union has its way and the full and vigorous implementation of the protocol is taken forward.\"\nMeanwhile, Stormont politicians have been urged to work to \"salvage\" what they can from the \"chaos\" caused by the DUP.\nSinn Fein's Stormont leader Ms O'Neill was speaking in the Assembly after party whips met to discuss how to expedite outstanding legislative Bills through to completion before the end of the mandate.\nMs O'Neill was appearing in the chamber for the first time since she was removed from her post as deputy first minister.\nShe made particular reference to uncertainty that now surrounds a scheduled state apology next month for victims and survivors of historical institutional abuse in Northern Ireland.\n\"The DUP's actions in unilaterally resigning from the Executive are reckless and have caused concern and uncertainty for businesses, for workers, for families and campaigners on a range of many important issues,\" she said.\n\"In terms of the survivors of historical institutional abuse they have caused real hurt and real trauma.\n\"While the DUP must bear responsibility for that, I am also very conscious that those of us who are serious about showing responsible leadership and delivering for people can and should seek to salvage what we can from the chaos the DUP have caused.\"\nEarlier, Assembly Speaker Alex Maskey told MLAs it was his intention the Assembly passes \"as much legislation as possible\" in the weeks ahead.\nOpening the start of business on Monday, Mr Maskey also said he had had no contact with the Northern Ireland Office about ending the Assembly's mandate at an \"early stage\", which would see an earlier election than planned.\nSinn Fein's Michelle O'Neill said there was a wide range of legislation that needed to be passed at Stormont (Brian Lawless\/PA)\nMs O'Neill said there was a wide range of important draft legislation that needed to be progressed into law before the Northern Ireland Assembly mandate ended.\nShe said that included Bills on climate change, organ donation, integrated education, autism, safe access zones for abortion services, a ban on fracking, welfare mitigation payments and stalking protections.\n\"These are all hugely important issues which all have real-life impacts and real-life consequences,\" Ms O'Neill told MLAs.\n\"Sinn Fein wants to work with the other parties to make sure they are taken forward in the limited time we have left in this mandate.\n\"I stand ready to do this important work, and whilst time is of the essence, progress is still possible across a range of areas. That should be the singular focus of this Assembly in the weeks ahead.\"\nMore from this topic\nMorning Briefing: Wednesday, September 28\nPro-Moscow officials say occupied areas have voted to join Russia\nCuba without electricity after hurricane hammers power grid\nKwarteng seeks to calm City nerves after IMF urges a change of course\nMillions urged to get flu and Covid vaccines as experts warn of 'difficult winter'","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Chapter 16: Absolute and Relative Surplus Value\nOutline of Marx's Analysis\n\u2013 in capitalism, social labor produces surplus-value\n\u2013 early on: formal subsumption of labor produces absolute surplus-value by extending the working day\n\u2013 later: real subsumption of labor produces relative surplus-value by reducing necessary labor\n\u2013 but the means for reducing necessary labor also can increase absolute surplus-value\n\u2013 by making the working day longer\n\u2013 amount of potential surplus labor\n\u2013 determined by natural conditions of labor\n\u2013 need to master nature leads to development of social division of labor\n\u2013 determined by requirements of life\n\u2013 where needs are few, a great deal of surplus labor can be imposed\n\u2013 Ricardo: saw labor productivity as source of profit\n\u2013 Mill: affirms source of profits in productivity of labor against mercantilist focus on exchange\nIn this, the first of the three chapters that take us from analyses in terms of value, to those of the monetary form of the value of labor-power, Marx reminds us of the distinction between absolute and relative surplus-value, of how they are produced and of the relationship between the two. Absolute surplus-value emerges early when capitalists only command or subsume the labor of others formally, that is to say, without taking over and transforming tools and how they are used. Under those circumstances, their only available strategy for increasing the extraction of surplus-value involves getting people to work longer. Because workers control their tools and the rhythm of their work, capitalists have little leverage to extract more surplus-value via the intensification of labor. Relative surplus-value emerges as capitalists do obtain that leverage, by gaining control over tools and organizing them in factories that facilitate oversight and control. Protected by new property laws, they reshape both tools and their use to raise productivity and increase surplus-value\u2014both by reducing the labor time necessary to produce each unit and by increasing the intensity of labor.\nGiven the increasing centrality of productivity, he also reminds us of how the conditions and meaning of productive labor depends upon the context. At the level of the individual, a productive worker is simply one who produces some product directly, using mind, hands and tools to transform raw materials. That was the generic concept he set out in the first section of Chapter 7. But as human society developed most labor became social, such that individuals came to collaborate in the production of ever more things and in so doing formed a collective worker with a division of labor\u2014that he analyzed in some detail in Chapter 14. With the rise of various kinds of class society, including capitalism, antagonistic relationships develop as some are able to impose surplus work on others and appropriate the resulting surplus product. Within capitalism that surplus product takes the form of surplus-value, so that from the point of view of the appropriating capitalists the only productive workers, i.e., the only workers whose labor makes it possible to impose more work, are those who produce surplus-value, i.e., surplus labor whose products can be used to impose more work in the future. As a result, there is a clear distinction between the vernacular, everyday sense of being productive, i.e., being able to produce something, and the only kind of productivity that matters to capitalists. This is consistent with the emphasis we saw in Chapter 1 between use-value and exchange-value\/value. Use-values and the ease with which we can obtain them preoccupy those of us who work; the exchange-value of the surplus production preoccupies those who put us to work.\nIn illustrating the capitalist case, Marx draws a parallel between those industries that produce things and those that produce services.\n. . . a schoolmaster is a productive worker when, in addition to belaboring the heads of his pupils, he works himself into the ground to enrich the owner of the school. That the latter has laid out his capital in a teaching factory, instead of a sausage factory, makes no difference to the relation.\nGiven that such \"productivity\" involves exploitation, he adds that, \"To be a productive worker is therefore not a piece of luck, but a misfortune.\" (1)\nMarx then goes on to remind us of the connections that he demonstrated in Chapter 15 between absolute and relative surplus-value. Namely, how the methods used to produce relative surplus-value, i.e., introducing new machines and new technology, also made possible the prolongation of the working day and the intensification of work, both of which added surplus-alue by extracting more work from those subject to the new methods. What he does not remind us of here, is how the shift to relative surplus-value strategies was the result of the success of workers' struggles to shorten the working day and by so doing undermine absolute surplus-value. (2) Nor does he reiterate his previous analysis of how new machines are designed and new technologies are chosen with the objective of undermining those struggles through the reorganization of the labor process. (3)\nThese reminders are followed by a brief analysis of the impact of natural conditions on the availability of surplus labor, both potential and actual. Where nature has provided plenty to meet limited needs and wants, as has sometimes been the case in the tropics, little work has been required and this resulted in a lot of spare, disposable time.(4) Marx's remarks here have received substantial support from later studies by anthropologists of what Marshall Sahlins called \"original affluent societies\".(5) Late in his life, partly as a result of his studies of the Russian peasant commune and its potential for providing the basis of a post-capitalist social regeneration, Marx devoted considerable time to the study of pre-capitalist societies. (6) The importance of his recognition of diverse possible paths to revolution and the transcendence of capitalism has been highlighted by Raya Dunayevskaya.(7) The contemporary renaissance in indigenous resistance to capitalism has led to new critiques of the orthodox Marxist dismissal of such struggles and to new appreciation of the insights being offered by those participating in that resistance into alternatives to capitalist ways of organizing the world. The widespread positive response to, and support for, the Zapatista rebellion in Mexico marked a new level of global awareness among those fighting capitalism; that awareness and support has continued for a wide variety of struggles in many parts of the world. Two examples illustrate the spreading support for the indigenous defense of the sacredness of land against capitalist exploitation. First, has been the resistance of First Peoples in Canada to tar sands development and second, has been the resistance of Native Americans in the U.S. to the construction of the Keystone and Dakota Access Pipelines.\nIn the long-run, Marx suggests that the rise in labor productivity has taken place via the organization of social, collective labor and technological development in response to the need to overcome obstacles presented by nature. A certain Eurocentrism appears implicit in his suggestion that this has been truer in temperate climates than in tropical ones.\nThe mother country of capitalism is not the tropical region, with its luxuriant vegetation, but the temperate zone. It is not the absolute fertility of the soil but its degree of differentiation, the variety of its natural products, which forms the natural basis for the social division of labor, and which, by changes in the natural surroundings, spurs man on to the multiplication of his needs, his capacities and the instruments and modes of this labour. (8)\nHis illustrations, however, which include water works in Egypt, India, and Persia as well as Italy and Holland, show that his suggestion here was not Eurocentric. Others, however, have been prone to insist on the climate differences (as they have sometimes done with \"racial\" differences) between temperate and tropical zones, in trying to explain why early capitalist development seemed to have been concentrated in Europe. Such views have been countered over the years not only by the rediscovery of the independent development of capitalism in places such as India but also by the recognition of the tremendous natural \"differentiation\" that obtains in the tropics. Such understanding came first as colonialists discovered competitors to suppress and more and more \"resources\" to exploit. More recently, modern ecological research has revealed the incredible diversity of life in the tropics. To these discoveries we should also add that of long-ignored indigenous knowledge and innovation in the utilization of plant and animal life for artistic, medicinal and nutritional purposes. The onslaught of biopiracy by the pharmaceutical industry out to patent, monopolize and exploit that knowledge provides perverse testimony to its importance. So, while we may accept Marx's intuition that challenges provoke innovation, we must also recognize that the diversity of innovations throughout the world\u2014both social and technological\u2014has been much greater that he recognized.\nMarx ends this chapter with a brief, sarcastic attack on Ricardo\u2014and by implication all the classical political economists of his time\u2014and John Stuart Mill, their successor, for the superficiality of their understanding of monetary phenomena. They did seek to explain such monetary categories as profit, interest and rent, but their efforts to understand their origin stalled at the simple concept of labor. Their failure, he argues, lay in their inability to recognize and analyze the origin of surplus-value\u2014a failure he attributes to their instinct that \"it was very dangerous to penetrate too deeply into the burning question of the origins of surplus-value\". The question was \"burning\", of course, because with the development of workers' self-organization, came increasingly intense challenges to the injustice of capitalist profit. While recognizing that \"the productive power of labor is the originating cause of profit\", Ricardo et al. failed to identify the essence of surplus-value in surplus labor and the exploitative nature of capitalism. Despite this theoretical lacuna, their emphasis on labor as the source of value did lead workers to the inevitable conclusion that if the source of value was labor, then all value should belong to them and none to the capitalists. Equally inevitable was the response of economists who set aside the labor theory of value and replaced it, first with utility theory in the late 19th Century and then with preference theory early in the 20th. With this brief evocation of the money form of surplus-value, Marx takes us one step closer to his exposition of the money form of the value of labor-power.\n1 Both this and the quoted passage are from Capital, Vol. I, p. 644.\n2 Ibid., Chapter 15, Section 2, subsections (b) and (c).\n3 Ibid., Chapter 15, Sections 4 and 5.\n4 Recall Marx's celebration, cited in my commentary on Section 5 of Chapter 10 of the Quashees of Jamaica thumbing their noses at the capitalist planters.\n5 Marshall Shalins,Stone Age Economics, Livingston, NJ: Aldine Transaction, 1974, Chapter 1, \"The Original Affluent Society\".\n6 Lawrence Krader (ed.), The Ethnographic Notebooks of Karl Marx, 2nd edn., Assen: Van Gorcum & Co., 1974.\n7 Raya Dunayevskaya, \"Marx's 'New Humanism' and the Dialectics of women's Liberation in Primitive and Modern Societies\", Praxis International, Vol. 3, no. 4, 1984, pp. 369-81.\n8 Capital, Vol. I,p. 649. The \"tropical region\", it is worth remembering, formally lies between the Tropic of Cancer (roughly 23o27' North Latitude) and the Tropic of Capricorn (roughly 23o27' South Latitude). The precise latitude varies from year to year because the tropics, both north and south, are defined by the most northerly or southerly circle of latitude at which the sun appears directly overhead.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Elizabeth Pipko, One of Donald Trump's Sexiest Followers?\nWho is Trump's 23-year-old Jewish Friend Elizabeth Pipko? Elizabeth Pipko is one of the most ardent supporters of Trump, who is the president of the Republican Party. Elizabeth Pipko is a great supporter of Donald Trump and his team with the Republican party slogans shared on social media accounts.\nOn Tuesday morning, the President tweeted the accompanying, giving as the wellspring of his data \"Elizabeth Pipko, Jexodus.\"\n\"Jewish individuals are leaving the progressive alliance. We saw a great deal of against Israel arrangements start under the Obama organization, and it got worsts and most exceedingly awful. There is hostile to Semitism in the Democratic Party. They couldn't care less about Israel or the Jewish public.\"\nJexodus is another association that charges itself as the result of \"glad Jewish Millennials burnt out on living in servitude to liberal legislative issues.\"\nIn any case, the Daily Wire reports that Jexodus was made by Jeff Ballabon, a Jewish 56-year-old who has made his profession as Republican political employable.\nWho, at that point, is Elizabeth Pipko, the 23-year-old Jexodus representative? Notwithstanding her colossal web-based media presence, it's difficult to state without a doubt.\nIn various online meetings, her own site and her profile on the Jexodus site, she is depicted as a long-term serious professional skater who turned into a distributed writer and working model as a more established youngster, and now learns at Harvard.\n\"Elizabeth Pipko required a year off from minoring in math at Harvard to prepare for the Olympics in figure skating, which makes her a guaranteed mathlete,\" an Esquire article said of Pipko in 2015.\nThe facts demonstrate that Pipko is a model \u2014 she endorsed with Wilhemina Models at 17 and has showed up in distributions like Sports Illustrated. Furthermore, the facts demonstrate that Pipko has composed two books of verse, however most articles and her site discard the way that the two books were independently published. Also, the facts confirm that Pipko is actually an understudy at Harvard, however not in the manner in which one may think \u2014 she learns at the Harvard Extension School, a degree-conceding program through Harvard that doesn't need application for confirmation.\nPipko additionally charges herself as a serious ice skater whose family migrated with the goal that she could seek after figure skating to the Olympic level. In any case, U.S. Figure Skating records show that from 2006-2010, Pipko finished yearly state administered testing at the \"Pre-Preliminary\" level, which test skating basics for amateurs. In the local and state-level titles where Pipko contended, she didn't decoration. Searches on Youtube for Pipko skating come up void. What's more, in spite of a 2016 Maxim profile that had Pipko preparing \"for the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics,\" there is little proof that she contended altogether, or that she ever moved toward Olympic or pre-Olympic level.\nThe Forward connected with Pipko, just as her ice skating clubs in Florida and New York, for additional data about her skating vocation. Neither Pipko nor the skating clubs reacted to demands when of distribution. A U.S. Figure Skating official affirmed that the association doesn't have rivalry records for Pipko past a provincial occasion in 2011.\nIn any case, Pipko's profile began to rise recently, when she was the subject of an article in the New York Post named, \"I Was A Secret Trump Supporter: Model Feared Politics Would Kill Her Career.\" In the piece, Pipko uncovered that she chipped in for Trump's 2016 mission yet misled the left-inclining displaying local area that she was occupied with training ice skating. \"I never inclined liberal or traditionalist, yet there was something in particular about Trump \u2014 the manner in which he talked and his trustworthiness \u2014 that had me persuaded he was our next president,\" she told the Post.\nDuring the mission she met Darren Centinello, a 28-year-old who is currently a staff member on Trump's 2020 mission. The couple marry at Mar-A-Lago in December in a function led by a similar rabbi who had hitched Pipko's folks 28 years earlier; their wedding topic was \"Make Marriage Great Again.\"\nElizabeth Pipko (@elizabethpipko)'in payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00f6nderi\nSince Pipko approached with her story in the Post, she has showed up on shows like the Fox and Friends and addressed outlets like the Daily Caller. She and Centinello, who is dealing with advanced and web-based media outreach for Trump's 2020 endeavors, record their Christmas and fourth of July festivities at the White House via online media. \"It's not the size of the canine in the battle, it's the size of the battle in the canine,\" her Instagram bio peruses, close to the Hebrew words \"Am Yisrael chai\" \u2014 the individuals of Israel lives.\nOn the Jexodus site, Pipko's life story portrays her Jewish bona fides. \"Elizabeth grew up going to Rabbi Schneier Park East Day School, which she acknowledges for ingraining her with an adoration for her Jewish confidence,\" the bio states. Pipko clearly went to the K-8 school until she was 10 years of age.\nThe bio proceeds to state that Pipko, \"The girl of foreigners and granddaughter of incredibly famous Jewish craftsman, Marc Klionsky, known for his work with Elie Wiesel\u2026 has consistently remained firmly grounded in her religion and convictions.\" Klionsky, who passed on in 2017 at 90 years of age, was an expert at picture who fled Soviet Russia with his family in 1974 because of rising enemy of Semitism.\n\"I'm quite strict. I'm Jewish,\" Pipko said in a 2016 meeting with Boca Life Magazine. She likewise uncovered that she applied for Israeli citizenship when she turned 18. \"The objective is to contend by one year from now to make the 2018 Winter Olympics. I'm attempting to speak to Israel,\" she said. In 2013, she posted on Instagram that she had become an Israeli resident. \"A year prior today I turned into an Israeli resident which will everlastingly be my proudest achievement,\" she composed. The Forward contacted Pipko's mentors for data about whether Pipko truly sought after Olympic preliminaries.\nPipko, whose demonstrating vocation has additionally incorporated an enemy of photograph correcting effort, grounds her story as a model and as a Trump ally in mistreatment. \"I was seriously harassed in center school,\" she disclosed to Boca Life Magazine. \"I was 4 feet 2 inches and had buckteeth and an insane light Afro. I was chief of the numerical group. There was certainly a touch of harassing, and nobody needed to date me.\" Elsewhere, Pipko has said she was doing 10-hour long stretches of skating and private coaching during her center school years.\nHowever, presently, the 23-year-old has made harmony with her body, opened up to the world about her MAGA uphold, discovered her voice as an artist and savant, and even got back to skating. As she disclosed to L'Idea Magazine, \"The ONLY individual that you required having faith in you, to succeed, is YOU.\"\nElizabeth Pipko charmed the public's consideration in 2019 when she uncovered she kept her work on Donald Trump's 2016 mission a mystery while at the same time filling in as a model for one of the world's top offices.\nPresently, the model and organizer of The Exodus Movement is prepared to uncover significantly more than her traditionalist perspectives in another book named \"Finding My Place: Making My Parents' American Dream Come True.\"\nIn a selective meeting with Fox News, Pipko, who's been named a \"rising star in the moderate development\" by certain, says there's significantly more to her than a speedy Google search. In her impending diary, Pipko plans to address a large number of inquiries encompassing her foundation, at the end of the day, her story is one she expectations will summon a feeling of nationalism in perusers in the midst of a political separation she feels has expanded altogether lately.\nTiktok Crying Trend,How White Women Cry on Tiktok\n21-year-old hot woman Brooklyn Gray draws attention with her new image\nBritney Spears received great acclaim for her nude poses\nNext story AC Milan Fikayo Wants to Transfer Tomori and Junior Firpo\nPrevious story How much does Cristiano Ronaldo earn on Instagram? Great success in 2021","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Pastor says released soldier has mental toughness to recover\n(RNS) \"If there's anybody I can think of pulling through this, and doing well, it's Bowe,\" said Philip Proctor, who was pastor of Sovereign Redeemer Presbyterian Church in Boise, Idaho, when Bowe Bergdahl was a teenager.\nBowe Bergdahl, an American soldier who was captured during the War in Afghanistan.\nElizabeth Weise\n(RNS) The newly freed soldier who spent nearly five years in captivity in Afghanistan has the mental and physical toughness to survive the experience, his former pastor said.\nBowe Bergdahl, an American soldier who was captured during the war in Afghanistan\nBowe Bergdahl grew up in a conservative Christian family in Idaho, studied ballet, was home-schooled, spent time in a Buddhist monastery and finally served in a parachute infantry regiment of the Army's 25th Infantry Division.\n\"If there's anybody I can think of pulling through this, and doing well, it's Bowe,\" said Philip Proctor, who was pastor of Sovereign Redeemer Presbyterian Church in Boise, Idaho, when Bergdahl was a teenager.\n\"He has the mental and physical stamina not to be crushed by this experience,\" Proctor said.\nBergdahl \u2014 the last service member unaccounted for in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars \u2014 was released Saturday (May 31) after being captured in 2009. The 28-year-old soldier is at a medical clinic in the U.S. base at Bagram, Afghanistan, said Army Lt. Col. Todd Breasseale, a spokesman for the Department of Defense. Bergdahl will eventually travel to Germany before heading back to the States.\nAt the White House on Saturday evening, Bergdahl's parents, Bob and Jani, joined President Obama, who praised the troops and government officials who rescued their son.\n\"We will continue to stay strong for Bowe while he recovers,\" Jani Bergdahl said after Obama turned the podium over to her.\nBob Bergdahl said he is not sure whether his son can still speak English, and he made some of his remarks in what appeared to be the Pashto language. \"I'm your father, Bowe,\" he said at one point.\nBob Bergdahl quit his job as a driver for UPS two or three years before retirement so he could spend all his time trying to win the release of his son, Proctor said.\nAlthough raised in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, Bowe Bergdahl spent time during his late teens in a Buddhist monastery in the Pacific Northwest.\n\"He was going through an exploratory phase in life. He'd grown up in a conservative Christian home and he was trying to figure out if this was his faith or his parents' faith,\" said Proctor.\nBergdahl's decision to join the military wasn't a surprise to people who knew him.\nIt came partly out of a desire \"to better understand a different part of the world and to try to see for himself what was going on,\" Proctor said. \"That would be a very Bowe thing to do.\"\n(Elizabeth Weise writes for USA Today. Also contributing: David Jackson in Washington, D.C.; KTVB in Hailey, Idaho)\nMG END WEISE\nTaliban will be the losers for denying women an education\nAn act of grace: Passing the Afghan Adjustment Act\nTaliban: Mosque blast at Interior Ministry in Kabul kills 4\nAre American Christians on the path to severe persecution for their faith?\nAfghan mosque blast kills 18, including pro-Taliban cleric","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"National Preservation\nForums > Members Lounge > Narrow Gauge Railways >\nIf you register, you can do a lot more. And become an active part of our growing community. You'll have access to hidden forums, and enjoy the ability of replying and starting conversations.\nLynton and Barnstaple - Operations and Development\nDiscussion in 'Narrow Gauge Railways' started by 50044 Exeter, Dec 25, 2009.\nl&b\nlynton barnstaple\nMark Thompson Well-Known Member\nE sussex\nHeritage Railway Volunteer:\nNo I do not currently volunteer\n30854 said: \u2191\nI'm not about to pretend I understand the large print regarding operation of planning legislation, never mind implementation of the small print.\nI'm inclined to side with those who feel running two disconnected railways is distinctly sub-optimal. To those who'd cite the F&WHR as a precedent in that regard, I'd suggest that, for any number of reasons, the situation on Exmoor is utterly different to that pertaining in Snowdonia a quarter of a century ago.\nLooking at the reinstatement south of KL, I 'm guessing making Parracombe Big Bank fit to carry trains looms large in the costs, but does the full finished cost represent the spend actually needed initially to get trains running? .... and now I'll cite the F&WHR! Maybe waiting 40 years for Moelwyn Tunnel to get aesthetically pleasing portals frustrated some, but the trains ran perfectly well without 'em for that whole time (and yes .... I do realise there's no tunnel on the L&B).\nCase in point, until the trackbed north of Woody Bay is required for services, will there be a pressing need for the full depot facility proposed at Blackmoor? Or could a few more years be squeezed out of the current facilities at WB? And .....\nWith Blackmoor - Woody Bay open (could Blackmoor - Wistlandpound be approached more ..... organically?) is any facility beyond the historic single platform actually needed at Parracombe?\nThe distance between BM and WB is 4 miles 15 ch (with Parracombe some way off being equidistant from both anyway), suggesting even a 20min journey time* stopping at Parracombe wouldn't exactly involve breaking the sound barrier.\nJust thinking out loud ....\n*About what the old L&B managed, Lynton bound, which included the 3-4mins needed to take water at Parracombe. and comfortably 3 mins over Barnstaple bound, including those which took water at Parracombe.\nHi Howard,\nI must say that I'm unable to comprehend the idea of constructing a separate line, out of sequence from Blackmoor to Wistlandpound. It makes no apparent sense financially, operationally, or logistically. It certainly isn't needed to secure any permissions, and that's quite apart from there being no space for any servicing and maintenance facility. Add to that, Blackmoor is still in private ownership. Any construction plant and materials would have to be brought in from the south end, next to the Calvert Trust, as there is no other means of access. It just doesn't make any logical sense, unless it is, at a stretch, to rebuild that section and then leave it until it is needed. Even then, it would be a financial drain at a time when all resources need to be focused northwards. As I've said, I cannot see any logic to it, and I really have tried.\nThe loop, if not necessarily the second platform, would be needed at Parracombe for a balanced 2-train operation, but then again, the Bluebell managed perfectly well until 1994 with their 5 mile section until Horsted became a proper crossing point.\nIncidentally, the L&B will have a tunnel, albeit a short one! but it's a valid point you make. I guess it would be ENPAs decision about how long final cosmetic finishing could be deferred for civil engineering. My guess, given their remit, is \"not long\".\nNo, I don't remember Adlestrop \u2013\nThe name, the bus was fifteen minutes late\nAnd I missed the bloody train.\nMark Thompson, May 18, 2022\nH Cloutt likes this.\nRailWest Part of the furniture\nMark Thompson said: \u2191\n1. Although the original planning application - and the plan with the Sec 73 application - does show a tunnel at BR, AIUI that was merely an initial indication for the general concept. Equally, the original plan showed the depot connected only into the up loop - in fact, there was not even a connection drawn between the two loops at the northern end anyway ! Since then, things have moved on with the design process.\nThe main depot access has been moved to the single-line north of the loops, to enable easy access to\/from either loop and a second access added at the Lynton end, mainly as a 'fall back' in the event of the main depot access getting blocked, but also useful potentially for Engineering trains to work down the line without the SB at BR being manned. Given the proximity of the depot access crossover to the throat of the fan of sidings, a short-ish head-shunt has been added at the station end so that at least engines can shunt about without needing to occupy the single-line. There is scope within the signalling design for that head-shunt to connected to the Up loop if so desired, but that is more of a 'nice to have' than an operational necessity and merely adds to the complication.\nAIUI it was decided at an early stage by those looking at the civil engineering that it would easier\/better, instead of a tunnel, to have two separate under-bridges, one for the main road and one for the station access road. If that decision has been reversed, then I've not heard about it (yet). The 2-bridges arrangement is much better from an operational\/signalling viewpoint - and certainly eliminated a lot of head-scratching! - as it makes it much easier to plan the layout and signal locations without having to try to avoid placing anything inside a tunnel.\nOn paper at least it does seem that the signalman at BR will have limited visibility of the layout under his control north of the main road, but simply adding a liberal amount of track-circuiting to circumvent that problem simply adds to the ongoing costs of installation and maintenance. Like many things, TCs are prone to failure (hopefully right-sided !), usually at the most inconvenient times, which is why I've cautioned about having any designs which require more than might be absolutely essential\/desirable. After all, will the L&BR always have a local S&T technician on-hand to fix such things?\n2. As regards PE, initial informal work on train schedules suggested that for about 75% of the time there would be no need for a loop or block-post there, and even perhaps for about 90-95% of the time the timetable could be designed to avoid that need. The main benefits would seem to be just (a) Gala and other 'high density traffic' days and (b) berthing PW trains. Most of the latter could probably be accommodated anyway outside of normal service hours, so that leaves merely Galas as a 'driver'. Don't forget also that IIRC the original proposals for a loop at PE described it as temporary for Phase 2A only. A quick look at the Construction Stage Plan 7 will show that, even with the eventual availability of the trackbed south of PE, it will be very difficult - if not impossible - to squeeze in a loop for an 'engine+5 coaches' trains with all coaches at a useable platform face without needing to acquire more land to one side. Also, I have been told - but I can't verify this - that the topology of the site would require extensive (and hence expensive and possibly controversial) excavation on the Up side of the line to provide for the extra track and platform. There is also the question of how would passengers get to\/from the new Up platform other than by means of either a foot-bridge (not likely to find favour locally) or a board-crossing (likely to fall foul of ORR dislike of new 'level crossings').\nMy personal view is that initially nothing more than the basic 'original' layout should be considered for PE and that a long and careful evaluation of the supposed benefits should be conducted before anything more extensive is planned, let alone built. The railway equivalent of not trying to run before one can walk. I'm sure there will be those who may disagree\nRailWest, May 18, 2022\n30854, ross, ghost and 3 others like this.\n30854 Resident of Nat Pres\nBrighton&Hove\nIncidentally, the L&B will have a tunnel, albeit a short one!\nWhilst possibly of distant future relevance, the 'tunnel thing' is (like any crazy talk of a new bridge over the Taw) most definitely one for some other time!\nAccording to Catchpole, the original L&B mileages (from Barnataple) were:\nBlackmoor 11m62c\nParracombe 14m33c (2m51c from Blackmoor)\nWoody Bay 15m77c (1m44c from Parracombe : 4m15c from Blackmoor)\nFor those who've grown up with a marginally less illogical system of measurements, that puts Parracombe closer to 1\/3 than 1\/2 or the distance from Woody Bay. For the full length of the current extention, add the extra distance to Wistlandpound (which looks a bit shy of a mile ... I'm guessing around 60c) and Parracombe becomes even further short of the half way mark (closer to Rowley Moor House than Parracombe). Add in the likely effect of souring neighbourly relations in and around the village, and surely the wisdom of doing more than reinstating the previous halt in Parracombe has to be questioned.\nIt ain't what you don't know that gets you into trouble .... It's what you know for sure that just ain't so. Mark Twain\n30854, May 18, 2022\nBertie Lissie, H Cloutt, Mark Thompson and 1 other person like this.\nRailWest said: \u2191\nthe likely effect of souring neighbourly relations in and around the village, and surely the wisdom of doing more than reinstating the previous halt in Parracombe has to be questioned.\nIf it is feasible to reconstruct Parracombe in it's original form, without needing it as a crossing point, then that's marvelous. Apart from mitigating local antagonism, it also appeals to my \"purist\" side!\nRW, many thanks for your very detailed overview regarding Blackmoor- I've learned a fair bit from that, and how challenging the layout and S\/T requirements are. Quite a bit of crystal ball work involved, whilst all the time, as you say, balancing anticipated needs against over-complication. Incidentally, regarding signalman's visibility north of the road bridge, I'm guessing that CCTV, however undesirable, has been considered and dismissed?\nRegarding the bridge, or \"brunnel\", I always understood it as you described, 2 parallel cut and cover sections for trains and pedestrians rather than a tunnel, per se. although it seems a long time since I last looked at the plans. Presumably a similar cut and cover will one day, (though possibly not in my lifetime), be required at Martinhoe Cross for Lynton- bound trains.\nAnd thanks for reminding me that the passing loop at PE was only intended to remain until 2B was operational, I'd completely forgotten that point, but as I said above, so much the better if it's never required at all!\n30854 and H Cloutt like this.\nI don't understand your comment about 'pedestrians' at BR, as the 2 bridges to which I referred are simply to take the two roads over the railway. No need to get pedestrians (other than railway staff trackside) from the station to the Depot or vice-versa. AIUI the pedestrian underpass would be further to the east, to get the public to\/from the station and the new car-park. Actually, I can't recall if CCTV has been considered or not, but it could be useful if feasible.\nI'm not a civil engineer, but I see no obvious obstacle to reinstating PE in its original form, given that you would be simply be putting back what was there previously, although it might be that you would need to extend the length of the platform. However, when it comes to the matter of a loop - whether as a passing-loop or as a run-round loop for a terminus - there is another problem that has been brought to my attention recently. Quite clearly the presence of the Churchtown bridge is a physical constraint as to how far the loop can extend towards KL, but it's worse than I thought of just having the toe of the point by the bridge. Apparently the clearances under the bridge are less than modern tolerances, so a train could pass thru' OK on dead straight track, but as soon as you have a bogie coach starting to curve to one side or the other into a loop then the increased overhang\/swing could foul the abutments (if I understand it correctly!). So the toe of the north end point has to be at least one coach length south of the bridge, which of course reduces the potential length of the loop and even more so in the 'temporary terminus' form.\nIt would be feasible of course to have PE in its original form as regards layout, but also capable of acting as a block-post as required, so that you could send two trains in one direction or the other between WB and BR, kept apart by PE. I did do some preliminary work on this last year for various reasons, but like many other design matters it then went into abeyance waiting for any decision as to whether it was worth pursuing. Still waiting....\nBiermeister and H Cloutt like this.\nI don't understand your comment about 'pedestrians' at BR, as the 2 bridges to which I referred are simply to take the two roads over the railway. No need to get pedestrians (other than railway staff trackside) from the station to the Depot or vice-versa. AIUI the pedestrian underpass would be further to the east, to get the public to\/from the station and the new car-park.\nOk, I'd have to go back and look at the original plans submitted, but all I can recall is the A399 road over, and two parallel box section subways, one for rail, one for pedestrians crossing under the A399 from the car park, and divided by a wall. Sounds like it's been superseded. I'm going to have to look again, aren't I? Anyway, it's still a way in the future yet.\nEdit- just looked, and yes, as I thought, it's me going gagga. Just ignore me!\nKanonkopdrinker New Member\nCorpach, Fort William\nNew maps just added to Exmoor Associates' website 'News' section, showing who owns what between Wistlandpound and Barnstaple \u2026..\nKanonkopdrinker, May 19, 2022\nclam1952, Mark Thompson, green five and 1 other person like this.\nH Cloutt Member\nKanonkopdrinker said: \u2191\nVery interesting - Quite a lot left to secure. There are some quite short lengths shown.\nH Cloutt, May 19, 2022\nPloughman Part of the furniture\nEx a lot of things.\nNear where the 3 Ridings meet\nYes I am an active volunteer\nHere is the link.\nhttps:\/\/www.exmoor-associates.co.uk\/2022\/05\/new-ea-maps\/\nhttp:\/\/www.nymr-pway.co.uk\/\nPloughman, May 19, 2022\nMark Thompson, green five, Biermeister and 2 others like this.\nMeiriongwril Member\nWould be nice if they completed the map into the northern sections, even if these are technically part of the Trust's territory...\nMeirion Gwril\nAiladeiladwch Reilffyrdd Cymru!\nwww.corris.co.uk\nMeiriongwril, May 19, 2022\nMeiriongwril said: \u2191\nMaybe the trust could be 'encouraged' to do this.\nMeiriongwril likes this.\nPloughman said: \u2191\nCheers for that. For some odd reason, I'd thought Chelfham Viaduct had come from BRB to the L&B (or EA). Wasn't aware of any Highways Agency involvement.\nNo, it still belongs to the BRB's successor. No point in the L&BR taking it on - and hence potentially horrendous maintenance costs - until such time as they need to run trains across it.\nandrewshimmin and H Cloutt like this.\nCheers for that. Makes sense. Last I heard was when it was tarted up and the parapets reinstated a few years back.\nI suspect, as landmark assets go, Chelfham Viaduct will be right up there with Sharpthorne Tunnel, beloved by all .... barring civil engineers and finance directors!\njohnofwessex, green five, Mark Thompson and 2 others like this.\nilvaporista Part of the furniture\nC.Eng\nOn the 45th!\nYou could be forgiven for thinking what a lovely section Snapper to Chelfham would make with much of it already within the family! Totally impractical from the access point of view though.\nhttps:\/\/ilvaporista.blogspot.it\/\nCHR Facebook: https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cambrianheritagerailways\/\nilvaporista, May 19, 2022\ngreen five, andrewshimmin, Mark Thompson and 4 others like this.\nilvaporista said: \u2191\nYou could be forgiven for thinking what a lovely section Snapper to Chelfam would make with much of it already within the family! Totally impractical from the access point of view though.\nIronically, my thoughts also when I looked at the map.\nBiermeister, ilvaporista and H Cloutt like this.\nSpudUk Well-Known Member\nThanks for this, I hadn't quite realised just how much of the route from Barnstaple to Chelfham was secured\nSpudUk, May 19, 2022\nJamessquared Nat Pres stalwart\nLBSC 215\nIt's when you have Sharpthorne Tunnel and Imberhorne Viaduct that you really have to worry!\nThe Jewel in the Crown - help put the sparkle back into Horsted Keynes\nJamessquared, May 19, 2022\nTobbes, 30854, ilvaporista and 2 others like this.\nJamessquared said: \u2191\nDunno how I forgot to mention Imberhome. Very impressive chunk of masonry seen from below, although it doesn't quite make it's presence felt to window hangers in quite the same way as the waterfall at the north end of the tunnel.\nTobbes and H Cloutt like this.\nEven Chelfham to a new, larger terminus on the outskirts of Barnstaple seems more practical.\nI'm slightly concerned about the Parracombe project. Whilst it's a good idea in principle (not least for planning reasons), it can be incredibly difficult to regain public good will when it's lost\nH Cloutt and ross like this.\nYour Invoices","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The difference between 'DACA' and 'Dreamers': A primer\nBy Nolan Rappaport, opinion contributor \u2014 01\/23\/18 06:00 PM EST\nThe government shutdown ended Monday when Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Addison (Mitch) Mitchell McConnellTrump has talked to associates about forming new political party: report McConnell, Schumer fail to cut power-sharing deal amid filibuster snag McConnell keeps GOP guessing on Trump impeachment MORE (R-Ky.) promised to take up an immigration bill that would protect an estimated 800,000 Dreamers from deportation under an open amendment process, if the Democrats would agree to end the shutdown. Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer Chuck SchumerNew York court worker arrested, accused of threats related to inauguration Schumer: Trump should not be eligible to run for office again McConnnell, McCarthy accept Biden invitation to pre-inauguration church service MORE (D-N.Y) said that pledge was enough for his caucus to accept a three-week government funding bill, which passed on a vote of 81-18.\nBut what do the parties really intend to take up? A DACA-fix for the 690,000 current participants or a DREAM Act to provide a path to citizenship for 2.7 million undocumented aliens?\nAnd who are the Dreamers?\nDREAM Act advocates typically claim that Dreamers are undocumented immigrants who were brought here illegally as children and have grown up in America knowing nothing about their own countries, but that does not describe the eligibility requirements for the DREAM Act or for DACA.\nThe Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program was established in June 15, 2012, when DHS announced that aliens who had been brought to the United States illegally as children and met other criteria would be considered for temporary lawful status with work authorization.\nNEW: Conservatives pressure Ryan to bring hard-right immigration bill to floor after shutdown https:\/\/t.co\/pwmYvH7sF7 pic.twitter.com\/g41b1OSy5D\n\u2014 The Hill (@thehill) January 23, 2018\nTo establish eligibility, an undocumented alien had to show that he or she:\nWas under the age of 31 as of June 15, 2012;\nCame to the United States before reaching the age of 16;\nHad continuously resided in the United States since June 15, 2007;\nWas physically present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time of making the DACA request;\nHad no lawful status on June 15, 2012;\nWas currently in school, had graduated or obtained a certificate of completion from high school, had obtained a general education development (GED) certificate, or was an honorably discharged veteran of the Armed Forces of the United States; and\nHad not been convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor, or three or more other misdemeanors, and did not otherwise pose a threat to national security or public safety.\nAccording to the Pew Research Center, the average age of the current DACA participants is 24. Two thirds are 25 or younger.\nMost (83 percent) were unmarried at the time of their most recent application. Nearly half (45 percent) of them live in California (29 percent) and Texas (16 percent). Illinois (5 percent), New York (5 percent), Florida (4 percent) and Arizona (4 percent) also have significant populations of active DACA recipients.\nThe DREAM Act.\n\"DREAM Act,\" by contrast, is an acronym for \"Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act.\"\nThe Democrats have been trying unsuccessfully to get a DREAM Act passed for 16 years. The most recent one, the Dream Act of 2017, was introduced in the Senate on July 20, 2017. An identical version was introduced in the House on July 26, 2017.\nNeither has had hearings or markups before committees with subject matter jurisdiction, which is required by what is referred to as the \"regular order.\"\nThe Dream Act of 2017 provides that, \"Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the (DHS) Secretary shall\" grant lawful permanent resident status on a conditional basis to an undocumented alien who:\nHas been continuously physically present in the United States for four years preceding the bill's enactment;\nWas younger than 18 years of age on the initial date of U.S. entry;\nIs not inadmissible on specified criminal, security, terrorism, or other grounds;\nHas not participated in persecution;\nHas not been convicted of specified federal or state offenses; and\nHas fulfilled specified educational requirements.\nIt also provides that the secretary may waive the specified grounds of inadmissibility \"for humanitarian purposes or family unity or if the waiver is otherwise in the public interest.\"\nSchumer warns McConnell not to backtrack on shutdown promise to take up DACA fix https:\/\/t.co\/q1k82ANDGK pic.twitter.com\/ziwf9qdDbc\nThe age requirement would permit aliens to qualify who grew up in their own countries and were not brought to America until they were almost 18 years old.\nIf the Senate passes the DREAM Act of 2017, it almost certainly will be dead on arrival in the House, which is what happened four years ago when Schumer, as part of the Gang of Eight, succeeded in getting an immigration bill passed in the Senate that was opposed by 70 percent of the Senate Republicans.\nIt would be more realistic to pass a bill that would just continue the DACA program for the current participants, but even that would fail if Trump will not sign it unless it includes a border wall, an end to chain migration, and an end to the Diversity Visa Program.\nIn any case, the floor debates and their media coverage will be easier to understand if the senators are clear about who they are trying to help and how they want to help them.\nNolan Rappaport was detailed to the House Judiciary Committee as an executive branch immigration law expert for three years; he subsequently served as an immigration counsel for the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Claims for four years. Prior to working on the Judiciary Committee, he wrote decisions for the Board of Immigration Appeals for 20 years.\nTags Charles Schumer Mitch McConnell deferred action for childhood arrivals DREAM Act Illegal immigration to the United States Immigration to the United States Undocumented students in the United States Undocumented youth in the United States Illegal immigration Chuck Schumer Law","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"HomeBrowse by AuthorJones, MichaelLogos Rising: A History of Ultimate Reality\nLogos Rising: A History of Ultimate Reality\nCODE: LR - 06\nThere has never been a time when there was nothing, because if there were ever nothing, there could never be something. There has never been a time when there was nothing but chaos. Order cannot come from chaos, because that which is cannot come from that which is not.\nThere has never been a time when man was not aware of an ultimate reality upon which he depended for his existence.\nThe first name man gave to that ultimate reality was God. In every language and culture, God was a father who lived in the sky. But if God was a father, did he have a beard? If God was a father, did he have a wife? The first attempt to deduce the characteristics of God from the world man knew, ended up in the dead end known as mythology, whose best expression was Homer's Iliad. At around the same time that Homer's epic went from oral to written form, a group of Greeks in Ionia on the coast of Asia Minor abandoned mythology and began to look for some substance in nature as the basis for ultimate reality. Thales of Miletus said it was water. Anaxamines said it was air, and Heraclitus said it was fire, but fire was an expression of something more basic, and he claimed that the most basic principle of all was Logos.\nFive hundred years later, St. John the Evangelist brought this discussion full circle when he said that in the beginning there was Logos, and Logos was God. God, it turns out, was a father, but he didn't have a beard or a wife. God was Logos.\nLogos wasn't simply an abstract principle like geometry or physics, although it certainly was both of those things. Logos was a person who had the power to bring that plan into fulfillment over the course of human history. Time was no longer just the number of motion, as Aristotle claimed. Time was a drama with a beginning, a middle, and an end. It was like the Greek plays Aristotle described in his Poetics. And because we were creatures of Logos we could now understand that plan in the same way that the Greeks of Athens understood Oedipus Rex. The history of logos found its culmination in the logos of history. Logos is rising.\nLogos Rising: A History of Ultimate Reality describes the tragic and yet ultimately triumphant progress of Logos in human history, from the beginning of everything, to the emergence of the concept, to the Democratic primary of 2020.\n784 Pages - Hardcover Book w\/ Dust Jacket\nCausa Nostrae Laetitiae: Our Blessed Mothe...\nThe Circles of Study: Engines of the Crusa...\nWhy I Never Followed the Novus Ordo Mass MP3","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"About the research program\nTrends in Economic Evaluation\nPublications about PEDE\nProject support and the team\nWelcome to the PEDE Project\nMethods for the conduct of economic evaluations have evolved over time to improve the quality of evidence for allocation decisions. However, child health differs from adult health in important ways. As a result, there are aspects to the measurement of costs and consequences that are unique to the paediatric population.\nThe goal of the Paediatric Economic Database Evaluation (PEDE) Project is to provide tools and promote research to advance the field of child health economic evaluation.\nThe PEDE database contains detailed information on over 3,000 paediatric economic evaluations published over the past 30 years. It also includes an inventory of health state utility weights reported in cost-utility analyses.\nThe PEDE research program is focused on identifying trends in publication, developing tools for quality appraisal, and addressing the challenges surrounding health state valuation in children.\nPEDE was voted \"Website of the Month\" in December 2018 by the Health Economics and Decision Science Group of School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) at the University of Sheffield, UK\nThis web application was created by, and is maintained and hosted by the Research Institute at The Hospital for Sick Children. Terms of use\nProblems with website\nCopyright \u00a9 1999-2018 The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids). All rights reserved.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Keep Calm and Skate On with Phil Morgan\nAny skaters out there? This next artist is for you. Based in Wales, UK, illustrator Phil Morgan embodies the spirit of punk rock and skate. \"I grew up skateboarding from the age of eight years old,\" he stated once, in an interview with Another Fine Mess. \"I was in a band through my twenties also, but I don't play music anymore.\"\nAccording to Morgan, skateboarding also played a central role in his artistic upbringing. \"Skateboarding actually got me back into my art about six years ago when I designed a bunch of skate graphics for my friend's skate company called Crayon Skateboards,\" he explains. \"I always dreamed of one day seeing my art on a wizz plank.\"\nVans Park Series 2018. Huntington Beach, California. @vans @vansparkseries #vans\nA post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Oct 4, 2018 at 2:43pm PDT\nHe took off from there, with his work soon attracting skate and surf companies alike, including Vans, Toy Machine, and Santa Cruz Skateboards. He has also caught the attention of more mainstream brands, collaborating with brands and publications like the Washington Post, Urban Outfitters, and Dr. Martens.\nHis work itself is varied, employing various techniques and mediums: anything from murals and installations to paintings and screen prints. There's often an air of nostalgia to his work, with references to a time gone by and nods to punk rock icons like The Ramones, and Fugazi. There's also a layer of humor in his work, which adds to its overall appeal.\n\"I try to add a lot of humor in my illustrations which I guess also reflects what type of person I am,\" Morgan says. \"I don't take things too seriously.\" This is the kind of creative attitude we want in our feed!\nA post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Oct 19, 2020 at 1:00am PDT\nHand painted over a photo of @leoromero taken by @lacay.o \ud83d\udcf7\nA post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Sep 24, 2020 at 1:31pm PDT\nNew stuff hitting the @cardiffskateboardclub store soon. Watch this space folks @thisiswhitemike #thistimenextyearwellbemillionaires\nA post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Nov 20, 2018 at 2:40pm PST\n' Fugazi '\nA post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Oct 16, 2018 at 11:48am PDT\n' Later Skater ' Throwaway scribbles\u2026 #skateboarding #laterskater\nA post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Feb 22, 2018 at 1:58pm PST\nIllustartor\nPrevious articleThis Travel Blogger Will Help You Reclaim 2020\nNext articleThis Baker Makes Edible Versions of Famous Buildings","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Caleb McLaughlin: Bio, Height, Weight, Age, Measurements\nCaleb McLaughlin is an American actor and singer, best known for his role as Lucas Sinclair in the Netflix science fiction horror web television series Stranger Things. He played Jay-Jay on NBC's Shades of Blue starring Jennifer Lopez. In 2017, McLaughlin appeared as young Ricky Bell in the BET miniseries The New Edition Story. Born Caleb Reginald McLaughlin on October 13, 2001 in Carmel Hamlet, New York, to parents April and Corey McLaughlin, he has two sisters named Caitlyn and Crystal and a brother named Corey McLaughlin Jr. He studied dance at The Harlem School of the Arts (HSA). He began his acting career when he appeared in an opera called Lost in the Stars in Cooperstown, New York at the Glimmerglass Opera House. He then appeared as \"Young Simba\" in the Broadway musical The Lion King.\nCaleb McLaughlin\nCaleb McLaughlin Personal Details:\nBirth Place: Carmel Hamlet, New York, USA\nResidence: New York City, New York, USA\nBirth Name: Caleb Reginald McLaughlin\nNickname: Caleb\nOccupation: Actor, Singer\nRace\/Ethnicity: Black\nCaleb McLaughlin Body Statistics:\nShoe Size: Unknown\nCaleb McLaughlin Family Details:\nFather: Corey McLaughlin Sr.\nMother: April McLaughlin\nSiblings: Corey McLaughlin Jr. (Older Brother), Caitlyn McLaughlin (Sister), Crystal McLaughlin (Sister)\nCaleb McLaughlin Education:\nKent Primary School\nGeorge Fischer Middle School\nHappy Feet Dance School\nThe Harlem School of the Arts (HSA)\nCaleb McLaughlin Facts:\n*He was born on October 13, 2001 in Carmel Hamlet, New York, USA.\n*He is the son of April and Corey McLaughlin.\n*His full name is Caleb Reginald McLaughlin.\n*He moved to New York City from a small rural town in New York after fifth grade.\n*He trained as a dancer at The Harlem School of the Arts.\n*Played Young Simba in the Broadway production of the musical, The Lion King, between 2012 and 2014.\n*Starred as Lucas Sinclair in the Netflix series Stranger Things.\n*Follow him on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Update! Richard Hammond \"Fighting For His Life\" After 280 Mph Jet-Car Crash\nRay Wert\nFiled to:News\nAccording to the paragon of plebian pulp, London's Evening Standard, after our earlier report of the 280mph car crash in the Vampire jet-carTop Gear co-host Richard Hammond is\nBreaking! Top Gear Presenter Richard Hammond In Car Crash\nThe BBC just sent this out over the wire:\n\"...fighting for his life...after an attempt to break the land speed record ended in disaster.\nHammond, who was filming for a forthcoming episode of the BBC2 show, crashed at speeds of up to 280mph, overturning his jet-powered car several times.\"\nWe still know next to nothing about the severity of Hammond's injuries, and calls placed to people we know at the show, as well as to BBC PR reps have yielded nothing but a busy number, an answering machine and one very upset woman yelling something about a wrong number in cockney. And after just taking a look at the BBC's site, we're even more worried as they've now placed a \"Profile\" piece up on Hammond. Although we now know he's the proud owner of a '69 Dodge Charger \u2014 here in the US, a \"Profile\" piece is usually reserved for times when there's a genuine fear someone may be...\n...leaving this plane of existence. We're hoping in the UK it's a sign of good luck or maybe that they're getting ready to serve fish n' chips at the pub.\nThe only good news we've seen have come from a couple of the show's crew members who claim they saw Hammond walk from the vehicle to the ambulance, contradicting the \"fighting for his life\" and \"critical condition\" reports we've also seen. We're hoping the crew saw it right and it wasn't just a paramedic who happened to be the same height as Hammond. Keep checking back here as we'll be keeping tabs on the story throughout the night.\nTop Gear's Richard Hammond critical after 280mph crash [Evening Standard]\nProfile: Richard Hammond [BBC]\nUPDATE: Huzzah! Richard Hammond Now Described In \"Stable Condition\" After Jet-Car Crash\nHuzzah! Richard Hammond Now Described In \"Stable Condition\" After Jet-Car Crash\nWe've got the first confirmed good news of the evening \u2014 the BBC is now reporting a hospital\u2026\nUPDATE #2: Scene Of The Crash: BBC Video Report On Richard Hammond\nScene Of The Crash: BBC Video Report On Richard Hammond; Doctors Report \"Significant Brain Injury&...\nThe Beeb's got a new report up with some blurry crash scene footage, some stock footage of the\u2026\nUpdate! Sky News Reports Top Gear's Richard Hammond Driving Vampire Jet Car At 280 Mph At Time Of Accident; Breaking! Top Gear Presenter Richard Hammond In Car Crash; Richard Hammond [internal]","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"How To Become A DNA Analyst?\nA Scientist known as forensic DNA analyst are tasked with gathering biological data as part of a criminal inquiry. Law enforcement may use information from forensic DNA analysts' DNA analyses to identify a victim or a perpetrator.\nDNA, which can be found in hair, blood, tissue, and body fluids, is akin to a person's unique biological signature. Using a biological sample, forensic DNA analysts can isolate a person's DNA and compare it to DNA from other samples they have gathered as well as data from a national DNA database to finally identify the DNA sample.\nPositioning a suspect at a crime scene is utilized to strengthen the case. It can even be used to find a victim's DNA on a suspect's belongings, vehicle, or house. The expertise of a forensic DNA analyzer is frequently essential to a crime scene investigation since the findings are precise, unmistakable, and admissible in court.\nDNA analysts are educated experts who analyze DNA samples to support the identification of a person. They frequently do their duties at crime labs where prospective culprits are identified using DNA. They compare the identification of the sample to other recognized DNA samples after testing various DNA samples.\nThey can give law enforcement a certain identity when a match is made. DNA analyzers may work at hospitals, police stations, privately held forensic labs, forensic crime labs, or forensic crime laboratories. Most DNA analysts are employed by regional governments. DNA analyzers are required to have a formal education and relevant professional experience.\nThe Job of a Forensic DNA Analyst\nIn forensic crime labs, forensic DNA analysts perform analyses on samples collected from crime scenes. While some forensic DNA analyzers work for privately owned forensic laboratories, the majority of them are employed by local, state, or federal law enforcement or governmental organizations.\nWork as a forensic DNA analyst involves performing a variety of specialized DNA assays, such as fluorescence DNA analysis, PCR amplification, and DNA purification. Forensic DNA analyzers organize and examine DNA evidence using special laboratory techniques and stringent protocols. Since the test results may be used as evidence in court, all findings must be recorded and disclosed.\nTo support the conclusions of their DNA studies, these experts may also be required to testify in court as experts.\nJobs as a forensic DNA analyst involve:\nMust adhere to all laboratory safety procedures and other norms and regulations.\nInterpret and analyze data\nDetermine the issues that can impair test performance and fix them.\nEngage in forensic casework to communicate with investigators\nImplement and follow programs for quality assurance.\nWhen necessary, testify in court\nReviewing quality control and safety procedures with peers\nThe Educational Path for Forensic DNA Analysts\nForensic DNA analysts must have a formal education through a four-year degree in:\nMicrobiology, biochemistry, immunology, and infectious illnesses are among the topics covered in these programs' coursework, which places a heavy emphasis on lab work. Candidates for forensic DNA analyst roles must have good written and spoken communication skills since these laboratory experts must be able to discuss their findings and deliver expert testimony in a court of law.\nThe following are just a few examples of undergraduate degrees someone may choose to pursue employment as a forensic DNA analyst:\nBachelor of Science in Biology, DNA Analysis Methods\nBachelor of Science in Biological Sciences\nBachelor of Science in Forensic Science\nBachelor of Science in Molecular Biology\nMost jobs in this profession need at least two years of full-time experience working with forensic cases, and many firms impose graduate-level education requirements in molecular biology, genetics, statistics, and biochemistry as a requirement for employment.\nPeople who are interested in working as forensic DNA analyzers frequently enroll in the following graduate programs:\nMaster of Science in Forensic Science\nMaster of Science in Forensic and Conservation Genetics\nMaster of Science in Forensic Analysis\nMaster of Science in Molecular Biology\nMaster of Science in Human and Molecular Genetics\nMaster of Science in Biomedical Sciences\nMaster of Science in Medical Genetics\nMaster of Science in Analytical and Forensic Science\nLicensure, Certification, and Continuing Education\nAlthough certification and licensing are not often mandated for DNA analyzers, there are several options accessible to individuals who desire voluntary certification. Credential requirements can differ from one jurisdiction to another. The following organizations offer certification for DNA analysts.\nAmerican Board of Criminalistics (ABC)\nInternational Association for Identification (IAI)\nAmerican Board of Medico legal Death Investigators (ABMDI)\nAmerican Board of Forensic Toxicology (ABFT)\nAmerican Board of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE)\nBoard of Forensic Document Examiners (BDFE)\nInternational Board of Forensic Engineering Sciences\nAmerican Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO)\nThe aforementioned organizations each provide a range of certificates. The ABC is the organization that certifies DNA analysts the most frequently. They provide certification at the diplomate, fellow, and affiliate levels. The analyst must fulfill the prerequisites and pass the relevant certification examinations to be qualified for these credentials. For instance, a bachelor's degree and two years of experience in this industry are prerequisites for the diplomate.\nDNA analyzers must regularly stay up-to-date on new methods and technology, which necessitates that they go to conferences and pursue continuous education. Most certifications are only good for a few years. The analysts must also finish continuing education requirements to keep certifications.\nWhenever body fluid-containing crime scene evidence is discovered, a DNA analyzer is contacted. A DNA analyzer extracts the DNA from the supplied sample using a specific extraction method, then employs chemicals and equipment to determine the fluid's source. Frequently, DNA samples from suspects are also checked for comparison. Since DNA analysis is used as evidence in court proceedings, thorough documentation about the testing procedure, sample handling, storage, and quality control are required.\nSometimes, DNA experts are called to testify in court regarding the findings and are subjected to cross-examination about probable testing factors by the other side. DNA analysts typically spend the daytime hours in a lab. On rare occasions, they may be asked to assist at a crime scene or work on the weekends and holidays.\nJob Duties of DNA Analyst\nThe majority of an analyst's time is spent cataloging and examining DNA evidence in a lab. Since the results of the analysis might be used in court to establish the guilt or innocence of suspects, analysts are required to adhere to stringent regulations for the custody of the evidence, testing techniques, and reporting criteria. Every stage of the process, including when the sample was received, the sample's quality, the tests run, and the test findings, must be recorded and reported. As expert witnesses in court, analysts are frequently called to testify about the results of a particular DNA analysis.\nAnalysts also carry out routine upkeep and quality control inspections in the lab. They keep up with each piece of equipment, look for deterioration, and order replacements as necessary. Analysts frequently conduct peer evaluations of one other's findings to ensure that each analysis is carried out correctly. Retesting samples and double-checking the findings reports are two examples of this.\nDay in the Life of a DNA Analyst\nWe have all seen crime dramas on TV when a DNA analyst is doing a test to either confirm or deny paternity, to assist in the investigation of rape or simply to offer evidence in a criminal case. Although it may be a television program for our amusement, it still closely resembles a DNA analyst's typical workday. The majority of their time is spent in laboratories performing DNA analysis, cataloging, and documentation.\nDNA analysts frequently have to appear in court to testify about their findings because numerous DNA tests are used to determine whether a suspect is guilty or innocent. DNA analyzers are required to abide by stringent rules and norms involving testing practices, evidence custody, and reporting requirements because their testimonies are utilized in legal proceedings. The analysts are required to record each step of the process.\nTime of test\nSample Quality\nType of test performed\nEveryone who handled the sample\nThe DNA analyst's duties also include checking that all testing equipment is operating properly and doing regular maintenance on it. The analyst must order new components or ask for replacement equipment if they get worn or damaged.\nDNA analyzers, often known as forensic biologists, play a significant role in the criminal justice system. As soon as a crime is reported, they get to work. Until the DNA analyst arrives to collect all potentially relevant DNA, people are typically instructed not to touch anything at the crime site. They return to their labs with the samples, where they get to work. Different DNA samples, including those from hair follicles, blood, saliva, or other physiological fluids, are recognized by DNA analysts. DNA experts are frequently asked to examine DNA samples to establish paternity.\nDNA analyzers perform lab and field work as well as give testimony in courtroom proceedings to judges and juries on the outcomes of their work. DNA analysts often work a standard 9 to 5 shift, however, they can be compelled to work nights or weekends if it will help solve a crime.\nIn the same category as forensic science technicians, who examine evidence to connect suspects to specific crimes or crime scenes, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) includes DNA analyzers. The Bureau projects a 17% increase in employment for forensic science technicians from 2016 to 2026. Government officials require additional forensic science specialists, such as DNA analyzers, to aid in crime-solving as the number of crimes rises every year. By the year 2026, there should be an increase in the employment of forensic science technicians of about 2,600. Salary Information for Forensic DNA Examiners\nThe average yearly wage for biological technologists, as of May 2010, was $39,020, with the top 10% making more than $62,890, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The BLS also said that forensic science technicians earned an average yearly pay of $51,570 during that time, with the top 10 percent earning more than $82,990. Between 2010 and 2010, both professions are anticipated to expand at a pace of roughly 19 percent, which is about average for all occupations.\nThe average pay for forensic DNA analysts may be better highlighted by looking at recent job advertisements. The following income ranges for forensic DNA analysts are shown in the most recent job listings:\nPrivate Indiana laboratory: $55,000\nCounty medical examiner's office in Pennsylvania: $35,820-$59,880\nCounty sheriff's office in Colorado: $81,840\nPublic safety department in Utah, city: $41,548\u2013$77,568\nLocal criminal laboratory in Louisiana: $53,002\nForensic DNA Analysts' Resources\nForensic DNA analyzers frequently join trade organizations to:\nKeep up to date with the most recent forensic science and DNA analysis methodologies, techniques, and procedures.\nEncourage the sharing of knowledge on research and new advancements in the field\nKeep up with the most recent legal developments involving DNA analysis.\nEstablish a network with other\nIndustry experts and pursue formal education and additional training\nParticipate in annual events and guest talks.\nThrough the following organizations, DNA analysts can access a multitude of information and networking opportunities:\nForensic DNA analysts and administrators association\nAssociation of Crime Analysts International and\nthe American Academy of Forensic Sciences\nHow To Get Job In Forensic Field (CFSL or CBI)\nHow to become a Forensic Scientist?\nCareer as Forensic Scientist \u2013 Good or Bad","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"HOME \u00bb Krogh, August, 1874-1949 (x) \u00bb Insulin - Early manufacture (x) \u00bb info:fedora\/insulin:best (x) \u00bb Insulin - International standards (x) \u00bb Search\nletter (265)\nclipping (182)\npublished text (163)\nnotebook (22)\nchart (15)\nF. G. Banting (Frederick Grant, Sir) Papers (433)\nUniversity of Toronto. Board of Governors. Insulin Committee (73)\nHughes (Elizabeth) Papers (60)\nSanofi Pasteur Limited (formerly Connaught) (48)\nBest - Personal Collection (21)\nInsulin Collections (10)\nFeasby (William R.) Papers (4)\nBanting, Frederick Grant, Sir, 1891-1941 (200)\nInsulin - Early patients (164)\nInsulin - Early publications (98)\nMacleod, J. J. R. (John James Rickard), 1876-1935 (84)\nBest, Charles Herbert, 1899- (61)\nHughes, Antoinette (57)\nDogs as laboratory animals (50)\nDiabetics - Before insulin (37)\nCollip, J. B. (James Bertram), 1892-1965 (33)\nNobel Prizes (32)\nHughes, Elizabeth Evans (24)\nEli Lilly and Company (23)\nInsulin - Licenses (22)\nCollip, J. B. (James Bertram), 1892-1965 - Photographs (19)\nPancreatic extracts - Research before 1921 (19)\nBanting, Frederick Grant, Sir, 1891-1941 - Photographs (18)\nClowes, G. H. A. (George Henry Alexander), 1877-1958 (18)\nToronto General Hospital (17)\nConnaught Medical Research Laboratories (16)\nRyder, Teddy (Theodore) (15)\nBanting, Frederick Grant, Sir, 1891-1941 - Death (14)\nUniversity of Toronto. Physiology Department (13)\nCollip, J. B. (James Bertram), 1892-1965 - Honours (12)\nCanadian National Exhibition (1923: Toronto, Ont.) (11)\nFitzgerald, J. G. (John Gerald), 1882-1940 (11)\nMurlin, John R. (John Raymond), b. 1874 (10)\nFalconer, Robert, Sir, 1867-1943 (9)\nIletin (9)\nUniversity of Toronto. Board of Governors (9)\nAllen, Frederick M. 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(3)\nHughes, Elizabeth Evans - Photographs (3)\nInsulin - Clinical use - Europe (3)\nInsulin - Early manufacture - Europe (3)\nLilly, J. K. (3)\nMoynihan, Berkeley Moynihan, Baron, 1865-1936 (3)\nNeedham, Elsie (3)\nUnited States. Patent Office. (3)\nUniversity of Toronto. Banting and Best Chair of Medical Research (3)\nBanting, William Thompson (2)\nBest, Charles Herbert, 1899 - Honours (2)\nBlum, F. L. (2)\nBoots Company Limited (2)\nCameron Prizes (2)\nCanadian Anti-Vivisection League (2)\nCanadian Club of Toronto (2)\nClough, Harry D. (2)\nCollier, Constance (2)\nCollip Medical Research Laboratory, University of Western Ontario (2)\nCorbett, Joseph (2)\nCornell, Beaumont Sandfield, 1892- (2)\nCoultris, J. W. (2)\nDiabetes Mellitus - Physiopathology (2)\nF. N. G. Starr Medals (2)\nFerguson, Howard, 1870-1946 (2)\nFlexner, Simon, 1863-1946 (2)\nGibbs, C. B. F. (2)\nGreat War Veterans' Association of Canada. 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(2)\nRoyal College of Surgeons of England (2)\nScott, David Aylmer (2)\nSimpson, Sutherland, 1863-1926 (2)\nSt. Nicholas (New York, N.Y.) (2)\nStarr, Frederick Newton Gisborne (2)\nSutter, Clyde C. (2)\nUniversity of Toronto. Biology Club (2)\nWalden, George (2)\nWilliams, John R. (2)\n[Aug 27 1923] (6)\n[Sept. 1922] (5)\n[Feb 1941] (4)\nNov. 27 1923 (3)\nNov. 6 1923 (3)\n[Jan. 1923] (3)\n[ca. 1929-30] (3)\n[ca. Nov. 1921] (3)\nApril 10 1922 (2)\nApril 9 [1923] (2)\nAug 9 1921 (2)\nAugust 16 1922 (2)\nDec 16 1922 (2)\nDecember 16, 1922 (2)\nDecember 2, 1922 (2)\nDecember 8 1922 (2)\nFeb. 7 1922 (2)\nFebruary 22 1923 (2)\nJan. 30 [1923] (2)\nJuly 1 1925 (2)\nJuly 10 1922 (2)\nMarch 1 1923 (2)\nMarch 14 1923 (2)\nMarch 21, 1923 (2)\nMay 6 1923 (2)\nOct. 9 1923 (2)\nOctober 14 1922 (2)\nSeptember 16 1930 (2)\n[1900?] (2)\n[Mar. 22 1922] (2)\n[Nov. 14 1921] (2)\n[Oct 1923] (2)\n[ca. 1920s] (2)\n[ca. 1922?] (2)\n[ca. 1929-30?] (2)\n[ca. Mar. 19 1935] (2)\n[ca. Oct. 1923] (2)\nca. 1890-1941 (2)\nAcademy of Medicine Collection\nUniversity of Toronto. Board of Governors. Insulin Committee\nUniversity of Toronto. Office of the President\nF. G. Banting (Frederick Grant, Sir) Papers\nBest (Charles Herbert) Papers\nHughes (Elizabeth) Papers\nCollip (James Bertram) Papers\nFeasby (William R.) Papers\nSanofi Pasteur Limited (formerly Connaught)\nTreatment of diabetes\nNobel medicine prize awarded to Drs. Banting and Macleod, Toronto discoverers of insulin for treatment of diabetes\nNew York herald (New York, N. Y.)\nCheaper insulin\n[Manchester, England]\nGuardian (Manchester, England)\nSeating plan for the Banting-Macleod Nobel Prize banquet","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home\/technology\/Review of 5 Best Quadcopters and Drones for 2023\nReview of 5 Best Quadcopters and Drones for 2023\nMarisoll AndreassMarch 25, 2020\nSource: dronesforsalereview.com\nWant to take awesome pictures and stunning stills? Is anything there to capture images and videos from the sky? If yes, what is that? It's nothing but a quadcopter. Yes, the quadcopter allows you to take pictures and videos from the sky. Are you an aerial photographer? Are you looking for the best quadcopter with the camera? Well, you've come to the right place.\nThis article is about Quadcopter with cameras and it tells you everything about quadcopter and the Top 5 quadcopter with the camera.\nAre you ready to know? Lets' go and read.\nBrands and types of quadcopters\nSource: m.economictimes.com\nThere are several numbers of quadcopters are available with excellent features and a numerous number of brands are offering quadcopters with updated features. Some of the excellent brands of the quadcopter are as follows:\nDBPOWER\nApplications of quadcopters\nSource: droneomega.com\nQuadcopters are mainly used in many numbers of places and it helps people in a large number. Some of the places are listed below:\nIt is widely used in real estate photography\nSearch\/Rescue missions\nTo explore Lava lakes\nIn surveillance\nConstruction\/Surveying\nProduct\/Food delivery\nNews and Sports\nWhat are factors do I need to consider?\nSource: real.de\nWe all know that while buying a product, we have to check the features of the product so that we can know more about the product. Finally, we can able to decide which product is best to buy and use. When it comes to choosing an excellent quadcopter for you, you need to consider the following features.\nSource: 3dprint.com\nWe all know that the design of the product is very important and it gives a nice look to the product. At first, you need to consider the design of the product. It is best to buy a quadcopter that features an elegant, compact, and sleek design.\n2. Charging time and Flight time\nSource: stephenrimmer.com\nNext, you have to consider the charging and flight duration time of the quadcopter. Each branded quadcopter features with different charging and flying time. So, choosing the best one is all up to you.\n3. Headless mode and the remote control\nThese two features are considered as the most important features of the quadcopter. A quadcopter with the headless mode is very beneficial for the beginners and there is no need to adjust the position of the quadcopter before flying.\nRemote control feature allows you to control the quadcopter so that you can easily monitor your quadcopter from where you are.\n4. Battery\nCheck that the battery of the quadcopter is excellent or not.\n5. Powerful motor and anti-interference\nWhile buying the quadcopter, it is very important to consider the motor and anti-interference features of the quadcopter.\n6. HD camera\nIt is also one of the important features of the quadcopter. A quadcopter with the HD camera allows you to take pictures and record videos in an efficient manner.\nTop 5 Quadcopters with Camera\nSource: mydronelab.com\nIn the above part, we've discussed the uses and features of the quadcopter in detail. Are you seeking for the best quadcopter? Can't find the right one that suits your needs? Don't get worried. In this part, I'm going to tell you the topmost quadcopters with excellent features. They are as follows:\nHoly Stone HS170 Predator Mini RC Helicopter\nHolystone provides high-quality quadcopters with a built-in HD camera so that you can use this quadcopter anywhere to capture images with a high-quality.\nHere are some of the features of the Holy Stone HS170 Predator Mini RC Helicopter that help you to choose the best quadcopter for you.\nIt is a tremendous quadcopter for beginners.\nCharging time is quite awesome and it charges fast.\nIt is very durable and it is cost inexpensive to buy.\nIf you wish to know more features of the product, simply click the link.\nDJI Phantom 3 Professional Quadcopter Drone\nSource: dji.com\nDJI is the leading provider of easy-to-fly drones and aerial photography systems and it provides quadcopters with several updated features. Here, I'm going to introduce you DJI Phantom 3 professional quadcopter drone.\nBelow are some of the features of the DJI Phantom 3 Professional Quadcopter Drone.\nThe Video transmission system is quite awesome in this product.\nIt captures photos and records videos in high-quality.\nClick the link if you want to know more about the DJI Phantom 3 Professional Quadcopter Drone.\nSYMA Gyro RC Quadcopter with HD Camera\nSYMA is another top leading provider of aerial photography systems and SYMA provides one excellent version called SYMA Gyro RC Quadcopter with HD camera.\nIt is durable and flexible and it features with an FPV.\nThis is inexpensive to buy and it hovers easily.\nQuality is great in this product.\nUDI U818A Quadcopter\nSource: powerdronesales.com\nUDI provides excellent aerial photography systems and UDI U818A quadcopter is one of the best products of the UDI. Below are some of the features of the UDI U818A quadcopter.\nIt is easy to set up and easy to operate.\nCharging time and the flight duration time is quite awesome.\nThis quadcopter is really very nice for the money.\nCheerson CX-10 RC Quadcopter\nCheerson is also the leading provider of the Quadcopter and here, we're going to discuss the features of the Cheerson CX-10 RC Quadcopter.\nIt is durable and it is easy to set up.\nThe bright orange color is quite attractive.\nIt can be operated easily and it features an excellent remote control.\nCharging time and the flight duration time is quite excellent.\nIt is suitable for the child under age 15.\nClick here to know more features and pros of the \"Cheerson CX-10 RC Quadcopter\".\nFinal conclusion\nQuadcopters play an essential role in many commercial places. With the use of a quadcopter, we can explore the skies. A quadcopter with HD camera plays a major role in most commercial places and allows you to capture and record what's happening in the world from the sky. The quadcopter is an obvious choice for aerial photographers who want to explore more from the skies.\n7 Best Padded Panties 2023 - Review and Buyer's Guide\n8 Best Sex Board Games 2023 - Review and Buying Guide\n8 Best Breast Pumps 2023 - Review & Buying Guide\nRaymarine Dragonfly 7 Pro Review 2023 - Best Fish Finder\nThe Best Air Fryer Review Guide of 2023\n6 Best Nostalgia Popcorn Makers Review in 2023\nCheerson DBPOWER DJI Drones images photographer Quadcopters sky SYMA videos\nMarisoll Andreass\nCommonly Asked Questions When Moving\nA Complete Buying Guide for Toaster in 2023\nGutter Cleaning: Why it Should be a Priority","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. v. JOINER (96-188)\n78 F.3d 524, reversed and remanded.\n[ Rehnquist ]\n[ Breyer ]\n[ Stevens ]\nNOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.\nGENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, et al., PETITIONERS v. ROBERT K. JOINER et ux.\nON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT\nWe granted certiorari in this case to determine what standard an appellate court should apply in reviewing a trial court's decision to admit or exclude expert testimony under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). We hold that abuse of discretion is the appropriate standard. We apply this standard and conclude that the District Court in this case did not abuse\nits discretion when it excluded certain proffered expert testimony.\nRespondent Robert Joiner began work as an electrician in the Water & Light Department of Thomasville, Georgia (City) in 1973. This job required him to work with and around the City's electrical transformers, which used a mineral-based dielectric fluid as a coolant. Joiner often had to stick his hands and arms into the fluid to make repairs. The fluid would sometimes splash onto him, occasionally getting into his eyes and mouth. In 1983 the City discovered that the fluid in some of the transformers was contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs are widely considered to be hazardous to human health. Congress, with limited exceptions, banned the production and sale of PCBs in 1978. See 90 Stat. 2020, 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 2605(e)(2)(A).\nJoiner was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer in 1991. He1 sued petitioners in Georgia state court the following year. Petitioner Monsanto manufactured PCBs from 1935 to 1977; petitioners General Electric and Westinghouse Electric manufactured transformers and dielectric fluid. In his complaint Joiner linked his development of cancer to his exposure to PCBs and their derivatives, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (furans) and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (dioxins). Joiner had been a smoker for approximately eight years, his parents had both been smokers, and there was a history of lung cancer in his family. He was thus perhaps already at a heightened risk of developing lung cancer eventually. The suit alleged that his exposure to PCBs \"promoted\" his cancer; had it not been for his exposure to these substances, his cancer would not have developed for many years, if at all.\nPetitioners removed the case to federal court. Once there, they moved for summary judgment. They contended that (1) there was no evidence that Joiner suffered significant exposure to PCBs, furans, or dioxins, and (2) there was no admissible scientific evidence that PCBs promoted Joiner's cancer. Joiner responded that there were numerous disputed factual issues that required resolution by a jury. He relied largely on the testimony of expert witnesses. In depositions, his experts had testified that PCBs alone can promote cancer and that furans and dioxins can also promote cancer. They opined that since Joiner had been exposed to PCBs, furans, and dioxins, such exposure was likely responsible for Joiner's cancer.\nThe District Court ruled that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Joiner had been exposed to PCBs. But it nevertheless granted summary judgment for petitioners because (1) there was no genuine issue as to whether Joiner had been exposed to furans and dioxins, and (2) the testimony of Joiner's experts had failed to show that there was a link between exposure to PCBs and small cell lung cancer. The court believed that the testimony of respondent's experts to the contrary did not rise above \"subjective belief or unsupported speculation.\" 864 F. Supp. 1310, 1329 (ND Ga. 1994). Their testimony was therefore inadmissible.\nThe Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit reversed. 78 F.3d 524 (1996). It held that \"[b]ecause the Federal Rules of Evidence governing expert testimony display a preference for admissibility, we apply a particularly stringent standard of review to the trial judge's exclusion of expert testimony.\" Id. at 529. Applying that standard, the Court of Appeals held that the District Court had erred in excluding the testimony of Joiner's expert witnesses. The District Court had made two fundamental errors. First, it excluded the experts' testimony because it \"drew different conclusions from the research than did each of the experts.\" The Court of Appeals opined that a district court should limit its role to determining the \"legal reliability of proffered expert testimony, leaving the jury to decide the correctness of competing expert opinions.\" Id. at 533. Second, the District Court had held that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Joiner had been exposed to furans and dioxins. This was also incorrect, said the Court of Appeals, because testimony in the record supported the proposition that there had been such exposure.\nWe granted petitioners' petition for a writ of certiorari, 520 U.S. _____ (1997), and we now reverse.\nPetitioners challenge the standard applied by the Court of Appeals in reviewing the District Court's decision to exclude respondent's experts' proffered testimony. They argue that that court should have applied traditional \"abuse of discretion\" review. Respondent agrees that abuse of discretion is the correct standard of review. He contends, however, that the Court of Appeals applied an abuse of discretion standard in this case. As he reads it, the phrase \"particularly stringent\" announced no new standard of review. It was simply an acknowledgement that an appellate court can and will devote more resources to analyzing district court decisions that are dispositive of the entire litigation. All evidentiary decisions are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. He argues, however, that it is perfectly reasonable for appellate courts to give particular attention to those decisions that are outcome-determinative.\nWe have held that abuse of discretion is the proper standard of review of a district court's evidentiary rulings. Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. ____, ____ n. 1 (1997) (slip op., at 1\u20142, n.1), United States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45, 54 (1984). Indeed, our cases on the subject go back as far as Spring Co. v. Edgar, 99 U.S. 645, 658 (1879) where we said that \"cases arise where it is very much a matter of discretion with the court whether to receive or exclude the evidence; but the appellate court will not reverse in such a case, unless the ruling is manifestly erroneous.\" The Court of Appeals suggested that Daubert somehow altered this general rule in the context of a district court's decision to exclude scientific evidence. But Daubert did not address the standard of appellate review for evidentiary rulings at all. It did hold that the \"austere\" Frye standard of \"general acceptance\" had not been carried over into the Federal Rules of Evidence. But the opinion also said:\n\"That the Frye test was displaced by the Rules of Evidence does not mean, however, that the Rules themselves place no limits on the admissibility of purportedly scientific evidence. Nor is the trial judge disabled from screening such evidence. To the contrary, under the Rules the trial judge must ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable.\" 509 U.S., at 589 (footnote omitted).\nThus, while the Federal Rules of Evidence allow district courts to admit a somewhat broader range of scientific testimony than would have been admissible under Frye, they leave in place the \"gatekeeper\" role of the trial judge in screening such evidence. A court of appeals applying \"abuse of discretion\" review to such rulings may not categorically distinguish between rulings allowing expert testimony and rulings which disallow it. Compare Beech Aircraft Corp v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153, 172 (1988) (applying abuse of discretion review to a lower court's decision to exclude evidence) with United States v. Abel, supra at 54 (applying abuse of discretion review to a lower court's decision to admit evidence). We likewise reject respondent's argument that because the granting of summary judgment in this case was \"outcome determinative,\" it should have been subjected to a more searching standard of review. On a motion for summary judgment, disputed issues of fact are resolved against the moving party\u2013here, petitioners. But the question of admissibility of expert testimony is not such an issue of fact, and is reviewable under the abuse of discretion standard.\nWe hold that the Court of Appeals erred in its review of the exclusion of Joiner's experts' testimony. In applying an overly \"stringent\" review to that ruling, it failed to give the trial court the deference that is the hallmark of abuse of discretion review. See, e.g., Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. ____, ____ (1996)(slip op., at 14\u201415).\nWe believe that a proper application of the correct standard of review here indicates that the District Court did not abuse its discretion. Joiner's theory of liability was that his exposure to PCBs and their derivatives \"promoted\" his development of small cell lung cancer. In support of that theory he proffered the deposition testimony of expert witnesses. Dr. Arnold Schecter testified that he believed it \"more likely than not that Mr. Joiner's lung cancer was causally linked to cigarette smoking and PCB exposure.\" App. at 107. Dr. Daniel Teitelbaum testified that Joiner's \"lung cancer was caused by or contributed to in a significant degree by the materials with which he worked.\" Id. at 140.\nPetitioners contended that the statements of Joiner's experts regarding causation were nothing more than speculation. Petitioners criticized the testimony of the experts in that it was \"not supported by epidemiological studies . . . [and was] based exclusively on isolated studies of laboratory animals.\" Joiner responded by claiming that his experts had identified \"relevant animal studies which support their opinions.\" He also directed the court's attention to four epidemiological studies2 on which his experts had relied.\nThe District Court agreed with petitioners that the animal studies on which respondent's experts relied did not support his contention that exposure to PCBs had contributed to his cancer. The studies involved infant mice that had developed cancer after being exposed to PCBs. The infant mice in the studies had had massive doses of PCBs injected directly into their peritoneums3 or stomachs. Joiner was an adult human being whose alleged exposure to PCBs was far less than the exposure in the animal studies. The PCBs were injected into the mice in a highly concentrated form. The fluid with which Joiner had come into contact generally had a much smaller PCB concentration of between 0\u2014500 parts per million. The cancer that these mice developed was alveologenic adenomas; Joiner had developed small-cell carcinomas. No study demonstrated that adult mice developed cancer after being exposed to PCBs. One of the experts admitted that no study had demonstrated that PCBs lead to cancer in any other species.\nRespondent failed to reply to this criticism. Rather than explaining how and why the experts could have extrapolated their opinions from these seemingly far-removed animal studies, respondent chose \"to proceed as if the only issue [was] whether animal studies can ever be a proper foundation for an expert's opinion.\" Joiner, 864 F. Supp. at 1324. Of course, whether animal studies can ever be a proper foundation for an expert's opinion was not the issue. The issue was whether these experts' opinions were sufficiently supported by the animal studies on which they purported to rely. The studies were so dissimilar to the facts presented in this litigation that it was not an abuse of discretion for the District Court to have rejected the experts' reliance on them.\nThe District Court also concluded that the four epidemiological studies on which respondent relied were not a sufficient basis for the experts' opinions. The first such study involved workers at an Italian capacitor4 plant who had been exposed to PCBs. Bertazzi, Riboldi, Pesatori, Radice, & Zocchetti, Cancer Mortality of Capacitor Manufacturing Workers, 11 American Journal of Industrial Medicine 165 (1987). The authors noted that lung cancer deaths among ex-employees at the plant were higher than might have been expected, but concluded that \"there were apparently no grounds for associating lung cancer deaths (although increased above expectations) and exposure in the plant.\" Id. at 172. Given that Bertazzi et al. were unwilling to say that PCB exposure had caused cancer among the workers they examined, their study did not support the experts' conclusion that Joiner's exposure to PCBs caused his cancer.\nThe second study followed employees who had worked at Monsanto's PCB production plant. J. Zack & D. Munsch, Mortality of PCB Workers at the Monsanto Plant in Sauget, Illinois (Dec. 14, 1979)(unpublished report), 3 Rec., Doc. No. 11. The authors of this study found that the incidence of lung cancer deaths among these workers was somewhat higher than would ordinarily be expected. The increase, however, was not statistically significant and the authors of the study did not suggest a link between the increase in lung cancer deaths and the exposure to PCBs.\nThe third and fourth studies were likewise of no help. The third involved workers at a Norwegian cable manufacturing company who had been exposed to mineral oil. Ronneberg, Andersen, Skyberg, Mortality and Incidence of Cancer Among Oil-Exposed Workers in a Norwegian Cable Manufacturing Company, 45 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 595 (1988). A statistically significant increase in lung cancer deaths had been observed in these workers. The study, however, (1) made no mention of PCBs and (2) was expressly limited to the type of mineral oil involved in that study, and thus did not support these experts' opinions. The fourth and final study involved a PCB-exposed group in Japan that had seen a statistically significant increase in lung cancer deaths. Kuratsune, Nakamura, Ikeda, & Hirohata, Analysis of Deaths Seen Among Patients with Yusho\u2013A Preliminary Report, 16 Chemosphere, Nos. 8\/9, 2085 (1987). The subjects of this study, however, had been exposed to numerous potential carcinogens, including toxic rice oil that they had ingested. Respondent points to Daubert's language that the \"focus, of course, must be solely on principles and methodology, not on the conclusions that they generate.\" 509 U.S., at 595. He claims that because the District Court's disagreement was with the conclusion that the experts drew from the studies, the District Court committed legal error and was properly reversed by the Court of Appeals. But conclusions and methodology are not entirely distinct from one another. Trained experts commonly extrapolate from existing data. But nothing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a district court to admit opinion evidence which is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered. See Turpin v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 959 F.2d 1349, 1360 (CA 6), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 826 (1992). That is what the District Court did here, and we hold that it did not abuse its discretion in so doing.\nWe hold, therefore, that abuse of discretion is the proper standard by which to review a district court's decision to admit or exclude scientific evidence. We further hold that, because it was within the District Court's discretion to conclude that the studies upon which the experts relied were not sufficient, whether individually or in combination, to support their conclusions that Joiner's exposure to PCBs contributed to his cancer, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in excluding their testimony. These conclusions, however, do not dispose of this entire case.\nRespondent's original contention was that his exposure to PCBs, furans, and dioxins contributed to his cancer. The District Court ruled that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Joiner had been exposed to PCBs, but concluded that there was no genuine issue as to whether he had been exposed to furans and dioxins. The District Court accordingly never explicitly considered if there was admissible evidence on the question whether Joiner's alleged exposure to furans and dioxins contributed to his cancer. The Court of Appeals reversed the District Court's conclusion that there had been no exposure to furans and dioxins. Petitioners did not challenge this determination in their petition to this Court. Whether Joiner was exposed to furans and dioxins, and whether if there was such exposure, the opinions of Joiner's experts would then be admissible, remain open questions. We accordingly reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case for proceedings consistent with this opinion.\n1. Joiner's wife was also a plaintiff in the suit and is a respondent here. For convenience, we refer to respondent in the singular.\n2. Epidemiological studies examine the pattern of disease in human populations.\n3. The peritoneum is the lining of the abdominal cavity.\n4. A capacitor is an electrical component that stores an electric charge.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The Legends of King Arthur\nUnwinding Fact from Fiction\nMyths of the legendary King Arthur abound in mysterious Cornwall, he is rumoured to have been born at spectacular Tintagel Castle in North Cornwall and to have received his fatal wounds at Camelford.\nThe legends do have a basis in fact. Arthur did exist, a Celtic chieftain who came to lead the struggle against the invading Anglo-Saxons in the late fifth to early sixth century and there is a strong tradition that he arose in Cornwall. It is difficult to unravel legend from fact. Arthur was probably not a king but a nobleman of mixed Roman - Briton heritage who rose to prominence as a war leader, rather than a king, who lead his fellow Celts against their common enemy.\nIn the earliest recorded mentions of Arthur, in sixth century Welsh texts, he is never referred to as a king but as 'dux bellorum' a Roman military title for war leader, specifically applied to a cavalry commander. In the Historia Britonum, written in the ninth century, by a Welsh monk, Nennius, Arthur is referred to as the 'leader of battles' rather than a king, this source lists twelve battles against the Saxons in which he is reputed to have taken part.\nThe tenth century Annales Cambriae makes reference to one of his most famous victories, Mons Badonicus, or Mount Badon, it was fought as near as can be established, about 495 and is mentioned by Gildas, writing but 40 years or so later. There is no doubt that Badon was a decisive British victory.\nThe Arthurian legends were made popular by the Medieval monk and writer Geoffrey of Monmouth in his 'History of the Kings of Britain' written in 1135. Geoffrey dealt at length with Arthur's reign, embroidered the tale and introduced Merlin to the story, a character possibly based on the prophet Myrddin, mentioned in several old Welsh poems. Geoffrey claimed to have acquired his information from an ancient British manuscript given to him by Walter, Archdeacon of Oxford.\nGeoffrey introduces all the famous names which were to appear vividly in the later Arthurian legends, his sword, Caliburn, his wife Ganhumara, Kay, Bedevere and Gawain. He also takes Medraut, a name that occurs in the old Welsh annals, and turns him into Mordred, Arthur's nephew and implacable foe. Sir Thomas Malory's 'Le Morte d'Arthur' became one of Caxton's first publications after the invention of the printing press in the late Middle Ages and enjoyed huge popularity. Succesive ages added and embroidered the legend.\nThere are many candidates for the legendary Camelot in the county of Cornwall. A place name which appears often in Arthurian legend is that of Carlyon, this is an earthwork south of the River Fal.\nAtmospheric Tintagel Castle on the North Cornish coast has long been associated with Arthur and his father Uther Pendragon although no archaeological evidence has been unearthed to support the theory. The present castle is in fact medieval, built by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, the brother of King Henry III, but occupies the site of an earlier Dark Age fortress.\nThe castle stands on a dramatic and atmospheric site, perched high on a rocky headland rising high above the Atlantic which is linked to the mainland by a ithmus of rock.\nThe Dark Age remains stand on the exposed headland known as the island and are reached via a bridge. They appear as low drystone walls. Geoffrey of Monmouth describes the castle of Arthur's legendary conception as 'built high above the sea which surrounds it on all sides' .\nAlthough historical facts are scarce, concerning the Dark Age Castle, legend surrounds it, which relate that Arthur's father, Uther Pendragon, fell in love with the beautiful Igraine, the wife of Gorlois of Cornwall and was determined to have her. Arthur was concieved as a result of Uther's entering the castle secretly at night with the aid of Merlin.\nExcavations in the 1930's confirmed Dark Age occupation of the site and uncovered the remains of a sixth century monastery. Pottery found at the Tintagel site was dated to the 5th and 6th centuries - the time of Arthur. In the 1990's excavations lead to the discovery of an inscription on a piece of slate which reads 'ARTOgNOV' a Latin form of the Celtic name Arthnou, derived from the Celtic word Arth, meaning bear.\n. The finest hill fort in Cornwall is that of Castle-an-Dinas, near St. Magwan, which has also been suggested as a candidate for Arthur's base. Standing seven hundred feet high it occupies a commanding position.\nMany writers asscociate Arthur's fabled stronghold with Cadbury Castle in Somerset, originally an Iron Age fort. Excavations took place there in the 1960's and the fort was proved to have been re-fortified in the era of Arthur.\nAt a cross roads around two miles from Castle Dore, the fortress of King Mark of Cornwall, near Fowey, stands a seven feet long stone pillar known as the Tristan Stone on which is carved the Latin inscription 'Drustans Hic lacit\/Cunomori Filius' (Here lies Drustan son of Commorus) Comnmorus has been identified as Mark of Cornwall and Drustan as the Tristram of Arthurian legend. The stone did not always stand in its present position, but is known to have been moved from nearby the exact position has not been recorded.\nOpposite the Jamaica Inn there is a road which leads to one of Cornwall's mysteries - Dozmary Pool can be reached via a road opposite the Jamaica Inn. The pool is reputed to be where the reluctant Bedevere tossed Arthur's sword on the orders of the mortally wounded king following his last battle. The Pool is said to have been fourteen fathoms deep, but it's existence is an enigma, as no stream flows into the pool nor does it drain any part of the moor. Dozmary was first used by Neolithic man and many artefacts relating to their habitation have been found at the site. Dozmary possesses a strange unearthly beauty, the legends of King Arthur and his famous sword Excalibur are firmly associated with it.\nSlaughterbridge- the Site of Arthur's Last Battle?\nThe medieval writer, Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his famous 'History of the Kings of Britain' informs us that the legendary King Arthur's last battle, known as the Battle of Camlann, which legend states was fought against against his nephew and mortal foe, Mordred, took place at a site beside a river in Cornwall.\nNo river with such a name exists in modern day Cornwall, but the reference is understood by many to refer to the River Camel. Local legends abound that the Dark Age battle was fought in a water meadow beside the Slaughter Bridge.\nOn the stream bed lies a sixth century inscribed stone, said to mark the spot were Arthur fell after meeting Morded in battle.\nDiscrepancy exists as to the actual date of the battle. The Annals of Wales claim it was fought in 539 A.D. , whilst the Annals of Ulster record it by another name, the Battle of Manann, and date its occurence as 582 A.D. Adomnal, a monk who wrote in the seventh century, describes Arthur's death in the battle. Later accounts of the battle occur in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 'History of the Kings of Britain' and the thirteenth century Welsh tale 'The Dream of Rhonabwy.\nEnglish Monarchs Comprehensive Site on the Kings and Queens of England\nKing Arthur - Fact and Legend\nPendragon Castle, Cumbria","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Atmanirbharta in toy-making is no child's play\nCovid churn\nIndia goes bananas over export prospects\nDeath by landslides in God's Own Country\nSelf-governance, the key to conservation\nExit co-ops, enter farmer producer cooperatives\nTrust In The Law\nVisvaksen P | Updated on January 17, 2018 Published on August 15, 2016\nMy right In this file photo, a resident of Madurai puts up a notice board outside his house. The board says, \"Our vote is not for sale. We will not vote for those who bribe us.\" But that is not always the case. There have been several instances of cash-for-vote, including in the recently concluded assembly elections in Tamil Nadu - K Ganesan\nIndiafile eps\nElectoral trusts were set up to bring transparency in political donations. Instead, they have been used to dodge disclosure, writes Visvaksen P\nOver the first week of January 2009, residents of the small, poll-bound town of Thirumangalam in Tamil Nadu, woke up to newspapers. Even households that had never subscribed, or were illiterate, found a crisp copy at their porch, each of them stuffed with currency notes and a party symbol. \"I have five votes in my family,\" a leaked American diplomatic cable quotes a voter as saying. \"So I should get \u20b925,000, which will pay for my daughter's marriage.\"\nCash for votes is a way of political life in India. Former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee once said in Parliament, \"Every legislator starts his career with the lie of the false election return he files,\" acknowledging the constant violation of campaign expenditure ceilings by political parties.\nWhile the law specifies an upper limit on how much a candidate can spend, it does not regulate the spending of political parties on the candidate's behalf. This loophole leads to inflated campaign bills. One estimate pegs the cost of the India's last General Elections in 2014 at close to \u20b930,000 crore, about 10 times what it was in 1996.\nMost of the money spent by parties on their campaigns is untraceable as they claim to receive close to 75 per cent of their funding in the form of cash donations of up to \u20b920,000 that do not need to be disclosed. And even if there is a sliver of accountable funding, regulatory loopholes ensure that the money trail can be obfuscated.\nOne such avenue is an electoral trust, a supposedly independent and transparent entity through which an individual or a company can donate to political parties. But an investigation by BusinessLine over three months showed that the trusts have ended up as a conduit for political donations and channelling money, often untraceable, from companies to parties.\nAccording to the Ministry of Corporate Affairs, there are 25 such electoral trusts operating in India at the moment. Only 18 of them are present on the list of trusts published by the Election Commission (EC). None of them has a website or publicly listed contact details. BusinessLine reached out to most of them, but just one responded.\nWho's funding the party\nTrust Name Party Name Year\nThe chart represents the donations made by electoral trusts to political parties, as well as the donations received by the parties over the years. The thicker the band, the larger the contribution made or received. All you have to do is follow the trail, and hover over the bands to know the amount contributed.\nFor instance, the General Electoral Trust has made a donation of Rs 97.27 crore to BJP and Rs 91.09 crore to Congress since 2004. Overall, the trusts represented here have made a contribution of Rs 515 crore over the past decade to 15 political parties. According to data compiled by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), donations peaked in 2008-09 and again in 2013-14.\nNote -- 'Other Trusts': Bharti Electoral Trust, Corporate Electoral Trust, Harmony Electoral Trust, Jan Pragati Electotal Trust and Triumph Electoral Trust. 'Other Parties': BJD, JDU, JMM, JVM, LJP, RJD, SP, SS and TDP.\nData Visualisation: Mahima A Jain | Data: ADR\nDuring the 2014 elections, six national political parties declared \u20b9622 crore as donations. About 40 per cent of that, about \u20b9250 crore, came from two sources \u2014 Satya Electoral Trust and General Electoral Trust.\nThe Satya Electoral Trust has received donations from multiple companies such as the Bharti Group, DLF and Hero MotoCorp. Though registered, the Trust has disclosed little. BusinessLine wrote to Mukul Goyal, a director at the Trust, and called at his office, but got no response.\nGeneral Electoral Trust (GET), on the other hand, is untraceable. The trust has never filed a report detailing the contributors and recipients of its funds, and neither is it registered with the Election Commission. Set up in 1998, General Electoral Trust is virtually a ghost in the system. Though media reports have associated the Trust with the Aditya Birla Group, the latter's spokesperson insisted that the GET operates independently, outside of the Group's purview.\nAccording to a senior bureaucrat who previously served on the EC,\"Trusts were created to introduce an additional layer between political parties and companies so that people cannot know who has given money to whom.\"\nClose a leak and another sprouts\nThe electoral trust system can be traced back to a public interest litigation filed by activist HD Shourie on behalf of the NGO Common Cause in 1995. On New Year's Eve that year, the Supreme Court issued notices to political parties in the country, asking them to account for their income and expenditure in accordance with the Income Tax Act. Though the law has required such filings for over a decade and a half, few had complied.\nWithin a fortnight of the order, the finances of political parties became a matter of public record. The case concluded with a landmark judgement that coerced parties into regular disclosures by linking them to their campaign ceiling and income tax exemptions. Simply put, the parties could continue to avoid being taxed and spend as they saw fit on behalf of their candidates, as long as the spending could be accounted for.\nTwo months after the Common Cause judgement, the Tata Group pioneered a new method of political contribution. They set up the Electoral Trust, an independent entity that would channel funds from Tata Group companies to political parties without any mention of the original donor company's name on the balance sheets of the parties. The trust also sheltered companies from the scrutiny of their shareholders. Though their annual reports include details on political contributions, the beneficiary column now just had the name of the trust, instead that of political parties.\nOver the next decade, according to data compiled by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), a NGO, several other leading corporate houses set up electoral trusts. ADR's analysis of data released by the EC shows that between 2004-05 and 2011-12, six of these trusts \u2014 functioning without any regulatory oversight \u2014 allowed companies to contribute more than \u20b9100 crore to various political parties. Of this, nearly \u20b950 crore was donated in the run-up to the 2009 General Elections.\nHalf-hearted regulation\nIn July 2009, Pranab Mukherjee presented the first budget of the UPA's second innings in office. Lost amidst the massive allocations to the food security and employment guarantee schemes, was a measure that proposed to make donations to electoral trusts tax-exempt. In 2013, the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) formally notified the electoral trust scheme.\nWhile the tax exemptions granted to the trusts were enshrined in law, disclosure norms remained mere guidelines, with no penal provision. \"India is one of the very few countries that provide 100 per cent tax exemption to corporate political donations. It should follow naturally that you also impose a penalty for non-disclosure which the law doesn't provide for,\" says Jayaprakash Narayan, a former MLA in Andhra Pradesh who campaigned extensively for electoral reforms.\nNarayan points out that this \"is a very corrupt system running on black money in which there is a lot of extortion of companies by political parties.\" And that is why, adds Harsh Srivastava, a former consultant to the Planning Commission, \"Everybody should have a trust.\" The head of Corporate Affairs at Feedback INFRA says a trust \"allows for systematic distribution of funds and shields the company from shareholder and political backlash generated by their donations.\"\nThe year after the new regime was introduced, the number of corporate-backed electoral trusts doubled.\nThe trust and its incarnations\nThe Tatas' Progressive Electoral Trust (which replaced the earlier Trust after the 2009 law) is probably the poster child of this approach towards campaign finance. It donates the funds it receives from group companies on the basis of a formula. \"Before the election, one half of the distributable funds are disbursed to political parties on the basis of the seats held by them,\" explains Dinesh Vyas, Trustee of Progressive Electoral Trust. \"After the election, the remaining funds are distributed on the basis of percentage of seats won.\" The trust's adherence on its formula-based approach appears to be so stringent that it donated \u20b927 lakh to the Trinamool Congress on the basis of its performance in the 2009 Lok Sabha elections, barely a year after party supremo Mamata Banerjee led a high-profile campaign against the proposed Nano car factory in West Bengal.\nBut not all electoral trusts are made equal. Satya Electoral Trust, for example received donations from multiple corporate groups including DLF and Indiabulls. But it is impossible to ascertain which company's money has ended up with which party \u2014 and whether the companies influenced that division of funds \u2014 based on the limited public disclosures the trust is required to make by law.\nThe Public and Political Awareness Trust, operated by the UK-based Vedanta Group, presents another example of how electoral trusts can be used to dodge regulatory norms. The trust donated \u20b935 crore to the Bharatiya Janata Party between 2003-04 and 2012-13 according to disclosures made by the party to the EC. It received its corpus from companies like Sesa Goa and Sterlite Industries \u2014 which have majority foreign stake-holding and are therefore ineligible to donate to Indian political parties.\nIn March, the Delhi High Court ruled that parties had violated the Foreign Contribution Regulatory Act in receiving these funds and ordered the Home Ministry to take action within six months. Though an appeal in the Supreme Court is pending, the Government has effectively nullified the verdict through Clause 233 of the 2016 Union Budget, which retrospectively legalised foreign contributions to political parties.\nA ghost in the system\nMohandas Pai, former CFO of Infosys and investor, describes electoral trusts as being 'less than the full measure' required for clean political finance. \"Companies should invest in the democratic process by giving to all parties. But instead they use means like electoral trusts to give to one party over another, which is morally and ethically wrong. A company cannot have politics.\"\nAnd yet if the functioning of the General Electoral Trust is any indication, the political compulsions of the company can be at odds with the independence of a trust. Despite the Trust's claimed independence from the Aditya Birla Group, its address on several political parties' donor reports is listed as the same Chruchgate Reclamation premises that houses the Group headquarters. Additionally, documents filed by the BJP with the EC reveal that the trust has made at least one donation under a PAN belonging to UltraTech Cement, an Aditya Birla company.\n\"Normally it is the company that decides who to donate to,\" says Julio Ribeiro, former Commissioner of Mumbai Police, who has been a trustee at General since its inception. \"There is a committee of the Birlas that makes a recommendation and the trustees sanction it.\"\nA Right To Information request filed by BusinessLine revealed that the Trust does not exist as far as the EC is concerned. A separate RTI filed by activist Venkatesh Nayak earlier this year also showed that the Trust hasn't registered with the CBDT. Ribeiro acknowledged that the Aditya Birla Group is aware that General Electoral Trust is not registered, insisting that they were told it was \"not necessary.\" He also stated that, according to the Group, the EC's disclosure requirements were for political parties and did not apply to electoral trusts. Ribeiro added that since the Trust did not claim tax exemptions, it was not required to disclose its contributions. BusinessLine was unable to verify whether General had paid tax on its contributions. When contacted, officials at the CBDT agreed to respond to queries, but hadn't till the time of going to the press.\nWho will guard the guards?\nWhile some of the trusts may be violating the guidelines laid down by the EC and the CBDT, the real problem here is the toothless regulation. \"The IT Act has been amended to provide for tax relief on donations to the electoral trusts. However, there is no disclosure provision under the Representation of People Act (RPA) corresponding to the changes in the income tax laws,\" notes a March 2015 report of the Law Commission which was looking into the subject of electoral reforms. In effect, this means that while the rights of the trusts are enshrined in law, their responsibilities towards transparency are mere lines in the sand.\n\"Additionally, the only penalty prescribed for non-submission of an annual report of contributions to the ECI\u2026 is that 'adverse notice shall be taken' of the failure to comply with the instructions.\" The report recommended amendments to the RPA that would ensure that errant trusts lost tax benefits and faced fines and prospect of a ban.\nLike a vast majority of the other recommendations contained in the report, the proposals are nowhere close to implementation. \"There is no penal action possible as of now,\" says the former Election Commission official quoted earlier. \"The politicians did not create such a provision knowing very well that this is a layer that has been created so that the opaqueness is increased and people don't know who is giving to whom.\"\nHowever, the official also insists that the Election Commission's hands aren't entirely tied. \"It depends on how proactive the EC is. Some former Commissioners have taken the view that Article 324 (which defines the powers of the EC) encompasses all the aspects where the law is not there so it can be applied wherever there is a vacancy.\" The Election Commission declined to comment on this issue and simply referred to a copy of the official guidelines instead.\nSpeaking to a news magazine at the height of the Common Cause case, petitioner HD Shourie said that he had initiated the litigation simply because \"he wanted to know why political parties weren't following the rules.\"\nAs he would have realised, when rules are framed by those they are meant to regulate, there will always be ways to get around them.\nparties and movements\nLatest in India File\nThree years after its inception, compliance with GST procedures remains a ...\nThe PM's call to become a world beater in toys has created a buzz around ...\nCorporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives of companies are altering ...\nAequs Aerospace to create space for large-scale manufacture of toys at ...\nThe countrywide lockdown from March last week impacted both producers and ...\nAnd it has every reason to smile. Covid-19 has triggered a consumer shift ...\nIndia is the world's largest producer of bananas, but a minor exporter.\nThe devastating landslide in Kerala's Munnar region signals the dire need ...\nHow praja mandals in Himachal's tribal districts guard their forest wealth\nFPOs have emerged as an antidote to the ills of the cooperative sector in ...\nThree years after its inception, compliance with GST procedures remains a headache for exporters, ...\nIndia is the world's largest producer of bananas, but a minor exporter. The tide is turning in its ...\nCovid-19: A blessing in disguise\nThe coronavirus pandemic is likely to have a transformative impact on the rural economy. Anil ...\nWhere do we go with our harvested wheat?\nThe lockdown has impacted the pace of procurement, driving prices below MSP in MP and Rajasthan, ...\nThe Patel uprising: Searching for answers\nWhy is a community, known for its businessmen, hankering after reservation in government jobs? There ...\nFrom Green Revolution to Millet Revolution\nYesterday's coarse grains are today's nutri-cereals. If consumers see millets as a solution to ...\nGround results validate zero budget natural farming: Subhash Palekar\nSpeaking to BusinessLine at a farm on the outskirts of Aurangabad, Subhash Palekar, father of ZBNF, ...\nIndex Outlook | Sensex, Nifty 50 likely to extend the fall\nSensex and Nifty 50 saw selling interest on Friday and slumped; selling pressure could continue\nShould you subscribe to IPO of IRFC?\nInvestors with a long-term horizon can consider this offer\nTurning dust to gold\nWith strokes of quirky humour, Partha Pratim Deb uses pulp, terracotta, glass and discarded cloth to create ...\nHero Motors Company\ne-commerce and e-business\nsugar (commodity)","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The Ottawa Star\nSexy Pages\nFour Popular Basketball Casino Games in Canada\nPfizer coronavirus vaccine warning: No breastfeeding or getting pregnant after being immunized\u2026 it might damage the child\nChina altering DNA of military to create genetically engineered \"super soldiers,\" reveals head of U.S. intelligence\n5 Questions about the coronavirus vaccine that should scare everyone\nRenowned scientist warns that coronavirus vaccine is \"downright dangerous\"\nHome\u203aTravel\u203aAfrica Seeks Tourism Boom\nAfrica Seeks Tourism Boom\nThe African continent boast one of the world's greatest attractions, from the Pyramids and Victoria Falls to wildlife safaris and endless strips of pristine beach, but it only attracts just 5 per cent of the world's tourists.\nHowever, as Africa continues to boost its tourism, during an African tourism conference hosted by Airbnb in Cape Town last month, the continent's huge potential can be unlocked by eco tourism, cultural experiences, domestic travel and political stability.\n\"When you look at the success stories, it's those countries who've embraced trends,\" said the African Tourism Association's (ATA) managing director Naledi Khabo who spoke at the summit.\n\"When you look at some countries which have made sustainability a focal point, like Tanzania, or Rwanda, they're very attractive for certain travellers.\"\nAccording to the latest report from PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), Africa's hotel sector is growing and will flourish in the next five years. The potential growth of the hotel sector in the region is attributed to the increase in both foreign and local travellers, as well as the expansion of various hotel brands.\nPwC predicts hotel room revenue for the five major markets \u2013 South Africa, Nigeria, Mauritius, Kenya and Tanzania \u2013 will likely increase by 7.4% to $3.5 billion in 2022.\n\"Tourism to the African continent has proven to be resilient in the face of economic and political uncertainty, impacts of droughts and other regulatory changes. The opportunities are aplenty for this industry to enjoy further growth albeit at a more modest pace,\" said Pietro Calicchio, hospitality industry leader for PwC Southern Africa.\n\"However, as we continue to see there are also a number of challenges facing each country. This is an industry that is reactive to the smallest change in political, regulatory, safety and sustainability matters.\"\nExperts agreethat currently, the hotel and tourism sectors in the aforementioned countries are showing strong signs of continued growth. Tourism is bound to remain an important driver of the African economy.\nHowever, the smallest disruption in this can have a significant impact on the growth of each market.\n\"It is therefore important that investors, hotel operators, tourism bodies and governments continue to work together to grow this important industry and ensure its sustainability so that all stakeholders derive the maximum benefit from it,\" Calicchio said.\nEco-friendly safaris and carbon-neutral lodging draw increasing numbers of tourists from Europe and North America. While Africa is sometimes an often overlooked destination for some sun and warmth, it is the perfect destination for Canadians who are faced with the cold and dark winter.\nSince 2006, the number of tourists visiting Tanzania has more than doubled to over one million contributing 14 per cent of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), according to Tanzania Invest.\nKhabo, who represents the African tourism sector, said other tourism success stories included South Africa, \"which is promoting the diversification of their products beyond the safari\".\nSouth Africa has witnessed a surge of experience-based tours, taking travellers on tours to disadvantaged township and rural communities as well as wine farms and game lodges.\nFounder of 4RoomEkasi, Abigail Mbalosaid she created the concept to showcase food and lifestyles in South Africa's black communities to visitors.\n\"We tapped into the development of tourism in rural and township spaces,\" she said. \"We are now starting to see cultural inclusivity. Those areas have been untapped.\"\nFor poor black South Africans, tourism is their major employer and accounts for nearly 700,000 jobs\u2014a quite rare success story in a country with a high unemployment rate of almost 27 per cent.\nDuring the summit, The World Bank, commended the rising trend for community-based travel projects like Mbalo's for creating opportunities for women and young people.\n\"Every new business, destination, route or visitor creates opportunity for local people,\" said the World Bank in a statement.\nA lot of African destinations have encouraged the usage of foreign visitors' hard currency, but Kenya has invested heavily in promoting what is termed \"staycations\".\nThe country moved to promote domestic travel after a decline in foreign arrivals following violent unrest and criminal attacks in recent years.\n\"We have managed to develop the domestic market. About 21% of Airbnb occupancy is domestic market. It's benefiting us,\" said Kenya's Tourism Minister Najib Balala at the conference.\nIn 2017 tourism sector was worth $1.2bn and is now the second-largest driver of Kenya's GDP growth.\nBut many African countries have struggled to attract foreign visitors fearful of political instability, violence and terrorism.\n\"The biggest challenge is perception,\" said Khabo. \"Sometimes there is a real threat and sometimes it's just perceived.\"\nHowever, Rwanda is one of the 'troubled' African countries that have successfully transformed its global image. Torn apart by a genocide in 1994, the small east African nation has since established itself as a high-end tourist destination.\n\"Tourism is the number one foreign exchange earner, which is amazing to see in a country like Rwanda,\" said Rosette Rugamba who was appointed by President Paul Kagame as head of Rwanda Tourism from 2003 to 2010.\n\"It is a huge contributor to the image-building of our country.\"\nQuatre conseils astucieux pour magasiner en ligne\nExpert tips on what to do after ...\nDid you hear about the London eye?\nAdults-Only Fun Near Cancun: A Golf and Spa Resort Along the White-Sand Beaches of Playa Mujeres\nA Traveler's Guide to Investing in Canada's Real Estate\nTravel Tips To Know Before Braving The Open Road\nCan Canada Teach the Rest of Us to be Nicer?\nThe World's Smallest Kingdom\nPopular on The Ottawa Star\nAgoraCosmopolitan\nAgora Publishing Consortium\nLe Journal Canadien\nDominion: Food News\nLeCanadian.com\nCapitalistocracy.com\nTrudeausociety.com\nOttawaRestaurantGoers.com\nToronto Business Journal\nBlogpei.ca\nSynergeticsgroup.ca\nHappyhomeinc.ca\nJournaldeGatineau.ca\nOttawaBusinessDaily.ca\nAgoraBooks.ca\nThenextweb.ca\nBBW Singles\nTransgender Singles\nMontreal Business Journal\nAstroglossary.ca\nNew York and New Jersey Business Journal\nOttawa Book Expo - Salon du Livre d'Ottawa\nTorontoBook Expo - Salon du Livre d'Toronto\nVancouver Business Journal\nFour Popular Basketball C... What do you do when you miss your favorite sport? You...","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Deep-dive explorer reaches deepest part of the ocean ever explored by man \u2014 and finds plastic trash\nBy Brian Niemietz\nVictor Vescovo's besides his deep ocean submersible \"Limiting Factor.\" Forget mermaids, pirate treasure and lost cities. A deep sea diver fresh off exploring the lowest point of the ocean floor ever walked on by mankind returned to report it's littered with man made trash. (Tamara Stubbs)\nForget mermaids, pirate treasure and lost cities. A deep sea diver fresh off exploring the lowest point of the ocean floor ever walked on by mankind returned to report it's littered with manmade trash.\nAmerican explorer Victor Vescovo set a record by piloting a one-man submersible 7 miles deep into the southern end of the Pacific Ocean's Mariana Trench, where he found four species of previously undiscovered fish swimming around plastic bags and candy wrappers, according to CNN.\nThe 53-year-old adventurer's May 1 dive is thought to have broken the deep-dive record previously held by \"Titanic\" filmmaker James Cameron, who reached a depth of roughly 6.8 miles in 2012. He, too, explored the Pacific's Mariana Trench, which is more than a mile deeper than Mount Everest is tall.\nVictor Vescovo and his vessel above the Mariana Trench after the successful dive. The 53-year-old adventurer's May 1 dive is thought to have broken the deep-dive record previously held by \"Titanic\" filmmaker James Cameron, who reached a depth of roughly 6.8 miles in 2012. He too explored the Pacific's Mariana Trench, which is more than a mile deeper than Mount Everest is tall. (Jolliefet Reeve)\nCameron called what he saw \"a completely alien world\" that was cold, dark and inhabited by \"shrimp-like animals\" that scavenge for food.\nVescovo, traveling in a vessel called The Limiting Factor, found similar bottom-feeding prawn-like creatures as well as sea cucumbers, which his team plans to test for plastic consumption. He also found peace and quiet.\n\"Towards the end, I simply turned the thrusters off, leaned back in the cockpit, and enjoyed a tuna fish sandwich while I very slowly drifted just above the bottom of the deepest place on earth, enjoying the view and appreciating what the team had done technically,\" Vescovo told CNN.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Mueller Airport\nType: Historic Site\nRating: (3.00)1\nCost: N\/A\nYears In Use: 1930-1999\nYear Destroyed: 2002\nOpen To The Public: No\nHistorical Marker: No\nADA Accessible: N\/A\nBikes Allowed: N\/A\nDogs Allowed: N\/A\nInterpretive Guide: N\/A\nAddress: Manor Road\nCity: Austin\nCounty: Travis\nLog Your Visit\nTopo maps provided by MyTopo.com (purchase) Larger Map Order a topo map\nThe sign at the airport entrance off of Airport Blvd. Future generations will wonder why the street is named that.\nIn the early 20th century airplanes were the transportation method of the future and having a first-class airport was the sign of a prosperous city. The problem was that Austin did not have much to speak of in terms of a city airport in the 1920's. City leaders and local citizens changed that when they set into motion the development of what would be Austin's airport for almost 70 years. Mueller Airport provided service to Austin up until its closure in 1999 when Austin Bergstrom Airport opened near Del Valle.\nThe current location of Mueller Airport was first utilized for aviation use in 1926 when the Austin Air Service operated on 40 leased acres that were to become the northwest end of the airport.\nThe control tower of Mueller was a distinctive shape on the skyline of Austin.\nIn 1928 Austin voters approved bonds that would be used to purchase land that would become Mueller Airport. City officials began surveying for appropriate sites and securing options on land. Outside help was used to decide on the most promising sites. Claire Chennault, who would later go on to fame as head of the Flying Tigers in World War II, recommended Mueller's present location over the other options.\nThe airport officially opened on October 14, 1930. The airport was named for Robert Mueller, a city council member who passed away in 1926. At the time the airport facilities included one small building smaller than most houses today, a gasoline pump and gravel runways.\nOver the years the facilities at Mueller have improved with the times. The airport's distinctive control tower was part of a terminal dedication in 1961 that was attended by then Vice President Lyndon Johnson. However, improving the facilities at the airport was not enough to stave off closure. The airport was simply ill placed for modern day Austin.\nParking at Mueller is not a problem. Feel free to pull right up to the terminal.\nWhat was open farm land in the 1920's was now the center of town, with upset residents all around it. A drive down I-35 was not complete without an airliner buzzing overhead. As the airport needs of the city continued to grow there was simply no place to go.\nSeveral old support buildings remain on the northern edge of the airport off of 51st Street. This old hanger used to have some painted identification on the side that has badly faded.\nNear that same time a series of events were set into motion that seemed fortuitous. In a cost saving measure, the military was closing bases across the country and Bergstrom Air Force base was on the cut list. In the 1940's the city of Austin donated the land to the US government for use as an air base with the stipulation that it be returned to the city when no longer used. With the base closure the city had land already paid for that was farther from the center of town and that already had runways more than large enough for most modern jet liners. Mueller was doomed.\nAs of August 2002, the buildings of the old airport largely remain, but they are in the process of being torn down with parts being sold off when possible. Anybody want to buy a \"part\" of an airport?\nThe city has big plans for the hundreds of acres that will now be freed up so close to the center of town. A master plan has been in the works for a few years. If you'd like to see the remains of this once great airport you had better get out there before the memories fly away.\nThe old control tower still stands amongst houses and apartments. (Photo by heatharcadia)\nA closer view of the top of the control tower. Chances are that most of the electronics have already been removed, but a few antennas remain. (Photo by Austin Explorer)\nThis is where passengers would be picked up and dropped off. Fences now block the path and keep people from getting a closer look. (Photo by Austin Explorer)\nThe opposite side of the curb side drop off lanes. (Photo by Austin Explorer)\nDuring our visit the main terminal was in the process of being gutted and hauled off. These rows of chairs were just sitting outside. I think the new airport could use some! (Photo by Austin Explorer)\nMost of the demolition during our visit was taking place on the airport gates behind the mail terminal. (Photo by Austin Explorer)\nThis rental booth was destroyed by vandals and not a demolition crew. (Photo by Austin Explorer)\nParking is now free at the old airport. Feel free to continue through without paying. (Photo by Austin Explorer)\nLater, as the terminal was being torn apart, the control tower was spared, at least temporarily. (Photo by Austin Explorer)\nLooking down what used to be the drop off ramp the full extent of the terminal demolition can be seen. (Photo by Austin Explorer)\nNow it's a neighborhood and shopping center(s)\nBy heatharcadia on 12\/31\/2015\nI remember coming here so many times as a child to see my dad off on his business trips. It is now a housing development and shopping center. Thankfully, the old control tower still stands and they still put the NOEL lights up on it for Christmas.\nAustin, Cleared for Takeoff: Aviators, Businessmen, and the Growth of an American City (Jack and Doris Smothers Series in Texas History, Life, and Culture, No. 14)\nKenneth B. Ragsdale\nList Price: $30.00 Your price: $22.37\nAustin, Texas, entered the aviation age on October 29, 1911, when Calbraith Perry Rodgers landed his Wright EX Flyer in a vacant field near the present-day intersection of Duval and 45th Streets. Some 3,000 excited people rushed out to see the pilot and his plane, much like the hundreds of thousands who mobbed Charles A. Lindbergh and The Spirit of St. Louis in Paris sixteen years later. Though no one that day in Austin could foresee all the changes that would result from manned flight, people here\u2014as in cities and towns across the United States\u2014realized that a new era was opening, and they greeted it with all-out enthusiasm.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"527 F. 2d 11 - Sloan v. Securities & Exchange Commission\n527 F2d 11 Sloan v. Securities & Exchange Commission\n527 F.2d 11\nFed. Sec. L. Rep. P 95,327\nSamuel H. SLOAN, Petitioner,\nSECURITIES & EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Respondent.\nNo. 98, Docket 74--2457.\nDecided Oct. 15, 1975.\nSamuel H. Sloan, pro se.\nMichael J. Stewart, Asst. Gen. Counsel, Securities & Exchange Commission, Washington, D.C. (Lawrence E. Nerheim, Gen. Counsel, David Ferber, Sol., Thomas L. Taylor, III, Atty., Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington, D.C.), for respondent.\nBefore MOORE, MULLIGAN and VAN GRAAFEILAND, Circuit Judges.\nSamuel H. Sloan, plaintiff-appellant pro se, no stranger to this court, instituted this action essentially to protest a series of SEC suspension-of-trading orders imposed on the stock of Canadian Javelin, Ltd. ('CJL'), a Canadian corporation, in which Sloan dealt extensively.\nThe SEC has the statutory authority summarily to suspend trading in a stock on national exchanges or in the over-the-counter markets; at the time the events in question transpired, such suspensions could run up to ten days. Formerly Securities Exchange Act of 1934 \u00a7\u00a7 15(c)(5) and 19(a)(4), 15 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 78o(c) (5) and 78s(a)(4).1 On November 29, 1973, the SEC issued its first ten-day suspension in CJL stock because of its finding that CJL had issued false and misleading press releases. These suspensions were issued anew every ten days, so that trading in CJL stock was suspended in an unbroken period through January 26, 1975; the following day trading was permitted to resume.\nBut not for long. On April 30 of the same year, the SEC again initiated a series of ten-day suspensions that has continued until the present day; this second series of suspensions allegedly was instituted to allow dissemination of information about regulatory action against CJL by Canadian authorities, although the record is unclear on this point.\nSloan engaged in extensive transactions with CJL stock, including short selling, which were frustrated by the suspension orders.2 Sloan, in addition to other actions, has initiated the instant proceeding in this court to obtain review of the suspension orders, pursuant to the 1934 Act \u00a7 25(a), 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 78y(a), as amended, 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 78y(a)(1) (Pub.L. No. 94--29, \u00a7 20, 89 Stat. 158 (June 4, 1975)).\nWe consider his blunderbuss attack frivolous except for his allegation that the 'tacking' of ten-day summary suspension orders by the SEC for an indefinite period constitutes an abuse of that agency's authority and a deprivation of due process. Apparently this question has never been judicially considered and would seem not to be frivolous; see 2 L. Loss, Securities Regulation 854--55 (2d ed. 1961). We cannot decide it on the record before us. The record is entirely silent as to the reasons for the second series of suspensions, commencing in April of this year; we cannot tell whether they are based on substantial evidence, and hence cannot decide if they amount to an abuse of discretion by the SEC. Sloan's pleadings also cover only the first series of suspensions, which now have terminated. It may be that Sloan intends to challenge the series of suspensions currently in effect as well. Moreover there was no hearing (or any other proceeding) below before the SEC itself; in fact, there was at the time no formal statutory provision for any such proceeding involving suspension orders.3 Nonetheless, the SEC on this appeal has indicated that it is willing in fact to grant Sloan some sort of administrative hearing, thus satisfying any possible exhaustion requirement4 while also contributing to the record we now find insurmountably sparse.\nWe therefore dismiss Sloan's appeal but without prejudice to his repleading after an administrative hearing before the SEC, from which judicial review may be sought.\nThe relevant sections are now \u00a7\u00a7 12(j) and (k) of the 1934 Act, 15 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 78l(j) and (k); these sections were added by amendment in 1975, Pub.L. No. 94--29 \u00a7 9, 89 Stat. 118 (June 4, 1975). The latter of these two sections substantially repeats the earlier ten-day suspension provisions; the former gives the SEC the new power to suspend trading in a stock for up to one year, after notice and a hearing\nWe think therefore that Sloan satisfies the standing requirement of the 1934 Act \u00a7 25(a), 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 78y(a) (as amended in 1975, Pub.L. No. 94--29, \u00a7 20, 89 Stat. 158 (June 4, 1975)) to seek court review of these SEC orders, since he was 'aggrieved' thereby\nWe note that some sort of hearing is now required for the up-to-one-year suspensions authorized by the 1975 amendments to the 1934 Act, see note 1 supra. However, this requirement postdated Sloan's action here, and in any event is not applicable to ten-day suspensions\nWe do not suggest, nor need we decide, that such a requirement necessarily exists. But see the 1934 Act's new section 25(c)(1) (formerly \u00a7 25(a)), 15 U.S.C. \u00a7 78y(c)(1) (as amended in 1975)","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home : Local News Feeds : Classrooms: Amherst educator named teacher champion for district gardening program\nClassrooms: Amherst educator named teacher champion for district gardening program\nPublished by CISA under Agriculture, Amherst, Especially for Kids, Food in the Pioneer Valley, Health and Wellness, Local News Feeds\nBy SCOTT MERZBACH, Staff Writer, Daily Hampshire Gazette, September 10, 2019\nAMHERST \u2014 A program entering its fourth year that shows Amherst elementary school children how to dig in soil, watch plants grow and get pleasure from being outdoors also has another benefit \u2014 it teaches them about where their food comes from.\nThough Jennifer Reese, elementary science and garden coordinator, said joys and connections of gardening are still at the heart of the district garden program that began in fall 2016, promoting systemic changes has become a powerful motivator in developing the program with co-creator Leila Tunnell.\n\"We've learned how gardening impacts children's food choices and intersects with food justice, and understand our opportunities and responsibilities in new ways,\" Reese said.\nThis was illustrated recently when Reese became one of 11 educators across the state to earn a teacher champion award from Project Bread, a nonprofit organization that aims to have all children in the state get healthy meals year-round. The awards come through a partnership with Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts\nAccording to Project Bread, one child in nine across the state lives in a food-insecure household, and children who attend school hungry have less focus and face learning challenges in the classroom.\nReese said she appreciates that Project Bread, which has worked with school districts to increase participation in the school breakfast and summer food service programs with the Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, is effecting meaningful change in Massachusetts, and that it is wonderful to have their support.\nBut she said that the award should also be seen as a celebration of the school garden ecosystem that includes Tunnell, teachers and administrators, community partners, interns, students and the Amherst Education Foundation and Whole Kids Foundation, which have provided grants.\nFor instance, last year Reese got $5,000 from the Amherst Education Foundation so all second-grade students could have year-round garden-based learning, including universally accessible raised beds at each school, and go on field trips to Brookfield Farm. The curriculum built on lessons individual teachers used in kindergarten and first grade so second graders would have the opportunity to learn about the local ecosystem, food sources, collaboration and problem-solving.\nIn spring 2018, a garden as outdoor learning space at Wildwood Elementary School was built with assistance from students at the Department of Architecture at the University of Massachusetts.\nThe recent Project Bread award comes with a $1,000 cash prize that can be used to invest in a nutrition program within the district, as well as a $500 stipend for personal use.\nErin McAleer, president of Project Bread, said in a statement that teachers play an important role in fighting childhood hunger because they are strong advocates for children.\n\"But they need proper support, resources and partnerships to make a difference for their students, without compromising their primary role as educators,\" McAleer said.\nScott Merzbach can be reached at smerzbach@gazettenet.com.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Tension built upon whether the main character will commit suicide or not. Problem: I'm using first person narrative\nI'm writing a novel, called Animal Suicide, about a girl who tried to commit suicide but then postponed the plan after a phone call she received. Everything OK. But then I realized...wait a minute...this is 1st person narrative, obviously she cannot die. Can I still create tension (will the reader eventually \"forget\" about this)? Or should I change the narration to the present tense (that way it is possible for the main character to die)?\n(Here's the short story version for those who are interested.)\nAlexandro Chen\nAlexandro ChenAlexandro Chen\nnot quite a duplicate but very relevant: writers.stackexchange.com\/questions\/7612\/\u2026\n\u2013 Lauren-Clear-Monica-Ipsum\nWhy does 1st person exclude suicide? If things point to suicide, and it's well-written, as a reader I'd be expecting to any moment come about a sentence such as: \"Well, now that I've told all my story, it is time to conclude this suicide note, it's already awfully long, anyway nobody will read it. I have things to do. Goodbye.\"\nOne possible solution would be to structure the narrative in such a way that the reader might come to believe it is a (rather long and drawn out) suicide note, explaining your character's reasons for her act. Obviously, this would only work if the potential suicide is right at the end of your story, rather than in the middle...\nJulesJules\nstructure the narrative in such a way that the reader might come to believe it is a (rather long and drawn out) suicide note Mr. Vonnegut, is that you?\n\u2013 Tobia Tesan\nFirst person narrative is just a device, and it doesn't necessarily imply that the narrator lives through the story. For example, plenty of horror stories end with something on the lines of:\nAnd then the beast's bloated tentacles began to squeeze me. The world grew dark, and I knew no more.\n...or some such. (Shel Silverstein did this in True Story, although that's tongue-in-cheek...)\nThe point is, first-person doesn't mean the narrator actually sat down after the story ended and wrote a book about it. It's just a choice of style and narration.\nI will grant that some readers will expect (incorrectly) that first person means the character lives, but if this were a serious barrier, you could have no first-person fiction relying on suspense from danger to the narrator's life. (Suicide isn't your problem here; it's \"did the character make it to the end of the book or not.\")\nYour best guideline is to write the story as you see fit, and then get some reader reactions to it. If people tell you \"Listen, this didn't work because I knew the character lives,\" then fine, figure out a way to change it. If they don't then you're fine.\nThe one exception to this is: if you first person narrator is actively referring to things that happen \"later.\" For example, How I Met Your Mother is essentially in past-tense\/first-person, but the narrator is established as \"telling the story to his kids.\" He drops references like \"That's how I met your Aunt Robin\" or \"Of course, we only found out about that years later\" - which clearly establish a lot of facts about what happens after the primary story is over. If you do that, then yes, suspense over \"Will the narrator live through the story?\" will be very weak (similar to how in How I Met Your Mother, suspense over \"Will this relationship be Ted's Happily-Ever-After?\" was very weak and usually not the focus).\nLauren-Clear-Monica-Ipsum\nStandbackStandback\nI agree that the \"rule\" is another of those ones that doesn't really exist, and that first person doesn't mean the narrator can't die at the end. However, I just wanted to flag up that I've had a story rejected in the past because it was first person and the narrator died at the end.\n\u2013 CLockeWork\n@CLockeWork: Ouch. Harsh :-\/ Here's hoping that's an outlier...\n\u2013 Standback\nThe tense in narrative fiction is not a time specification but a narrative convention.\nWhen a story is narrated in present tense it does not mean that what is told happens now, which is why linguists call it \"historical present\".\nTempus in literary writing does not have the function of locating an event in time, but, among others, of creating immediacy or distance.\nThere is therefore no reason, why a character telling a tale in the past tense, cannot die in the course of the telling.\nThe past tense might make some readers expect that the protagonist will not go through with her plan to kill herself, but page count will be a much stronger hint: The consciousness of the narrator can only extinguish in the last sentence on the last page. If there are pages following the attempted suicide, I will know that either the narrator did not kill herself, or tells the tale from her afterlife.\nIn any way, you can lead the reader to believe what you want, by (falsely) foreshadowing the outcome you want them to believe will come true. This is called a plot twist and works here as it works anywhere else.\nThere is a very simple solution to the first-person-narrators-cannot-die-at-the-end rule:\nSet the story in present tense.\nIf the story is set in present tense anything that happens later happens in the narrator's future.\nAnd the last breath of air rushed from my lungs, as blackness claimed my life.\nAnd the last breath of air rushes from my lungs, as blackness claims my-\nCLockeWorkCLockeWork\nAre you writing a ghost story? A ghost story can be written in first-person, and have the narrator die at any point -- including before the story begins, partway through the story, or at the end. You can even have the story be entirely about when the narrator was alive, so the narrator dies after the end of the story.\nJasperJasper\nI understand the question so that the story continues after the (postponed) death. Usually the reader knows how far into the story he is, so if there's too much story left, the reader will know, or at least expect, in advance that the first-person narrator will not die (unless it's a ghost story, as Jasper guessed).\nBut then, tension may still build up on what event will cause the suicide not to occur, or to occur but not be successful. After all, in the classic criminal story we know from the beginning that the crime will be resolved. Yet it would be a bad criminal story that would not build up tension anyway, because we don't know in advance how it will be resolved.\nThe more you make the suicide seem inevitable, the more tension there will be how this suicide is ultimately avoided.\nOf course if that postponed suicide is close enough to the end of the story that the reader could reasonably expect it to occur at its end (or you're not close to the end, but the pace of your narration makes it still reasonable to expect the suicide to be at the end), then the question of whether the character commits suicide may of course also be a source of tension.\nNote I've not read your short story, so I can't comment on if it creates tension as is (but then, given your spoiler I would have known what will happen anyway, which certainly reduces the probability of tension building up significantly).\nceltschkceltschk\nThanks for contributing an answer to Writing Stack Exchange!\nNot the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged fiction creative-writing or ask your own question.\n1st person story, but the main character will die in the end and some of the story needs to be told after his death. How to solve this problem?\nDoes the following piece have too much dry narration (mundane tasks, moving about)?\n3 short stories that can be turned into a novel. Should I pick the one with best reviews?\nIs there a coherence problem in my story?\nWhat are the elements of a good blurb?\nHow to make the reader \"accept\" absurdity?\nIs the following deus-ex-machina? If so, should I remove it?\nIs it OK to add description just because a chapter has none?\nWho should I use for my POV character?\nA novel consisting of three separate stories joined only by a theme. A bad idea?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home Blog Archive Atlantic Hockey Picks, Nov. 6-10\nAtlantic Hockey Picks, Nov. 6-10\nBy Chris Lerch\nDan: 9-4-1\nChris: 10-3-1\nOn the season:\nDan: 36-15-4 (.691)\nChris: 39-12-4 (.745)\nThis Week's Picks:\nFriday, November 6 and Saturday, November 7\nRochester Institute of Technology at Army West Point\nDan: Hard to believe it took RIT six games this year before they won their first last weekend against AIC. Continuing their swing east this weekend at West Point, I think they continue getting better, setting up a typical titan matchup next week against a well-rested Bentley squad. RIT sweeps.\nChris:The teams split last season in Rochester, ending a 15-game unbeaten streak for the Tigers against the Black Knights. I like RIT to take three points this weekend, but since picking ties isn't allowed, I'm going with an RIT sweep.\nSacred Heart vs. Holy Cross\nDan: This is as evenly-matched as a weekend can get in Atlantic Hockey; neither team has a weekend sweep of two games since Holy Cross took two from the Pioneers in February, 2012. I think that changes this weekend on one fact \u2013 Sacred Heart is ninth best in the nation with a 1.67 GAA (a number that drops to 1.33 in league play). Fun fact: the Pioneers haven't swept the Crusaders since February, 2010. SHU sweeps.\nChris: I agree with Dan, this series could go either way and should be highly entertaining. Friday's game is at Holy Cross; Saturday's at SHU. I'm going with the home team each night. Holy Cross wins Friday; Sacred Heart on Saturday.\nAir Force at Mercyhurst\nDan: This is the weekend for Rick Gotkin. Entering Friday at 499 wins, I think the Lakers get it done on one of these nights this weekend. I won't take them to sweep, but I think we're going to wake up on Saturday with the Mercyhurst coach as the 23rd coach across all divisions to hit the sacred 500-win mark. Mercyhurst wins on Friday; Air Force wins on Saturday.\nChris:Air Force has played a very tough schedule so far, but so has Mercyhurst. It's tough to sweep the Falcons, but I think Mercyhurst finds a way. Mercyhurst sweeps.\nAmerican International at Robert Morris\nDan: This is a weekend coming at a bad time for AIC. They head to Pittsburgh to take on a Robert Morris team that is looking at the way-too-early Pairwise Rankings from just outside the top 16. I think AIC is going to be much better as the year rolls on, but this is a weekend where they're facing down a machine playing out this year with something to prove. RMU sweeps.\nChris: I think Robert Morris is locked in right now, and the only way the Colonials don't take four points is if they suffer a letdown after last Saturday's big win at Michigan. I don't think that will happen. RMU sweeps.\nPenn State at Niagara\nDan: Niagara continues to search for their first win of the season after battling through a tough weekend with Cornell last week. Penn State is looking like they're going to be a tough out for anyone this year. Call this one for the Nittany Lions. Penn State wins.\nChris: I wouldn't be surprised for Niagara to pull out a win here, but I think Penn State has a shot at winning the Big 10 this season, and should take care of business as it tunes up for league play. Penn State wins.\nMerrimack at Canisius\nDan: I got a first-hand chance to see Merrimack this week when they beat Bentley, 5-1. They're big, skilled, and physical. They play tenacious team defense and do a very good job mucking up the neutral zone. They play a stifling 1-3-1, and I honestly think their 16th-overall ranking in the USCHO poll is a little too low for them. That's bad news for a Canisius offense that's scored only 11 goals in six games, nine of which from three players. Merrimack wins.\nChris: Like Dan said, Merrimack is firing on all cylinders and on Wednesday broke open what was a close game with Bentley with a barrage of goals in the third period. This is a long way for the Warriors to go for one game, but I think it will be worth it. Merrimack wins.\nTuesday, Nov. 10\nSacred Heart at American International\nDan: After beating AIC 4-1 a couple of weeks ago, Sacred Heart rolls back to Springfield for their second game at the Olympia Ice Center. I really think AIC could shock people in this one, but the Pioneers are one of those teams that could get rolling to start the season. SHU wins.\nChris: This ends a busy stretch for AIC, which will play 8 games in 19 days. Unfortunately, I don't think they'll get a win in any of them. Sacred Heart wins.\nArmy West Point at Connecticut\nDan: Dr. Jeckyll UConn beat Boston University, 5-2, before 5,225 people at the XL Center. Mr. Hyde UConn gave up 10 goals to Notre Dame last weekend, including eight last Sunday at the Barclay's Center in Brooklyn in the second part of the collegiate twin-bill (Army played Bentley in the front end). Depending on which UConn shows up, Army has a very good chance at picking up the win. Army wins.\nChris: I look for UConn to bounce back from a tough weekend and get a non-conference win against an old conference rival. UConn wins.\nPrevious articlePickin' the Big Ten: Nov. 6-7, 2015\nNext articleWCHA picks, Nov. 6-7\nhttp:\/\/www.uscho.com\/\nAtlantic Hockey Columnist","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Are hydrogen-powered aircraft the future of sustainable aviation?\n\u00a9 Aurbus - All rights reserved\nHydrogen-powered aircraft produce zero CO2 emissions and, depending on the technology used, can substantially reduce or even eliminate air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide, as well as helping prevent contrail formation.\nThese environmental advantages are the most compelling reason why aviation sustainability experts are excited about hydrogen technology. The possibility of hydrogen-powered planes flying in Europe's airspace gained momentum when Airbus' announced in 2020 that zero-emission commercial aircraft based on hydrogen could enter into service by 2035. But for that to happen, as Glenn Llewellyn, Airbus VP Zero Emission Aircraft underlined at EUROCONTROL's recent webinar on hydrogen planes,\n\"creating a hydrogen infrastructure will be critical: no infrastructure means no ZEROe aircraft. We will need efforts from energy providers, airports and the entire aviation industry in order to make it possible to refuel our ZEROe aircraft at airports in the future.\"\nGlenn Llewellyn VP Zero Emission Aircraft, Airbus\nFirst steps have been taken: Group ADP, has teamed up with the aircraft manufacturer, Air France-KLM, and the Paris Region to build a unique ecosystem that will transform Parisian airports into 'hydrogen hubs'.\n\"We have launched a call for interest to put in place the relevant hydrogen infrastructure and create a sizeable market around Paris airports, which can start with the use of hydrogen for trucks, logistics, ground handling and more.\"\nAm\u00e9lie Lummaux Sustainable Development and Public Affairs Director, GROUPE ADP\nThe environmental advantages of hydrogen-powered aircraft certainly are a decisive element for this decision.\nWhat do we mean by \"hydrogen plane\"?\nHydrogen planes describe an aircraft which is either equipped with hydrogen-powered fuel cells or with hydrogen-based jet engines, or a hybrid of hydrogen turbines and fuel cells.\nIn the context of hydrogen planes synthetic fuel \u2013 or synfuel - also play an important role: While they belong to the group of sustainable aviation fuels, synfuels are not based on biomass but their main source is electricity. This electricity is used to first produce hydrogen and to capture carbon, combining the two into a kerosene-like fuel. Synfuel can be used in current aircraft engines.\nClear environmental advantages of hydrogen-powered planes\nHydrogen propulsion powered aircraft emit zero CO2 emissions, and demonstrate a 30-50 % reduction in impacts from contrail and cirrus formation, compared to kerosene aircraft, according to a study released by the Clean Sky 2 and Fuel Cells & Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertakings. The study estimates that hydrogen combustion could reduce climate impact in flight by 50-75%, and with fuel-cell technology by 75-90%.\n\"The 2020s will be the 'Decade of Hydrogen'. There is no viable path to a zero carbon or climate neutral aviation system that does not involve hydrogen: whether in liquid form as a true 'zero carbon' energy source, or as a key building block in the liquid fuels of the future. In order to reach the goals of the European Green Deal, aviation will need radically different aircraft with disruptive technologies to enter the market by 2035 at the latest.\" Time is critical, he admits: \"The research and innovation effort must start today, and must include the development and demonstration of hydrogen-based options. This is an Apollo-scale challenge, and getting a hydrogen-powered commercial airliner into service would truly represent a 'man on the moon' level accomplishment for Europe.\"\nRon Van Manen Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking\nPolicy-makers bet on hydrogen transport solutions\nAt present, hydrogen is almost entirely produced from natural gas or coal. The International Energy Agency reckons that its global production is responsible for annual CO2 emissions equivalent to those of Indonesia and the United Kingdom combined.\nYet, because of its clear environmental benefits when being used, hydrogen is an important part of the solution to meet the 2050 climate neutrality goal of the European Green Deal, which the European Commission underlined when it adopted its EU Hydrogen Strategy in 2020. The aim of the strategy is to decarbonise hydrogen production using mainly wind and solar energy and to expand its use in sectors where it can replace fossil fuels. The Commission estimates that renewable hydrogen technologies should reach maturity and be deployed at large scale from 2030 onwards.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"| How-To - Paint and Body\n25 Resto Tips and Tricks\nWe present 25 tips and tricks to help you stay on top in the constant struggle to keep vintage muscle on the road.\nTerry McGeanwriterCar Craft Staffphotographer\nWe're labeling this a resto piece, but consider it the Car Craft version of restoration. That means not all the subjects and methods covered here are necessarily restoration in the concours-correct, exactly-as-the-factory-meant-it sort of way. You don't build your cars that way, so why would we tell you how to reproduce a factory chalk mark or where to find date-coded glass? We're more into making stuff look good and run better so it can pound the street or track regularly. Considering that our cars usually start out rough and that we're typically over-eager to drive them, we might be considered experts of a sort on what we like to refer to as \"practical\" restoration techniques. We're also experts on having lots of cars in pieces, for what that's worth. Actually, we've focused on things that have worked well for us in the recent past, and most of it is stuff we wish we'd known about sooner. So reap the benefits of our late nights in the shop, and get out there.\nPolish Old Glass\nYou probably already know how annoying it is to try to see out of an old, sand-blasted windshield, but have you ever noticed how much better cars look from the outside with fresh glass? Check it out at the next car show. Of course, new glass is usually an option, as it's available for even obscure old stuff these days, but it's not cheap. Instead, try to polish your existing glass. We've seen it done with fine body-shop compounds, but Eastwood actually offers a kit with the proper polish and an arbor and buffing wheel for a drill motor. It won't eliminate anything you can catch a fingernail on, but it will get rid of small scratches, acid-rain spots, and hazing.\nSave Stainless Trim\nThe older a car is, the more bright trim it's likely to have. That might have contributed to its sharpness when it was new, but now much of that trim is likely dinged, dented, and scratched. Like lots of old car parts, new stainless trim is available for many popular '50s, '60s, and '70s cars, with more applications turning up all the time, but don't expect bargain pricing. So before spending the bucks, investigate the possibility of repairing your old stuff. Stainless steel is very workable; it can be reshaped and refinished to look like new with the right techniques. Granted, those techniques require skill, but if you're adept with tools and have some patience, you can probably make your stuff look better. If not, maybe someone with skills can assist.\nHand-Paint Dash Details\nLots of old interior trim bits can be refurbished at home with simple tools and finishing products, but what separates the hacks from the heroes lies in the fine details. Take this instrument cluster from one of Smith's Chevelles, for example. It could have been sprayed with some aluminum silver and reinstalled, but instead, he masked off the perimeter, coated it with Krylon Dull Aluminum, then came back with a small, model paintbrush and carefully touched in the raised lettering around the ignition switch. His Olds F-85 has recessed lettering, so Jeff sprayed some aerosol paint in a cup, dipped a pin in it, and let the paint flow into the letters. Nice touch.\nRenew Faded Lenses\nAnother detail item that can have a big impact on a car's appearance is the condition of the lenses. Parking and tail lenses tend to get dull with age, and now that '80s cars are a couple of decades old, the early plastic composite headlights are commonly clouded. Again, between the aftermarket and the OEs, lots of new stuff is available, but you might be surprised how much hazing and how many fine scratches can be eliminated with polishing. You can experiment with body-shop compounds here-pros advise starting with the least-aggressive stuff and moving up as needed-but Eastwood offers a kit for this as well. If you're dealing with heavily clouded plastic and are willing to take chances, we're told fine-grit wet\/dry sanding followed by polishing can be very effective. We haven't tried it yet, so proceed at your own risk.\nUse Factory Assembly Specs\nWe all know how to spin wrenches, and most of us are convinced we know how to take apart and reassemble our cars blindfolded, but do you really know everything you should? Unless a factory assembly manual was used to glean techniques, procedures, and specifications, you probably don't. For example, the subframe on an early Camaro is pretty easy to bolt up, but did you know there are alignment holes in the floorpan to help square it up? Misaligned subframes, either from improper installation or worn-out bushings, are the source of much body-panel-gap frustration. Most factory manuals are either reprinted or sitting in an auction on eBay right now, so see what the guys who built your car the first time had to say about it.\nLube Door Seals\nThis one is simple but might save you some aggravation. The original door seals on many cars are coated or even impregnated with silicone when manufactured to help prevent them from binding and squeaking. If you've replaced yours with repro stuff, the new seals may not have this feature. If the seals seem to be \"grabbing\" the painted surfaces they mate with and\/or squeaking, try a light spray of silicone from an aerosol. A quick call to the tech line of your seal manufacturer is advisable to make sure there will be no detrimental effects, though.\nBrighten Lamp Housings\nDull, uneven lighting makes a car look dilapidated. (That means junk-like.) Correcting the situation can be simple. Pull off the offending lamp assembly, and take it apart; chances are, the inside is weathered from faulty seals. After freshening the lenses as prescribed in tip No. 2, clean out the flakes of old paint or silvering, and treat any rust, then mask off the socket and lay down some bright, yet flat, silver or white paint. If the lens is of the clear, parking-light variety, install new amber bulbs. Finally, screw the lens to the housing using a fresh set of gaskets. The difference with the lights on will be surprisingly dramatic.\nForm Your Own Bezel Gaskets\nIf, upon dismantling the taillights or parking lights to clean out the inside as prescribed in the previous step, you find that the seal gaskets are shot and you can't get new ones, you may have to improvise. We've used black silicone gasket sealer to repair voids in seals, and it can work well. Use the small tip, and squeeze some into the repair area, then cover it with clear plastic wrap-we like to wet the wrap with water or even spray it with WD-40 or cooking spray so the silicone won't stick. Carefully press the gasket into place, and put the lens in. If you don't use too much silicone, you should be able to get the stuff to conform, and when it sets up, the wrap should come off.\nFactory-style Gauge Lighting\nThis isn't really a resto tip, but it can help to lend a factory feel. Add-on gauges are standard fare for musclecars, even ones that are mostly restored, but it looks cheesy if their face lighting stays on whenever the car is running, and driving at night without gauge lights is aggravating. What many don't know is that a lot of car manufacturers provided a simple means of adding gauge lighting by putting a terminal in the fuse block to tap into the factory gauge-light circuit. Plug your aftermarket gauge lights in here, and they'll come on with the lights and even dim when the knob is twisted.\nDoor-Lock Ferrules\nThis will seem like a trivial detail, but we have a pet peeve regarding junk door-lock buttons. As small as they are, they're also obvious, and for some reason, on older cars, they've often been replaced with either the wrong type or universal parts-store junk. When the wrong buttons are used, they can bind and rattle in addition to looking lousy. New ones are offered for lots of popular cars all the way back to the '50s, and they can make a big difference in interior feel and function. The lock buttons on this '67 (left) Camaro actually serve to guide the mechanism; new buttons and new ferrules were the best $5 we ever spent. The others are from a '93 Mustang, and they have felt inside for smooth operation and no rattles. They work on older Fords, too.\nAlternative Power Source\nBack in the '60s and '70s, there wasn't so much in the way of electrical accessories to add to a car, but that's changed. In addition to today's killer sound systems, it's common to add electric fans, high-amperage lighting, aftermarket power windows, and so on, not to mention all the little items, such as extra gauges, upgraded ignitions, and, well, you get it. Instead of having a snarl of wires stuffed into the stock fuse panel (most of them likely hooked to the wrong side of the fuse), why not add a fuse or switched-and-unswitched relay panel to manage the extra load? Smith made this one using stuff from M.A.D. Enterprises, and it prevents him form burning down his Chevelle.\nVinyl Dye for Success\nWhether you're attempting to change the color of your interior or just trying to match reproduction pieces to your factory stuff, you're going to have to do some vinyl dying. The thought of this makes some guys cringe, thinking of how the color will peel or wear off shortly, but actually, if you use the right stuff and the right procedures, it can look and last almost like OE. First, get good dye, like the stuff the body-shop supply stores carry. We used some SEM products recently with some success. The key was also using SEM's vinyl-prep aerosol and flexible primer first. The label on the can of dye will guide you to the other products you should use with it.\nWindow-Regulator Repair\nOne of the simple pleasures when fixing up an old car is the smooth, steady motion of a properly functioning window regulator. But after 40 years or so, most of the cars we mess with have stiff, clunky window action, and correcting it takes more than a few squirts of WD-40. What's worse is when you pull out the regulator and find broken plastic rollers that are no longer available. Try this: Go to the local home center, and check out the vast array of shower-door rollers to find a close match. We did it with a '67 Chevy and know of other guys who had similar success with other cars.\nLacquer for Interior Panels\nBefore interiors were layered with various forms of plastic, there was still a lot of painted steel. Trying to recondition this stuff can be frustrating, as typical spray enamel goes on thick and gets orange-peel quickly, which just doesn't look right on the inside of '60s cars. As an alternative, check the resto catalogs for aerosol lacquer interior paint. Lacquer has more solvent than typical enamel and goes on in thinner coats that seem to \"flow out\" more, resulting in a smooth finish just like factory. If you can't find the right color in a spray bomb, see if you can look up the paint code and have some mixed, then use a low-cost touch-up gun for the same effect.\nAerosol Etching Primer\nUnless you have your own body shop, chances are good that some of your resto work will involve aerosol spray paint. When painting engine parts, brackets, wheeltubs, and so on, quality paint can be made to look as good as factory with the right technique. We recently started prepping our surfaces with etching primer from a spray can; previously we thought you had to use a gun to take advantage of this stuff. The high-quality aerosol isn't cheap ($20+ per can), but it goes a long way. The real benefit is the improvement in the paint adhesion and finish; fisheyes and runs are all but eliminated, and the end result seems more even. Give it a try.\nInvisible Clear\nFor decades, new cars have been built with lots of parts that remain in bare metal. Stuff like aluminum and iron castings or metal-finished items like zinc-coated brake boosters or backing plates all look great when new but quickly start to corrode or rust when exposed to the elements. Restoring or replacing these items brings the opportunity to hold off the oxidation process by using clear coatings, as many resto experts have been doing for years. Some guys don't want to clear their parts because they think the clear is obvious and incorrect, but that's probably because they've been using typical, glossy clears. Instead, try using a satin-finish clear to conceal its presence. Jim Grubbs of Grubbs Motorsports uses Aervoe clear engine enamel on parts like this intake, and it looks trick. There is lots of other nongloss, clear options available.\nRally-Wheel Resto\nSome of the rally wheels from the muscle era used two-tone paint schemes that have either faded with time or were victims of monochromatic custom paint jobs sometime back when that was cool. Whatever the case, when you attempt to return these wheels to their original appearance, figuring out the proper colors and trying to mask off the separate sections of each wheel take up a lot of time. Fortunately, the paint part is solved for you, as factory-matched paint for most of the performance wheels from the '60s and '70s is now available from sources like OEM Paints and is sold through resto sources like OPG and Year One. To make it even easier, these places also stock wheel-mask kits made for specific wheels, like the Pontiac Rally II this guy is struggling to mask with standard tape and a razor blade. The special masks are cheap and well worth it.\nSpray Manifolds Gray\nExhaust manifolds may not be the ultimate in flow, but they fit right, they usually seal well, and they look stock. Unfortunately, they also usually look like hell, thanks to rust. You've probably tried to paint them only to have it burn off and look worse. Try this: Pull the manifolds out, strip them down to clean iron, either in a sandblast cabinet or with a wire brush, then get a can of spray graphite lubricant and follow up with a soft rag to rub it in. The spray is powdered lead in an oily binder, and it will make the manifolds look like fresh, bare, cast iron, but it won't burn off. When it eventually gets to looking shoddy again, get out the spray can and touch it up.\nWindow-Molding Tools\nThis one's brutally simple but still worth discussing. Metal window moldings seem like they should come off readily, but when the time comes to pull them, they usually fight, leading guys to get rough and bend\/fold\/mutilate them or get out the flathead screwdrivers and pry stuff into oblivion. The moldings really can be removed quickly without wrecking anything, you just need the right tool. This item came from the local auto parts store for about five bucks, and it works like a charm. Just slip it under the molding, slide one jaw until it catches a clip, then gently squeeze the other end of the clip with the other jaw-the molding pops off and no one gets hurt.\nTrick Distributor Cap\nIf you're into the period-correct look but hate period-correct technology, here's an easy one. Electronic ignition brought additional benefits with it, such as the need for more positive connections between the spark-plug wires and distributor cap to contain the increased electrical current. But most of the later-model caps that use these wires look very different from the breaker-point versions that preceded them. For GM cars, you can get a hybrid cap that looks old-school but has HEI-style terminals (this one came from Summit). Slip it on, order a set of black HEI-type wires (as offered by PerTronix, for example), and no one will be the wiser. Might as well go the extra step and hide a PerTronix or similar electronic-ignition conversion under the cap, too.\nBright Dipping\nBefore plastic trim came into prominence, the shiny stuff on a car that wasn't chrome-plated steel or polished stainless was aluminum. But if you've ever tried to restore an aluminum grille or molding by polishing it, you probably noticed that it didn't come out looking quite like original, and it needed repolishing soon after. That's because the factory didn't just polish this stuff, it used a \"bright-dip\" process. This is a procedure that involves anodizing and other treatments to give a bright appearance that won't tarnish or corrode. We did a story on it in the Apr. '00 issue, and the results were excellent; the only trick is finding a place that performs the procedure.\nWindow-Channel Repair\nThis one is really in interim repair rather than a resto fix. It's pretty common to pull off the window moldings on '60s cars and find that the channel that holds the glass is rotten. Dirt tends to settle here, and when it gets wet, the resultant mud helps accelerate the rusting process. But, if your vintage muscle is currently a driver, and you don't intend to pull it all the way down for a total resto, you should still make an effort to deal with the channel rot. It will only get worse as it leaks water into your trunk or cowl leading to further damage. One of the products offered by POR-15 is a putty intended for floorpan repair. The epoxy is easily formable and sets up hard as a rock. Top-coat it with POR-15 to seal up any remaining rust and seal out moisture. You can worry about replacing the affected steel later on when the real resto gets underway.\nRemoving Trim Studs\nSometimes the factory went a little overboard on trim moldings, and on older cars, a lot of this stuff was held on with clips that were fastened to studs and welded to the body. Getting rid of them means bodywork, but if you're careful, you can minimize the aftereffects of the removal. That means absolutely do not grab them with pliers or vise grips and start yanking; you can easily dent or warp the surrounding panel. Instead, clamp the vise grips to the stud so the tool is parallel to the panel surface. Then, swing the vise grips in a circle to twist off the stud. It should break off nearly flush, possibly leaving a minor divot that will take just a dab of filler.\nDo-it-yourself types tend not to want to spend money where they think they don't have to. So if a guy pulls apart his car, he might scoff at the thought of spending some of his budget on a replacement bolt kit, since he can always salvage the original stuff and fill in the blanks as needed, right? We say, if you take apart an old car that is anything less than mint to begin with, you ought to pony up for the repro bolt kit like the ones offered by AMK Products. These kits provide fasteners that not only function like the stock stuff, but also look just like original; it is restoration-quality stuff, after all. Everything in the kit is individually packaged and labeled, and when you're in the midst of trying to bolt the car back together, it's super sweet to be able to reach over and pick up a little baggie with exactly what you need.\nLube Your Decals\nThe instruction sheets for most factory-style decal kits advise using a soap-and-water mix as a lubricant to help slide the decals into place on the painted surface of the body. Most also recommend using a specific product for this purpose as an alternative. Having tried both, we'd say the special product is worth the extra few bucks. This stuff is usually a clear gel that comes in a pump bottle, and smearing some on the surface before laying down the decal makes working out bubbles and creases much easier, particularly on vertical surfaces, since it stays put, where the soapy water will just run off. The 16-ounce bottle we have has lasted through several installs and still isn't empty.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"NATO expresses support for process of normalization of Azerbaijan-Armenia relations\nAzerbaijan's Foreign Minister Jeyhun Bayramov received NATO Secretary General's Special Representative for the Caucasus and Central Asia Javier Colomina on Thursday, the Foreign Ministry told News.Az.\nAt the meeting, the sides exchanged views on mutually beneficial cooperation between Azerbaijan and NATO.\nMinister Bayramov noted that Azerbaijan continues its partnership with NATO on the basis of mutual interests and equality, in particular, he referred to the experience of our country's participation in the Alliance's peacekeeping operations.\nThe minister informed the opposite side about the current situation in the region, in particular, the steps taken to normalize relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia, the preparation of a peace agreement, the delimitation of the border, the opening of all communications and confidence-building measures.\nColomina noted that NATO supports the process of normalization of relations between Azerbaijan and Armenia.\nAt the meeting, the sides exchanged views on energy security, Azerbaijan's Individual Partnership Action Plan, as well as regional and international issues of mutual interest.\nFire at Azersun Industrial Park in Azerbaijan's Sumgayit extinguished\nUS House passes Ukrainian Lend Lease Act\nPresident Ilham Aliyev meets with UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan\nPresident of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev has met with President of the United Arab Emira (...)\nICRC vehicles pass through Lachin-Khankandi road without hindrance\nVehicles belonging to the International Community of the Red Cross (ICRC) continue to pass through t (...)\nIranian President makes a phone call to the Azerbaijani President\nPresident Ilham Aliyev extends condolence over the terrorist act committed in Israel\nIsrael's President makes a phone call to the Azerbaijani President","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home\/Fighting\/Download WWE 2k15 Game For PC\nDownload WWE 2k15 Game For PC\nNovember 16, 2022 Fighting, WWE Wrestling Games Leave a comment 490 Views\nDownload WWE 2k15 Game For PC is a fighting game. This game is developed by Yuke's. WWE 2k15 pc download episode was released for Windows Windows, PlayStation 4, Android, PlayStation 3, Xbox One, Xbox 360, and all other well-known operating systems that are common these days in the world. A teamwork game full of fun and entertainment. You can download this amazing game with a 100% working link here.\nWWE 2k15 Game Download for pc was published by 2K Sports a great gaming publisher. This game is released on 28 October 2014. This game has a lot of enhancements than the previous installments. The players can play hell in a cell match by using different weapons in that cell against the opponent players. They can also use a lot of new fighting moves to defeat the opponent players. WWE 2k15 download is the biggest way of fun and entertainment. You can Download Tekken 2 Free PC Game Full Version only click on this link.\nBest Screenshot Download WWE 2k15 Game\nFeatures Of The Game\nThis game also has the best features which I describe below you can check below:\nClothing, hair, and bread texture have been enhanced\nCan use weapons in Hell in a Cell match\nGot new move pack\nThe installation process for WWE 2k15 PC Game Full version is very easy, you just need to understand the way of installation. There is no video uploaded on the link page because the installation pattern is straightforward, so install it by following these instructions.\nWhen you will Mount the Image on the CD, the setup will be launched\nWWE 2k15 System Requirments\nBefore playing this game you should check its system requirements and match them with your system.\nOperating System (OS)= Windows Vista\nProcessor: Core 2 Duo E6600, AMD Athlon 64 X2 5400+\nGraphics Card: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 450 or AMD Radeon HD 5770\nSupported OS: Windows 7\nGraphics: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 450 or AMD Radeon HD 5770\nDirectX Version: Version 11\nSound: 5.1 Channel Audio Card\nHard Drive: 22 GB HARD DISK SPACE\nClick Here To Download WWE 2k15 Game\nPrevious Download Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Game For PC\nNext Download Call of Duty Black Ops 4 Game For PC\nDownload Prince of Persia The Sands of Time Game For PC\nDownload WWE Immortals Game For PC\nDownload Tekken 7 Game For PC\nDownload Tekken 7 Game For PC is a fighting game. This game is developed by \u2026","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"From the category archives: GA-Energy & Environment\nGA-Energy & Environment\nBiden Administration Releases Fall 2021 Regulatory Agenda\nWednesday, December 15, 2021 12:51 PM | ABC News, Politics & Policy, Regulations, GA - Union Organizing, GA-Energy & Environment, GA-Workplace Safety\nOn Dec. 10, the Biden administration released its Fall 2021 Unified Agenda of Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions. The agenda lists upcoming rulemakings and other regulatory actions from each agency that the administration expects to publish through the end of the year and into 2022. ABC has prepared a summary of the actions of interest to ABC members by agency.\nProposed NEPA Revisions Must Keep Clarity and Consistency From 2020 Rule, Says ABC\nWednesday, December 1, 2021 11:39 AM | ABC News, Politics & Policy, GA-Energy & Environment, GA-Infrastructure\nOn Nov. 22, ABC filed comments with a coalition stakeholders to the Council on Environmental Quality in response to its notice of proposed rulemaking revising the implementing regulations of the National Environmental Policy Act. ABC filed these comments in support of a streamlined approach to the permitting process under NEPA to reduce delays hindering critical projects, resulting in better infrastructure, a stronger economy and continued environmental stewardship.\nWednesday, November 17, 2021 2:11 PM | ABC News, Legislation, Workforce Development, GA - Employment, GA - Union Organizing, GA-Davis-Bacon, GA-Energy & Environment, GA-PLAs, GA-Workplace Safety, GA - Federal Procurement, GA - Private-Public Partnerships, GA-PLAs-Federal, GA-PLAs-State & Local, Ga-PLAs-Federal-Legislation\nOn Nov. 15, President Biden signed H.R. 3684, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, into law at the White House. The IIJA authorizes nearly $550 billion in new federal money for infrastructure projects, while renewing approximately $1.2 trillion for existing programs that were set to expire.\nABC Continues to Advocate as Infrastructure and Reconciliation Negotiations Persist Through October\nWednesday, October 6, 2021 1:21 PM | ABC News, Legislation, Regulations, GA - Union Organizing, GA-Davis-Bacon, GA-Energy & Environment, GA-PLAs, GA-Workplace Safety, GA - Federal Procurement, GA - Private-Public Partnerships, GA-PLAs-Federal, GA-PLAs-State & Local, Ga-PLAs-Federal-Legislation\nCongress passed a 30-day extension of the highway funding bill, just hours before surface transportation authorization lapsed. The extension came at the end of a weekslong negotiation and interparty disagreement on a trillion-dollar-plus budget reconciliation package and the bipartisan Senate-passed infrastructure bill, H.R.3684, the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act.\nTake Action: Democrats' Budget Reconciliation Package Contains ABC-Opposed Tax and Labor Provisions\nWednesday, September 15, 2021 2:38 PM | ABC News, Legislation, Regulations, GA - Union Organizing, GA-Davis-Bacon, GA-Energy & Environment, GA-PLAs, GA-Workplace Safety, GA - Federal Procurement, GA - Private-Public Partnerships, GA-PLAs-Federal, GA-PLAs-State & Local, Ga-PLAs-Federal-Legislation\nOn Sept. 15, House Democrats released additional details on planned tax increases to pay for their $3.5 trillion budget reconciliation package. The House Ways and Means Committee continues to mark up its portion of the budget reconciliation package, and some of the top-line tax provisions already revealed may affect ABC members.\nEPA, Corps Halt Implementation of Trump-era WOTUS Rule\nWednesday, September 15, 2021 9:21 AM | ABC News, Politics & Policy, Regulations, GA-Energy & Environment\nThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Army Corps of Engineers recently announced they have halted implementation of the Navigable Waters Protection Rule nationwide and are reverting back to a definition of waters of the United States, or WOTUS, established in the 1980s. This announcement comes after a federal district court judge struck down the Trump administration's final rule defining waters of the United States that are federally regulated under the Clean Water Act.\nTake Action: Urge Congress to Oppose the Partisan Reconciliation Package\nWednesday, September 8, 2021 12:41 PM | ABC News, Legislation, Regulations, GA - Union Organizing, GA-Davis-Bacon, GA-Energy & Environment, GA-PLAs, GA-Workplace Safety, GA - Federal Procurement, GA - Private-Public Partnerships, GA-PLAs-Federal, GA-PLAs-State & Local, Ga-PLAs-Federal-Legislation\nOn Sept. 7, ABC issued an action alert opposing the U.S. House of Representative's efforts to move forward with the partisan budget reconciliation process that could result in tax hikes and far-reaching labor requirements for ABC members. Please urge your representatives to oppose this package this week as House committees continue to mark up their sections of the package.\nJudge Overturns ABC-Supported Trump-Era WOTUS Rule\nWednesday, September 1, 2021 2:14 PM | ABC News, Politics & Policy, Regulations, GA-Energy & Environment\nOn Aug. 30, a U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona judge struck down the Trump administration's final rule revising the definition of \"waters of the United States\" that are federally regulated under the Clean Water Act. As a member of the Waters Advocacy Coalition, ABC applauded the 2020 rule, known as the Navigable Waters Protection Rule, which provided four clear categories of waters under the CWA that businesses and landowners could easily understand.\nHouse Passes Rule to Advance Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill and ABC-Opposed Partisan Budget Resolution\nWednesday, August 25, 2021 2:09 PM | ABC News, Legislation, Regulations, Workforce Development, GA - Union Organizing, GA-Davis-Bacon, GA-Energy & Environment, GA-PLAs, GA-Workplace Safety, GA - Federal Procurement, GA - Private-Public Partnerships, GA-PLAs-Federal, GA-PLAs-State & Local, Ga-PLAs-Federal-Legislation\nOn Aug. 24, the U.S. House of Representatives voted to advance a $3.5 trillion budget resolution, which was embedded in a House rule that tied its advancement to both the Senate's bipartisan $1.2 trillion infrastructure package\u2014the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act\u2014and H.R. 4, the John R. Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act. The rule was approved by the House by a vote of 220-212, with all House Democrats supporting the rule and all Republicans voting in opposition.\nSenate Passes Partisan Budget Resolution; Reconciliation Package Expected to Include ABC-Opposed Provisions\nWednesday, August 11, 2021 3:21 PM | ABC News, Legislation, Regulations, Workforce Development, GA - Employment, GA - Union Organizing, GA-Davis-Bacon, GA-Energy & Environment, GA-PLAs, GA-Workplace Safety, GA - Federal Procurement, GA - Private-Public Partnerships, GA-PLAs-Federal, GA-PLAs-State & Local, Ga-PLAs-Federal-Legislation\nOn Aug. 11, The U.S. Senate passed a Budget Resolution on the Budget for Fiscal Year 2022 before leaving for its August recess in a 50-49 vote that will set the stage for a proposed $3.5 trillion partisan spending bill through the budget reconciliation process. Prior to the final vote, Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., also released reconciliation instructions for Senate committees so they can begin to draft relevant sections of the final spending bill as it relates to their policy areas, which they hope to finish by Sept. 15.\nPages: Previous1234567...9NextReturn Top","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"POSTED ON MAR 13, 2018 TO Android, Developer Tools\nDelyan Kratunov\nThe Facebook apps for Android and iOS are used by billions of people across the world. We have ambitious goals around delivering a delightful experience for people using Facebook and a strong belief that responsiveness and smoothness are keystones of a high-quality product experience. Together, these mean that, among other things, we need to quickly and efficiently investigate performance problems.\nEvery engineering team at Facebook is encouraged to monitor app performance using common tools and frameworks within our family of apps. In practice, this means that with a few lines of code we can collect telemetry information from a new feature, along with centralized reporting, data pipeline management, and tools to work with aggregate data.\nThe ability to monitor for regressions and explore changes over time has been an important part of our mobile performance efforts. When we first developed tools that allowed us to view performance changes over time, we discovered many low-hanging opportunities: cases where we gathered new insight on how our app behaved in practice, as well as other \"easy\" issues. But it also showed us how much we didn't know about performance tracking; everything that wasn't immediately obvious was incredibly hard to investigate. We often knew the overall metric regressed, but we couldn't pinpoint why.\nFurther, the variation of performance conditions and system behaviors we find \"out in the wild\" of real-world deployment made app performance investigations one of our most difficult and time-consuming engineering challenges.\nEarly on, regression management followed a simple workflow. When we discovered a regression in our beta or production releases, we would immediately look for configuration or experimentation changes that isolated it. However, not all regressions were easily addressed with server-driven configuration. We would then dive deep into our monitoring telemetry. Unfortunately, it was often insufficient to diagnose these harder issues as we only collected durations alongside a few \"proxy metrics\" (e.g. CPU time). This usually left us with only one possible path \u2014 to reproduce the regression locally, with profilers (Systrace and other local tools) and isolate the root cause.\nThis last step is where a lot of investigations stalled, particularly when we found outlier regressions where only a small number of devices were experiencing a severe slowdown. These cases couldn't be easily replicated in our mobile device lab, which was designed to replicate more mainstream experiences. This inability to reproduce the state of the device and the system locally led to long turnaround times and an exhausting search through a stream of code and configuration changes.\nWe soon realized that in order to increase our ability to diagnose issues and find opportunities for performance improvements, we needed to build a dedicated tool that could better gather and analyze much more detailed telemetry from the app as these slower interactions took place.\nThe tool we ultimately built is called Profilo. Profilo is a high-throughput, mobile-first performance tracing library. Today we're happy to announce the open source release of Profilo, starting with the Android library. We hope that by sharing our methodology and tools, we can enable more mobile engineers to work on production performance traces effectively and together build better workflows and analysis systems.\nProfilo gives us a foundation to efficiently manage multiple streams of data coming from different sources measuring different aspects of the app, so that we can reconstruct important parts of the state of the app and the system during any run of an interaction being measured. The focus on high throughput has allowed us to collect telemetry at rates of 3000 events per second or more, with minimal disruption or distortion of the underlying interaction.\nIt also provides us with a powerful configuration system we use to enable telemetry collection from specific devices, without overburdening the apps of all users. By allowing teams to change trace configuration remotely, we have enabled key workflows such as increasing sampling rates for suspicious A\/B tests on demand, enabling higher-overhead data providers when debugging regressions, and overall fine-tuning of trace volume and contents, as our needs evolve.\nProfilo vastly improves the turnaround time on performance regressions by giving us the precision to understand the root cause for regressions as small as tens of milliseconds of CPU time. By collecting rich streams of telemetry, it also enables new types of causality analyses, as well as a much more precise understanding of metrics such as \"scroll fluidity\" and \"app responsiveness.\"\nBefore Profilo, our cold app startup was a very difficult metric to understand and maintain. While we had a pretty good idea of how long different subsections within it took (along with a solid set of secondary, related metrics), regressions took a long time to root-cause and triage and often remained unsolved for months. With the rich telemetry from traces, we are able to build tooling to aggregate and compare CPU stack traces from release to release, making root-cause analysis of that particular type of regression something that takes less than an hour as opposed to days. Other telemetry streams allow us to tackle different types of common regressions such as more code being loaded or slow paths becoming more frequent.\nOne of the unique features of Profilo is its custom Java stack unwinder. We believe this is a first in Android performance libraries in that it understands internal VM structures and can collect stack traces without using the official Java APIs, thus overcoming many of the well-documented issues with suspension-based stack unwinding (see Evaluating the Accuracy of Java Profilers for past research on this topic). By implementing unwinding within Profilo itself, we sacrifice compatibility but also gain the ability to create a much more efficient stack trace representation that does not use class or function names within the trace data itself. We also gain the ability to collect true CPU usage stack traces (that is, stack traces taken with regard to the \"CPU time\" clock and not the normal wall time clock).\nIn order to get a better understanding of what the virtual machine and Android frameworks do on our behalf, we also developed ways to capture \"systrace\" telemetry (or more precisely, our apps' \"atrace\" usage) in production. This allows to us investigate garbage collection and other VM-specific events and their impact on our apps. For example, we've been able to determine causes of unintentional I\/O operations on the UI thread, rare lock contention in critical pieces of the application, as well as tackle app smoothness issues by identifying the exact boundaries of a frame and analyzing stack traces and other instrumentation on a per-frame basis.\nIn the image above we can see aggregate changes in the types of garbage collection performed during an interaction. The change is mostly in frequency, not duration, but on average results in a ~15ms shift from \"partial\" to \"sticky\" collection.\nThese and other telemetry streams have changed how we think about regression detection and performance analysis for our mobile apps. We've created in-depth telemetry to explain a large chunk of our resource usage (CPU time), gained a much deeper understanding of our relationship with the VM, and enabled new, more intricate analyses of hard performance metrics like \"app responsiveness.\"\nAs part of the open source release, we're also releasing basic tooling to work with traces and some example analyses to give you a feel for the workflow. We're very excited to see where we can take these ideas and tools with the help of the community and make mobile performance a much more tractable problem.\nTAGS: Mobile Open Source Performance Tooling\nMobileLab: Highly accurate testing to prevent mobile performance regressions\nPerformance @Scale 2019 recap\nBuilding data science teams to have an impact at scale\nAndroid Software Engineer\nInstagram Software Engineer, Android\nSoftware Engineer, Android","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Real Estate Japan\nWhy average rent for a Tokyo apartment will likely keep increasing\nThe average rent for an apartment in the Tokyo 23 Wards hit a new peak in October. Renters in the 23 Wards paid an average of \u00a53,716 per square meter, a year-on-year increase of 5.4%. This means, for example, that... More\nWhat can you buy for $230,000 or Less Around Japan?\nIn this installment in the \"what can you buy\" series, we take a look at what you can buy around Japan for about $230,000 (\u00a525,000,000) or less. To put this price point in perspective, the average sales price of a... More\nAverage Price of a Pre-Owned Apartment in Tokyo Hits a New High\nIn the first seven months of 2019, the average listing price of a pre-owned apartment in Tokyo hit a new all-time high at \u00a550,270,000 ($465,600), a year-on-year increase of 2.5%. This is according to a recent report released by Tokyo... More\nJapan Land Prices Grow for 2nd Consecutive Year: Concentrated in Major Cities\nThe average price of land in Japan climbed 0.4 % year-on-year, the second consecutive year with an uptick. This is according to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT)'s Standard Land Price (\u57fa\u6e96\u5730\u4fa1, Kijun Chika) survey for 2019,... More\nIn this installment in the \"what can you buy\" series, by popular request, we take a look at what you can buy around Japan for $190,000 (\u00a520,000,000) or less. To put this price point in perspective, the average sales price... More\nWhat is the average sales price of a Tokyo apartment? \u2014 2019 Mid-Year Update\nThe average sales price of a new apartment sold in the greater Tokyo region, as of July 2019 was \u00a556,760,000 (about $533,500). The average price per square meter was \u00a5860,000 (about $8,091), or about $7,790 per square foot. The greater... More\nWhat are the main factors affecting home prices in Tokyo in 2019? \u2014 Part 2\nBy Jeff Wynkoop This is part two of a two-part series on the main factors affecting home prices in Tokyo this year. In part one, we covered: The Kuroda Effect Location and the 3-Part Marketplace Importance of Proximity to the Station... More\nBudget Rent\nLuxury Rent\nSearch by agents\nGuide to Buying Property in Japan\nInvesting in Tokyo Real Estate\nGaijinPot Housing Service\nJapan Real Estate Book\nTokyo Property\nHokkaido Property\nOsaka Property\nNagoya Property\nFukuoka Property\nOkinawa Property\nTokyo Apartment\nChiba Apartment\nSaitama Apartment\nYokohama Apartment\nOsaka Apartment\nNagoya Apartment\nFukuoka Apartment\n\u5e83\u544a\u63b2\u8f09\u5e0c\u671b\u306e\u4e0d\u52d5\u7523\u4f1a\u793e\u69d8\n\u00a9 2020 Real Estate Japan Inc.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Science, Parents and Literature: The Science Pals Project\nShymansky, James Dunkhase, John\nUniversity of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States\nSee 10 grants from James Shymansky\nSee 3 grants from John Dunkhase\nSee grants from University of Iowa\nSubstance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant\nMechanisms of Intracellular Scaling\nHarnessing GTEx to Create Transcriptome Knowledge and Inform Disease Biology\nStuttering - A Linkage Analysis\nOxidative Stress and Myocardial Remodeling Following MI\n9353690 Shymansky This Project is the result of a partnership between the University of Iowa and the Iowa City Community School District, whose teachers and administrators recently completed a science self study and made a commitment to restructure their science program. The plan is to enhance all K-6 teachers in the district by immersing them in inservice activities which: require them to analyze the scientific basis of activities in the district's current science program; allow them to examine potential supplemental and\/or replacement materials; and challenge them to refine and revise their science program to make science more meaningful to students. Through the summer component of the project three lead science teachers for each of the city's elementary schools will be identified and prepared to provide support and inservice opportunities for their colleagues. During the summer the lead teachers will have opportunities to expand their own science knowledge, develop insights into children's science reasoning, and improve their ability to use inquiry based instructional strategies. During the school year these lead teachers will be given opportunities to mentor their colleagues as they implement the school system's inquiry based science units. The Iowa City School District's stature as a leader in the Midwest will enable this project to serve as a model for other sites in the Midwest, to serve as an exemplary placement for preservice elementary teacher education and to provide leadership teams for future dissemination efforts. The cost sharing for the project will be 50% of the National Science Foundation support. ***\nDivision of Research on Learning in Formal and Informal Settings (DRL)\nSusan P. Snyder\nBe the first to comment on James Shymansky's grant","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"\u2190 Photo of the Day: Mustard Field\nObama Gets 2nd Supreme Court Nomination, Stevens Retiring \u2192\nby buellboy | April 9, 2010 \u00b7 1:53 am\nUniversity of Washington Survey Finds That Racial Attitudes Influence the Tea Party Movement\nPosted by: BuellBoy\nThe tea party movement has gotten much attention in recent months, but aside from decrying big government and excessive spending, who are the supporters and what else do they appear to believe?\nMany believed that the election of Barack Obama brought to a close the long, painful, and ugly history of race and racism in the United States. But as the incident with Henry Louis Gates last summer, and the more recent shenanigans with Tea Party activists suggest, racial divisions remain. Which is closer to the truth?\nA recent survey directed by University of Washington political scientist, Christopher Parker, finds that America is definitely not beyond race. For instance, the Tea Party, the incipient movement that claims to be committed to reigning in what they perceive as big government, appears to be motivated by more than partisanship and ideology.\nApproximately 45 % whites either strongly or somewhat approve of the movement. Of those, only 35% believe blacks to be hardworking, only 45 % believe blacks are intelligent, and only 41% think that blacks are trustworthy. Perceptions of Latinos aren't much different. While 50% of white tea party supporters believe Latinos to be hardworking, only 39% think them intelligent, and at 37%, fewer tea party supporters believe Latinos to be trustworthy.\nThe survey shows among whites, southerners are 12 percent more likely to support the tea party than whites in other parts of the U.S., and that conservatives are 28 percent more likely than liberals to support the group.\n\"The tea party is not just about politics and size of government. The data suggests it may also be about race,\"said Christopher Parker, a UW assistant professor of political science who directed the survey.\nIt found that those who are racially resentful, who believe the U.S. government has done too much to support blacks, are 36 percent more likely to support the tea party than those who are not.\nIndeed, strong support for the tea party movement results in a 45 percent decline in support for health care reform compared with those who oppose the tea party. \"While it's clear that the tea party in one sense is about limited government, it's also clear from the data that people who want limited government don't want certain services for certain kinds of people. Those services include health care,\"Parker said.\nParker directed the 2010 Multi-State Survey of Race and Politics, a broad look at race relations and politics in contemporary America. The survey reached 1,015 residents of Nevada, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, North Carolina, Georgia and California. All were battleground states in the 2008 presidential election with the exception of California, which was included in the survey to represent the West Coast.\nThe survey found that 30 percent of respondents had never heard of the tea party, but among those who had, 32 percent strongly approved of it. In that group, 56 percent of Republicans strongly approved, 31 percent of independents strongly approved and 5 percent of Democrats strongly approved.\nPreliminary analysis also reveals race affects the ways in which blacks and whites perceive the president, his policies, and how he's handling his job. To illustrate, 75% of blacks have confidence in the president; 58% of whites share this appraisal. Likewise, where 90% of blacks think the president is doing a good job on the economy, 55% of whites agree with this appraisal. And the most recent hot-button issue, health care reform, received support from 86% of blacks versus only 36% among whites.\n\"Are we in a post-racial society? Our survey indicates a resounding no,\"Parker said.\nConducted by telephone from Feb. 8 to March 15, the survey reached 494 whites, 380 blacks, 77 Latinos and 64 members of other races. The sampling error margin is plus or minus 3.1 percentage points. The Washington Institute for the Study of Ethnicity, Race and Sexuality and the UW Department of Political Science paid for the survey. It was conducted by the UW's Center for Survey Research.\nFiled under African-Americans, Barack Obama, Hispanic\/Latino\/Latina, Presidents, Racism, Tea Party Protestors\nTagged as bagger, party, Race, tea, university, washington\nOne response to \"University of Washington Survey Finds That Racial Attitudes Influence the Tea Party Movement\"\nPingback: University of Washington Survey Finds That Racial Attitudes \u2026 University Me","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"John Danny Gilmore\nJohn Danny Gilmore, 89, of Ashland City, formerly of Hopkinsville, Ky., died Monday, Dec. 16, 2013 at Centennial Medical Center.\nGilmore was born October 29, 1924 in Vilonia, Ark., to the late Lee and Lennie McDial Gilmore.\nHe worked as a horse breeder and was a U.S. Army veteran having served in World War II. He was a member of First Baptist Church of Pleasant View.\nIn addition to his parents, he is preceded in death by 12 brothers and sisters.\nHe is survived by his wife of 70 years, Jeanette Gilmore; daughter, Donna (Joey) Spalding of Ashland City; grandchildren, Corey (Kelly) Spalding of Franklin, Teri Davis of Wake Forest, N.C.; great-grandchildren, Jacob Spalding, Tanner Spalding, Audrey Spalding, Andrew Davis and Benjamin Davis.\nGraveside services were conducted Wednesday, Dec. 18 at Green Hill Memorial Gardens in Hopkinsville, Ky., with Bro. Jonathan Lail officiating.\nPallbearers were Joey Spalding, Earl Shackelford, Ricky Shackelford, Corey Spalding, Jacob Spalding, and Tanner Spalding.\nDonations may be made to the First Baptist Church of Pleasant View Building Fund. All contributions may be sent in care of Austin and Bell Funeral Home.\nAustin & Bell Funeral Home in Pleasant View was in charge of these arrangements.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"#40 Defenseman - Florida\nHometown: Stuart, FL\nHigh School: Martin County\n2009 Florida 40 9 0 0 0 0 0 - 0\n02\/06\/2009 Georgia W 13-12 0 0 0 0 0\n02\/08\/2009 Boston College L 5-15 0 0 0 0 0\n02\/20\/2009 @ South Florida W 23-5 2 0 0 0 0\n02\/27\/2009 @ Miami W 14-5 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/06\/2009 @ Brigham Young L 11-18 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/10\/2009 @ Colorado W 12-4 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/18\/2009 New Hampshire W 20-8 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/26\/2009 UC Davis W 19-14 1 0 0 0 0\n04\/04\/2009 @ Central Florida W 20-9 2 0 0 0 0\n04\/17\/2009 Florida State W 18-7 2 0 0 0 0\n02\/10\/2008 Boston College L 7-8 0 0 0 0 0\n02\/15\/2008 @ Tennessee W 17-11 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/04\/2008 Loyola Marymount L 11-12 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/08\/2008 @ UCLA W 11-4 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/13\/2008 @ USC W 14-7 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/22\/2008 California W 12-9 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/24\/2008 Santa Clara W 10-9 0 0 0 0 0\n03\/26\/2008 UC Santa Barbara W 10-8 0 0 0 0 0\n04\/04\/2008 Central Florida W 13-12 0 0 0 0 0\n05\/13\/2008 @ Chapman L 10-13 0 0 0 0 0","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The Real Reason RHOSLC's Meredith Marks And Her Husband Split\nJamie Mccarthy\/Getty Images\nBy Marenah Dobin\/Nov. 19, 2020 3:58 pm EST\nDuring the November 2020 premiere of Real Housewives of Salt Lake City, Meredith Marks' husband Seth decorated a room full of flowers...from a distance via their son, Brooks, since he was 1,400-miles away in Chicago. During the Nov. 18, 2020, episode, he dropped a bomb, casually asking her \"Who have you told that we are separated? Do all your friends know we are separated?,\" according to Page Six. Well, if they didn't know then, they do now thanks to this reality show.\nDuring a confessional, Meredith said, \"We met when we were 23, got married at 24 and had a baby at 25. It was just a tornado that came through and that was it. I was young but head-over-heels in love, so I went for it.\" She admitted, \"it [the relationship] just broke down,\" revealing that they \"moved many times\" throughout their marriage thanks to both of their careers. Meredith divulged, \"There was just no communication and hostility built, and built and built, and we just got so totally overwhelmed that we just were completely disconnected.\"\nThe Chicago Tribune reported that Seth filed for divorce in August 2019, but he dropped the petition in December 2019, right around Meredith's birthday, which was the event that kicked off the show's first season. Reflecting on the season, Meredith told the outlet, \"I don't know if I would say it was so difficult to film.\" However, she predicted, \"I think what's going to be difficult is to watch those scenes,\" which probably means this will be a major part of her storyline. So why did the couple split in the first place?\nMeredith Marks hid the split from her kids\nMeredith Marks\/Instagram\nAs it turns out, the 2019 split wasn't the first time Meredith Marks and her husband called it quits. Meredith told ET, \"Seth [Marks] and I have had a long history of separations and reconciliations over the years.\" However, they were very private, with Meredith revealing, \"we had dated other people at times \u2014 our children did not ever know.\" That was because they still lived together, which changed in 2019, once they became empty-nesters. They began living separately, with Meredith explaining, \"This is really the time where the kids are gone and we can now be in our own homes and sort of try to figure out what direction we want to go. Can we make this work? Or can't we?\"\nThe Real Housewife confessed that the most difficult part of splitting from Seth was when they had to break the news to their three adult children, Reid, Chloe, and Brooks, admitting that she wishes she told them sooner. Meredith confessed that she got \"a little teary\" thinking about her marital troubles, sharing, \"I had really not told any of my friends, and my children just found out when they left the house, which was probably six months or so before we started filming.\"\nMeredith also shared with the Chicago Tribune, \"We have had a bit of a volatile relationship for many years. When you're empty nesters, it's sort of a 'do or die' situation. You have to finally say, OK, we can't keep playing this game anymore and separating and reconciling for our children.\"\nMeredith Marks' marital strife will play out on TV\nMeredith Marks kept her separation from her husband Seth Marks as private as she could, except for that whole signing up for reality TV thing. As a result, it is going to be a part of her Real Housewives of Salt Lake City storyline. During an interview with ET, Meredith said cast members, mainly Whitney Rose, questioned their marriage, circulating rumors that Meredith was seeing someone else. Meredith admitted, \"To be throwing things out there when you don't know if they're true or false, you don't know what's going on, you don't know what's rumor, is upsetting, very upsetting.\" Seemingly, Whitney wasn't privy to the Marks' secret split.\nHowever, Whitney isn't the only one who has questions about the Marks' marriage. Meredith said there's someone else involved in the gossip, but even she isn't sure about the person's identity. She's going to have to watch the show to find out, just like the viewers. Meredith teased, \"There's a lot of conversation that went on about me behind my back. I'm very curious to see who's responsible for what.\" And so are the fans.\nMeredith hinted that the RHOSLC viewers will find out what's going on with her marriage by the end of the season. However, she was much more direct talking to Chicago Tribune about Seth's divorce petition, quipping, \"Well, I can tell you that that was dismissed. I can tell you that much, so we're obviously not getting divorced.\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"You searched for +publisher:\"Utah State University\" +contributor:(\"Karin Kettenring\"). Showing records 1\u2009\u2013\u20096 of 6 total matches.\n1. Laine, Caroline M. An Assessment of Vegetation Metrics and Plot Types to Measure Seasonal Variation and Grazing Effects on Riparian Plant Communities.\nDegree: MS, Ecology, 2011, Utah State University\nURL: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/1091\n\u25ba\u2002The variation that exists in both time and space in riparian plant communities was explored in five streams within the Salmon National Forest and\u2026 (more)\n\u25bc\u2002The variation that exists in both time and space in riparian plant communities was explored in five streams within the Salmon National Forest and surrounding Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands of central-eastern Idaho that are managed for cattle grazing. In this study, we evaluated the ability of commonly used vegetation metrics (live vegetation cover, species richness, % forb, litter, bare ground, wetland indicator rating, % graminoid, bank alteration, soil compaction, and % native) and different plot types (static or dynamic) to assess changes in plant communities over time and in areas grazed by cattle. We were particularly interested in evaluating the stability of metrics over time and the responsiveness of metrics to cattle grazing. We found that the metrics wetland indicator rating, % graminoid, and % native were stable across the season, while live vegetation cover, species richness, % forb, litter, bare ground, bank alteration, and soil compaction were affected by seasonal variation. The metrics that responded to grazing similarly at all streams and sites were live vegetation cover, litter, bare ground, and bank alteration, while species richness, % forb, wetland indicator rating, % graminoid, soil compaction, and % native responded differently to cattle grazing at individual streams. The metrics that were most sensitive to cattle grazing within the season were live vegetation cover, species richness, % forb, litter, and bare ground. Plot type did not have an effect on the majority of the metrics at the majority of the streams. This information can be used by land managers to determine which metrics are suitable for short- and long-term monitoring, and which ones are appropriate for monitoring the effects of cattle grazing. Advisors\/Committee Members: Karin Kettenring, ;.\nSubjects\/Keywords: vegetation metrics; plot types; measure seasonal variation; grazing effects; riparian plant communities; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology\nLaine, C. M. (2011). An Assessment of Vegetation Metrics and Plot Types to Measure Seasonal Variation and Grazing Effects on Riparian Plant Communities . (Masters Thesis). Utah State University. Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/1091\nLaine, Caroline M. \"An Assessment of Vegetation Metrics and Plot Types to Measure Seasonal Variation and Grazing Effects on Riparian Plant Communities.\" 2011. Masters Thesis, Utah State University. Accessed January 18, 2020. https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/1091.\nLaine, Caroline M. \"An Assessment of Vegetation Metrics and Plot Types to Measure Seasonal Variation and Grazing Effects on Riparian Plant Communities.\" 2011. Web. 18 Jan 2020.\nLaine CM. An Assessment of Vegetation Metrics and Plot Types to Measure Seasonal Variation and Grazing Effects on Riparian Plant Communities. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Utah State University; 2011. [cited 2020 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/1091.\nLaine CM. An Assessment of Vegetation Metrics and Plot Types to Measure Seasonal Variation and Grazing Effects on Riparian Plant Communities. [Masters Thesis]. Utah State University; 2011. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/1091\n2. Sweetman, Amanda Clare. The Ecology and Genetics of Schoenoplectus maritimus, an Important Emergent Macrophyte, Across Diverse Hydrologic Conditions \u2013 Implications for Restoration.\nDegree: MS, Watershed Sciences, 2013, Utah State University\n\u25ba\u2002Revegetation projects in wetlands are challenging due to questions surrounding where to obtain plant materials and how hydrologic conditions, which are often unpredictable at restoration\u2026 (more)\n\u25bc\u2002Revegetation projects in wetlands are challenging due to questions surrounding where to obtain plant materials and how hydrologic conditions, which are often unpredictable at restoration sites, may impact restoration success. We used a two-pronged approach to inform decisions on seed sourcing. Our study species, Schoenoplectus maritimus (alkali bulrush), is a widely distributed wetland plant. First, we investigated how genetic diversity was partitioned within and among populations of S. maritimus. We found five weakly differentiated populations and one distinct population. We found high levels of genetic diversity with the majority (92%) of diversity found within rather than among sites (8%). Also, the proportion of viable seed produced was surprisingly high within stands (mean = 0.64 \u00b1 0.02) given the supposed prevalence of asexual reproduction in the species. Second, we conducted two studies to look at the influence of hydrology, population of origin, and genetic diversity of seeds on the productivity of S. maritimus. In a field survey we measured environmental variables and productivity within established S. maritimus stands. In a greenhouse experiment we determined how source population identity and the genetic diversity of seeds impacted emergence and productivity under different hydrologic conditions. We found that stands of S. maritimus differed in proportion of time with water present, mean water level, and soil conditions. Productivity also differed, with 3-fold differences in stem density and biomass among sites. In the greenhouse experiment, we found that water treatment impacted all productivity measures; source population impacted seedling emergence and biomass allocation; and, number of source populations impacted sensitivity to drought. Advice for future restoration projects includes (1) limiting translocation of seeds among populations to conserve historic lineages, (2) when it is necessary to translocate seeds, collect seeds from many parent plants within populations that are in close geographic proximity to the restoration site, and (3) water level management is extremely important at all life stages of S. maritimus and should be an important consideration in wetland restoration and management in this water-limited region. Advisors\/Committee Members: Karin Kettenring, ;.\nSubjects\/Keywords: genetics; hydrologic extremes; restoration; Schoenoplectus maritimus; wetlands; Biology; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology\nSweetman, A. C. (2013). The Ecology and Genetics of Schoenoplectus maritimus, an Important Emergent Macrophyte, Across Diverse Hydrologic Conditions \u2013 Implications for Restoration . (Masters Thesis). Utah State University. Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/1942\nSweetman, Amanda Clare. \"The Ecology and Genetics of Schoenoplectus maritimus, an Important Emergent Macrophyte, Across Diverse Hydrologic Conditions \u2013 Implications for Restoration.\" 2013. Masters Thesis, Utah State University. Accessed January 18, 2020. https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/1942.\nSweetman, Amanda Clare. \"The Ecology and Genetics of Schoenoplectus maritimus, an Important Emergent Macrophyte, Across Diverse Hydrologic Conditions \u2013 Implications for Restoration.\" 2013. Web. 18 Jan 2020.\nSweetman AC. The Ecology and Genetics of Schoenoplectus maritimus, an Important Emergent Macrophyte, Across Diverse Hydrologic Conditions \u2013 Implications for Restoration. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Utah State University; 2013. [cited 2020 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/1942.\nSweetman AC. The Ecology and Genetics of Schoenoplectus maritimus, an Important Emergent Macrophyte, Across Diverse Hydrologic Conditions \u2013 Implications for Restoration. [Masters Thesis]. Utah State University; 2013. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/1942\n3. Hazelton, Eric L. G. Impacts of <i>Phragmites australis<\/i> Management on Wetland Plant Community Recovery, Seedbank Composition, and the Physical Environment in the Chesapeake Bay.\nDegree: PhD, Ecology, 2018, Utah State University\n\u25ba\u2002Biological invasions have adverse economic, cultural, and ecological effects worldwide. Among the most impactful in North America is the invasion of Phragmites australis (Phragmites),\u2026 (more)\n\u25bc\u2002Biological invasions have adverse economic, cultural, and ecological effects worldwide. Among the most impactful in North America is the invasion of Phragmites australis (Phragmites), a large-scale clonal grass that rapidly colonizes wetlands. Phragmites crowds out native plants and alters habitat for native fauna. In doing so, Phragmites also alters human access to water resources and has adverse economic effects, including decreasing property value, inhibiting recreational use, and limiting populations of game species. The efforts described in this dissertation are a component of a large, multidisciplinary effort to better understand the anthropogenic stressors to Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, at the land\/water interface. Utah State University worked in collaboration with the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center and other academic and public organizations to address this problem from multiple directions. The diverse and extensive studies ranged from aquatic and avian faunal composition and submerged aquatic vegetation to our work on the invasive wetland grass, Phragmites. Having assessed the existing literature and its shortcomings, we conducted a large-scale, long-term study of the effects of Phragmites removal on the Bay. By removing Phragmites from plots in select sub-estuaries of Chesapeake Bay through herbicide spraying, leaving associated plots intact, and comparing both with native wetland conditions, we sought to better understand herbicidal management of Phragmites and the potential for wetland plant community recovery. Although sprayings decreased the relative cover, stem diameters, and stem densities of Phragmites, we found that herbicide treatment alone was not adequate to restore native plant communities or significantly affect seedbank composition. Our results demonstrate the resilience of Phragmites and call for a diverse range of control measures, including mowing, grazing, burning to expose the seedbank to germination, and\u2014if economics allow\u2014active revegetation to establish the desired plant community composition. This dissertation provides beneficial data for those who seek to manage Phragmites in wetland plant communities, but there is much work still to be done. The literature review, seedbank study, and community analysis included in this volume are components of a larger research program on Phragmites management. Future studies should, in particular, investigate revegetation and nutrient amelioration as means to recover pre-invasion vegetation. Advisors\/Committee Members: Karin Kettenring, ;.\nSubjects\/Keywords: Invasive plants; Phragmites; seedbank; restoration; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology\nHazelton, E. L. G. (2018). Impacts of <i>Phragmites australis<\/i> Management on Wetland Plant Community Recovery, Seedbank Composition, and the Physical Environment in the Chesapeake Bay . (Doctoral Dissertation). Utah State University. Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7229\nHazelton, Eric L G. \"Impacts of <i>Phragmites australis<\/i> Management on Wetland Plant Community Recovery, Seedbank Composition, and the Physical Environment in the Chesapeake Bay.\" 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, Utah State University. Accessed January 18, 2020. https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7229.\nHazelton, Eric L G. \"Impacts of <i>Phragmites australis<\/i> Management on Wetland Plant Community Recovery, Seedbank Composition, and the Physical Environment in the Chesapeake Bay.\" 2018. Web. 18 Jan 2020.\nHazelton ELG. Impacts of <i>Phragmites australis<\/i> Management on Wetland Plant Community Recovery, Seedbank Composition, and the Physical Environment in the Chesapeake Bay. [Internet] [Doctoral dissertation]. Utah State University; 2018. [cited 2020 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7229.\nHazelton ELG. Impacts of <i>Phragmites australis<\/i> Management on Wetland Plant Community Recovery, Seedbank Composition, and the Physical Environment in the Chesapeake Bay. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Utah State University; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7229\n4. Long, Arin Lexine. Distribution and Drivers of a Widespread, Invasive Wetland Grass, Phragmites australis, in Great Salt Lake Wetlands.\n\u25ba\u2002Non-native invasive plant species can often have negative effects on native ecosystems, such as altered nutrient cycling, decreased habitat for wildlife, and outcompeting native\u2026 (more)\n\u25bc\u2002Non-native invasive plant species can often have negative effects on native ecosystems, such as altered nutrient cycling, decreased habitat for wildlife, and outcompeting native plants. Around the Great Salt Lake (GSL), Utah, the invasive wetland grass Phragmites australis has become abundant in wetlands around the lake. Phragmites is replacing many native wetland plants provide important waterfowl habitat around the GSL. For successful management of Phragmites in GSL wetlands, it is important to know the current distribution of Phragmites, as well as areas that might be vulnerable to future invasion by Phragmites. To do this, we used multispectral aerial imagery to map the current distribution of Phragmites. We then created a model that statistically related the Phragmites distribution data to a suite of environmental predictor variables such as salinity, proximity to nutrient sources, or proximity to roads. Results from our model suggest that Phragmites is more likely to be found in wetland areas close to point sources of pollution, with lower elevations with prolonged inundation, and with moderate salinities. We used these results to identify areas around GSL that might be vulnerable to future invasion. Results from our study will assist wetlands managers in prioritizing areas for Phragmites monitoring and control by closely monitoring areas of prime Phragmites habitat. Advisors\/Committee Members: Karin Kettenring, ;.\nSubjects\/Keywords: Invasive Wetland Grass; Phragmites australis; Great Salt Lake Wetlands; Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology\nLong, A. L. (2014). Distribution and Drivers of a Widespread, Invasive Wetland Grass, Phragmites australis, in Great Salt Lake Wetlands . (Masters Thesis). Utah State University. Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/3869\nLong, Arin Lexine. \"Distribution and Drivers of a Widespread, Invasive Wetland Grass, Phragmites australis, in Great Salt Lake Wetlands.\" 2014. Masters Thesis, Utah State University. Accessed January 18, 2020. https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/3869.\nLong, Arin Lexine. \"Distribution and Drivers of a Widespread, Invasive Wetland Grass, Phragmites australis, in Great Salt Lake Wetlands.\" 2014. Web. 18 Jan 2020.\nLong AL. Distribution and Drivers of a Widespread, Invasive Wetland Grass, Phragmites australis, in Great Salt Lake Wetlands. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Utah State University; 2014. [cited 2020 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/3869.\nLong AL. Distribution and Drivers of a Widespread, Invasive Wetland Grass, Phragmites australis, in Great Salt Lake Wetlands. [Masters Thesis]. Utah State University; 2014. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/3869\n5. Neenan, Johnathan. Evaluation of Stream Bank Restoration to Improve Water Quality in a Semi-Arid Stream.\n\u25ba\u2002Human watershed activities such as converting land cover to agriculture and livestock grazing have negatively impacted stream water quality worldwide. One such case is\u2026 (more)\n\u25bc\u2002Human watershed activities such as converting land cover to agriculture and livestock grazing have negatively impacted stream water quality worldwide. One such case is Utah's Upper Sevier River where a loss of woody bank vegetation (reduced shading) and accelerated bank erosion (increased fine sediment inputs) has led to increased stream temperature and water turbidity. As a result, the state of Utah sought to improve water quality conditions using streambank restoration. While commonly recommended and performed, the effectiveness of this sort of restoration has rarely been quantified. Here, I evaluated a restored reach of the Upper Sevier River near Hatch, UT using continuous monitoring data and a historical photo analysis. As Utah wishes to continue performing this type of restoration in additional locations on the Upper Sevier River, I applied a simple sediment budget model to test its value in informing future streambank restoration decisions. Continuous monitoring data at the upstream and downstream extent of restoration showed that both stream temperature and turbidity increased downstream along the restored reach. In addition, I found that stream temperature violated Utah's cold-water stream threshold at both sites but did not violate thresholds for rainbow trout. Turbidity violated state and biological thresholds at both sites. I was unable to conclude whether the streambank restoration directly altered water quality because I lacked monitoring data before restoration occurred. Results of the historical aerial photo analysis showed that restoration practitioners were successful in reducing cut bank erosion. My use of SIAM as a simple sediment budget model proved insufficient due to poor data quality and quantity. Overall, streambank restoration was successful at reducing cut bank erosion, and I recommended monitoring future restoration before and after project completion, identifying and monitoring upstream sources of fine sediment, and pursuing more comprehensive sediment models to inform future streambank restoration. Advisors\/Committee Members: Sarah Null, Peter Wilcock, Karin Kettenring, ;.\nSubjects\/Keywords: river restoration; water quality; streambank erosion; historical aerial photo analysis; restoration decision making; Water Resource Management\nNeenan, J. (2019). Evaluation of Stream Bank Restoration to Improve Water Quality in a Semi-Arid Stream . (Masters Thesis). Utah State University. Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7687\nNeenan, Johnathan. \"Evaluation of Stream Bank Restoration to Improve Water Quality in a Semi-Arid Stream.\" 2019. Masters Thesis, Utah State University. Accessed January 18, 2020. https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7687.\nNeenan, Johnathan. \"Evaluation of Stream Bank Restoration to Improve Water Quality in a Semi-Arid Stream.\" 2019. Web. 18 Jan 2020.\nNeenan J. Evaluation of Stream Bank Restoration to Improve Water Quality in a Semi-Arid Stream. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Utah State University; 2019. [cited 2020 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7687.\nNeenan J. Evaluation of Stream Bank Restoration to Improve Water Quality in a Semi-Arid Stream. [Masters Thesis]. Utah State University; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7687\n6. Pendleton, Maya Cassidy. Ecosystem Functioning of Great Salt Lake Wetlands.\n\u25ba\u2002The Great Salt Lake (GSL) wetlands account for ~75% of all Utah wetlands and provide not only critical habitat for millions of migratory birds,\u2026 (more)\n\u25bc\u2002The Great Salt Lake (GSL) wetlands account for ~75% of all Utah wetlands and provide not only critical habitat for millions of migratory birds, but also provide valuable ecosystem functions and services as well as economic benefits to Utahns. However, these wetlands are facing an aggressive invader, Phragmites australis, that has spreading across the GSL wetlands and replacing native wetland habitats. Wetland managers have spent countless resources and time trying to control the spread of P. australis and restore GSL wetlands. However, we do not fully understand how these wetlands functions and services are being altered with this habitat homogenization because functional data for our wetland species have not been well documented. This lack of knowledge may hinder wetland restoration efforts. To create baseline functional data for the GSL wetland species and better understand how the spread of P. australis might be affecting the overall health of the system, I measured eight individual ecosystem functions for seven dominant habitat types found across the GSL wetlands. I compared these individual functions across habitat types as well as created two different multifunctionality indices using an averaging and a thresholds approach. With these comparisons, I was able to determine the distinct functional strengths of different wetland habitat types and their overall functional abilities. I found that functional abilities varied greatly by habitat type and that not one single habitat could support every function even at the lowest threshold measured. I found that Typha latifolia, Schoenoplectus acutus, and P. australis, had the highest multifunctional values. However, I also found that some habitats offered unique functions, such as Salicornia rubra and playa, and that these functions were lacking in other habitats, including the most multifunctional habitats. These findings suggest that maintaining habitat heterogeneity will be critical in ensuring a fully functioning wetland system that can provide a multitude of ecosystems services that benefit both humans and wildlife. The findings of this study will supply wetland managers with a better understanding of the functional strengths of different wetland habitats. This data will aid in ongoing restoration efforts by enabling managers to target certain functions and create more efficient and effective management plans. Advisors\/Committee Members: Trisha Atwood, Karin Kettenring, Kim Sullivan, ;.\nSubjects\/Keywords: Great Salt Lake; wetlands; multifunctionality; functions; services; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology\nPendleton, M. C. (2019). Ecosystem Functioning of Great Salt Lake Wetlands . (Masters Thesis). Utah State University. Retrieved from https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7557\nPendleton, Maya Cassidy. \"Ecosystem Functioning of Great Salt Lake Wetlands.\" 2019. Masters Thesis, Utah State University. Accessed January 18, 2020. https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7557.\nPendleton, Maya Cassidy. \"Ecosystem Functioning of Great Salt Lake Wetlands.\" 2019. Web. 18 Jan 2020.\nPendleton MC. Ecosystem Functioning of Great Salt Lake Wetlands. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Utah State University; 2019. [cited 2020 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7557.\nPendleton MC. Ecosystem Functioning of Great Salt Lake Wetlands. [Masters Thesis]. Utah State University; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/digitalcommons.usu.edu\/etd\/7557","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Tag Archives: Metro Goldwyn Mayer\nPosted on December 28, 2020 by Jnpickens\nIn 2010, I revealed I had seen 400 movie musicals over the course of eight years. Now that number is over 600. To celebrate and share this musical love, here is my weekly feature about musicals.\nThat's Entertainment! (1974)\nJack Haley, Jr.\nAs themselves narrating: Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, Peter Lawford, James Stewart, Mickey Rooney, Gene Kelly, Donald O'Connor, Debbie Reynolds, Fred Astaire, Liza Minelli, Bing Crosby\nA feature film documentary celebrating 50 years of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, featuring film clips from 1929 into 1958.\nPosted in Musical Monday\t| Tagged Bing Crosby, Debbie Reynolds, documentary, Donald O'Connor, Elizabeth Taylor, Frank Sinatra, fred astaire, Gene Kelly, Jack Haley Jr., James Stewart, Liza Minelli, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, MGM, MGM documentary, mickey rooney, musical documentary, Peter Lawford, That's Entertainment, That's Entertainment 1974\t| 2 Replies\nClassics in the Carolinas: Kathryn Grayson\nPosted on January 8, 2019 by Jnpickens\nActress, singer Kathryn Grayson\nWith her soprano voice and sweet, heart-shaped face, Kathryn Grayson was one of the many stars in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's constellation.\nBut before the singer and actress was one of the studio's top stars, Grayson was born Zelma Kathryn Elisabeth Hedrick in Winston-Salem, N.C. Zelma was one of four children born to Charles and Lillian Hedrick. The other siblings \u2013 Bud, Hal and the youngest Millie, who were also born in North Carolina. Though Zelma was born in Winston-Salem, she spent most of her childhood in Kirkwood, Mo., near St. Louis, when her family moved due to her father's work as a real estate contractor. Zelma aspired to be an opera singer and studied voice while she was growing up.\nThe family moved from Kirkwood to Texas to California. Grayson continued studying and improving her singing and was discovered in California, according to a July 1, 1944, issue of \"The State,\" a monthly North Carolina-focused magazine that has been published from 1933 to present, which is now titled \"Our State.\"\nPosted in Classics in the Carolinas\t| Tagged Actors from North Carolina, Actresses from North Carolina, Classics in the Carolinas, Kathryn Grayson, Kathryn Grayson Winston-Salem, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, MGM Musicals, Winston-Salem\nWatching 1939: Stand Up and Fight (1939)\nPosted on September 6, 2018 by Jnpickens\n1939 film: Stand Up and Fight\nCast: Wallace Beery, Robert Taylor, Florence Rice, Helen Broderick, Charles Bickford, Barton MacLane, Charley Grapewin, John Qualen\nStudio: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\nDirector: W.S. Van Dyke\nStarting in 1844 in Maryland, Blake Cantrell (Taylor) is a plantation owner who is broke and has to sell his property. He's in love with Bostonian Susan Griffith (Rice), who loses interest when he has no means of taking care of himself. Blake has never worked for a living and ends up working for a stagecoach line run by Capt. Boss Starkey (Beery), which is also owned by Amanda Griffith (Broderick), who is Susan's aunt.\nPosted in 1939\t| Tagged 1930s MGM, 1930s movies, 1939 films, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, MGM, Robert Taylor, Wallace Beery, Watching 1939\nMusical Monday: Brigadoon (1954)\nPosted on June 18, 2018 by Jnpickens\nBrigadoon (1954) \u2013 Musical #53\nGene Kelly, Cyd Charisse, Van Johnson, Elaine Stewart, Barry Jones, Hugh Laing, Virginia Bosler, Albert Sharpe, Jimmy Thompson, Eddie Quillan, Dee Turnell, Madge Blake (uncredited), George Chakiris (uncredited), Barrie Chase (uncredited)\nAmericans Tommy Albright (Kelly) and Jeff Douglas (Johnson) are lost in Scotland and come across the town of Brigadoon, which only awakens every 100 years and is stuck in the 1700s. Tommy falls in love with one of the girls, Fiona (Charisse), but the town will disappear if anyone leaves and anyone who wants to stay has to leave the world they know and stay forever.\n\u2022 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was making \"Brigadoon\" at the same time as \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.\" \"Seven Brides\" was nearly dropped, because the studio didn't feel they could fund two extravagant musicals and they thought \"Brigadoon\" would be more successful, according to Powell's autobiography. Producer Jack Cummings talked the studio into keeping the film and cut the budget and economized where he could. \"Seven Brides\" ended up being more successful, according to Powell's book.\n\u2022 In May 1952, the Hollywood Reporter reported that Kathryn Grayson and Alec Guinness would co-star with Gene Kelly. In March 1952, the Hollywood Reporter said David Wayne was considered for a role. Moira Shearer and Donald O'Connor were also considered for the roles of Fiona and Jeff, according the book Vincente Minnelli: Hollywood's Dark Dreamer by Emanuel Levy.\n\u2022 The film was based on a Broadway show of the same name, which ran from March 1947 through July 1948. The only person who reprised their role in the film was Virginia Bosler, who played Jean Campbell. Not all songs from the Broadway show were used. The songs removed included \"Come to Me, Bend to Me,\" \"My Mother's Wedding Day\" and \"There But For You I Go.\"\n\u2022 A television version aired in 1966 starring Peter Faulk, Sally Ann Howes and Robert Goulet.\nAgnes de Mille was the choreographer for the Broadway musical, but all of her choreography was replaced by Gene Kelly's in the film. New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther blamed the film's failure for the \"poor choreography\" because the \"life and smoothness of the original\" were lost, according to the book \"Agnes de Mille: Telling Stories in Broadway Dance\" by Kara Anne Gardner.\n\u2022 Originally planned to be filmed in Scotland, but the weather was too unpredictable.\n\u2022 Vicente Minnelli's first CinemaScope film.\n\u2022 Cyd Charisse was dubbed by Carol Richards.\n\u2022 Dee Turnell was dubbed by Bonnie Murray\n\u2022 Jimmy Thompson was dubbed by John Gustafson\n\u2022 Music by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe\n\u2022 Produced by Arthur Freed\nGene Kelly and Cyd Charisse in \"Brigadoon\"\n\u2013 Van Johnson and Gene Kelly dancing in \"Go Home with Bonnie Gene\"\n-The \"Heather on the Hill\" dance sequence\n\u2013 The wedding dance\nGene Kelly and Van Johnson dancing in \"Go Home with Bonnie Jean\" (Screen cap by Jessica P.)\nNotable Songs:\n-\"Waiting for My Dearie\" performed by Cyd Charisse, dubbed by Carol Richards, and Dee Turnell, dubbed by Bonnie Murray\n-\"Go Home with Bonnie Jean\" performed by Jimmy Thompson, dubbed by John Gustafson, Gene Kelly, Van Johnson\n-\"Heather on the Hill\" performed by Gene Kelly\nI remember when I watched \"Brigadoon\" for the first and last time. It was 2004 and I was a freshman in high school. I was devouring every musical I could get my hands on and I was bursting with excitement to see \"Brigadoon.\" I had seen photos and clips and it looked so beautiful. But after seeing it, I was disappointed and thereafter thought of it ruefully and with a bit of a sigh.\nAnd then I revisited \"Brigadoon\" for the first time in 14 years yesterday to prepare for this musical post. It starts off with sweeping, beautiful notes and with flaming red title cards. The painted studio scenery is the backdrop for as low voices sing about lost hunters and Brigadoon. Then a flourish of Scotish townspeople rush across the screen dressed in vibrant Irene Sharaff costumes. The first few numbers are exuberant and a bit wistful (\"Waiting For My Dearie\"). As I watched, I found myself enjoying the film, but kept preparing myself, \"Something is going to irritate me or is this is going to go south.\"\nBut I completed the film and was pleasantly surprised that I enjoyed it more than I did when I was 15 years old. I won't go as far as to say it's my favorite, but I had fun watching it and had several of the songs in my head after watching it.\nI think there are a few reasons I didn't like it the first time I saw it. I had a strong love for Van Johnson at this time (and still do), and I didn't care for his character. Johnson's character is a bit of a heel, scoffing at the Brigadoon situation, and is an alcoholic. I wanted the sweet Van of \"Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo.\" As for Gene Kelly, while his character is similar to his other roles, he and Van Johnson are a bit more jaded. Both characters are dissatisfied with life, and at my young age, I think this may have been a bit complex for me. Now I appreciate their desire of wanting more out of life and also appreciate Johnson's versatility and like his bitter character more.\nWhile Cyd Charisse doesn't do her own singing, I think she was well cast. However, I also could see Kathryn Grayson or Moira Shearer doing well in the role. This could be a bold statement, but I think Cyd Charisse is at her most beautiful as Fiona. I like her wistful character, and I particularly love her performance of \"Waitin' for My Dearie.\" Charisse only has two costume changes in this film, but her costumes designed by Irene Sharaff are simple and beautiful. I love the simple cream colored dress she wears for the majority of the film with that bright yellow shawl and orange petticoat. Then for the wedding scene, she has that gorgeous red dress.\nCyd Charisse and Dee Turnell dance in \"Waitin' for my Dearie\" in \"Brigadoon.\" (Screen Cap by Jessica P.)\nJimmy Thompson has a small role in the film as Charlie, who is marrying Charisse's sister, but his character is very charming and appealing. Thompson isn't a well-known actor, but many \"Singin' in the Rain\" fans would recognize him as the singer who performs \"Beautiful Girl.\" However, while I enjoy Thompson, I'm confused why they picked a singer to play a small role when he was dubbed by John Gustafson was dubbed.\nI am curious about Thompson's life and career but can find little on him. Thompson has 11 film credits to his name but never made it big in Hollywood, despite having a secondary lead in this film. In searches, he gets confused with a British actor of the same name who passed away in 2005.\nJimmy Thompson in \"Brigadoon.\" (Screen cap by Jessica P.)\nIn the play, the character Harry Beaton (played by Hugh Laing in the film and James Mitchell on stage) has a more expanded role and some of his own dance numbers. It would have been interesting to see that character expanded with the original numbers, though I know this would have made the film longer.\nI think another thing I didn't like about \"Brigadoon\" 14 years ago was the serious tone. Knowing it was the competitor of \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers,\" I thought it was going to have the same upbeat, joyful exuberance but \"Brigadoon\" couldn't be more different. While there is a wistfulness to it, it focuses on life's discontentments. There's Harry who feels trapped in the town of Brigadoon and calls it his prison, Jeff (Johnson) is trapped by his alcohol, Fiona (Charisse) hasn't found anyone she loves, and Tommy (Kelly) doesn't want to marry the woman he's engaged to. And there are consequences to finding happiness. If Harry leaves Brigadoon, the whole town disappears. If Jeff stays with Fiona, he has to live in Brigadoon forever (and live most of his life asleep). It's a much more complicated story than \"We need brides so let's kidnap some girls!\"\nBecause they were competitors and made at the same time, I consider \"Brigadoon\" a companion piece to \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.\" While they are completely different films, their musical stories are different and stand apart from other MGM films that were made before and during this time. Ultimately, \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\" was the more successful of the two films though MGM thought it would be the underdog. Unfortunately, after 1954, musicals were on the decline at MGM as studio head Dore Schary wanted to make serious message movies.\nAdmittedly, I do like \"Seven Brides for Seven Brothers\" more, but I'm happy that I revisited this one after years of remembering my initial disappointment.\nThe highlights for me are the \"Waitin' for My Dearie\" number and Van Johnson and Gene Kelly dancing together in \"Go Home with Bonnie Jean.\"\nWhile I won't be calling \"Brigadoon\" my all-time favorite musical, I'm happy I revisited this one. The moral of today's story is to wait a few years and give a film another try.\nCheck out the Comet Over Hollywood Facebook page, follow on Twitter at @HollywoodComet or e-mail at cometoverhollywood@gmail.com\nPosted in Musical Monday\t| Tagged 1950s musical, Brigadoon, Cyd Charisse, Gene Kelly, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, MGM, Musical Monday, Van Johnson\nMusical Monday: Two Girls on Broadway (1940)\nPosted on March 5, 2018 by Jnpickens\nTwo Girls on Broadway (1940) \u2013 Musical #586\nAlfred E. Green\nLana Turner, Joan Blondell, George Murphey, Kent Taylor, Wallace Ford, Richard Lane, Otto Yamaoka, Lloyd Corrigan\nWhen Eddie Kerns (Murphey) sells his song and is offered a job to perform it in a show, he calls his girlfriend Molly Mahoney (Blondell) and tells her to join him in New York. Molly Mahoney and her sister Pat (Turner) have been running a dance school in Nebraska, and both go to New York, also hoping to hit it big. The only problem is when they audition for the show Eddie is in, producer Buddy Bartell (Lane) only wants to hire Pat to perform with Eddie.\n-Remake of The Broadway Melody (1929)\n-Joan Blondell's first film with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.\n-Released in Great Britain under the name \"Choose Your Partner.\"\n-The song \"Maybe It's the Moon\" by Bob Wright and Chet Forrest was written for the film but not performed.\n-Costumes by Dolly Tree\n-Produced by Jack Cummings\nPosted in Musical Monday\t| Tagged 1940s musicals, George Murphy, Joan Blondell, Lana Turner, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical, MGM, MGM musical, musical remake, Two Girls on Broadway\nWatching 1939: Four Girls in White (1939)\nPosted on February 1, 2018 by Jnpickens\n1939 Film: Four Girls in White\nCast: Florence Rice, Ann Rutherford, Una Merkel, Mary Howard, Alan Marshal, Kent Taylor, Buddy Ebsen, Jessie Ralph, Sara Haden, Phillip Terry, Tom Neal, Joy Anderson (uncredited)\nS. Sylvan Simon\nFour nurses (Rice, Rutherford, Merkel, Howard) are student nurses trying to make it through their three years at a hospital until graduation. Norma (Rice) is looking for a rich husband, Mary (Howard) pines way for her young daughter, Patricia (Rutherford) is sweet and diligent, and Gertie (Merkel) looks forward to her next meal. The girls face the stresses of becoming a nurse and making mistakes. Norma falls in love with a doctor (Marshal) but is frustrated that he always gets called into work.\n1939 notes:\n\u2022 Ann Rutherford was in seven films released in 1939. This one was released first.\n\u2022 Phillip Terry was in 12 feature films in 1939. This is one of four films that was credited. The rest were uncredited.\nMary Howard, Florence Rice, Ann Rutherford and Una Merkel in \"Four Girls in White\" (1939)\nMy review: Searching for the \"1939 feature\":\nI love nurse films and this one is no exception. The 1930s were filled with nurse films, but many of the Pre-Code era featured sassy, fast-talking nurses who have at least one scene in their skivvies and rolling up or down their stockings. An example of this would be Night Nurse (1931), where Barbara Stanwyck ends up as a private nurse to children of an alcoholic mom.\nOthers were very dramatic accounts, like Prison Nurse (1938) or The Nurse from Brooklyn (1938).\nWhile there have been many films focusing on the nursing field throughout the 1930s, I feel that \"Four Girls in White\" (1939) provides something a little different.\nI felt that \"Four Girls in White\" showed girls working to become nurses in a hospital with the same tone and feeling that the Dr. Kildare film series (which began in 1937) showed about young doctors coming into the medical field.\nEach nurse is independent and eager for a career in the medical field. Now, some of these nurses had different agendas other than just helping sick people. One, in particular, was looking to marry a rich husband, but we see each of them studying and working hard to learn (and also messing up). Much of their learning is shown through montages that give a feel for the four nurses' personalities.\nThese low-budget Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films of the late 1930s and early 1940s all have a brisk brightness that is especially pleasing. There are some overly dramatic moments (a few disasters strike and all nurses are needed) but it really is a fun film.\nIs it a great film? Probably not, but it has a fresh and hopeful feeling that is found in MGM films of this time.\nPosted in 1939\t| Tagged 1939, 1939 movie, ann rutherford, Florence Rice, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Una Merkel, Watching 1939\nMusical Monday: Sweethearts (1938)\nPosted on October 30, 2017 by Jnpickens\n\"Sweethearts \" (1938)\u2013 Musical #292\nW.S. Van Dyke\nJeanette MacDonald, Nelson Eddy, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger, Reginald Gardiner, Florence Rice, Mischa Auer, Herman Bing, George Barbier, Fay Holden, Allyn Joslyn, Lucille Watson, Gene Lockhart, Kathleen Lockhart, Terry Kilburn, Olin Howland, Douglas McPhail, Betty Jaynes, Irving Bacon (uncredited)\nHusband and wife Broadway stars Gwen Marlowe and Ernest Lane (MacDonald and Eddy) have been happily married for six years and are in their sixth year of performing Victor Herbert's operetta \"Sweethearts.\" They are exhausted due to constant singing obligations and decide to go to Hollywood. Their Broadway producer (Morgan) and his staff hatch a plan to drive the couple apart and keep them from going to Hollywood.\nPosted in Musical Monday\t| Tagged Metro Goldwyn Mayer, Musical Monday, Nelson Eddy and Jeannette MacDonald, Ray Bolger, Sweethearts, Sweethearts (1938), W.S. Van Dyke\nMusical Monday: New Moon (1940)\n\"New Moon\" (1940)\u2013 Musical #374\nRobert Z. Leonard, W.S. Van Dyke (uncredited)\nJeanette MacDonald, Nelson Eddy, Mary Boland, George Zucco, Dick Purcell, Grant Mithcell, Joe Yule, Nat Pendleton (uncredited), Buster Keaton (scenes deleted)\nMarianne de Beaumanoir (MacDonald) is heading from France to New Orleans. On the same boat as a prisoner is nobleman Duc de Villiers (Eddy), using the name of Charles Henri. Marianne meets him on board, believing that he's the ship's captain. He is sold as a servant in New Orleans and becomes the servant of Marianne, and she is angry that he lied to her. Little to their knowledge, Charles' enemies are sailing to New Orleans from France.\nPosted in Musical Monday\t| Tagged Jeanette MacDonald, Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, MGM, MGM musical, Musical Monday, Nelson Eddy, New Moon, opera, operetta, Oscar Hammerstein, screen teams\nMusical Monday: Words and Music (1948)\nWords And Music (1948)\u2013 Musical #69\nNorman Taurog\nTom Drake as Richard Rodgers and Mickey Rooney as Lorenz Hart\nAlso Starring: June Allyson, Cyd Charisse, Perry Como, Vera-Ellen, Judy Garland, Betty Garrett, Lena Horne, Gene Kelly, Janet Leigh, Jeannette Nolan, Richard Quine, Ann Sothern, Clinton Sundberg, Marshall Thompson, Mel Torme\nFictional biographical film of the songwriters Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, chronicling their success on Broadway, abroad and in Hollywood.\nSongwriters Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart in the 1930s. Their career is portrayed in \"Words and Music.\"\n-The project started in 1946 and was originally titled, \"With a Song in My Heart\" and then \"Easy to Remember,\" according to A Ship Without A Sail: The Life of Lorenz Hart by Gary Marmorstein.\n-Richard Rodgers hated the movie, according to Marmostein's book.\n-Lyricist Lorenz Hart, who Mickey Rooney plays in the film, died in 1943 at age 48. Richard Rodgers was 46 when this film was released and passed away in 1979. After Hart passed away, Rodgers became songwriting partners with Oscar Hammerstein.\n-\"Words and Music\" was Perry Como's first film with MGM after signing a seven-year contract. His MGM career ended promptly with this film after he sang happy birthday to Louis B. Mayer and ended it with an insult, according to the book Perry Como: A Biography and Complete Career Record by Malcolm Macfarlane, Ken Crossland.\n-Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland's last on-screen performance.\n-Perry Como had two songs deleted from the film: \"You're Nearer\" and \"Lover,\" according to the Malcolm Macfarlane and Ken Crossland book.\n-Tom Drake is dubbed by Bill Lee\n-Cyd Charisse is dubbed by Eileen Wilson\n-The all-star cast\n-Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney's performance of \"I Wish I Was in Love Again\"\n-\"Manhattan\" performed by Mickey Rooney\n-\"Mountain Greenery\" performed by Perry Como\n-\"Where's That Rainbow?\" performed by Ann Sothern\n-\"On Your Toes\" performed by Cyd Charissed (dubbed by Eileen Wilson) and Dee Turnell\n-\"Thou Swell\" performed by June Allyson\n-\"The Lady Is A Tramp\" performed by Lena Horne\n\u2013 \"I Wish I Were in Love Again \" performed by Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney\n-\"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" danced by Gene Kelly and Vera-Ellen\n\"Nice music, poor plot.\"\nThis was the general consensus among the film critics after \"Words and Music\" had its New York City premiere on Dec. 8, 1948. And 68 years later, these critics still aren't wrong.\nThis movie is in gorgeous Technicolor, has a fantastic cast of nearly all of MGM's major musical stars, and beautiful songs with breathtaking dances. But somehow it falls short due to the story.\n\"Words and Music\" is a musical film where the plot weaves in and out of a patchwork of musical numbers. While this format is bizarre and a little difficult to follow, it wasn't uncommon during this time for a musical picture to mainly be a revue of song and dance with a tiny bit of plot sprinkled in. MGM did the same thing (but a little better) in 1946 with the musical \"Till the Clouds Roll By\"\u2014A film about Jerome Kern. Warner Brothers had a comparable format with their 1943 film \"This is the Army,\" where the story halts for 45 minutes of a musical show.\nBut the musical numbers aren't the problem, in fact they are the high spots of the film. We have the opportunity to see Ann Sothern in the gorgeous Technicolor number \"Where's My Rainbow?,\" June Allyson adorably in the \"Connecticut Yankee\" number \"Thou Swell,\" and Lena Horne give the best rendition that ever existed of \"The Lady is a Tramp.\"\nMickey Rooney as Lorenz Hart and Tom Drake as Richard Rodgers\nThe issue is the terrible and inaccurate biographical plot line. I like Tom Drake, but he's not a very strong leading man while playing songwriter Richard Rodger. And Mickey Rooney is over the top and fairly ridiculous as the ill-fated Lorenz Hart.\nHart had a troubled life that involved alcoholism. He also was tormented by the fact that he was only five feet tall and was a homosexual in a time where this was not embraced by society, according to the book A Ship Without A Sail: The Life of Lorenz Hart by Gary Marmorstein.\nAnn Sothern gorgeous in Technicolor in the number \"Where's My Rainbow\" (Comet Over Hollywood screenshot)\nUnsurprisingly though, none of this is detailed in the film. \"Words and Music\" depicts Hart as what New York Times writer Wilfrid Sheed quipped: \"a lovelorn dwarf.\" In the film, Hart's character is turned down by a fictional love interest played by Betty Garrett in the 1920s and hasn't gotten over it 20 years later.\nThere is even an odd but comical scenes where Mickey Rooney buys elevated shoes to be taller to impress the girl.\nAside from Hart's personal life, the timeline of this film is confusing. For starters, Hart holds a huge party when he first moves to Hollywood and performs a song with guest Judy Garland. It's an energetic and standout scene in the film\u2014until you stop and realize that in real life this didn't happen. Hart moved to Hollywood in the early 1930s when Garland was still a little girl.\nOn a bittersweet note\u2014Rooney and Garland's performance of \"I Wish I Were in Love Again\" is also memorable because it was their last on-screen performance after starring together in 10 films through the late-1930s and early-1940s.\nJune Allyson in the number \"Thou Swell\" with twins Ramon Blackburn and Royce Blackburn (Comet Over Hollywood screenshot)\nThe musical numbers in the film also aren't in chronological order of the years they opened on Broadway, making the story a little more confusing and \"patchwork\" like. For example, the film starts with the 1926 play \"Peggy Ann,\" then goes to the 1936 play \"On Your Toes\" and then back to a 1926 musical, \"The Girl Friend.\" While an average 1948 moviegoer may not notice this, it's a little confusing if you are doing research or know when these musicals were on the stage.\nLastly, audiences have the opportunity to see Perry Como, aka Mr. Cool, in his first and only Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film. Como plays a fictional pal to Rodgers and Hart at the beginning of the film. However, at the end of the movie during a tribute to Lorenz Hart, Gene Kelly introduces Perry Como as\u2026Perry Como. Someone didn't think that out well.\nWhile inaccuracies in musical biopics are nothing new, it's simply that those in \"Words and Music\" are awfully clumsy. Despite that, \"Words and Music\" is an excellent showcase of MGM's talented singers and dancers: from Cyd Charisse, Lena Horne, June Allyson, Gene Kelly, Mel Torme, Vera-Ellen and of course, Judy Garland.\nEven grumpy New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther said in his Dec. 10, 1948 review: To be sure, there is much that is appealing\u2014especially to us reminiscent folks\u2014about certain of the musical numbers that sit like islands in the swamp of the plot. It is pleasant to hear Betty Garrett, for a starter, sing \"There's a Small Hotel\" or to watch little crinkle-faced June Allyson head a big production rendering of \"Thou Swell.\" There is melody and magnificence in a richly-staged dance spectacle which packages two or three numbers, notably \"The Girl Friend\" and \"This Can't Be Love.\" And it is nice to watch Perry Como and Cyd Charisse do \"Blue Room\" in pastels.\nIf you give this one a chance, I suggest drinking in the Technicolor costumes, catchy songs and mesmerizing dance steps and ignore the plot.\nPosted in Musical Monday\t| Tagged judy garland, Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, MGM, mickey rooney, Musical Monday","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"HomeReportsInternational Religious Freedom Reports...Custom Report - 9d915e28a3\nInternational Religious Freedom Reports\nSection I. Religious Demography\nThe U.S. government estimates the total population at 1.3 billion (midyear 2020 estimate). According to the 2011 national census, the most recent year for which disaggregated figures are available, Hindus constitute 79.8 percent of the population, Muslims 14.2 percent, Christians 2.3 percent, and Sikhs 1.7 percent. Groups that together constitute fewer than two percent of the population include Buddhists, Jains, Zoroastrians (Parsis), Jews, and Baha'is. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs officially recognizes more than 104 million members of Scheduled Tribes \u2013 indigenous groups historically outside the caste system who often practice indigenous religious beliefs \u2013 as Hindus in government statistics, although an estimated 10 million of those listed as Scheduled Tribe members are Christians, according to the 2011 census.\nAccording to government estimates, there are large Muslim populations in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Telangana, Karnataka, and Kerala. Muslims constitute 68.3 percent of the population in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, the only state or territory in which Muslims are a majority. Slightly more than 85 percent of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with the remainder mostly Shia. Christian populations are distributed throughout the country but in greater concentrations in the northeast as well as in the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Goa. Three northeastern states have majority Christian populations: Nagaland (90 percent), Mizoram (87 percent), and Meghalaya (70 percent). Sikhs constitute 54 percent of the population of Punjab. The Dalai Lama's office estimates that there are significant resettled Tibetan Buddhist communities in Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, and Delhi. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and media reports, there are approximately 100,000 Tibetan Buddhists in the country. According to media reports, approximately 40,000 Muslim Rohingya refugees from Burma live in the country.\nSection II. Status of Government Respect for Religious Freedom\nGovernment Practices\nActions of Foreign Forces and Nonstate Actors\nSection III. Status of Societal Respect for Religious Freedom\nSection IV. U.S. Government Policy and Engagement\nAfghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica C\u00f4te d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tibet Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam West Bank Western Sahara Xinjiang Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Iran Escalates Tension in the Middle East\nIran is escalating tensions in the Middle East. Their ultimate target, of course, is Israel. Will the Abraham Accords hold, or will Israel be surrounded by enemies once again? Read on. -Mat\nStand Firm Mr. President!\nSign our letter to President Trump NOW! - Select here\nIran is making much hay out of the election confusion in America and is using it to escalate tensions in the Middle East. Seeking to undo President Trump's Iran arms embargo, Iranian war ministers are rattling their sabers and threatening to eliminate Israel once and for all.\nUpon news of the contested election in the U.S., Iran refreshed efforts to push its anti-Israel agenda.\nIn statements made to Iran's national media, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani made clear he believes Joe Biden will reinstate the Obama\/Biden Iran Deal which delivered billions of dollars in American cash to the terror regime, while also enabling Iran's nuclear program to move forward.\nPresident Hassan Rouhani, who is apparently under the misconception that Joe Biden has been certified as the president-elect, told Iran's national news that he expects former Vice President Joe Biden to \"correct\" President Trump's \"false approach toward Iran in the past three years.\"\nPresident Donald Trump wisely pulled the U.S. out of Obama's and Biden's disastrous Iran Deal in 2018, while reimposing multiple rounds of sanctions against the terrorist nation, something Rouhandi calls \"economic terrorism.\"\nBut the real terrorists in the picture is the Iranian regime, which funds and supports Hamas and numerous other anti-Israel jihadi organizations. And of course, Iran continues to declare that America and Israel are the \"Great Satan and Little Satan\" in this world, which must be wiped off the face of the map entirely.\nJust this summer, the Pentagon released information revealing that while claiming \"peace,\" Iran has developed armed underground cities in preparation for war. A Pentagon spokesperson told reporters that \"Iran claims to want good relations with its neighbors, yet it continues to threaten them with even greater levels of violence.\"\nIsraeli Settlement Minister Tzachi Hanegbi confirms that any return to an Iran deal would force Israel into war.\nA top research associate for the Middle East Security Program, Kaleigh Thomas, says that Iranians are increasing tensions in the Middle East to force the United States into backing down.\n\"I think we are seeing a game of brinkmanship,\" said Thomas prior to the U.S. Presidential election. \"Currently, the Trump administration has maintained and, as much as you can increase maximum pressure, has continued to put pressure on Iran and to bring them to the negotiation table where Iran is in the weaker position.\"\n\"Iran similarly has increased its aggression in the region as it wants to build leverage in any future negotiations\u2026. Iranians are looking to make sure that when they do go back to the negotiation table, they are coming to that table from a position of strength\" said Thomas. \"And the way they achieve that is through this regional aggression which puts pressure on the US to reduce tensions.\"\nIran views the historic Middle East Peace agreements, known as the Abraham Accords, as part of those \"U.S. tensions.\" As Iran rattles its sabers, and the rest of the Middle East is on edge, many are wondering if the Abraham Accords will hold.\nNow, more than ever, we need to remind President Trump to keep and maintain a STRONG STAND supporting Israel.\nChristians in Defense of Israel continues to fight for the Israelis in the halls of Congress, the West Wing of the White House and around the world. Won't you please generously support our efforts today, and sign our special letter to President Trump?\nPlease, sign our letter now asking President Trump to STAND STRONG ON ISRAEL!\nFinally, please be in prayer for our friends in Israel and all the Middle East. They are living in dangerous times, indeed.\n\"Whoever blesses Israel will be blessed, and whoever curses Israel will be cursed\" Numbers 24:9.\nFor Israel,\nP.S. Christians in Defense of Israel works hard in the halls of power in Washington, DC, the Middle East and throughout the world to defend the nation of Israel. Please be a part of our blessing to Israel today by giving generously. Simply select here.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"From Community to Global Impacts: These businesses are extending Support to Their Communities\nAs we take on each day with a little bit of uncertainty, there's only so much we feel we can do. We social distance, work from home, do our best to maintain a positive outlook and hope that this will all be a thing of the past sooner than later.\nFor essential businesses that are providing to their communities with limited resources, we can reach out and send a thank you by supporting their work or making a donation. The saying goes, \"not all heroes wear capes.\" The heroes reside in these essential businesses that are going the extra mile to send help beyond their immediate means. Resiliency truly shows at a time like now, and here are a few businesses, small and large, that are safely pushing their boundaries to aid the affected. We send our gratitude as they pay it forward.\nLA Apparel\nAround 5 weeks ago, LA Apparel started to produce washable and reusable face masks to purchase. When Dov Charny, chief executive of the company noticed a shortage of the masks at an early time, he began to up production for individual purchase and has donated thousands of masks to healthcare organizations and essential businesses in need.\nLast Saturday, Clarins Group announced that they will continue to produce hand sanitizer from 3 of their factories as long as it is safe for workers. The company has already distributed over 14,500 hand sanitizers to French Hospitals across the country.\nA post shared by Clarins Official (@clarinsofficial) on Mar 21, 2020 at 10:14am PDT\nAri Taymor\nAri Taymor, owner of Little Prince in Santa Monica, has recently closed down his restaurant along with hundreds of others in Los Angeles. During this hopeful hiatus, Ari has started a series with Basic Space, and is sharing his favorite home cooked meals and snacks to comfort others in their own kitchen.\n8Ball Community\nThe grassroutes New York DIY collective has launched \"COVID-19 Hangouts\", a daily virtual program where guests can join their Zoom meeting and attend a series of workshops from painting, cooking, and guided meditations. Each 40 minute rendition goes live everyday at 1:30 PM EST and is free for anyone to join.\nSari Sari Studio\nThe Filipinx creative studio is partnering with creators, entrepreneurs, chefs, and small business owners to amplify their work and to bring togetherness during difficult times. Programming will be free to view, and donations will be accepted through their community fund to support artists and to aid provinces in the Philippines with living necessities.\nThrough its Impact Outpost program, Sweetgreen has taken a safe initiative on sending free salads and bowls to hospitals in proximity to locations. It is accepting requests and has already sent food locally to West L.A. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, L.A. County-USC Medical Center, and Children's Hospital L.A.\nRoy Choi & Kogi BBQ\nThe man behind Kogi BBQ, Chego, and the former Locol, has always carried a philanthropic ethos in his restaurants in serving his community. Arguably known to start the food truck revolution in the late 2000's, Choi's fleet of the rolling restaurants are cruising around LA from end to end, serving hundreds of free tacos to affected workers. The plan is simple. The trucks are set up in vast parking lots and cars line up for a drive-thru pick up. With a little help and funding from OneReplublic on the initiative, you might get your meal served by lead singer Ryan Tedder from a safe distance.\nMozzaplex & Chi Spacca\nDespite the turmoil that the restaurant industry is facing though these times, James Beard winner Nancy Silverton is actively taking these issues into her own consideration. With help from the Lee Foundation, Nancy and her brigade of restaurants are providing help towards workers affected in the service industry. Both her restaurants, Mozzaplex & Chi Spacca, are now relief centers open daily from 5:30-8:30PM, where in-need workers may receive free take out meals and home necessities.\nPattern Brands\nPattern Brands, the warmly aesthetic multi-brand consumer goods company, launched their \"Speaker Series\" on Instagram earlier this week. Gathering a handful of multi-faceted individuals and providing a free platform open for discussion on various topics within the community for these trying times.\nThe quirky designer brand has temporarily closed down their New York and Los Angeles shops, but are still going strong on the web. With every purchase made, 10% of proceeds go towards the LA Food Bank and the Food Bank For New York City\nAs a brand, Krost has emphasized purpose over products as every decision, design and message are influenced by their mission. Samuel Krost's hope is to inspire social change by connecting people to a genuine goal; using apparel as a vehicle to improve society through the concepts of support, friendship, and community. Each collection is a collaboration that directly benefits charitable organizations like March for our Lives and Eden Reforestation Projects. To help support students affected by the nationwide closure of public schools, Krost is currently donating a portion of proceeds to New York City Food Bank, an organization that provides consistent meals to those disrupted by Coronavirus. To date, Krost has donated 500+ meals to vulnerable families, a number they hope will continue to grow.\nA Cinematic Guide to Overcoming Boredom: WestwoodWestwood's Curated Movie List\n04.13 \u2014 Wellness\nWW's Eco Therapeutic Playlist & Meditative Tips\nHealing Within: Channeling Calm and Chill Vibes with Courtney Abbiati of The Urban and the Mystic\n04.07 \u2014 Food\nKitchen Pantry Essentials with Egg Shop's Sarah Schneider","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Dear Sir or Madam, website www.myday.si uses cookies, which are intended to record visits. This website does not use cookies that contain your personal information.\nDo you allow the usage of cookies on this webpage?\nMyDay.si\nEvents Personalities MyDay MyDay friends E-Booksevents\nEnglish Italian Slovenian\n\" Beautiful moments of our lives.\"\nToday is...\nEVENT \/ PERSON Top 10 events\nEvents on this day\nCarl Zeiss was a German maker of optical instrument.\n37th week in year\nImportant eventsBack\nHenry Hudson discovers Manhattan Island11.9.1609\nWikipedia (11 Sep 2013, 11:34)\n1609 voyage\nIn 1609 Hudson was chosen by merchants of the Dutch East India Company in the Netherlands to find an easterly passage to Asia. He was told to sail through the Arctic Ocean north of Russia, into the Pacific and so to the Far East. Hudson departed Amsterdam on 4 April in command of the Dutch ship Halve Maen. He could not complete the specified route because ice blocked the passage, as with all previous such voyages, and he turned the ship around in mid-May while somewhere east of Norway's North Cape. At that point, acting entirely outside his instructions, Hudson pointed the ship west to try to find a passage in that direction.\nHaving heard rumors of a passage to the Pacific, by way of John Smith of Jamestown and Samuel de Champlain, Hudson and his crew decided to try to seek a westerly passage through North America. The Native Americans who gave the information to Smith and Champlain were likely referring to what are known today as the Great Lakes.\nThey reached the Grand Banks, south of Newfoundland, on 2 July, and in mid-July made landfall near what is now LaHave, Nova Scotia. Here they encountered Native Americans who were accustomed to trading with the French; they were willing to trade beaver pelts, but apparently no trades occurred. The ship stayed in the area about ten days, the crew replacing a broken mast and fishing for food. On the 25th a dozen men from the Halve Maen, using muskets and small cannon, went ashore and assaulted the village near their anchorage. They drove the people from the settlement and took their boat and other property (probably pelts and trade goods).\nOn 4 August the ship was at Cape Cod, from which Hudson sailed south to the entrance of the Chesapeake Bay. Rather than entering the Chesapeake he explored the coast to the north, finding Delaware Bay but continuing on north. On 3 September he reached the estuary of the river that initially was called the \"North River\" or \"Mauritius\" and now carries his name. He was not the first to discover the estuary, though, as it had been known since the voyage of Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524. On 6 September 1609 John Colman of his crew was killed by Indians with an arrow to his neck. Hudson sailed into the upper bay on 11 September, and the following day began a journey up what is now known as the Hudson River. Over the next ten days his ship ascended the river, reaching a point about where the present-day capital of Albany is located.\nOn 23 September, Hudson decided to return to Europe. He put in at Dartmouth on 7 November, and was detained by authorities who wanted access to his log. He managed to pass the log to the Dutch ambassador to England, who sent it, along with his report, to Amsterdam.\nWhile exploring the river, Hudson had traded with several native groups, mainly obtaining furs. His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there when a trading post was established at Albany in 1614. New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island became the capital of New Netherland in 1625.\nMyDay calendar\nyour day Top 10 events\nMy day is...\n18.7.2017(Nugufit) Nutrition Navigator Plus for iTunes (iOS) users\t14.7.2017(nugufit) Nutrition Navigator Plus is lounched\t1.1.2014(Butterfly) New year 2014\t2.5.2013(Berta) Beautiful thoughts\t3.4.2013(Berta) Great news\n- 17.3. - St. Patrick's Day\n- 1.5. - International Workers' Day\n- 1.1. - New Year's Day\n- 1.1. - May Day\n- 25.12. - Christmas\n- 26.12. - Boxing day\n- 1.1. - Labour day\n- St. Andrew's Day\n- 4.7. - Indipendence day\nReport abuse Terms of use\nCopyright \u00a9 2002 - 2020, COBIT d.o.o.\nIzdelava spletnih strani, oblikovanje\nEnter your day Your best event Your best person\nen it sl","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Civilians Trapped in Fallujah at Risk of Disease Outbreaks: WHO\nSub-Saharan Africa Cholera Mapped in New Research\nWHO Warns That Cholera Outbreak in Syria Is Likely\nNew Hand Hygiene For All Initiative\nOver 500 Dead as Cholera Epidemic Sweeps DRC: WHO\nEndemic Cholera Outbreak in North-Eastern Nigeria\n7 Sep 2017 - 14:01 by Local Press Report\nInter Press News Agency\nA recent cholera outbreak in North-Eastern Nigeria has resulted in at least 186 suspected cases and 14 deaths as of Sep. 1, according to Borno State's Ministry of Health. The outbreak, which coincided with this year's annual World Water Week, occurred in Muna Garage, a camp sheltering an estimated 44,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) on the outskirts of Maiduguri, the capital city of Borno state, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The Coral Room, Bloomsbury - FoodNoise - Best London Restaurants\nCoral in the City, The Coral Room, Bloomsbury\nThe Greatest Showman is a film that divided opinion. The critics didn't rate it. One journalist called it a \"shrill blast of nothing\", another, \"magnificently idiotic.\" And yet, it's one of the highest grossing live-action musical films to date, raking in over \u00a3429 million (on an \u00a389m budget). Why is that? In a word: escapism. Today, we battle with political unrest, mass refugee movements, burgeoning war, the threat of nuclear arms (the list goes on). Can we be blamed for wanting to slip into pure, unadulterated fantasy from time to time?\nSo, asked to attend The Coral Room launch, described as a \"vibrant grand salon bar that reflects an exquisite country house transported to the city\", I didn't need cajoling. It was a Tuesday evening, a day of the week I'm more likely to be found in the gym. Entering through one of the towering entrances of The Bloomsbury Hotel, my eyes were assaulted with magnificence. Bloomsbury has always been a bit drab and grey. This was a kaleidoscope of peach, opulence and glamour. Designed by the acclaimed Martin Brudnizki, it's a wine and cocktail bar built on the stuff of dreams. It's like the love child of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Allesandro Michele. Its beauty is breathtaking. Put it this way \u2013 it didn't feel like the sort of place you find 2 minutes from Tottenham Court Road. I was transported, alongside all the other suitably stunned patrons.\nRidgeview Bloomsbury bubbles did flow. Perhaps I'm biased, but I truly adore English sparkling wine and this bar boasts on of the most extensive offerings of the stuff in London. An array of signature cocktails followed. One was gin-based, another vodka. Forgive me for being vague \u2013 I was too dazzled by the atmosphere to take note. All you need to know is this: they work.\nOnce a mere lobby space in the Grade II-listed hotel, The Coral Room is now available as an all-day dining restaurant and bar. Kitted out with an exquisite marble counter, plush velvet bar stools and spilling chandeliers, it's open from 8am daily for breakfast, and a selection of small plates crafted by Executive Chef Byron Moussouris are available throughout the day.\nIn the evening, it transforms, magic ensues; anything feels possible. Towards the latter end of each week, vintage funk and soul will sooth as you sip the poison of your choice.\nStop the cavalry, call off the search. Alice has found her Wonderland, and it's named The Coral Room.\nHope to see you escape there soon.\nBe the first to know and first to go \u2013 Sign up to our weekly newsletter HERE!\n@FoodNoiseLondon\n16-22 Great Russell Street, London , WC1B 3NN\nthecoralroom.co.uk\n@TheCoralRoom\nTheCoralRoom","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Japanese Scholars of China: A Bibliographical Handbook\nAuthor: Wixted, John\nJapanese scholarship is of great importance for virtually every field of Chinese studies. This Handbook leads to a wealth of bibliographical and biographical information about more than 1,500 twentieth-century Japanese scholars of China. The work offers accurate readings of scholars' names, short characterizations of their areas of specialization, and indexes references to them in four other volumes. It includes as many bibliographies as possible of the work of individual Japanese China scholars, and includes hundreds of Japanese-language books and articles about them, as well as Festschriften dedicated to them. Pays special attention to English and other Western-language material about their scholarship: book-length translations, book reviews, and summaries. The Handbook has eight indexes: scholars' surnames by Chinese reading, scholars listed by field of study, scholars' western-language books; names of non-Japanese cited in volume; Chinese characters for journal titles, publishers, place of publication, phrases cited. As numerous scholars included in the Handbook are of importance to the study of Japan, Korea and other parts of Asia, the volume will benefit students of these areas as well.\n\"There can be no doubt that it will make the life of all serious, responsible sinologists much easier. . . . intelligently and elegantly designed. Through the high efficiency of his design, Wixted is actually able to pack about 700 pages of material into the four hundred and seventy some pages of the book. For me, there is always an intense pleasure in working my way through a Wixted book because of the lavish attention to detail and logic that inform its every page.\" - Sino-Platonic Papers\n\". . . this book is an indispensable reference which should be in the studies of every scholar of China, traditional or modern as well as in all major research libraries. The functional organization and informative introduction enhance its value as one of the basic guides to Japanese work on China available in a Western-language.\" - William H. Nienhauser, Jr. in Scholarly Research and Review","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Accenture Federal Services\nWORK THAT\nJoin Accenture Federal Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of Accenture that brings over 30 years of experience serving the federal government, including every cabinet-level department.\nBy combining digital technologies with what works across the world's leading businesses, you will use agile approaches to deliver bold ideas and breakthrough outcomes.\nJoin more than 9,000 dedicated colleagues and change makers that are inspired by innovation.\nWork with our clients at the heart of the nation's priorities in defense, Intel, public safety, health and civilian.\nMake a difference for the people the U.S. government employs, serves and protects\u2014your friends, family and neighbors.\nNational Parks: Reinventing the visitor experience with digital services\nRead how Accenture teamed with the National Park Foundation & National Park Service to develop a digital strategy for transforming the visitor experience.\nImproving the student loan experience for the 21st century student\nThe U.S. Department of Education is connecting students with the funds they need to attend college and educating them on their financial futures.\nEnhancing HealthCare.gov\nDelivering a positive consumer experience, fast enrollment system and greater accuracy.\nU.S. Department of Education's Office of Federal Student Aid: $500 billion in loans and grants\nThis system enabled more than 14 million student loans and processes up to 1.5 million disbursements worth $4.2 billion in a single day.\nU.S. Navy: Financial operations improvement\nAccenture helps the U.S. Navy build a world-class financial operation, equipped to support the growing needs of a 21st century defense organization.\nWe are looking for talented professionals with bold ideas and the drive to turn them into breakthrough solutions for our federal clients.\nBy joining our team, you'll be working with dedicated colleagues and change makers who work with our clients at the heart of the nation's priorities in defense, intel, and public safety.\nSurround yourself with thought leaders working on projects across Cybersecurity, Cloud, DevOps, Java, Pega, Digital, Salesforce, ServiceNow, Management Consulting and Federal Finance to help make a difference for the people our clients employ, serve and protect.\nJoin us and achieve professional development and comprehensive training curriculum focused on developing diverse talent at all levels.\nBe a part of a company that is committed to hiring 5,000 U.S veterans, military service members and military spouses by 2020.\nAccenture is focused on achieving a gender-balanced workforce, 50% women, 50% men by 2025 and closing the gender pay gap.\nBe Yourself, Make a Difference.\nJoin our team. Help drive solutions that make a lasting impact.\nDOWNLOAD VIDEO TRANSCRIPT\nPowered by purpose \u2013 because great outcomes don't just happen.\nWelcome to Accenture Labs cybersecurity research and development.\nAccenture Federal Services liquid workforce.\nFormer CTO for the CIA Gus Hunt continues to help protect our nation's most valuable data.\nFormer U.S. Army Senior Intelligence Office Lieutenant General Mary Legere (ret.) continues to serve the intelligence community.\nOngelique Sherman\nAdam Chandler\nSW Business Imp Associate Manager\nNatalia Lerner\nTechnology Consulting Manager\nMike Tanner\nInfra Tech Support Manager\nKathy Conrad\nDirector, Digital Government\nMEET KATHY\nBusiness Strategy Manager\nMEET ROY\nMeredith Hale\nMEET MEREDITH\nWhen you join Accenture Federal Services in an entry level career, you'll work at the forefront of business, technology and innovation and help U.S. federal agencies change the way government works.\nIn their first days, some of our new analysts share why they chose to work for Accenture Federal Services. Hear what they hope to accomplish in their first role.\nEmily Carter McLean\nManagement Consulting Analyst\nDOWNLOAD VIDEO TRANSCRIPT (PDF)\nStudied Economics\n\"I think that the \"Accenture adventure\" term is kind of indicative of what working at Accenture can be like.\"\nJornel Torres\n\"Every day I am looking for ways to strengthen my existing skill set and add new ones.\"\nTyris Jones\nBusiness Operations Analyst\nStudied Social Policy\n\"I chose to work at Accenture after writing down all of the qualities that I was looking for in a company.\"\nXavier Mu\u00f1iz\nTechnology Consulting Analyst\nXavier Cordero Mu\u00f1iz\nUniversity of Puerto Rico, Mayag\u00fcez\nStudied Mechanical Engineering\n\"I feel excited and eager to learn as much as possible. I'm actually surprised with the amount of training that we've gotten\"\nView some of our current openings with Accenture Federal Services, or explore opportunities with our subsidiaries ASM Research and Defense Point Security.\nAccenture Federal Services on Twitter\nTweets by AccentureFed\nAccenture Federal Services on LinkedIn\nFollow our Accenture Federal Services LinkedIn Showcase Page and learn how we help clients solve their toughest problems the first time\u2014and change how people work and live. Because great outcomes are everything.\nCareers About Accenture Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Recruitment and Hiring Privacy Statement Terms of Use Accessibility Statement Labor Condition Applications Global Meritocracy Applicant Notices \u2013 Federal, State, and Local\nRecruitment and Hiring Privacy Statement\nGlobal Meritocracy\nApplicant Notices \u2013 Federal, State, and Local","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"HomeUncategorizedHow are World Cup players' names translated?\nHow are World Cup players' names translated?\nDecember 16, 2022 In\nPublished on 16 December 2022 by Jeffrey Wan\nWorld Cup 2022 is closing very soon. While it has been a talking point whether Messi can grab his last chance to win the World Cup, the Chinese translation of players' names is also widely argued. In particular, Kylian Mbapp\u00e9 from France national team has been the most controversial, due to various versions of translation arising from the French pronunciation of \"Mbapp\u00e9\". As a result, YouTubers Trial & Error made a visit to NOW TV and checked out how they transliterated players names.\nDuring their visit, the staff from NOW TV explained that they transliterated players names into Chinese according to the mother language of the players. In French, the \"M\" in Mbapp\u00e9 in fact sounds like \"hmm\", which is a world away from the old translation of his name, which sounds more like \"mac-bap-p\u00e9\"!\nAs a matter of fact, there has been long argument whether players' names should be translated according to their mother language instead of English pronunciation. While it would of course be the most respectful way, it is an uneasy art to balance between aesthetics and accurate pronunciation. Finding native speakers to endorse the translation makes it an even harder job. Perhaps it is the least controversial to translate the name of a former English football player\u2014Drinkwater!\nPreviousESG Epilogue: AI Translation Engine as an ESG Effort\nNextLeaping forward for a more remarkable 2023\nAbout DeepTranslate\nDeepTranslate Limited","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Japan, Yamagata\nApply now Message\nOur services are free of charge. Free Apply does not in any way own, manage, operate or control this university.\nAre you staff member of this university?\nInterested in this university?\nWide range of departments Care for international students High-quality education\nThe Imperial Japan (Meiji) Government decided to merge the \"old\" Yamagata, Okitama, and Tsuruoka Prefectures into one new Yamagata Prefecture in August 1876. Each of the former three prefectures had its own normal schools, but these were closed with the discontinuance of their administrative bodies. The direct institutional history dates back to 1877 when the Congress of new Yamagata Prefecture authorized an establishment of a new public teacher-training institution, Yamagata Prefectural Normal School, which was founded in September 1878 in Hatago-machi, Yamagata City. Meanwhile, Yonezawa Higher Technical School, the first national school of higher education in the prefecture, was founded in 1910. The institute was the seventh National Higher Technical School in Japan following the establishment of Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Nagoya, Kumamoto, and Sendai Higher Technical Schools. It was renamed the Yonezawa Engineering College under reformation of the law in 1944. Ten years after the establishment of the Yonezawa Higher Technical School, another national school of higher education was founded (1920) in Yamagata Prefecture, Yamagata Higher School, located in Yamagata City and the 14th national higher school in Japan. During World War II, the United States' bombers destroyed the Komagome laboratories of the Japanese science research institute RIKEN, and it was evacuated to several local cities (Kanazawa, Osaka and Yamagata) as the situation worsened. One of the evacuations sites was Yamagata Higher School.\nBachelor 18\nBachelor of Agriculture\nLanguage of instructions\nFee for international students\nFee for domestic students\nRead more Apply now\nBachelor of Architecture\nBachelor of Biological\nBachelor of Chemistry\nBachelor of Design\nBachelor of Earth Sciences\nBachelor of Health\nBachelor of Humanities\nBachelor of Mathematics\nBachelor of Medicine\nBachelor of Natural Sciences\nBachelor of Physics\nBachelor of Sociology\nMaster of Agriculture\nMaster of Humanities\nMaster of Medicine\nMaster of Natural Sciences\nMaster of Nursing\nMaster of Sociology\nPhD in Medicine\nPhD in Nursing\nHow to apply to the university\nPress \"Apply now\" button\nSend an admissions form\nComplete admissions tasks\nGo to study\nTo apply to Yamagata University follow these steps. To get more information about the university and the admissions process, you can use the live chat to contact a university representative.\nRequired documents for admission\nWhen applying for admission to Yamagata University in Japan you should prepare all required documents. Request a list of necessary documents directly from a university, as it may vary for different countries. Using our live chat, you can also ask for sample documents.\nIELTS Certificate\nTOEFL Certificate\nProof of fee payment\nDeclaration for financial support\nHealth and Life Insurance\nResearch proposal outline (MA, PhD)\nWhy people choose this university\nYamagata Prefecture, Yamagata, Kojirakawamachi, 4\u221212\nYamagata 990-8560\nFree Apply is not responsible for the content of this page. Through the Site, Free Apply provides an online catalog which you can use to find different types of educational institutions. It's possible for a new university to be registered by any user, however only verified university representatives will be able to manage, reply in chat and make changes to a university page. Once the University registers its official representative, it has the right to block access for others to edit the information. Further control over the content will be carried out by the representative of the University. Registration with the Free-Apply.com catalog is free.\nOther Universities on Free-Apply.com\nBachelor Master PhD\nFounded in 1949, Ibaraki University is a non-profit public higher education institution located in the the suburban setting of the small city of Mito (population range of 250,000-4...\nJapan, Mito\nEstablished in 1884, Kanto Gakuin University is a private higher education institution located in the the suburban setting of the large city Yokohama (population range of 1,000,000...\nJapan, Yokohama\nJ F Oberlin University\nJ. F. Oberlin University traces its heritage back to 1921, when Reverend Yasuzo Shimizu, a Japanese missionary in Beijing, China, founded the Chongzhen Vocational and Grammar Schoo...\nJapan, Machida","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Indians Flocking to Thailand Says Tourism Authority\nby CityNews | Fri 24 Jan 2014 11:58 ICT\nCityNews \u2013 Bangkok continues to be one of the main destinations of choice for travellers from India with the number of meeting and wedding groups as well as independent travellers coming to the Thai capital expected to remain high both this month and the next, according to recent surveys carried out by the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). We previously reported the flocks of Indian travellers coming to Thailand here.\nThis week, the TAT New Delhi Office reported that an 85-person meeting from an Indian IT company is scheduled to go ahead in Bangkok and Pattaya from 23 to 26 January 2014. This will be followed by two different group events scheduled during the same period from 24 to 27 January 2014 \u2013 a wedding with 200 guests to be held at the Anantara Bangkok Riverside Resort and Spa and a 130-person event from the Wells Sargo group joining a city and temple tour in Bangkok and staying at the Ramada Hotel. Another 600-guest wedding is set to take place at the Siam Kempinski Hotel Bangkok from 25 to 27 January 2014.\nIn February, a wedding party with 400 guests is scheduled to be held at the Shangri-La Hotel, Bangkok from 2 to 4 February 2014. In addition, a number of high-spending guests will be coming from India to enjoy a wedding party set to be held in two locations \u2013 in Bangkok at the Holiday Inn Silom and in Hua Hin at the Dusit Thani Hotel \u2013 from 6 to 8 February 2014. Also, 100 sales staffs of Indian radio station will be attending the meeting at the Centara Watergate Pavillion Hotel Bangkok hotel from 27 February to 1 March 2014.\nMeanwhile, information passed to TAT by Thai Airways International's (THAI) Mumbai Office shows that the number of plane bookings to Thailand over the month of January is 20 per cent higher than expected. In addition, THAI Bangalore and Chennai Offices said the average load factor from the Indian market to Thailand for January is at 70 per cent.\nAccording to the TAT Mumbai Office, many of these bookings were made last minute. The Office's spokesperson said, \"While it is normal for Indian tourists to make last minute bookings, this positive development shows that Indian travellers still see Thailand as a safe destination for travel.\"\nIn a survey conducted last week, major tour operators in the western and southern regions of India, including Cox and Kings, Kuoni, Thomas Cook, Sunday Pure Holiday, Beacon Pure Holidays, Veena World, Kesari World, Ascon Holidays and Akbar Holidays told the TAT Mumbai Office that all bookings to Thailand in the immediate period remain unaffected by the political situation in Bangkok.\nThe outlook for the next few months looks good with expectations that Indian tourists will continue to travel to Thailand during the school holiday between April and June, provided that the situation in Bangkok remains stable. This is based on information from tour operators visiting the TAT's booth at the India International Travel and Tourism Exhibition, which was held in Mumbai from 16 to 18 January 2014.\nMr. Thawatchai Arunyik, Governor of TAT said, \"We will continue to provide \"as it happens\" information about the current political situation in Thailand to tourists and tour operators in India. The key message in our daily situation update is that Thailand remains a welcoming tourist destination. Thailand is a large country, and tourists can essentially avoid the demonstration areas while still enjoying the many tourist attractions and activities in the country.\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Article June 22, 2013\n12 of the Best Ad Jingles of All Time\nAd jingles have a way of playing and staying in our minds long after the commercials and campaigns have ended. This is why these catchy songs have been such powerful marketing tools for more than 60 years. Jingles truly became an art form in the 1950s as television became a fixture in American homes and they've been a beloved part of the advertising landscape ever since. Some of these lively songs left a lasting impression, sometimes decades after their original airing. From Oscar Mayer's hot dog ditty to Alka-Seltzer's fizzy fun tune and Coca-Cola's hilltop melody, MSN.com listed their leading jingles to offer a musical memoir of advertising at its best. Check out their gallery of the greatest.\nGive your advertising a creative spin for maximum memorability. Contact MDG Advertising today at 561-338-7797 or visit mdgadvertising.com.\nMDG Advertising is a full-service advertising agency and one of Florida's top creative ad agencies. With offices in Boca Raton, FL and New York, NY, MDG's core capabilities include branding, logo design, print advertising, TV and radio, jingle writing, media planning and buying, digital marketing, mobile marketing, email marketing, video ads, Web design and development, content marketing, social media marketing, and SEO. To learn more about the latest trends in advertising, contact MDG Advertising today at 561-338-7797 or click here to listen to MDG's jingle for the South Florida Fair.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"N. Korea attacks S. Korea, U.S. over military drills\nBy \uc625\ud604\uc8fc\nPublished : May 30, 2014 - 09:51 Updated : May 30, 2014 - 09:51\nNorth Korea's new top diplomat has attacked South Korea and the United States over their joint military drills as he made a debut on the international diplomatic stage, Pyongyang's state news agency said Friday.\nNorth Korean Foreign Minister Ri Su-yong also claimed that war drills and other provocative acts by Seoul and Washington reached a point where North Korea could not sit idle, though he did not elaborate on what actions Pyongyang could take.\nRi, who assumed his job in April, made the comments as he delivered a speech at a foreign ministers' meeting of the Nonaligned Movement in Algeria on Wednesday, according to the North's official Korean Central News Agency.\nNorth Korea has frequently denounced South Korea-U.S. joint military exercises as a rehearsal for invasion. Seoul and Washington say their annual exercises are defensive in nature.\nIn March, North Korea fired short-range missiles and rockets into the sea off its eastern coast in apparent anger over the annual South Korea-U.S. military drills.\nRi also lashed out at the U.S. and other Western powers for attacking North Korea over its human rights record, claiming their move is designed to topple the North's social system.\nNorth Korea has long been accused of grave human rights abuses ranging from holding hundreds of thousands of political prisoners in concentration camps to committing torture and carrying out public executions.\nThe U.N. Commission of Inquiry has recently said that \"systematic, widespread and gross human-rights violations have been and are being committed by\" the leadership in Pyongyang.\nNorth Korea has denounced the report as a fabrication, calling it a U.S.-led attempt to undermine its political system. (Yonhap)","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Kendrick And SZA Served Superhero Looks In The 'All The Stars' Video, So We Ranked Them\nThe TDE Runway\nCharles Holmes 02\/06\/2018\nFrame for frame, Kendrick Lamar and SZA's \"All The Stars\" might be the most gorgeous video either artist has ever been a part of over the course of their careers. Directed by Dave Meyers and the Little Homies (a.k.a. Kendrick and Dave Free), \"All The Stars\" is filled to the brim with breathtaking visuals that perfectly depict the grandiose vision Lamar and company have been pursuing his entire career.\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JQbjS0_ZfJ0\nOver the course of the video, Kendrick and SZA are steeped in astounding imagery like Lamar walking through a room full of gold that'd make Gatsby proud and SZA paying homage to a legendary video by one of the greatest R&B artists of all-time. What stands out more than the song or the epic scale of the video is how well Lamar and SZA are dressed. There are leather jackets, sapphire bathing suits, and ornate kufis. Regal, elegant, and most importantly black as hell, the fashion in \"All The Stars\" is impeccable.\nThe \"All The Stars\" music video is the perfect way to honor Black Panther before it releases. Here are some of the best fits sported by Kendrick and SZA in the visual.\nKenny's Arc\nThe human race is in for another apocalypse-level flood, and we can only hope Lamar takes struggle rappers, two of every kind.\nIs That A Velvet Durag?\nDoes anything scream black excellence like a velvet durag?\nSeinfeld Wants His Puffy Shirt Back\n\"The Puffy Shirt\" is a perfect episode of television, and a TDE remake of Seinfeld is what the people need.\nThe only thing missing from SZA's outfit is a pair of Air Yeezy 2s.\nAll Gold Everything\n\"Don't believe me, just watch.\" \u2014 Trinidad James\nClassic Man Kendrick\nDisappointed no one called Jidenna for a cameo.\nJanet Jackson Vibes\nNot mad at SZA taking inspiration from Janet Jackson's iconic \"Together Again,\" albeit with a lot more blue. In the video, SZA sports a similar hairstyle to the one Jackson popularized over 20 years ago.\nFonzie Lamar\nKendrick Lamar hasn't jumped the shark yet, but he did run with panthers. The fact that he did it wearing a leather jacket like Fonzie makes it that much more incredible.\nMuppet Baby SZA\nSZA's coat looks like she murdered Animal and wore his fur as a trophy, which is badass and amazing of the TDE songstress.\nP.S. Can SZA remix the Muppet Babies theme song?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"How to Split Screen on Mac?\nCommon Questions Hacks Science and Technology\nUsing two apps side-by-side in Split View\nSplit View is the feature that allows you to run two apps side by side in your screen. This feature is built into the Mac OS and has been around for a long time. However, if you're unsure of how to use it, there are several solutions you can try out. These include Moom, Mosaic, and Mission Control.\nMosaic offers a simple, seamless window management experience for Mac users.\nIt supports a variety of screen resolutions and offers a wide range of layout options to help you manage your windows. This application also allows you to create and save Custom Workspaces to organize your window selections.\nIf you're using macOS Catalina or a later version, you can use a keyboard shortcut to tile different windows. To add a keyboard shortcut, click the \"Tile Window to the Left of Screen\" option in System Preferences and enter the shortcut you want. Alternatively, you can use the trackpad to navigate through the windows.\nOnce you've installed Mosaic, you can customize the layout of your screen and rearrange the windows to meet your preferences. You can even divide the screen into more than two halves. Having more than two windows on your screen can help you become more productive.\nMission Control is a feature that lets you switch between two windows or applications in the same Mac. This is helpful when you have two full-screen apps open. In order to use Mission Control in Split View, you first need to launch it. Next, you need to click and drag an application window or icon to the other window, and the application will automatically be displayed in Split View mode.\nYou can adjust the width and height of each window by using your trackpad or multi-touch device. Alternatively, you can also use the Mission Control application located in the applications folder. The Mission Control app adjusts your windows so that they are bigger. However, different apps have different width limitations. You may have to move the black screen separator to the left or right to suit your preferences.\nTo enable Mission Control in split screen mode, you first need to make sure that your Mac's version supports this feature. To find this option, go to your Mac's system preferences and look for Mission Control. Then, you can toggle the window size and swap the windows.\nOne of the best ways to get more screen space on Mac is to use Moom, a program that lets you create and manage split screen windows. This program is simple to use and integrates with every app. It also comes with a built-in palette designer that lets you define the window size and position.\nTo create a Moom split screen, you need to have macOS 10.9 Mavericks or higher. Once installed, you'll be able to move the windows across the display, zoom while they're moving, and resize them to the exact dimensions you want. You can also join a discussion group to share your experiences with the application.\nYou can use Moom to create a split screen by selecting a number of windows on the same screen and then dragging them into the desired position. The window's size and position can be adjusted with the mouse, and you can save the layouts you create by clicking on the green resize button. Another cool feature of Moom is that it allows you to assign a hotkey that triggers the Moom logo. The option key is also used to select presets.\nUsing two apps side-by-side is a great way to get more done on your Mac. This multitasking mode allows you to maximize the screen space of each app, while still allowing you to see everything you need to do. It is especially handy when you need to copy and paste information from a PDF while working on a spreadsheet, or if you need to move files between folders.\nTo use Split View, hold the center part of the screen while using one app. This will open the other app. If you have an application that requires the entire screen, drag it to the sides. You can also use a multitasking button to switch between open apps. Alternatively, you can drag the center divider to the edge of the screen to make one app full screen.\nTo use Split View, you must have two apps open. After you have done this, you can choose which side you want to use for the other app. For Mac users, this is the left side of the screen, which will allow the other app to remain in full view.\nCan A Blown Speaker Be Repaired? Complete Solution\nHow to Get Water Out of Ear?\nThe Top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies in the US\nAugust 22, 2022 January 9, 2023 Robert\nHow to Cut Plexiglass?\nAugust 25, 2022 Robert\nHow to Log in to Schoology Fbisd\nSeptember 13, 2022 Robert","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home \u00bb Corruption Along the US Southwest Border\nCorruption Along the US Southwest Border\n\"Our investigation of an 8-year veteran of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) revealed that, over a 6-month period, the CBP Officer provided drug traffickers with his work schedule and lane assignments, which they used to coordinate their smuggling efforts through his inspection lane.\n\"After he pleaded guilty to Conspiracy to Possess and Distribute Cocaine and Bribery, he was sentenced to 110 months in Federal prison. Additionally, he was ordered to serve 36 months of supervised release following his incarceration, and surrender $100,000 in cash pending the forfeiture of his residence. The Officer's estranged wife has also pleaded guilty to one count of Conspiracy to Possess and Distribute Cocaine and one count of Bribery. She is currently being sought after she failed to appear for sentencing before a judge in the Western District of Texas.\"\nDepartment of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General, \"Special Report: Summary of Significant Investigations January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2011\" (Washington, DC: August 2012), Pub. No. OIG-12-108, p. 5.\nhttp:\/\/www.oig.dhs.gov\/assets\/...\nAddiction and Dependence\nCapital Punishment for Drug Offenses\nCocaine, Crack, and Coca\nCrime, Arrests & Law Enforcement\nDark Net Drug Markets & Cryptomarkets\nDiversion of Drugs\nDriving and Drugs\nDrug Courts\nDrug Testing (Employment)\nDrug Testing (Schools)\nDrug Testing Overview\nDrug Use Estimates: Prevalence and Trends\nDrugs & the Correctional System\nEcstasy (MDMA)\nEntheogens & Psychedelics\nGateway Hypothesis\nHeroin Assisted Treatment\nInjection Drug Use and HIV\nInjection Drug Use, Race, and HIV\nMandatory Minimums\nMarijuana Policies & Policy Reform\nMental Health Medications (Psychotropics)\nMental Health, Co-Occurring Disorders and Dual Diagnosis\nMushrooms (Psilocybin)\nNetherlands vs US\nNew Psychoactive Substances\nOpioid Overdose Crisis\nOpioid Substitution Treatment\nPregnancy and Substance Use\nPrescription Drug Monitoring Programs\nPrevalence of Substance Use\nPrisons & Race\nPrisons and Drugs\nPrisons and Jails Overview\nPsilocybin (Magic Mushrooms)\nRace & Prisons\nRace and Injection Drug Use\nRecovery and Social Reintegration\nSupervised Consumption Facilities and Overdose Prevention Sites\nSupply Reduction\nSyringe Service and Needle Exchange Programs\nTesting for Alcohol and Other Drugs\nTobacco & Nicotine\nTreatment for Substance Use Disorders\nVivitrol\nWomen & The Drug War\nYoung People and Drugs\nRegions Outside the US\nCentral Asia and Eastern Europe\nCopyright \u00a9 2021, Common Sense for Drug Policy","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Tag Archives: LIBOR\nThe Labor of LIBOR; Coal Company Not Energized by Obama's New EPA Policies; Disgraced Bitcoin-er Busted\nPosted on August 3, 2015 by Ronit Fried\nDon't bank on it\u2026\nFrom the most hallowed banking institutions of UBS and Citigroup, disgraced banker Thomas Hayes will now make his way to the halls of a correctional institution, all thanks to his role in the LIBOR scandal. On trial in the UK, Hayes pleaded not guilty, although jurors felt otherwise and now gets to spend the next fourteen years in prison contemplating his misdeeds. The U.S. already charged Hayes back in 2012 for his misdeeds at UBS and the Royal Bank of Scotland and a number of banks already had to cough up $9 billion in penalties over their involvement in rigging the benchmarks. Hayes was found guilty on all 8 counts of conspiracy to defraud. And it's not everyday a trader gets convicted for rigging rates on the London Interbank Offered Rates. In fact, Hayes has the dubious distinction of becoming the first person to be convicted in the scandal, which makes sense, since he was apparently the ringleader for more than a dozen other brokers and traders who participated in messing with global rates for mortgages, loans and credit cards just so that they could profit. Those misdeeds affected some $350 trillion in global financial markets. Including ours. Talk about rude.\nSo un-coal\u2026\nImage courtesy of dan\/FreeDigitalPhotos.net\nBattered and broken is just one way to describe the coal industry as President Obama just announced the latest EPA policies which are supposedly going to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 30% by 2030. And of course that is splendid news. Just not for Alpha Natural Resources who made its own announcement today: bankruptcy. The natural gas boom combined with the new EPA rules have dealt quite the blow to the second biggest coal producer. While the company has over $10 billion in assets with around 8,000 employees, it also needs to ditch some $3.3 billion in debt. The once powerful coal supplier had to close more than 80 mines since 2011 as the shale boom began to take effect. And who can blame shale? After all, it is a cheaper, less polluting energy source.\nBit-fraud\u2026\nImage courtesy of Victor Habbick\/FreeDigitalPhotos.net\nMark Karpeles, the disgraced head of collapsed Tokyo bitcoin exchange, Mt. Gox, has, un-shockingly, been arrested in Japan on suspicion of (gasp) fraud. Who would have thought. Apparently, Karpeles falsified documents and manipulated the computer system over thirty times in an effort to fatten up his bank account by about a million bucks. If the 30 year old Karpeles is found guilty, he might just become pen pals (no pen-pun intended) with Thomas Hayes, except the French-born Karpeles would be idling his incarcerated says in Japan. If you recall, 850,000 bit coins \u2013 equal to about $480 million at the time \u2013 went missing under Karpeles' watch. But wouldn't ya know it, 200,000 bit coins were subsequently recovered by Karpeles, who must have remembered where he had apparently misplaced them. As for the remaining missing cyber-currency, well, Karpeles conveniently blames the theft on a \"bug\" from a cyber-attack. You don't say\u2026\nPosted in Uncategorized | Tagged Alpha Natural Resources, Bitcoin, Citigroup, coal, EPA, greenhouse gases, LIBOR, Mark Karpeles, Mt. Gox, natural gas, Obama, Royal Bank of Scotland, shale, shale boom, Thomas Hayes, UBS | Leave a comment\nMicrosoft Cuts Even More Jobs; Greece Banking on Another Bailout; Barclays Boots its Chie\nPosted on July 8, 2015 by Ronit Fried\nNO-kia\u2026\nIt's not exactly a good day at Microsoft today (or Greece, for that matter but we'll get to that a bit later). The tech firm just announced that 7,800 more layoffs are coming down the pike, on top of the 18,000 layoffs the company announced last year. It seems the Windows maker just isn't at the forefront of the latest tech era and its hitting the company in its portfolio. Microsoft had already sold off its online advertising business to AOL but a lot of their latest ills are courtesy of its $7.2 billion acquisition of Nokia. As luck would have it, that not-so-little purchase to make headway into the smartphone market wasn't all that smart. Microsoft now has plans to write down $7.6 billion on the Nokia unit. The company just couldn't seem to make strides against the reigning competition from Apple's iPhone and Google's Android. Microsoft's smartphone market share was just an abysmal 3% \u2013 a major letdown from a company who had so often dominated tech realms.\nImage courtesy of africa\/FreeDigitalPhotos.net\nWell, Greece finally whipped out its big grand plan which definitely loses points for lack of originality. Like a teenager who doesn't seem to want to learn from his or her mistakes, the cash-strapped, debt-infused country has asked for yet another bailout. This time around, Greece asked for a three year bailout from the annoyed eurozone's rescue funds. However, Greece is promising to implement pension and tax reforms. To be fair, no real details were actually given. Hmmm. Greek officials said they would map out a \"comprehensive and specific reform agenda\" by tomorrow. We'll see about that. Now all those eurozone finance ministers have to decide if they're going to give in to Greece. And while Greece's Prime Minister, Alexis Tsipras, wants to reach a deal with creditors that needs to be fair on both sides, he also warned that his peeps need to be on board. Otherwise, no dice. What Tsipras and the fine people of Greece don't dig are austerity measures. Any whiff of austerity and chances are no deal will be reached and more fiscal chaos will ensue. U.S. Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew finally commented on the situation stressing that Europe ought to help Greece restructure its debt. Which would be super-great because maybe then stocks all over the world will finally cooperate and go up instead of taking bad financial cues from Greece.\nThe skills to pay the bills\u2026\nImage courtesy of biosphere\/FreeDigitalPhotos.net\nMajor drama coming out of Barclays today, where Chief Executive Antony Watkins received an unwelcome surprise \u2013 he got the boot. Fired. Shown the door. In a statement, Barclays, which has seen its share of scandal in the last few years, said \"a new set of skills\" was needed for the individual who will take the reins at the company. Ouch. Apparently, officials at the bank thought Watkins wasn't doing enough to dig Barclays out of its scandal-laden pit. Board chairman, John McFarlane, will serve as interim chief until a more permanent replacement can be found \u2013 one who presumably possesses that much desired skill-set. Barclays, Britain's biggest bank, is currently staring down the wrong end of fines and investigations over its role and manipulation of London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) as well as its other un-flattering role in foreign exchange rate manipulation. Nice, huh?\nPosted in Alexis Tsipras, eurozone, Greece, Greeks, Jacob Lew | Tagged Alexis Tsipras, Antony Watkins, Barclay's, Eurozone, FOREX, Greece, Greeks, Jacob Lew, John McFarlane, LIBOR, Microsoft, Nokia, Treasury Secretary | Leave a comment","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Rochester Music Hall of Fame\nAll Inductees\nCharter Inductees\nDouglas Lowry Award\nOur Selection Process\nHome>News>News from the Clubs: Abilene Bar and Lounge\nNews from the Clubs: Abilene Bar and Lounge\nPosted-on January 1, 2020 August 27, 2020 By lineBylineNews Archive\n(Originally written by Scott Gudell)\nA consistent, long time supporter of the Rochester Music Hall of Fame (RMHF) has been Danny Deustch and his club, the earthy, roots oriented Abilene Bar and Lounge. They'll be celebrating their 10th anniversary in 2018 and, year in and year out, they host strong local, regional and national acts. Although the club originally focused on Americana music and it's still at the core of what they present, they continue to evolve and offer a wide variety of other sounds and styles as well.\nOne of the artists recently presented by Abilene was Kim Simmonds, one of the founding members of the iconic British blues rock band Savoy Brown. The Friday, Jan 13, 2017 show was presented at the Penthouse at One East Avenue as part of Abilene's \"on the road\" series. It was a casual, solo performance as Simmond's relied on his harp and two acoustic Gibson guitars (note: Henry Juszkiewicz, the current CEO of Gibson, was raised in Rochester and was officially inducted into the RMHF in 2015). Simmonds presented the crowd of about 75 people a sort of 'MTV Unplugged' meets \"home concert\" evening of songs and stories. He performed a newer number called \"I Can't Stop the Blues\" as well as classic Savoy Brown songs such as \"Hellbound Train\" while casually interspersing stories from the early British Invasion in-between the notes. His version of \"Train to Nowhere\" (originally sung by Chris Youlden) was presented with a blues drenched slide followed by a Mississippi Fred McDowell song, \"Shake Em On Down,\" insuring that the entire evening stayed focused on the blues.\nLooking forward, Abilene is bringing a number of top notch artists to town. Thursday, February 23, will feature one of these artists who's also been a long time supporter of the RMHF, John Mooney. Another passionate blues artist, Mooney's style is fierce, focused and can fire up a crowd with his slide and steel guitar. He was a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of one of THE founders of American blues, Son House (who lived in Rochester for many years and was inducted into the RMHF in 2013.)\nYou'll be able to catch a rollicking Commander Cody in March, the alluring and intriguing Eilen Jewell in April and Americana master Dave Alvin in May. Interestingly, Alvin wrote the song \"Abilene\" which was part of the inspiration for Danny's club. Having seen each and every one of these artists in concert over the last few years, I highly recommend you pick one or two and check them out. You can confirm times, dates and venues by going to Abilenebarandlounge.com\nPrevious PostPrev Article Rochester Music Hall of Famer, Lou Gramm, says it's time to hang up the MIC\nNext PostNext Article RMHF 2016 alumna performer, Dee Ponder \"Is a voice for justice\"\n25 Gibbs Street, Rochester, New York 14604\nThe Rochester Music Hall of Fame is committed to recognizing those with ties to Rochester whose talents, efforts, perseverance, and creativity have contributed to the creation of musical excellence.\nDo you know a musician who deserves to be honored?\nNominate Them\n2020 Rochester Music Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony is Canceled\nCongratulations to the Rochester Music Hall of Fame Class of 2020\nGeorge DeMott, long time drummer with the Coupe De' Villes, has passed away\nLocal Movie Critic and Jazz Aficionado, Jack Garner dies at 75\nRochester Rockabilly Star Dies at 84\nRochester Musician \"Makes History\"\nPrime Time Funk releases timely music video during turmoil\nRochester Music Hall of Famer, Darick Campbell Has Passed Away\nThe Rochester Music Hall of Fame, Inc. (RMHF) is a 501(c)(3) not for profit organization. It is supported solely by sponsors, patrons, grants, and event ticket sales. Donations to the Rochester Music Hall of Fame, Inc. are tax deductible in the US to the extent permissible by law. Its board of directors is composed entirely of volunteers who receive no form of monetary compensation. All funds are used in the furtherance of our mission.\nCopyright \u00a9 2021 Rochester Music Hall of Fame","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Texans' Ryan Griffin arrested for public intoxication, 'destroying' Nashville hotel window\nby: Marion Kirkpatrick\nPosted: Apr 27, 2019 \/ 12:38 PM PDT \/ Updated: Apr 27, 2019 \/ 09:17 PM PDT\nNASHVILLE, Tenn. (WKRN) \u2014 Police arrested and charged Houston Texans tight end Ryan Griffin late Friday night after he allegedly became \"disorderly\" and punched through a window at a Nashville hotel, Metro police officials confirmed with News 2.\nGriffin, 29, of Houston, Texas, is charged with vandalism over $1,000 and public intoxication.\nAccording to police documents, police were dispatched to the corner of Union Street and Second Avenue North just before midnight to a report of a disorderly person in custody.\nThe defendant told police that Griffin was walking up Union Street, and when he neared Hotel Indigo, he punched one of the front windows and \"destroyed\" it.\nPolice observed that Griffin's left hand and fingers were bleeding.\nNFL Draft Command Units placed Griffin into custody. According to one of those officers, Griffin was observed to be stumbling on the sidewalk and nearly walked into traffic just before the incident. That officer also noticed that the suspect had watery eyes and a smell of alcohol on his breath.\nGriffin's friend also told police that he had been \"over-served\" that evening.\nNews 2 has reached out to the Texans and Griffin for comment and are waiting to hear back.\nThis is a developing story. Stay with News 2 for updates.\nMore NFL Draft Stories\nOfficials: 500,000 fans attend NFL Draft in Nashville\nby Staff \/ Apr 28, 2019\nNASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) \u2014 The City of Nashville estimates more than a half million fans attended NFL Draft festivities over the last three days. As you might imagine, that smashes any previous draft attendance records.\nThe third and final day of an NFL draft was memorable for the scene, the music and the passion of the folks in Music City. It began Saturday with Arizona selecting Iowa State wide receiver Hakeem Butler.\nGetting Greedy: Browns select LSU's Williams in second round\nby The Associated Press \/ Apr 27, 2019\nGreedy Williams has already shown the Browns his recovery skills.\nAfter accidentally missing Cleveland's phone call telling him he was about to be drafted in the second round, the LSU cornerback got in touch with the front desk at the team's headquarters and asked to speak with general manager John Dorsey.\nDraft in Music City: Former NFL GM talks biggest winners of the 1st round\nby Javion Simmons \/ Apr 26, 2019\nFormer NFL General Manager Floyd Reese joined Cory Curtis and JB Biunno Friday and talked about the winners from round one of the draft, and the New England Patriots first round choice and team needs.\nAmong some of the winners in the draft, Reese liked the Jaguars' selection of former Kentucky defensive lineman Josh Allen. Allen was projected as a top three pick but fell to the Jaguars with the seventh pick.\nBay Area \/ 1 hour ago","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Screentalk (2)\nCaterina De Nave\nCaterina De Nave, who passed away on 17 August 2014, helped break the glass ceiling for women working in local television. As a network executive at both TVNZ and TV3, she often commissioned new writing and directing talent, and was a key player in the development of Shortland Street, Outrageous Fortune and Montana Sunday Theatre. In 2009 De Nave crossed the Tasman to join Australian broadcaster SBS.\nPeter Sharp\nPeter Sharp is one of New Zealand's most prolific directors of screen drama. Though his directing work covers the gamut from police shows and soap satires to live performance, Sharp is best known for his work helming kidult dramas - including Maurice Gee period tales The Fire-Raiser and The Champion. He also directed award-winning mini-series Erebus: the Aftermath.\nA cameraman with over 50 years experience, Michael O'Connor joined the NZ Broadcasting Corporation as a trainee straight from high school. O'Connor went on to shoot some of New Zealand's most iconic dramas, from Under the Mountain to 1980s cop show Mortimer's Patch. His documentary work includes popular series Heartland and Epitaph, and directing Dalvanius, about singer Dalvanius Prime.\nJohn McRae\nAs a head of drama in New Zealand television, John McRae spearheaded a run of shows that were both local and export successes. McRae's four-decade television career saw him working in three countries, and winning two Emmy awards.\nChristina Milligan\nProducer [Ng\u0101ti Porou]\nChristina Milligan has done time as an actor and scriptwriter, but it is producing that she loves most. Milligan began producing at TVNZ, and after classic movie The End of the Golden Weather, did eight years as a writer and script editor in Australia. Currently running company Conbrio with her partner Roger Grant, her producing resume includes documentary Let My Whakapapa Speak and executive producing hit film Mt Zion.\nDick Weir\nThe distinctive deep voice of veteran broadcaster Dick Weir, QSM, is known to generations of Kiwi kids as a longtime Radio New Zealand National presenter (The Dick Weir Sunday Show, Ears). On screen he has narrated everything from election campaigns to Erebus docudramas to Wild South. Weir was also the inaugural presenter of 80s after-school news programme The Video Dispatch.\nBruce Phillips\nActor, Writer\nBruce Phillips' long stage career encompasses six acting awards, directing, and a \"brilliantly funny\" starring role as Uncle Vanya. On-screen, his CV runs to more than 30 roles, including playing fighter pilot Richard Dalgleish on TV series Country GP, a womanising dentist on Roger Hall comedy Neighbourhood Watch, and Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer in 1994 miniseries Fallout.\nSimon Prast\nActor\/director Simon Prast is best-known for his stage career, and 11 years commanding the Auckland Theatre Company. Prast's screen-acting career dates back to the mid 80s, most famously for his role as rich kid Alister Redfern in beloved soap Gloss. His biggest feature role to date remains Stephen, man-at-the-crossroads in 1998 feature When Love Comes.\nOne of New Zealand's leading TV actors, Jeffrey Thomas was born in Wales and graduated with a Master of Literature from Oxford University. Since arriving in Wellington in 1976, his credits have included Close To Home, Gloss, Shark in the Park, Mercy Peak, Shortland Street and Outrageous Fortune. In the 80s he starred in a Welsh language drama series. An award-winning playwright, he has also acted extensively on stage.\nVeteran actor Roy Billing has acted in so many films, TV shows and plays, his CV runs to more than 10 pages. Often cast as the straight-talking everyman, Billing has also provided award-winning screen portrayals of rugby-playing priests (Old Scores), drug barons (Underbelly), small-town mayors (The Dish) and avuncular judges (Rake).","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Archive for the 'Richard McGee' Category\nDepartment reflects on Iowa-Northwestern connections\nAs the Hawkeye football team hosts the Northwestern Wildcats this weekend, the department is reminded of several friendly rivalries between the two schools. Adjunct Professor Joseph Walder was a 1975 MD and 1978 PhD from Northwestern before he joined our faculty. Richard McGee, a 1975 PhD with Arthur Spector and 2010 CCOM Distinguished Alumnus, is now a Professor in Medical Education & Faculty Development, as well as an Associate Dean for Faculty Recruitment at Northwestern's Feinberg School of Medicine. David Engman, a 1990 MD\/PhD with John Donelson and currently a Professor of Pathology and Microbiology-Immunology, directs an active research group at Northwestern and recently stepped down as director of the MSTP program after a 16 year tenure. He was past chair of the Medicine Alumni Society Board of Advisors in CCOM. The Iowa\/Northwestern connections do indeed run deep. Go Hawks!\nPosted in Arthur Spector, Arthur Spector, David Engman, John Donelson, Joseph Walder, Richard McGee | No Comments \u00bb\nSusan O'Donnell wins the Clarence Berg Award\nSusan O'Donnell, who recently completed her PhD with Madeline Shea, has been named the winner of the 2010 Clarence Berg Award. This prize is given every other year to a student who demonstrates \"scholarship, integrity, cooperativeness, consideration and a willingness to help others.\" Dr. O'Donnell was an American Heart Association-funded graduate student who focused on the structural and thermodynamic bases for recognition of calcineurin by calmodulin domains. Previously, Susan was the winner of the 2006 Usha Balakrishnan Award for best poster presented at the annual meeting of the Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing. She also presented her work in a plenary session of the 2007 Gibbs Conference on Biothermodynamics and received a 2008 Biophysical Society Student Research Achievement Award as well as an inaugural Gehring Award last fall.\nDr. O'Donnell is currently a post-doctoral fellow with Robert Deschenes at University of South Florida.\nSusan is the 21st winner of the Berg Award, which was established by former students of Professor Berg, an internationally known amino acid biochemist who was a member of the department for 39 years. Dr. Berg is well known as the author of the 1980 book, The University of Iowa and Biochemistry from their Beginnings.\nPrior winners of the Berg Award are:\n2008 Zeynep Akyol Ataman (Shea)\n2006 Rhonda Newman (Shea)\n2004 Wendy Van Scyoc (Shea)\n2002 Jon Rubach (Plapp)\n2000 Cheryl Bailey (Donelson)\n1998 Kristin Scott (Geyer)\n1996 Liskin Swint Kruse (Robertson)\n1994 Daniel Kephart (Price)\n1992 John Dagle (Weeks)\n1990 William Shalongo (Stellwagen)\n1988 David Lowery (Van Ness)\n1986 David T. Dudley (Spector)\n1984 Tristam Parslow (Granner)\n1982 Robert J. Gould (Spector)\n1980 Gary L. Firestone (Heath)\n1978 Ross C. Hardison (Chalkley)\n1976 Richard McGee (Spector)\n1974 Rodney L. Balhorn (Granner)\n1972 David B. Henson (Swenson)\n1970 Grace M. Lehrer (Barker)\nPosted in Andrew Robertson, Arthur Spector, awards, Bryce Plapp, Charles Swenson, Clarence Berg, Daniel Weeks, Daryl Granner, David Price, Earle Stellwagen, Edward Heath, Gary Firestone, John Dagle, John Donelson, Madeline Shea, Richard McGee, Robert Barker, Robert Deschenes, Roger Chalkley, S. Ramaswamy | No Comments \u00bb\nRick McGee and Brad Hyman win Distinguished Alumni Awards\nRichard McGee, a 1975 PhD in Biochemistry with Arthur Spector, has been named a Carver College of Medicine Distinguished Alumnus. Dr. McGee, formerly at Georgetown and Mayo and now the Associate Dean for Faculty Recruitment and Professional Development at Northwestern's Feinberg School of Medicine, is nationally known for development of programs that create a pipeline of qualified underrepresented students into biomedical research.\nFormer CCOM Distinguished Alumnus, Bradley Hyman, a 1982 PhD with Arthur Spector and a 1983 MD, 1988 resident and 1989 fellow, returns to campus to be lauded as a University of Iowa Distinguished Alumnus. Dr. Hyman, the John B. Penney, Jr. Professor of Neurology at Harvard, is an active physician scientist who directs the Alzheimer's unit of the Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease.\nCongratulations to Drs. McGee, Hyman and Spector for these honors.\nPosted in Arthur Spector, Bradley Hyman, Richard McGee | No Comments \u00bb","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home \/Recent Post\/Hindutva's Uncivil Society In Eastern UP\nHindutva's Uncivil Society In Eastern UP\nFascismFebruary 28, 2007\nBy Subhashini Ali, 28 February, 2007, Countercurrents.org\nThe Hindu Mahasabha-BJP MP from Gorakhpur, Yogi Adityanath, makes no attempt to mask his intentions with civilities and double-talk. He calls upon the majority community to recognize Muslims as the enemy and to utilize every opportunity to attack them. He has created his own organization, the Hindu Yuva Vahini, which has branches in almost every village, small town and district headquarter of Eastern UP. The members of this organization are mostly unemployed and lumpen youth. The organization has targeted poor youths belonging to the Scheduled and Backward Castes who now throng to its banner in the hope of gaining status and prosperity. Every incident that can be utilized to create communal tension is utilized by the Vahini members with the full support of the Yogi. As Dr. Hari Om, IAS, who was recently removed from his post of DM, Gorakhpur, said in an interview to the Hindi edition of 'Outlook' \u2013 \"I learnt in my two years as DM Gorakhpur that Yogi is a religious leader and MP who wants to be involved in every incident in the area in a dominating fashion. He wants the Hindu community to accept his as their uncontested leader and also the Muslims as their enemies. They should\ngive him donations and gifts during every ceremony. .He utilizes all big and small events regularly. He inflates non-issues into issues and gives them a communal colour. Giving small and stray incidents involving Muslims like a minor fight, or a case of eve teasing or water flowing from one house in front of another house or shop a communal colour has become a habit with him.\"\nAs a result of the Yogi's activities, eastern districts of UP like Gorakhpur, Maharajganj, Kushinagar, Deoria and Gonda resemble a communal tinderbox today. Every year, several incidents of attacks on Muslims in one or several of these districts take place. Often cattle being take to fairs or bought in Haryana by both Muslim and Hindu farmers are forcibly taken away by the Yogi who alleges that these are going to be slaughtered and they are then distributed amongst his followers. Every such incident serves to underline the fact that he is a law unto himself and that he and his followers can act with impunity. They can burn, attack and physically\nassault as and when they please without facing any administrative action of any kind. This is a pattern established over the years in spite of the fact that there have been Governments of all hues in this time-span. A few police and administrative have to their credit tried to carry out their constitutional duties but they have usually paid the price of ignominious transfers as a result. The reason for this is that the Yogi is the only mathadhish (head of a math) in the country belonging to the Thakur caste and almost all political leaders belonging to his caste treat him with reverence and deference. They also ensure that the party to which they belong behaves in a similar fashion when it is in power. As a result, the Yogi has become a political force on his own. He regularly puts up candidates against the BJP and ensures their victories.\nThe CPI(M) has been campaigning against the Yogi and his activities for some time now. In June 2005, it organized a massive rally in the heart of Gorakhpur city against his vicious brand of politics. The sound of slogans and the sight of banners against communalism and for secularism, unity and development were seen and heard for the first time in years in Gorakhpur and its neighbouring districts. The CPI(M) campaign and rally were welcomed by many. Newspapers commented on the fact that this was the first time any political party had dared to take the Yogi on. He also reacted by holding press conferences and public meetings in which he attacked the CPI(M) in the most intemperate language.\nIn January of this year, a few days before Moharram, a minor incident of a Muslim boy misbehaving with a Hindu girl occurred. The police intervened and the boy was punished in front of members of his community who welcomed this. Despite this, the Yogi tried to capitalize on this issue and engineer a clash but the administration acted firmly. But the extremely\nwell-organised rumour-mongering that followed ('Our Hindu sisters are being molested by muslims and the administrative officers look on like transvestites' etc.) was extremely inflammatory. On the night of the 26th, a fight broke out during a wedding reception organized by a history-sheeter member of the Yuva Vahini in the course of which shots were fired. Unfortunately, a local Moharram procession was passing that way and four Muslim boys were got gunshot injuries. In the chaos that ensued, one of the boys at the reception who was also involved in the fight, Rajkumar Agrahari, ran onto the road and was beaten up. Next day, he succumbed to his injuries in the hospital. Yogi started a dharna at the place that the clash had occurred and highly inflammatory speeches were made and slogans raised. His followers set fire to a nearby mazaar but the police intervened to put it out. Then curfew was imposed. Those involved in assaulting Rajkumar were arrested immediately after this but since the Yogi was determined to foment trouble, he tried to break the curfew next day and was then arrested. When it became apparent after a few hours that he was not going to be released, his followers went on the rampage burning and looting Muslim homes and shops just adjacent to the Gorakhnath Temple. A very poor Muslim mechanic, Rashid, was murdered by them.\nIt was most unfortunate that the DM and SSP who arrested Yogi were not only transferred but also suspended the same day. It was this that encouraged Yogi's supporters to go on the rampage that night. A telling comment on the way in which Yogi is treated with kid gloves by many in\nthe top echelons of the UP Govt. is the fact that the new DM and SSP who arrived late in the evening of the 28th were advised to go and visit the Yogi in jail and talk to him by their superiors! They found the Yogi being treated like minor royalty in the prison. A well-known ruling party leader and criminal, Amarmani Tripathi, who was in the same jail since he has\nbeen accused of conspiring to murder a poetess with whom he had intimate relations, was entertaining the Yogi to a feast and also to a program of bhajans inside the jail (the bhajan party had been brought in from outside.)\nIt was at this point that the CPI(M) national leaders intervened. They spoke to the Chief Minister and stressed on the importance of stopping the rioting from spreading in Gorakhpur and its neighbouring districts by keeping the Yogi in jail for having attacked a religious monument and inciting violence and by implementing strict administrative measures. It must be mentioned that the Chief Minister was under great pressure from within his party and from other political heavyweights to release the Yogi.\nAs soon as it became apparent that the Yogi was not going to be released, protests against his arrest were started by the BJP and others and there was a call to observe a bandh in all markets in Gorakhpur and neighbouring districts. To give an example of the kind of tactics\nemployed by the Yogis supporters, soon after his arrest, his supporters sent out over a lakh sms' which read as follows: \"Katua mara jayega, Baap-baap chillayega\" (The circumcised one will be thrashed, He will shout for his father).\nIn Gorakhpur, peace was soon restored. On the 30th, Muslim religious leaders decided on their own not to take out the Taziya procession. In a few days, shops also opened. Peaceful conditions prevailed in all the neighbouring districts also, with one shameful exception.\nPadrauna is the district headquarter of the neighbouring Kushinagar district. It is also a vidhan sabha constituency held by the Congress and it is here that Yogi is planning to field his own c\nandidate in the coming election. Two years ago he had raised the following slogan \u2013 U.P. Bhi Gujerat Banega, Padrauna shuruaat karega (U.P. will also become a Gujerat and the process will start in Padrauna).\nAnd on the 30th and 31st of January, Padrauna witnessed arson and loot of an unprecedented ferocity. There are very few prosperous Muslims in this area and the destruction wrought in these two days reduced their numbers drastically. All shops owned by Muslims in the main market and in nearby localities were looted and gutted. Many Muslim homes were also reduced to ashes. The economic backbone of the community has been almost completely destroyed.\nA two-member CPI(M) delegation consisting of Premnath Rai (State Secretariat member) and myself visited Gorakhpur and Padrauna on the 21st and 22nd of February. On the 20th, Com. Premnath along with Com. Dinanath (also a State Secretariat member) visited the riot-affected area around the Gorakhnath Temple.\nOur visit occurred just after Yogi's release on bail from prison. The day after his release, he addressed a Press Conference in Deoria in which he blamed \"Subhashini Ali, CPI(M) leader\" for the disturbances in Purvanchal saying that she had been visiting the area to help the Maoists, SIMI and ISI increase their activities and this was what had led to the riots. To some reporters he repeated what he had been saying earlier that she and her party were also responsible for the removal of the King of Nepal from his throne! His utterances, however ridiculous, showed that he was only too aware of the fact that apart from the CPI(M), no other party had dared to oppose him publicly and in no uncertain terms.\nOn the 21st, we visited Padrauna along with CPI(M) members from Kushinagar, Com. Ayodhyalal (Secretary), Shivnath Singh, Vijay Srivastava, Raghavendra (DCMs) and Malti, Indu Pushpa and Kranti (AIDWA leaders). We also met prominent community leaders who gave us a lot of important information.\nThe first place we visited was the Subhash Chowk which is the main hub of the town. It is in the middle of the main market and is the place where all the Moharram processions congregate and then proceed together towards the Karbala. From the Karbala, they break up again and go back to\nvarious mohallas and villages of the area. Just at the Subhash Chowk is a large shop, Dr. Maroof's X Ray. This was the first X Ray clinic in Padrauna. It was also a well-stocked medical store. Today, its shutters have been mangled beyond recognition, its few remaining shelves are\nbare and there is no X ray machine to be seen. Dr. Maroof told us that he was told at about 2 in the afternoon on the 30th that his shop had been set on fire. He had come rushing from his house and found that the police and some administrative officers had arrived and the looters and arsonists had been forced to move away. He had then retrieved some of his goods which were lying on the road and had closed the double shutters of the shop and then left the place after the officers present assured him that there was nothing to worry about. As soon as he left, the rioters returned and proceeded to burn and loot his shop again, this time in the presence of the police and the administration. There are a few other shops owned by Muslims in this market \u2013 hardware shops, an electronic store, shoe shops, a PCO etc. \u2013 they are just charred, black holes today.\nThe Moharram procession on the 30th started from Subhash Chowk at about 1 in the afternoon. The arson started after it left. The procession turned from the Chowk onto the Khatkuiyan road towards the Sidhua Sthhan from where it turned to the left towards the Karbala. Just where the\nprocession was to turn, a large gate had been erected a few months ago when a Yagnya was held just there. For weeks before Moharram, the administration had been pleading with the organizers of the yagnya who, of course were followers of the Yogi, to remove the gate so that the procession could go through but they had no agreed. Finally, the gate was removed by the administration on the 29th night and in the morning the rumour was spread that the 'Muslims' had forcibly removed the gate. The yagnya mandap was damaged just before the procession arrived\nthere. Many people say that some of the PAC men of a large contingent posted there to 'protect' the procession were responsible for this. As a result of all this, after the procession left the Karbala, all the shops, large and small, owned by Muslims on either side of the road were looted and burned. Small teashops, paan shops, tailors' shops, repair workshops, a very large cloth shops, small shops selling readymade garments \u2013 all were looted and then completely gutted. A little further down the road, some large thatched homes of Muslims had also been burnt. We were told that much of this stretch of land on the roadside was actually Govt. land which had been occupied by a former Pradhan, Nagina Kushwaha, who was trying to get rid of all the others, mostly Muslims, who either had their shops or their homes here. What is of great concern is that many of the Muslim shops that were burnt have now been occupied by Hindus. We also saw that a lady, Pandey along with her three sons, had occupied a large area where a Muslim family had been living in a home that had been burnt down.\nFurther down the road, is the village of s . Here 9 homes belonging to Kushwahas had been destroyed and burnt. Apparently, one of the processions returning down this road had been stoned near this place and, in retaliation, some of the processionists had attacked the Kushwaha\nhomes.\nWe also visited the small hamlet of Razapur which is more in the interior, behind Sidhua. Here 37 fairly prosperous Muslim families who had migrated from Bihar several years ago had built their homes. Most of the men worked far away in Surat and even in the Gulf. On the 30th and\n31st, Razapur was attacked by a mob of villagers from the neighbouring villages. Only 2 houses have been left standing, the rest were all burned down and looted. Women of the hamlet told us that they had run away with their children. Some of them had even jumped into the nearby canal to save themselves. They had remained hidden in the fields for two days and nights without any food or shelter. They could see the rioters slaughtering their chickens and goats and eating them while they starved.\nNothing was left of these once prosperous homes. Even the wheat and rice that had been stored in huge earthenware pots had been burned and we could see charred grain everywhere. The anguish and despair of Razapur was lightened by only one fact \u2013 Bilas Kushwaha, a neighbour, had come to their help. He had saved the two houses that were still standing and he had given them shelter. He had been abused and threatened by the rioters but he had stood his ground.\nAnother badly affected place is the Belua Chungi. This is a small market-place where several shops belonging to Muslims have been looted and burnt. One shop-cum-home of a prosperous Hindu, Chaurasiya, was also attacked and has suffered some damage.\nThere are many things about Padrauna that bring post-Godhra Gujerat to mind: the complete destruction of the prosperity and livelihood of the Muslim community; the appalling nature of the propaganda methods used to spread hatred and incite violence and the complicity of the administration in the devastation of the minority community. It is this last which is the most\ndangerous aspect. UP is not a BJP-ruled state. Its ruling party projects itself as a secular force and it is accused by its detractors of following a policy of appeasement of Muslims. And yet it appoints district magistrates to ultra-sensitive districts like Mau and Padrauna who are completely incompetent so that the writ of its MLAs can rule the roost. And yet its\nadministration is an impotent witness to arson and loot directed against the minority community. And, for a month, people who have lost their homes, their c\nooking vessels, their foodstuffs and their clothes are left to fend for themselves in the cold and rain without any assistance from the administration.\nOn the 22nd, in Gorakhpur, we visited the homes and families of Rajkumar Agrahari and Rashid. Their inconsolable grief was indistinguishable. Rajkumar's mother said \u2013 Whether Muslim or Hindu, the death of a young son is unbearable for his mother.\nAfter meeting the bereaved families, we met the IG (Zone), Jagmohan Yadav and gave him a memorandum in which we demanded the arrest of those accused of leading and inciting the rioters in Padrauna many of whom are still at large; restoration of status quo as far as occupancy of affected homes and shops was concerned; immediate relief to the homeless and payment of compensation to all those who had suffered losses; and strict action against those found to be indulging in provocative acts. In this context we mentioned that Yogi had visited Padrauna on the 20th and had made a speech in which not only did he abuse those officers who were strictly enforcing the law and coming down harshly against those responsible for the violence, but had gone to the extent of saying that the task in Padrauna had only been partly accomplished and it was now necessary to see that it was completed.\nThe IG gave instructions regarding several issues that we raised immediately and assured us that the administration would do everything possible to maintain law and order. Holi would pass off peacefully, he said with confidence.\nThe situation in eastern UP should be one of great concern for all those who are committed to secularism and communal harmony. It is most unfortunate that secular parties in government and in the opposition in the State have completely failed to intervene in any way at all to combat all that the Yogi and his ilk represent. It is only the CPI(M) and a few courageous individuals who are doing their bit in this regard. Party units in Kasya (Kushinagar) and Deoria took out processions condemning the Yogi's actions and urging the people to maintain peace and brotherhood. The AIDWA unit in Lakhsmipur village in Gorakhpur District took the\nlead in insisting that the Taziya procession be taken out and, in fact, participated in it along with their family members.\nWhile administrative action is crucial in maintaining peace, ultimately the Yogi's evil designs can only be foiled by a consistent political campaign and united struggles around the real demands of the people. The Kushinagar CPI(M) district committee has taken a decision to hold an Anti-Communalism Convention in Kasya on the 18th March. This will be a small beginning of a long and hard struggle.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"When is the World Cup 2022 play-off draw and who can Scotland face?\nBy Ewan Paton @epates_22 Sports Writer\nSCOTLAND are a step closer to World Cup qualification after beating Moldova 2-0 on Friday night.\nThe win, thanks to goals from Nathan Patterson and Che Adams, means Scotland sealed their place in the play-offs for the tournament in 2022.\nShould Scotland go all the way, it would be their first time back at the World's biggest competition since 1998.\nDenmark will come to Hampden on Monday night in the final Group F game.\nBut then it's full steam ahead to the World Cup play-offs.\nHere's everything you need to know about when the draw is and when the games will be played.\nWhen is the World Cup 2022 play off draw?\nThe play off draw for the European nations takes place in Zurich, Switzerland, on Friday, November 26 at 4pm UK time.\nWho will be in the hat?\nThe UEFA play offs will feature 12 teams, including ten group runners-up and the remaining two spots will be taken by the best two 2020\/21 Nations League group winners who did not finish in the top two in their section.\nThe teams involved can still chop and change at this stage with group games left to play.\nHow do the play-offs work?\nThe 12 teams will be divided into three playoff paths, each featuring four countries, to determine the final three European berths.\nThe format will consist of two knockout rounds from which the three additional teams qualify.\nAll of the matches are one-off affairs, meaning there is no home and away legs.\nWhen will the fixtures be played?\nThe semi-final ties will be played on March 24 and 25 in 2022.\nScotland's exact date and kick-off time will be confirmed after the draw.\nIf Clarke's men progress, the finals will be held across March 28 and 29.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Legacies Season 4: Is it coming to Netflix in May 2022?\nbyPriya Bisht\nCredits: The CW\nWaiting to see more of Hope as a tribrid? Read on to find the latest updates on Legacies Season 4.\nLegacies is a fantasy drama series that is a spin-off of The Originals and revolves around a 17-year-old Hope Mikaelson, who is the daughter of Klaus Mikaelson Hayley Marshall. Hope is the first-ever vampire\/werewolf\/witch hybrid as Klaus was the first werewolf\/vampire hybrid and Hayley was a werewolf. At the end of The Originals, Hayley was killed by vampires and Klaus sacrificed himself to keep ancient magic from taking root in Hope. Hope now lives in Salvatore Boarding School and Legacies is her story.\nThe series premiered on The CW on October 25, 2018, and the second season aired on October 10, 2019. A third season for the season was released on January 21, 2021, followed by the fourth season in October 2021 on The CW.\nFans are waiting for Season 4 to premiere on Netflix eagerly as they are definitely missing the adventures and magic of our Tribrid. So, when's it coming? what will be the plot? who's in the cast?\nHere's everything you need to know about Legacies Season 4.\nIs Legacies Season 4 coming to Netflix in May 2022?\nNo, unfortunately, Legacies Season 4 won't be coming in May as the show was not included in the complete list of new release movies and shows on Netflix coming this month. But Season 4 will air its finale in May and it gives us hope that the season will be on Netflix soon.\nLegacies Season 4 Release Date\nThere's no release date announced as of now but we know that the Season's finale is all set to air on May 26, 2022, on The CW. So, we expect the Netflix date to arrive in June 2022. As we've noticed, new seasons of The CW's shows generally premiere on Netflix eight days after their finales on the parent TV. So, for Legacies Season 4, the date will be June 3, if everything goes by the previous schedule. We're hoping that Season 4 won't take long to arrive and air on June 3. Fingers crossed.\nFor the unversed, The CW officially renewed the series for Season 4, just days after the show's Season 3 premiere.\nCheck out the post below:\nHope. Must. Die. Season 4 premieres Thursday, October 14! #Legacies pic.twitter.com\/nE7OtHe1cN\n\u2014 Legacies (@cwlegacies) October 1, 2021\nSpooky season is here and so is #Legacies \ud83d\ude09 Season 4 premieres Thursday, October 14 on The CW! pic.twitter.com\/agfrBrBmq7\n\u2014 Legacies (@cwlegacies) September 28, 2021\nLegacies Season 4 Plot\nIn Season 4, Hope Mikaelson will become the Tribrid and it will make her the strongest villain in Legacies Season 4 and arguably the most ruthless killer in the show's history.\nOn January 21, 2021, in an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Matthews teased that this year Hope and Landon will face new challenges as they navigate fighting evil as a couple. The twins are on divergent paths in the wake of Josie's violent actions in Season 2.\n\"Josie will go on a very interesting journey this year,\" he shared. \"Obviously she went down a dark, violent path in Season 2. She will return and she will be resolving those issues and she will be resolving what she wants out of her life and figure out where she fits in at the Salvatore School and with her friends, as a result of her going dark.\"\nAnd while the teens' personal journeys are pivotal to the story, all of the students will have to deal with the threat of the Necromancer. \"The Necromancer, heading into Season 3, is going to make a big play that is forever going to alter our mythology,\" Matthews said.\nLegacies Season 4 Cast\nThe main characters are expected to return and reprise their roles including:\nDanielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson\nAria Shahghasemi as Landon Kirby\nMatthew Davis as Alaric Saltzman\nJenny Boyd as Lizzie Saltzman\nKaylee Bryant as Josie Saltzman\nQuincy Fouse as Milton \"MG\" Greasley\nChris Lee as Kaleb Hawkins\nOmono Okojie as Cleo\nNick Fink as Ryan Clarke\nBen Levin as Jed\nDemetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams\nHow many episodes are there in Legacies Season 4?\nLegacies Season 4 will have a total of 20 episodes and the finale is set to premiere on May 26, 2022, on The CW.\nWhere to watch Legacies?\nLegacies Season 1-3 are available to watch on the official website of The CW.\nPriya Bisht\nPriya Bisht is an Entertainment and Lifestyle writer. She loves books and sunsets. She likes to experiment with genres and will mostly be found writing stories that touch the readers' hearts.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Category Archives: Fantasy Sports\nFantasy Guru Ryan Kramer To Draft 24 Teams In 24 Hours Tuesday To Launch 2022 Season\nRyan Kramer of the Sports Gambling Podcast Network (SGPN), America's leading free content Fantasy Football expert, will conduct a marathon, 24-teams-in-24-hours draft live on multiple video platforms for the second consecutive year in another unprecedented offering to NFL fans gearing up for the 2022 season.\nThe live stream event, \"Draft Day 2.0,\" is set to begin at noon PT\/3 p.m. ET on Tuesday, August 9, from the Sports Gambling Podcast Network's Los Angeles studio. It will continue until noon PT\/3 pm ET Wednesday and be available on You Tube at https:\/\/sg.pn\/watchdraftday.\nThe co-host of the prominent Sports Gambling Podcast, Kramer, broke new ground one year ago with his unique offering for Fantasy Football fanatics who can join any time within the day-long window to get his expertise and actual selections plus insights, strategy, entertainment and tips with detailed rationale.\nThe initiative will also be a platform to raise money via GoFundMe for the medical bills of an SGPN friend and colleague injured earlier this year in a motorcycle accident. Darryl, 31, from Lebanon, Pennsylvania, was riding home from work when he was cut off by a box truck, resulting in the loss of his right leg (above the knee) and multiple other injuries, some permanent. The accident happened four days before he was to marry his fianc\u00e9. The couple is now putting their lives back together and they appreciate the support of the Sports Gambling Podcast Network community and the Draft Day 2.0 fundraising efforts. In addition to the GoFundMe opportunity, all Draft Day 2.0 merchandise profits will be directed to pay the ongoing medical expenses. Branded apparel is available in the SGPN Merch Store and further information on Darryl's story can be found here.\nThe format will be \"Best Ball Draft\" on Underdog Fantasy and Kramer will be joined by multiple guests and SGPN contributors while constructing 24 separate and distinct teams over the full day span, providing viewers with the player selections that he believes will pile up points for the millions of Fantasy participants looking forward to the 2022 season.\n\"Fortunately, the analytics research is done so I can focus now on news coming out of the camps to sharpen my views and deliver the well-reasoned selections that people need to get an edge in their drafting,\" stated Kramer, a three-time Top 20 Fantasy Football Players Championship Main Event finisher. \"It's a bit of an audacious undertaking, but the growing phenomenon of Fantasy Football deserves this level of commitment and our SGPN audiences always respond.\"\nWith over 25 years' experience in the Fantasy Football space, Kramer has put together over 1,000 teams while overseeing 50 leagues and originating 10 more. The content will include hourly raffles and giveaways plus prop-style contests accessible in the SGPN App and live audience interaction, all free in line with the Sports Gambling Podcast Network's wagering picks and analysis on all popular sports available at www.sportsgamblingpodcast.com.\nKramer will be drafting full teams, consecutively, for the full 24 hours with each cycle expected to take slightly less than one hour. He will intersperse the player selections with traditional wagering commentary on the upcoming NFL season plus analytics drawn from his background as a computer engineer and the myriad skills that have enabled his elite fantasy football accomplishments.\nViewers should expect Kramer to be bullish on Najee Harris of the Pittsburgh Steelers for the running back position based on volume touches in a run-oriented offense led by Mitch Trubisky. He is high on Atlanta Falcons rookie wide receiver Drake London and new Falcons quarterback Marcus Mariota as affordable, point-scoring options. Look for Kramer to stay away from aging Dallas Cowboys running back Zeke Elliott.\n\"Draft Day 2.0\" will also be live on SGPN's Facebook and Twitter.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, NFL, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged fantasy football, sgpn on August 5, 2022 by Jerry Milani.\nSGPN Candidate For SBC's Sports Media Company of Year\nSports Gambling Podcast Network (SGPN), the leading independent sports wagering analysis\/prognostication content provider offering free user content, is among eight companies selected by SBC Awards 2022 as candidates for Sports Media Company of the Year. The announcement of the winner will take place Thursday as the third annual SBC Sports & Betting Conference Summit North America trade show culminates at Pier 60 in Manhattan, New York City.\nSGPN's competition in the category includes some of the most prominent and well-heeled companies in the sports media space, including American Affiliate, Better Collective, Catena North America, MediaTroopers, NBC Sports Next. Playmaker Capital, The Game Day and XLMedia. Almost all are backed by capital resources in the billions or tens of millions of dollars. By contrast, SGPN co-founders Sean Green and Ryan Kramer launched 10 years ago in Green's one-car garage, taking advantage of new technology to push out their content inexpensively and begin building a following.\nIn 2017, Green won $200,000 in a DraftKings Fantasy Competition and SGPN used the money to turn the corner as a profitable, sustainable business. With the repeal of the Professional Sports and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) that following year, SGPN was well positioned to seize the moment and grow the enterprise that now includes 60 contributors and 23 different podcasts providing analysis and selections on 18 wagerable sports plus special events. SGPN is headquartered at a state-of-the-art studio in Los Angeles.\nOther companies that are shortlisted in various categories at the SBC Awards North America 2022 include: Circa Resort & Casino, DraftKings, FanDuel, Penn Interactive, PointsBet, BetMGM, Resorts Digital Gaming and Rush Street Interactive. Awards will be presented in 27 categories as the highlight of the summit finale in front of 600-plus industry executives following two days of events, symposiums and networking sessions at Meadowlands Exposition Centre in Northern New Jersey.\n\"This is as big as it gets in our industry,\" said Green, a Philadelphia-area native. \"We are going up against some of the biggest brands in the space. We started with personal seed money and have continued to grow through traditional channels. Our candidacy for Sports Media Company of the Year is a testament to all the hard work everyone at SGPN has put in over the last 10 years to deliver a high-quality experience for our followers.\"\n\"This is a great way to celebrate our 10th anniversary,\" added Kramer, who hails from the North Jersey community of Scotch Plains. \"We believed we could package sports wagering information in an insightful and entertaining way and it has caught on. It's awesome to see our efforts being recognized.\"\n\"With such strong competition among the Awards entrants, just making it on to the shortlists is a real mark of quality, so it will be fascinating to learn who our expert judges select as the big winners on the night,\" said Rasmus Sojmark, Founder and CEO of SBC.\nThe SBC Awards North America Awards is the culmination of a week of events at the SBC Summit North America, the biggest conference and trade show for the sports betting and iGaming industries in the US and Canada. The awards recognize the achievements of operators, affiliates and suppliers from all the major disciplines including payments, marketing, platform providers and data.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged awards, sgpn on July 12, 2022 by Jerry Milani.\nAntonio Gates, Fanduel And Lupus Research Alliance Partner On A Daily Fantasy Contest To Fund Research\nIn support of the millions of people living with lupus, FanDuel has partnered with the Lupus Research Alliance and Legendary Chargers Tight End, Antonio Gates for a \"Super Duel for a Difference\" daily fantasy contest on FanDuel to help fund research for a cure for lupus. \u200b\nDuel for a Difference, a signature FanDuel initiative, is a daily fantasy contest where entry fees are donated back to a charity or organization. FanDuel often partners with a celebrity or pro athlete to support these initiatives by playing against customers in the contest, and identify organizations the celebrity is passionate about.\nThe Super Duel for a Difference contest with Antonio Gates will take place for the Kansas City Chiefs vs. Los Angeles Chargers game on Thursday night, 12\/16\/21. The contest will cost $5 to enter, and FanDuel will be donating all entry fees from the contest back to the Lupus Research Alliance, a cause that has a close personal connection for Gates. Gates will draft his own team and play alongside everyone, and the winner of the contest will receive two tickets to Super Bowl LVI in February.\nFor more information about Duel for a Difference, and to sign up, donate and play, please visit https:\/\/www.fanduel.com\/games\/68565\/contests\/68565-253048613\/enter.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, NFL, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged fanduel, fantasy football, lupus on December 15, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nSGPN Outpaces Industry Growth Projections With Almost 3 Million Downloads In 2021\nSports Gambling Podcast Network (SGPN), the only major independent sports wagering media network that places a premium on entertainment value and free user content, will clobber industry growth projections with a 30 per cent year-over-year increase in total downloads during the course of 2021.\nAccording to the podcast analytics website Megaphone, SGPN has amassed a total of 2,848,068* downloads since January, led by the popular Sports Gambling Podcast, which focuses on the most prominent games and issues of the day with selections, analysis and opinions of co-founders and rising stars Sean Green and Ryan Kramer. SGPN expects to hit three million downloads by the end of the year.\nSGPN launched eight new podcast feeds this year and has seen marked growth in unique visitors, YouTube views and podcast audiences thanks in part to its affiliation with the BlueWire Podcasts distribution network. SGPN's 30 per cent growth over 2020 compares favorably to the industry-wide podcast consumption growth of 17 per cent reported by prominent media research company Edison Research of Somerville, NJ. http:\/\/www.edisonresearch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Infinite-Dial-2021.pdf\nUnlike the clutter of football- and basketball-specific podcasts and offerings that leverage the prominence of legacy brand network- or betting house-affiliated offerings, SGPN has grown organically and now provides personalities and content from some 50 expert contributors covering all aspects of 10-plus sports, including international soccer, boxing\/MMA and fantasy sports.\n\"The industry battle for eyeballs and listeners in our space is as fierce as it is among the wagering houses who spend millions of dollars to acquire account deposits,\" stated Green, the Philadelphia area native now working out of his SGPN Studios in Los Angeles. \"SGPN is free. We're happy to serve the growing number of sports wagering enthusiasts at no cost with sophisticated picks, analysis, commentary and deep-dive detail. Now, our growth shows that it is appreciated and we're ready to build on that success using our tried-and-true formula heading into 2022, when we'll be celebrating our 10th anniversary.\" Green provides NFL picks on a weekly basis for Burb Media in Philadelphia and is a favored sportstalk radio guest on shows around the country.\nAlso a working stand-up comic in the Los Angeles region, Green used his immersive knowledge to win $200,000 in a DraftKings Daily Fantasy Football (DFS) competition in 2017, enabling him to enhance the SGPN facilities and branding initiatives. The following year, the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992 (PASPA) was struck down by the courts and the current blizzard of growth ensued. Still, fewer than half of the states have legalized sports wagering, so the industry has tremendous expansion ahead, a huge positive for SGPN and other established players.\ncover image: Sean Green, Ryan Kramer (SGPN Photo)\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, Podcasts, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged podcasts, sgpn on December 14, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nGenius Sports, CFL Partner to Grow Fan Engagement and Extend Media Reach Via Sports Data, Global Tech\nGenius Sports, the official data, technology and commercial partner that powers the ecosystem connecting sports, betting and media, today announced a landmark strategic partnership with the Canadian Football League (CFL), the second largest football league globally with over 100 years of history.\nGenius Sports will provide a wide range of technology and services that will enable the CFL to accelerate its growth plans and engage new audiences around the world.\nAs part of the agreement, Genius Sports will have the exclusive rights to commercialize the CFL's official data worldwide and video content with sportsbooks in international markets, replicating the global distribution and success of its official betting products for the EPL and NFL, among others. In connection with the partnership, in addition to the official data rights agreement, Genius Sports and the CFL have also agreed that Genius Sports will acquire a minority stake in CFL Ventures, the new commercial arm of the League, allowing the Company to benefit strategically and financially from the CFL's growth.\nThe CFL will be provided with one of the widest and most innovative data ecosystems in world sport, transforming its relationships with fans, sportsbooks, and media in North America and globally. Bringing together its recent acquisitions of Second Spectrum, Spirable, FanHub and Sportzcast, Genius Sports will power the entire CFL digital infrastructure. This will include live broadcast augmentation, advanced data tracking tools, highly targeted and personalized fan engagement solutions, cross-platform streaming capabilities, play-by-play and scoreboard data collection technology, coaching analytics products, and integrity services to safeguard the league.\n\"Our partnership with Genius Sports has the potential to launch a new era for the CFL,\" said Randy Ambrosie, Commissioner of the Canadian Football League. \"It provides access to the technology and tools we need to engage our existing fans, and reach new ones, in exciting, innovative and highly customized ways. This goes beyond transforming our marketing. It can redefine our relationship with fans, partners and other key stakeholders, here in Canada and globally.\"\n\"By providing the CFL with an incredible range of sports technology solutions, Genius Sports is setting a new precedent for sports partnerships,\" said Mark Locke, CEO of Genius Sports. \"Together, we will revolutionize the entire CFL product, delivering truly immersive experiences for their existing fans and attracting new audiences who crave year-round, top-flight football action.\"\nThis partnership will help facilitate the CFL's growth ambitions, expanding its audience in the U.S., while extending its reach into new international markets. Genius Sports will help the CFL to capitalize on the growth of the North American sports betting market, maximizing revenue and engagement opportunities.\nThe transaction is expected to become effective in January 2022. An O'Melveny & Myers LLP team, led by partners Charles Baker and Amy Siegel and counsel Eric Geffner and Rob Catmull together with McCarthy Tetrault LLP, advised Genius Sports on this transformative transaction.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, NFL, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged cfl, football, genius sports on December 10, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nFanDuel And Pat McAfee Announce Multi-Year Exclusive Content Partnership Agreement\nLincoln Riley bolted Oklahoma for the sun at USC. Brian Kelly left Notre Dame and added a southern accent at LSU. Pat McAfee? He is staying with FanDuel!\nFanDuel Group got its man today, reaching a multi-year agreement with Pat McAfee Inc. (PMI), keeping the sports media industry's fastest-growing star an exclusive partner of America's #1 Sportsbook. The agreement represents a significant expansion of its previous deal and includes a formalized content partnership.\nHighlights of the new agreement:\nFanDuel will remain the official sportsbook of PMI and the Pat McAfee Show with the two companies continuing to deepen and evolve the integration of odds boosts and other promotions across PMI platforms\nFanDuel and the entire team at PMI will attempt to create new shows\/segments that are considered above average beyond the daily show content.\nExpanded co-branded big brain ideas, and customer promotions such as the first ever crowd sourced Spread the Love campaign\nPat McAfee and FanDuel will create a series of annual special edition shows supporting tentpole events (ex. FanDuel NFL Draft Spectacular)\nDevelopment of \"epic\" live events tour including \"on-the-road\" shows throughout the year\nMcAfee and his team to support FanDuel during new state launches\nFanDuel will be investing in PMI's content development capabilities including a new campus\/complex to support its production efforts. This includes the naming and branding rights for the soon to be redesigned live studio for the Pat McAfee Show. The new complex will be known as \"The FanDuel Igloo\" and will house production studios, a lounge, basketball court and golf simulator.\n\"Simply put, Pat McAfee is the sports media industry's fastest growing star and we're thrilled to deepen our relationship with him as our exclusive partner,\" said Mike Raffensperger Chief Marketing Officer, FanDuel Group. \"Pat and his team champion the FanDuel brand and together we've developed groundbreaking content experiences for his audience and our customers alike. Of course, Pat isn't just our best marketing partner, he's also one of our best customers so we expect he will give us some of the money back!\"\n\"This new deal with FanDuel will afford us the opportunity to take things to a different level,\" said McAfee. \"We are incredibly lucky the exclusive Sportsbook of our show remains the #1 Sportsbook in America. I'm excited for the future. With that being said, we still plan on taking every dollar FanDuel has with our Super Boosts, Hammer DAHN picks, and AJ Hawk's big brain.\"\nFanDuel and PMI have been working together for several years and the Pat McAfee Show has become the gold standard of how to effectively integrate and deliver live odds and sports betting insights and commentary. Whether it's branded McAfee odds boosts, enhanced odds or other special promotions the partnership between PMI and FanDuel has fueled a content genre that is now emulated but rarely duplicated across the sports media landscape.\nimage: credit Flickr\/Angie Six\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged fanduel, mcafee on December 9, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nNational Lacrosse League Launches Pick 'Em Challenge\nThe National Lacrosse League (@NLL), the largest and most successful professional lacrosse property in the world, today announced the launch of the NLL Pick 'Em Challenge for the 2021-22 Season in partnership with Genius Sports (NYSE:GENI). Each week, fans will answer 10 questions relating to the upcoming weekends action for their chance to win cash and other prizes. Fans have the chance to win a weekly $10,000 prize should they answer every question correctly in any regular season week. The free-to-play game is available for fans at www.nllpickem.com\/.\n\"NLL Pick 'Em is another way that fans can stay engaged with the league and its players on a deeper level, encouraging greater knowledge of the game and rewarding our most loyal supporters,\" said NLL Commissioner Nick Sakiewicz. \"And with all of our games more accessible in the U.S. and Canada, following the progress of their NLL Pick 'Em selections will be easier than ever.\"\nNLL Pick 'Em was developed in association with Genius Sports, the official data and technology partner that powers the ecosystem connecting sports, betting, and media. Genius Sports was also selected to develop the NLL Summer Polling Challenge which ran during the summer of 2021, asking NLL fans their opinions on a variety of topics.\nFor the most up to date information and breaking news, sign up for the NLL newsletter at NLL.com. Also follow Deputy Commissioner Jessica Berman and Commissioner Sakiewicz on Twitter @JessicaBerman1 and @NLLcommish, respectively.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged lacrosse, nll on December 2, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nFanDuel Group Announces Multi-Year Partnership with Jordan Spieth\nJordan Spieth, three-time major champion, is joining the FanDuel Group team as part of an exclusive partnership with America's #1 sportsbook.\nThis new partnership designates FanDuel, an official sports betting partner of the PGA TOUR, as the exclusive sports betting and daily fantasy provider for Jordan Spieth. As part of the relationship, Spieth will be featured in national television commercials and will be the face of FanDuel's golf products. Spieth will work with FanDuel on content for social media and responsible gaming initiatives. FanDuel will also support the Jordan Spieth Family Foundation to continue its great work in the community.\n\"As the world of legal sports betting grows rapidly in the U.S, I'm incredibly excited about what's happening in the space and the potential it has to bring new fans to the sport of golf,\" said Jordan Spieth. \"As the PGA Tour and others in the golf world have strongly embraced legalized sports gaming, I look forward to working with FanDuel to find unique ways to engage the fast-growing fanbase.\"\nSpieth's golf career has been one of dominance from his days as a junior golfer to today, where he is one the most recognizable global stars. Very few golfers have entered the professional ranks with the poise and dominance of Jordan Spieth. He was the youngest player to win on the PGA TOUR in 82 years, when he won the John Deere Classic in 2013 at the age of 19. At 21 years of age he won the 2015 Masters and the 2015 US Open and two years later he won the 2017 Open Championship. 2021 has been a great season for Jordan, who is currently 2nd on the Fed-Ex Cup rankings. He has 9 Top-10 finishes this season, including earning his 12th PGA Tour victory at the Valero Texas Open.\n\"Golf is an incredibly popular sport on the FanDuel platform and we are always looking for new ways to engage the growing golf fanbase and community,\" said Mike Raffensperger, Chief Marketing Officer of FanDuel Group. \"As one of the most universally admired golfers at the top of his game, Jordan Spieth is a perfect fit for our first official golf partner and the face of golf at FanDuel.\"\nSpieth is the newest member of FanDuel's deep roster of exclusive sports betting talent and influencers headlined by Pat McAfee. FanDuel has also formed exclusive sports betting partnerships with blue chip media companies like Pat McAfee Inc., Turner Sports and Bleacher Report. This is all in addition to FanDuel's own sports betting and daily fantasy content offerings that includes numberFire, The Duel, an extensive podcast network with a total of seven podcasts and More Ways to Win on TVG.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged fanduel, golf, jordan spieth, pga, pga tour on August 19, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nFanDuel Unveils Renderings for New Footprint Center Sportsbook in Arizona\nFanDuel, the premier online gaming company in the United States, today unveiled the renderings for its new, luxury sportsbook in the Footprint Center, home to the Phoenix Suns, Phoenix Mercury and Arizona Rattlers, in Phoenix, AZ.\nEarlier this year, FanDuel was named as the Suns' Official Sportsbook and Daily Fantasy Sports Partner, and the FanDuel Sportsbook at Footprint Center will be one of the first sportsbooks in an NBA arena in the entire country.\nStretching over 7,400 square feet, including an outdoor terrace, the FanDuel Sportsbook at Footprint Center will be fans' one-stop-shop to enjoy Suns games and other sporting events around the world while placing wagers on the action. The sportsbook will feature five betting windows, and one VIP window, 40 HD televisions, a 35-foot video wall, an MVP Room and 26 self-service betting kiosks. The FanDuel Sportsbook will be open daily for patrons to place wagers on a wide variety of events throughout the year.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, Major Sports, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged Arizona, fanduel, Footprint Center, sportsbook on August 12, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nHall Of Fantasy League Unveils Inaugural Front Office Staff Of Former NFL Standouts\nHall of Fame Resort and Entertainment Company (\"HOFV\" or the \"Company\") (NASDAQ: HOFV, HOFVW), the only resort, entertainment and media company centered around the power of professional football, today announced the Front Office staffs for the 10 franchises competing in the inaugural season of the Hall Of Fantasy League (\"HOFL\"), the first national league that allows sports fans to experience a fantasy football team with a community of shared Stakeholders. As a result of HOFV's partnership with StakeKings, fans who purchase a stake in any of the HOFL's teams are eligible to receive their pro rata share of winnings based on the success of their respective franchise during the 2021-22 season. Fans can purchase stakes today by clicking here.\nEach franchise will consist of a dedicated Front Office comprised of prominent fantasy experts and former NFL players, who will serve as General Managers and Team Captains. The Front Office staffs will be responsible for the configuration and daily management of rosters as well as regular engagement with their respective franchise's Stakeholders. The Front Office personnel for the 2021-22 season include:\nTeam Team Captains General Managers\nAtlantaHot Wings Harry Douglas\u00b7 10-year NFL career\u00b7 7 seasons with Atlanta Falcons\u00b7 Career totals of 310 receptions, 3,759 receiving yards, 10 receiving TDs Joe Dolan\u00b7 Co-Owner and Managing Editor of Fantasy Points\u00b7 FantasyPros #1 Cumulative Ranker 2014-2018\u00b7 Co-Host of SiriusXM Fantasy Football Gameday & the Fantasy Feast Podcast Graham Barfield\u00b7 Co-Owner and Director of Analytics at Fantasy Points\u00b7 Formerly worked for Fantasy Guru and NFL Network\u00b7 Originator of charting process Yards Created\nBostonBarflies Patrick Chung\u00b7 11-year NFL career \u2013 10 with New England Patriots\u00b7 3x Super Bowl Champion\u00b7 Career totals of 11 INTs and 778 combined tackles John Paulsen\u00b7 Director of Forecasting at 4for4 Fantasy Football\u00b7 FantasyPros Most Accurate 2010 & 2014\u00b7 FantasyPros top 6 accuracy in 9 of last 11 years Jennifer Eakins\u00b7 Senior Editor and Writer at 4for4 Football\u00b7 Co-Host of The Most Accurate Podcast (TMAP)\u00b7 Contributor for Yahoo Fantasy Sports\nChicagoHogmollies Eddie Royal\u00b7 9-year NFL career \u2013 2 with Chicago Bears\u00b7 Career totals of 408 receptions, 4,357 receiving yards, 28 receiving TDs\u00b7 4 600+ receiving yard seasons Jeff Ratcliffe\u00b7 Fantasy Sports Analyst at FTN Fantasy\u00b7 Host for SiriusXM Fantasy Radio\u00b7 CBS Sports Network TV Analyst\nLos AngelesSidekicks Ricky Proehl\u00b7 17-year NFL career \u2013 5 with St. Louis Rams\u00b7 2x Super Bowl Champion\u00b7 Career totals of 669 receptions, 8,878 receiving yards, 54 receiving TDs Christopher Harris\u00b7 Host of the Harris Football Podcast\u00b7 FSWA \"Best Fantasy Podcast\" winner\u00b7 Renowned for evaluating fantasy via game film on YouTube.com\/harrisfootball\nNew YorkBodega Cats Rashad Jennings\u00b7 8-year NFL career \u2013 3 with New York Giants\u00b7 Career totals of 3,772 rushing yards, 1,469 receiving yards, 23 rushing TDs\u00b7 Contestant on Season 24 of Dancing with the Stars Scott Engel\u00b7 Writer at RotoBaller\u00b7 Host of RotoBaller Radio on SiriusXM Fantasy Sports Radio\u00b7 FSWA Hall of Famer known in the industry as \"The King\" Raphael Rabe\u00b7 Co-Founder of RotoBaller\u00b7 Host of RotoBaller Radio on SiriusXM Fantasy Sports Radio\u00b7 Outspoken fantasy sports talking head known as \"Real Talk Raph\"\nOhioGOATS Joe Thomas\u00b7 11-year NFL career with Cleveland Browns\u00b7 10x Pro Bowler; 6x First Team All Pro Offensive Lineman\u00b7 NFL 2010s All-Decade Team Michael Fabiano\u00b7 Senior Fantasy Analyst for Sports Illustrated\u00b7 FSWA Hall of Famer\u00b7 Formerly of NFL Network and \"The NFL Today\" on CBS Bob Harris\u00b7 Senior Editor for FootballDiehards.com\u00b7 FSWA Hall of Famer & first-ever Fantasy Football Writer of the Year 2005\u00b7 Host for SiriusXM Fantasy Sports Radio\nPhiladelphiaPowderkegs Jason Avant\u00b7 10-year NFL career \u2013 8 with Philadelphia Eagles\u00b7 Career totals of 346 receptions, 4,118 receiving yards, 13 receiving TDs\u00b7 14th on Eagles all-time receptions list (297) Adam Caplan\u00b7 NFL Reporter, now in his 20th season\u00b7 Host on SiriusXM NFL Radio & SiriusXM Fantasy Sports Radio\u00b7 Host of \"Inside the Birds\" Eagles podcast\nSeattleHaze Justin Forsett\u00b7 9-year NFL career \u2013 4 with Seattle Seahawks\u00b7 1x Pro Bowler\u00b7 Career totals of 3,890 rushing yards, 210 receptions, 19 rushing TDs Melissa Jacobs\u00b7 Founder and Managing Editor of The Football Girl (TFG)\u00b7 NFL Columnist at The Guardian\u00b7 Former Fantasy Analyst at espnW and NFL Editor at Sports Illustrated Pat Fitzmaurice\u00b7 Winner of FantasyPros' 2020 Ranking Accuracy Contest\u00b7 Contributor to The Football Girl and Footballguys.com\u00b7 Host of the Fitz on Fantasy Podcast\nTexasY'allers Darren Woodson12-year NFL career with the Dallas Cowboys3x Super Bowl Champ; 5x Pro Bowler: 4x First Team All-Pro SafetyCareer totals of 23 INTs, 12 forced fumbles, 967 combined tackles Sigmund Bloom\u00b7 Co-Owner of Footballguys.com\u00b7 Current all-time #1 in the FFPC Pros vs. Joes Competition\u00b7 Co-Host of The Audible & On The Couch podcasts Joe Bryant\u00b7 CEO & Co-Founder of Footballguys.com\u00b7 FSWA Hall of Famer\u00b7 Mr. Rogers > Aaron Rodgers\u2026 and he likes Aaron Rodgers\nVegasPocket Kings Marquette King7-year NFL career \u2013 6 with Oakland Raiders1x Second Team All-Pro Punter46.7 yards per punt \u2013 tied for 4th all time Jeff Mans\u00b7 Part-Owner and President of Elite Sports Network\u00b7 Host for SiriusXM Fantasy Sports Radio\u00b7 Has earned over one million dollars in fantasy sports winnings\nTerrell Davis, Commissioner of the HOFL and Pro Football Hall of Famer, said, \"The HOFL is rolling into its inaugural season with serious momentum as the pre-season ramps up and Stakeholders lay claim to their teams. There is a high level of anticipation for the League within the NFL, fantasy and sports fan communities. I am thrilled to be part of this transformational League season and look forward to the franchise battles and trash talking ahead!\"\nMichael Crawford, President and Chief Executive Officer of HOFV, stated, \"It's the beginning of fantasy football season and we could not be more excited to unveil the Front Offices for the 2021-22 season of the HOFL! The HOFL offers a unique value proposition for fantasy sports fans unlike any other national league. It is the only place where fans can be part of a fantasy franchise that is managed by some of the top fantasy experts and beloved former players, and be eligible for a pro rata share of season winnings. Let the games begin!\"\nEach franchises' Front Office will take input from their Stakeholders and crowdsource decisions regarding their teams, but will ultimately have sole discretion on all decision-making. General Managers will interact directly with their respective Stakeholders on the HOFL app via their team's feeds, and can take part in exclusive team chats and a direct message feature called \"DM the GM.\" General Managers will also contribute weekly content on the HOFL app by providing commentary and analysis regarding roster decisions, trades, waiver wire pickups and previewing and recapping key matchups, while Team Captains will provide distinct fantasy insights, analysis and perspective that reflects their experience in the League. Team Captains will also periodically engage with Stakeholders on the HOFL app. The HOFL app will be available on the App Store and Google Play in the coming weeks.\nThe HOFL will leverage its access to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, NFL alumni and fantasy football personalities to create original video, audio and written league-focused content that will be hosted on its platform, helping to entertain, educate and engage team Stakeholders throughout each week of the season. To keep up to date on the latest news surrounding the HOFL \u2013 including the date of the first draft in League history \u2013 fans can visit www.thehofl.com or listen to The HOFL Podcast on Apple Podcasts, Soundcloud or Spotify. Fans of the HOFL can also purchase team apparel of their favorite franchises via the League website.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, NFL, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged darren woodson, fantasy football, joe thomas, nfl, terrell davis on July 22, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nLive-Action 'Fantasy Football' Film Gets Go-Ahead\nNickelodeon and Awesomeness Films today announced the production of new original live-action movie Fantasy Football, executive produced by The SpringHill Company (Space Jam: A New Legacy), the empowerment-led media conglomerate spearheaded by LeBron James and Maverick Carter and in partnership with wunderkind and creative mastermind Marsai Martin and Joshua Martin of Genius Entertainment (Little). In Fantasy Football, 15-year-old Carmen Coleman (Marsai Martin, Black-ish) discovers she can control her professional football player dad's prowess on the field through her video game. Zoe Marshall (Charmed) is writing the Fantasy Football screenplay, based on an original screenplay by Richard T. Jones & Jeremy Loethen and Tim Ogletree. Marshall is represented by JR McGinnis at Felker Toczek Suddleson Abramson, Ashley Holland at WME and Adesuwa McCalla at MetaMorphic Entertainment. Spencer Beighley and Jamal Henderson of The SpringHill Company are executive producing along with Carol Martin for Genius Entertainment. Jamila Jordan-Theus will produce for Genius Entertainment as well. Production is set to begin in early 2022.\nAdditionally, Nickelodeon and Awesomeness Films announced production on Hush Hush, a film adaptation of the New York Times best-selling young adult (YA) novels by Becca Fitzpatrick. Hush Hush follows 16-year-old high school student Nora Grey, who befriends new student, Patch, and finds herself drawn to his brooding charm against her better judgment. As Nora starts seeking answers about who Patch really is, she unwittingly gets caught in the crosshairs of an ancient battle between fallen angels and the immortal \u2014 a struggle that comes to threaten her life and reveals a shocking secret about her own identity. The Hush Hush screenplay is being written by Monet Clayton (Every Note Played), with production slated for late 2021 in partnership with BCDF Pictures and Entertainment 360. Clayton is represented by ICM, Fourth Wall and attorney Sean Marks.\nBoth films, led by Nickelodeon and Awesomeness Films Studio head Syrinthia Studer, are scheduled to bow in 2022.\nFantasy Football and Hush Hush will debut on Paramount+, the streaming service for ViacomCBS, and follow the upcoming launch of The J Team, which premieres on Paramount+ on Sept. 3. The J Team marked the first production under the Nickelodeon and Awesomeness Live-Action Film Studio.\nFollowing on Awesomeness's live-action movie successes including the smash-hit To All The Boys I've Loved Before film franchise, The Perfect Date, and Before I Fall, the combined studio is diving into the family and YA film market with a dozen titles lined up for 2022 and beyond.\n\"We are excited to team up with SpringHill and Awesomeness, two creative powerhouses aligned in the mission to celebrate dynamic stories and invoke inspiration within our audiences. Collectively, we are companies that hold the family brand and themes at its core, so this felt like an incredible trifecta to bring Fantasy Football to life. This film is a true reflection of our growing slate: championing new heroes, challenging social 'norms,' and showcasing the power of following your dreams,\" stated Jamila Jordan-Theus, Head of Motion Picture for Genius Entertainment.\nAdded Studer, \"With the continuing growth of Nickelodeon and Awesomeness's live-action film studio business, we are curating a slate of aspirational, heartfelt films for everyone. From the fantasy and romance themes found in Hush Hush, to the love of sport and family captured in Fantasy Football, we can't wait to entertain audiences everywhere with new YA and family stories about what they already love.\"\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged fantasy sports, movie, nickelodeon on July 13, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nNational Lacrosse League Launches Summer 2021 Pick 'Em Game Presented By WOLF Athletics With Daily Prizes\nIt's not too early to think about the upcoming National Lacrosse League (@NLL) season, and in that spirit, the largest and most successful professional lacrosse property in the world today launched the NLL Summer 2021 Pick 'Em presented by WOLF Athletics, a daily opinion poll game continuing through July 21. The free to play game will let fans cast their votes and express their views on all aspects of the league. Daily prizes such as team and NLL merchandise, memorabilia, box lacrosse gear, 2021-22 single game tickets and an NLL Getaway Weekend Grand Prize including travel, hotel, and the chance to attend a select NLL game in 2021-22 will reward fans for responses to queries like best players by position, league awards, rules, logos, milestones and more.\nEach day, NLL Summer 2021 Pick 'Em will pose two to four questions at https:\/\/www.nll.com\/nll-pick-em\/, amplified through the league and teams' social media channels. A player can win daily prizes by playing the game (t-shirt, hats, backpacks, sweatshirts, game-worn jerseys, tickets and more) and can increase their chances of winning the Grand Prize by playing every day.\n\"NLL Summer 2021 Pick 'Em presented by WOLF Athletics is a great way for fans to continue to engage with the league, teams and other fans as we get ready for the new season,\" said NLL Commissioner Nick Sakiewicz. \"The buzz around recent events like the Expansion Draft and franchise announcements have shown there is a year-round interest in the NLL, and working with our amazing partners FanHub and WOLF Athletics on this game will help keep that excitement going as we work towards Face Off Weekend.\"\nTogether FanHub and the NLL will launch an in-season version of the Pick 'Em Challenge, which will focus on game outcomes and trends, and will debut timed to Face Off Weekend (December 3-4th, 2021). Details will be announced closer to the season.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged contest, fanhub, lacrosse, nll, prizes on July 12, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nSGPN's Ryan Kramer To Launch Fantasy Football 2021 With 24-Hour Draft Day Stream\nFantasy football expert Ryan Kramer will host a 24-hour, live \"Best Ball Draft\" event on multiple video platforms from the Sports Gambling Podcast Network 4K studio in Los Angeles on Tuesday, July 13, in a first-of-its-kind offering of input, advice and entertainment for hobbyists and fanatics around the country. The live stream will begin at 1 p.m. PT and will be available on YouTube at http:\/\/sg.pn\/YouTube.\nThe co-founder of Sports Gambling Podcast Network (www.sportsgamblingpodcast.com) has been preparing for weeks for this marathon test of knowledge and stamina. Kramer is among America's top experts in the fantasy football space as the 10-time Fantasy Football Players Championship (FFPC) Main Event league winner. He will focus primarily on the prominent \"Best Ball\" format, an innovative form of season-long fantasy that requires no week-to-week management after the draft. Participants simply select their 18-player team before the season and each week they receive the points of their roster's top-performing player at each position. He will use the popular Underdog Fantasy App and viewers will be able to jump into the stream and interact with Kramer during the historic proceedings.\n\"Fans are returning to the stadiums, training camps open July 27 and the first pre-season game is August 5,\" offered Kramer, who is a two-time Draft Kings Best Ball League winner in daily fantasy competition. \"There is a perfect storm of peaking interest now as we emerge from the global pandemic with the NFL ready for a new season.\nFantasy football is bigger than ever, so we're prepared to launch the 2021 edition of the Best Ball phenomenon in a special way.\" Throughout the stream, Kramer will be giving away 15 free entries to Underdog Fantasy's Best Ball Mania tournament in which participants have a chance to win $1,000,000 in prize money.\nWith Kramer committing to the 24-hour effort, the Sports Gambling Podcast Network (SGPN) App will conduct a $500 props contest for Draft Day viewers who attend the livestream. In the hours preceding, viewers will be able to answer various prop bet questions regarding Kramer's physical well-being and how many different teams he'll put together during the timespan. The contest, available only on the SGPN App, will include questions like:\n\u2022 How many times will Ryan Kramer fall asleep \u2013 over\/under 5.\n\u2022 Total number of fantasy teams drafted \u2013 over\/under 20.5.\n\u2022 Total number of bathroom breaks \u2013 over\/under 9.5.\nThe SGPN App is available on all devices and is downloadable at Apple's App Store, the Google Play Store, and from www.SportsGamblingPodcast.com.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, NFL, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged fantasy football on July 9, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nSGPN App Debuts Via Sports Gambling Podcast Network\nSports Gambling Podcast Network\u2122 has taken the next step in providing easy access to its expanding array of assets and content by making available the app \"SGPN\" beginning this month.\nThe new, completely free, SGPN app will include content for sports wagerers on the move from over 45 SGPN writers and personalities plus exclusive access to multiple, free audience contests. The SGPN app is available on all devices and is downloadable at Apple's App Store, the Google Play Store, and from www.SportsGamblingPodcast.com. SGPN is the only independently-owned and operated sports gambling media network that places a premium on entertainment value.\n\"Our industry is exploding. Our followers have been asking for an app and we're happy we're able to deliver. The SGPN app is the perfect tool for the second screen sports gambling experience,\" stated Sean Green, SGPN co-founder, CEO and co-host of the popular Sports Gambling Podcast. \"So many sports gambling networks charge for their content, but all our picks, posts and podcasts are free, so naturally the app is free as well.\" Green and co-founder Ryan Kramer launched SGPN in 2011 and have since amassed a large audience, consistently ranking amongst the top sports-related offerings on the digital landscape.\nThe first bonus for all app downloaders is an NBA playoffs contest with a $1,000 winner-take-all cash prize. Open until June 18, $1,000 NBA Playoffs Contest entrants need only identify the 2021 NBA champion, the number of games to be played in the championship series only, and the total number of points scored in those games.\nThe winner will be the contestant who answers both of the first two questions correctly and is then closest in the point total prediction, which is wildly variable because of all the variable factors. The only requirement for entry into the contest is to have downloaded the app. \"We specialize in simplicity,\" said Green who will oversee the awarding of $20,000 in free contests per year on the app. \"The app is easy to use and our contests are even easier.\"\nThis entry was posted in Fantasy Sports, Major Sports, Podcasts, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged podcast, sgpn on June 30, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nFanDuel Group Selects Ponce City Market For Atlanta Technology Campus\nFanDuel Group has announced a venue selection for its new technology campus which will be located at Ponce City Market in Atlanta, GA. The company selected the historic and revitalized building in the Old Fourth Ward neighborhood as the new technology hub for its software engineering, product development, user experience (UX) and user interface (UI) teams. The company plans to grow its Atlanta-based workforce to approximately 900 colleagues over the next five years. These colleagues will be housed in a newly built-out 68,000 square foot space on the building's third floor.\n\"Ponce City Market is the perfect location for our new technology campus and reflects our commitment to becoming a central part of the Atlanta corporate footprint,\" said Sarah Butterfass, Chief Product Officer for FanDuel Group. \"This historic building offers our employees a blend of old-world charm, cutting edge sophistication and modern amenities that will deliver an unmatched working environment. Additionally, its location allows us to build deep ties to Atlanta's diverse pipeline of talent coming from its many top-flight universities.\"\nFanDuel colleagues will benefit from a range of Ponce City Market amenities, including direct access to the Atlanta Beltline, furnished corporate apartments, bike storage and child daycare center on-site, as well as an array of food, entertainment and wellness options.\n\"Over the last few years, Ponce City Market has become a major employment hub for the City of Atlanta,\" said Matt Bronfman, CEO of Jamestown, the real estate investment and management company behind Ponce City Market. \"FanDuel will add to that important distinction and further grow the property's dynamic ecosystem of tech and creative class companies.\"\nPonce City Market first opened its doors in 2013 and has since been credited as a catalyst for revitalizing the Old Fourth Ward neighborhood. The property currently includes 643,000 square feet of Class-A office, with 300,000 square feet of curated retail, over 75,000 square feet of entertainment, and over 36 food and beverage purveyors. Ponce City Market hosts at least 8-12 events and activations each week. The award-winning building has been recognized as a LEED Gold Building Design & Construction, as well as the 2018 Mixed Use Building of the Year from BOMA TOBY.\nPonce City Market recently unveiled new plans to include 500,000 square feet of new development and neighborhood amenities. Designed with a focus on sustainability and wellness, the site is expected to bring an office building, outdoor courtyard surrounded by 38,000 sq. ft. of shopping and dining, and more than 400 units in a new \"hospitality living\" concept to the Old Fourth Ward neighborhood.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged fanduel, ponce city market on June 14, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nGehrig Career Simulations and 'What If' Highlight Strat-O-Matic Celebration Of Lou Gehrig Day\nStrat-O-Matic, the market leader in sports simulation, today released the results of three simulations tied to baseball's observation of \"Lou Gehrig Day\" as part of its celebration of the endeavor across the sport. Full details of each simulation are posted at http:\/\/www.strat-o-matic.com.\nThe first is a \"Home Run Derby\" featuring two pairs of famed Yankee sluggers during their most prolific seasons. Gehrig took on his 1927 teammate Babe Ruth and 1961 \"M&M Boys\" Mickey Mantle and Roger Maris in a 10 at-bat format. Gehrig hit just one home run in his first four at bats to two by each of the other competitors, but slammed five in his last six times up to win with six bombs to four each by Ruth, Maris and Mantle.\nSecond is an imagined contest in which all the competitors wore #4 in their careers. In the simulation, which pitted the N.L. vs. the A.L. Gehrig went 0-for-4 against Blake Snell and 1950s journeyman Hal Jeffcoat, but his Junior Circuit squad took a 3-0 verdict behind two home runs by Hall of Famer Goose Goslin and eight innings of four-hit pitching by 1960s lefty George Brunet.\nIn the final simulation, Strat-O-Matic reimagined Gehrig's career had he not been stricken with ALS, beginning with the 1938 season, during which his numbers were likely reduced in the early stages of the disease. In the replay, Gehrig plays through 1942, his age 39 season, amassing a total of 676 doubles (which would have placed him third at the time of his retirement, instead of 11th), 610 home runs (second, rather than third) and 2488 RBI (first, instead of third).\nIn addition to conducting the simulations, Strat-O-Matic will donate 10% of net sales today (June 2) to The ALS Association Greater New York Chapter, home region to Gehrig and the game company celebrating its 60th year. June 2 was both the day that Gehrig began his consecutive games played streak in 1925 (first game started), and the date of his death in 1941. In addition to increasing awareness of the disease and fundraising to fight it, Lou Gehrig Day also serves to celebrate those working to end ALS.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, Major Sports, MLB, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged als, baseball, gehrig, simulation, strat-o-matic, yankees on June 2, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nStrat-O-Matic To Celebrate Lou Gehrig Day With Simulations, ALS Association Donation\nWith the recent announcement that baseball will observe \"Lou Gehrig Day\" annually on June 2, Strat-O-Matic, the market leader in sports simulation, today unveiled its plans to honor the all-time great first baseman whose untimely passing from ALS cut short his legendary career. In addition to donating 10% of net sales on that date to The ALS Association Greater New York Chapter, home region to Gehrig and the game company celebrating its 60th year, Strat-O-Matic will simulate several scenarios related to the Hall of Famer.\nBeginning on Monday, May 31, and continuing through Wednesday, Strat-O-Matic will release three simulations by its research team that include an extension of Gehrig's career past 1939, had he not been stricken with the progressive neurodegenerative disease that often bears his name; a home run derby between Gehrig, Babe Ruth, Mickey Mantle and Roger Maris; and a contest featuring all-time stars who wore his famed #4.\nLou Gehrig (Met Museum\/The Jefferson R. Burdick Collection)\nJune 2 was both the day that Gehrig began his consecutive games played streak in 1925, and the date of his death in 1941. In addition to increasing awareness of the disease and fundraising to fight it, Lou Gehrig Day also serves to celebrate those working to end ALS.\n\"Lou Gehrig's accomplishments on the field and impact off the field are immense, and we're pleased to be honoring him as part of baseball's new Lou Gehrig Day across the sport,\" said Adam Richman, Strat-O-Matic President. \"We are proud to incorporate a donation to the ALS Association Greater New York Chapter and we hope fans will enjoy the simulations around one of our most popular historical players.\"\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, MLB, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged als, baseball, gehrig, simulation, strat-o-matic, yankees on May 27, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nCaptain Morgan, Fanduel Announce Exclusive Soccer Contest Partnership\nCaptain Morgan and FanDuel have announced today the launch of the Captain Morgan Soccer Pick 'Em contest series as one of the most highly anticipated seasons in the history of the United States and Canada's top-flight professional soccer league gets underway. Fans across the country have been waiting months to settle back into their gameday routines, and this season, they'll be able to play for a chance to win cash prizes as they cheer on their teams each week.\nOn Saturdays (and other designated days) throughout the 2021 regular season and postseason, the Captain Morgan Soccer Pick 'Em contest series will offer fans 21 and up the chance to win cash prizes\u2020 by making quick predictions about the day's matches and earning points for each correct pick. Prizes will be awarded each week, and even if you don't score with all of your picks, you could still take home a share\u2021 of up to $3,000 in total winnings!\u2020\n\"Enthusiasm for the game of soccer in America is at an all-time high, and we're so excited to be working with Captain Morgan as our first soccer partner ahead of what will undoubtedly be a season to remember,\" said Alyssa Zeleznik, VP of Sponsorship & Advertising Sales, FanDuel. \"We are fully aligned with Captain Morgan in that we both strive to give fans a fun and engaging way to enhance their viewing experience, and we can't wait to get this season going with the Captain Morgan Soccer Pick 'Em.\"\n\"All of us at Captain Morgan have been looking forward to this season for several months now, and we know there are millions of soccer fans out there who are as eager as we are to see teams back in action at their home stadiums once again,\" said Sam Salameh, Vice President Captain Morgan. \"We know soccer fans are some of the most passionate in all of sports, and we can't wait to help fuel that passion. We're so thrilled to have found a partner in FanDuel that will help us offer fans new ways to consume and engage with the game we all love this season.\"\nIn addition to the Captain Morgan Soccer Pick 'Em contest series, Captain Morgan will also be activating across various platforms throughout the season to remind soccer fans to Sub in the Captain for any monotonous, bland or just plain boring elements of their gameday routines that may be in need of a refresh. As soccer fans know best, substitutions are a key part of any match \u2013 managers must make the decision to bring on the right players at the right times, whether it be for tactical reasons or to give the team a necessary spark.\nThis season, Captain Morgan encourages fans to take the same approach when managing their drink choices. When your gameday routine becomes flat and sluggish, introduce some variety and spice things up by subbing in a Captain Morgan cocktail that's fun and delicious. With a new season comes an opportunity for new traditions, new experiences and making new memories, so no matter what team you're rooting for this year, be sure to Sub in the Captain and make it one to remember with Captain Morgan.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured, Soccer and tagged contest, soccer on April 22, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nNFL Announces Official Sports Betting Partners\nThe National Football League (NFL) today announced their first-ever U.S. sportsbook partnerships naming three exclusive partners. As part of the multi-year agreement, FanDuel becomes an Official Sports Betting Partner of the NFL and will have the ability to leverage NFL marks within the sports betting category and activate around retail and online sports betting. The company will also engage with fans through NFL-themed free-to-play games.\nFanDuel, becomes the NFL's newest partner and will have a series of content integrations including both in-game and post-game highlights directly available within its sportsbook and fantasy sports platforms this coming season. The company will have access to footage rights that bring the NFL's excitement to FanDuel's owned and produced content across its various platforms and will work with the League on pre-game integration opportunities on the NFL Network for the seven regular season games the network will air in 2021.\n\"On Superbowl Sunday we got a glimpse at how powerful the combination of the NFL's excitement and our platform can be in delivering an enhanced fan experience. We are delighted to make that combination official by pairing America's #1 sportsbook with America's #1 sports league,\" said Matt King, Chief Executive Officer at FanDuel. \"This partnership provides our shared customers with a new level of innovation and unmatched premium content directly within our platform ultimately enhancing every gameday.\"\nAdditionally, FanDuel will have the right to integrate relevant sports betting content directly into NFL Media properties including NFL.com and the NFL App. FanDuel will enhance fan experiences with NFL highlights, footage and Next Gen Stats content.\n\"As the sports betting landscape has continued to evolve in the United States, we have been thoughtful with our strategy and are excited to announce three partners who share the NFL's vision and goals,\" said Renie Anderson, Chief Revenue Officer and Executive Vice President of NFL Partnerships.\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, In The Biz, In The Law, Major Sports, NFL, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged fanduel, nfl on April 15, 2021 by Jerry Milani.\nFanDuel Group Collaborates with MotorCity Casino As Official Gaming Partner Of Tigers, Red Wings\nFanDuel Group today announced a new collaboration with MotorCity Casino that provides FanDuel Sportsbook with official gaming partner status with the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Red Wings, two of Detroit's most iconic professional sports franchises.\nFanDuel Sportsbook will be prominently featured on static and digital signage at both Comerica Park and Little Caesars Arena \u2013 including the outfield wall and on dasher boards \u2013 and be featured on the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Red Wings Radio Networks, which reach fans across the state of Michigan.\nIn collaboration with MotorCity Casino, FanDuel Group recently launched a fully integrated, real money online gaming experience for residents and visitors to the state of Michigan. The FanDuel Sportsbook & Casino app and the standalone FanDuel Casino app are both available for iOS and Android.\n\"After a very successful launch in Michigan, we are excited to continue our momentum by partnering in this way with two of the most iconic sports organizations in the country,\" said Mike Raffensperger, CMO of FanDuel Group. \"To celebrate, we are offering a $25 registration bonus for all eligible Red Wings and Tigers fans that use the code DETROIT after registering for a FanDuel Sportsbook account.\"\nThis partnership with the Tigers is part of FanDuel Group's continued strategy of aligning with Major League Baseball teams in markets where mobile gaming is permitted. FanDuel is recognized by Major League Baseball as one of roughly fifteen MLB Authorized Gaming Operators. FanDuel is also an official sports betting partner of the National Hockey League.\nThe Tigers and Red Wings are also marketing partners with MotorCity Casino. MotorCity Casino is FanDuel Group's sports betting and casino collaborator in Michigan, and the home of the state-of-the-art FanDuel Sportsbook at MotorCity Casino in Detroit that opened in March 2020. Little Caesars Arena, home of the Red Wings, features the MotorCity Casino Club where fans in select seating locations will, when safe to do so, be able to enjoy a lively VIP experience with gourmet food and beverage options. For select Red Wings road games, MotorCity Casino, when safe to do so, will be hosting viewing parties featuring food, drink, giveaways, and the occasional appearance by a Detroit sports legend. Comerica Park features the MotorCity Casino Tiger Club. Baseball fans will also be able to grab a cold drink at the MotorCity Casino Hotel \"Off Ramp Bar\" located inside Comerica Park.\nFor more information on the FanDuel Sportsbook and sports betting content, follow @FDSportsbook on Twitter. All core services affecting wagering for online gaming and sports betting will be administered by FanDuel, in compliance with gaming law and sports league rules.\ncover image: Pixabay\/bk_advtravlr\nThis entry was posted in Bottom Featured, Fantasy Sports, Featured, Footer Featured, MLB, NHL, Press Releases, Sidebar Featured and tagged detroit, fanduel, red wings on April 5, 2021 by Jerry Milani.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Analyst Upgrades: Barrick Gold Corporation, Freeport-McMoRan Inc, and DuPont\nAnalysts upwardly revised their ratings and price targets on Barrick Gold Corporation (USA) (ABX), Freeport-McMoRan Inc (FCX), and DuPont (DD)\nAlex Eppstein\nOct 3, 2016 at 9:17 AM\nAnalysts are weighing in on mining stocks Barrick Gold Corporation (USA) (NYSE:ABX) and Freeport-McMoRan Inc (NYSE:FCX), as well as industrial conglomerate DuPont (NYSE:DD). Here's a quick roundup of today's bullish brokerage notes on ABX, FCX, and DD.\nABX saw its rating raised to \"buy\" from \"hold\" at Deutsche Bank. Such enthusiasm from the brokerage crowd is relatively rare, considering 12 of 15 analysts rate the shares a \"hold\" or a \"strong sell\" -- leaving plenty of room for additional upgrades. By no means is today's show of positivity unwarranted. In fact, Barrick Gold Corporation has surged 140% year-to-date to trade at $17.72, and is pointed another 0.5% higher ahead of the open. Meanwhile, it remains a great time to purchase premium on short-term options, considering ABX's Schaeffer's Volatility Index (SVI) of 41% ranks in the low 5th percentile of its annual range.\nFCX also was upgraded to \"buy\" from \"hold\" at Deutsche Bank, sending the shares 2.2% higher pre-market, relative to Friday's settlement at $10.86. This comes despite a labor dispute that's broken out at the mining firm's Papua, Indonesia, copper mine. On the charts, Freeport-McMoRan Inc has been chopping mostly between $10-$13 since mid-April, but remains over 60% higher on a year-to-date basis. If today's boost materializes and helps FCX break out of its sideways pattern, additional upgrades are a definite possibility. After all, 10 of 13 analysts consider the long-term outperformer either a \"hold\" or a \"strong sell.\" Then again, the stock has historically struggled during the fourth quarter, so late-year gains are far from guaranteed.\nCitigroup raised its opinion of DD to \"buy\" from \"neutral,\" and bumped its price target up to $76 from $72. However, the European Union (EU) is resuming its probe into the $130 billion merger between DuPont and Dow Chemical Co (NYSE:DOW). Amid the mixed news, DD shares have managed a 1.4% gain ahead of the open. Longer term, though, the stock is more or less flat in 2016, at $66.97. On the sentiment front, short sellers recently rushed the equity. By the numbers, short interest spiked nearly 46% during the last two reporting periods to 14.5 million shares, which would take more than a week to cover, at DD's typical trading rate.\nDon't miss the market's next move! Sign up now for Schaeffer's Midday Market Check","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Andropogon virginicus - Broom Sedge\nSize (3) garden plugs (6) garden plugs (50) garden plugs (3) quarts (6) quarts (18) quarts\nDescription: Broom Sedge \"has green leaves and stems turning dark red-purple then bright orange in late fall. This plant is not recommended for a formal garden and does not tolerate heavy mulch however, it is long-lived. It is a vigorous plant that while it provides excellent ground cover it is not grazed by livestock or wildlife but is good used in managed rural areas.\" (North Carolina Extension)\nHabitat: \"Savannas, flatwoods, maritime wet grasslands, disturbed pinelands, other wetlands; var. virginicus: old fields, roadbanks, disturbed sites.\" (North Carolina Extension)\nAndropogon Virginicus Botany By Dr. John Hilty\n\"The preference is full sun, dry conditions, and a barren soil containing clay, sand, gravel, or rocky material. However, partial sun and more mesic conditions are also tolerated. The dried-out foliage of this grass remains erect and persists throughout the winter into the summer of the following year. This warm-season grass has a C4 metabolism, enabling it to withstand hot dry weather. Most growth and development occurs during the summer and early fall. There is some evidence that the decayed foliage is phytotoxic.\"\n\"Various insects feed on Broom Sedge. These insects include the leafhoppers Stirellus bicolor and Polyamia caperata, the piglet bugs Bruchomorpha dorsata and Bruchomorpha jocosa, the scale insect Aclerda andropogonis, the thrips Plesiothrips andropogoni and Eurythrips hindsi, the leaf beetles Chaetocnema denticulata and Myochrous denticollis, Sphenophorus destructor (Destructive Billbug), caterpillars of Hesperia metea (Cobweb Skipper), and Dissosteira carolina (Carolina Grasshopper). Because of the persistence of the dried-out foliage throughout the winter and into the summer of the following year, this bunchgrass provides shelter for various insects during the winter. It also provides cover and nesting habitat for the Bobwhite Quail, Greater Prairie Chicken, and other wildlife. Birds eating the seeds of Broom Sedge during the winter include the Slate-Colored Junco, Field Sparrow, and Tree Sparrow. The young foliage of this grass is palatable to cattle, deer, buffalo, and other hoofed mammalian herbivores, although older foliage declines in value as a source of forage.\"\n(1) The Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis) eats the seeds of Broom Sedge during the winter.\n(2) The caterpillars of Cobweb Skipper (Hesperia metea) feed on the foliage of Broom Sedge.\nCover: By Show_ryu - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=8379435\nSecond Cover: By Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=6155224\nThird Cover: By Forest & Kim Starr, CC BY 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=6117692\nFourth Cover: By Woodlot at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=17850762\n(1) By VJAnderson - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=83611370\n(2) By jrcagle - https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/63203982, CC BY 4.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=104586524\nNorth Carolina Extension plant description: Andropogon Virginicus (Beard Grass, Bluestem, Broomsedge, Broomstraw, Old-Field Broomstraw) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https:\/\/plants.ces.ncsu.edu\/plants\/andropogon-virginicus\/. Accessed 2 Feb. 2022.\nJohn Hilty botany, cultivation, faunal associations: John Hilty, \"Broom Sedge\", Illinois Wildflowers, the publisher, Copyright 2004-2019. Accessed 2 February 202","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Photo Credit: WWE\nRumor killer on 'leaked' WWE WrestleMania 36 card\nBig name ruled out as Brock Lesnar's WWE WrestleMania opponent\nVince McMahon has yet to decide on key matches for WWE WrestleMania\nTwo big names ruled out as Brock Lesnar opponents for WWE WrestleMania 36\nSPOILER: WWE plans on adding at least three more matches to WrestleMania 35\nIf you thought this year's WrestleMania has too many matches, then your jaw might drop when you hear about that WWE plans on adding at least three more matches to the card.\nJohn Pollock at Post Wrestling is reporting that the latest plans, as of Saturday, are for a Raw Tag Team Title and SmackDown Tag Team title match to be added to WrestleMania 35. That would explain why guys like Aleister Black, Ricochet and The Revival were not announced for the Andre The Giant Memorial Battle Royal. Over on SmackDown, it looks like The Usos will be in a match with The New Day at WrestleMania.\nPollock noted that the SmackDown Tag Team Title match would be a multi-team match. He also noted that the decision to add Raw Tag Team Title match was made after it was decided to move the SmackDown Women's title to the main event.\nAs previously noted, John Cena has agreed to return for WrestleMania 35 and he will be wrestling but it won't be against Kurt Angle. Click here for more on that story.\nThose three matches would bring the match card total up to 17 matches. As noted earlier, this show may end up being the longest pay-per-view in WWE history.\nRelated Topics:Featured, WWE WrestleMania\nMore in WWE News\nThe Rock pays tribute to his late father, Rocky Johnson\nDwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson has taken to his official Instagram account to pay tribute to his...\nSheamus shares what WWE originally wanted to change about his look for recent return\nSheamus recently made his return to WWE television but it was with a look that WWE...\nCharlotte Flair reacts to criticism over WWE booking her too strongly\nCharlotte Flair has found a ton of success in her career with WWE but with that...\nJohn Cena opens up on being at a crossroads in his WWE career\nJohn Cena recently spoke with Collider where he spoke about a wide range of topics. During...\nKurt Angle believes Jon Moxley will return to WWE\nWWE Hall of Famer Kurt Angle believes Jon Moxley will return to WWE one day despite...","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Birth Day: 1963-01-19\nPlace of birth: Wandsworth, London, England, UK\nMartin Bashir is a British television journalist. He has worked both in the UK and United States. His revealing 1995 interview with Princess Diana made his name internationally known, while subsequent revelations of the lies and subterfuge he employed to obtain the interview resulted in a public apology and repudiation by the BBC and Bashir's resignation.\nThe Princess (2022)\nAs Self (archive footage) (uncredited)\nDiana: The Interview that Shook the World (2020)\nAs Self (archive footage)\nThe Last 100 Days of Diana (2017)\nAs Himself\nMajor Fraud (2003)\nAs Host\nLiving with Michael Jackson: A Tonight Special (2003)\nThe Michael Jackson Interview: The Footage You Were Never Meant To See (2003)\nAs Self\nMike Bassett: England Manager (2001)\nAs Interviewer","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Rachel Baum, PhD\nAssociate Professor and Associate Chairperson | Art History and Museum Professions; History of Art\nBusiness and Liberal Arts Center, Room B650A\nBA, Bryn Mawr College\nFellow, Whitney Museum Independent Study Program in Critical Studies\nDr. Baum has been a member of the department since 2012. She is a specialist in modern and contemporary art, new media, and cultural and critical theory. Dr. Baum teaches subjects across many fields and periods, with an emphasis on social and economic history, politics, and identity.\nProfessor Baum is Writing and Research Consultant at Los Angeles contemporary art gallery there-there. She has written recently on the work of contemporary artist Slater Bradley, published in the book Sundoor (.pdf) (Berlin: Kerber, 2018).\nSundoor (.pdf) (Berlin: Kerber Verlag, 2018) ISBN-10: 3735605265\nSkinning: The Art of Kim Joon (.pdf), Sundaram Tagore Gallery, New York, NY (2010)\nHiroshi Senjus Alternative Materialism (.pdf) in Hiroshi Senju (Skira, 2009) ISBN-10: 8861307973\nDaniel Joseph Martinez and the White Wall\/Black Hole System (.pdf) in Daniel Joseph Martinez: A Life of Disobedience (Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2009) ISBN-10: 3775723056\nThe Mirror of Consumption (.pdf) in Andy Warhol by Andy Warhol (Skira, 2009) ISBN-10: 8861308007\nHA 111 History of Western Art and Civilization: Ancient Prehistory Through the Middle Ages\nHA 112 History of Western Art and Civilization: Renaissance to the Modern Era\nHA 214 Art in New York\nHA 231 Modern Art\nHA 234 Warhol and Pop Art (Creator)\nHA 331 Contemporary Art and Culture: 1945 to the Present\nHA 382 Beauty: The Human Ideal in Visual Culture (Creator)\nHA 411 Western Theories of Art","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home Medicine Drugs Hospital Acquired Infections: Distribution and Spread of Bacteria in the Hospital\nHospital Acquired Infections: Distribution and Spread of Bacteria in the Hospital\nMedical News Bulletin\nHospital acquired infections are rampant today. Understanding their origin and how they spread is key to avoiding infection. A recent study characterized bacteria found on hospital surfaces, patients and staff in a new hospital over a 1 year period.\nAn individual's immune system protects them from foreign bodies and organisms. For an immune system to be strong, it needs to be exposed to as many micro-organisms as possible so sufficient immunity can be developed. However, today in the developed world people spend most of their time indoors. This containment can lead to under-developed immune systems. Microorganisms found in this confined environment are few and as a result, the incidence of immunological diseases such as allergies, asthma, and other types of immune-induced connective tissue disorders have increased.\nLax, Simon, and colleagues studied the origin and growth of bacteria found on hospital surfaces, patients and staff. Many studies have assessed bacteria present in intensive care units and neonatal departments; this study aimed to explore the hospital in its entirety. The researchers studied the bacterial diversity throughout the newly built Centre for Care and Diversity hospital under the umbrella of the University of Chicago. It is a hospital that admits patients for a wide range of medical and surgical conditions. They investigated by taking samples from different parts of the building two months before its opening and continued that for a year after its opening. In total 6523 samples were collected from multiple places in the hospital.\nResearchers observed that after opening the hospital, surfaces in the lobbies and the nurse's station seemed to carry a high number of bacteria compared to other close by surfaces such as the floor or the walls. It was interesting to note that the type of bacteria dominant at the nurse's station was the same bacteria that is found in high quantities on the skin. Also of interest was that the pre-opening bacteria present on the nurse's station reduced in number, while the new bacteria grew. While the number of bacteria on the nurse's station increased, it diversified. Diversity was observed in samples of bacteria collected from the floor of the lobby.\nIn comparison, operating rooms (OR) contained low quantities of highly diverse bacteria mainly due to footpaths in-and-out of the OR. Moreover, the bacterial diversity and number were similar on all surfaces. Within patient rooms, the researchers checked for correlations found in bacterial diversity present on different surfaces and patients. The aim was to demonstrate potential pathways that could be responsible for the spread of hospital acquired infections. They found that the bacteria present in patient rooms matched the bacteria seen on the patient's skin within a day of admission, with the highest amounts of bacteria found on bed-rails. Decreased movement of patients was correlated with reduced similarities between the bacteria found on the patient and bed rails.\nThe diversity of bacterial differed from patient to patient depending on the treatment that the patient was undergoing. Pre-admission antibiotics and chemotherapy were noted to influence the bacterial composition present on the patient. Interestingly, the researchers found that the bacterial composition of patients admitted through the emergency room was lower than patients who were admitted via physician appointment.\nThe results of the study are fundamental to understanding the distribution and spread of bacteria in the hospital. Additional investigation is needed to determine the various routes through which a patient can potentially contract a hospital-acquired infection. These results do chart out the beginning of a discussion that is critically important as it increases the awareness of health-care professionals to the distribution of bacteria in a hospital setting.\nWritten By: Dr. Apollina Sharma, MBBS, GradDip EXMD\nPrevious articleNutritional Knowledge of Patients Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft\nNext articleEthnicity and Folic Acid Supplement Use During Pregnancy\nCan statins decrease your risk of glaucoma?\nCould acetaminophen increase stroke risk in older adults with diabetes?\nRegular use of sleeping pills may increase use of blood pressure medication","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Ecological Facilitation between Two Epiphytes through Drought Mitigation in a Subtropical Rainforest\nPei Yu Jian, Feng Sheng Hu, Chiao Ping Wang, Jyh min Chiang, Teng Chiu Lin\nDepartment of Life Science\nPositive species interactions (facilitation) play an important role in shaping the structures and species diversity of ecological communities, particularly under stressful environmental conditions. Epiphytes in rainforests often grow in multiple-species clumps, suggesting interspecies facilitation. However, little is known about the patterns and mechanisms of epiphyte co-occurrence. We assessed the interactions of two widespread epiphyte species, Asplenium antiquum and Haplopteris zosterifolia, by examining their co-occurrence and size-class association in the field. To elucidate factors controlling their interactions, we conducted reciprocal-removal and greenhouse-drought experiments, and nutrient and isotope analyses. Forty-five percent of H. zosterifolia co-occurred with A. antiquum, whereas only 17% of A. antiquum co-occurred with H. zosterifolia. Removing the fronds plus substrate of A. antiquum reduced the relative frond length and specific leaf area of H. zosterifolia, but removing fronds only had little effect. Removing H. zosterifolia had no significant effects on the growth of A. antiquum. H. zosterifolia co-occurring and not co-occurring with A. antiquum had similar foliar nutrient concentrations and \u03b415N values, suggesting that A. antiquum does not affect the nutrient status of H. zosterifolia. Reduced growth of H. zosterifolia with the removal of A. antiquum substrate, together with higher foliar \u03b413C for H. zosterifolia growing alone than those co-occurring with A. antiquum, suggest that A. antiquum enhances water availability to H. zosterifolia. This enhancement probably resulted from water storage in the substrate of A. antiquum, which could hold water up to 6.2 times its dry weight, and from reduced evapotranspiration due to shading of A. antiquum fronds. Greater water loss occurred in the frond-clipped group than the unclipped group between days 3-13 of the drought treatment. Our results imply that drought mitigation by substrate-forming epiphytes is important for maintaining epiphyte diversity in tropic and subtropic regions with episodic water limitations, especially in the context of anthropogenic climate change.\nPublished - 2013 May 31\nHaplopteris\nEvapotranspiration\nJian, P. Y., Hu, F. S., Wang, C. P., Chiang, J. M., & Lin, T. C. (2013). Ecological Facilitation between Two Epiphytes through Drought Mitigation in a Subtropical Rainforest. PloS one, 8(5), [e64599]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0064599\nEcological Facilitation between Two Epiphytes through Drought Mitigation in a Subtropical Rainforest. \/ Jian, Pei Yu; Hu, Feng Sheng; Wang, Chiao Ping; Chiang, Jyh min; Lin, Teng Chiu.\nJian, PY, Hu, FS, Wang, CP, Chiang, JM & Lin, TC 2013, 'Ecological Facilitation between Two Epiphytes through Drought Mitigation in a Subtropical Rainforest', PloS one, vol. 8, no. 5, e64599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0064599\nJian PY, Hu FS, Wang CP, Chiang JM, Lin TC. Ecological Facilitation between Two Epiphytes through Drought Mitigation in a Subtropical Rainforest. PloS one. 2013 May 31;8(5). e64599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0064599\nJian, Pei Yu ; Hu, Feng Sheng ; Wang, Chiao Ping ; Chiang, Jyh min ; Lin, Teng Chiu. \/ Ecological Facilitation between Two Epiphytes through Drought Mitigation in a Subtropical Rainforest. In: PloS one. 2013 ; Vol. 8, No. 5.\n@article{83ac525c20254d10833adb17ff4a7dd1,\ntitle = \"Ecological Facilitation between Two Epiphytes through Drought Mitigation in a Subtropical Rainforest\",\nabstract = \"Positive species interactions (facilitation) play an important role in shaping the structures and species diversity of ecological communities, particularly under stressful environmental conditions. Epiphytes in rainforests often grow in multiple-species clumps, suggesting interspecies facilitation. However, little is known about the patterns and mechanisms of epiphyte co-occurrence. We assessed the interactions of two widespread epiphyte species, Asplenium antiquum and Haplopteris zosterifolia, by examining their co-occurrence and size-class association in the field. To elucidate factors controlling their interactions, we conducted reciprocal-removal and greenhouse-drought experiments, and nutrient and isotope analyses. Forty-five percent of H. zosterifolia co-occurred with A. antiquum, whereas only 17{\\%} of A. antiquum co-occurred with H. zosterifolia. Removing the fronds plus substrate of A. antiquum reduced the relative frond length and specific leaf area of H. zosterifolia, but removing fronds only had little effect. Removing H. zosterifolia had no significant effects on the growth of A. antiquum. H. zosterifolia co-occurring and not co-occurring with A. antiquum had similar foliar nutrient concentrations and \u03b415N values, suggesting that A. antiquum does not affect the nutrient status of H. zosterifolia. Reduced growth of H. zosterifolia with the removal of A. antiquum substrate, together with higher foliar \u03b413C for H. zosterifolia growing alone than those co-occurring with A. antiquum, suggest that A. antiquum enhances water availability to H. zosterifolia. This enhancement probably resulted from water storage in the substrate of A. antiquum, which could hold water up to 6.2 times its dry weight, and from reduced evapotranspiration due to shading of A. antiquum fronds. Greater water loss occurred in the frond-clipped group than the unclipped group between days 3-13 of the drought treatment. Our results imply that drought mitigation by substrate-forming epiphytes is important for maintaining epiphyte diversity in tropic and subtropic regions with episodic water limitations, especially in the context of anthropogenic climate change.\",\nauthor = \"Jian, {Pei Yu} and Hu, {Feng Sheng} and Wang, {Chiao Ping} and Chiang, {Jyh min} and Lin, {Teng Chiu}\",\nT1 - Ecological Facilitation between Two Epiphytes through Drought Mitigation in a Subtropical Rainforest\nAU - Jian, Pei Yu\nAU - Hu, Feng Sheng\nAU - Wang, Chiao Ping\nAU - Chiang, Jyh min\nAU - Lin, Teng Chiu\nN2 - Positive species interactions (facilitation) play an important role in shaping the structures and species diversity of ecological communities, particularly under stressful environmental conditions. Epiphytes in rainforests often grow in multiple-species clumps, suggesting interspecies facilitation. However, little is known about the patterns and mechanisms of epiphyte co-occurrence. We assessed the interactions of two widespread epiphyte species, Asplenium antiquum and Haplopteris zosterifolia, by examining their co-occurrence and size-class association in the field. To elucidate factors controlling their interactions, we conducted reciprocal-removal and greenhouse-drought experiments, and nutrient and isotope analyses. Forty-five percent of H. zosterifolia co-occurred with A. antiquum, whereas only 17% of A. antiquum co-occurred with H. zosterifolia. Removing the fronds plus substrate of A. antiquum reduced the relative frond length and specific leaf area of H. zosterifolia, but removing fronds only had little effect. Removing H. zosterifolia had no significant effects on the growth of A. antiquum. H. zosterifolia co-occurring and not co-occurring with A. antiquum had similar foliar nutrient concentrations and \u03b415N values, suggesting that A. antiquum does not affect the nutrient status of H. zosterifolia. Reduced growth of H. zosterifolia with the removal of A. antiquum substrate, together with higher foliar \u03b413C for H. zosterifolia growing alone than those co-occurring with A. antiquum, suggest that A. antiquum enhances water availability to H. zosterifolia. This enhancement probably resulted from water storage in the substrate of A. antiquum, which could hold water up to 6.2 times its dry weight, and from reduced evapotranspiration due to shading of A. antiquum fronds. Greater water loss occurred in the frond-clipped group than the unclipped group between days 3-13 of the drought treatment. Our results imply that drought mitigation by substrate-forming epiphytes is important for maintaining epiphyte diversity in tropic and subtropic regions with episodic water limitations, especially in the context of anthropogenic climate change.\nAB - Positive species interactions (facilitation) play an important role in shaping the structures and species diversity of ecological communities, particularly under stressful environmental conditions. Epiphytes in rainforests often grow in multiple-species clumps, suggesting interspecies facilitation. However, little is known about the patterns and mechanisms of epiphyte co-occurrence. We assessed the interactions of two widespread epiphyte species, Asplenium antiquum and Haplopteris zosterifolia, by examining their co-occurrence and size-class association in the field. To elucidate factors controlling their interactions, we conducted reciprocal-removal and greenhouse-drought experiments, and nutrient and isotope analyses. Forty-five percent of H. zosterifolia co-occurred with A. antiquum, whereas only 17% of A. antiquum co-occurred with H. zosterifolia. Removing the fronds plus substrate of A. antiquum reduced the relative frond length and specific leaf area of H. zosterifolia, but removing fronds only had little effect. Removing H. zosterifolia had no significant effects on the growth of A. antiquum. H. zosterifolia co-occurring and not co-occurring with A. antiquum had similar foliar nutrient concentrations and \u03b415N values, suggesting that A. antiquum does not affect the nutrient status of H. zosterifolia. Reduced growth of H. zosterifolia with the removal of A. antiquum substrate, together with higher foliar \u03b413C for H. zosterifolia growing alone than those co-occurring with A. antiquum, suggest that A. antiquum enhances water availability to H. zosterifolia. This enhancement probably resulted from water storage in the substrate of A. antiquum, which could hold water up to 6.2 times its dry weight, and from reduced evapotranspiration due to shading of A. antiquum fronds. Greater water loss occurred in the frond-clipped group than the unclipped group between days 3-13 of the drought treatment. Our results imply that drought mitigation by substrate-forming epiphytes is important for maintaining epiphyte diversity in tropic and subtropic regions with episodic water limitations, especially in the context of anthropogenic climate change.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Townsquare Media Updated: March 14, 2022\nSpring 2022 - RULES\nSweepstakes Name: Workday Payday\nSweepstakes Entry Period Dates: April 4, 2022, to April 29, 2022\nStation(s):Lite 98.7\nStation Address: 9418 River Road\nStation City, State, Zip Code: Marcy, NY 13403\nStation Telephone: 315-768-9500\nThe sweepstakes is open to legal residents of Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming who are at least 18 years old as of the date of entry.\nDaily Prizes - Code Words Multiplier Entry: To receive an entry in a drawing for a Daily Prize (as defined below), the entrant must submit the code words that have been announced on-air by a participating station during the Sweepstakes entry period as defined above. Participating radio stations will announce code words each weekday, April 4, 2022 to April 29, 2022, between 6:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. local time. There will be up to ten code words announced daily per participating station. Times of code word announcements will be determined by each station in its discretion. Each station may in its discretion announce fewer than ten code words on any weekday during the entry period. When the code words are announced, listeners will be directed to go to the station's website or mobile app and enter the code word on the sweepstakes page. To constitute a valid entry, the code word must be entered on the applicable station's sweepstakes page by no later than 11:59 p.m. local time on the same day that the code word was announced on-air. Each valid Daily Prize entry will also be included in the drawing for the Grand Prize (as defined below).\nGrand Prize - Entry via Multiplier Button: Participants who wish to enter the Grand Prize drawing but have not completed a valid Daily Prize entry, as described above, may obtain a Grand Prize entry via one of the many non-code word multiplier buttons available on the sweepstakes entry page of a participating station's website. Participant will be prompted to take further action in order to enter, which may include, for example, visiting the station's Facebook page, joining the station's mailing list, subscribing to the station on YouTube, following the station on Twitter, sharing links to the sweepstakes on social media, and visiting advertiser websites (together, the \"Custom Multipliers\"). Completion of the above steps will enter you in to the Grand Prize drawing (\"Grand Prize Entry\"). Only one Grand Prize Entry per person will be valid during the sweepstakes.\nDaily Prize Winner. One Daily Prize winner will be selected with respect to each weekday during the Sweepstakes entry period. Each Daily Prize winner will be selected at random on the following business day. For example, participants who submit their codes works on Tuesday will be entered into a random drawing which will occur on Wednesday. Only one Daily Prize winner will be selected from among all of the Daily Prize entries (i.e. entries via code word submission) across all participating stations received on the applicable weekday.\nGrand Prize Winner. After the conclusion of the Sweepstakes entry period, one Grand Prize winner will be selected from among all Grand Prize entries, across all participating stations, received during the Sweepstakes entry period.\nPrize(s) are subject to availability and other sweepstakes rules. Odds of winning a prize depend on the number of eligible entries with respect to the applicable drawing.\nA total of twenty (20) Daily Prize packages, each consisting of $2,000 (awarded via a payment method determined by Company) (each a \"Daily Prize\"), will be awarded. As noted above, the selection of Daily Prize packages will come from the collective pool of all participating station Daily Prize entries.\nIn addition, one (1) grand prize, consisting of $10,000 (awarded via a payment method determined by Company) (the \"Grand Prize\") will be awarded to one single Grand Prize entrant. The Grand Prize winner will be selected from the collective pool of all participating station Grand Prize entries.\nApproximate total retail value of all prizes collectively is fifty thousand dollars ($50,000). Each potential winner will be notified by phone or email. If chosen as a winner, entrant must return the station's call or email within 48 hours or risk forfeiture of prize. If station is unable to connect with entrant within 48 hours, company reserves the right to choose another winner or increase the value of future prizes. After being chosen, winner must fill out all paperwork (including verification of eligibility and a liability and publicity release) and claim his\/her prize from the Company within 2 weeks from the date winner returns the station's call or email notifying winner that he\/she has won, or winner risks forfeiture of the Prize. In the Company's discretion, winners may be required to receive the prize via mail, to pick up the prize at the participating station or to receive the prize via another method specified by the Company. Failure to claim the Prize within the time frame above constitutes forfeiture of the Prize. If forfeited, the Prize will be awarded to an alternate winner. Prizes are not transferable or exchangeable for any other prize or equivalent prize.\nCompany reserves the right to refuse to award a prize to a selected winner in the event of noncompliance with these rules. Winners are subject to a verification process to include winner's name, address, home phone number, work\/cell phone number, and social security number. If a winner is disqualified, Company reserves the right to determine an alternate winner in its sole discretion. Only one (1) prize can be claimed per household for the duration of the Sweepstakes. Winners are eligible to win only once per lifetime in a Townsquare Media Inc. nationwide and\/or group contest or sweepstakes. Employees of the Company, the Sweepstake's participating sponsors and their advertising agencies, employees of other radio or television stations, and members of the immediate family of any such persons are not eligible to participate and win. The term \"immediate family\" includes spouses, siblings, parents, children, grandparents, and grandchildren, whether as in-laws or by current or past marriage(s), remarriage(s), adoption, co-habitation or other family extension, and any other persons residing at the same household whether or not related.\nThe Company may conduct the Sweepstakes concurrently and simultaneously on several participating stations owned and\/or operated by the Company, and in various states, and the Company may add or remove participating stations or change call letters of any participating station at any time during the Sweepstakes as announced on the affected station. Station participation in this sweepstakes during the sweepstakes dates may vary from day to day. Each station will announce participation. Stations participating in this sweepstakes may include all or some stations owned or operated by Townsquare Media, Inc. and\/or other stations owned and\/or operated by other companies.\nSource: Win Cash Official Rules Spring 2022\nFiled Under: on-air-contest-rules, Win Cash Spring 2022\nDave and Kaylin's Workday Payday, Win Up To $10,000!\n10 Ways You Can Get Ready to Win $10,000 This Spring\nWorkday Payday- Win Cash Official Rules September 2019","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"INTRODUCING KENNETH THOMPKINS'\nSONATAS, SONGS AND SPIRITUALS\nGET THE ALBUM\nRECENT CONCERT EVENTS\nCongratulations on your new recording. I just finished taking a listen, and it's everything you would expect and more from a world-class artist. \"Sonatas, Songs and Spirituals\" is a masterclass in beauty of tone, legato, and phrasing, packaged in a creative offering of standards, fresh new works, and great arrangements that take me back to church. Thanks for sharing your gifts with all of us! This is great!\nWeston Sprott, Metropolitan Opera Trombonist\nJust finished listening to Kenneth Thompkins' new album, \"Sonatas, Songs and Spirituals.\" WOW! What gorgeous music making by all involved!! I found particularly fascinating the 2 new works on the recording: Alto Trombone Sonata by Philip Wharton (which I co-commissioned with Ken and several others) and Ocean of Air by Stephen Andrew Taylor\nJames Nova, Second Trombone Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra\nThere is one word that comes to mind upon listening, and that word is \"Inspirational.\" Not only are the technical aspects of your playing inspirational, but the message you convey on every composition is inspirational as well. In other words your playing is impeccable in every technical sense (pitch, tuning, tonguing, range, rhythm, flexibility\u2013), but beyond this you deliver a musical and personal message in a beautiful manner. And this inspirational message is delivered, of course, in the Spirituals and Songs but also in the standard classical pieces such as the Carlos Salzedo \"Piece Concertainte\" and in the Alex Wilder \"Sonata.\"\nDr. Irv Wagner\nPast-President of the International Trombone Association\nKenneth Thompkins's new recording has it all\u2013a varied and imaginative program with great musicianship (including spectacular alto trombone playing), wonderful collaborators and excellent recorded sound. Kenneth Thompkins is one of the most satisfying trombonists of our time.\nRalph Sauer\nLos Angeles Philharmonic Principal Trombone (retired)\nKen Thompkins'recent contribution to the library of trombone solo recordings is an intimate musical portrait of the principal trombone of the Detroit Symphony, the orchestra in residence of one America 's most important, yet recently, most troubled cities. From the cover pictures to the choices of repertoire, the album is seemingly a homage to tradition combined with a warm and beautiful prayer for the coming fresh and revitalized.\nDenson Paul Pollard\nMetropolitan Opera Bass Trombone, Indiana University Professor of Music\nKenneth Thompkins was appointed Principal Trombone of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra by Neeme J\u00e4rvi. Prior to this appointment, he held positions in the Buffalo Philharmonic and the Florida Orchestra and performed with the New World Symphony under the direction of Michael Tilson Thomas. A former participant in the Detroit Symphony's African American Fellowship Program, he has been a mentor to several Orchestra Fellows over the years.\nThompkins has been invited to perform and conduct master classes at many music schools, including the Curtis Institute of Music, Mannes College, the University of Michigan, and Interlochen Arts Academy. An active chamber musician, Thompkins performs frequently in recital and is a member of Detroit Chamber Winds & Strings. Thompkins has performed concertos with both the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and New World Symphony.\nThompkins has toured Europe with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and has also performed with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, New York Philharmonic, and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. He can be heard on recordings by Detroit Chamber Winds, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. He has also contributed a chapter to The Brass Player's Cookbook: Creative Recipes for a Successful Performance.\nA native of Severna Park, Maryland Thompkins received his bachelor's degree from Northwestern University and Master of Music degree from Temple University. His principal teachers include Frank Crisafulli and Eric Carlson. Kenneth Thompkins is an S.E. Shires Trombone artist.\nKen is an artist for S.E. Shires Trombones\nI love meeting new people so don't hesitate to send me a message! Feel free to get in touch if you want to discuss potential projects, ask questions, or just say hello!\nI respond to ALL emails personally and keep a look out \u2013 I may feature your question or comment on my Facebook page.\nHow would you like to purchase Kenneth's CD?\n\u00a9 2017 Kenneth Thompkins | Photos by Cybelle Codish | Site by My Amanda Design\nJoin my newsletter and enjoy a FREE track from my new album!\nThanks! You'll receive an email shortly with a download link for your FREE song!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"How To Invite People To A Facebook Group?\nLeave a Comment \/ Grow and Engage, Facebook Group Growth \/ By Simran Grover\nHow to invite all friends to a Facebook group?\nHow do you invite non friends to a Facebook group?\nHow to invite someone to a Facebook group by email?\nHow to create a Facebook group invite link?\nWhether you have a public Facebook group or a private one, both you and your group members can invite a limited number of people each day to join your group, helping it grow.\nThrough this article, you can understand the stepwise process of:\nHow to invite people to a Facebook group? OR How do you invite non friends to a Facebook group?\nSo, let's dive right into the details.\n1. To invite friends to your Facebook group via desktop, open your Facebook group from the left hand side menu in your newsfeed.\nFrom mobile, open the Facebook app and head over the groups section. Under 'groups you manage', open the group you'd like to invite members to.\n2. Below your Facebook group cover photo, click on the +Invite button that you see.\n3. A dialog box with a list of names of people will appear. You can either search for people by typing their name or scrolling through that entire list. You can even choose from the filters given above like city you reside in, groups in common, workplace, to name a few.\n4. After you're done, click on 'send invites' and the invite will be sent to those members.\nAs per Facebook's latest update, when you invite people to join a Facebook group, they get a notification for it.\nIn addition, they can also see a preview of your group content in their news feed like this.\nThis gives them a better understanding of whether or not your group is relevant to them, helping them decide if they would want to join it.\nFYI: The group invite for public Facebook groups automatically expires in 30 days. So, you can choose to accept or decline the invite request within that time frame.\nHowever, that's not the case if your Facebook group is private and hidden.\nTo invite others to private and hidden groups, you can create and share a link with them (More on this below) only after seeking permission from the admins.\nPlease note that if someone is previewing your Facebook group, they won't be added to the total member count. Only when they accept your request to join the group will they be a member and hence, your total member count will update.\nTo invite non-members to your Facebook group, you need to generate a Facebook group link and share it with them on Facebook or across other social media channels.\n(Steps on how to create a Facebook group invite link shared below)\nTo invite others to your Facebook group via email, you need to draft an email that tells people what your Facebook group is about, how it is relevant for them, what value it will provide to them, and share your Facebook group's link at the end.\nTo create your public and private Facebook group invite link, please refer to the next section.\n1. From the laptop, open your Facebook group from the left hand side menu in your newsfeed.\n2. Below your Facebook group cover photo, click on the three dots given.\n3. Select 'Share' and click on 'Copy Link'.\nNow you can easily share your group link with others on and off Facebook.\nIn case you have a private Facebook group, people will be able to see the group's basic info and will have to request to join the group. Only after you or the moderators approve their request will they be able to access the group's content.\nOn the other hand, if you have a public Facebook group, people can join anytime they like. As per the new public groups' experience, they will be able to access the group's content even without being a part of the group.\nHowever, in order to participate, they will first have to request permission in case participant approval is turned on.\nIf you'd like to learn everything about the new public group's experience on Facebook, check out this article that covers all the details.\ud83d\udc47\ud83c\udffb\nFacebook's new public groups experience \u2013 Know about all the latest updates and tools\nThat's all the information for how to invite people to a Facebook group.\ud83d\ude4c\ud83c\udffb\nIf you'd like to share any further insights, please do so in the comments below. Or if wish to learn about the other ways to grow your Facebook group, refer to this BLOG.\nYou can also reach out to us in our Facebook group where thousands of power admins are discussing this and so much more about community building.\ud83d\ude80","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Detroit Grand Prix\nQuick links... Lions Tigers Red Wings Pistons College Sports High School Sports Golf Detroit Grand Prix\nPistons bench light up Heat, 119-96\nMichael Reaves\/Getty Images\nMIAMI, FLORIDA - FEBRUARY 23: Andre Drummond #0 of the Detroit Pistons dunks Langston Galloway #9 with a water bottle after the game against the Miami Heat at American Airlines Arena on February 23, 2019 in Miami, Florida. NOTE TO USER: User expressly acknowledges and agrees that, by downloading and or using this photograph, User is consenting to the terms and conditions of the Getty Images License Agreement. (Photo by Michael Reaves\/Getty Images)\nPosted at 11:11 PM, Feb 23, 2019\nMIAMI (AP) \u2014 If there's been an area of concern for Detroit coach Dwane Casey in this playoff push, it's been the play of the Pistons' second unit.\nThe concern was unfounded Saturday.\nIsh Smith scored 22 points off the bench, fellow backup Langston Galloway added 15 points in the first five minutes of the fourth quarter to almost single-handedly turn a close game into a rout and the Pistons moved into seventh place in the Eastern Conference by downing the Miami Heat 119-96.\nDetroit's bench outscored Miami's 66-35.\n\"Guys responded,\" Casey said. \"Now it's the consistency part. We are on a journey. We can't relax.\"\nBlake Griffin had 20 points while Galloway and Luke Kennard each scored 17 for the Pistons (28-30), who are 1 1\/2 games behind Brooklyn for the No. 6 spot. Reggie Jackson added 13 points and Andre Drummond had 12 points and 14 rebounds for Detroit, which started the fourth quarter on a 25-8 run.\nGalloway was the catalyst of all that, hitting four 3-pointers in the opening minutes. He had scored a total of 28 points in February before his dazzling fourth-quarter spurt put the game away for the Pistons.\n\"That's what they're supposed to do,\" Casey said of Detroit's bench. \"They did the job and that's all you ask.\"\nJosh Richardson scored 22 for Miami, which is 0-5 at home and 5-12 overall since Jan. 12. Dion Waiters scored 17, Dwyane Wade added 15 and Hassan Whiteside had 13 points and 15 rebounds for the Heat (26-32), who fell to 10th in the East.\n\"It's tough to explain,\" Heat coach Erik Spoelstra said. \"It is one game and we're just going to keep plugging away, as painful as it is.\"\nMiami got point guard Goran Dragic on the floor for the first time since Dec. 10, after a two-month rehab to recover from right knee surgery.\nThe rest of the Heat injury news was bad.\nMiami was without Justise Winslow -- who has been the starting point guard in Dragic's absence -- because of a sore left knee, and James Johnson also missed the game while dealing with a sprained left shoulder. If that wasn't enough, the Heat then lost starting forward Rodney McGruder in the first half with a bruised right knee and said his status would be evaluated further on Sunday.\nDragic came off the bench and finished with four points in 16 minutes. Duncan Robinson, who didn't play in the first half, started in McGruder's spot to open the third quarter.\nThe Heat were up 29-18 late in the first quarter, after making 13 of their first 23 shots. The rest of the night was all Detroit.\nThe Pistons outscored Miami 46-20 over the next 15 minutes, and never lost the lead again. Miami got within five in the third, but found itself down by as many as 26 in the fourth.\n\"They got momentum, they got confidence and they started making shots,\" Dragic said.\nPistons: Detroit, which went 6-10 in January, is 6-2 so far in February. ... The Pistons are exactly 28-30 after 58 games for the third consecutive year. They were 29-29 at this point in 2015-16. ... University of Miami coach Jim Larranaga and assistant Chris Caputo were at the game to watch Pistons rookie Bruce Brown, who played for the Hurricanes. Brown had two points.\nHeat: It was Miami's first home game in three weeks. Saturday started a run where the Heat play 10 times at home in a 12-game stretch. ... Miami was 7 for 28 from 3-point range, and was outrebounded 41-33.\nELLINGTON RETURNS\nFormer Heat guard Wayne Ellington, traded earlier this month to Phoenix and then waived to sign with Detroit, returned to Miami as an opponent for the first time since the moves. Ellington spent a good part of his pregame warmup greeting former teammates, coaches and Heat officials. He had six points.\nSECOND SWING\nDetroit outscored Miami 34-17 in the second quarter -- the biggest margin for the Pistons in a second quarter all season. It was the fifth time that Miami has been outscored by at least 15 points in that period this season.\nPistons: Host Indiana on Monday. Detroit lost to the Pacers 125-88 on Dec. 28.\nHeat: Host Phoenix on Monday. The Heat are 16-1 since 2009 against the Suns.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Former Trump chief of staff Meadows agrees to cooperate with Jan. 6 panel\n\u00a9 Reuters. FILE PHOTO: White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows speaks to reporters following a television interview, outside the White House in Washington, U.S. October 21, 2020. REUTERS\/Al Drago\nBy Patricia Zengerle\nWASHINGTON (Reuters) -The House of Representatives committee investigating the deadly U.S. Capitol riot said on Tuesday that Mark Meadows, who served as former President Donald Trump's chief of staff, has provided it with records and agreed to appear \"soon\" for a deposition.\n\"Mr. Meadows has been engaging with the Select Committee through his attorney. He has produced records to the committee and will soon appear for an initial deposition,\" Democratic Representative Bennie Thompson, chairman of the House select committee, said in a statement.\nNoting that the panel expects all witnesses to provide all the information requested and that it is lawfully entitled to received, Thompson added: \"The committee will continue to assess his degree of compliance with our subpoena after the deposition.\"\nTrump has urged associates not to cooperate with the committee, calling the Democratic-led investigation politically motivated and arguing that his communications are protected by executive privilege, although many legal experts say that principle does not apply to former presidents.\nOn Jan. 6, Trump supporters stormed the Capitol in a bid to prevent Congress from formally certifying his 2020 presidential election loss to Democrat Joe Biden. Shortly before the riot, Trump gave a speech to his supporters repeating his false claims that the election was stolen from him through widespread voting fraud and urging them to go to the Capitol and \"fight like hell\" to \"stop the steal.\"\nEx-Trump chief of staff Meadows cooperating with Jan. 6 panel \u2013 for now\nCall between Republican Boebert, Democrat Omar ends in rancor after anti-Muslim slur\nCoin Healthcheck: Near Protocol (NEAR)\nSaudi-led coalition strike on Yemen's Sanaa kills 14 \u2013 residents\n\u00a9 Reuters. A woman from Dancing Eagles dance troupe from the Osage and Creek tribes performs a dance at an Indian relay race over Memorial Day weekend in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, U.S., May 29, 2021. REUTERS\/Stephanie Keith\nBy Valerie Volcovici\nWASHINGTON (Reuters) \u2013 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced on Wednesday it plans to withdraw and reconsider a Trump administration decision to grant Oklahoma authority over environmental issues on tribal land after consulting with the state's 38 tribal nations.\nThe agency would reverse a decision made in October 2020 by then-EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler, who approved a request from Republican Oklahoma Governor Kevin Stitt to allow the state rather than tribal nations to regulate environmental issues on land inside historical tribal reservation boundaries.\nStitt's had requested the authority in July 2020 after the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in the landmark McGirt v. Oklahoma case that a large part of eastern part of the state would be considered Muscogee (Creek) Nation reservation land. The McGirt v. Oklahoma case focused on a question of criminal jurisdiction.\n\"Our sovereign Tribal partners continue to have significant concerns with EPA's previous decision and the consultation process used in reaching that decision,\" said Assistant Administrator for International and Tribal Affairs Jane Nishida. \"Today's action reflects careful consideration of their concerns and our commitment to ensuring robust consultation on all policy deliberations affecting Tribal nations.\"\nThe Biden administration began informal talks with Oklahoma tribes over whether they should have a bigger say over a range of environmental regulations in the eastern half of the oil-rich state in April. It began formal government-to-government tribal consultations in June.\nTribes had complained that they had not been consulted with before the Trump administration made its decision.\nOklahoma Republican government sources told Reuters in April that it was concerned the state risks losing control of a big tax base and about regulation of natural resource extraction and industry if jurisdiction remains with tribes.\nMost of Oklahoma's oil and gas production is in the western part of the state, but some fields are in the eastern part of the state.\nThe EPA will take comment on its withdrawal proposal until Jan. 31, 2022.\n\u00a9 Reuters. FILE PHOTO: Chinese and U.S. flags flutter outside a company building in Shanghai, China November 16, 2021. REUTERS\/Aly Song\nBEIJING (Reuters) -China has barred entry to four people from a U.S. commission on religious freedom, the foreign ministry said on Tuesday, following U.S. sanctions this month against Chinese people and entities over accusations of human rights abuses in Xinjiang.\nThe four people, from the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), would be banned from mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau, ministry spokesman Zhao Lijian said.\nTheir assets in China would also be frozen and Chinese institutions and citizens would be forbidden from dealing with them, Zhao said at a regular briefing in Beijing.\n\"We are not surprised to see the Chinese government impose additional baseless sanctions in response to growing concern over its egregious human rights and religious freedom violations,\" said USCIRF chair Nadine Maenza, one of the people China barred entry to, according to an online statement.\nThe United States had said that its Dec. 10 sanctions were in response to human rights abuses in China's Xinjiang region, where Uyghurs and other Muslim minorities are alleged to have been unlawfully detained, mistreated and forced to work. China denies abuses in Xinjiang and says its policies there help combat extremism.\nThe USCIRF is a federal government entity which evaluates and suggests policies for countries where religious freedom is deemed to be endangered.\nApart from USCIRF's chair, the sanctions would also affect the vice chair and two commissioners at USCIRF, Zhao said.\n\u00a9 Reuters. Press Secretary Jen Psaki holds a media briefing at the White House in Washington, U.S., December 14, 2021. REUTERS\/Evelyn Hockstein\/File Photo\nWASHINGTON (Reuters) \u2013 U.S. President Joe Biden and Democratic Senator Joe Manchin remain on friendly terms despite Manchin's decision to oppose Biden's $1.75 trillion Build Back Better plan, White House press secretary Jen Psaki told reporters on Monday.\nPsaki said action on Biden's legislative agenda is urgently needed. She said she would not \"relitigate\" Manchin's announcement of opposition on Sunday and her subsequent statement that was sharply critical of him.\nOil Up Over Mideast Tensions, Tight Supply\nGold Down Thanks to Rising Dollar, U.S. Treasury Yields","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Life, Work and Money. Perception, Physics and Philosophy\nThe Today Paper\nThe Wilmott Magazine\nMy Amazon Page\nPrinciples of Quantitative Development\nThe Unreal Universe [Paperback]\nThe Unreal Universe [Amazon Kindle Edition]\nBuy My eBooks\nThe Unreal Universe\nHow Does a Bank Work?\nAnti-Relativity\nEmail Debates\nSFN \u2013 Science Forums\nPhysics & Philosophy\nAbout Unreal Blog\nAbout My First Book\nAbout My Second Book\nAbout Supporting Me\nProfessional PHP Services\nPhysics, Science\nParticles and Interactions\nHistorical Origin of Quantum Mechanics\nQuantum Field Theory\nQuantum Mechanics \u2013 Interpretations\nSpecial Theory of Relativity\nInterpretation of Special Relativity\n\"Particles and Interactions\" is available as a beautifully designed printable eBook compatible with mobile devices. Get it now for $5.49 for immediate download!\nOctober 7, 2016 manoj\nThe speed of light being a constant sounds like a simple statement. But there is more to it, quite a bit more. Let's look at what this constancy really means. At first glance, it says that if you are standing somewhere, and there is a ray of light going from your right to left, it has a speed c. And another ray of light going from left to right also has a speed c. So far, so good. Now let's say you are in a rocket ship, as shown in the figure below, moving from right to left.\nThe yellow arrow is the rocket ship moving at a constant speed of v, and you are the scientist standing in there measuring the speed of the light beam as it passes you. Even that simple statement is not without its complications. When I say your ship is moving, I have to say with respect to what. Let's say the motion is with respect to the younger gentleman standing outside.\nLet's also say you are trying to measure the speed of the light coming from the source S1, which is outside your spaceship. You would naively expect to measure c-v, because you are moving away from it to your left. But no, you will get c. The same holds true if you measure the speed of the light coming from source S2, which is inside the spaceship, moving with you.\nIf you think these results are peculiar, you haven't seen anything yet. Let's say the younger fellow measures the speed of the same light beams. He would also get c! In order for this to happen, the space in the rocket is contracted (shrunk), and the time dilated.\nThe special theory of relativity is highly counter-intuitive (which is physics speech for nonsensical) because it is not as though the rocket is really moving. Remember, only relative motion has physical significance, which is the principle of relativity. For you, the scientist in the rocket, you are stationary, and it is the younger fellow outside who is moving in the opposite direction at a constant speed of v. So it is his space and time that are contracted and dilated. This is all very strange, but true. This is exactly the basis of the thought experiment they call the twin paradox.\nTwin Pradox\nIn twin paradox, one of two twin brothers goes on an inter-galactic mission at a very high (close to c) speed, and returns. His time runs slow because of his state of motion, and when he reunites with his brother, the travelling twin will be much younger than other one.\nBut then, you could look at it from the travelling twin's perspective. For him, it is the other twin, along with planet Earth, that is flying away at a high speed and coming back to join him. It is his time that is dilated, and he is the one who should be younger.\nSo who is going to be the younger one? This is the paradox.\nThe twin paradox is resolved once we realize that the travelling twin cannot make the journey without acceleration, and Special Relativity cannot be applied to accelerating (or the so-called non-inertial) frames. Since the travelling twin felt the motion because of acceleration and deceleration, he is the one who will be younger than the one that stayed back. The twin paradox is resolved using General Relativity, which can handle acceleration.\nClick to share on Voat (Opens in new window)\nAlbert Einsteinspecial relativity\nPrevious PostSpecial Theory of RelativityNext PostInterpretation of Special Relativity\nSubscribe to Unreal Blog\nBlank Screen after Hibernate or Sleep? - 20,948 views\nGood and Bad Gender Equality - 9,460 views\nStinker Emails \u2014 A Primer - 8,490 views\nDefinition of Success - 7,060 views\nDo You Believe in God? - 4,101 views\nQuant Life in Singapore - 3,304 views\nPerception, Physics and the Role of Light in Philosophy - 3,008 views\nMissing Events and Photos in iPhoto? - 2,929 views\nHow to Avoid Duplicate Imports in iPhoto - 2,825 views\nHow to save a string to a local file in PHP? - 2,748 views\nTry buying traffic from Maxvisits\nCopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2019 Manoj Thulasidas \u00b7 All Rights Reserved\u00b7","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Sound Recording611\nIndiana University. Department of Radio and Television.313\nSee Other Contributors147\nWells, Herman B110\nIndiana University, Bloomington. Audio-Visual Center33\nIndiana University. Audio-Visual Center29\nShort films.150\nNonfiction films.139\nEducational films.58\nPropaganda films.53\nSponsored films.41\nIUL Moving Image Archive384\nIndiana School of the Sky313\nHerman B Wells Papers121\nThe Afro-American in Indiana (radio series)117\nCook Music Library, Jacobs School of Music Performances38\nUniversity Archives439\nArchives of African American Music and Culture163\nInstitute for Digital Arts and Humanities54\nIndiana University Libraries40\nmore Unit \u00bb\nEnglish[remove]1,205\nYou searched for: Language English Remove constraint Language: English\n\u00ab Previous | 201 - 250 of 1,205 | Next \u00bb\n201. Black Churches Pt. I (32:36)\n202. Black Churches Pt. II (32:31)\n203. Black Codes in Indiana (32:10)\n204. Black Drama Discussion (33:24)\n205. Black History of Anderson (32:06)\n197u-04-26\n206. Black Learning Processes (32:32)\n207. Black Movement in the 60s (31:16)\n208. Black Music - Jerry Harkness (34:07)\nFr. Boniface Hardin and Dwight Smith host this episode on which Jerry Harkness, a former player for the Knicks and Pacers, joins the program as a guest. Hardin, Smith, and Harkness discuss the chal...\n209. Black Newspapers (35:37)\n210. Black Psychology (31:15)\n211. Black Settlements in Indiana (32:17)\n212. Black Statistics in Center Township (33:25)\n213. Black Theology Practical Ministry (33:24)\n214. Black Youth (32:00)\n216. Black-Matriarchal Society (33:18)\n217. Blacks & Spanish American War (33:12)\n218. Blacks in Prison, Part II (31:44)\n219. Blacks In War (32:13)\n220. Blessings of Grass (20:33)\nUnited States. Department of Agriculture; United States. Department of Agriculture. Forest Service\nIntroduced as \"the story of cattle grazing in the national forest,\" the film depicts cooperation between the Forest Service and local ranchers to manage the grazing of herds on public land. Origina...\n221. Block That Termite (19:43)\nUnited States. Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine\nA presentation of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine's code for the prevention of termite infestation. Using animated diagrams and detailed photography of actual termite infestations, th...\n222. Book: Vignettes on the Private Sector (31:28)\nWells, Herman B\nThe Herman B Wells papers includes materials pertaining to Wells' family and personal finances, his activities in the banking profession, his work in Germany for the United States government after ...\n223. Book: Vignettes on Well's Father and the Acknowledgements (32:42)\n224. Books Come Alive (06:46)\n225. Booze and yous : a film created to encourage college students to make responsible decisions regar... (14:06)\nIndiana University. School of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation\nFeatures a W.C. Fields type cartoon character who gives hints for responsible drinking, clears up common misconceptions and myths about drinking, and points out possible consequences of irresponsi...\n226. Borgo Lightning Talk (2018 Spring Symposium) (02:08)\n2018-09-20 (Creation date: 2018-04-13)\nMary Borgo Ton; Institute for Digital Arts & Humanities\n227. Brazil's Fishing School (14:52)\nUnited States Information Agency; United States. Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs\nTells the story of Brazilian President Get\u00falio Vargas's favorite project, the Marambaia Fishing School, located fifty miles south of Rio de Janeiro on the Bay of Ilha Grande. Illustrates how the un...\n228. Brazilian Quartz Goes to War (10:04)\nThe value of Brazilian quartz to the allied war effort is shown as narration proclaims \"two-way radio is the one really new instrument in the armory of warfare.\" Explains the value of quartz in rad...\n229. Brian Watson and Michael Morrone on Open Access (15:27)\nBrian M. Watson; Michael Morrone\nBrian M. Watson and Michael Morrone of Kelly Business School discuss the Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning and Open Access and its implications.\n230. Brian Watson and Willa Tavernier on Open Access (21:50)\nBrian M. Watson; Willa Liburd Tavernier\nBrian M. Watson and Willa Liburd Tavernier discuss the history, benefits and future of Open Access.\n231. Bring the World to the Classroom (19:54)\nERPI Classroom Films, Inc.; Encyclopaedia Britannica Films Inc.\nPromotes the catalog of ERPI Classroom Films to educators, presenting excerpts from dozens of films with narration extolling their effectiveness (ERPI Classroom Films was the predecessor to Encylop...\n232. Britain's paratroops (08:56)\nConsidine, Bob, 1906-1975\nBob Considine reports on the training of British parachute troops and their uses in warfare. Includes many remarkable aerial shots of parachutists in rehearsal.\n233. Britain's youth (12:27)\nFry, Charles Burgess, 1872-1956\nA short documentary on the widespread engagement in physical activity and athletics in England. Includes footage of amateur cricket matches, soccer games, tennis, darts, and other sports. The resur...\n234. Building a bomber : a defense report on film (19:10)\nUnited States. Office for Emergency Management\n\"Step-by-step manufacture and assembly of the B-26 medium bomber in the Glenn Martin plant at Baltimore.\"--War Films, Bulletin of the Extension Division, Indiana University, February, 1943.\n235. Camping and recreational facilities for the handicapped (19:21)\n236. Camping- a Key to Conservation (22:54)\nIllustrates the various camping activities and points out methods of campsite conservation. Pictures loading of supplies, selection of a campsite, camp activities, and breaking camp. Indicates con...\n237. Carol Anne Griffitt (59:29)\nIndiana University Southeast. Institute for Local and Oral History\nCarol Anne Griffitt was interviewed by Kristina Kimmick as part of the Floyd County Bicentennial Oral History Project, which commemorates Indiana's bicentennial by recording the past and present ex...\n238. Case studies (33:46)\n2003 (Creation date: 1997)\nAustin, David R., 1941-\nGives actual case studies of recreational therapists and their clients.\n239. Celebrating the life of David N. Baker. (2:09:55)\nBaker, David, 1931-2016\n240. Centering Gender: A Feminist Analysis of Makerspaces and Digital Humanities Centers (1:16:30)\nKimberly Martin\nThe maker movement, a subculture affiliated with a do-it-yourself ethos and, more recently, a passion for digital technologies, has been growing over the last two decades and is making its way onto...\n241. Characteristics of plants and animals (10:47)\nUses animation, live photography, cinephotomicrography, and time-lapse photography to illustrate and explain the characteristics of living plants and animals. Shows the hydra, paramecium, and algae...\n242. Chess Mates (05:31)\nSee Other Contributors\nProfiles without narration the pleasures and pains of chess. Uses background music and the vivid expressions of young competitors to take viewers through subdued practice sessions and frenzied matc...\n243. China crisis : the story of the Fourteenth Air Force (40:41)\nUnited States. Army Air Forces. Combat Camera Unit, 16th.\nDocumentary record of the operations of the U.S. 14th Air Force in its support of the Chinese Army during the spring and summer campaigns of 1944.\n244. Choosing a Digital Method: Data Mining (35:47)\nKalani L. Craig\nData mining encompasses a several different approaches to exploring large swaths of information, from the open largely unstructured text of the novel to the structured world of social-network entri...\n245. Choosing a Digital Method: Making Digital Objects (52:29)\nKalani L. Craig; Tassie Gniady\nFrom installations overlaid on the world around us to reprints of otherwise inaccessible archaeological finds that we can handle at will, digital objects help us interact with and understand the wo...\n246. Choosing a Digital Method: Mapping (44:17)\nMia Partlow\nDigital mapping offers a variety of options that range in complexity from dropping a point on your smartphone's mapping application to analyzing statistical differences in different geographies to ...\n247. Christianity, Part 1 (29:19)\nDiscusses Christianity not only as ideology, but also as a historical religion, focusing upon Jesus. Surveys the human aspects of Jesus, and contrasts standards of values in the world with the teac...\n248. Christmas and Its Effect on the Radio series: Afro-American in Indiana (31:16)\n249. Chromik Lightning Talk (2019 Spring Symposium) (02:05)\nJoanna Chromik; Institute for Digital Arts & Humanities\nThis project examines publicly available statements about sex and sex work in light of the #MeToo movement and in response to the passing of the FOSTA-SESTA. It focuses on the online efforts of sex...\n250. Citizens army (10:38)\nTaylor, Donald, 1911-1966\nMen from a variety of backgrounds and professional fields are trained for the British Home Guard. Describes the development and standardization of this volunteer citizen's army. Scenes from trainin...","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Day 216: Sundance Bound! by Ira Sachs\nTomorrow I fly in the morning to Park City for Sundance. It will be my fifth time there with a film, and probably my 20th time there over the decades, since my father has lived in Park City since the mid-70s. He moved out there in a Winnebago, and set up camp behind Utah Coal & Lumber, the one restaurant in town, where they made a very good pineapple burrito. This was when Park City was a sleepy hippy town, and I went to what was then called the US Film Festival for the first time in 1981, when the films screening were Melvin and Howard, Heartland, Return of the Secaucus Seven, as well as a great Henry Fonda retrospective that included My Darling Clementine and The Lady Eve. It was at Sundance that I saw my first Cassavetes movie, that I saw the first screening ever of Sex, Lies and Videotape, and of both Poison and Safe. But also any number of films we don't talk about any more, but that were amazing. Films like Patti Rocks, and Silverlake Life, and Heat and Sunlight. It wasn't until I was in my 40s did it suddenly click to me that maybe it wasn't a coincidence that \u2014 given that I went to Sundance every year from when I was 15 to at least 25 \u2014 that I thought I might become an independent filmmaker.\nThe last month has been a focused immersion in finishing the film. A week doing the color grade at Goldcrest with Thimios and John Dowdell, which means deciding the lights and the darks, the reds and the blues of the image. We were working in the same room that appears in the movie \u2014 the character Eric is a filmmaker and in one scene he does a color grade on the documentary he's finishing, In Search of Avery Willard. Then a very efficient 5 days at Sound One with mixer Dom Tavella, Sound Supervisor Damian Volpe, and Dialogue editor Dave Ellinwood mixing the film. It's a very interesting, very exacting process, sitting for day after day figuring out whether the sound of this door creak is too loud, or at what level to play a song in a disco to feel like you're in a disco, but not blowing the audiences ears out. The film becomes sweeter, almost literally, the colors richer, the sounds deeper. One thing I noticed is how Arthur Russell's music, used as the score of the film throughout, becomes even more of a character than I imagined. But one thing I continually have to tell myself during both the color grade and the sound mix is not to obsess. Soon enough, the decisions you make so carefully will be swallowed up by the film that's been made; all the details will be forgotten, and it will just be the movie. No one in the theater is going to think \"those crickets are just too loud!\"\nIt's now 730am and I need to pack. Sundance is many things for me, one of which is a place I have slipped on ice and fallen flat on my back, so I'm focusing this morning on which boots to bring, and how they will look with my suit tomorrow night at the premiere. There are about 25 to 30 of us heading to Park City to be there for the opening, and it should be a fun reunion. I'm not as nervous as I remember being other years, I think mostly because I'm older, and I've done this before, but also because the movie feels like a very direct expression of both me and the story. I do however go with my producer's head, and tonight we'll have a meeting with our sales team, our producers, and myself to talk about our talking points. Though in the end, to be honest, the film and Sundance itself talks for you. The word will be what the word will be.\n\u2190 Meet The Artists: Ira Sachs\nDear Biddy \u2192","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Project Syndicate by business a.m.\nAfrica's WTO Moment\nOctober 26, 2020572 views0 comments\nBy Kingsley Chiedu Moghalu\nBOSTON \u2013 The selection of the World Trade Organization's next director-general has entered its final phase, with two candidates left in the running: Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, a former Nigerian finance and economy minister and a former managing director of the World Bank, and Yoo Myung-hee, South Korea's trade minister. In view of the WTO's current challenges, Okonjo-Iweala is the better choice.\nThe WTO faces two major crises: an institutional crisis caused by the great-power rivalry between the United States and China, and a crisis of globalization \u2013 of which the WTO, as the overseer of global trade rules, is a major symbol.\nEnding centuries of Africa's exploitation (3)\nSino-American trade tensions have paralyzed the organization, with the US blocking the appointment of new judges to its appellate body, which rules on trade disputes among member countries. Moreover, the COVID-19 crisis, another source of great-power tension, has prompted many firms to consider reshoring production in order to reduce their reliance on pandemic-hit Chinese suppliers, thus disrupting the global supply chains that are critical to world trade.\nIf chosen to head the WTO, Okonjo-Iweala has the leadership credentials to restore relevance to a broken organization. The WTO needs a tested global leader who is well versed in the role of trade in development, rather than a trade bureaucrat who might lack the broader view. With her experience at the World Bank (where the US and China are major players) and as a reformist finance minister in Nigeria, the Harvard and MIT-educated Okonjo-Iweala has a rare combination of political leadership skills and proven technocratic competence.\nThe WTO needs a leader who can build consensus, because the organization's design doesn't allow for top-down leadership. And Okonjo-Iweala has the gravitas to build bridges between the US and China, on the one hand, and between the WTO and Africa, on the other.\nDespite being widely regarded as the world's next frontier for investment and development, Africa is essentially an onlooker in the world trading system, accounting for a meager 2% of global exports. Although the continent is a growing market for the products of globalization, it does not benefit much from world trade, owing to its limited presence in globalized value chains. Instead, Africa trades mainly in agricultural goods and natural resources, whereas most world trade is in manufacturing and services.\nAfrica needs to trade with the world on the same basis that other regions do, but the global trading system is keeping the continent underdeveloped. In particular, industrialized countries levy low tariffs on imports of African raw commodities, but higher ones on finished African goods \u2013 higher, in fact, than for similar goods imported from other regions.\nToday's world trade is thus rigged against Africa. To help redress this imbalance, the WTO's special and differential treatment provisions for least-developed countries should permit African governments to provide temporary tariff protection for infant domestic manufacturers within WTO rules. We could call such necessary and temporary measures \"smart protectionism.\"\nMore generally, it is time to make the WTO work for all member countries, not just for the great powers or countries whose global economic success was built on trade protectionism but now seek to \"kick away the ladder\" for developing economies. This structural rebalancing, which will expand the global sphere of prosperity, is best mediated by a WTO leader who is not from a major trading power.\nFurthermore, African countries currently do not use the WTO's dispute-settlement system, because they are too weak to take on donor countries, whether Western powers or China. So, Chinese products, for example, have been \"dumped\" in African markets with no consequences. Okonjo-Iweala has the skills to build a consensus on giving Africa a fairer shake in the global trading system.\nMuch will also depend on the outcome of the US presidential election on November 3. President Donald Trump believes that China has gamed global trade to the detriment of US national interests, while China thinks America has rejected the WTO's rules-based regime. Resolving this tension will require both powers to find the political will to compromise. It will also require a global development leader such as Okonjo-Iweala, who has served on international development commissions with current and former heads of government, to facilitate a rapprochement. But regardless of who wins on November 3, the COVID-19 pandemic will inexorably weaken globalization as the US and other countries seek to shorten and localize supply chains.\nMeanwhile, the importance of world trade to human development will again become apparent when billions of doses of COVID-19 vaccines become available, most likely sometime in 2021. As chair of the board of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, Okonjo-Iweala has played an important leadership role in negotiations to make vaccines widely available in developing countries.\nThe WTO's predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, was originally conceived as part of the post-World War II Bretton Woods system, but weak domestic political support in the US delayed its establishment. The International Monetary Fund has been headed since its founding by Europeans, and the World Bank by Americans. This realpolitik blocked Okonjo-Iweala's bid to lead the World Bank nearly a decade ago.\nIt is past time to eliminate such a spoils system, and for the developing world finally to have its chance. And in Okonjo-Iweala, Nigeria and the world have a highly competent candidate to lead the WTO.\nMoghalu, a former deputy governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, is a senior fellow at the Council on Emerging Market Enterprises at The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.\nPreviousDangote in partnership with CBN to boost local tomato production\nNextEconomy faces uncertainties in aftermath of #ENDSARS","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Is a Passed Ball an Error?\nIs a passed ball an error in baseball? Before we get to answering this question, let's dive into some basic stuff you'll need to know before you can understand why a passed ball isn't an error in baseball and softball, but why some people might consider and think it to be an error.\n1. The Catcher\n2. Passed Ball\n3. Errors in Baseball\n3.1. Wild Pitch vs. Passed Ball\n3.2. Runs Batted In (RBI)\nThe Catcher\nThe catcher in a baseball game is on the fielding team and designated to play behind home plate, to catch out any legal pitches that may be missed by the batter. Whenever a catcher catches a legal pitch, this is considered a strike on the batter, and three strikes mean the batter is out. After three outs that is the end of that inning and the teams switch sides.\nPassed Ball\nA passed ball is basically when the catcher catches a legal pitch, but then loses control and lets go of the ball. When this happens, the batter may proceed to run to the base. Another way a passed ball might be scored is when the batter runs to a base on a supposed passed ball swinging third strike.\nA passed ball is not considered to be a stolen base unless the batter starts running before the pitcher begins the throw, but it's also not considered an earned run, however, if any other batting players are already out on the bases and reach home plate, these can be considered earned runs. These rules also apply to Passed Balls in Softball.\nCheck this Video Out:\nErrors in Baseball\nThis is when a fielder misplays a ball in which lets an at-bat continue after the batter should have been put out if it weren't for the misplay, this results in a free base for the batter or a runner that is already out on the field.\nA passed ball, much like a wild pitch, are both not considered to be errors because these are thought of as \"acts of pitching\" rather than fielding, and can be done on purpose when the situation calls for it. Since many baseball analysts have often been critical on the use of error as a skill for fielding, it has been added to the rule of error that forcing out a batter if the play isn't available or failure to guard any base aren't considered errors in baseball.\nWild Pitch vs. Passed Ball\nDeciding whether a situation should be marked as a wild pitch or a passed ball is usually up to the scorers, so let's take a closer look into the differences between the two very similar but game-changing traits of each move.\nWild Pitch\nPitched balls that are considered to be a little more \"out of the way\" for the catcher to catch\nPitched balls that are considered to be significantly easier to catch, or pitched normally for a normal catch\nScoring a run is considered to be an earned run\nScoring a run is not considered an earned run\nRuns Batted In (RBI)\nAn RBI or a Run Batted In is when a batter scores a run in a legal play that is eligible to add to the run score. A run scored from a wild pitch is eligible to be marked as an RBI, but runs scored in passed balls are not considered to be an RBI.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Ohio State University 'Sex Week' event encourages students to 'thank' abortion providers\nSeveral Ohio State University departments are sponsoring \"Sex Week\" put on by a student organization, which includes one event where students are asked to \"help thank abortion providers.\"\nStudent Advocates for Sexual Health Awareness is hosting the \"Sex Week,\" but told Fox News Digital that several Ohio State University departments such as the Ohio State University Department of Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies and the College of Social Work are providing financial support for the week-long event.\nOne event hosted during \"Sex Week\" is \"Valentine's for Abortion Providers\" where students can \"help thank abortion providers\" for the work that they do.\n\"Meet SASHA in the Union on the 1st floor on to help thank abortion providers in Ohio and Texas for the valuable work they do for reproductive rights!,\" the event description states.\nKRISTI NOEM'S PRO-LIFE PROPOSAL BLOCKED BY SOUTH DAKOTA REPUBLICANS\nThis May 8, 2019, file photo, shows a sign for Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio.\n(AP Photo\/Angie Wang)\nSky Hart, president of Student Advocates for Sexual Health Awareness told Fox News Digital that the organization is hosting the abortion appreciation event because it thinks abortion providers \"deserve appreciation.\"\n\"We feel that it is important to appreciate the family planning providers that are able to provide essential healthcare for our communities. Our organization emphasizes the constitutional right to a safe abortion, however many do not share that belief. Because of this, many providers and their offices are often ridiculed for providing legal, affordable, safe healthcare. We feel they deserve appreciation, and should be reminded of the fact they are assisting our communities greatly,\" Hart said.\nHart said that attendees will be creating cards that will then be mailed to abortion providers.\nGOP POLITICIANS SAY UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FETAL TISSUE PROBE A 'WHITEWASH' AND NOT NEARLY SUFFICIENT\nThe Ohio State University logo at the top of the Ohio Stadium at sunset, during a summer day on The Ohio State University campus.\n(Photo by Stephen Zenner\/SOPA Images\/LightRocket via Getty Images)\nThe \"Sex Week\" website also states that the organization receives funding through the Council on Student Affairs, which comes from student activity fees.\nKristan Hawkins, president of Students for Life, told Fox News Digital that the university is doing a \"disservice to students\" by sponsoring the event.\nStudents wearing protective masks walk through campus during the first of classes at Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, U.S., on Tuesday, Aug. 25, 2020.\n(Ty Wright\/Bloomberg via Getty Images)\n\"It's pathetic that schools are ignoring their mandate to educate students and instead act as though their real purpose is facilitating the parties. This is a great disservice to students. And a huge waste of money for parents,\" Hawkins said. \"Almost always ignored by these sponsors is the fact that you can't protect emotionally vulnerable students from a broken heart when they follow the false pitch that all consequences \u2014 babies included \u2014 can be ignored.\"\nAn Ohio State University spokesperson told Fox News Digital that \"Ohio State has a deep and abiding commitment to free speech.\"\n039thank039\nPrevious articleHealth officials issue warning over an 'extremely antibiotic-resistant' bug mainly affecting gay men\nNext articleLive on a cruise ship\u2026 without breaking the bank: A 'residential community at sea' vessel revealed","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Information leaflets in English\nTRIPLE X MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS LEAFLET. 2021\nTriple X Syndrome Support is a new innovative idea that is piloted in Birmingham, UK is inspired to supporting people affected by Triple X Syndrome.\nThey are a small team of volunteers who are passionate about Triple X from a UK social perspective. Research is at the heart of everything they do.\nThey collaborate with leading organisations.\ntriplexsyndromesupport.co.uk\nInformation in plain language\nby Thea van de Velde & Ida Bakker\nfrom Contact Group Triple-X Syndrome.\nwritten in Dutch, translated in English in March 2007.\nThe information in this leaflet has been gathered from various sources, such as publications of doctors and research workers who have studied and described this syndrome.\nThe personal experiences of parents of girls with Triple-X and women who have Triple-X themselves however were just as important in writing this article.\nThe text has been verified by prof. C. Stumpel, professor of clinical genetics, Academic Hospital Maastricht (the Netherlands).\nDiagnoses Triple-X What can be expected?\nUnique UK Trisomy X leaflet\nUnique, the rare chromosome disorder support group UK, has created a new and extended leaflet on Triple X Syndrome.\nIt was recently published on their website.\nClick on this link to download this leaflet\nKathleen Erskine, a graduate student in the Joan H. Marks Graduate Program in Human Genetics at Sarah Lawrence College conducted a study to identify the important aspects of 47, XXX\/ 3X\/ Triple X\/ Trisomy X to discuss with girls when they first learn about their Trisomy X diagnosis.\nThe end result of this study is this educational booklet for parents to give their daughter when they first tell her about Trisomy X.\nGuide to Trisomy X\nAvailable at www.genetic.org\nKS&A TRISOMY X- 47,XXX SYNDROME Leaflet\nThis is an informational and educational brochure.\nThis is not typical promotional brochure.\nThis is intended for professionals and newly diagnosed individuals who are eager to learn about this condition.\nKS&A Trisomy X- 47, XXX Syndrome leaflet\nNew brochures by AXYS about several sex chromosome aneuploidies; Triple X Syndrome\n47,XXX Syndrome AXYS Brochure 2014\n[English section]","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Behind your speedy Amazon delivery are serious hazards for workers, government finds\nBy Andrea Hsu\nJustin Sullivan\nWorkers pack orders at an Amazon fulfillment center on January 20, 2015 in Tracy, California. OSHA cited Amazon after federal safety inspectors found ergonomic hazards at three Amazon warehouses.\nUpdated January 18, 2023 at 2:01 PM ET\nFederal safety inspectors have concluded that the twisting, bending and long reaches that Amazon warehouse workers perform as much as nine times per minute put them at high risk for lower back injuries and other musculoskeletal disorders and constitute an unacceptable hazard.\nAs part of a larger investigation into hazardous working conditions, the Occupational Safety and and Health Administration announced on Wednesday it has cited Amazon for failing to keep workers safe at warehouses in Deltona, Florida; Waukegan, Illinois; and New Windsor, New York.\n\"While Amazon has developed impressive systems to make sure its customers' orders are shipped efficiently and quickly, the company has failed to show the same level of commitment to protecting the safety and wellbeing of its workers,\" said Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health Doug Parker.\nThe e-commerce giant faces a total of $60,269 in proposed penalties, the maximum allowable for a violation of the General Duty Clause of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which requires employers to provide a workplace free from recognized hazards.\nAmazon has 15 days to contest OSHA's findings.\n\"We take the safety and health of our employees very seriously, and we strongly disagree with these allegations and intend to appeal,\" said Amazon spokesperson Kelly Nantel in a statement.\n\"Our publicly available data show we've reduced injury rates nearly 15% between 2019 and 2021,\" Nantel added. \"What's more, the vast majority of our employees tell us they feel our workplace is safe.\"\nParker noted that willful or repeated violations by an employer can lead to higher penalties. He said that there are no ergonomic-related violations in Amazon's history that put the company on track for the \"severe violator program,\" but with further inspections, that could change.\nIn December, OSHA cited Amazon for more than a dozen recordkeeping violations, including failing to report injuries, as part of the same investigation.\nPatrick T. Fallon \/ AFP via Getty Images\nThe Amazon fulfillment center in Bessemer, Alabama photographed on March 26, 2021.\nInspectors compared DART rates \u2014 days away from work, job restrictions or transfers \u2014 across the warehouse industry and at Amazon facilities, and found the rates were unusually high at the three Amazon warehouses.\nAt the Amazon fulfillment center in Waukegan, Illinois, where workers handle packages in excess of 50 pounds, the DART rate was nearly double the DART rate for the industry in general, and at the Amazon facilities in New York and Florida, it was triple.\nThe DART rate for the industry in general was 4.7 injuries per 100 workers per year in 2021, Parker said.\nInspectors also found that workers are at risk of being struck by falling materials unsafely stored at heights of 30 feet or higher at the Florida facility.\nShould the government prevail, Amazon would be required not only to pay the fines but also to correct the violations, which Parker noted, could result in significant investments in re-engineering their processes to provide workers with a safer working environment.\nEditor's note: Amazon is among NPR's recent financial supporters.\nNPR NewsNational \/ World News\nAndrea Hsu\nAndrea Hsu is NPR's labor and workplace correspondent.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"About EIFA\nConference announces the formation of EIFA in Brussels\nOn June 11, during a press conference in Brussels chaired by Struan Stevenson, President of the European Parliament's Delegation for Relations with Iraq, the formation of a new NGO, the European Iraqi Freedom Association (EIFA) was announced.\nAt this meeting Sid Ahmed Ghozali \u2013 former Prime Minister of Algeria, Alejo Vidal-Quadras \u2013 Vice President of the European Parliament ( 1999 \u2013 2014), Stephen Hughes, Vice-President of the Socialists-Democrats group and former MEP Paulo Casaca, an expert on Iraq, participated and spoke, focusing on the following points:\n1- The Conference strongly condemned the human rights violations in Iraq, the unprecedented number of executions and massacre of Iranian refugees in Camps Ashraf and Liberty, and stressed that the monopoly of power in Maliki's hands in the past 8 years and the unprecedented infiltration of Iran and its terrorist Qods Force in Iraq has been the main cause of the problems. After the withdrawal of U.S. forces, the Iranian regime filled the power vacuum in Iraq. The Conference described the support of Western governments, particularly the United States, for Maliki, as shameful and said they must share responsibility for the murder and massacre of the Iraqi people, and called for an end to US and Russian arms being supplied to Maliki to help him suppress the popular uprising, which Maliki falsely claims is being led by ISIS and Al Qaeda.\n2- Developments in Iraq have dramatically affected the entire region. If a national government, not-dominated by Iran, was in place in Iraq, Bashar Assad would have fallen long ago. The life of the Iranian regime depends on Assad and Maliki, and the fall of any one of them, brings Iran closer to its edge. So the regime is in full force killing people in both countries.\n3- Representatives of various Iraqi factions reiterated that recent elections were neither free nor fair and all of them have been defrauded by Maliki and the Iranian regime. While most of the Iraqi political factions oppose Maliki, with the support of Iran and using intimidation and threats, he is desperately trying to buy or bribe his way to becoming Prime Minister for a third consecutive term.\n4- Residents of 6 Sunni provinces have staged sit-ins since December 2012 protesting widespread repression and executions. These peaceful protests were confronted by suppression and lethal attacks by the Iraqi military under orders from Maliki and people and tribes in these provinces, especially al-Anbar, have been forced to defend themselves. Maliki has resorted to the indiscriminate killing of innocent civilians by barrel bombs and missile strikes and repeated air attacks in these areas. These operations are carried on under the command and monitoring of the Iranian regime's terrorist Quds Force. There is no doubt that these attacks constitute war crimes and the international community should strongly condemn them. In the meantime there are strong rumours that Maliki has evacuated his family to the UK and may even be preparing to flee the country himself.\n5- Reacting to the on-going attacks and oppression, the Iraqi people and tribes have taken control of Nineveh province and Mosul, Iraq's second largest city, driving out the Iraqi military and releasing hundreds of political prisoners. Iraqi military forces have been routed in Nineveh and more than half of Salahadin Province, with fighting now within 30 kilometres of Baghdad. Maliki misleadingly pretends that the terrorists and ISIS have taken control of Nineveh province in order to pave the way for bombings and missile attacks as well as to find an excuse for the U.S. and the Iranian regime's military intervention in Iraq. He also arrogantly asked Iraq's neighbouring countries to help him to suppress the terrorists in these areas, basically sending an open invitation to Iran's IRGC and Qods force to intervene.\n6 -Western countries, especially the U.S. and the U.K. and some other countries that had played a key role in toppling the former government in Iraq and empowering Maliki, bear serious responsibility for the current situation. For the past eight years the U.S. has provided unilateral support for Maliki and has maintained silence about his atrocities against Iraqi citizens, particularly the Sunni population and other religious and ethnic minorities as well as foreign refugees. The US has also turned a blind eye to the increasing domination of the Iranian regime in Iraq, which has played a major role in creating the current situation.\n7-The conference stressed the fact that the crisis of Iraq can only be resolved by an urgent change of leadership and the ousting of Maliki, combined with the complete eviction of the Iranian regime from Iraq, through the creation of a national and democratic government that rejects sectarian tendencies and represents all parts of Iraqi society. The conference asked western countries, in particular the U.S. and the EU to stand with the Iraqi people in order to realize this goal and to avoid providing any further support for Maliki.\n8- The European Iraqi Freedom Association (EIFA) as an NGO has been formed to be a voice for the people of Iraq, who deserve a better future. Many distinguished politicians and notable leaders who share these objectives have joined in this task. The Board of EIFA includes John Bruton \u2013 former Prime Minister of Ireland, Geir Haarde \u2013 former Prime Minister of Iceland, Alejo Vidal-Quadras \u2013 Vice President of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014, Giulio Terzi \u2013 former Foreign Minister of Italy, Lord Carlile \u2013 former National Security Advisor to the UK Government and Paulo Casaca (MEP from 1999 to 2009).\nStruan Stevenson, MEP\nPresident, European Parliament's Delegation for Relations with Iraq\nShare This Now:\nIn Washington, growing chorus calls for Iraq's Maliki to go | Reuters\nU.S. Lawmakers Express Frustration With Iraq's Maliki\nMaliki Proves Losing Bet for U.S. as Iraq's Unifier(Bloomberg.com)\nHuffington Post: A Fictitious ISIL to Scare Us Away From the Truth in Iraq, By Lord Maginnis\nFACT SHEET ON DEVELOPMENTS IN IRAQ\nEIFA Report : Iran's Support for Islamic Fundamentalist Groups, Relations With al-Qaeda & Sunni Extremists Under Scrutiny\nVisit Us ...\nNew EIFA Report : Iran's Support for Isl...\nEuropean Iraqi Freedom Association (EIFA) Iran's Support for Islamic F...\nEIFA WARNS ABOUT GROWING PRESENCE OF SEC...\nEIFA - Press releaseThere are alarming and escalating reports about the presence...\nExclusive: Biography and record of Hadi ...\n-European Iraqi Freedom Association (EIFA)- Hadi Farhan Abdullah al-Ameri, know...\nREPORT: Destructive role of Ir...\nDestructive role of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary ...\nShocking video shows Shiite mi...\nAl Arabiya - A shocking video of members of a Shii...\nIran's increased role in Iraq ...\nFox News - Iraq's increased reliance on Iran to fi...\nIraq: We must stop meddling by...\nBrussels, European Iraqi Freedom Association (EIFA...\nHuffington Post: A Fictitious ...\nThe UK, having invaded Iraq 11 years ago on a very...\nWashington Times: Iraq without...\nCol. Wesley Martin Commanding American service p...\nYou are here: HomePress ReleasesConference announces the formation of EIFA in Brussels Scroll to Top\nNew EIFA Report : Iran's Support for Islamic Fundamentalist Groups, Relations With al-Qaeda & Sunni Extremists Under Scrutiny\nEIFA WARNS ABOUT GROWING PRESENCE OF SECTARIAN IRANIAN MILITIAS IN IRAQ AND CALLS FOR THEIR EVICTION\nREPORT: Destructive role of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) in the Middle East\nIraq: We must stop meddling by Iran and its criminal militias\nIraq Report \u2013 February 2015\nSpeech by Struan Stevenson - European Parliament Iraq Delegation 3 Dec 2015\nA note from Struan Stevenson about an excellent report by Mr Ad Melkert\nExclusive: Biography and record of Hadi Farhan Abdullah al-Ameri\nShocking video shows Shiite militia beating man in Iraq's Salaheddine\nIran's increased role in Iraq stirs concerns among US' Arab allies\nAllawi condemned the assassination incident of imams in Basra and calls to unity\nAustralian PM Tony Abbott visits Iraq\nIraq: Anbar delegation to call for more US assistance in fight against ISIS\nAbadi: 2015 will be year to liberate all Iraqi territories from ISIL\nWashington Times: Iraq without Nouri al-Maliki The prime minister's link with Iran has prompted the ISIS offensive\nIran's Quds force aiding Iraqi Shiites with Obama administration's blessing\nStruan Stevenson: Work out the enemy in Iraq conflict\nUse of Shia militia is a bad way to run foreign policy\nUS must change policy in war against ISIS\nThe enduring short-sightedness of Iraq policies\nCopyright \u00a9 2014 EIFA(European Iraqi Freedom Association). All Rights Reserved.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"What We're Pinning: Powerful Women of the World\nBy Emily Riemer\nThe following six women are some of the most celebrated, powerful and inspirational women around. But women and men everywhere\u2013in every country and in all walks of life\u2013can and do make a difference every day because every person can do one thing, big or small, to change the world around them. Check out these pins, learn about these women, and be inspired to take action yourself, to do just one thing to empower women, whether they're in your neighborhood or on the other side of the world. You can make the difference.\nPresident Joyce Banda, the first female president of Malawi, is working to improve life for Malawians.\nThe former (and first female) prez of Ireland, and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mary Robinson.\nQueen Noor of Jordan is an outspoken voice on issues of world peace and justice.\nNobel Peace Prize laureate Leymah Gbowee is a Liberian peace activist and the leader of a women's peace movement that helped end 2003\u2032s Liberian Civil War.\nAlong with her diplomatic work, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is a strong proponent of women's empowerment around the world.\nBorn into extreme poverty, Somaly Mam is a dedicated activist for the protection of women and girls, and an end to sex trafficking in Cambodia.\nWho inspires you? Add a powerful women, or man, to the list in the comments below!\nWhat We're Watching: Last Chance to Watch Half the Sky Movement's Documentary Online\nToday is the First-Ever United Nations International Day of the Girl","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"RAF air power support for OMID HAFT\nThe planning for OMID HAFT began several weeks ago. Since then, elements of Task Force Helmand built around 3 Commando Brigade have been working\u2026\nThe planning for OMID HAFT began several weeks ago. Since then, elements of Task Force Helmand built around 3 Commando Brigade have been working closely with 6th Kandak (Battalion), 3rd Brigade, 215th Corps of the Afghan National Army (ANA), to co-ordinate an operation to rid the Kopak, Malgir and Loy Mandeh areas of Nahr-e Saraj of insurgent activity and extend the safe, protected community up to the Nahr-e Bughra canal.\nTo ensure this was possible, the full range of RAF assets in theatre were used to prepare the battlespace for the operation, with sorties being flown by 617 Squadron's Tornado GR4s and 39 Squadron's Reapers from Kandahar.\nSeveral days before the operation began, RAF Lossiemouth-based 617 Squadron, known more famously as 'The Dambusters', launched sorties from Kandahar Airfield to conduct tactical reconnaissance missions over the Loy Mandeh area using the RAPTOR (Reconnaissance Airborne Pod for TORnado) intelligence-gathering system - a canoe-sized digital camera pod which is capable of photographing an area the size of Cyprus in a single sortie.\nFlying at around 20,000 feet [6,000 metres], the crew conducted a detailed survey of the area in order to check ground transit routes, potential helicopter landing sites, buildings and compounds for signs of insurgent activity and the presence of improvised explosive devices (IEDs).\nSquadron Leader Ian Sharrocks, Officer Commanding Weapons Flight on 617 Squadron, said:\nThe RAPTOR is a really impressive piece of kit. It's a niche capability that is in demand across ISAF, offering fantastically detailed imagery.\nOn the Tornado's return to Kandahar, a team of imagery analysts from the RAF's Tactical Imagery-Intelligence Wing (TIW) worked against the clock to turn the raw imagery into intelligence reports; indentifying threats, and indicating the type of terrain, lengths of roads, and size of habitation.\nThis information was vital to ground commanders, allowing them to determine how many troops were required, what equipment and weapons they needed, how they would enter and extract from the area and how to best utilise their resources in order to complete the mission.\nThe TIW Detachment Commander, Flight Sergeant Sara Catterall, said:\nThe information we provide is essential, and a real necessity in the planning stage of an operation, and the feedback that we get from the commanders is extremely positive.\nIn the early hours of Thursday 26 May, equipped with a multitude of key information provided by 617 Squadron and the TIW, nearly 300 ANA soldiers and riflemen from 1st Battalion The Rifles took part in one of the largest partnered air assaults in Afghanistan since operations began.\nAs the operation progressed, 39 Squadron's remotely-piloted Reaper aircraft, and the 617 Squadron Tornado GR4s, carrying precision guided weapons, provided armed overwatch for the Afghan and British troops inserting into the Loy Mandeh area by support helicopter.\nHigh above the helicopters, the Tornado and Reaper aircraft were constantly providing situational awareness and a level of reassurance to the troops on the ground below.\nWith the operation fully underway, Royal Marines from 42 Commando approached the insurgent-held village of Loy Mandeh. A once thriving centre of commerce, it had become a desolate and uninhabitable area due to insurgent intimidation and the numbers of IEDs lying in wait.\nThe Royal Marines' mission was to enter, clear out the insurgents, and then prevent them from coming back by erecting checkpoints (CPs) in the newly-liberated village. The biggest challenge facing the men was the numbers of IEDs. Several devices were found which were safely disposed of by members of the Counter-IED Task Force and their Afghan counterparts.\nRAF Police Corporal Michael McConnel is one of a number of dog handlers who took part in the operation:\nDuring one patrol, one of the lads partly initiated an IED. After he was taken to hospital, Memphis and I carried on patrolling - we had to make sure the route from the new CP site was clear to get the essential stores needed to build it. It felt good to bring security to the people in the area.\nOn the Saturday, just two days after the Afghan and ISAF troops entered the contested areas, Afghan Major Rahim Ali visited ANA warriors who had just taken down a large Taliban propaganda flag from the outskirts of Loy Mandeh village. The flag was replaced with an Afghan flag to indicate to the local population the return of the Government of Afghanistan to the area.\nColonel Peter Eadie, the Commander of the UK Joint Aviation Group, responsible for co-ordinating the helicopters, said:\nThis was a complex operation involving large numbers of Royal Navy, Army and Royal Air Force personnel, as well as US Marine Corps troops. Between them, they co-ordinated 22 aircraft which inserted hundreds of troops and tonnes of stores into a high threat area, in poor weather, at night.\nDays of detailed planning paid off as the mission was a resounding success and a textbook example of multinational co-operation.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"A film by Johanna Demetrakas, 1974, 47 minutes, Color, DVD\nWOMANHOUSE is an historic documentary about one of the most important feminist cultural events of the 1970s. Judy Chicago (best-known as the creator of THE DINNER PARTY) and Miriam Shapiro rented an old Hollywood mansion and altered its interior through decor and set-pieces to \"search out and reveal the female experience...the dreams and fantasies of women as they sewed, cooked, washed and ironed away their lives.\" WOMANHOUSE is a fascinating historical look at feminism, its reception in the 1970s, and the ever-important relationship between art and social change.\nJudy Chicago Discusses Womanhouse as part of the Visual Archive at National Museum of Women in the Arts\nInterview with Faith Wilding by Amy Jin Johnson on Womanhouse\nWOMANHOUSE IS NOT A HOME\nProduced by Lynne Littman, Directed by Parke Perine, KCET Los Angeles, originally aired February 1972","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"From the ALWS archives: A selection of papers from the International Wittgenstein Symposia in Kirchberg am Wechsel\nKeywords 20th century philosophy Nachlass Wittgenstein Ludwig action aesthetics certainty common sense context culture description epistemology ethics experience explanation expression form of life grammar intentionality interpretation knowledge language language game logic meaning metaphor metaphysics method mind mind vs body naturalism nonsense object ontology perspicuous presentation phenomenology philosophy philosophy of language picture picture theory private language realism reference religion rule-following sense skepticism therapy thinking time truth understanding\nHome > (2010) Papers of the 33rd IWS (eds. E. Nemeth, R. Heinrich, W. Pichler) >\tFunke\nIndependence vs. Compossibility\nRalf Funke, Hamburg, Germany\nWittgenstein and Leibniz had a radically different view on the ultimate constituents of the world and resulting from this on the ontological status of the actual world in contrast to possible worlds. Whereas Leibniz thought that the world (the actual world) was chosen \"as a whole\" by God out of infinitely many alternative possible worlds, Wittgenstein believed that the world was a random conglomerate of mutually compatible \"states of affairs\". For Leibniz no part of the actual world could be identical to a part of a different world. For Wittgenstein every part of the world had exact counterparts in other worlds. They both agreed on the importance of logic though, and they both shared a desire to explain the nature of contingency.\n1. Leibniz' Possible Worlds\n2. Wittgenstein's Possible Worlds\nIt is well known that Leibniz introduced the concept of a possible world in an attempt to prove that the world as it is does not contradict the claim that God is all-mighty, all-knowing and all-good. The principle of an infinitude of possible worlds is part of his theodicy.\n\"I call 'World' the whole succession and the whole agglomeration of all existent things, lest it be said that several worlds could have existed in different times and different places.\" (Theodicy, p. 128)\nNotoriously, Leibniz held that this is the best of all possible worlds. This seemed to many a not very plausible view, but the interesting observation is that Leibniz thought that there were other worlds imaginable. He was contradicting Spinoza and Hobbes who believed that everything possible must exist.\nEverything possible would indeed be existing (real) if it were the case that all possibles were \"compossible\". Two individuals are said to be compossible if they are not only possible in isolation but also \"capable of joint realization\". \"A possible world is a set of mutually compossible complete individual concepts\". (Mates, p. 340). \"The actual universe is the collection of all existent possibles [...] and as there are different combinations of possibles, some better than others, there are several possible universes, each collection of compossibles constituting one.\" (Gerhardt, 1965, p. 573, quoted in Parkinson 1995, p. 213)\nThus, out of all possibles a subset of compossibles constitutes the world. According to Leibniz \"all things which are possible, or express essence of possible reality, tend by equal right towards existence in proportion to the quantity of essence or reality which they include, or in proportion to the degree of perfection which belongs to them.\" (Ultimate, p. 138) This could mean that the largest number of mutually compatible things exists. If there were 4 things A, B, C, D that were in essence similar and D were incompatible with A and B, but A were compatible with all but D, and B and C were also compatible then the series of ABC rather than CD would exist. (cf. Wahrheiten, p. 177) This is probably an overly simplified example, as Leibniz claims in other papers that the perfect world is determined instead of by the number of things by variety and simplicity. There is always, he says, \"to be found in things a principle of determination which turns on considerations of greatest and least; namely, that the greatest effect should be produced with [...] the least expenditure.\" (Ultimate, p. 138)\nThe question how a world must be constituted in order to be brought to existence, interesting as it is, is of secondary importance. In another line of reasoning Leibniz comes to the conclusion that the fact that this world exists is a proof that it must be the best of the possible worlds. This is a result of the principle of sufficient reason.\nIf God, so the argument goes, has to choose among the infinity of possible worlds, one to bring to existence he must of necessity choose the best one as only the best sticks out. For Leibniz (in contrast to Descartes) there can be no arbitrary choices, not any made by us and certainly not made by God. If we were told to draw a triangle, we would, says Leibniz, draw an equilateral triangle. If we have to go from a to b we take the shortest route, if there are no further qualifications. (Ultimate, p. 138).\nThis means that \"if there were not the best (optimum) among all possible worlds, God would not have produced any\". (Theodicy, p. 128) And it also follows that God cannot just create anything but that He is restricted to possibles that \"exist\" independently of Him (although they are only ideas in His mind): \"God's decree consists solely in the resolution he forms, after having compared all possible worlds, to choose that one which is the best, and bring it into existence together with all that this world contains, by means of the all-powerful word Fiat.\" (Theodicy, p. 151)\nLeibniz gives the following example: \"It is very much like what happens in certain games, in which all the spaces on the board have to be filled in according to certain rules: unless you show some ingenuity you will find yourself at the end kept out of certain refractory spaces, and thereby compelled to leave empty more that you need have done, and more than you wished.\" (Ultimate, p. 138) \u2013 The game Leibniz alludes to here is Solitaire.1\nObviously only possible Solitaire games with a solution, i.e. one peg in the center of the board are candidates for \"best possible\" solitaire world. Consecutive jumps with one peg are called moves. So a further objective might be to find a solution with as few moves as possible. Whatever the constraints might be the point is that given the solitaire rules, there is a fixed number of possible games and if God wants to realize one of them He must pick out the one that is the best \u2013 if there is one.\nSince only a complete world is chosen by God it does not make much sense to ask for alternatives within a world. After move 5 in the Dudeney world there must come the move from top left to top right. Otherwise it would be by definition another world.\nLeibniz addresses the problem though when he talks of mediate knowledge, that is a knowledge of the possible but not actual. \"Instance is given of the famous example of David asking the divine oracle whether the inhabitants of the town of Keilah, where he designed to shut himself in, would deliver him to Saul, supposing that Saul should besiege the town. God answered yes; whereupon David took a different course.\" (Theodicy, p. 145)\nThis example is rather complicated since it asks for the hypothetical reaction of the inhabitants of Keilah to a counterfactual condition. Leibniz thinks he can use the possible world concept to handle it: \"For the case of the siege of Keilah forms part of a possible world, which differs from ours only in all that is connected with this hypothesis, and the idea of this possible world represents that which would happen in this case.\" (Theodicy, p. 146)\nBut actually the problem starts with the first step: Will Saul besiege the town or not. Or put in a different way: Are there possible worlds in which Saul besieges the town and others in which he does not? Now, given the principle of sufficient reason this cannot be because it would suppose two possible worlds that are exactly alike until Saul takes an arbitrary decision to siege in world A and not to siege in world B. Since every decision must have a sufficient reason it means that something in world A must have been different from B before Saul makes his decision. Whatever the difference might be, something must have caused this again and so back to the very beginnings of worlds A and B. In other words for two worlds to be different it is necessary that they differ at the start.\nThis means there can be no \"trans-world-identity\". Leibniz, of course, is well aware of this. This is why he speaks of an \"approximation\" of Sextus when imagining a Sextus who did not rape Lucretia. And about \"counterparts\" of Adam he says: \"When considering Adam we consider a part of his predicates, as for instance that he is the first man, set in a pleasure garden [\u2026] and we give the name \u00bbAdam\u00ab to the person to whom these predicates are attributed, all this is not sufficient to determine the individual, for there might be an infinity of Adams \u2026\" (Correspondence, p. 55)\nBut if there are an infinity of Adams, or of Sauls, by whatever loose criterion, then God's answer to David's question could only be something like: Out of the infinity of reasonably \"similar\" possible worlds the inhabitants of towns similar to Keilah would deliver you in 52% of them.\nIf only \"our\" Adam has all the predicates to determine the individual, how can any (description of one) of his actions be called contingent? Or, what comes to the same thing, in what sense can his actions be of free will, if any alternative action would by definition not be his and thus not be one of this world?\nFor Leibniz in every universal affirmative truth the predicate is in the subject (Specimen, p. 75) or formulated slightly differently the \"notion of the predicate is in some way contained in the notion of the subject.\" (Primary, p. 87). Every truth can in the end by analysis of its notions be reduced to a primary truth, that is, to an identity like \"A is A\". An absolutely necessary truth is one whose opposite implies a contradiction, like truths of mathematics. A truth like \"Adam is rational\" can be shown to be true since Adam is a man and man is by definition a rational animal. That is, the truth can be resolved to truths of identity in a finite number of steps. These truths are also called metaphysical or geometrical.\nA truth of fact on the other hand, or a contingent truth, is one whose contradiction is not impossible. But its truth is just as certain. The essential distinction between necessary and contingent truth - and Leibniz calls this a \"wonderful secret\" (Primary, p. 88) \u2013 is that it takes infinitely many steps to reduce a contingent truth to a primary truth. In the case of contingent truths \"the reduction proceeds to and is never terminated. So the certitude and perfect reason of contingent truths is known only to God.\" (Speciman, p. 75)\nIn the case of Wittgenstein it is less obvious that he had a concept of possible worlds. It is not mentioned in the Tractatus at all and only in passing in the Notebooks where he uses \"possible\" as an alternative to imagined world. He does not seem to use it as a technical term when says: \"In every possible world there is an order even if it is a complicated one.\" (NB, p. 83)\nIn the Tractatus he sometimes seems to speak of world in a metaphorical sense, e.g. in 6.43 (\"The world of the happy is quite another than that of the unhappy.\") or in 5.6 (\"the limits of my world\").\nBut in the \"ontological\" section at the beginning of the Tractatus where he introduces the objects, he says that the objects form the substance of the world (2.021) And he goes on: \"It is clear that however different from the real one an imagined world may be, it must have something \u2013 a form \u2013 in common with the real world.\" (2.022) This form consists of the objects. (2.023)\nWhat this suggests is that the World in 2.021 is to be understood as \"the totality of possible worlds\".\nAlthough interpretations vary wildly even as to the meaning of the most basic of Wittgenstein's concepts the ontology of the Tractatus is really quite simple if taken literally.\n1. All possible worlds share a common substance \u2013 simple objects.\n2. An object can stand in configuration with some others (can be concatenated with them) and together they form a \"state of affairs\" (or \"atomic fact\").\n3. A state of affairs either exists or not.\n4. The sum of all existing states of affairs constitutes the (actual) world.\nWhatever the nature of an object and whatever the nature of a state of affairs, Wittgenstein is crystal clear about one thing: the objects determine the number of possible states of affairs. Every subset of possible states of affairs (including of course the empty set) can exist. If the states of affairs (in a subset of all states of affairs) do exist they build the actual world, if not, they form a merely possible world.\nThe sum of existing states of affairs determines the ones that do not exist. That any subset can be seen as a possible world is of course due to the wonderful property of the state of affairs, namely, to be independent of one another. Wittgenstein says so explicitly in 2.061: \"States of affairs are independent of one another.\" And more prominently right at the beginning: \"Each item can be the case or not the case while everything else remains the same.\" (1.21)\nThe independence thesis has never been very popular, perhaps because it seems to be just as implausible as the claim that this is the best of all possible worlds. Raymond Bradley calls it the \"myth of independence\". (Bradley, p. 101)\nAttempts have been made to make sense of the thesis, the most obvious one by distinguishing a logical from an ontological independence. Bradley provides the rather lukewarm solution that only \"entirely different\" states of affairs are independent. (Bradley, p. 120)\nA strict reading of the Tractatus is not made easier by the well-known fact that Wittgenstein himself had later some serious doubts about the truth of some of the main assumptions of the Tractatus.\nBut on the positive side, I for one, find it rather difficult to resist the charm of the Tractatus, where it says, that given a fixed form (the objects) that can combine to n states of affairs, all possible worlds can be established. If there are n possible states of affairs there are 2n combinations of states of affairs (4.27) and thus 2n possible worlds. And since there is a one-to-one relationship between states of affairs and elementary propositions, I can take any logical product of elementary propositions to describe a possible world. The truth of an elementary proposition does only depend on the existence of the depicted state of affairs. So while it takes an infinite number of steps to prove the truth of a contingent proposition according to Leibniz, the truth (or falsity) of an elementary proposition is immediately given. (Of course, how to analyze a sentence of ordinary language like \"the watch lies on the table\" is quite a different question.)\nIf we have two states of affairs a and b we obviously have four possible worlds, the empty one, the one where a exists, the one where b exists and the one where a and b exist. We can visualize them like this: [a], [b], [ ], [ab]. We might call them A, B, C, D respectively. Let p be the proposition that says that a and q be the proposition that states b, then p is true in A (or A is a truth-maker of p) and in D. Instead of saying that p is true in two possible worlds one could take it one step further and say that p is made true by the set of possible worlds consisting of A and D. In this way any logical combination of the two elementary propositions is made true by one of the 16 sets of combinations of possible worlds. The tautology if p then p and if q then q is made true by {[A], [B], [C], [D]} the contradiction by {[ ]}. Instead of using logical constants or truth tables we could take any number of elementary propositions and point to one set of sets of possible worlds that is a truth-maker of any logical connection between them.\nWe have seen that Leibniz and Wittgenstein are at opposite ends with regard to the ontological status of the world and to the logical status of a contingent truth. For Leibniz every tiny piece of the world is essentially connected to every other: \"For it must be known that all things are connected in each one of the possible worlds: the universe, whatever it may be, is all of one piece, like an ocean: the least movement extends its effect there to any distance whatsoever, even though this effect become less perceptible in proportion to the distance.\" (Theodicy, p. 128) To understand one contingent sentence, you must fully understand the whole universe.\nSo because of the interconnectivity only on the level of complete worlds there is a form of independence.\nWith Wittgenstein, on the other hand, we have total compossibility on the level of the states of affairs. Instead of an ocean his world resembles a jigsaw puzzle. Any piece might be missing, we still have a complete picture of the world. A missing piece does not affect the other pieces at all. We can totally understand a contingent proposition without knowing anything about the rest of the world.\nThe price to pay is rather high for both of them. Accepting Leibniz' view means to accept a world that is fully determined. Accepting Wittgenstein means one has to be totally agnostic as to the question how an ordinary sentence is analyzed, what is the nature of an object. One can only say that all attached properties to objects must somehow emerge from a concatenation of real objects, including colour and a position in space and time.\nFig. 1: Best of all possible Solitaire worlds? Henry Ernest Dudeney's elegant 19-move solution.\nBradley, R. 1992 The Nature of All Being, Oxford: Oxford Univerity Press.\nBerlekamp E.R., Conway, J. and Guy, R.K. 1982 Winning Ways for Your Mathematical Plays, Vol.2 Games in Particular London: Academic Press.\nGerhardt, C.I. (ed.) 1965 Die Philosphischen Schriften von Leibniz, 7 vols. Berlin: Weidmann, 1875-90; reprinted Hildesheim: Olms.\nLeibniz, G.W. Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil, Project Gutenberg. Translated by E.M. Huggard from C.J. Gerhardt's Edition of the Collected Philosophical Works, 1875-90 Access: http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/17147\/17147-h\/17147-h.htm#page123\nLeibniz, G.W. \"A Specimen of Discoveries About Marvellous Secrets of a General Nature\" in: Parkinson, 1973.\n\u2013\u2013\u2013 \"Correspondence with Arnauld\" in: Parkinson, 1973.\n\u2013\u2013\u2013 \"Primary Truths\" in: Parkinson, 1973.\n\u2013\u2013\u2013 \"On the Ultimate Origination of Things\" in: Parkinson, 1973.\n\u2013\u2013\u2013 \"\u00dcber die ersten Wahrheiten\" in: Holz, H.H. (trans. and ed.) 1973 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Kleine Schriften zur Metaphysik Frankfurt am Main: Insel.\nMates, B. \"Leibniz on Possible Worlds\" in: Frankfurt, H.G. (ed.) 1976 Leibniz: a Collection of Critical Essays London: University of Notre Dame Press.\nParkinson, G.H.R. 1973 (trans. and ed.) Leibniz: Philosphical Writings, London: Dent.\n\u2013\u2013\u2013 \"Philosophy and logic\", in: Jolley, N. (ed.) 1995 The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\nCharacteristically he says: \"The game called Solitaire pleases me very much. I take it in the reverse order. That is to say that instead of making a configuration according to the rules of the game, which is to jump to an empty place and remove the piece over which one has jumped, I thought it was better to reconstruct what had been demolished, by filling an empty hole over which one has leaped.\" (quoted in Berlekamp et. al., p. 711) Of course this is logically just the same game with only \"hole\" and \"peg\" reversed or a game played backwards in time.\nRalf Funke. Date: XML TEI markup by WAB (Rune J. Falch, Heinz W. Kr\u00fcger, Alois Pichler, Deirdre C.P. Smith) 2011-13. Last change 18.12.2013.\nThis page is made available under the Creative Commons General Public License \"Attribution, Non-Commercial, Share-Alike\", version 3.0 (CCPL BY-NC-SA)","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Celebrity chef Guy Fieri helps feed fire crews\nCelebrity chef and Food Network host Guy Fieri is up in Redding feed residents displaced by the deadly and destructive Carr Fire, as well as first responders who are aiding in the firefight.\nFieri, a Northern California native who frequented Redding as child, took a team of about 20 volunteers to Shasta College. Once there, they set up a makeshift kitchen and cooked up approximately 750 meals for both lunch and dinner on Sunday.\n\"My son and I, and his buddies and a bunch of mine, loaded up our caravan from wine country and drove four hours up here,\" Fieri told CNN.\nThe host of shows such as \"Diners, Drive-ins and Dives\" and \"Guy's Grocery Games\" said his crew is working \"arm and arm\" with the Salvation Army, Operation BBQ Relief, local chefs and residents to prepare the meals.\n\"The Salvation Army has been on the ground in Redding \u2026 They got involved right off the bat,\" Fieri said. \"They got involved Friday, started helping folks with a place to stay, and get something to eat, and get water, and you know all those basics that we \u2026 have on a regular basis, and all of a sudden they're gone.\"\nAbout 36,000 residents have been displaced, he noted. The conditions are so bad up there because of the fire that \"you can't even see the sun,\" Fieri added.\nNearly 1,000 structures, including many homes, have been destroyed by the 98,000-acre inferno, making it among the top 10 most destructive wildfires ever in California.\nFieri was also on hand with his team last October when the most destructive fire in state history \u2014 the Tubbs Fire \u2014 burned in Sonoma County, destroying more than 5,600 structures.\nA Santa Rosa resident, his family was among those who were evacuated as the deadly blaze raged.\nFieri urged people visit to the Salvation Army's website if they'd like to help victims of the Carr Fire.\n\u2190 WESTWOOD, NJ \u2014 Jessica Vogel, a chef and former contestant on \"Hell's Kitchen,\" has reportedly died Good morning \u2192","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Buhari Meets Obasanjo\nPresident Muhammadu Buhari on Thursday met behind closed door with former President Olusegun Obasanjo inside the Presidential Villa, Abuja.The meeting which was held inside the President's office lasted about an hour.Obasanjo who was driven into the forecourt of the President's office in a black Sports Utility Vehicle cracked jokes with journalists on his photographs with the wife of former President Goodluck Jonathan, Patience, which went viral on the internet recently before entering the President's office.At the end of the meeting, the former President told State House correspondents that he used the opportunity of the meeting to share his experiences on some of his recent international engagements with Buhari.\nThe former President also feigned ignorance of the recent claim by the National\nWhen asked to comment on the 2016 Appropriation Bill, Obasanjo said he could not do so until he would have read the document and know what it contains.\nOn Buhari's delay in signing the budget, he said, \"The constitution allows you (the President) to continue with the budget provided you did not go beyond the previous year. That can be done up to the middle of the year.\nWhen also asked for his view on the ongoing trial of the President of the Senate, Bukola Saraki, before the Code of Conduct Tribunal, the former President said, \"Eh en? What is wrong with him?\" as he walked towards his waiting car.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Flawed (Volume 2)\nTHERE'S THE PERSON who you think you should be and there's the person who you really are. I've lost a sense of both.\nA WEED IS just a flower growing in the wrong place.\nThey're not my words, they're my granddad's.\nHe sees the beauty in everything, or perhaps it's more that he thinks things that are unconventional and out of place are more beautiful than anything else. I see this trait in him every day: favoring the old farmhouse instead of the modernized gatehouse, brewing coffee in the ancient cast-iron pot over the open flames of the Aga instead of using the gleaming new espresso machine Mom bought him three birthdays ago that sits untouched, gathering dust, on the countertop. It's not that he's afraid of progress\u2014in fact he is the first person to fight for change\u2014but he likes authenticity, everything in its truest form. Including weeds: He admires their audacity, growing in places they haven't been planted. It is this trait of his that has drawn me to him in my time of need, and why he is putting his own safety on the line to harbor me.\nHarbor.\nThat's the word the Guild has used: Anybody who is aiding or harboring Celestine North will face severe punishment. They don't state the punishment, but the Guild's reputation allows us to imagine. The danger of keeping me on his land doesn't appear to scare Granddad; it makes him even more convinced of his duty to protect me.\n\"A weed is simply a plant that wants to grow where people want something else,\" he adds now, stooping low to pluck the intruder from the soil with his strong hands.\nHe has fighting hands, big and thick like shovels, but then in contradiction to that, they're nurturing hands, too. They've sewn and grown, from his own land, and held and protected his own daughter and grandchildren. These hands that could choke a man are the same hands that reared a woman, that have cultivated the land. Maybe the strongest fighters are the nurturers because they're connected to something deep in their core, they've got something to fight for, they've got something worth saving.\nGranddad owns one hundred acres, not all strawberry fields like the one we're in now, but he opens this part of the land up to the public in the summer months. Families pay to pick their own strawberries; he says the income helps him to keep things ticking over. He can't stop it this year, not just for monetary reasons but because the Guild will know he's hiding me. They're watching him. He must keep going as he does every year, and I try not to think how it will feel to hear the sounds of children happily plucking and playing, or how much more dangerous it will be with strangers on the land who might unearth me in the process.\nI used to love coming here as a child with my sister, Juniper, in the strawberry-picking season. At the end of a long day we would have more berries in our bellies than in our baskets, but it doesn't feel like the same magical place anymore. Now I'm de-weeding the soil where I once played make-believe.\nI know that when Granddad talks about plants growing where they're not wanted, he's talking about me, like he's invented his own unique brand of farmer therapy, but though he means well, it just succeeds in highlighting the facts to me.\nI'm the weed.\nBranded Flawed in five areas on my body and a secret sixth for good measure, for aiding a Flawed and lying to the Guild, I was given a clear message: Society didn't want me. They tore me from my terra firma, dangled me by my roots, shook me around, and tossed me aside.\n\"But who called these weeds?\" Granddad continues as we work our way through the beds. \"Not nature. It's people who did that. Nature allows them to grow. Nature gives them their place. It is people who brand them and toss them aside.\"\n\"But this one is strangling the flowers,\" I finally say, looking up from my work, back sore, nails filthy with soil.\nGranddad fixes me with a look, tweed cap low over his bright blue eyes, always alert, always on the lookout, like a hawk. \"They're survivors, that's why. They're fighting for their place.\"\nI swallow my sadness and look away.\nI'm a weed. I'm a survivor. I'm Flawed.\nI'm eighteen years old today.\nCopyright \u00a9 2017 by Cecelia Ahern","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Independent Publishing Conference 2021\nBook of the Year Award\nBook of the Year Award 2021\nMost Underrated Book Award 2019\nJoin SPN\nThe Small Press Network\nThe peak organisation for small and independent Australian publishers\nThe Small Press Network > Events > Independent Publishing Conference 2021 > Day two \u2013 Industry day program, 26 November\nDay two \u2013 Industry day program, 26 November\n9.00am\u20147.30pm\nOn the second day of the 2021 Independent Publishing Conference, we will hear from our keynote speaker, Dr Anita Heiss, who will discuss the role of publishers supporting their authors to push the boundaries in Australian publishing. The day will feature many industry professionals on multiple panels discussing a range of important topics. These sessions will include discussions about First Nations perspectives, audiobooks in the independent publishing landscape, the current state of the rights market and the challenges and complications of Covid, as well as the burning global issues in publishing and how the Australian peak bodies respond.\nScroll down to see the full day's program.\nTicketing costs:\nSingle-day Two days Three days\nFull price $75 $140 $200\nSPN member $50 $90 125\nStudent\/unwaged $40 $75 $100\nAdd to Calendar 2021-11-26 09:00:00 2021-11-26 19:30:00 Australia\/Melbourne Day two \u2013 Industry day program, 26 November\nOn the second day of the 2021 Independent Publishing Conference, we will hear from our keynote speaker, Dr Anita Heiss, who will discuss the role of publishers supporting their authors to push the boundaries in Australian publishing. The day will feature many industry professionals on multiple panels discussing a range of important topics. These sessions [\u2026]\nNews about this event:\nThe Book of the Year Award 2021: Winner Announcement\nWe are excited to announce the winners of the 2021 SPN Book of the Year Award. That's right, winners, the judges decided to award two BOTY winners this year! They are Echoes (2020) by Shu-Ling Chua and We are Speaking in Code (Brio Books 2020) by Tanya Vavilova. The judges said 'both titles exhibit beautiful [\u2026]\nIn conversation with BOTY shortlisted author: Kirsten Krauth\nHolly from The Small Press Network recently chatted to Kirsten Krauth, author of the 2021 shortlisted BOTY title Almost a Mirror. Kirsten Krauth is a writer and podcaster based in Castlemaine. Almost a Mirror, published in 2020, was shortlisted for the Penguin Literary Prize and named by The Guardian in 'The Best 20 Australian Books [\u2026]\nIn conversation with BOTY shortlisted author: Poppy Nwosu\nWe had a chat with Poppy about her book Taking Down Evelyn Tait, one of this year's shortlisted titles for the Book of the Year Award. Cordelia: Where did you get your inspiration from, and what was the most important thing you wanted to say with this story? Poppy: It really came with the main [\u2026]\nIn conversation with BOTY shortlisted contributing author: Elizabeth Flux\nIn the lead-up to the 2021 Book of The Year winner announcement on Friday 26 November, conference co-ordinator Chloe Hogan-Weihmann sat down with Elizabeth Flux to discuss the shortlisting of Collisions: A Liminal Anthology (Pantera 2020). Collisions is a collection of stories from the inaugural Liminal Fiction Prize longlist. The book has been described as [\u2026]\nDr Anita Heiss\nDr Anita Heiss is the award-winning author of nonfiction, historical fiction, commercial women's fiction, children's novels and poetry. She is a proud member of the Wiradjuri Nation, and a board member of University of Queensland Press, Circa Contemporary Circus and the National Justice Project. Anita is a Professor of Communications at the University of Queensland and her latest novel is Bila Yarrudhanggalangdhuray (S&S, 2021).\nAudiobooks - speakers Zack Sandor-Kerr (Kobo), Maria Issaris (audiobooks@radio) and Krissy Kneen (author\/narrator)\nAudiobooks are a fast-growing part of the market but until recently high costs have been a barrier to smaller players. But now we are seeing independent audiobook producers and distribution services opening up: is the playing field levelling out?\nChair: Malcolm Neil\n10:00am-11:00am\nFirst Nations Perspectives\nSpeakers: Ben Bowen (Indigenous Literacy Foundation), Dr Terri Janke (Terri Janke & Partners), Yvette Holt (FNAWN).\nChair: Jane Harrison\n11:00-12:00pm\nSpeculations in Speculative Fiction Publishing - speakers Penni Russon (author, UTS), Rose Michael (author, RMIT), Nick Tapper (Giramondo)\nLaura Jean McKay's recent win of the Arthur C Clarke award has seen a renewed focus on Australian speculative fiction. Before that The Animals in That Country won the Victorian Premier's Literary Prize, as well as our Aurealis Award. The boundary between speculative fiction and literary fiction writing is increasingly blurring, but is publishing following suit?\nChair: David Henley (Brio Books)\nKeynote - Anita Heiss\n\"Sovereignty through storytelling: the future of First Nations Publishing\" Anita Heiss discusses the role of publishers supporting their authors to push the boundaries in Australian publishing.\nLunch\/SPN AGM\nAnnual General Meeting of the Small Press Network. Members only. One attendee will win a free year's membership! (that's better than a sandwich). Register your attendance with SPN's board secretary secretary@smallpressnetwork.com.au\nNielsen BookScan market report. Speaker - Claire West\nThe annual BookScan market report is always a highlight of IPC. Claire West will step us through all the facts, stats and figures.\nResearch Reports: Speakers - Rebecca Giblin, Susannah Bowen, Beth Driscoll, Katherine Day, Sybil Nolan (all University of Melbourne)\nFollowing on from Thursday's research day, we will hear about four ambitious industry-wide projects delving deeper into Australian publishing.\nChair: George Dunford (ArtsHub)\nRights: Speakers - Nerrilee Weir (Penguin Random House), Natasha Solomun (The Rights Hive)\nThe latest report from Macquarie University's long-term study of the Australian book industry focuses on international rights sales (see Jan Zwar's presentation on Thursday's research day). This panel of rights experts will discuss the current state of the rights market and the challenges and complications of Covid.\nChair: Wenona Byrne (Australia Council)\n'A Provocation' and responses. Speakers - Jose Borghino (IPA), James Kellow (APA), Jane Seaton (ABA), Sophie Cunningham (ASA), Vicki Edmunds (ALIA)\nWhat are the burning global issues in publishing and how do the Australian peak bodies respond? The secretary-general of the International Publishers Association will kick off the conversation with 'a a provocation' from his Swiss lair \u2026\nChair: Sophie Masson (SPN)\nSPN Book of The Year Award presentation (separately ticketed)\nHosted by The Wheeler Centre as part of their Next Big Thing series. Hosted on Instagram Live. Featuring readings from the shortlisted authors and the announcement of the winner.\nMC \u2013 Kate Mildenhall\nMailing-list signup\nKeep up to date with Australian small and independent press news and events with our timely email notifications\nJournalist\/Media\nView past newsletters.\nAdd the SPN logo to your website\nJoin The Small Press Network","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Part of the Arizona Technology Council\nArizona STEM Ecosystem\nChief Science Officers\nSciTech Festival\nScience Happens Here\nNational Counting Bee\nEast Valley STEM Alliance\nBrowse K-12 Categories\nAZ SciTech Festival\nBoeing Signing Day\nK-12 Categories\nOutside Podcast: The Secret History of Biosphere 2\nWhat if you could opt out of society and go live in a completely self-contained glass bubble in the desert?\nYou and your team would be cut off from the rest of society. For two years, you'd have to grow every morsel of food that you wanted to eat and fix anything and everything that went wrong. That was the plan for the team of scientists that entered Biosphere 2 in the mid-nineties. You may remember that they didn't make it, but why was it the people on the outside who broke the glass and ended the experiment? Our friends at the podcast Terrestrial, from KUOW in Seattle, tell the story of what went wrong.\nOutside's longstanding literary storytelling tradition comes to life in audio with features that will both entertain and inform listeners. We launched in March 2016 with our first series, Science of Survival, which was developed in partnership with PRX, distributors of the idolized This American Life and The Moth Radio Hour, among others. We have since expanded our show and now offer a range of story formats, including interviews with the biggest figures in sports, adventure, and politics, as well as reports from our correspondents in the field.\nScience Topics Resource Audience\nBiology, Ecology\nSort by: Featured First\nAdventures in audio.\nhttps:\/\/www.outsideonline.com\/2263696...\nAssigned Categories\nSocial Studies - History\nScience - Life Sciences\nAbout SciTech Institute\nSciTech Institute is a nonprofit organization dedicated to enhancing and promoting STEM education and awareness in Arizona and beyond. It works to achieve this through some of the strongest STEM initiatives in Arizona, including the Arizona SciTech Festival, the Chief Science Officers program, the RAIN grant, the Arizona STEM School Community of Practice, Science For All and more.\n1438 W. Broadway Rd., Ste 101\ncontactus@scitechinstitute.org\nThe SciTech Institute is a collaborative initiative with the Arizona Commerce Authority and the Arizona Technology Council Foundation.\nThe SciTech Institute is the Foundation that encompasses some of the strongest STEM initiatives in Arizona, including the Arizona SciTech Festival, the Chief Science Officers Program, the RAIN Grant, the AZ STEM School Community of Practice, and Science for All.\n1430 W. Broadway #201","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"5 things marketers can learn from the Pok\u00e9mon Go Craze\n12 Aug 2016|Added Value\nOne month in and the 90's children's craze Pok\u00e9mon has been more than resurrected. The augmented reality gaming app Pok\u00e9mon Go has smashed all sorts of records, including an estimated 75 million downloads and $200 million in revenue so far. And this geocaching application is no child's play. It exceeds Twitter in active users; 40% of these being 25 years of age or older. Having achieved the kind of impact and audiences that most brands only dream of, what can marketers learn from the frenzy?\n1. Don't reinvent the wheel\nYou don't always have to start again or invent something new. You can update and refresh. Creators Niantic took a game first seen in 1996, and now covers video games, trading card games, animated television shows and movies, comic books, and toys and it gave new life. As a franchise that has been around for 20 years, Pok\u00e9mon has developed strong connections with its fans evoking nostalgia in some and novelty for others. Having an established community available, and the ability to provide something fresh means that the brand's growth is somewhat organic, evolving, and as a result, very powerful.\n2. Bring the online world to the offline world\nGaming isn't about being an isolated hermit, but social experiences and interactions, with technology as an enabler. As a spokesperson at NESTA said, it's 'a rare example of a game that promotes in-person interaction with other people and physical activity by forcing players to, well, leave the house.' Anecdotally I know someone whose daily step count has increased from 630 to over 15,000 a day, and we've even seen the launch of Pok\u00e9dates. The brand opportunity isn't isolated to just gaming industries. Maxwell's Bar and Grill in Covent Garden, London invested on in-game purchases to set lures and attract Pok\u00e9mon and launched a special menu. They've reported a 26% increase in revenue since they started trading as a Pok\u00e9stop. Similarly, L'inizio Pizza Bar in Manhattan have created Pok\u00e9mon-themed pizzas to go along with their stop \u2013 a $10 investment in lure modules led to a 30 percent increase in food and drink sales throughout one weekend. The Pop Shop, a popular restaurant in Medford, NJ, offers a free ice cream cone with the purchase of an entr\u00e9e to players and charging stations to juice up game fans' phones. And McDonald's Japan have become an official sponsor, turning 3,000 stores into 'Gyms.'\n3. Meet people where they are \u2013 or take them to where you want them\nEasy to use, the game is accessible to anyone with a smartphone. Through a device that lives in hands and pockets of the majority of the population exists an amazing opportunity to connect. An always-on conversation allows people to participate whenever and wherever they choose to, taking control of their interaction. Despite this, it's also disruptive. Even those not playing the game are interested, asking for an explanation and becoming more aware. Via GPS technology, players are encouraged to visit new locations, and this virtual overlay is bringing people to businesses that they may not have visited otherwise. Wholefoods successfully used geofencing in the US to not only attract consumers to their own stores with offers and incentives, but woo them away from competitors.\n4. Communicate with your brand ambassadors\nIn the age of social, it seems almost peripheral to mention the importance of communicating regularly with your brand fan base. However, Niantic, the developer of Pok\u00e9mon Go have done the most basic of social marketing errors. When the Pok\u00e9mon Go tracker feature 'broke' very soon after the game was released, fans waited (patiently) for it to be fixed. A few intrepid coders took on the challenge of devising solutions to the problem, which led to the rise of services like Pok\u00e9Vision. Yet, in the first major update to the game since it launched nearly one month ago, Niantic didn't fix the glitch. Instead, they removed the tracking system altogether and sent cease-and-desist letters to services such as Pok\u00e9Vision. Their fans are mad; at both the tech updates and the lack of communication.\n5. Experience is about more than product\nThere are very few physical objects that we need in the modern world. The most successful brands do not necessarily have business models based on selling products, but instead, focus their attention on creating experiences for consumers. Think of Secret Cinema. It's turned watching an old film into a lucrative business that attracts thousands of attendees to their captivating events. The Pok\u00e9mon Go app has multiple benefits \u2013 it's a game, it's immersive, gets people moving, offers social opportunities, challenges individuals and encourages exploration of communities. People feel as though they are part of something and influencing the trajectory of a brand interaction, lending the experience meaning. Successful brands are those that are culturally immersed and in tune with their consumers and their consumers' lives.\nPikachu and his pals definitely have some things to teach us. Using innovative technology that is engaging, offers adventure in an accessible way, resonates with people in their own lives, offers a new lens on something familiar, and is disruptive without throwing things into disarray is how marketers and brands can Power Up, be Super Effective, win Prestige and Achieve.\nBy Francesca Baker, Insight Project Director, Added Value UK and Bryan Knight, Tech Innovation Quality Manager, Added Value US\nPhoto credit: Niantic\/Nintendo","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"DiddyTV: YouTube Gains A Paying Partner\nIn true online video blog style, the announcement was made by Mr Diddy (not one of Ken Dodd's little friends), but differing from the norm, he's filmed walking in to a Burger King and happens to drop their catch phrase a couple of times while order his burger to \"have it his way\".\nInterestingly Mr Diddy says that he's going to \"Buy a channel on YouTube,\" so we're assuming that there's money involved, especially as Mr Diddy refers to \"The Contract\" in his video piece.\nAlso of note, is that Mr Diddy has his own URL on YouTube \u2013 YouTube.com\/diddyTV \u2013 certainly the first that we've seen that uses such a short form.\nThere's also a great spoof of Mr Diddy's video by Lisa Nova.\nDetails of the deal between Mr Diddy and Burger King haven't been disclosed, but we'd imagine that it's going to be worth more that a couple of orders at their stores, even if his entourage are ordering large.\nOf course, this big step up by Mr Diddy has absolutely nothing to do with the new album that he's releasing this month and is cunningly blip-cut into his video pieces.\nWe attribute much of Mr Diddy's knowledge and acceptance of YouTube down to Ryan Leslie, who is part of Mr Diddy's posse (which we believe is the common parlance). Ryan has been using MySpace and YouTube for a long time to promote himself, his label Next Selection (for life) and his artists like Cassie. We've spoken about his work in many consultancy sessions that we've done with media companies \u2013 and frankly have great regard for the way he's used the medium, such as his idea to get people to post their own lip-sync video on YouTube.\nThe absolute proof of this is Mr Diddy's message to Ryan saying that he'd \"finally talked him into it,\" asking him to send over some of his friends to Mr Diddy's Myspace. To show how these things roll, you'll note that Mr Diddy doesn't have Ryan in his Top 16 friends on his MySpace. You may also note that Mr Diddy has had over 10m plays of his tracks \u2013 some 4m of which for Come To Me, that was produced by Ryan Leslie. Where's the friendship?\nGoogle interested in buying YouTube?\nOver the weekend there has been much chatter about YouTube being bought by Google, after it was rumoured by the WSJ. The figure banded around was $1.6Bn.\nThis would be the most expensive purchase that Google has made. Up until now they've been very smart and picked up other compaies at early stages for relative small change. The rumored figure for Blogger was $30m.\nGoogle Video hasn't been the boon that they had hoped it was going to be. Buying YouTube will take Google into the forefront of serving video online and with the $10Bn they've got in the bank, not an unfeasible amount for them to pay for it. When put into historical context, it appears a pretty cheap price \u2013 don't forget that Yahoo paid $7.5Bn for broadcast.com back in the Web 1.0 days.\nPosted on 9 October, 2006 Author Simon PerryCategories Business, Music, MySpace, Shift to Web delivery, USA\nPrevious Previous post: Microsoft Vista Reaches Final Beta\nNext Next post: Google Signs Up With Sony & Warners To Offer Free Music Videos","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Fraternity raises record breaking $300,000 with annual Derby Days event\n11\/14\/16 3:20am Nikhilesh De\nPhoto by Nikhilesh De |\nSigma Chi partnered with eight sororities to raise more than $300,000 for the Children's Specialized Hospital in New Brunswick with their Derby Days charity fundraiser.\nNine greek organizations broke a record Saturday night when they raised more than $300,000 over the course of two weeks during events for the 26th annual Derby Days, a charitable program run by the Sigma Chi fraternity.\nThe fundraiser benefits the Children's Specialized Hospital in New Brunswick, said Joseph Hefley, a former Derby Days director for Sigma Chi. The School of Arts and Sciences senior estimates that nearly $1.5 million has been raised in the past five or six years alone.\n\"It started out as a relatively small thing, but around eight years ago, we finally got to right under the $100,000 mark and that's when social media started coming out, the sororities' presence on campus got stronger,\" he said. \"Six years ago, (we raised) $135,000 \u2026 this year it's right under $300,000.\"\nParticipants spend most of the semester preparing for the week, he said. At the beginning of the semester, members of Sigma Chi were drafted to work with each of the eight different sororities also taking part.\nDuring the two weeks, students competed in various activities including a Family Feud-style game, field activities, a date auction and a Lip Sync Battle. The last dance competition ended the activities for the charity.\n\"It's supposed to be fun, you go out there, have a good time, compete against each other,\" he said. \"At the end of the day everyone (raises money for the hospital).\"\nThe teams that raise the most funds or win different activities win prizes, Hefley said.\nThese prizes recognize the work each team puts into the fundraiser, he said. Many of the sororities have been preparing for an entire year, while the fraternity brothers began working with their teams at the beginning of the semester.\nThe event organizers at Sigma Chi begin planning for the next year's activities immediately after the previous year's are completed, Hefley said.\n\"This is a year-long effort, our brothers take it really seriously,\" Hefley said. \"Right after I got done last year I worked with (the current director), and after tonight we'll celebrate this weekend, but then the next guy starts Monday.\"\nNikhilesh De is the news editor of The Daily Targum. He is a School of Engineering senior. Follow him on Twitter @nikhileshde for more.\nNikhilesh De","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home News India Rahul promises min income scheme; 20 pc families to get Rs 72K annually\nRahul promises min income scheme; 20 pc families to get Rs 72K annually\non: March 26, 2019 In: IndiaTags:\nNew Delhi: In a big poll promise that he described as a \"groundbreaking\" measure to end poverty, Congress chief Rahul Gandhi Monday said 20 per cent families in poorest of the poor category will be given Rs 72,000 each annually as a minimum income.\nMaking the announcement at a press conference here, Gandhi said, \"The time for change has come\". Five crore families and 25 crore people will directly benefit from the scheme, he claimed, terming it is a \"final assault\" to eradicate poverty in the country.\n\"The final assault on poverty has begun. We will wipe out poverty from the country,\" he said.\n\"I promise that there will be justice for the poor. The Congress guarantees that 20 per cent families belonging to poorest of the poor category in India will be given Rs 72,000 each annually,\" he said.\nThe Congress chief termed it a \"historic day\", saying the Congress had launched its final assault on poverty on the day.\n\"5 crore of the poorest families in India, will receive Rs 72,000 Per Year. #NyayForIndia is our dream and our pledge. The time for change has come,\" he later said on Twitter.\nGandhi made the scheme public soon after discussing it at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee, which had met at the AICC headquarters to discuss and give final shape to the party's manifesto.\nThe Congress chief said the party has studied the fiscal implications of the scheme and has consulted renowned economists and experts before finalising it. Gandhi claimed that everyday your money is being taken and \"we will show you what is happening. We have been studying this for the last 4-5 months\".\nJammu Sahodaya gets new team\nNC's LS candidates will protect J&K's special status: Omar\nTripura Ministers' led delegation meets Dr Jitendra","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"'; cPrompt.innerHTML = cPromptContent; cPrompt.setAttribute('id', 'gdprConsentPrompt'); document.body.appendChild(cPrompt); document.getElementById('gdpr_consent').addEventListener('click', function(){ addGDPRConsent(); document.getElementById('gdprConsentPrompt').outerHTML = ''; }); }, {once: true}); } \/\/ add the consent cookie, run all queued scripts, send a GA event if\/when GA is enabled function addGDPRConsent (){ try { var d = new Date(); d.setDate(d.getDate() + 90); document.cookie = 'gdpr=true;expires=' + d.toUTCString() + ';path=\/'; window.gdpr = true; for (var s in scriptQueue){ var v = scriptQueue[s]; runGDPRConsented(v.src, v.complete); } if(typeof ga === 'function') { ga('send', 'event', { eventCategory: 'gdpr', eventAction: 'consent', transport: 'beacon', nonInteraction: true }); } return true; } catch (e){ console.error('GDPR: we failed to save the cookie.\\nError:', e.message); return false; } } \/\/ check if file should be run immediately or if it should wait for consent function runGDPRConsented(src, complete){ if(!src){ return false; } if(window.gdpr === true) { let type = typeof src, tag; try { switch (type) { case 'string': tag = document.createElement('script'); tag.setAttribute('type', 'text\/javascript'); if (complete) { tag.onload = function () { if (typeof complete === 'function') { complete(); } else { console.log(complete); } }; } tag.src = src; document.head.appendChild(tag); break; case 'function': src(); if (complete && typeof complete === 'function') { complete(); } else if (complete) { console.log(complete); } break; default: return false; } } catch(e){ console.error('GDPR: we failed to run the requested script: '+src+'\\nError:', e.message); } } else { scriptQueue.push({'src': src, 'complete': complete}); } } Athlete Celebrities With Expensive Cars\nDid You Know | Celebrity\nAthlete Celebrities With Expensive Cars\nBy Emma C | May 27, 2022\nThe top athletes put in so much work to give an impressive performance every day. Most of them are always in the popular point spread news. The athletes will need to be very determined, talented, and hard workers to reach their pick.\nThe athletes invest in inexpensive luxury, classics, or sports cars. The top athlete's cars are worth millions of dollars and different types depending on the athlete's choice.\nHere are the celebrities!\nFloyd Mayweather - Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita\nFloyd Mayweather has had an aspiring boxing career and is considered one of the best boxers. He is considered one of the best professional boxers of all time.\nAt the pick of his career, he w bring in $300 million per bout with an estimated worth net of\n$450 million. Before his retirement as a professional athlete, Mayweather spent his cash on a 2010 Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita, which is estimated to be worth $4.8 million. The Koenigsegg is a rare car, and there are only two such vehicles in the world.\nThis hypercar has a diamond wave fiber finish with a 4.8-liter v eight Engine. The vehicle has a top speed of 254 mph and can go from 0 to 60 miles per hour in 2.9 seconds. In 2017 he sold the vehicle for $2..6 million, where he lost $ 2.2 million.\nLewis Hamilton - Pagani Zonda 760 LH\nLewis Hamilton is one of the best formula one drivers in the world. He had an impressive career where he is seen as the most successful full driver in formula one history. He has the most wins in the racing history.\nHamilton has a net worth of approximately 500 million dollars. His favorite biggest care investment is a Pagani Zonda 760 LH, a limited edition of its kind. The car is estimated to be worth 2 million dollars, and it's said to have been built specifically for Hamilton.\nThe Pagani Zonda 760 LS is designed based on the 760 RS. This car has a 7.8-liter v eight engine that has 760 horsepower. The top speed for the car is 260 miles per hour, and it has a manual gearbox.\nChristiano Ronaldo - Bugatti Centodieci\nChristiano Ronaldo is considered one of the best athletes in the soccer world. He has had a prolific play career where his estimated net is over $500 million. His car collection has many cars, and the most prestigious one is Bugatti Centodieci.\nBugatti Centodieci is a limited edition of its kind after winning the championship with Juventus. The gift to winning the league is limited, and there are only ten of its kind in the world. The Centodieci is said to have cost Ronaldo $9 million.\nThe car has an 8-liter W16 engine with 1600 horse power. The car has a high acceleration that can reach a speed of 62 miles per hour in 2.4 seconds.\nConor McGregor - Rolls-Royce Phantom\nConor McGregor is a UFC boxer who has made a name for himself in the boxing world. He is estimated to be worth 120 million dollars. He is famously known for fighting Floyd Mayweather in 2017.\nConor McGregor garage has a Rolls-Royce Phantom, a very expensive luxury car. He bought the vehicle to celebrate his win in the feather weights bet in 2015. The phantom was the most expensive model of the Rolls's Rolls.\nThe original price for the phantom was 533 000 dollars, and it was a classic car during its release. The vehicle has a 6.2 liter v 12 engine with 453 horsepower. The engine is so strong that it takes 5.6 seconds to get it from 0 to 60 miles per hour.\nLebron James - Lamborghini Aventador\nLebron James is one of the most famous basketball players with a successful career. He is estimated to be earning $100 million per year, which could be more from sponsorship deals. His net worth is estimated to be over $480 million, and it's expected that his car collection will have expensive cars.\nThe Lamborghini Aventador is one of Lebron James' cars, and his version is a roadster. The Lamborghini has extra features that were made. It was custom wrapped to match the inside of his Nicky kicks.\nThe model has a v12 engine with 729 horsepower, strong enough to get from 0 to 60 miles per hour in 2.9 seconds. The Aventador tops speed at 217 miles per hour and can convert the roof.\nEmma C\nHead of Content, reality TV watcher and lover of cookies.\nGames & Tech | Did You Know\nWhat are the Best Features of Board Portal Software\nPhoto by John Schnobrich on Unsplash\nSome entrepreneurs at this point are suffering from the fact that their business is no longer generating any revenue and their customers are leaving for other companies. This is understandable if you are still not using modern technology as the primary regulator of actions within your company. A board portal is the perfect place to hold meetings and automate business processes. It will also help you completely eliminate paper from your workflows. Learn more in","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Amazon game controller appears in image leak\nAn Amazon set-top box has been the subject on numerous rumors, and as of today it would appear as if we are getting a first look at some of the hardware. We aren't seeing the box itself, but a piece that brings a clear suggestion of functionality. Dave Zatz recently spotted some images of a game controller.\nThe images come by way of an overseas regulatory agency, which can be compared to what the US has with the FCC. Basically, the place where products go to get approval before a release. More important here, based on the controller, it would appear as if Amazon is working on something with gaming and media features.\nThe controller is Bluetooth, and sports a full line of gaming buttons including direction buttons, a pair of analog sticks, the XYAB buttons and some shoulder buttons. Interestingly, there is a trio of buttons that appear to have been pulled directly from an Android handset. Those sit front and center and include the back, home and menu.\nThere is also another button just below, but that one remains a mystery. Otherwise, remaining details for the controller are the two sets of LED indicator lights (on the left and right) \u2014 those are believed to be Bluetooth and battery indicators. While it is hard to argue this is an Android game controller, there isn't much in terms of whether this is simply an accessory, or an accessory for the yet-to-be-annouced Amazon set-top box.\nAmazon reportedly bringing streaming music service to Prime members\nDetails emerge on Amazon streaming music service, set-top box\nAmazon AppStream now open for app and game developers\nAmazon Prime price increase now official\nAmazon moving forward with 'Project Aria', a mid-range smartphone","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Legal Defenses To Penal Code 496\nDec 14, 2019 defenses, legal, penal\nOn October one, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the development of the people 's Republic of China (PRC). Socialism has caused enormous human suffering, and it always destroys that which it purports to be about: equality. The bureaucracy required to centrally plan and administer a Socialist State grabs power and will do anything to keep it, including mass murder. The enforcement of the equality of possessions leads to inequality of rights. Personal Jurisdiction \u2013 Power which a court has over the defendant's person and which a court must have before it can enter a judgment affecting the defendant's rights. I know about this region because my family comes from there. My mother grew up in a house with a dirt floor. My dad's family lived in a house where snow fell on you in bed, where you slept 3 to a bed, huddled together for warmth as there was no heat and it was zero degrees outside sometimes, through huge holes in the roof and he had nine brothers and sisters, all of whom had to work picking fruit in the fields from the time they were little but big enough to do it. All of them became middle class or upper class people through their own efforts. None EVER took any government help. All ended up wealthy by world standards. Only in America, a country based on economic freedom, is this possible. In most places, being born dirt poor means you will stay that way. In socialist countries such as North Korea, EVERYBODY lives more poorly than Americans in the Appalachians today. Use these to make the walls and fences look part of the scenery. Use grass scatter on tops of stone walls, around them, 'growing out' of them. Lichen can be added to look like bramble bushes, thorns, vines. Use them to smother tree trunks. Observation: take pictures of trees being overpowered by thorns, ivy and smaller bushes. Take pictures of gateways, old abandoned buildings, farm buildings, derelict buildings. Stone barns in the Dales are sometimes distressed, neglected, rooves falling in, tiles or slates missing, walls crumbling through lack of upkeep. Woodman, Gordon R. Customary Land Law in the Ghanaian Courts. Accra: Ghana University Press, 1996. I love to read about Feng Shui then get all flustered when I realize that some good thing just won't work. I come from a long line of people without working door bells. We get one and one month later, it's kaput. Last time, we got one of those electric wireless door bells. If you rang it, the people across the street would come to their door. Of course my kids (and one big kid) had a lot of fun with that. 3D Systems Corp. trades on the NYSE under symbol DDD. Founded by the creator of 3 D Printing, Chuck Hull, the company has been the dominant company in 3D Printing for years. The company is involved in the development and manufacturing of 3D Printers, and related materials and services.\nDouble jeopardy \u2013 Putting a person on trial more than once for the exact same crime. It is forbidden by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Because direct democracy can be unwieldy on the national level, there are few countries that use it as a primary governmental system. But that doesn't mean direct democracy doesn't exist anymore! Here are some examples of where you can see direct democracy in action. There are two main streams of law: civil law and criminal law. Mirroring developments in the role and independence of judges were changes to the avenues of redress open to aggrieved parties. The common law system was an improvement on what had gone before, but it was still slow, highly technical \u2013 making procedural mistakes that could ruin a case all too likely \u2013 and vulnerable to corruption, especially when juries were used. The criminal law provisions are either mandatory or prohibitory in character. Violations of mandatory provisions are usually in the form of omissions of what is legally mandated and expected from the person. The doing of something that the law prohibits constitute the commission of a criminal offense. An example of an omission in law is the legal obligation of parents to provide immediate assistance for their minor child under their custody in cases when the latter suffers from serious health emergencies. This parental care and support should be complied with in good faith by the parents of the minor and in case of omission whether by neglect or with willful intent, the parents shall borne the punishment provided by law for whatever that may happen to their child be it mere physical injuries or worst, death. Thus, an act of neglect by way of not performing the due diligence required by law from the parents for the protection of the life of a minor who died due to lack of proper care constitutes homicide. For the crimes of commission, certain acts are expressly prohibited by law such as the killing of another person save in some exempting and justifying circumstances that the law provides. Should anyone commit an act that results in the death of another person, the former shall suffer the punishments for either homicide, murder or man slaughter. Criminal laws are all statutory. But most of civil law has its origin in common law, albeit modified by various statutes. The rules of common law are not to be found in codes written by a single authority, but instead in the case law \u2013 that is, the body of decisions made in previous decisions by judges. The guiding principle of common law is the notion of precedent. This means that judges are, in general, expected to make rulings that follow the pattern established in previous, similar cases. When a new case arises whose resolution is not clearly dictated by existing precedents, the judge's decision in the case becomes the precedent for future cases of a similar nature. In this way, the common law develops over time in response to the cases that appear before the courts.\nThe High Court hears both criminal and civil cases, as well as appeals from the decisions of District Courts and Magistrates' Courts. In addition, it hears proceedings concerning admiralty matters, company winding-up, bankruptcy and applications for the admission of advocates and solicitors. The High Court has general supervisory and revisionary jurisdiction over all subordinate courts in any civil or criminal matter. In general, the High Court deals with matters where the value of the subject matter of the claim exceeds 250,000 SGD. It has jurisdiction to try all offences committed in Singapore and in certain cases, try offences committed outside Singapore as well. The High Court tries criminal cases whose punishment involves the death penalty or more than 10 years of imprisonment. These courts hear appeals concerning income tax issues. The presiding judge sits together with an accountant who has at least ten years' experience and a representative of the commercial community. In respect of the present Report to the African Commission, a similar methodology has been adopted. South Africa is currently engaged in the process of drafting a National Action Plan on the improvement of the protection and promotion of Human Rights to be deposited with the United Nations on 10 December 1998 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Department of Justice, in co-operation with the Human Rights Commission, is leading this process. NGOs including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), are represented in the Steering Committee. Other government departments are also involved in this process particularly through the National Coordinating Committee where all government Departments are involved. It was decided that the process of drafting the National Report to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights should fall within the ambit of this process. Thus a drafting team composing relevant state departments and NGOs who have observer status at the African Commission have been co-opted on this drafting team. It is, in essence, this massive 'global political awakening' which presents the gravest and greatest challenge to the organized powers of globalization and the global political economy: nation-states, multinational corporations and banks, central banks, international organizations, military, intelligence, media and academic institutions. One of the consequences of the reforms implemented in the 1960s was the concentration of economic power in the hands of managerial elites and technocrats, considered socially and politically unacceptable. Although managers and directors were predominantly members of the League of Communists, their increasing power endangered workers' control and also threatened to deprive the party bureaucracy of political control (Mencinger, 2000, p. 125).\nGlobal power has never been so centralized, with international institutions and systems of global governance holding authority over several realms of humanity. We are partaking in global wars seeking to dominate populations and control resources, democracy is eroding in the West, and wealth disparities have never been so great in all of human history. The early history of anarchist practice gets caught up in this: when anarchists react to the repressive force that's used against them in the late 19th century, they get into those cycles of violence and gain a reputation for being the very thing that they say they're not. It becomes easy to point to evidence that anarchists are these terroristic, aggressive, destructive, nihilistic individuals, simply because you can point to various assassins and groups who argue for violent means in order to overthrow existing institutions. The image is quite powerful, and becomes almost romantic in a way. It attracts a lot of attention in literature, and later in films, which helps perpetuate it. It becomes very difficult for anarchists to get away from it; but they also sometimes play with it. Irrespective of African American women's desire to lobby with other women, Caucasian women felt that this group of women may foil their efforts. Thereby African American women were excluded from participating in the effort. Literature reflects these claims since African American women's contributions toward women's equality were documented as part of the Civil Rights Movement. Republic \u2013 a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation. intermediate people's courts: Prefecture-level courts. Stefania Karolina Marek \u2013 nee Brojde, alias 'Kruk' ('Crow'). Born 1906. Office worker, anarchist. In secondary school she joined Anarchist Federation in Czestochowa. She was arrested for being an anarchist. She was one of the first members of Warsaw Housing Cooperative. Spoke three languages: English, German, French. Wife of Pawel Lew Marek (author of On the edge of life \u2013 memories of anarchist 1943-44). During WWII hidden by (among others) Stanislaw Rosloniec. During Warsaw Uprising, fought in the Old town with I Mechanized Division of Narodowe Sily Zbrojne (National Armed Forces) alias 'Stefania', she worked in English and German radio monitoring sections of Voice of the Old Town uprising newspaper. With soldiers of NSZ she managed to get to another fighting district, Srodmiescie, where she joined the Syndicalist Brigade. She worked in radio monitoring section of syndicalist bulletin Iskra. After capitulation of the Uprising she was a so-called 'Warsaw Robinson' \u2013 she survived by being buried alive with 40 other people in bunker until 18 January 1945. After WWII worked in Interstate Trade Centre. Never joined the Communist Party. Died in\u00a01985.\nUse FindLaw to hire a local criminal law attorney near you to defend your rights at each stage of a misdemeanor or felony case \u2013 from an arrest to an appeal after conviction. Mediation \u2013 A private, informal way to resolve a dispute. A mediator is a neutral third person who tries to aid disputing parties in reaching a mutually agreeable solution to their differences. Bar sponsored client-lawyer mediation programs can be a good first step if efforts to work the problem out with the lawyer have not succeeded. In a socialist society they would be found work or training to put them into a position where they can contribute to society and not just take from it. Beijing views all protests and pro-democracy political voices as potential challenges to China's one-party rule. Communist government and American government are never at peace with each other. I would like to tell you that if they are not at peace with each other , the whole world will suffer a lot. You are absolutely right. Every one of those government workers is a taxpayer as are the rest of us. The size of government is not sustainable because we keep spending more than we can possibly pay back (19 Trillion is the national debt) and ignore it. Ryan wants to cut taxes and repeal SS and Medicare. How can we do that? How much talk was there on the National debt during this election? The other problem is that if we keep reducing the taxes and lay off the government workers in droves how are we going to put these taxpayers back to work? It's as insane as sending the good paying jobs of consumers overseas and then selling them goods they cannot afford to buy due to their reduced and in many case unemployment. If we got he insanity of lobbyists relentless buying what is best for their employers out of the spending and influence regardless of the countries best interest we might get a handle on our spending correctly for our own good without putting more people on the unemployment line. 1.8.15 In recognition of the legal profession's social responsibility in making legal services accessible to the public, the Law Society's Pro Bono Services Office, established on 1 August 2007, coordinates and administers all of its pro bono initiatives such as the Criminal Legal Aid Scheme (CLAS \u2013 for needy accused persons), Project Law Help, Community Organisation Clinics (for non-profit organisations such as a charity, voluntary welfare organisation and social enterprise), Community Legal Clinics at the Community Development Councils as well as initiatives to raise public awareness of the law. Singapore-qualified lawyers are obliged to report the number of hours they have spent each preceding year on pro bono work. This was recommended by the Committee to Study Community Legal Services Initiatives in November 2013.\nWorld Governments Find Middle Ground\nJ Aug, 2020 Adiantku\nFrom Democracy To Dictatorship\nJ Jul, 2020 Adiantku\nJ Jun, 2020 Adiantku","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Tag Archives: Westport YMCA Water Rats\nStop (Or Start) The Presses: Staples Swimmers Sink Greenwich!\nPosted on January 31, 2018 | 18 comments\nThe Staples High School boys swim team is making quite a splash this winter.\nBut \u2014 at least in the local media \u2014 they haven't even caused a ripple.\nLast week, the Wreckers beat Greenwich.\nThe last time that happened was 1979 \u2014 nearly 40 years ago. And the time before that \u2014 Staples' only other swimming win over the Cardinals \u2014 came in 1970. That day, the water in the small Westport YMCA pool was so murky, no one could see the turns.\nThe 2018 Staples High School swimming and diving team. (All photos by Andy McNab)\nHow good is Greenwich? Under coach Terry Lowe, they've won 34 state open championships, and 24 class LL (extra large school) crowns. They've also won captured a mind-boggling 46 FCIAC titles, over the past 47 seasons.\nThey make the Yankees and Celtics of the 20th century \u2014 or, more recently, the Patriots \u2014 look like the early New York Mets.\nCoach Jeff Bonaccorso\nYet last week, Staples out-swam the Cards. In fact, they drowned them. The final score was 110-76.\nIt was quite a victory for the Wreckers. And for first-year coach Jeff Bonaccorso.\nThat's right. This is his rookie season with this high school team.\nHe took over after Frisk Driscoll moved to Fairfield University. Of course, Bonaccorso is hardly a fish out of water. He's aquatics director at the Westport Weston Family Y \u2014 and in the fall, coaches the Ridgefield High girls squad.\nThe Staples\/Westport Y connection is strong. Many Wreckers grew up in the Water Rats program, directed by the legendary Ellen Johnston. Most continue to compete on both teams \u2014 even during the high school season.\nScott Adler\nThat's true for Staples 2 captains, Josiah Tarrant and Scott Adler. They began swimming almost before they could walk. Pool water courses through their veins \u2014 and they race through their lanes faster than everyone else.\nStill, both were a bit apprehensive when Driscoll left.\n\"I never thought we'd see another coach like Frisk,\" Adler says. \"But Jeff exceeded everyone's expectations.\"\nThe two men have very different styles. Driscoll always had a set lineup. Bonaccorso makes changes based on whoever the other team puts in the water. Plus, Adler says, \"he's super-competitive and a great motivator.\"\nEntering the season, the captains had high hopes. They finished 3rd at last year's FCIACs \u2014 and graduated only a few, non-scoring seniors.\nStill, admits Adler, despite their confidence they were \"not sure about Greenwich and Ridgefield.\"\nTwo weeks before the Cardinal meet, Staples met the Tigers \u2014 a team with 5 great swimmers, including 2 Olympic trial hopefuls. What Adler calls \"the most exciting and closest dual meet of my life\" \u2014 with an \"insanely loud\" home crowd \u2014 came down to the final relay.\nRidgefield won. But by placing 2nd and 3rd, the Wreckers amassed enough points to eke out a 94-92 victory.\nJosiah Tarrant in action. He swims the 50 free, 100 butterfly, and anchors the 200 medley and free relays.\nThen came Greenwich.\nAgain at home \u2014 with more packed, roaring fans, including the girls' team \u2014 Staples took down the state's most legendary swimming power.\nHow did they do it?\n\"Hard work,\" says Tarrant. \"I know it's a cliche. But we're in the pool from 5:30 to 7 in the morning before school, a few days a week. Then we're in again, from 3 to 5 every day.\"\nTheir rigorous practice schedule \u2014 and all the coaching, from Johnston, Driscoll and Bonaccorso \u2014 are paying off.\nJosiah Tarrant\n\"Everyone thinks swimming is an individual sport,\" Tarrant notes. \"At the club level, it is. But on the high school pool deck, there's so much camaraderie.\n\"It's not just about the fastest guy. The 5th guy gets a point, and every point matters.\n\"We constantly push each other in practice. We always cheer for each other. These are my brothers.\"\n\"It's nice to see a direct connection between hard work and the end result,\" Adler adds. \"You really see it come to fruition.\nBut Tarrant and Adler are not basking in the glow of their press clippings. (Whoops \u2014 sorry. There weren't any.)\n\"This is only the beginning,\" Tarrant notes. \"The championships are what really matter.\"\nThe FCIAC meet is February 27-March 1 \u2014 at Greenwich. Hey, why not?!\nThen come the state LL and open championships.\nScott Adler gets ready for the start of his backstroke race.\nIt won't be easy upending Greenwich in the post-season. The Cardinals have a ton of swimmers \u2014 they brought 2 busloads to the dual meet \u2014 and numbers count.\nBut one thing is certain. When the record board that hangs over the Staples pool is updated in March, nearly every event will now include a 2018 swimmer.\nYou may not read about the Wreckers' accomplishments elsewhere.\nBut this year's team has written a new chapter in the history books.\n(For more on the Staples swim team, click here.)\nThe Staples girls swimming and diving team provided great support at the Greenwich meet.\nPosted in People, Sports, Staples HS, Teenagers, YMCA\nTagged Frisk Driscoll, Greenwich High School swimming team, Jeff Bonaccorso, Josiah Tarrant, Scott Adler, Staples High School boys swim and dive team, Westport YMCA Water Rats\nBob Knoebel's Dreamer\nPosted on September 8, 2017 | 18 comments\nFor 29 years, Bob Knoebel was a revered Westport YMCA Water Rats swim coach and aquatics director. The 1971 Staples High School graduate now enjoys a 2nd career in Idaho, as an equally well-respected fishing guide.\nBob is also the godfather of a young man named Enrique. In the wake of President Trump's decision to end DACA \u2014 the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program for 800,000 people \u2014 he sent along these thoughts:\nIf you grew up in Westport, you were accustomed to your mom driving you to soccer or swimming practice, making sure you were at your games or meets on time.\nYour parents were at every game. They cheered \u2014 or better yet, acted as volunteer coaches or officials.\nBob Knoebel\nThey also made sure you had everything you needed to succeed in school \u2014 the proper supplies, a dedicated place to study \u2014 and had regular contact with your teachers.\nYou took music lessons, dance lessons, swimming lessons or became an Eagle Scout. Your parents were probably college educated, and helped you navigate the college process.\nEven if you didn't realize it, they were looking over your shoulder \u2014 just to make sure. Lucky you, lucky me for being fortunate enough to grow up in Westport and graduate from Staples.\nImagine for a moment your parents don't speak English. They have less than a high school education. You live in a trailer.\nAt 9 years old you missed a soccer game because you had to act as an interpreter\/negotiator for your dad when he bought a goat from a local rancher, or needed you to go to the junkyard to do the same for parts for the family truck.\nYour most important role in the family is what you can provide in terms of financial support.\nTo top it off, your mom doesn't drive.\nImagine if you lived in fear that ICE might show up at your home to deport your mom or dad. Imagine the relief you would feel if you were offered a level of protection that the Obama-era program known as DACA provided you.\nYou could do the things your schoolmates take for granted, like get a driver's license or summer job.\nI am the \"padrino\" (godfather) for Enrique, a DACA-protected 17-year-old who is a high school senior here in Idaho.\nHe has more grit than you came imagine, because of challenges like these. He has completed 5 AP courses, and is taking 3 more this year. He started a tutoring program at the middle school to help other 1st-generation college hopefuls, and recruited friends to help.\nEnrique is a top student.\nEnrique works after school, interning at an engineering firm. He plays saxophone in the band, and belongs to the National Honor Society and Key Club.\nTrout Unlimited chose him last summer to attend a national leadership conference in Montana.\nBob Knoebel and Enrique.\nHe is the first Hispanic player on his high school lacrosse team, and was the top-scoring underclassman last year.\nEnrique wants to go to college. Not because he hopes to change the world, but for a more humble reason: to help his family.\nHe's counting on a scholarship to a private university, because he does not qualify for in-state tuition at Idaho schools.\nHe never complains, gets stressed or worries about his future, because he believes in the goodness of America and the promises it offers to those who work hard.\nHe's not worried that the Trump administration has announced an end to DACA. He believes that Congress will act with compassion when deciding his fture, and that of 800,000 others.\nIn a senior class of just over 200, there are 14 other DACA-protected students alone.\nIt's a world away from Staples.\nBut it's Enrique's reality. He is making the best of it.\nAmong many other things, Enrique is a star lacrosse player.\nPosted in Education, People, Politics, Sports, YMCA\nTagged Bob Knoebel, DACA, Dreamers, Westport YMCA Water Rats\nTeens Swim 15.5 Miles, Raise $9,000. And What Did You Do Last Sunday?\nThe easiest way to cross Long Island Sound is on the Bridgeport-Port Jeff ferry.\nYou can also sail, motorboat or yacht across on your own.\nIt's a lot tougher to actually swim those 15 1\/2 or so miles yourself.\nIt's especially difficult to do it faster than anyone else.\nBut that's what a team of 6 Westport YMCA Water Rat swimmers did last Sunday. And they finished in just 6 hours and 20 minutes \u2014 beating 150 competitors by a wide margin.\nIt was hardly a day at the beach. Before taking the Swim Across the Sound plunge, they secured $9,000 in pledges for St. Vincent's Medical Center.\nCongratulations to the intrepid, strong and very fast group of 16-year-olds: Scott Adler, John McNab, Richard Nolan, Josiah Tarrant, Austin Twiss and Charlie West. All except Richard swim for Staples High School.\nFrom left: Austin Twiss, Charlie West, Scott Adler, John McNab, Richard Nolan and Josiah Tarrant.\nFun fact: Swim Across the Sound director Liz Fry is a former Staples High School swimmer.\n(Fast forward to the 10:00 mark below, for an interview with the Water Rat swimmers.)\nPosted in Organizations, Sports, Staples HS, Teenagers, YMCA\nTagged Liz Fry, St. Vincent's Hospital, Swim Across the Sound, Westport YMCA Water Rats","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"One hundred years since the 'Golden Age' of posters began\nUpdated 30th June 2015\nWritten by Allyssia Alleyne, for CNN\n1914 was a good year for poster design. You'd be forgiven for not knowing it was then that five of the world's top poster designers were born: Tom Eckersley, Abram Games, FHK Henrion, Josef M\u00fcller-Brockmann and Paul Rand.\nThough they were from different backgrounds and worked separately, the five are largely responsible for bringing modernist design and typeface sensibilities to the world of poster design from the 1940s on.\n\"It was a sort of Golden Age of the poster,\" says legendary letterpress designer Alan Kitching.\nWhile their names have all but slipped from public memory, a new project from Kitching and Monotype, one of the world's leading typeface design companies, is shining a new light on their revolutionary poster work, 100 years after their birth.\nLetterpress designer and Monotype collaborator Alan Kitching. Credit: Philip Sayer\nThe results: a series of posters fusing each designer's style with Kitching's, and \"Alan Kitching and Monotype: Celebrating the centenary of five pioneers of the poster,\" an exhibition at the London College of Communication for the London Design Festival, that will showcase Kitching's work alongside posters from each designers' estate.\nThe artist at work\nI meet Kitching at his workshop near the London College of Communication. The smell of ink and metal hits you at the door, growing stronger as you move closer to the intimidating printing press in the back. Prints of his work\u2014eye-popping text images in rainbow hues\u2014hang from the walls, the ceiling, a drying line. The hundreds of typeface alphabets he's made and amassed over the years (the largest collection in Europe), from indecipherably small metal nubs to wooden letters the size of a man's forearm, are filed away in stacked tiers, and leaned against walls. His only computer is a first-generation MacBook he uses to check emails.\nOver the last 50 years, Kitching has built a reputation as one of the world's most acclaimed letterpress designers. And like the designers he's commemorating, he's inspired by the beauty of type.\n\"The printed word is still powerful,\" he says. \"I wanted to take letterpress technology and move it somewhere else from when it used to be useful.\"\nBloodied and half-naked: 400 years of Shakespeare in posters\nThis dedication to type as art is evident in the prints he created for the collaboration. The colorful posters meld Kitching's penchant for monograms (\"I like that idea of monograms: two letters interacting to make a third image,\") with each designer's spirit. Their influences resonate like a baseline: Games' initials feature the bold font made famous by his posters for the Auxiliary Territorial Service (the women's branch of the British army) during World War II; Rand's feature the colorful simplicity that he would later bring to children's books.\nPosters, now and then\nKitching is quick to distinguish his posters from those being commemorated. While he has done functional posters, most of his have been designed as prints, strictly things of beauty. But earlier in the 20th-century, when the designers were first breaking ground in graphic design, posters were society's primary form of communication.\n\"There were no other means of getting your message out there then. It was just posters,\" he says.\nGlamour and grieving: How the Victorians dressed for death\nIn a time before the ubiquity of photography (let alone Photoshop), good design was paramount. It was all about the \"interpretation of an idea in a graphic way.\"\nFor these artists, this interpretation was realized through geometric shapes, meaningful text and inventive use of color. The diversity of their work proved these principles could be applied for almost any cause, from Eckersley's simple-but-effective posters for the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, to Rand and Henrion's branding work for IBM and KLM respectively; from Games' provocative war propaganda to M\u00fcller-Brockmann's geometric orchestra adverts.\n\"There's nothing between the message and the image. At a glance, you've got it. You didn't need a lot of words. The image is the message,\" Kitching says. \"That's what they were masters of: condensing down a problem to a single cool item with bang.\"\nThe public generally responded positively (Games' Guinness posters were universal favorites), but each designer received their share of push-back. One of Games' ATS recruitment posters was recalled after only a few weeks because authorities thought the glamorous woman shown sent the wrong message about the war effort, and another depicting a young boy in poverty was banned by Winston Churchill himself for being too negative.\nThe others' posters were derided for being too strange, too modern, and too ugly.\n\"A lot of people didn't recognize the things they did,\" Kitching explains. \"They thought they were too advanced, too modern because they were working ahead of their time, really.\"\nYet somehow their legacy survives.\nMuch has changed since Eckersley, Games, Henrion, M\u00fcller-Brockmann, and Rand elevated the poster to high art. Changing technology has rendered their methods obsolete, and posters have had to become more brash and stylized to keep the public's attention.\n\"A lot of things today have very fleeting life. It's ephemeral. It comes out quickly and it certainly doesn't last that long,\" Kitching says.\nBut the appeal of these modernist designs, now decades old, remains. Posters that were quite common during their time now sell for exorbitant prices at auction. And to Kitching and other designers, they are a vestige of another time when a handful of great designers ruled supreme.\n\"They were regarded as the high professional designers of the world,\" Kitching says. \"Even now, people look back at them and say, 'That was a great time to be doing posters.'\"\nAlan Kitching will be speaking about the designers at Five Lives in Posters: A Panel Discussion at the London College of Communication on September 18, 2014.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"For the Modern Reader\n18th Century, Home, Home & Garden, Homepage, News, Project, The Garden\nDr. J. Grant Repshire takes the modern reader of the Natural History of Selborne back in time\u2026\nGilbert White's A Natural History of Selborne offers a glimpse into the often-idealised world of a English countryside village in the early-modern era, before industrialisation changed the face of the world forever. Reading White's words, it is hard not to imagine oneself as a time-traveller, dropped into 18th-century Selborne and wondering at the world that he describes. Here are just a few differences that you might notice, were you transported through time to Gilbert White's day:\nYou could hear a pin drop\u2026 or at least a cannon fire.\nAmong the first things that you would notice would be the silence. 21st-century Selborne sits roughly 2-3 miles in any direction from major highways. Despite this, it is still a relatively quiet and peaceful place compared with much of southern England, and a far cry from the bustle of London. But in the 18th century, with no cars driving past, or planes overhead, the silence in this tiny village cradled below Selborne Hanger (hill) would be astonishing. White wrote that he could time the call of the nightjar, ('goat-sucker' as he called it), by the 'report of the Portsmouth evening gun [22.4 miles southwest], which we can hear when the weather is still'. (White, p. 65) The evening gun was a cannon, probably of relatively small calibre, fired in the morning and evening in British harbours to synchronise timings across the ships moored therein. In the 21st century we would be hard pressed to hear even a small artillery barrage from 22.4 miles away, over the sound of not only traffic, but also household electronics, our neighbour's TV, etc.\nHop to it and grow your own.\nYou would also notice that the fields around 18th-century Selborne would have been filled with hops growing from spring to late-summer, and even when they weren't growing the hop-poles up which they are trained would often be visible. White tells us that most of the working-class men of Selborne worked in hop gardens, when not employed in general farm labour and woodcutting. (White, p. 25) (White's journal abounds with mentions of hop-growing, see here.) Hop growing is no longer a major agricultural activity in the area, but with the renovation of Gilbert White's brewery under way, and hops growing in the museum's gardens We are hoping to bring to life! The hop-poles have already been erected, and are awaiting their new crop this spring.\nHop-gardens weren't the only produce you'd notice more of in 18th century Hampshire. White observed 'how vastly the consumption of vegetables [had] increased' in his own day, noting that 'every decent labourer has his garden, which is half his support, as well as his delight, and common farmers provide plenty of beans, peas, and greens, for their hinds [farm workers] to eat with their bacon, and those few that do not are despised for their sordid parsimony.' (White, p. 185-186) As hard as it would be to imagine a 21st century where working families grow over half of their own sustenance, and employers are expected to provide the same for employees, it may be even more shocking to imagine one with no roast potatoes to go with your Sunday lunch, nor chips with your fish, nor mash with your pie or sausages. Yet, early in White's life, potatoes were rarely eaten in Selborne, despite being introduced in England over a century earlier. Fortunately, that changed: 'Potatoes have prevailed in this little district [\u2026] within these twenty years only; and are much esteemed now by the poor, who would scarce have ventured to taste them [before].' (White, p. 186)\nEven without time travel, we can experience 18th-century style food production, as the museum's garden team keeps a kitchen garden on the grounds, studying Gilbert White's journals and 'Garden Kalander' to recreate the same methods that he used. The produce grown therein is even used in the museum's caf\u00e9, which is currently being refurbished so it can provide even more delicious food for visitors. (Read more about the museum's kitchen garden on the museum blog here, from The Telegraph here, and the Alton Post Gazette here, and you can even sign up for a course at the museum to learn to grow your own vegetables in 18th-century stlye here.)\nDeer fit for a queen.\nWhile today one catches the occasional glimpse of some of the smaller species of deer in and around Selborne, in the early 18th century, you might see an abundance of red deer. The largest of all land-mammals in the United Kingdom, they are now rare in southern England, more associated with the Scottish Highlands. White stated that at the beginning of the 18th century, Wolmer Forest, a royal forest west of Selborne, contained a heard of at least 500 red deer, which were once paraded for Queen Anne as she passed through. These were reduced by the 'Waltham Blacks' gang of poachers (so called because they painted their faces black as camouflage at night). Finally, in White's day, the crown sent huntsmen and yeomen to the forest, who rounded up the remaining deer and drove them to Windsor. (White, pp. 27-28) No doubt some of their descendants now delight royalty and tourists alike with their presence in the deer park there today.\nMismanagement of natural resources is certainly no new thing: White notes that black-grouse were common the Hampshire of his boyhood, but writing in the late 1700s he states: 'The last pack remembered was killed about thirty-five years ago'. (White, p. 27) An increase in the popularity of game shooting, with no oversight and management as we have today, led to this. In our day, the black grouse now is confined to the mountainous regions of Scotland, Wales, and northern England, having been completely driven out of the southern England.\nPeas, beans, and worker's rights!\nMany things may have changed since Gilbert White's day, but much of that past is being preserved at the Gilbert White's House museum, so that visitors may, briefly, get that sense of time travel that heritage sites can provide. Who knows, after a day at the museum, experiencing hop growing, heritage brewing techniques, and kitchen gardening, you might feel justified in returning to work the next day and demanding that your employer provide you with your fair share of beans, peas, and greens, lest they be 'despised' all around for 'their cursed parsimony'!\nThe following edition of Gilbert White's The Natural History of Selborne is cited in this article, for those wishing to read further:\nGilbert White, The Natural History of Selborne, ed. By. Ronald Davidson-Houston, revised edition (London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1993) [Originally published as The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, 1789]\nConservation, Garden, Gilbert White, Kitchen Garden, Natural History\nYour ticket for the: For the Modern Reader","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"2019 iPhone could bring Touch ID, USB-C, smaller notch\nBy Killian Bell \u2022 10:25 am, January 4, 2019\nQualcomm will still play a big part in iPhone modem supply.\nApple's flagship iPhone for 2019 will come with a number of surprising design changes, according to one analyst.\nFans can expect USB-C connectivity and a smaller notch, as well as the return of Touch ID. Those hoping for \"lightning-fast charging\" and expandable storage will be disappointed, however.\nWe're not expecting a significant iPhone redesign this year, but Apple is likely to make some big improvements to its hardware in an effort to encourage upgrades and boost slowing sales. One analyst, Jean Baptist Su, has some surprising predictions.\n2019 could mark the return of Touch ID\nSu, vice president and principal analyst at Atherton Research, expects the \"re-designed iPhone X\" to come with a smaller notch and USB-C connectivity \u2014 like the new iPad Pro lineup.\nThese predictions seem fairly plausible. Despite the acceptance of the notch, we'd rather not have it at all, and Apple has reportedly been working to shrink it ever since it was introduced. It also makes a lot of sense to finally bring USB-C to iPhone.\nBut Su makes another prediction that's not so believable: Touch ID will return this year, and it will be embedded beneath the iPhone's screen.\nThis seems incredibly unlikely. iPhone fans have now accepted Face ID, and the majority of those who have used it have grown to love it. What's more, Apple has been keen to point out that Face ID is significantly more secure than fingerprint scanners.\nFace ID has now made its way to the iPad Pro, so Apple clearly believes it's the future of biometric security. Bringing back Touch ID as a secondary, less secure option makes no sense at all.\nWe recommend taking Su's predictions with a pinch of salt for now, then. We don't expect Apple to unveil its new iPhone lineup until the fall, so there's plenty of time for more leaks and rumors.\nPosted in: News, Top stories Tagged: 2019 iPhone, Face ID, iPad Pro, iPhone, iPhone 11, iPhone XI, notch, Touch ID, USB-C","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Liberty begin their final week in 'wubble' against the Sparks\nBy Brian Fleurantin Sep 8, 2020, 1:41pm EDT\nShare All sharing options for: Liberty begin their final week in 'wubble' against the Sparks\nPhoto by Ned Dishman\/NBAE via Getty Images\nIt's officially official. The New York Liberty are way down in the standings and were officially knocked out of the playoff race with a loss to the Phoenix Mercury on Saturday night. We knew this season was going to be one of examination for the Liberty, but it's still a shame we didn't get to see them at full strength for the duration of it.\nThe opponent tonight will be the Los Angeles Sparks. LA is near the top of the standings and one of the favorites to win the championship this season. They took care of business with an impressive win over the Chicago Sky on Sunday night. All they've got to do now is stay healthy and hope that they have a better playoff showing this time around as compared to last year.\nWhere to follow the game\nCBS Sports Network is the place to be. Tip off after 7 PM.\nSabrina Ionescu is still out. Paris Kea only played four minutes due to a knee injury on Saturday but is listed as probable. Kylee Shook is questionable with an ankle injury.\nSydney Weise is out while Brittney Sykes is questionable.\nLA won the first meeting.\nFor players in the bubble, being able to play at a high level while simultaneously caring for their children has been a tall task that they've been able to balance incredibly well. Holly Rowe of ESPN has more:\nOne of the women featured in that great video was Candace Parker. CP3 is all the way back after injuries derailed her 2019 season. Parker is one of the game's greatest scorers as she puts pressure on defenders when she's facing up or with her back to the basket. Parker has never been the greatest three point shooter, but she is shooting a career best 47.5 percent from deep this year. Her scoring profile and her court vision make her incredibly difficult to game plan against and when the Sparks begin the playoffs next week, she'll be the biggest determinant to whether they go on a deep run or are sent out the wubble early.\nLayshia Clarendon got the profile treatment in the New York Times over the Labor Day weekend, and we covered them here.\nWe're celebrating a birthday today! Today is Amanda Zahui B's big day and the Liberty center is looking to show out tonight. She only played 3:12 against the Mercury so she should be out there for a lot longer tonight. Zahui B has been a revelation this season as we really got to see her offensive game blossom in a new role. When the Liberty are back at 100 percent next season, she'll play a big role in NY's plans and goal of getting better.\nBacking her up will be Joyner Holmes. With the Liberty wrapping up their schedule this week, Holmes will see a lot more playing time as Walt Hopkins looks to figure out what role she will play when the team is fully healthy in 2021. She had the first double double of her career on Saturday with 13 points and 13 rebounds and figures to get some time matched up against Parker. Every opportunity to grow and get better is a good one.\nPlayer to watch: Seimone Augustus\nWhen you can sign a good veteran and take away from your biggest rival at the same time, it's a win-win. Augustus spend over a decade with the Minnesota Lynx and always found herself in playoff battles against the Sparks. Now that she's on the other side, Derek Fisher and the Sparks hope that she'll be able to play a big role in their chase for their first title since 2016. Here's CP3:\n\"Mone has four championships, a couple of which have been against us. I think it's definitely helpful to have that experience but also have her challenging us and pushing us.\"\nAugustus is good for around 15 minutes a night these days, but her leadership, savvy, and experience is worth a lot more.\nKia Nurse has been coming off the bench for the past few games, but might be back in the starting five if Kea isn't good to go. Nurse still sees over 20 minutes a night so the change hasn't been too drastic, but there's certainly a different level of preparation when you're coming off the bench as compared to being a starter. Either way, the Liberty will need Nurse to get it going if they want to pull off the upset.\nLast week was Beyonce's birthday, and we missed it! The Vault deeply regrets the oversight\nGame Notes: New York Liberty - New York Liberty\nGame Notes: Los Angeles Sparks - Los Angeles Sparks\nSparks-Liberty Preview - STATS\/TSX\nStein: Will Daryl Morey try to spring a Ben Simmons for James Harden trade in summer?","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Paul Ammann\nJeff Offutt\nintrotest CUUS047-Ammann ISBN 9780521880381 December 6, 2007 2:42 This page intentionally left blank i Char Count=\n4,192 406 2MB\nAutomated Software Testing: Introduction, Management, and Performance\nAutomated Software Testing Automated Software Testing Introduction, Management, and Performance Elfriede Dustin Jeff R\nThe HCS12 9S12: An Introduction to Software and Hardware Interfacing\nThe HCS12\/9S12: An Introduction to Software and Hardware Interfacing Second Edition Han-Way Huang Minnesota State Unive\n1,578 763 10MB Read more\nPsychological Testing and Assessment: An Introduction to Tests & Measurement\nTesting Code Security\nAU9251_C000.fm Page iii Thursday, May 3, 2007 8:34 AM Maura A. van der Linden Boca Raton New York Auerbach Publicati\nApplied Software Measurement\nABOUT THE AUTHOR CAPERS JONES (Narragansett, Rhode Island) is a well-known author, consultant, and speaker in the wor\nSoftware Engineering: Modern Approaches\n4,696 2,950 147MB Read more\nForensic Issues in Alcohol Testing\n54457_C000.fm Page i Tuesday, September 4, 2007 11:18 AM Half Title Page 54457_C000.fm Page ii Tuesday, September 4,\nSoftware Project Management For Dummies\nIntroduction to Linear Algebra\nintrotest\nCUUS047-Ammann ISBN 9780521880381\nChar Count= 0\nIntroduction to Software Testing Extensively class tested, this text takes an innovative approach to software testing: it defines testing as the process of applying a few welldefined, general-purpose test criteria to a structure or model of the software. The structure of the text directly reflects the pedagogical approach and incorporates the latest innovations in testing, including modern types of software such as OO, Web applications, and embedded software. The book contains numerous examples throughout. An instructor's solution manual, PowerPoint slides, sample syllabi, additional examples and updates, testing tools for students, and example software programs in Java are available on an extensive Web site at www.introsoftwaretesting.com. Paul Ammann, PhD, is an Associate Professor of software engineering at George Mason University. He received an outstanding teaching award in 2007 from the Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering. Dr. Ammann earned an AB degree in computer science from Dartmouth College and MS and PhD degrees in computer science from the University of Virginia. Jeff Offutt, PhD, is a Professor of software engineering at George Mason University. He is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Software Testing, Verification and Reliability; chair of the steering committee for the IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification, and Validation; and on the editorial boards for several journals. He recived the outstanding teacher award from the Volgenau School of Information Technology and Engineering in 2003. Dr. Offutt earned a BS degree in mathematics and data processing from Morehead State University and MS and PhD degrees in computer science from the Georgia Institute of Technology.\nPaul Ammann George Mason University\nJeff Offutt George Mason University\nCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S\u00e3o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org\/9780521880381 \u00a9 Paul Ammann and Jeff Offutt 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2008\neBook (EBL)\nCambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.\nList of Figures List of Tables Preface\nPart 1 1\nxiii xv\nIntroduction 1.1 Activities of a Test Engineer 1.1.1 Testing Levels Based on Software Activity 1.1.2 Beizer's Testing Levels Based on Test Process Maturity 1.1.3 Automation of Test Activities 1.2 Software Testing Limitations and Terminology 1.3 Coverage Criteria for Testing 1.3.1 Infeasibility and Subsumption 1.3.2 Characteristics of a Good Coverage Criterion 1.4 Older Software Testing Terminology 1.5 Bibliographic Notes\nCoverage Criteria\nGraph Coverage 2.1 Overview 2.2 Graph Coverage Criteria 2.2.1 Structural Coverage Criteria 2.2.2 Data Flow Criteria 2.2.3 Subsumption Relationships among Graph Coverage Criteria 2.3 Graph Coverage for Source Code\n1 3 4 5 8 10 11 16 20 20 21 22 25 27 27 32 33 44 50 52 v\n2.3.1 Structural Graph Coverage for Source Code 2.3.2 Data Flow Graph Coverage for Source Code Graph Coverage for Design Elements 2.4.1 Structural Graph Coverage for Design Elements 2.4.2 Data Flow Graph Coverage for Design Elements Graph Coverage for Specifications 2.5.1 Testing Sequencing Constraints 2.5.2 Testing State Behavior of Software Graph Coverage for Use Cases 2.6.1 Use Case Scenarios Representing Graphs Algebraically 2.7.1 Reducing Graphs to Path Expressions 2.7.2 Applications of Path Expressions 2.7.3 Deriving Test Inputs 2.7.4 Counting Paths in a Flow Graph and Determining Max Path Length 2.7.5 Minimum Number of Paths to Reach All Edges 2.7.6 Complementary Operations Analysis Bibliographic Notes\nLogic Coverage 3.1 Overview: Logic Predicates and Clauses 3.2 Logic Expression Coverage Criteria 3.2.1 Active Clause Coverage 3.2.2 Inactive Clause Coverage 3.2.3 Infeasibility and Subsumption 3.2.4 Making a Clause Determine a Predicate 3.2.5 Finding Satisfying Values 3.3 Structural Logic Coverage of Programs 3.3.1 Predicate Transformation Issues 3.4 Specification-Based Logic Coverage 3.5 Logic Coverage of Finite State Machines 3.6 Disjunctive Normal Form Criteria 3.7 Bibliographic Notes Input Space Partitioning 4.1 Input Domain Modeling 4.1.1 Interface-Based Input Domain Modeling 4.1.2 Functionality-Based Input Domain Modeling 4.1.3 Identifying Characteristics 4.1.4 Choosing Blocks and Values 4.1.5 Using More than One Input Domain Model 4.1.6 Checking the Input Domain Model 4.2 Combination Strategies Criteria 4.3 Constraints among Partitions 4.4 Bibliographic Notes\n52 54 65 65 67 75 75 77 87 90 91 94 96 96 97 98 98 100 104 104 106 107 111 112 113 115 120 127 131 134 138 147 150 152 153 154 154 156 158 158 160 165 166\nSyntax-Based Testing 5.1 Syntax-Based Coverage Criteria 5.1.1 BNF Coverage Criteria 5.1.2 Mutation Testing 5.2 Program-Based Grammars 5.2.1 BNF Grammars for Languages 5.2.2 Program-Based Mutation 5.3 Integration and Object-Oriented Testing 5.3.1 BNF Integration Testing 5.3.2 Integration Mutation 5.4 Specification-Based Grammars 5.4.1 BNF Grammars 5.4.2 Specification-Based Mutation 5.5 Input Space Grammars 5.5.1 BNF Grammars 5.5.2 Mutation for Input Grammars 5.6 Bibliographic Notes\nApplying Criteria in Practice\nPractical Considerations 6.1 Regression Testing 6.2 Integration and Testing 6.2.1 Stubs and Drivers 6.2.2 Class Integration Test Order 6.3 Test Process 6.3.1 Requirements Analysis and Specification 6.3.2 System and Software Design 6.3.3 Intermediate Design 6.3.4 Detailed Design 6.3.5 Implementation 6.3.6 Integration 6.3.7 System Deployment 6.3.8 Operation and Maintenance 6.3.9 Summary 6.4 Test Plans 6.5 Identifying Correct Outputs 6.5.1 Direct Verification of Outputs 6.5.2 Redundant Computations 6.5.3 Consistency Checks 6.5.4 Data Redundancy 6.6 Bibliographic Notes\n215 217 218 218 219 220 221 222 223 223 224 224 224 225 225 230 230 231 231 232 233\nEngineering Criteria for Technologies\n7.1 Testing Object-Oriented Software 7.1.1 Unique Issues with Testing OO Software\n7.1.2 Types of Object-Oriented Faults 7.2 Testing Web Applications and Web Services 7.2.1 Testing Static Hyper Text Web Sites 7.2.2 Testing Dynamic Web Applications 7.2.3 Testing Web Services 7.3 Testing Graphical User Interfaces 7.3.1 Testing GUIs 7.4 Real-Time Software and Embedded Software 7.5 Bibliographic Notes\nBuilding Testing Tools 8.1 Instrumentation for Graph and Logical Expression Criteria 8.1.1 Node and Edge Coverage 8.1.2 Data Flow Coverage 8.1.3 Logic Coverage 8.2 Building Mutation Testing Tools 8.2.1 The Interpretation Approach 8.2.2 The Separate Compilation Approach 8.2.3 The Schema-Based Approach 8.2.4 Using Java Reflection 8.2.5 Implementing a Modern Mutation System 8.3 Bibliographic Notes\nChallenges in Testing Software\n9.1 Testing for Emergent Properties: Safety and Security 9.1.1 Classes of Test Cases for Emergent Properties 9.2 Software Testability 9.2.1 Testability for Common Technologies 9.3 Test Criteria and the Future of Software Testing 9.3.1 Going Forward with Testing Research 9.4 Bibliographic Notes\nList of Criteria\n1.1 Activities of test engineers 1.2 Software development activities and testing levels \u2013 the \"V Model\" 2.1 Graph (a) has a single initial node, graph (b) multiple initial nodes, and graph (c) (rejected) with no initial nodes 2.2 Example of paths 2.3 A single entry single exit graph 2.4 Test case mappings to test paths 2.5 A set of test cases and corresponding test paths 2.6 A graph showing node coverage and edge coverage 2.7 Two graphs showing prime path coverage 2.8 Graph with a loop 2.9 Tours, sidetrips, and detours in graph coverage 2.10 An example for prime test paths 2.11 A graph showing variables, def sets and use sets 2.12 A graph showing an example of du-paths 2.13 Graph showing explicit def and use sets 2.14 Example of the differences among the three data flow coverage criteria 2.15 Subsumption relations among graph coverage criteria 2.16 CFG fragment for the if-else structure 2.17 CFG fragment for the if structure without an else 2.18 CFG fragment for the while loop structure 2.19 CFG fragment for the for loop structure 2.20 CFG fragment for the case structure 2.21 TestPat for data flow example 2.22 A simple call graph 2.23 A simple inheritance hierarchy 2.24 An inheritance hierarchy with objects instantiated 2.25 An example of parameter coupling 2.26 Coupling du-pairs 2.27 Last-defs and first-uses\npage 4 6 28 29 30 31 32 34 37 37 38 40 44 46 47 49 50 52 53 53 54 54 56 65 66 67 68 69 69 ix\n2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9\nQuadratic root program Def-use pairs under intra-procedural and inter-procedural data flow Def-use pairs in object-oriented software Def-use pairs in web applications and other distributed software Control flow graph using the File ADT Elevator door open transition Stutter \u2013 Part A Stutter \u2013 Part B A FSM representing Stutter, based on control flow graphs of the methods A FSM representing Stutter, based on the structure of the software A FSM representing Stutter, based on modeling state variables A FSM representing Stutter, based on the specifications Class Queue for exercises. ATM actor and use cases Activity graph for ATM withdraw funds Examples of path products Null path that leads to additive identity \u03c6 A or lambda Example graph to show reduction to path expressions After step 1 in path expression reduction After step 2 in path expression reduction After step 3 in path expression reduction Removing arbitrary nodes Eliminating node n2 Removing sequential edges Removing self-loop edges Final graph with one path expression Graph example for computing maximum number of paths Graph example for complementary path analysis Subsumption relations among logic coverage criteria TriTyp \u2013 Part A TriTyp \u2013 Part B Calendar method FSM for a memory car seat \u2013 Lexus 2003 ES300 Fault detection relationships Partitioning of input domain D into three blocks Subsumption relations among input space partitioning criteria Method Min and six mutants Mutation testing process Partial truth table for (a \u2227 b) Finite state machine for SMV specification Mutated finite state machine for SMV specification Finite state machine for bank example Finite state machine for bank example grammar Simple XML message for books XML schema for books\n71 72 72 73 76 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 88 90 92 93 94 94 95 95 95 95 95 95 96 96 97 99 113 121 122 132 135 143 151 163 177 181 187 199 200 202 202 204 205\n7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5\nExample class hierarchy in UML Data flow anomalies with polymorphism Calls to d() when object has various actual types ITU: Descendant with no overriding methods SDA, SDIH: State definition anomalies IISD: Example of indirect inconsistent state definition ACB1: Example of anomalous construction behavior SVA: State visibility anomaly Sample class hierarchy (a) and associated type families (b) Control flow graph fragment (a) and associated definitions and uses (b) Def-use pairs in object-oriented software Control flow schematic for prototypical coupling sequence Sample class hierarchy and def-use table Coupling sequence: o of type A (a) bound to instance of A (b), B (c) or C (d) Node coverage instrumentation Edge coverage instrumentation All uses coverage instrumentation Correlated active clause coverage instrumentation\n2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1\nDefs and uses at each node in the CFG for TestPat page 57 Defs and uses at each edge in the CFG for TestPat 57 Du-path sets for each variable in TestPat 58 Test paths to satisfy all du-paths coverage on TestPat 59 Test paths and du-paths covered on TestPat 59 Reachability for Triang predicates 123 Reachability for Triang predicates \u2013 reduced by solving for triOut 124 Predicate coverage for Triang 125 Clause coverage for Triang 126 Correlated active clause coverage for Triang 127 Correlated active clause coverage for cal() preconditions 133 Predicates from memory seat example 136 DNF fault classes 143 First partitioning of TriTyp's inputs (interface-based) 156 Second partitioning of TriTyp's inputs (interface-based) 157 Possible values for blocks in the second partitioning in Table 4.2 157 Geometric partitioning of TriTyp's inputs (functionality-based) 158 Correct geometric partitioning of TriTyp's inputs (functionality-based) 158 Possible values for blocks in geometric partitioning in Table 4.5 159 Examples of invalid block combinations 165 Java's access levels 193 Testing objectives and activities during requirements analysis and specification 221 Testing objectives and activities during system and software design 222 Testing objectives and activities during intermediate design 222 Testing objectives and activities during detailed design 223 Testing objectives and activities during implementation 223 Testing objectives and activities during integration 224 Testing objectives and activities during system deployment 224 Testing objectives and activities during operation and maintenance 225 Faults and anomalies due to inheritance and polymorphism 240 xiii\nITU: Code example showing inconsistent type usage IC: Incomplete construction of state variable fd Summary of sample coupling paths Binding triples for coupling sequence from class hierarchy in Figure 7.13\nThis book presents software testing as a practical engineering activity, essential to producing high-quality software. It is designed to be used as the primary textbook in either an undergraduate or graduate course on software testing, as a supplement to a general course on software engineering or data structures, and as a resource for software test engineers and developers. This book has a number of unique features:\nIt organizes the complex and confusing landscape of test coverage criteria with\na novel and extremely simple structure. At a technical level, software testing is based on satisfying coverage criteria. The book's central observation is that there are few truly different coverage criteria, each of which fits easily into one of four categories: graphs, logical expressions, input space, and syntax structures. This not only simplifies testing, but it also allows a convenient and direct theoretical treatment of each category. This approach contrasts strongly with the traditional view of testing, which treats testing at each phase in the development process differently. It is designed and written to be a textbook. The writing style is direct, it builds the concepts from the ground up with a minimum of required background, and it includes lots of examples, homework problems, and teaching materials. It provides a balance of theory and practical application, presenting testing as a collection of objective, quantitative activities that can be measured and repeated. The theoretical concepts are presented when needed to support the practical activities that test engineers follow. It assumes that testing is part of a mental discipline that helps all IT professionals develop higher-quality software. Testing is not an anti-engineering activity, and it is not an inherently destructive process. Neither is it only for testing specialists or domain experts who know little about programming or math. It is designed with modular, interconnecting pieces; thus it can be used in multiple courses. Most of the book requires only basic discrete math and introductory programming, and the parts that need more background are clearly marked. By\nusing the appropriate sections, this book can support several classes, as described later in the preface. It assumes the reader is learning to be an engineer whose goal is to produce the best possible software with the lowest possible cost. The concepts in this book are well grounded in theory, are practical, and most are currently in use.\nWHY SHOULD THIS BOOK BE USED? Not very long ago, software development companies could afford to employ programmers who could not test and testers who could not program. For most of the industry, it was not necessary for either group to know the technical principles behind software testing or even software development. Software testing in industry historically has been a nontechnical activity. Industry viewed testing primarily from the managerial and process perspective and had limited expectations of practitioners' technical training. As the software engineering profession matures, and as software becomes more pervasive in everyday life, there are increasingly stringent requirements for software reliability, maintainability, and security. Industry must respond to these changes by, among other things, improving the way software is tested. This requires increased technical expertise on the part of test engineers, as well as increased emphasis on testing by software developers. The good news is that the knowledge and technology are available and based on over 30 years of research and practice. This book puts that knowledge into a form that students, test engineers, test managers, and developers can access. At the same time, it is relatively rare to find courses that teach testing in universities. Only a few undergraduate courses exist, almost no masters degree programs in computer science or software engineering require a course in software testing, and only a few dozen have an elective course. Not only is testing not covered as an essential part of undergraduate computer science education, most computer science students either never gain any knowledge about testing, or see only a few lectures as part of a general course in software engineering. The authors of this book have been teaching software testing to software engineering and computer science students for more than 15 years. Over that time we somewhat reluctantly came to the conclusion that no one was going to write the book we wanted to use. Rather, to get the book we wanted, we would have to write it. Previous testing books have presented software testing as a relatively simple subject that relies more on process than technical understanding of how software is constructed, as a complicated and fractured subject that requires detailed understanding of numerous software development technologies, or as a completely theoretical subject that can be mastered only by mathematicians and theoretical computer scientists. Most books on software testing are organized around the phases in a typical software development lifecycle, an approach that has the unfortunate side effect of obscuring common testing themes. Finally, most testing books are written as reference books, not textbooks. As a result, only instructors with prior expertise in software testing can easily teach the subject. This book is accessible to instructors who are not already testing experts.\nThis book differs from other books on software testing in other important ways. Many books address managing the testing process. While this is important, it is equally important to give testers specific techniques grounded in basic theory. This book provides a balance of theory and practical application. This is important information that software companies must have; however, this book focuses specifically on the technical nuts-and-bolts issues of designing and creating tests. Other testing books currently on the market focus on specific techniques or activities, such as system testing or unit testing. This book is intended to be comprehensive over the entire software development process and to cover as many techniques as possible. As stated previously, the motivation for this book is to support courses in software testing. Our first target was our own software testing course in our Software Engineering MS program at George Mason University. This popular elective is taught to about 30 computer science and software engineering students every semester. We also teach PhD seminars in software testing, industry short courses on specialized aspects, and lectures on software testing in various undergraduate courses. Although few undergraduate courses on software testing exist, we believe that they should exist, and we expect they will in the near future. Most testing books are not designed for classroom use. We specifically wrote this book to support our classroom activities, and it is no accident that the syllabus for our testing course, available on the book's Web site (www.introsoftwaretesting.com), closely follows the table of contents for this book. This book includes numerous carefully worked examples to help students and teachers alike learn the sometimes complicated concepts. The instructor's resources include high-quality powerpoint slides, presentation hints, solutions to exercises, and working software. Our philosophy is that we are doing more than writing a book; we are offering our course to the community. One of our goals was to write material that is scholarly and true to the published research literature, but that is also accessible to nonresearchers. Although the presentation in the book is quite a bit different from the research papers that the material is derived from, the essential ideas are true to the literature. To make the text flow more smoothly, we have removed the references from the presentation. For those interested in the research genealogy, each chapter closes with a bibliographic notes section that summarizes where the concepts come from.\nWHO SHOULD READ THIS BOOK? Students who read and use this book will learn the fundamental principles behind software testing, and how to apply these principles to produce better software, faster. They will not only become better programmers, they will also be prepared to carry out high-quality testing activities for their future employers. Instructors will be able to use this book in the classroom, even without prior practical expertise in software testing. The numerous exercises and thought-provoking problems, classroom-ready and classroom-tested slides, and suggested outside activities make this material teachable by instructors who are not already experts in software testing. Research students such as beginning PhD students will find this book to be an invaluable resource as a starting point to the field. The theory is sound and clearly\npresented, the practical applications reveal what is useful and what is not, and the advanced reading and bibliographic notes provide pointers into the literature. Although the set of research students in software testing is a relatively small audience, we believe it is a key audience, because a common, easily achievable baseline would reduce the effort required for research students to join the community of testing researchers. Researchers who are already familiar with the field will find the criteria-approach to be novel and interesting. Some may disagree with the pedagogical approach, but we have found that the view that testing is an application of only a few criteria to a very few software structures to be very helpful to our research. We hope that testing research in the future will draw away from searches for more criteria to novel uses and evaluations of existing criteria. Testers in the industry will find this book to be an invaluable collection of techniques that will help improve their testing, no matter what their current process is. The criteria presented here are intended to be used as a \"toolbox\" of tricks that can be used to find faults. Developers who read this book will find numerous ways to improve their own software. Their self-testing activities can become more efficient and effective, and the discussions of software faults that test engineers search for will help developers avoid them. To paraphrase a famous parable, if you want to teach a person to be a better fisherman, explain how and where the fish swim. Finally, managers will find this book to be a useful explanation of how clever test engineers do their job, and of how test tools work. They will be able to make more effective decisions regarding hiring, promotions, and purchasing tools.\nHOW CAN THIS BOOK BE USED? A major advantage of the structure of this book is that it can be easily used for several different courses. Most of the book depends on material that is taught very early in college and some high schools: basic concepts from data structures and discrete math. The sections are organized so that the early material in each chapter is accessible to less advanced students, and material that requires more advanced knowledge is clearly marked. Specifically, the book defines six separate sets of chapter sections that form streams through the book: 1. A module within a CS II course 2. A sophomore-level course on software testing 3. A module in a general software engineering course 4. A senior-level course on software testing 5. A first-year MS level course on software testing 6. An advanced graduate research-oriented course on software testing 7. Industry practioner relevant sections The stream approach is illustrated in the abbreviated table of contents in the figure shown on pp. xix\u2013xx. Each chapter section is marked with which stream it belongs too. Of course, individual instructors, students, and readers may prefer to adapt the stream to their own interests or purposes. We suggest that the first two sections of Chapter 1 and the first two sections of Chapter 6 are appropriate reading for a module in a data structures (CS II) class, to be followed by a simple\nPreface Stream 1: Module in a CS II course. Stream 2: Sophomore-level course on software testing. Stream 3: Module in a general software engineering course. Stream 4: Senior-level course on software testing. Stream 5: First-year MS course on software testing. Stream 6: Advanced graduate research-oriented course on software testing. Stream 7: Industry practitioner relevant sections STREAMS 1\nPart I: Overview Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Activities of a Test Engineer 1.2 Software Testing Limitations and Terminology 1.3 Coverage Criteria for Testing 1.4 Older Software Testing Terminology 1.5 Bibliographic Notes\nPart II: Coverage Criteria Chapter 2. Graph Coverage 2.1 Overview 2.2 Graph Coverage Criteria 2.3 Graph Coverage for Source Code 2.4 Graph Coverage for Design Elements 2.5 Graph Coverage for Specifications 2.6 Graph Coverage for Use Cases 2.7 Representing Graphs Algebraically 2.8 Bibliographic Notes\nChapter 3. Logic Coverage 3.1 Overview: Logic Predicates and Clauses 3.2 Logic Expression Coverage Criteria 3.3 Structural Logic Coverage of Programs 3.4 Specification-Based Logic Coverage 3.5 Logic Coverage of Finite State Machines 3.6 Disjunctive Normal Form Criteria 3.7 Bibliographic Notes\nChapter 4. Input Space Partitioning 4.1 Input Domain Modeling 4.2 Combination Strategies Criteria 4.3 Constraints among Partitions 4.4 Bibliographic Notes\nChapter 5. Syntax-Based Testing 5.1 Syntax-Based Coverage Criteria 5.2 Program-Based Grammars 5.3 Integration and Object-Oriented Testing 5.4 Specification-Based Grammars 5.5 Input Space Grammars 5.6 Bibliographic Notes\nPart III: Applying Criteria in Practice Chapter 6. Practical Considerations 6.1 Regression Testing 6.2 Integration and Testing 6.3 Test Process 6.4 Test Plans 6.5 Identifying Correct Outputs 6.5 Bibliographic Notes\nChapter 7. Engineering Criteria for Technologies 7.1 Testing Object-Oriented Software 7.2 Testing Web Applications and Web Services 7.3 Testing Graphical User Interfaces 7.4 Real-Time Software and Embedded Software 7.5 Bibliographic Notes\nChapter 8. Building Testing Tools 8.1 Instrumentation for Graph and Logical Expression Criteria 8.2 Building Mutation Testing Tools 8.3 Bibliographic Notes\nChapter 9. Challenges in Testing Software 9.1 Testing for Emergent Properties: Safety and Security 9.2 Software Testability 9.3 Test Criteria and the Future of Software Testing 9.4 Bibliographic Notes\nassignment. Our favorite is to ask the students to retrieve one of their previously graded programs and satisfy some simple test criterion like branch coverage. We offer points for every fault found, driving home two concepts: an \"A\" grade doesn't mean the program always works, and finding faults is a good thing. The sophomore-level course on software testing (stream 2) is designed to immediately follow a data structures course (CS II). The marked sections contain material that depends only on data structures and discrete math. A module in a general software engineering course (stream 3) could augment the survey material typical in such courses. The sections marked provide basic literacy in software testing. The senior-level course on software testing (stream 4) is the primary target for this text. It adds material that requires a little more sophistication in terms of\nsoftware development than the sophomore stream. This includes sections in Chapter 2 on data flow testing, sections that involve integration testing of multiple modules, and sections that rely on grammars or finite state machines. Most senior computer science students will have seen this material in their other courses. Most of the sections that appear in stream 4 but not stream 2 could be added to stream 2 with appropriate short introductions. It is important to note that a test engineer does not need to know all the theory of parsing to use data flow testing or all the theory on finite state machines to use statecharts for testing. The graduate-level course on software testing (stream 5) adds some additional sections that rely on a broader context and that require more theoretical maturity. For example, these sections use knowledge of elementary formal methods, polymorphism, and some of the UML diagrams. Some of the more advanced topics and the entire chapter on building testing tools are also intended for a graduate audience. This chapter could form the basis for a good project, for example, to implement a simple coverage analyzer. An advanced graduate course in software testing with a research emphasis such as a PhD seminar (stream 6) includes issues that are still unproven and research in nature. The bibliographic notes are recommended only for these students as indicators for future in-depth reading. Finally, sections that are reasonably widely used in industry, especially those that have commercial tool support, are marked for stream 7. These sections have a minimum of theory and omit criteria that are still of questionable usefulness. Extensive supplementary materials, including sample syllabuses, PowerPoint slides, presentation hints, solutions to exercises, working software, and errata are available on the book's companion Web site.\nACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people helped us write this book. Not only have the students in our Software Testing classes at George Mason been remarkably tolerant of using a work in progress, they have enthusiastically provided feedback on how to improve the text. We cannot acknowledge all by name (ten semesters worth of students have used it!), but the following have made especially large contributions: Aynur Abdurazik, Muhammad Abdulla, Yuquin Ding, Jyothi Chinman, Blaine Donley, Patrick Emery, Brian Geary, Mark Hinkle, Justin Hollingsworth, John King, Yuelan Li, Xiaojuan Liu, Chris Magrin, Jyothi Reddy, Raimi Rufai, Jeremy Schneider, Bill Shelton, Frank Shukis, Quansheng Xiao, and Linzhen Xue. We especially appreciate those who generously provided extensive comments on the entire book: Guillermo Calderon-Meza, Becky Hartley, Gary Kaminski, and Andrew J. Offutt. We gratefully acknowledge the feedback of early adopters at other educational institutions: Roger Alexander, Jane Hayes, Ling Liu, Darko Marinov, Arthur Reyes, Michael Shin, and Tao Xie. We also want to acknowledge several people who provided material for the book: Roger Alexander, Mats Grindal, Hong Huang, Gary Kaminski, Robert Nilsson, Greg Williams, Wuzhi Xu. We were lucky to receive ex\u00b4 Bryce, Kim King, Sharon Ritchey, cellent suggestion from Lionel Briand, Renee Bo Sanden, and Steve Schach. We are grateful to our editor, Heather Bergman,\nfor providing unwavering support and enforcing the occasional deadline to move the project along, as well as Kerry Cahill from Cambridge University Press for very strong support on this project. We also acknowledge George Mason University for supporting both of us on sabbaticals and for providing GTA support at crucial times. Our department Chair, Hassan Gomaa, has enthusiastically supported this effort. Finally, of course none of this is possible without the support of our families. Thanks to Becky, Jian, Steffi, Matt, Joyce, and Andrew for keeping us grounded in reality and helping keep us happy for the past five years. Just as all programs contain faults, all texts contain errors. Our text is no different. And, as responsibility for software faults rests with the developers, responsibility for errors in this text rests with us, the authors. In particular, the bibliographic notes sections reflect our perspective of the testing field, a body of work we readily acknowledge as large and complex. We apologize in advance for omissions, and invite pointers to relevant citations. Paul Ammann Jeff Offutt\nThe ideas and techniques of software testing have become essential knowledge for all software developers. A software developer can expect to use the concepts presented in this book many times during his or her career. This chapter introduces the subject of software testing by describing the activities of a test engineer, defining a number of key terms, and then explaining the central notion of test coverage. Software is a key ingredient in many of the devices and systems that pervade our society. Software defines the behavior of network routers, financial networks, telephone switching networks, the Web, and other infrastructure of modern life. Software is an essential component of embedded applications that control exotic applications such as airplanes, spaceships, and air traffic control systems, as well as mundane appliances such as watches, ovens, cars, DVD players, garage door openers, cell phones, and remote controllers. Modern households have over 50 processors, and some new cars have over 100; all of them running software that optimistic consumers assume will never fail! Although many factors affect the engineering of reliable software, including, of course, careful design and sound process management, testing is the primary method that the industry uses to evaluate software under development. Fortunately, a few basic software testing concepts can be used to design tests for a large variety of software applications. A goal of this book is to present these concepts in such a way that the student or practicing engineer can easily apply them to any software testing situation. This textbook differs from other software testing books in several respects. The most important difference is in how it views testing techniques. In his landmark book Software Testing Techniques, Beizer wrote that testing is simple \u2013 all a tester needs to do is \"find a graph and cover it.\" Thanks to Beizer's insight, it became evident to us that the myriad testing techniques present in the literature have much more in common than is obvious at first glance. Testing techniques typically are presented in the context of a particular software artifact (for example, a requirements document or code) or a particular phase of the lifecycle (for example, requirements analysis or implementation). Unfortunately, such a presentation obscures the underlying similarities between techniques. This book clarifies these similarities. 3\nIt turns out that graphs do not characterize all testing techniques well; other abstract models are necessary. Much to our surprise, we have found that a small number of abstract models suffice: graphs, logical expressions, input domain characterizations, and syntactic descriptions. The main contribution of this book is to simplify testing by classifying coverage criteria into these four categories, and this is why Part II of this book has exactly four chapters. This book provides a balance of theory and practical application, thereby presenting testing as a collection of objective, quantitative activities that can be measured and repeated. The theory is based on the published literature, and presented without excessive formalism. Most importantly, the theoretical concepts are presented when needed to support the practical activities that test engineers follow. That is, this book is intended for software developers.\n1.1 ACTIVITIES OF A TEST ENGINEER In this book, a test engineer is an information technology (IT) professional who is in charge of one or more technical test activities, including designing test inputs, producing test case values, running test scripts, analyzing results, and reporting results to developers and managers. Although we cast the description in terms of test engineers, every engineer involved in software development should realize that he or she sometimes wears the hat of a test engineer. The reason is that each software artifact produced over the course of a product's development has, or should have, an associated set of test cases, and the person best positioned to define these test cases is often the designer of the artifact. A test manager is in charge of one or more test engineers. Test managers set test policies and processes, interact with other managers on the project, and otherwise help the engineers do their work. Figure 1.1 shows some of the major activities of test engineers. A test engineer must design tests by creating test requirements. These requirements are then\nTest Engineer\nTest Designs\nExecutable Tests\nFigure 1.1. Activities of test engineers.\ntransformed into actual values and scripts that are ready for execution. These executable tests are run against the software, denoted P in the figure, and the results are evaluated to determine if the tests reveal a fault in the software. These activities may be carried out by one person or by several, and the process is monitored by a test manager. One of a test engineer's most powerful tools is a formal coverage criterion. Formal coverage criteria give test engineers ways to decide what test inputs to use during testing, making it more likely that the tester will find problems in the program and providing greater assurance that the software is of high quality and reliability. Coverage criteria also provide stopping rules for the test engineers. The technical core of this book presents the coverage criteria that are available, describes how they are supported by tools (commercial and otherwise), explains how they can best be applied, and suggests how they can be integrated into the overall development process. Software testing activities have long been categorized into levels, and two kinds of levels have traditionally been used. The most often used level categorization is based on traditional software process steps. Although most types of tests can only be run after some part of the software is implemented, tests can be designed and constructed during all software development steps. The most time-consuming parts of testing are actually the test design and construction, so test activities can and should be carried out throughout development. The second-level categorization is based on the attitude and thinking of the testers.\n1.1.1 Testing Levels Based on Software Activity Tests can be derived from requirements and specifications, design artifacts, or the source code. A different level of testing accompanies each distinct software development activity:\nAcceptance Testing \u2013 assess software with respect to requirements. System Testing \u2013 assess software with respect to architectural design. Integration Testing \u2013 assess software with respect to subsystem design. Module Testing \u2013 assess software with respect to detailed design. Unit Testing \u2013 assess software with respect to implementation.\nFigure 1.2 illustrates a typical scenario for testing levels and how they relate to software development activities by isolating each step. Information for each test level is typically derived from the associated development activity. Indeed, standard advice is to design the tests concurrently with each development activity, even though the software will not be in an executable form until the implementation phase. The reason for this advice is that the mere process of explicitly articulating tests can identify defects in design decisions that otherwise appear reasonable. Early identification of defects is by far the best means of reducing their ultimate cost. Note that this diagram is not intended to imply a waterfall process. The synthesis and analysis activities generically apply to any development process. The requirements analysis phase of software development captures the customer's needs. Acceptance testing is designed to determine whether the completed software in fact meets these needs. In other words, acceptance testing probes\nAcceptance Test Test Design\nSystem Test\nSubsystem Design\nDetailed Design\nIntegration Test\nModule Test\nFigure 1.2. Software development activities and testing levels \u2013 the \"V Model\".\nwhether the software does what the users want. Acceptance testing must involve users or other individuals who have strong domain knowledge. The architectural design phase of software development chooses components and connectors that together realize a system whose specification is intended to meet the previously identified requirements. System testing is designed to determine whether the assembled system meets its specifications. It assumes that the pieces work individually, and asks if the system works as a whole. This level of testing usually looks for design and specification problems. It is a very expensive place to find lower-level faults and is usually not done by the programmers, but by a separate testing team. The subsystem design phase of software development specifies the structure and behavior of subsystems, each of which is intended to satisfy some function in the overall architecture. Often, the subsystems are adaptations of previously developed software. Integration testing is designed to assess whether the interfaces between modules (defined below) in a given subsystem have consistent assumptions and communicate correctly. Integration testing must assume that modules work correctly. Some testing literature uses the terms integration testing and system testing interchangeably; in this book, integration testing does not refer to testing the integrated system or subsystem. Integration testing is usually the responsibility of members of the development team. The detailed design phase of software development determines the structure and behavior of individual modules. A program unit, or procedure, is one or more contiguous program statements, with a name that other parts of the software use to call it. Units are called functions in C and C++, procedures or functions in Ada, methods in Java, and subroutines in Fortran. A module is a collection of related units that are assembled in a file, package, or class. This corresponds to a file in C, a package in Ada, and a class in C++ and Java. Module testing is designed to assess individual modules in isolation, including how the component units interact with each other and their associated data structures. Most software development organizations make module testing the responsibility of the programmer.\nImplementation is the phase of software development that actually produces code. Unit testing is designed to assess the units produced by the implementation phase and is the \"lowest\" level of testing. In some cases, such as when building general-purpose library modules, unit testing is done without knowledge of the encapsulating software application. As with module testing, most software development organizations make unit testing the responsibility of the programmer. It is straightforward to package unit tests together with the corresponding code through the use of tools such as JUnit for Java classes. Not shown in Figure 1.2 is regression testing, a standard part of the maintenance phase of software development. Regression testing is testing that is done after changes are made to the software, and its purpose is to help ensure that the updated software still possesses the functionality it had before the updates. Mistakes in requirements and high-level design wind up being implemented as faults in the program; thus testing can reveal them. Unfortunately, the software faults that come from requirements and design mistakes are visible only through testing months or years after the original mistake. The effects of the mistake tend to be dispersed throughout multiple software components; hence such faults are usually difficult to pin down and expensive to correct. On the positive side, even if tests cannot be executed, the very process of defining tests can identify a significant fraction of the mistakes in requirements and design. Hence, it is important for test planning to proceed concurrently with requirements analysis and design and not be put off until late in a project. Fortunately, through techniques such as use-case analysis, test planning is becoming better integrated with requirements analysis in standard software practice. Although most of the literature emphasizes these levels in terms of when they are applied, a more important distinction is on the types of faults that we are looking for. The faults are based on the software artifact that we are testing, and the software artifact that we derive the tests from. For example, unit and module tests are derived to test units and modules, and we usually try to find faults that can be found when executing the units and modules individually. One of the best examples of the differences between unit testing and system testing can be illustrated in the context of the infamous Pentium bug. In 1994, Intel introduced its Pentium microprocessor, and a few months later, Thomas Nicely, a mathematician at Lynchburg College in Virginia, found that the chip gave incorrect answers to certain floating-point division calculations. The chip was slightly inaccurate for a few pairs of numbers; Intel claimed (probably correctly) that only one in nine billion division operations would exhibit reduced precision. The fault was the omission of five entries in a table of 1,066 values (part of the chip's circuitry) used by a division algorithm. The five entries should have contained the constant +2, but the entries were not initialized and contained zero instead. The MIT mathematician Edelman claimed that \"the bug in the Pentium was an easy mistake to make, and a difficult one to catch,\" an analysis that misses one of the essential points. This was a very difficult mistake to find during system testing, and indeed, Intel claimed to have run millions of tests using this table. But the table entries were left empty because a loop termination condition was incorrect; that is, the loop stopped storing numbers before it was finished. This turns out to be a very simple fault to find during unit testing; indeed analysis showed that almost any unit level coverage criterion would have found this multimillion dollar mistake.\nThe Pentium bug not only illustrates the difference in testing levels, but it is also one of the best arguments for paying more attention to unit testing. There are no shortcuts \u2013 all aspects of software need to be tested. On the other hand, some faults can only be found at the system level. One dramatic example was the launch failure of the first Ariane 5 rocket, which exploded 37 seconds after liftoff on June 4, 1996. The low-level cause was an unhandled floating-point conversion exception in an internal guidance system function. It turned out that the guidance system could never encounter the unhandled exception when used on the Ariane 4 rocket. In other words, the guidance system function is correct for Ariane 4. The developers of the Ariane 5 quite reasonably wanted to reuse the successful inertial guidance system from the Ariane 4, but no one reanalyzed the software in light of the substantially different flight trajectory of Ariane 5. Furthermore, the system tests that would have found the problem were technically difficult to execute, and so were not performed. The result was spectacular \u2013 and expensive! Another public failure was the Mars lander of September 1999, which crashed due to a misunderstanding in the units of measure used by two modules created by separate software groups. One module computed thruster data in English units and forwarded the data to a module that expected data in metric units. This is a very typical integration fault (but in this case enormously expensive, both in terms of money and prestige). One final note is that object-oriented (OO) software changes the testing levels. OO software blurs the distinction between units and modules, so the OO software testing literature has developed a slight variation of these levels. Intramethod testing is when tests are constructed for individual methods. Intermethod testing is when pairs of methods within the same class are tested in concert. Intraclass testing is when tests are constructed for a single entire class, usually as sequences of calls to methods within the class. Finally, interclass testing is when more than one class is tested at the same time. The first three are variations of unit and module testing, whereas interclass testing is a type of integration testing.\n1.1.2 Beizer's Testing Levels Based on Test Process Maturity Another categorization of levels is based on the test process maturity level of an organization. Each level is characterized by the goal of the test engineers. The following material is adapted from Beizer [29]. Level 0 There's no difference between testing and debugging. Level 1 The purpose of testing is to show that the software works. Level 2 The purpose of testing is to show that the software doesn't work. Level 3 The purpose of testing is not to prove anything specific, but to reduce the risk of using the software. Level 4 Testing is a mental discipline that helps all IT professionals develop higher quality software. Level 0 is the view that testing is the same as debugging. This is the view that is naturally adopted by many undergraduate computer science majors. In most CS programming classes, the students get their programs to compile, then debug the programs with a few inputs chosen either arbitrarily or provided by the professor.\nThis model does not distinguish between a program's incorrect behavior and a mistake within the program, and does very little to help develop software that is reliable or safe. In Level 1 testing, the purpose is to show correctness. While a significant step up from the naive level 0, this has the unfortunate problem that in any but the most trivial of programs, correctness is virtually impossible to either achieve or demonstrate. Suppose we run a collection of tests and find no failures. What do we know? Should we assume that we have good software or just bad tests? Since the goal of correctness is impossible, test engineers usually have no strict goal, real stopping rule, or formal test technique. If a development manager asks how much testing remains to be done, the test manager has no way to answer the question. In fact, test managers are in a powerless position because they have no way to quantitatively express or evaluate their work. In Level 2 testing, the purpose is to show failures. Although looking for failures is certainly a valid goal, it is also a negative goal. Testers may enjoy finding the problem, but the developers never want to find problems \u2013 they want the software to work (level 1 thinking is natural for the developers). Thus, level 2 testing puts testers and developers into an adversarial relationship, which can be bad for team morale. Beyond that, when our primary goal is to look for failures, we are still left wondering what to do if no failures are found. Is our work done? Is our software very good, or is the testing weak? Having confidence in when testing is complete is an important goal for all testers. The thinking that leads to Level 3 testing starts with the realization that testing can show the presence, but not the absence, of failures. This lets us accept the fact that whenever we use software, we incur some risk. The risk may be small and the consequences unimportant, or the risk may be great and the consequences catastrophic, but risk is always there. This allows us to realize that the entire development team wants the same thing \u2013 to reduce the risk of using the software. In level 3 testing, both testers and developers work together to reduce risk. Once the testers and developers are on the same \"team,\" an organization can progress to real Level 4 testing. Level 4 thinking defines testing as a mental discipline that increases quality. Various ways exist to increase quality, of which creating tests that cause the software to fail is only one. Adopting this mindset, test engineers can become the technical leaders of the project (as is common in many other engineering disciplines). They have the primary responsibility of measuring and improving software quality, and their expertise should help the developers. An analogy that Beizer used is that of a spell checker. We often think that the purpose of a spell checker is to find misspelled words, but in fact, the best purpose of a spell checker is to improve our ability to spell. Every time the spell checker finds an incorrectly spelled word, we have the opportunity to learn how to spell the word correctly. The spell checker is the \"expert\" on spelling quality. In the same way, level 4 testing means that the purpose of testing is to improve the ability of the developers to produce high quality software. The testers should train your developers. As a reader of this book, you probably start at level 0, 1, or 2. Most software developers go through these levels at some stage in their careers. If you work in software development, you might pause to reflect on which testing level describes your company or team. The rest of this chapter should help you move to level 2 thinking, and to understand the importance of level 3. Subsequent chapters will give\nyou the knowledge, skills, and tools to be able to work at level 3. The ultimate goal of this book is to provide a philosophical basis that will allow readers to become \"change agents\" in their organizations for level 4 thinking, and test engineers to become software quality experts.\n1.1.3 Automation of Test Activities Software testing is expensive and labor intensive. Software testing requires up to 50% of software development costs, and even more for safety-critical applications. One of the goals of software testing is to automate as much as possible, thereby significantly reducing its cost, minimizing human error, and making regression testing easier. Software engineers sometimes distinguish revenue tasks, which contribute directly to the solution of a problem, from excise tasks, which do not. For example, compiling a Java class is a classic excise task because, although necessary for the class to become executable, compilation contributes nothing to the particular behavior of that class. In contrast, determining which methods are appropriate to define a given data abstraction as a Java class is a revenue task. Excise tasks are candidates for automation; revenue tasks are not. Software testing probably has more excise tasks than any other aspect of software development. Maintaining test scripts, rerunning tests, and comparing expected results with actual results are all common excise tasks that routinely consume large chunks of test engineer's time. Automating excise tasks serves the test engineer in many ways. First, eliminating excise tasks eliminates drudgery, thereby making the test engineers job more satisfying. Second, automation frees up time to focus on the fun and challenging parts of testing, namely the revenue tasks. Third, automation can help eliminate errors of omission, such as failing to update all the relevant files with the new set of expected results. Fourth, automation eliminates some of the variance in test quality caused by differences in individual's abilities. Many testing tasks that defied automation in the past are now candidates for such treatment due to advances in technology. For example, generating test cases that satisfy given test requirements is typically a hard problem that requires intervention from the test engineer. However, there are tools, both research and commercial, that automate this task to varying degrees.\nEXERCISES Section 1.1. 1. What are some of the factors that would help a development organization move from Beizer's testing level 2 (testing is to show errors) to testing level 4 (a mental discipline that increases quality)? 2. The following exercise is intended to encourage you to think of testing in a more rigorous way than you may be used to. The exercise also hints at the strong relationship between specification clarity, faults, and test cases.1 (a) Write a Java method with the signature public static Vector union (Vector a, Vector b) The method should return a Vector of objects that are in either of the two argument Vectors.\n(b) Upon reflection, you may discover a variety of defects and ambiguities in the given assignment. In other words, ample opportunities for faults exist. Identify as many possible faults as you can. (Note: Vector is a Java Collection class. If you are using another language, interpret Vector as a list.) (c) Create a set of test cases that you think would have a reasonable chance of revealing the faults you identified above. Document a rationale for each test in your test set. If possible, characterize all of your rationales in some concise summary. Run your tests against your implementation. (d) Rewrite the method signature to be precise enough to clarify the defects and ambiguities identified earlier. You might wish to illustrate your specification with examples drawn from your test cases.\n1.2 SOFTWARE TESTING LIMITATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY As said in the previous section, one of the most important limitations of software testing is that testing can show only the presence of failures, not their absence. This is a fundamental, theoretical limitation; generally speaking, the problem of finding all failures in a program is undecidable. Testers often call a successful (or effective) test one that finds an error. While this is an example of level 2 thinking, it is also a characterization that is often useful and that we will use later in this book. The rest of this section presents a number of terms that are important in software testing and that will be used later in this book. Most of these are taken from standards documents, and although the phrasing is ours, we try to be consistent with the standards. Useful standards for reading in more detail are the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology, DOD-STD-2167A and MIL-STD-498 from the US Department of Defense, and the British Computer Society's Standard for Software Component Testing. One of the most important distinctions to make is between validation and verification. Definition 1.1 Validation: The process of evaluating software at the end of software development to ensure compliance with intended usage. Definition 1.2 Verification: The process of determining whether the products of a given phase of the software development process fulfill the requirements established during the previous phase. Verification is usually a more technical activity that uses knowledge about the individual software artifacts, requirements, and specifications. Validation usually depends on domain knowledge; that is, knowledge of the application for which the software is written. For example, validation of software for an airplane requires knowledge from aerospace engineers and pilots. The acronym \"IV&V\" stands for \"independent verification and validation,\" where \"independent\" means that the evaluation is done by nondevelopers. Sometimes the IV&V team is within the same project, sometimes the same company, and sometimes it is entirely an external entity. In part because of the independent nature of IV&V, the process often is not started until the software is complete and is often done by people whose expertise is in the application domain rather than software\ndevelopment. This can sometimes mean that validation is given more weight than verification. Two terms that we have already used are fault and failure. Understanding this distinction is the first step in moving from level 0 thinking to level 1 thinking. We adopt the definition of software fault, error, and failure from the dependability community. Definition 1.3 Software Fault: A static defect in the software. Definition 1.4 Software Error: An incorrect internal state that is the manifestation of some fault. Definition 1.5 Software Failure: External, incorrect behavior with respect to the requirements or other description of the expected behavior. Consider a medical doctor making a diagnosis for a patient. The patient enters the doctor's office with a list of failures (that is, symptoms). The doctor then must discover the fault, or root cause of the symptom. To aid in the diagnosis, a doctor may order tests that look for anomalous internal conditions, such as high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat, high levels of blood glucose, or high cholesterol. In our terminology, these anomalous internal conditions correspond to errors. While this analogy may help the student clarify his or her thinking about faults, errors, and failures, software testing and a doctor's diagnosis differ in one crucial way. Specifically, faults in software are design mistakes. They do not appear spontaneously, but rather exist as a result of some (unfortunate) decision by a human. Medical problems (as well as faults in computer system hardware), on the other hand, are often a result of physical degradation. This distinction is important because it explains the limits on the extent to which any process can hope to control software faults. Specifically, since no foolproof way exists to catch arbitrary mistakes made by humans, we cannot eliminate all faults from software. In colloquial terms, we can make software development foolproof, but we cannot, and should not attempt to, make it damn-foolproof. For a more technical example of the definitions of fault, error, and failure, consider the following Java method: public static int numZero (int[] x) { \/\/ Effects: if x == null throw NullPointerException \/\/ else return the number of occurrences of 0 in x int count = 0; for (int i = 1; i < x.length; i++) { if (x[i] == 0) { count++; } } return count; }\nThe fault in this program is that it starts looking for zeroes at index 1 instead of index 0, as is necessary for arrays in Java. For example, numZero ([2, 7, 0]) correctly evaluates to 1, while numZero ([0, 7, 2]) incorrectly evaluates to 0. In both of these cases the fault is executed. Although both of these cases result in an error, only the second case results in failure. To understand the error states, we need to identify the state for the program. The state for numZero consists of values for the variables x, count, i, and the program counter (denoted PC). For the first example given above, the state at the if statement on the very first iteration of the loop is ( x = [2, 7, 0], count = 0, i = 1, PC = if). Notice that this state is in error precisely because the value of i should be zero on the first iteration. However, since the value of count is coincidentally correct, the error state does not propagate to the output, and hence the software does not fail. In other words, a state is in error simply if it is not the expected state, even if all of the values in the state, considered in isolation, are acceptable. More generally, if the required sequence of states is s0 , s1 , s2 , . . . , and the actual sequence of states is s0 , s2 , s3 , . . . , then state s2 is in error in the second sequence. In the second case the corresponding (error) state is (x = [0, 7, 2], count = 0, i = 1, PC = if). In this case, the error propagates to the variable count and is present in the return value of the method. Hence a failure results. The definitions of fault and failure allow us to distinguish testing from debugging. Definition 1.6 Testing: Evaluating software by observing its execution. Definition 1.7 Test Failure: Execution that results in a failure. Definition 1.8 Debugging: The process of finding a fault given a failure. Of course the central issue is that for a given fault, not all inputs will \"trigger\" the fault into creating incorrect output (a failure). Also, it is often very difficult to relate a failure to the associated fault. Analyzing these ideas leads to the fault\/failure model, which states that three conditions must be present for a failure to be observed. 1. The location or locations in the program that contain the fault must be reached (Reachability). 2. After executing the location, the state of the program must be incorrect (Infection). 3. The infected state must propagate to cause some output of the program to be incorrect (Propagation). This \"RIP\" model is very important for coverage criteria such as mutation (Chapter 5) and for automatic test data generation. It is important to note that the RIP model applies even in the case of faults of omission. In particular, when execution traverses the missing code, the program counter, which is part of the internal state, necessarily has the wrong value. The next definitions are less standardized and the literature varies widely. The definitions are our own but are consistent with common usage. A test engineer must recognize that tests include more than just input values, but are actually multipart\nsoftware artifacts. The piece of a test case that is referred to the most often is what we call the test case value. Definition 1.9 Test Case Values: The input values necessary to complete some execution of the software under test. Note that the definition of test case values is quite broad. In a traditional batch environment, the definition is extremely clear. In a Web application, a complete execution might be as small as the generation of part of a simple Web page, or it might be as complex as the completion of a set of commercial transactions. In a real-time system such as an avionics application, a complete execution might be a single frame, or it might be an entire flight. Test case values are the inputs to the program that test engineers typically focus on during testing. They really define what sort of testing we will achieve. However, test case values are not enough. In addition to test case values, other inputs are often needed to run a test. These inputs may depend on the source of the tests, and may be commands, user inputs, or a software method to call with values for its parameters. In order to evaluate the results of a test, we must know what output a correct version of the program would produce for that test. Definition 1.10 Expected Results: The result that will be produced when executing the test if and only if the program satisfies its intended behavior. Two common practical problems associated with software testing are how to provide the right values to the software and observing details of the software's behavior. These two ideas are used to refine the definition of a test case. Definition 1.11 Software Observability: How easy it is to observe the behavior of a program in terms of its outputs, effects on the environment, and other hardware and software components. Definition 1.12 Software Controllability: How easy it is to provide a program with the needed inputs, in terms of values, operations, and behaviors. These ideas are easily illustrated in the context of embedded software. Embedded software often does not produce output for human consumption, but affects the behavior of some piece of hardware. Thus, observability will be quite low. Likewise, software for which all inputs are values entered from a keyboard is easy to control. But an embedded program that gets its inputs from hardware sensors is more difficult to control and some inputs may be difficult, dangerous or impossible to supply (for example, how does the automatic pilot behave when a train jumps off-track). Many observability and controllability problems can be addressed with simulation, by extra software built to \"bypass\" the hardware or software components that interfere with testing. Other applications that sometimes have low observability and controllability include component-based software, distributed software and Web applications. Depending on the software, the level of testing, and the source of the tests, the tester may need to supply other inputs to the software to affect controllability or observability. For example, if we are testing software for a mobile telephone, the test case values may be long distance phone numbers. We may also need to turn the\nphone on to put it in the appropriate state and then we may need to press \"talk\" and \"end\" buttons to view the results of the test case values and terminate the test. These ideas are formalized as follows. Definition 1.13 Prefix Values: Any inputs necessary to put the software into the appropriate state to receive the test case values. Definition 1.14 Postfix Values: Any inputs that need to be sent to the software after the test case values are sent. Postfix values can be subdivided into two types. Definition 1.15 Verification Values: Values necessary to see the results of the test case values. Definition 1.16 Exit Commands: Values needed to terminate the program or otherwise return it to a stable state. A test case is the combination of all these components (test case values, expected results, prefix values, and postfix values). When it is clear from context, however, we will follow tradition and use the term \"test case\" in place of \"test case values.\" Definition 1.17 Test Case: A test case is composed of the test case values, expected results, prefix values, and postfix values necessary for a complete execution and evaluation of the software under test. We provide an explicit definition for a test set to emphasize that coverage is a property of a set of test cases, rather than a property of a single test case. Definition 1.18 Test Set: A test set is simply a set of test cases. Finally, wise test engineers automate as many test activities as possible. A crucial way to automate testing is to prepare the test inputs as executable tests for the software. This may be done as Unix shell scripts, input files, or through the use of a tool that can control the software or software component being tested. Ideally, the execution should be complete in the sense of running the software with the test case values, getting the results, comparing the results with the expected results, and preparing a clear report for the test engineer. Definition 1.19 Executable Test Script: A test case that is prepared in a form to be executed automatically on the test software and produce a report. The only time a test engineer would not want to automate is if the cost of automation outweighs the benefits. For example, this may happen if we are sure the test will only be used once or if the automation requires knowledge or skills that the test engineer does not have.\nEXERCISES Section 1.2. 1. For what do testers use automation? What are the limitations of automation? 2. How are faults and failures related to testing and debugging?\n3. Below are four faulty programs. Each includes a test case that results in failure. Answer the following questions about each program. public int findLast (int[] x, int y) { \/\/Effects: If x==null throw NullPointerException \/\/ else return the index of the last element \/\/ in x that equals y. \/\/ If no such element exists, return -1 for (int i=x.length-1; i > 0; i--) { if (x[i] == y) { return i; } } return -1; } \/\/ test: x=[2, 3, 5]; y = 2 \/\/ Expected = 0 public int countPositive (int[] x) { \/\/Effects: If x==null throw NullPointerException \/\/ else return the number of \/\/ positive elements in x. int count = 0; for (int i=0; i < x.length; i++) { if (x[i] >= 0) { count++; } } return count; } \/\/ test: x=[-4, 2, 0, 2] \/\/ Expected = 2\npublic static int lastZero (int[] x) { \/\/Effects: if x==null throw NullPointerException \/\/ else return the index of the LAST 0 in x. \/\/ Return -1 if 0 does not occur in x for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) { if (x[i] == 0) { return i; } } return -1; } \/\/ test: x=[0, 1, 0] \/\/ Expected = 2 public static int oddOrPos(int[] x) { \/\/Effects: if x==null throw NullPointerException \/\/ else return the number of elements in x that \/\/ are either odd or positive (or both) int count = 0; for (int i = 0; i < x.length; i++) { if (x[i]% 2 == 1 || x[i] > 0) { count++; } } return count; } \/\/ test: x=[-3, -2, 0, 1, 4] \/\/ Expected = 3\n(a) Identify the fault. (b) If possible, identify a test case that does not execute the fault. (c) If possible, identify a test case that executes the fault, but does not result in an error state. (d) If possible identify a test case that results in an error, but not a failure. Hint: Don't forget about the program counter. (e) For the given test case, identify the first error state. Be sure to describe the complete state. (f) Fix the fault and verify that the given test now produces the expected output.\n1.3 COVERAGE CRITERIA FOR TESTING Some ill-defined terms occasionally used in testing are \"complete testing,\" \"exhaustive testing,\" and \"full coverage.\" These terms are poorly defined because of a fundamental theoretical limitation of software. Specifically, the number of potential inputs for most programs is so large as to be effectively infinite. Consider a Java compiler \u2013 the number of potential inputs to the compiler is not just all Java programs, or even all almost correct Java programs, but all strings. The only limitation is the size of the file that can be read by the parser. Therefore, the number of inputs is effectively infinite and cannot be explicitly enumerated.\nThis is where formal coverage criteria come in. Since we cannot test with all inputs, coverage criteria are used to decide which test inputs to use. The software testing community believes that effective use of coverage criteria makes it more likely that test engineers will find faults in a program and provides informal assurance that the software is of high quality and reliability. While this is, perhaps, more an article of faith than a scientifically supported proposition, it is, in our view, the best option currently available. From a practical perspective, coverage criteria provide useful rules for when to stop testing. This book defines coverage criteria in terms of test requirements. The basic idea is that we want our set of test cases to have various properties, each of which is provided (or not) by an individual test case.2 Definition 1.20 Test Requirement: A test requirement is a specific element of a software artifact that a test case must satisfy or cover. Test requirements usually come in sets, and we use the abbreviation TR to denote a set of test requirements. Test requirements can be described with respect to a variety of software artifacts, including the source code, design components, specification modeling elements, or even descriptions of the input space. Later in this book, test requirements will be generated from all of these. Let's begin with a non-software example. Suppose we are given the enviable task of testing bags of jelly beans. We need to come up with ways to sample from the bags. Suppose these jelly beans have the following six flavors and come in four colors: Lemon (colored Yellow), Pistachio (Green), Cantaloupe (Orange), Pear (White), Tangerine (also Orange), and Apricot (also Yellow). A simple approach to testing might be to test one jelly bean of each flavor. Then we have six test requirements, one for each flavor. We satisfy the test requirement \"Lemon\" by selecting and, of course, tasting a Lemon jelly bean from a bag of jelly beans. The reader might wish to ponder how to decide, prior to the tasting step, if a given Yellow jelly bean is Lemon or Apricot. This dilemma illustrates a classic controllability issue. As a more software-oriented example, if the goal is to cover all decisions in the program (branch coverage), then each decision leads to two test requirements, one for the decision to evaluate to false, and one for the decision to evaluate to true. If every method must be called at least once (call coverage), each method leads to one test requirement. A coverage criterion is simply a recipe for generating test requirements in a systematic way: Definition 1.21 Coverage Criterion: A coverage criterion is a rule or collection of rules that impose test requirements on a test set. That is, the criterion describes the test requirements in a complete and unambiguous manner. The \"flavor criterion\" yields a simple strategy for selecting jelly beans. In this case, the set of test requirements, T R, can be formally written out as T R = {flavor = Lemon, flavor = Pistachio, flavor = Cantaloupe, flavor = Pear, flavor = Tangerine, flavor = Apricot}\nTest engineers need to know how good a collection of tests is, so we measure test sets against a criterion in terms of coverage. Definition 1.22 Coverage: Given a set of test requirements T R for a coverage criterion C, a test set T satisfies C if and only if for every test requirement tr in T R, at least one test t in T exists such that t satisfies tr . To continue the example, a test set T with 12 beans: three Lemon, one Pistachio, two Cantaloupe, one Pear, one Tangerine, and four Apricot satisfies the \"flavor criterion.\" Notice that it is perfectly acceptable to satisfy a given test requirement with more than one test. Coverage is important for two reasons. First, it is sometimes expensive to satisfy a coverage criterion, so we want to compromise by trying to achieve a certain coverage level. Definition 1.23 Coverage Level: Given a set of test requirements T R and a test set T, the coverage level is simply the ratio of the number of test requirements satisfied by T to the size of T R. Second, and more importantly, some requirements cannot be satisfied. Suppose Tangerine jelly beans are rare, some bags may not contain any, or it may simply be too difficult to find a Tangerine bean. In this case, the flavor criterion cannot be 100% satisfied, and the maximum coverage level possible is 5\/6 or 83%. It often makes sense to drop unsatisfiable test requirements from the set T R \u2013 or to replace them with less stringent test requirements. Test requirements that cannot be satisfied are called infeasible. Formally, no test case values exist that meet the test requirements. Examples for specific software criteria will be shown throughout the book, but some may already be familiar. Dead code results in infeasible test requirements because the statements cannot be reached. The detection of infeasible test requirements is formally undecidable for most coverage criteria, and even though some researchers have tried to find partial solutions, they have had only limited success. Thus, 100% coverage is impossible in practice. Coverage criteria are traditionally used in one of two ways. One method is to directly generate test case values to satisfy a given criterion. This method is often assumed by the research community and is the most obvious way to use criteria. It is also very hard in some cases, particularly if we do not have enough automated tools to support test case value generation. The other method is to generate test case values externally (by hand or using a pseudo-random tool, for example) and then measure the tests against the criterion in terms of their coverage. This method is usually favored by industry practitioners, because generating tests to directly satisfy the criterion is too hard. Unfortunately, this use is sometimes misleading. If our tests do not reach 100% coverage, what does that mean? We really have no data on how much, say, 99% coverage is worse than 100% coverage, or 90%, or even 75%. Because of this use of the criteria to evaluate existing test sets, coverage criteria are sometimes called metrics. This distinction actually has a strong theoretical basis. A generator is a procedure that automatically generates values to satisfy a criterion, and a recognizer is a\nprocedure that decides whether a given set of test case values satisfies a criterion. Theoretically, both problems are provably undecidable in the general case for most criteria. In practice, however, it is possible to recognize whether test cases satisfy a criterion far more often than it is possible to generate tests that satisfy the criterion. The primary problem with recognition is infeasible test requirements; if no infeasible test requirements are present then the problem becomes decidable. In practical terms of commercial automated test tools, a generator corresponds to a tool that automatically creates test case values. A recognizer is a coverage analysis tool. Coverage analysis tools are quite plentiful, both as commercial products and freeware. It is important to appreciate that the set T R depends on the specific artifact under test. In the jelly bean example, the test requirement color = Purple doesn't make sense because we assumed that the factory does not make Purple jelly beans. In the software context, consider statement coverage. The test requirement \"Execute statement 42\" makes sense only if the program under test does indeed have a statement 42. A good way to think of this issue is that the test engineer starts with a given software artifact and then chooses a particular coverage criterion. Combining the artifact with the criterion yields the specific set T R that is relevant to the test engineer's task. Coverage criteria are often related to one another, and compared in terms of subsumption. Recall that the \"flavor criterion\" requires that every flavor be tried once. We could also define a \"color criterion,\" which requires that we try one jelly bean of each color {yellow, green, orange, white}. If we satisfy the flavor criterion, then we have also implicitly satisfied the color criterion. This is the essence of subsumption; that satisfying one criterion will guarantee that another one is satisfied. Definition 1.24 Criteria Subsumption: A coverage criterion C1 subsumes C2 if and only if every test set that satisfies criterion C1 also satisfies C2 . Note that this has to be true for every test set, not just some sets. Subsumption has a strong similarity with set subset relationships, but it is not exactly the same. Generally, a criterion C1 can subsume another C2 in one of two ways. The simpler way is if the test requirements for C1 always form a superset of the requirements for C2 . For example, another jelly bean criterion may be to try all flavors whose name begins with the letter 'C'. This would result in the test requirements {Cantaloupe}, which is a subset of the requirements for the flavor criterion: {Lemon, Pistachio, Cantaloupe, Pear, Tangerine, Apricot}. Thus, the flavor criterion subsumes the \"starts-with-C\" criterion. The relationship between the flavor and the color criteria illustrate the other way that subsumption can be shown. Since every flavor has a specific color, and every color is represented by at least one flavor, if we satisfy the flavor criterion we will also satisfy the color criterion. Formally, a many-to-one mapping exists between the requirements for the flavor criterion and the requirements for the color criterion. Thus, the flavor criterion subsumes the color criterion. (If a one-to-one mapping exists between requirements from two criteria, then they would subsume each other.) For a more realistic software-oriented example, consider branch and statement coverage. (These should already be familiar, at least intuitively, and will be defined\nformally in Chapter 2.) If a test set has covered every branch in a program (satisfied branch coverage), then the test set is guaranteed to have covered every statement as well. Thus, the branch coverage criterion subsumes the statement coverage criterion. We will return to subsumption with more rigor and more examples in subsequent chapters.\n1.3.1 Infeasibility and Subsumption A subtle relationship exists between infeasibility and subsumption. Specifically, sometimes a criterion C1 will subsume another criterion C2 if and only if all test requirements are feasible. If some test requirements in C1 are infeasible, however, C1 may not subsume C2 . Infeasible test requirements are common and occur quite naturally. Suppose we partition the jelly beans into Fruits and Nuts.3 Now, consider the Interaction Criterion, where each flavor of bean is sampled in conjunction with some other flavor in the same block. Such a criterion has a useful counterpart in the software domain in cases where feature interactions are a source of concern. So, for example, we might try Lemon with Pear or Tangerine, but we would not try Lemon with itself or with Pistachio. We might think that the Interaction Criterion subsumes the Flavor criterion, since every flavor is tried in conjunction with some other flavor. Unfortunately, in our example, Pistachio is the only member of the Nuts block, and hence the test requirement to try it with some other flavor in the Nuts block is infeasible. One possible strategy to reestablish subsumption is to replace each infeasible test requirement for the Interaction Criterion with the corresponding one from the Flavor criterion. In this example, we would simply taste Pistachio nuts by themselves. In general, it is desirable to define coverage criteria so that they are robust with respect to subsumption in the face of infeasible test requirements. This is not commonly done in the testing literature, but we make an effort to do so in this book. That said, this problem is mainly theoretical and should not overly concern practical testers. Theoretically, sometimes a coverage criterion C1 will subsume another C2 if we assume that C1 has no infeasible test requirements, but if C1 does create an infeasible test requirement for a program, a test suite that satisfies C1 while skipping the infeasible test requirements might also \"skip\" some test requirements from C2 that are satisfiable. In practice, only a few test requirements for C1 are infeasible for any given program, and if some are, it is often true that corresponding test requirements in C2 will also be infeasible. If not, the few test cases that are lost will probably not make a difference in the test results.\n1.3.2 Characteristics of a Good Coverage Criterion Given the above discussion, an interesting question is \"what makes a coverage criterion good?\" Certainly, no definitive answers exist to this question, a fact that may partly explain why so many coverage criteria have been designed. However, three important issues can affect the use of coverage criteria. 1. The difficulty of computing test requirements 2. The difficulty of generating tests 3. How well the tests reveal faults\nSubsumption is at best a very rough way to compare criteria. Our intuition may tell us that if one criterion subsumes another, then it should reveal more faults. However, no theoretical guarantee exists and the experimental studies have usually not been convincing and are far from complete. Nevertheless, the research community has reasonably wide agreement on relationships among some criteria. The difficulty of computing test requirements will depend on the artifact being used as well as the criterion. The fact that the difficulty of generating tests can be directly related to how well the tests reveal faults should not be surprising. A software tester must strive for balance and choose criteria that have the right cost \/ benefit tradeoffs for the software under test.\nEXERCISES Section 1.3. 1. Suppose that coverage criterion C1 subsumes coverage criterion C2 . Further suppose that test set T1 satisfies C1 and on program P test set T2 satisfies C2 , also on P. (a) Does T1 necessarily satisfy C2 ? Explain. (b) Does T2 necessarily satisfy C1 ? Explain. (c) If P contains a fault, and T2 reveals the fault, T1 does not necessarily also reveal the fault. Explain.4 2. How else could we compare test criteria besides subsumption?\n1.4 OLDER SOFTWARE TESTING TERMINOLOGY The testing research community has been very active in the past two decades, and some of our fundamental views of what and how to test have changed. This section presents some of the terminology that has been in use for many years, but for various reasons has become dated. Despite the fact that they are not as relevant now as they were at one time, these terms are still used and it is important that testing students and professionals be familiar with them. From an abstract perspective, black-box and white-box testing are very similar. In this book in particular, we present testing as proceeding from abstract models of the software such as graphs, which can as easily be derived from a black-box view or a white-box view. Thus, one of the most obvious effects of the unique philosophical structure of this book is that these two terms become obsolete. Definition 1.25 Black-box testing: Deriving tests from external descriptions of the software, including specifications, requirements, and design. Definition 1.26 White-box testing: Deriving tests from the source code internals of the software, specifically including branches, individual conditions, and statements. In the early 1980s, a discussion took place over whether testing should proceed from the top down or from the bottom up. This was an echo of a previous discussion over how to develop software. This distinction has pretty much disappeared as we\nfirst learned that top-down testing is impractical, then OO design pretty much made the distinction obsolete. The following pair of definitions assumes that software can be viewed as a tree of software procedures, where the edges represent calls and the root of the tree is the main procedure. Definition 1.27 Top-Down Testing: Test the main procedure, then go down through procedures it calls, and so on. Definition 1.28 Bottom-Up Testing: Test the leaves in the tree (procedures that make no calls), and move up to the root. Each procedure is tested only if all of its children have been tested. OO software leads to a more general problem. The relationships among classes can be formulated as general graphs with cycles, requiring test engineers to make the difficult choice of what order to test the classes in. This problem is discussed in Chapter 6. Some parts of the literature separate static and dynamic testing as follows: Definition 1.29 Static Testing: Testing without executing the program. This includes software inspections and some forms of analysis. Definition 1.30 Dynamic Testing: Testing by executing the program with real inputs. Most of the literature currently uses \"testing\" to refer to dynamic testing and \"static testing\" is called \"verification activities.\" We follow that use in this book and it should be pointed out that this book is only concerned with dynamic or executionbased testing. One last term bears mentioning because of the lack of definition. Test Strategy has been used to mean a variety of things, including coverage criterion, test process, and technologies used. We will avoid using it.\n1.5 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES All books on software testing and all researchers owe major thanks to the landmark books in 1979 by Myers [249], in 1990 by Beizer [29], and in 2000 by Binder [33]. Some excellent overviews of unit testing criteria have also been published, including one by White [349] and more recently by Zhu, Hall, and May [367]. The statement that software testing requires up to 50 percent of software development costs is from Myers and Sommerville [249, 316]. The recent text from Pezze and Young [289] reports relevant processes, principles, and techniques from the testing literature, and includes many useful classroom materials. The Pezze and Young text presents coverage criteria in the traditional lifecycle-based manner, and does not organize criteria into the four abstract models discussed in this chapter. Numerous other software testing books were not intended as textbooks, or do not offer general coverage for classroom use. Beizer's Software System Testing and Quality Assurance [28] and Hetzel's The Complete Guide to Software Testing [160] cover various aspects of management and process for software testing. Several books cover specific aspects of testing [169, 227, 301]. The STEP project at Georgia\nInstitute of Technology resulted in a comprehensive survey of the practice of software testing by Department of Defense contractors in the 1980s [100]. The definition of unit is from Stevens, Myers and Constantine [318], and the definition of module is from Sommerville [316]. The definition of integration testing is from Beizer [29]. The clarification for OO testing levels with the terms intra-method, inter-method, and intra-class testing is from Harrold and Rothermel [152] and inter-class testing is from Gallagher, Offutt and Cincotta [132]. The information for the Pentium bug and Mars lander was taken from several sources, including by Edelman, Moler, Nuseibeh, Knutson, and Peterson [111, 189, 244, 259, 286]. The accident report [209] is the best source for understanding the details of the Ariane 5 Flight 501 Failure. The testing levels in Section 1.1.2 were first defined by Beizer [29]. The elementary result that finding all failures in a program is undecidable is due to Howden [165]. Most of the terminology in testing is from standards documents, including the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology [175], the US Department of Defense [260, 261], the US Federal Aviation Administration FAADO178B, and the British Computer Society's Standard for Software Component Testing [317]. The definitions for observability and controllability come from Freedman [129]. Similar definitions were also given in Binder's book Testing ObjectOriented Systems [33]. The fault\/failure model was developed independently by Offutt and Morell in their dissertations [101, 246, 247, 262]. Morell used the terms execution, infection, and propagation [247, 246], and Offutt used reachability, sufficiency, and necessity [101, 262]. This book merges the two sets of terms by using what we consider to be the most descriptive terms. The multiple parts of the test case that we use are based on research in test case specifications [23, 319]. One of the first discussions of infeasibility from other than a purely theoretical view was by Frankl and Weyuker [128]. The problem was shown to be undecidable by Goldberg et al. [136] and DeMillo and Offutt [101]. Some partial solutions have been presented [132, 136, 177, 273]. Budd and Angluin [51] analyzed the theoretical distinctions between generators and recognizers from a testing viewpoint. They showed that both problems are formally undecidable, and discussed tradeoffs in approximating the two. Subsumption has been widely used as a way to analytically compare testing techniques. We follow Weiss [340] and Frankl and Weyuker [128] for our definition of subsumption. Frankl and Weyuker actually used the term includes. The term subsumption was defined by Clarke et al.: A criterion C1 subsumes a criterion C2 if and only if every set of execution paths P that satisfies C1 also satisfies C2 [81]. The term subsumption is currently the more widely used and the two definitions are equivalent; this book follows Weiss's suggestion to use the term subsumes to refer to Frankl and Weyuker's definition. The descriptions of excise and revenue tasks were taken from Cooper [89]. Although this book does not focus heavily on the theoretical underpinnings of software testing, students interested in research should study such topics more in depth. A number of the papers are quite old and often do not appear in current\nliterature, and their ideas are beginning to disappear. The authors encourage the study of the older papers. Among those are truly seminal papers in the 1970s by Goodenough and Gerhart [138] and Howden [165], and Demillo, Lipton, Sayward, and Perlis [98, 99]. These papers were followed up and refined by Weyuker and Ostrand [343], Hamlet [147], Budd and Angluin [51], Gourlay [139], Prather [293], Howden [168], and Cherniavsky and Smith [67]. Later theoretical papers were contributed by Morell [247], Zhu [366], and Wah [335, 336]. Every PhD student's adviser will certainly have his or her own favorite theoretical papers, but this list should provide a good starting point.\nNOTES 1 Liskov's Program Development in Java, especially chapters 9 and 10, is a great source for students who wish to pursue this direction further. 2 While this is a good general rule, exceptions exist. For example, test requirements for some logic coverage criteria demand pairs of related test cases instead of individual test cases. 3 The reader might wonder whether we need an Other category to ensure that we have a partition. In our example, we are ok, but in general, one would need such a category to handle jelly beans such as Potato, Spinach, or Ear Wax. 4 Correctly answering this question goes a long way towards understanding the weakness of the subsumption relation.\n2 Graph Coverage\nThis chapter introduces the major test coverage criteria in use today. It starts out in a very theoretical way, but a firm grasp of the theoretical aspects of graphs and graph coverage makes the remainder of the chapter simpler. We first emphasize a generic view of a graph without regard to the graph's source. After this model is established, the rest of the chapter turns to practical applications by demonstrating how graphs can be obtained from various software artifacts and how the generic versions of the criteria are adapted to those graphs.\n2.1 OVERVIEW Directed graphs form the foundation for many coverage criteria. Given an artifact under test, the idea is to obtain a graph abstraction of that artifact. For example, the most common graph abstraction for source code maps code to a control flow graph. It is important to understand that the graph is not the same as the artifact, and that, indeed, artifacts typically have several useful, but nonetheless quite different, graph abstractions. The same abstraction that produces the graph from the artifact also maps test cases for the artifact to paths in the graph. Accordingly, a graphbased coverage criterion evaluates a test set for an artifact in terms of how the paths corresponding to the test cases \"cover\" the artifact's graph abstraction. We give our basic notion of a graph below and will add additional structures later in the chapter when needed. A graph G formally is\na set a set a set a set\nN of nodes N0 of initial nodes, where N0 \u2286 N N f of final nodes, where N f \u2286 N E of edges, where E is a subset of N \u00d7 N\nFor a graph to be useful for generating tests, it is necessary for N, N0 , and N f to contain at least one node each. Sometimes, it is helpful to consider only part of a graph. A subgraph of a graph is also a graph and is defined by a subset of N, along with the corresponding subsets of N0 , N f , and E. Specifically, if Nsub is a subset of\nN = { n0, n1, n2, n3 } N 0 = { n0 }\nN = { n0, n1, n2, n3, n4, n5, n6, n7, n8, n9} N0 = { n0, n1, n2}\nE = { (n0, n1), (n0, n2), (n1, n3),(n2, n3 ) }\n|E| = 12\n(a) A graph with a single initial node (b) A graph with mutiple initial nodes\nN = { n0, n1, n2, n3 } |E| = 4\n(c) A graph with no initial node\nFigure 2.1. Graph (a) has a single initial node, graph (b) multiple initial nodes, and graph (c) (rejected) with no initial nodes.\nN, then for the subgraph defined by Nsub , the set of initial nodes is Nsub \u2229 N0 , the set of final nodes is Nsub \u2229 N f , and the set of edges is (Nsub \u00d7 Nsub ) \u2229 E. Note that more than one initial node can be present; that is, N0 is a set. Having multiple initial nodes is necessary for some software artifacts, for example, if a class has multiple entry points, but sometimes we will restrict the graph to having one initial node. Edges are considered to be from one node and to another and written as (ni , n j ). The edge's initial node ni is sometimes called the predecessor and n j is called the successor. We always identify final nodes, and there must be at least one final node. The reason is that every test must start in some initial node and end in some final node. The concept of a final node depends on the kind of software artifact the graph represents. Some test criteria require tests to end in a particular final node. Other test criteria are satisfied with any node for a final node, in which case the set N f is the same as the set N. The term node has various synonyms. Graph theory texts sometimes call a node a vertex, and testing texts typically identify a node with the structure it represents, often a statement or a basic block. Similarly, graph theory texts sometimes call an edge an arc, and testing texts typically identify an edge with the structure it represents, often a branch. This section discusses graph criteria in a generic way; thus we stick to general graph terms. Graphs are often drawn with bubbles and arrows. Figure 2.1 shows three example graphs. The nodes with incoming edges but no predecessor nodes are the initial nodes. The nodes with heavy borders are final nodes. Figure 2.1(a) has a single initial node and no cycles. Figure 2.1(b) has three initial nodes, as well as a cycle ([n1 , n4 , n8 , n5 , n1 ]). Figure 2.1(c) has no initial nodes, and so is not useful for generating test cases.\nGraph Coverage\nPath Examples\nn 0, n 3, n7 n1, n4, n8, n5, n1 n2, n 6, n9\nInvalid Path Examples\nn0, n 7 n3, n 4 n2, n6, n8\n(a) Path examples n3\nReachability Examples\nreach (n0 ) = N - { n2, n6 } reach (n0 , n1, n2 ) = N reach (n4 ) = { n1, n4, n5, n7, n8, n9 } reach ([n6, n9 ]) = { n9 }\n(b) Reachability examples n7\nFigure 2.2. Example of paths.\nA path is a sequence [n1 , n2 , . . . , n M ] of nodes, where each pair of adjacent nodes, (ni , ni+1 ), 1 \u2264 i < M, is in the set E of edges. The length of a path is defined as the number of edges it contains. We sometimes consider paths and subpaths of length zero. A subpath of a path p is a subsequence of p (possibly p itself). Following the notation for edges, we say a path is from the first node in the path and to the last node in the path. It is also useful to be able to say that a path is from (or to) an edge e, which simply means that e is the first (or last) edge in the path. Figure 2.2 shows a graph along with several example paths, and several examples that are not paths. For instance, the sequence [n0 , n7 ] is not a path because the two nodes are not connected by an edge. Many test criteria require inputs that start at one node and end at another. This is only possible if those nodes are connected by a path. When we apply these criteria on specific graphs, we sometimes find that we have asked for a path that for some reason cannot be executed. For example, a path may demand that a loop be executed zero times in a situation where the program always executes the loop at least once. This kind of problem is based on the semantics of the software artifact that the graph represents. For now, we emphasize that we are looking only at the syntax of the graph. We say that a node n (or an edge e) is syntactically reachable from node ni if there exists a path from node ni to n (or edge e). A node n (or edge e) is also semantically reachable if it is possible to execute at least one of the paths with some input. We can define the function reachG(x) as the portion of a graph that is syntactically reachable from the parameter x. The parameter for reachG() can be a node, an edge, or a set of nodes or edges. Then reachG(ni ) is the subgraph of G that is syntactically reachable from node ni , reachG(N0 ) is the subgraph of G that is syntactically reachable from any initial node, reachG(e) is the subgraph of G syntactically reachable from edge e, and so on. In our use, reachG() includes the starting nodes. For example, both reachG(ni ) and reachG([ni , n j ]) always include ni , and reachG([ni , n j ]) includes edge ([ni , n j ]). Some graphs have nodes or starting edges that cannot be syntactically reached from any of the initial nodes N0 . These graphs frustrate attempts to satisfy a coverage criterion, so we typically restrict our attention to reachG(N0 ).1\nFigure 2.3. A single entry single exit graph.\nConsider the examples in Figure 2.2. From n0 , it is possible to reach all nodes except n2 and n6 . From the entire set of initial nodes {n0 , n1 , n2 }, it is possible to reach all nodes. If we start at n4 , it is possible to reach all nodes except n0 , n2 , n3 , and n6 . If we start at edge (n6 , n9 ), it is possible to reach only n6 , n9 and edge (n6 , n9 ). In addition, some graphs (such as finite state machines) have explicit edges from a node to itself, that is, (ni , ni ). Basic graph algorithms, usually given in standard data structures texts, can be used to compute syntactic reachability. A test path represents the execution of a test case. The reason test paths must start in N0 is that test cases always begin from an initial node. It is important to note that a single test path may correspond to a very large number of test cases on the software. It is also possible that a test path may correspond to zero test cases if the test path is infeasible. We return to the crucial but theoretical issue of infeasibility later, in Section 2.2.1. Definition 2.31 Test path: A path p, possibly of length zero, that starts at some node in N0 and ends at some node in N f . For some graphs, all test paths start at one node and end at a single node. We call these single entry\/single exit or SESE graphs. For SESE graphs, the set N0 has exactly one node, called n0 , and the set N f also has exactly one node, called n f , which may be the same as n0 . We require that n f be syntactically reachable from every node in N, and that no node in N (except n f ) be syntactically reachable from n f (unless n0 and n f are the same node). In other words, no edges start at n f , except when n0 and n f happen to be the same node. Figure 2.3 is an example of a SESE graph. This particular structure is sometimes called a \"double-diamond\" graph and corresponds to the control flow graph for a sequence of two if-then-else statements. The initial node, n0 , is designated with an incoming arrow (remember we only have one initial node), and the final\nGraph Coverage Test Paths\nTest Cases t1\nIn deterministic software, a many-to-one relationship exists between test cases and test paths. Test Cases t1\nTest Paths Many-to-many\nFor nondeterministic software, a many-to-many relationship exists between test cases and test paths.\nFigure 2.4. Test case mappings to test paths.\nnode, n6 , is designated with a thick circle. Exactly four test paths exist in the double-diamond graph: [n0 , n1 , n3 , n4 , n6 ], [n0 , n1 , n3 , n5 , n6 ], [n0 , n2 , n3 , n4 , n6 ], and [n0 , n2 , n3 , n5 , n6 ]. We need some terminology to express the notion of nodes, edges, and subpaths that appear in test paths, and choose familiar terminology from traveling. A test path p is said to visit node n if n is in p. Test path p is said to visit edge e if e is in p. The term visit applies well to single nodes and edges, but sometimes we want to turn our attention to subpaths. For subpaths, we use the term tour. Test path p is said to tour subpath q if q is a subpath of p. The first path of Figure 2.3, [n0 , n1 , n3 , n4 , n6 ], visits nodes n0 and n1 , visits edges (n0 , n1 ) and (n3 , n4 ), and tours the subpath [n1 , n3 , n4 ] (among others, these lists are not complete). Since the subpath relationship is reflexive, the tour relationship is also reflexive. That is, any given path p always tours itself. We define a mapping pathG for tests, so for a test case t, pathG(t) is the test path in graph G that is executed by t. Since it is usually obvious which graph we are discussing, we omit the subscript G. We also define the set of paths toured by a set of tests. For a test set T, path(T) is the set of test paths that are executed by the tests in T: pathG(T) = { pathG(t)|t \u2208 T}. Except for nondeterministic structures, which we do not consider until Chapter 7, each test case will tour exactly one test path in graph G. Figure 2.4 illustrates the difference with respect to test case\/test path mapping for deterministic vs. nondeterministic software. Figure 2.5 illustrates a set of test cases and corresponding test paths on a SESE graph with the final node n f = n2 . Some edges are annotated with predicates that describe the conditions under which that edge is traversed. (This notion is formalized later in this chapter.) So, in the example, if a is less than b, the only path is from n0 to n1 and then on to n3 and n2 . This book describes all of the graph coverage criteria in terms of relationships of test paths to the graph in question, but it is important to realize that testing is carried out with test cases, and that the test path is simply a model of the test case in the abstraction captured by the graph.\n(a) Graph for testing the case with input integers a, b and output (a+b)\nMap to Test case t1 : (a=0, b=1)\n[ Test path p1 : n 0, n1, n3, n2 ]\nTest case t2 : (a=1, b=1)\n[ Test path p2 : n 0, n3, n2 ]\n[ Test path p3 : n 0, n2 ]\n(b) Mapping between test cases and test paths\nFigure 2.5. A set of test cases and corresponding test paths.\nEXERCISES Section 2.1. 1. 2. 3. 4.\nGive the sets N, N0 , N f , and E for the graph in Figure 2.2. Give a path that is not a test path in Figure 2.2. List all test paths in Figure 2.2. In Figure 2.5, find test case inputs such that the corresponding test path visits edge (n1 , n3 ).\n2.2 GRAPH COVERAGE CRITERIA The structure in Section 2.1 is adequate to define coverage on graphs. As is usual in the testing literature, we divide these criteria into two types. The first are usually referred to as control flow coverage criteria. Because we generalize this situation, we call them structural graph coverage criteria. The other criteria are based on the flow of data through the software artifact represented by the graph and are called data flow coverage criteria. Following the discussion in Chapter 1, we identify the appropriate test requirements and then define each criterion in terms of the test requirements. In general, for any graph-based coverage criterion, the idea is to identify the test requirements in terms of various structures in the graph. For graphs, coverage criteria define test requirements, T R, in terms of properties of test paths in a graph G. A typical test requirement is met by visiting a particular node or edge or by touring a particular path. The definitions we have given so far for a visit are adequate, but the notion of a tour requires more development. We return to the issue of touring later in this chapter and then refine it further in the context\nof data flow criteria. The following definition is a refinement of the definition of coverage given in Chapter 1: Definition 2.32 Graph Coverage: Given a set T R of test requirements for a graph criterion C, a test set T satisfies C on graph G if and only if for every test requirement tr in T R, there is at least one test path p in path(T) such that p meets tr . This is a very general statement that must be refined for individual cases.\n2.2.1 Structural Coverage Criteria We specify graph coverage criteria by specifying a set of test requirements, T R. We will start by defining criteria to visit every node and then every edge in a graph. The first criterion is probably familiar and is based on the old notion of executing every statement in a program. This concept has variously been called \"statement coverage,\" \"block coverage,\" \"state coverage,\" and \"node coverage.\" We use the general graph term \"node coverage.\" Although this concept is familiar and simple, we introduce some additional notation. The notation initially seems to complicate the criterion, but ultimately has the effect of making subsequent criteria cleaner and mathematically precise, avoiding confusion with more complicated situations. The requirements that are produced by a graph criterion are technically predicates that can have either the value true (the requirement has been met) or false (the requirement has not been met). For the double-diamond graph in Figure 2.3, the test requirements for node coverage are: T R = { visit n0 , visit n1 , visit n2 , visit n3 , visit n4 , visit n5 , visit n6 }. That is, we must satisfy a predicate for each node, where the predicate asks whether the node has been visited or not. With this in mind, the formal definition of node coverage is as follows2 : Definition 2.33 Node Coverage (Formal Definition): For each node n \u2208 reachG(N0 ), T R contains the predicate \"visit n.\" This notation, although mathematically precise, is too cumbersome for practical use. Thus we choose to introduce a simpler version of the definition that abstracts the issue of predicates in the test requirements. Criterion 2.1 Node Coverage (NC): T R contains each reachable node in G. With this definition, it is left as understood that the term \"contains\" actually means \"contains the predicate visitn .\" This simplification allows us to simplify the writing of the test requirements for Figure 2.3 to only contain the nodes: T R = {n0 , n1 , n2 , n3 , n4 , n5 , n6 }. Test path p1 = [n0 , n1 , n3 , n4 , n6 ] meets the first, second, fourth, fifth, and seventh test requirements, and test path p2 = [n0 , n2 , n3 , n5 , n6 ] meets the first, third, fourth, sixth, and seventh. Therefore, if a test set T contains {t1 , t2 }, where path(t1 ) = p1 and path(t2 ) = p2 , then T satisfies node coverage on G. The usual definition of node coverage omits the intermediate step of explicitly identifying the test requirements, and is often stated as given below. Notice the economy of the form used above with respect to the standard definition. Several\nn0 xy\nn2 path (t1 ) = [ n0, n1, n2 ] path (t2 ) = [ n0, n2 ] T 1 = { t1 } T1 satisfies node coverage on the graph\nT 2 = { t 1 , t2 } T2 satisfies edge coverage on the graph\n(a) Node Coverage\n(b) Edge Coverage\nFigure 2.6. A graph showing node coverage and edge coverage.\nof the exercises emphasize this point by directing the student to recast other criteria in the standard form. Definition 2.34 Node Coverage (NC) (Standard Definition): Test set T satisfies node coverage on graph G if and only if for every syntactically reachable node n in N, there is some path p in path(T) such that p visits n. The exercises at the end of the section have the reader reformulate the definitions of some of the remaining coverage criteria in both the formal way and the standard way. We choose the intermediate definition because it is more compact, avoids the extra verbiage in a standard coverage definition, and focuses just on the part of the definition of coverage that changes from criterion to criterion. Node coverage is implemented in many commercial testing tools, most often in the form of statement coverage. So is the next common criterion of edge coverage, usually implemented as branch coverage: Criterion 2.2 Edge Coverage (EC): T R contains each reachable path of length up to 1, inclusive, in G. The reader might wonder why the test requirements for edge coverage also explicitly include the test requirements for node coverage \u2013 that is, why the phrase \"up to\" is included in the definition. In fact, all the graph coverage criteria are developed like this. The motivation is subsumption for graphs that do not contain more complex structures. For example, consider a graph with a node that has no edges. Without the \"up to\" clause in the definition, edge coverage would not cover that node. Intuitively, we would like edge testing to be at least as demanding as node testing. This style of definition is the best way to achieve this property. To make our TR sets readable, we list only the maximal length paths. Figure 2.6 illustrates the difference between node and edge coverage. In program statement terms, this is a graph of the common \"if-else\" structure.\nOther coverage criteria use only the graph definitions introduced so far. For example, one requirement is that each path of length (up to) two be toured by some test path. With this context, node coverage could be redefined to contain each path of length zero. Clearly, this idea can be extended to paths of any length, although possibly with diminishing returns. We formally define one of these criteria; others are left as exercises for the interested reader. Criterion 2.3 Edge-Pair Coverage (EPC): T R contains each reachable path of length up to 2, inclusive, in G. One useful testing criterion is to start the software in some state (that is, a node in the finite state machine) and then follow transitions (that is, edges) so that the last state is the same as the start state. This type of testing is used to verify that the system is not changed by certain inputs. Shortly we will formalize this notion as round trip coverage. Before defining round trip coverage, we need a few more definitions. A path from ni to n j is simple if no node appears more than once in the path, with the exception that the first and last nodes may be identical. That is, simple paths have no internal loops, although the entire path itself may wind up being a loop. One useful aspect of simple paths is that any path can be created by composing simple paths. Even fairly small programs may have a very large number of simple paths. Most of these simple paths aren't worth addressing explicitly since they are subpaths of other simple paths. For a coverage criterion for simple paths we would like to avoid enumerating the entire set of simple paths. To this end we list only maximal length simple paths. To clarify this notion, we introduce a formal definition for a maximal length simple path, which we call a prime path, and we adopt the name \"prime\" for the criterion: Definition 2.35 Prime Path: A path from ni to n j is a prime path if it is a simple path and it does not appear as a proper subpath of any other simple path. Criterion 2.4 Prime Path Coverage (PPC): T R contains each prime path in G. While this definition of prime path coverage has the practical advantage of keeping the number of test requirements down, it suffers from the problem that a given infeasible prime path may well incorporate many feasible simple paths. The solution is direct: replace the infeasible prime path with relevant feasible subpaths. For the purposes of this textbook, we choose not to include this aspect of prime path coverage formally in the definition, but we assume it in later theoretical characterizations of prime path coverage. Prime path coverage has two special cases that we include below for historical reasons. From a practical perspective, it is usually better simply to adopt prime path coverage. Both special cases involve treatment of loops with \"round trips.\"\nA round trip path is a prime path of nonzero length that starts and ends at the same node. One type of round trip test coverage requires at least one round trip path to be taken for each node, and another requires all possible round trip paths. Criterion 2.5 Simple Round Trip Coverage (SRTC): T R contains at least one round-trip path for each reachable node in G that begins and ends a round-trip path. Criterion 2.6 Complete Round Trip Coverage (CRTC): T R contains all roundtrip paths for each reachable node in G. Next we turn to path coverage, which is traditional in the testing literature. Criterion 2.7 Complete Path Coverage (CPC): T R contains all paths in G. Sadly, complete path coverage is useless if a graph has a cycle, since this results in an infinite number of paths, and hence an infinite number of test requirements. A variant of this criterion is, however, useful. Suppose that instead of requiring all paths, we consider a specified set of paths. For example, these paths might be given by a customer in the form of usage scenarios. Criterion 2.8 Specified Path Coverage (SPC): T R contains a set S of test paths, where S is supplied as a parameter. Complete path coverage is not feasible for graphs with cycles; hence the reason for developing the other alternatives listed above. Figure 2.7 contrasts prime path coverage with complete path coverage. Part (a) of the figure shows the \"diamond\" graph, which contains no loops. Both complete path coverage and prime path coverage can be satisfied on this graph with the two paths shown. Part (b), however, includes a loop from n1 to n3 to n4 to n1 , thus the graph has an infinite number of possible test paths, and complete path coverage is not possible. The requirements for prime path coverage, however, can be toured with two test paths, for example, [n0 , n1 , n2 ] and [n0 , n1 , n3 , n4 , n1 , n3 , n4 , n1 , n2 ].\nTouring, Sidetrips, and Detours An important but subtle point to note is that while simple paths do not have internal loops, we do not require the test paths that tour a simple path to have this property. That is, we distinguish between the path that specifies a test requirement and the portion of the test path that meets the requirement. The advantage of separating these two notions has to do with the issue of infeasible test requirements. Before describing this advantage, let us refine the notion of a tour. We previously defined \"visits\" and \"tours,\" and recall that using a path p to tour a subpath [n1 , n2 , n3 ] means that the subpath is a subpath of p. This is a rather strict definition because each node and edge in the subpath must be visited exactly in the order that they appear in the subpath. We would like to relax this a bit to allow\nn3 n1\nPrime Paths = { [n 0, n1, n3], [n0, n2, n3] } path (t1) = [n0, n1, n3] path (t2) = [n0, n2, n3] T1 = {t1, t2} T1 satisfies prime path coverage on the graph\nPrime Paths = { [n 0, n1, n2], [n 0, n1, n3, n4], [n1, n3, n4, n1], [n 3, n4, n1, n3], [n4, n1, n3, n4], [n 3, n4, n1, n2] } path (t3) = [n0, n1, n2] path (t4) = [n0, n1, n3, n4, n1, n3, n4, n1, n2] T2 = {t3, t4} T2 satisfies prime path coverage on the graph\n(a) Prime Path Coverage on a Graph with No Loops\n(b) Prime Path Coverage on a Graph with Loops\nFigure 2.7. Two graphs showing prime path coverage.\nloops to be included in the tour. Consider the graph in Figure 2.8, which features a small loop from b to c and back. If we are required to tour subpath q = [a, b, d], the strict definition of tour prohibits us from meeting the requirement with any path that contains c, such as p = [s0 , a, b, c, b, d, s f ], because we do not visit a, b, and d in exactly the same order. We relax the tour definition in two ways. The first allows the tour to include \"sidetrips,\" where we can leave the path temporarily from a node and then return to the same node. The second allows the tour to include more general \"detours\" where we can leave the path from a node and then return to the next node on the\nFigure 2.8. Graph with a loop.\n1 S0\n3 4 c\n(a) Graph being toured with a sidetrip\n(b) Graph being toured with a detour Figure 2.9. Tours, sidetrips, and detours in graph coverage.\npath (skipping an edge). In the following definitions, q is a required subpath that is assumed to be simple. Definition 2.36 Tour: Test path p is said to tour subpath q if and only if q is a subpath of p. Definition 2.37 Tour with Sidetrips: Test path p is said to tour subpath q with sidetrips if and only if every edge in q is also in p in the same order. Definition 2.38 Tour with Detours: Test path p is said to tour subpath q with detours if and only if every node in q is also in p in the same order. The graphs in Figure 2.9 illustrate sidetrips and detours on the graph from Figure 2.8. In Figure 2.9(a), the dashed lines show the sequence of edges that are executed in a tour with a sidetrip. The numbers on the dashed lines indicate the order in which the edges are executed. In Figure 2.9(b), the dashed lines show the sequence of edges that are executed in a tour with a detour. While these differences are rather small, they have far-reaching consequences. The difference between sidetrips and detours can be seen in Figure 2.9. The subpath [b, c, b] is a sidetrip to [a, b, d] because it leaves the subpath at node b and then returns to the subpath at node b. Thus, every edge in the subpath [a, b, d] is executed in the same order. The subpath [b, c, d] is a detour to [a, b, d] because it leaves the subpath at node b and then returns to a node in the subpath at a later point, bypassing the edge (b, d). That is, every node [a, b, d] is executed in the same order but every edge is not. Detours have the potential to drastically change the behavior of the intended test. That is, a test that takes the edge (c, d) may exhibit different\nbehavior and test different aspects of the program than a test that takes the edge (b, d). To use the notion of sidetrips and detours, one can \"decorate\" each appropriate graph coverage criterion with a choice of touring. For example, prime path coverage could be defined strictly in terms of tours, less strictly to allow sidetrips, or even less strictly to allow detours. The position taken in this book is that sidetrips are a practical way to deal with infeasible test requirements, as described below. Hence we include them explicitly in our criteria. Detours seem less practical, and so we do not include them further.\nDealing with Infeasible Test Requirements If sidetrips are not allowed, a large number of infeasible requirements can exist. Consider again the graph in Figure 2.9. In many programs it will be impossible to take the path from a to d without going through node c at least once because, for example, the loop body is written such that it cannot be skipped. If this happens, we need to allow sidetrips. That is, it may not be possible to tour the path [a, b, d] without a sidetrip. The argument above suggests dropping the strict notion of touring and simply allowing test requirements to be met with sidetrips. However, this is not always a good idea! Specifically, if a test requirement can be met without a sidetrip, then doing so is clearly superior to meeting the requirement with a sidetrip. Consider the loop example again. If the loop can be executed zero times, then the path [a, b, d] should be toured without a sidetrip. The argument above suggests a hybrid treatment with desirable practical and theoretical properties. The idea is to meet test requirements first with strict tours, and then allow sidetrips for unmet test requirements. Clearly, the argument could easily be extended to detours, but, as mentioned above, we elect not to do so. Definition 2.39 Best Effort Touring: Let T Rtour be the subset of test requirements that can be toured and T Rsidetrip be the subset of test requirements that can be toured with sidetrips. Note that T Rtour \u2286 T Rsidetrip . A set T of test paths achieves best effort touring if for every path p in T Rtour , some path in T tours p directly and for every path p in T Rsidetrip , some path in T tours p either directly or with a sidetrip. Best-effort touring has the practical benefit that as many test requirements are met as possible, yet each test requirement is met in the strictest possible way. As we will see in Section 2.2.3 on subsumption, best-effort touring has desirable theoretical properties with respect to subsumption.\nFinding Prime Test Paths It turns out to be relatively simple to find all prime paths in a graph, and test paths to tour the prime paths can be constructed in a mechanical manner. Consider the example graph in Figure 2.10. It has seven nodes and nine edges, including a loop and an edge from node n4 to itself (sometimes called a \"self-loop.\") Prime paths can be found by starting with paths of length 0, then extending to length 1, and so on. Such an algorithm collects all simple paths, whether prime or\nFigure 2.10. An example for prime test paths.\nnot. The prime paths can be easily screened from this set. The set of paths of length 0 is simply the set of nodes, and the set of paths of length 1 is simply the set of edges. For simplicity, we simply list the node numbers in this example. Simple paths of length 0 (7): 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)\n[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] !\nThe exclamation point on the path [6] tells us that this path cannot be extended. Specifically, the final node 6 has no outgoing edges, and so paths that end with 6 are not extended further. Simple paths of length 1 (9): 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16)\n[0, 1] [0, 4] [1, 2] [1, 5] [2, 3] [3, 1] [4, 4] * [4, 6] ! [5, 6] !\nThe asterisk on the path [4, 4] tells us that path can go no further because the first node is the same as the last (it is already a cycle). For paths of length 2, we identify each path of length 1 that is not a cycle (marked with asterisks). We then extend the path with every node that can be reached from the final node in the path unless that node is already in the path and not the first node. The first path of length 1, [0, 1], is extended to [0, 1, 2] and [0, 1, 5]. The second, [0, 4], is extended to [0, 4, 6] but not [0, 4, 4], because node 4 is already in the path ([0, 4, 4] is not simple and thus is not prime).\nSimple paths of length 2 (8): 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24)\n[0, 1, 2] [0, 1, 5] [0, 4, 6] ! [1, 2, 3] [1, 5, 6] ! [2, 3, 1] [3, 1, 2] [3, 1, 5]\nPaths of length 3 are computed in a similar way. Simple paths of length 3 (7): 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31)\n[0, 1, 2, 3] ! [0, 1, 5, 6] ! [1, 2, 3, 1] * [2, 3, 1, 2] * [2, 3, 1, 5] [3, 1, 2, 3] * [3, 1, 5, 6] !\nFinally, only one path of length 4 exists. Three paths of length 3 cannot be extended because they are cycles; two others end with node 6. Of the remaining two, the path that ends in node 3 cannot be extended because [0, 1, 2, 3, 1] is not simple and thus is not prime. Prime paths of length 4 (1): 32) [2, 3, 1, 5, 6]! The prime paths can be computed by eliminating any path that is a (proper) subpath of some other simple path. Note that every simple path without an exclamation mark or asterisk is eliminated as it can be extended and is thus a proper subpath of some other simple path. There are eight prime paths: 14) 19) 25) 26) 27) 28) 30) 32)\n[4, 4] * [0, 4, 6] ! [0, 1, 2, 3] ! [0, 1, 5, 6] ! [1, 2, 3, 1] * [2, 3, 1, 2] * [3, 1, 2, 3] * [2, 3, 1, 5, 6]!\nThis process is guaranteed to terminate because the length of the longest possible prime path is the number of nodes. Although graphs often have many simple paths (32 in this example, of which 8 are prime), they can usually be toured with far fewer test paths. Many possible algorithms can find test paths to tour the prime paths. Observation will suffice with a graph as simple as in Figure 2.10. For example, it can be seen that the four test paths [0, 1, 5, 6], [0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6], [0, 4, 6],\nand [0, 4, 4, 6] are enough. This approach, however, is error-prone. The easiest thing to do is to tour the loop [1, 2, 3] only once, which omits the prime paths [2, 3, 1, 2] and [3, 1, 2, 3]. With more complicated graphs, a mechanical approach is needed. We recommend starting with the longest prime paths and extending them to the beginning and end nodes in the graph. For our example, this results in the test path [0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6]. The test path [0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6] tours 3 prime paths 25, 27, and 32. The next test path is constructed by extending one of the longest remaining prime paths; we will continue to work backward and choose 30. The resulting test path is [0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6], which tours 2 prime paths, 28 and 30 (it also tours paths 25 and 27). The next test path is constructed by using the prime path 26 [0, 1, 5, 6]. This test path tours only maximal prime path 26. Continuing in this fashion yields two more test paths, [0, 4, 6] for prime path 19, and [0, 4, 4, 6] for prime path 14. The complete set of test paths is then: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)\n[0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6] [0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6] [0, 1, 5, 6] [0, 4, 6] [0, 4, 4, 6]\nThis can be used as is, or optimized if the tester desires a smaller test set. It is clear that test path 2 tours the prime paths toured by test path 1, so 1 can be eliminated, leaving the four test paths identified informally earlier in this section. Simple algorithms can automate this process.\nEXERCISES Section 2.2.1. 1. Redefine edge coverage in the standard way (see the discussion for node coverage). 2. Redefine complete path coverage in the standard way (see the discussion for node coverage). 3. Subsumption has a significant weakness. Suppose criterion Cstrong subsumes criterion Cweak and that test set Tstrong satisfies Cstrong and test set Tweak satisfies Cweak . It is not necessarily the case that Tweak is a subset of Tstrong . It is also not necessarily the case that Tstrong reveals a fault if Tweak reveals a fault. Explain these facts. 4. Answer questions (a)\u2013(d) for the graph defined by the following sets: N = {1, 2, 3, 4} N0 = {1} N f = {4} E = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 2), (2, 4)}\n(a) Draw the graph. (b) List test paths that achieve node coverage, but not edge coverage. (c) List test paths that achieve edge coverage, but not edge Pair coverage. (d) List test paths that achieve edge pair coverage. 5. Answer questions (a)\u2013(g) for the graph defined by the following sets: N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} N0 = {1} N f = {7} E = {(1, 2), (1, 7), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 6), (6, 1)} Also consider the following (candidate) test paths: t0 = [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 1, 7] t1 = [1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 6, 1, 7] (a) Draw the graph. (b) List the test requirements for edge-pair coverage. (Hint: You should get 12 requirements of length 2). (c) Does the given set of test paths satisfy edge-pair coverage? If not, identify what is missing. (d) Consider the simple path [3, 2, 4, 5, 6] and test path [1, 2, 3, 2, 4, 6, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 1, 7]. Does the test path tour the simple path directly? With a sidetrip? If so, identify the sidetrip. (e) List the test requirements for node coverage, edge coverage, and prime path coverage on the graph. (f) List test paths that achieve node coverage but not edge coverage on the graph. (g) List test paths that achieve edge coverage but not prime path coverage on the graph. 6. Answer questions (a)\u2013(c) for the graph in Figure 2.2. (a) Enumerate the test requirements for node coverage, edge coverage, and prime path coverage on the graph. (b) List test paths that achieve node coverage but not edge coverage on the graph. (c) List test paths that achieve edge coverage but not prime path coverage on the graph. 7. Answer questions (a)\u2013(d) for the graph defined by the following sets: N = {0, 1, 2} N0 = {0} N f = {2} E = {(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 2), (2, 0)} Also consider the following (candidate) paths: p0 = [0, 1, 2, 0] p1 = [0, 2, 0, 1, 2] p2 = [0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0, 2] p3 = [1, 2, 0, 2] p4 = [0, 1, 2, 1, 2] (a) Which of the listed paths are test paths? Explain the problem with any path that is not a test path.\nuse (n 0 , n1 ) = { a, b } def (n 0 ) = { a,b }\nuse (n 0 , n2 ) = { a, b }\nn2 use (n 2 ) = { a, b }\na=b\ndef (n 3) = { b }\nFigure 2.11. A graph showing variables, def sets and use sets.\n(b) List the eight test requirements for edge-pair coverage (only the length two subpaths). (c) Does the set of test paths (part a) above satisfy edge-pair coverage? If not, identify what is missing. (d) Consider the prime path [n2 , n0 , n2 ] and path p2 . Does p2 tour the prime path directly? With a sidetrip? 8. Design and implement a program that will compute all prime paths in a graph, then derive test paths to tour the prime paths. Although the user interface can be arbitrarily complicated, the simplest version will be to accept a graph as input by reading a list of nodes, initial nodes, final nodes, and edges.\n2.2.2 Data Flow Criteria The next few testing criteria are based on the assumption that to test a program adequately, we should focus on the flows of data values. Specifically, we should try to ensure that the values created at one point in the program are created and used correctly. This is done by focusing on definitions and uses of values. A definition (def) is a location where a value for a variable is stored into memory (assignment, input, etc.). A use is a location where a variable's value is accessed. Data flow testing criteria use the fact that values are carried from defs to uses. We call these du-pairs (they are also known as definition-use, def-use, and du associations in the testing literature). The idea of data flow criteria is to exercise du-pairs in various ways. First we must integrate data flow into the existing graph model. Let V be a set of variables that are associated with the program artifact being modeled in the graph. Each node n and edge e is considered to define a subset of V; this set is called def(n) or def(e). (Although graphs from programs cannot have defs on edges, other software artifacts such as finite state machines can allow defs as side effects on edges.) Each node n and edge e is also considered to use a subset of V; this set is called use(n) or use(e). Figure 2.11 gives an example of a graph annotated with defs and uses. All variables involved in a decision are assumed to be used on the associated edges, so a and b are in the use set of all three edges (n0 , n1 ), (n0 , n2 ), and (n0 , n3 ).\nAn important concept when discussing data flow criteria is that a def of a variable may or may not reach a particular use. The most obvious reason that a def of a variable v at location li (a location could be a node or an edge) will not reach a use at location l j is because no path goes from li to l j . A more subtle reason is that the variable's value may be changed by another def before it reaches the use. Thus, a path from li to l j is def-clear with respect to variable v if for every node nk and every edge ek on the path, k = i and k = j, v is not in def(nk ) or in def(ek ). That is, no location between li and l j changes the value. If a def-clear path goes from li to l j with respect to v, we say that the def of v at li reaches the use at l j . For simplicity, we will refer to the start and end of a du-path as nodes, even if the definition or the use occurs on an edge. We discuss relaxing this convention later. Formally, a du-path with respect to a variable v is a simple path that is def-clear with respect to v from a node ni for which v is in def(ni ) to a node n j for which v is in use(n j ). We want the paths to be simple to ensure a reasonably small number of paths. Note that a du-path is always associated with a specific variable v, a du-path always has to be simple, and there may be intervening uses on the path. Figure 2.12 gives an example of a graph annotated with defs and uses. Rather than displaying the actual sets, we show the full program statements that are associated with the nodes and edges. This is common and often more informative to a human, but the actual sets are simpler for automated tools to process. Note that the parameters (subject and pattern) are considered to be explicitly defined by the first node in the graph. That is, the def set of node 1 is def(1) = {subject, pattern}. Also note that decisions in the program (for example, if subject[i Sub] == pattern[0]) result in uses of each of the associated variables for both edges in the decision. That is, use(4, 10) \u2261 use(4,5) \u2261 {subject, i Sub, pattern}. The parameter subject is used at node 2 (with a reference to its length attribute) and at edges (4, 5), (4, 10), (7, 8), and (7, 9), thus du-paths exist from node 1 to node 2 and from node 1 to each of those four edges. Figure 2.13 shows the same graph, but this time with the def and use sets explicitly marked on the graph.3 Note that node 9 both defines and uses the variable iPat. This is because of the statement iPat ++, which is equivalent to iPat = iPat+1. In this case, the use occurs before the def, so for example, a def-clear path goes from node 5 to node 9 with respect to iPat. The test criteria for data flow will be defined as sets of du-paths. This makes the criteria quite simple, but first we need to categorize the du-paths into several groups. The first grouping of du-paths is according to definitions. Specifically, consider all of the du-paths with respect to a given variable defined in a given node. Let the def-path set du(ni , v) be the set of du-paths with respect to variable v that start at node ni . Once we have clarified the notion of touring for dataflow coverage, we will define the All-Defs criterion by simply asking that at least one du-path from each def-path set be toured. Because of the large number of nodes in a typical graph, and the potentially large number of variables defined at each node, the number of def-path sets can be quite large. Even so, the coverage criterion that arises from the def-path groupings tends to be quite weak. Perhaps surprisingly, it is not helpful to group du-paths by uses, and so we will not provide a definition of \"use-path\" sets that parallels the definition of def-path sets given above.\nsubject, pattern are forwarded parameters NOTFOUND = -1 iSub = 0 rtnIndex = NOTFOUND isPat = false subjectLen = subject.length patternLen = pattern.length\niSub + patternLen - 1 < subjectLen && isPat = = false (iSub + patternLen - 1 >= subjectLen || isPat != false )\nsubject [iSub] == pattern [0]\n(subject [iSub] != pattern [0])\nrtnIndex = iSub isPat = true iPat = 1\niPat < patternLen iPat >= patternLen 7\nsubject[iSub + iPat] != pattern[iPat] 11\niSub++\nreturn (rtnIndex) rtnIndex = NOTFOUND isPat = false;\nsubject[iSub + iPat] == pattern[iPat] 9\niPat++\nFigure 2.12. A graph showing an example of du-paths.\nThe second, and more important, grouping of du-paths is according to pairs of definitions and uses. We call this the def-pair set. After all, the heart of data flow testing is allowing definitions to flow to uses. Specifically, consider all of the du-paths with respect to a given variable that are defined in one node and used in another (possibly identical) node. Formally, let the def-pair set du(ni , n j , v) be the set of dupaths with respect to variable v that start at node ni and end at node n j . Informally, a def-pair set collects together all the (simple) ways to get from a given definition to a given use. Once we have clarified the notion of touring for dataflow coverage, we will define the All-Uses criterion by simply asking that at least one du-path from\ndef(1) = { subject, pattern }\ndef(2) = {NOTFOUND, iSub, rtnIndex, isPat, subjectLen, patternLen } use(2) = {subject , pattern }\nuse (3,11) = use (3,4) = { iSub, patternLen, subjectLen, isPat } 4\nuse(4,10) = use(4,5) = { subject, iSub, pattern } 5\ndef(5) = { rtnIndex, isPat, iPat } use(5) = { iSub }\nuse(6,10)=use(6,7) ={ iPat, patternLen } 7\nuse(7,8)=use(7,9) ={ subject, pattern, iSub, iPat } 11\nuse(11) = { rtnIndex } def (10)={ iSub } use(10)={ iSub }\ndef(8) = { rtnIndex, isPat } use(8) = { NOTFOUND }\ndef (9)={ iPat } use(9)={ iPat }\nFigure 2.13. Graph showing explicit def and use sets.\neach def-pair set be toured. Since each definition can typically reach multiple uses, there are usually many more def-pair sets than def-path sets. In fact, the def-pair set for a def at node ni is the union of all the def-path sets for that def. More formally: du(ni , v) = \u222an j du(ni , n j , v). To illustrate the notions of def-path sets and def-pair sets, consider du-paths with respect to the variable iSub, which has one of its definitions in node 10 in Figure 2.13. There are du-paths with respect to iSub from node 10 to nodes 5 and 10, and to edges (3, 4), (3, 11), (4, 5), (4, 10), (7, 8), and (7, 9).\nThe def-path set for the use of isub at node 10 is: du(10, i Sub) = {[10, 3, 4], [10, 3, 4, 5], [10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], [10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9], [10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10], [10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10], [10, 3, 4, 10], [10, 3, 11]} This def-path set can be broken up into the following def-pair sets: du(10, 4, iSub) du(10, 5, iSub) du(10, 8, iSub) du(10, 9, iSub) du(10, 10, iSub) du(10, 11, iSub)\n= is{[10, 3, 4]} = {[10, 3, 4, 5]} = {[10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]} = {[10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9]} = {[10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10], [10, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10], [10, 3, 4, 10]} = {[10, 3, 11]}\nNext, we extend the definition of tour to apply to du-paths. A test path p is said to du tour subpath d with respect to v if p tours d and the portion of p to which d corresponds is def-clear with respect to v. Depending on how one wishes to define the coverage criteria, one can either allow or disallow def-clear sidetrips with respect to v when touring a du-path. Because def-clear sidetrips make it possible to tour more du-paths, we define the dataflow coverage criteria given below to allow sidetrips where necessary. Now we can define the primary data flow coverage criteria. The three most common are best understood informally. The first requires that each def reaches at least one use, the second requires that each def reaches all possible uses, and the third requires that each def reaches all possible uses through all possible du-paths. As mentioned in the development of def-path sets and def-pair sets, the formal definitions of the criteria are simply appropriate selections from the appropriate set. For each test criterion below, we assume best effort touring (see Section 2.2.1), where sidetrips are required to be def-clear with respect to the variable in question. Criterion 2.9 All-Defs Coverage (ADC): For each def-path set S = du(n, v), T R contains at least one path d in S. Remember that the def-path set du(n, v) represents all def-clear simple paths from n to all uses of v. So All-Defs requires us to tour at least one path to at least one use. Criterion 2.10 All-Uses Coverage (AUC): For each def-pair set S = du(ni , n j , v), T R contains at least one path d in S. Remember that the def-pair set du(ni , n j , v) represents all the def-clear simple paths from a def of v at ni to a use of v at n j . So All-Uses requires us to tour at least one path for every def-use pair.4 Criterion 2.11 All-du-Paths Coverage (ADUPC): For each def-pair set S = du (ni , n j , v), T R contains every path d in S. The definition could also simply be written as \"include every du-path.\" We chose the given formulation because it highlights that the key difference between All-Uses\ndef (0) = { X }\nuse (4) = { X }\nAll-defs 0-1-3-4\nAll-uses 0-1-3-4 0-1-3-5\nAll-du-paths 0-1-3-4 0-1-3-5 0-2-3-4 0-2-3-5\nFigure 2.14. Example of the differences among the three data flow coverage criteria.\nand All-du-Paths is a change in quantifier. Specifically, the \"at least one du-path\" directive in All-Uses is changed to \"every path\" in All-du-Paths. Thought of in terms of def-use pairs, All-Uses requires some def-clear simple path to each use, whereas All-du-Paths requires all def-clear simple paths to each use. To simplify the development above, we assumed that definitions and uses occurred on nodes. Naturally, definitions and uses can occur on edges as well. It turns out that the development above also works for uses on edges, so data flow on program flow graphs can be easily defined (uses on program flow graph edges are sometimes called \"p-uses\"). However, the development above does not work if the graph has definitions on edges. The problem is that a du-path from an edge to an edge is no longer necessarily simple, since instead of simply having a common first and last node, such a du-path now might have a common first and last edge. It is possible to modify the definitions to explicitly mention definitions and uses on edges as well as nodes, but the definitions tend to get messier. The bibliographic notes contain pointers for this type of development. Figure 2.14 illustrates the differences among the three data flow coverage criteria with the double-diamond graph. The graph has one def, so only one path is needed to satisfy all-defs. The def has two uses, so two paths are needed to satisfy all-uses. Since two paths go from the def to each use, four paths are needed to satisfy all-du-paths. Note that the definitions of the data flow criteria leave open the choice of touring. The literature uses various choices \u2013 in some cases demanding direct touring, and, in other cases, allowing def-clear sidetrips. Our recommendation is best-effort touring, a choice that, in contrast to the treatments in the literature, yields the desired subsumption relationships even in the case of infeasible test\nrequirements. From a practical perspective, best-effort touring also makes sense \u2013 each test requirement is satisfied as rigorously as possible.\n2.2.3 Subsumption Relationships among Graph Coverage Criteria Recall from Chapter 1 that coverage criteria are often related to one another by subsumption. The first relation to note is that edge coverage subsumes node coverage. In most cases, this is because if we traverse every edge in a graph, we will visit every node. However, if a graph has a node with no incoming or outgoing edges, traversing every edge will not reach that node. Thus, edge coverage is defined to include every path of length up to 1, that is, of length 0 (all nodes) and length 1 (all edges). The subsumption does not hold in the reverse direction. Recall that Figure 2.6 gave an example test set that satisfied node coverage but not edge coverage. Hence, node coverage does not subsume edge coverage. We have a variety of subsumption relations among the criteria. Where applicable, the structural coverage relations assume best-effort touring. Because best-effort Touring is assumed, the subsumption results hold even if some test requirements are infeasible. The subsumption results for data flow criteria are based on three assumptions: (1) every use is preceded by a def, (2) every def reaches at least one use, and (3) for every node with multiple outgoing edges, at least one variable is used on each out edge, and the same variables are used on each out edge. If we satisfy All-Uses Complete Path Coverage CPC\nPrime Path Coverage PPC All-du-Paths Coverage ADUPC\nAll-Uses Coverage AUC\nAll-Defs Coverage ADC\nEdge-Pair Coverage EPC\nComplete Round Trip Coverage CRTC\nEdge Coverage EC\nSimple Round Trip Coverage SRTC\nNode Coverage NC\nFigure 2.15. Subsumption relations among graph coverage criteria.\ncoverage, then we will have implicitly ensured that every def was used. Thus AllDefs is also satisfied and All-Uses subsumes All-Defs. Likewise, if we satisfy All-duPaths coverage, then we will have implicitly ensured that every def reached every possible use. Thus All-Uses is also satisfied and All-du-Paths subsumes All-Uses. Additionally, each edge is based on the satisfaction of some predicate, so each edge has at least one use. Therefore All-Uses will guarantee that each edge is executed at least once, so All-Uses subsumes edge coverage. Finally, each du-path is also a simple path, so prime path coverage subsumes Alldu-Paths coverage.5 This is a significant observation, since computing prime paths is considerably simpler than analyzing data flow relationships. Figure 2.15 shows the subsumption relationships among the structural and data flow coverage criteria.\nEXERCISES Section 2.2.3. 1. Below are four graphs, each of which is defined by the sets of nodes, initial nodes, final nodes, edges, and defs and uses. Each graph also contains a collection of test paths. Answer the following questions about each graph. Graph I. N = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} N0 = {0} N f = {7} E = {(0, 1), (1, 2), (1, 7), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 2), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 6), (6, 1)} de f (0) = de f (3) = use(5) = use(7) = {x} Test Paths: t1 = [0, 1, t2 = [0, 1, t3 = [0, 1, t4 = [0, 1, t5 = [0, 1, t6 = [0, 1,\n7] 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,\n4, 4, 3, 3, 3,\n7] 1, 6, 2, 6,\n7] 1, 7] 4, 5, 6, 1, 7] 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 1, 7]\nGraph II. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} N0 = {1} N f = {6} E = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 2)} de f (x) = {1, 3} use(x) = {3, 6} \/\/ Assume the use of x in 3 precedes the def Test Paths: t1 = [1, 2, 6] t2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6] t3 = [1, 2, 3, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6] t4 = [1, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6]\nGraph III. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} N0 = {1} N f = {6} E = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 2), (2, 6)} de f (x) = {1, 4} use(x) = {3, 5, 6} Test Paths: t1 = [1, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6] t2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6]\nGraph IV. N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} N0 = {1} N f = {6} E = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 6), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 2)} de f (x) = {1, 5} use(x) = {5, 6} \/\/ Assume the use of x in 5 precedes the def Test Paths: t1 = [1, 2, 6] t2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6] t3 = [1, 2, 3, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 6]\n(a) Draw the graph. (b) List all of the du-paths with respect to x. (Note: Include all du-paths, even those that are subpaths of some other du-path). (c) For each test path, determine which du-paths that test path tours. For this part of the exercise, you should consider both direct touring and sidetrips. Hint: A table is a convenient format for describing this relationship. (d) List a minimal test set that satisfies all-defs coverage with respect to x. (Direct tours only.) Use the given test paths. (e) List a minimal test set that satisfies all-uses coverage with respect to x.\nif (x < y) { y = 0; x = x + 1; } else { x = y; }\nn0 x> y\nx 0) { w++; \/\/ node 2 } else { w=2*w; \/\/ node 3 } \/\/ node 4 (no executable statement) if (y = N) 27. state = lineBreak; 28. else if (c == CR) 29. state = crFound; 30. else if (c == ' ') 31. state = betweenWord; 32. else 33. state = inWord; 34. switch (state) 35. { 36. case betweenWord:\n37. lastSpace = i; 38. break; 39. 40. case lineBreak: 41. SArr [lastSpace] = CR; 42. col = i-lastSpace; 43. break; 44. 45. case crFound: 46. if (i+1 < S.length() && SArr[i+1] == CR) 47. { 48. i++; \/\/ Two CRs => hard return 49. col = 1; 50. } 51. else 52. SArr[i] = ''; 53. break; 54. 55. case inWord: 56. default: 57. break; 58. } \/\/ end switch 59. i++; 60. } \/\/ end while 61. S = new String (SArr) + CR; 62. return (S); 63. }\n(a) Draw the control flow graph for the fmtRewrap() method. (b) For fmtRewrap(), find a test case such that the corresponding test path visits the edge that connects the beginning of the while statement to the S = new String(SArr) + CR; statement without going through the body of the while loop. (c) Enumerate the test requirements for node coverage, edge coverage, and prime path coverage for the graph for fmtRewrap(). (d) List test paths that achieve node coverage but not edge coverage on the graph. (e) List test paths that achieve edge coverage but not prime path coverage on the graph. 7. Use the following method printPrimes() for questions a\u2013f below. 1. \/** ***************************************************** 2. * Finds and prints n prime integers 3. * Jeff Offutt, Spring 2003 4. ********************************************************* *\/ 5. private static void printPrimes (int n) 6. {\n7. int curPrime; \/\/ Value currently considered for primeness 8. int numPrimes; \/\/ Number of primes found so far. 9. boolean isPrime; \/\/ Is curPrime prime? 10. int [] primes = new int [MAXPRIMES]; \/\/ The list of prime numbers. 11. 12. \/\/ Initialize 2 into the list of primes. 13. primes [0] = 2; 14. numPrimes = 1; 15. curPrime = 2; 16. while (numPrimes < n) 17. { 18. curPrime++; \/\/ next number to consider ... 19. isPrime = true; 20. for (int i = 0; i 0) 20 if (a > 0) 7 m = 4; 21 e = 2*b+d; 8 if (x > 5) 22 else 9 n = 3*m; 23 e = b+d; 10 else 24 return (e); 11 n = 4*m; 25 } 12 int o = takeOut (m, n); 13 System.out.println (\"o is: \" + o); 14 }\n(a) Give all call sites using the line numbers given. (b) Give all pairs of last-defs and first-uses. (c) Provide test inputs that satisfy all-coupling-uses (note that trash() only has one input).\n2.5 GRAPH COVERAGE FOR SPECIFICATIONS Testers can also use software specifications as sources for graphs. The literature presents many techniques for generating graphs and criteria for covering those graphs, but most of them are in fact very similar. We begin by looking at graphs based on sequencing constraints among methods in classes, then graphs that represent state behavior of software.\n2.5.1 Testing Sequencing Constraints We pointed out in Section 2.4.1 that call graphs for classes often wind up being disconnected, and in many cases, such as with small abstract data types (ADTs), methods in a class share no calls at all. However, the order of calls is almost always constrained by rules. For example, many ADTs must be initialized before being used, we cannot pop an element from a stack until something has been pushed onto it, and we cannot remove an element from a queue until an element has been put on it. These rules impose constraints on the order in which methods may be called. Generally, a sequencing constraint is a rule that imposes some restriction on the order in which certain methods may be called. Sequencing constraints are sometimes explicitly expressed, sometimes implicitly expressed, and sometimes not expressed at all. Sometimes they are encoded as a precondition or other specification, but not directly as a sequencing condition. For example, consider the following precondition for DeQueue(): public int DeQueue () { \/\/ Pre: At least one element must be on the queue. . : public EnQueue (int e) { \/\/ Post: e is on the end of the queue.\nAlthough it is not said explicitly, a wise programmer can infer that the only way an element can \"be on the queue\" is if EnQueue() has previously been called. Thus, an implicit sequencing constraint occurs between EnQueue() and DeQueue(). Of course, formal specifications can help make the relationships more precise. A wise tester will certainly use formal specifications when available, but a responsible tester must look for formal relationships even when they are not explicitly stated. Also, note that sequencing constraints do not capture all the behavior, but only abstract certain key aspects. The sequence constraint that EnQueue() must be called\nwrite (t)\nopen (F)\nS5 S4\nclose ()\nwrite (t) S6 S6\nFigure 2.32. Control flow graph using the File ADT.\nbefore DeQueue() does not capture the fact that if we only EnQueue() one item, and then try to DeQueue() two items, the queue will be empty. The precondition may capture this fact, but usually not in a formal way that automated tools can use. This kind of relationship is beyond the ability of a simple sequencing constraint but can be dealt with by some of the state behavior techniques in the next section. This relationship is used in two places during testing. We illustrate them with a small example of a class that encapsulates operations on a file. Our class FileADT will have three methods:\nopen (String fName) \/\/ Opens the file with the name fName close (String fName) \/\/ Closes the file and makes it unavailable for use write (String textLine) \/\/ Writes a line of text to the file This class has several sequencing constraints. The statements use \"must\" and \"should\" in very specific ways. When \"must\" is used, it implies that violation of the constraint is a fault. When \"should\" is used, it implies that violation of the constraint is a potential fault, but not necessarily. 1. An open(F) must be executed before every write(t) 2. An open(F) must be executed before every close() 3. A write(t) must not be executed after a close() unless an open(F) appears in between 4. A write(t) should be executed before every close() 5. A close() must not be executed after a close() unless an open(F) appears in between 6. An open(F) must not be executed after an open(F) unless a close() appears in between Constraints are used in testing in two ways to evaluate software that uses the class (a \"client\"), based on the CFG of Section 2.3.1. Consider the two (partial) CFGs in Figure 2.32, representing two units that use FileADT. We can use this graph to test the use of the FileADT class by checking for sequence violations. This can be done both statically and dynamically.\nStatic checks (not considered to be traditional testing) proceed by checking each constraint. First consider the write(t) statements at nodes 2 and 5 in graph (a). We can check to see whether paths exist from the open(F) at node 1 to nodes 2 and 5 (constraint 1). We can also check whether a path exists from the open(F) at node 1 to the close() at node 6 (constraint 2). For constraints 3 and 4, we can check to see if a path goes from the close() at node 6 to any of the write(t) statements, and see if a path exists from the open(F) to the close() that does not go through at least one write(t). This will uncover one possible problem, the path [1, 3, 4, 6] goes from an open(F) to a close() with no intervening write(t) calls. For constraint 5, we can check if a path exists from a close() to a close() that does not go through an open(F). For constraint 6, we can check if a path exists from an open(F) to an open(F) that does not go through a close(). This process will find a more serious problem with graph (b) in 2.32. A path exists from the close() at node 7 to the write(t) at node 5 and to the write(t) at node 4. While this may seem simple enough not to require formalism for such small graphs, this process is quite difficult with large graphs containing dozens or hundreds of nodes. Dynamic testing follows a slightly different approach. Consider the problem in graph (a) where no write() appears on the possible path [1, 3, 4, 6]. It is quite possible that the logic of the program dictates that the edge (3, 4) can never be taken unless the loop [3, 5, 3] is taken at least once. Because deciding whether the path [1, 3, 4, 6] can be taken or not is formally undecidable, this situation can be checked only by dynamic execution. Thus we generate test requirements to try to violate the sequencing constraints. For the FileADT class, we generate the following sets of test requirements: 1. Cover every path from the start node to every node that contains a write(t) such that the path does not go through a node containing an open(F). 2. Cover every path from the start node to every node that contains a close() such that the path does not go through a node containing an open(F). 3. Cover every path from every node that contains a close() to every node that contains a write(t) such that the path does not contain an open(F). 4. Cover every path from every node that contains an open(F) to every node that contains a close() such that the path does not go through a node containing a write(t). 5. Cover every path from every node that contains an open(F) to every node that contains an open(F). Of course, all of these test requirements will be infeasible in well written programs. However, any tests created as a result of these requirements will almost certainly reveal a fault if one exists.\n2.5.2 Testing State Behavior of Software The other major method for using graphs based on specifications is to model state behavior of the software by developing some form of finite state machine (FSM). Over the last 25 years, many suggestions have been made for creating FSMs and how to test software based on the FSM. The topic of how to create, draw, and interpret a\nFSM has filled entire textbooks, and authors have gone into great depth and effort to define what exactly goes into a state, what can go onto edges, and what causes transitions. Rather than using any particular notation, we choose to define a very generic model for FSMs that can be adapted to virtually any notation. These FSMs are essentially graphs, and the graph testing criteria already defined can be used to test software that is based on the FSM. One of the advantages of basing tests on FSMs is that huge numbers of practical software applications are based on a FSM model or can be modeled as FSMs. Virtually all embedded software fits in this category, including software in remote controls, household appliances, watches, cars, cell phones, airplane flight guidance, traffic signals, railroad control systems, network routers, and factory automation. Indeed, most software can be modeled with FSMs, the primary limitation being the number of states needed to model the software. Word processors, for example, contain so many commands and states that modeling them as FSMs is probably impractical. Creating FSMs often has great value. If the test engineer creates a FSM to describe existing software, he or she will almost certainly find faults in the software. Some would even argue the converse; if the designers created FSMs, the testers should not bother creating them because problems will be rare. FSMs can be annotated with different types of actions, including actions on transitions, entry actions on nodes, and exit actions on nodes. Many languages are used to describe FSMs, including UML statecharts, finite automata, state tables (SCR), and petri nets. This book presents examples with basic features that are common to many languages. It is closest to UML statecharts, but not exactly the same. A finite state machine is a graph whose nodes represent states in the execution behavior of the software and edges represent transitions among the states. A state represents a recognizable situation that remains in existence over some period of time. A state is defined by specific values for a set of variables; as long as those variables have those values the software is considered to be in that state. (Note that these variables are defined at the design modeling level and may not necessarily correspond to variables in the software.) A transition is thought of as occurring in zero time and usually represents a change to the values of one or more variables. When the variables change, the software is considered to move from the transition's pre-state (predecessor) to its post-state (successor). (If a transition's pre-state and post-state are the same, then values of state variables will not change.) FSMs often define preconditions or guards on transitions, which define values that specific variables must have for the transition to be enabled, and triggering events, which are changes in variable values that cause the transition to be taken. A triggering event \"triggers\" the change in state. For example, the modeling language SCR calls these WHEN conditions and triggering events. The values the triggering events have before the transition are called before-values, and the values after the transition are called after-values. When graphs are drawn, transitions are often annotated with the guards and the values that change. Figure 2.33 illustrates this model with a simple transition that opens an elevator door. If the elevator button is pressed (the triggering event), the door opens only if the elevator is not moving (the precondition, elevSpeed = 0). Given this type of graph, many of the previous criteria can be defined directly. Node coverage requires that each state in the FSM be visited at least once and is\nGraph Coverage open door\nClosed pre-state\npost-state pre: elevSpeed = 0 trigger: openButton = pressed\nFigure 2.33. Elevator door open transition.\ncalled state coverage. Edge coverage is applied by requiring that each transition in the FSM be visited at least once, which is called transition coverage. The edge-pair coverage criterion was originally defined for FSMs and is also called transition-pair and two-trip. The data flow coverage criteria are a bit more troublesome for FSMs. In most formulations of FSMs, nodes are not allowed to have defs or uses of variables. That is, all of the action is on the transitions. Unlike with code-based graphs, different edges from the same node in a FSM need not have the same set of defs and uses. In addition, the semantics of the triggers imply that the effects of a change to the variables involved are felt immediately by taking a transition to the next state. That is, defs of triggering variables immediately reach uses. Thus, the All-Defs and All-Uses criteria can only be applied meaningfully to variables involved in guards. This also brings out a more practical problem, which is that the FSMs do not always model assignment to all variables. That is, the uses are clearly marked in the FSM, but defs are not always easy to find. Because of these reasons, few attempts have been made to apply data flow criteria to FSMs.\nDeriving Finite State Machine Graphs One of the difficult parts of applying graph techniques to FSMs is deriving the FSM model of the software in the first place. As we said earlier, FSM models of the software may already exist, or may not. If not, the tester is likely to dramatically increase his or her understanding of the software by deriving the FSMs. However, it is not necessarily obvious how to go about deriving a FSM, so we offer some suggestions. This is not a complete tutorial on constructing FSMs; indeed, a number of complete texts exist on the subject and we recommend that the interested reader study these elsewhere. This section offers some simple and straightforward suggestions to help readers who are unfamiliar with FSMs get started and avoid some of the more obvious mistakes. We offer the suggestions in terms of a running example, the class Stutter in Figures 2.34 and 2.35. Class Stutter checks each adjacent pair of words in a text file and prints a message if a pair is identical. The second author originally wrote it to edit his papers and find a common mistake mistake. Class Stutter has a main method and three support methods. When left to their own devices, students will usually pick one of four strategies for generating FSMs from code. Each of these is discussed in turn. 1. 2. 3. 4.\nCombining control flow graphs Using the software structure Modeling state variables Using the implicit or explicit specifications\n1. Combining control flow graphs: For programmers who have little or no knowledge of FSMs, this is often the most natural approach to deriving FSMs. Our experience\nCoverage Criteria \/** ***************************************************** \/\/ Stutter checks for repeat words in a text file. \/\/ It prints a list of repeat words, by line number. \/\/ Stutter will accept standard input or a list \/\/ of file names. \/\/ Jeff Offutt, June 1989 (in C), Java version March 2003 \/\/********************************************************* *\/ class Stutter { \/\/ Class variables used in multiple methods. private static boolean lastdelimit = true; private static String curWord = \"\", prevWord = \"\"; private static char delimits [] = {'', ' ', ',', '.', '!', '-', '+', '=', ';', ':', '?', '&', '{', '}', '\\\\'}; \/\/ First char in list is a tab \/\/************************************************ \/\/ main parses the arguments, decides if stdin \/\/ or a file name, and calls Stut(). \/\/************************************************ public static void main (String[] args) throws IOException { String fileName; FileReader myFile; BufferedReader inFile = null; if (args.length == 0) { \/\/ no file, use stdin inFile = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System.in)); } else { fileName = args [0]; if (fileName == null) { \/\/ no file name, use stdin inFile = new BufferedReader (new InputStreamReader (System.in)); } else { \/\/ file name, open the file. myFile = new FileReader (fileName); inFile = new BufferedReader (myFile); } } stut (inFile); } \/\/************************************************ \/\/ Stut() reads all lines in the input stream, and \/\/ finds words. Words are defined as being surrounded \/\/ by delimiters as defined in the delimits[] array. \/\/ Every time an end of word is found, checkDupes() \/\/ is called to see if it is the same as the \/\/ previous word. \/\/************************************************ private static void stut (BufferedReader inFile) throws IOException { String inLine; char c; int linecnt = 1;\nFigure 2.34. Stutter \u2013 Part A.\nhas been that the majority of students will use this approach if not guided away from it. A control flow graph-based FSM for class Stutter is given in Figure 2.36. The graph in Figure 2.36 is not a FSM at all, and this is not the way to form graphs from software. This method has several problems, the first being that the nodes are not states. The methods must return to the appropriate callsites, which means that the graphs contain built-in nondeterminism. For example, in\nGraph Coverage while ((inLine = inFile.readLine()) != null) { \/\/ For each line for (int i=0; i= 3 tries ]\nEject Card\nConfiscate Card\n[ invalid PIN ]\nPrompt for Transaction\nCheck PIN\n[ valid PIN ]\n[ select Select Acct # withdraw ] [ select balance or transfer ]\n[ valid account ] [ invalid account ]\n[ not exceeded ]\n[ daily amount exceeded ]\nPrint Welcome Message\n[ card not expired ]\n[card lost ]\n[card not lost ]\n[ sufficient funds ]\n[ insufficient funds ]\n[ ATM out of funds ] [ not out of funds ]\nDispense Cash\nFigure 2.42. Activity graph for ATM withdraw funds.\nobvious data definition-use pairs. This means that data flow coverage criteria are not applicable. The two criteria that are most obviously applicable to use case graphs are node coverage and edge coverage. Test case values are derived from interpreting the nodes and predicates as inputs to the software. One other criterion for use case graphs is based on the notion of \"scenarios.\"\n2.6.1 Use Case Scenarios A use case scenario is an instance of, or a complete path through, a use case. A scenario should make some sense semantically to the users and is often derived when the use cases are constructed. If the use case graph is finite (as is usually the case), then it is possible to list all possible scenarios. However, domain knowledge can be used to reduce the number of scenarios that are useful or interesting from either a modeling or test case perspective. Note that specified path coverage, defined at the beginning of this chapter, is exactly what we want here. The set S for specified path coverage is simply the set of all scenarios. If the tester or requirements writer chooses all possible paths as scenarios, then specified path coverage is equivalent to complete path coverage. The scenarios are chosen by people and they depend on domain knowledge. Thus it is not guaranteed that specified path coverage subsumes edge coverage or node coverage. That is, it is possible to choose a set of scenarios that do not include every edge. This would probably be a mistake, however. So, in practical terms, specified path coverage can be expected to cover all edges.\nEXERCISES Section 2.6. 1. Construct two separate use cases and use case scenarios for interactions with a bank automated teller machine. Do not try to capture all the functionality of the ATM into one graph; think about two different people using the ATM and what each one might do. Design test cases for your scenarios.\n2.7 REPRESENTING GRAPHS ALGEBRAICALLY While we typically think of graphs as circles and arrows, they can be represented in various nonpictorial ways. One useful way is an algebraic representation, which can be manipulated using standard algebraic operations and converted to regular expressions. These operations can then be used as a basis for testing the software and to answer various questions about the graphs. The first requirement is that each edge have a unique label or name. The edge names can come from labels that are already associated with the edges, or can be added specifically for the algebraic representation. This book assumes the labels are unique lower case letters. The multiplicative operator in graph algebra is concatenation; if edge a is followed by edge b, their product is ab (the operator '*' is not written explicitly). The additive operator is selection; if either edge a or edge b can be taken, their sum is a + b. Concatenating edges together forms a path, so a sequence of edges is called a path product. A path expression contains path products and zero or more '+' operators. Thus, every path product is a path expression. Note that an edge label is a special case of a path product with no multiplication, and a path product is a special case of a path expression with no addition. Path expressions are sometimes represented by upper case letters, for example, A = ab. Figure 2.43 shows three example graphs drawn from the double-diamond graph, the loop touring graph, and the Stutter example from previous sections. Figure 2.43(a) has exactly four paths, all of which are shown. Figure 2.43(b) and (c) include loops, so not all paths are shown. In graph algebra, loops are best represented using exponents. If an edge, path product, or path expression can be repeated, then it is labeled with an exponent. Therefore, a 2 = aa, a 3 = aaa, and a \u2217 = aa \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 a, that is, an arbitrary number of repetitions. As a special case, an empty, or zero length path, can be represented by a 0 = \u03bb. This makes \u03bb the multiplicative identity, so a\u03bb = a, or more generally, A\u03bb = A. Representing paths or partial paths with upper case letters makes for convenient manipulation. For example, we can take some partial path expressions from Figure 2.43(b) above: A B C AB C3\nab eg cd abeg cdcdcd\nn2 c\nd n3\nabdfhj abdgij acefhj acegij\n(a) A double diamond graph with edge labels\nn5 abeg abcfg abcdeg\n(b) A graph with a loop f a\nn0 b\nafk agfk bchk bdik bejk\nn5 j i\n(c) The first FSM for stutter\nFigure 2.43. Examples of path products.\nAC 2 B = ab(cd)2 eg = abcdcdeg D = be + bc f Unlike standard algebra, path products are not commutative. That is, AB = BA. They are, however, associative, so A(BC) = (AB)C = ABC. All paths in the graph in Figure 2.43(a) above can be represented by the expression: abdfhj + abdgij + acefhj + acegij. Paths that are summed can be considered to be independent or parallel paths. So path summation is both commutative and associative, that is, A + B = B + A, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) = A + B + C. With this basis, we can start applying standard algebraic laws. Both the distributive law and absorption rule can be applied. A(B + C) = AB + AC (distributive) (B + C)D = BD + C D (distributive) A+ A = A (absorption rule)\nWe also have two more shorthand notations for repetition or loops. If a loop has to be taken at least once (for example, a repeat-until structure), then the '+' exponent is used. That is, AA\u2217 = A+ . We can also put bounds on repetition if a loop has a definite bound (for example, a for loop). This is done with an underscore: A3 = A0 + A1 + A2 + A3 , or more generally, An = A0 + A1 + \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 + An . It is sometimes helpful to bound the number of iterations on both ends \u2013 that is, at least m and at most n iterations are possible. To do this, we introduce the notation Am\u2212n = Am + Am+1 + \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 + An . The absorption rule can be used to combine the exponent notations in several ways. This is used to simplify path expressions as follows: An + Am = An Am = An A\u2217 = n + A A = A\u2217 A+ =\nAmax (n,m) An+m A\u2217 An = A\u2217 A+ An = A+ A+ A\u2217 = A+\nThe multiplicative identity operator, \u03bb, can also be used to simplify path expressions. \u03bb+\u03bb = \u03bbA = = \u03bbn \u03bb+ + \u03bb =\n\u03bb A\u03bb = A \u03bbn = \u03bb\u2217 = \u03bb+ = \u03bb \u03bb\u2217 = \u03bb\nWe also need an additive identity. We will use \u03c6 to represent the set of paths that contains no paths (not even the empty path \u03bb). Mathematically, any path expression added to \u03c6 is just that path expression. The additive \u03c6 can be thought of as \"blocking\" the paths in the graph, therefore making a null path. A+\u03c6 = \u03c6+ A= A A\u03c6 = \u03c6A = \u03c6 = \u03bb + \u03c6 + \u03c62 + \u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7 = \u03bb \u03c6\u2217 Figure 2.44 shows a small graph that has a null path. If we list all paths from node n0 to n3 , we get the path expression bc + a\u03c6 = bc. A special case is the path expression A + \u03bb. This situation is illustrated in Figure 2.45. The complete path expression is (A + \u03bb)B, or AB + \u03bbB, or AB + B. Thus, A + \u03bb cannot be reduced. n1 a n0 b n2\nFigure 2.44. Null path that leads to additive identity \u03c6.\nA n0\nFigure 2.45. A or lambda.\n2.7.1 Reducing Graphs to Path Expressions Now that we have the basic tools, we can see how to go about reducing arbitrary graphs to path expressions. The process given here is not a strict algorithm as it requires some thought and decisions, but is good enough to be used by human testers. As far as we know, this process has not been automated and implemented in a tool; however, it is a special case of the common technique of constructing regular expressions from deterministic FSMs. The process is illustrated on the graph shown in Figure 2.46. Step 1: First we combine all sequential edges, multiplying the edge labels. More formally, for any node that has only one incoming edge and one outgoing edge, eliminate the node, combine the two edges, and multiply their path expressions. Applying this step to the graph in Figure 2.46 combines edges h and i, giving the graph shown in Figure 2.47. Step 2: Next combine all parallel edges, adding the edge labels. More formally, for any pair of edges that have the same source and target nodes, combine the edges into one edge, and add their path expressions. The graph in Figure 2.47 contains one such pair of edges, b and c, so they are combined to yield b + c, giving the graph shown in Figure 2.48. Step 3: Remove self-loops (from a node to itself) by creating a new \"dummy\" node with an incoming edge that uses the exponent operator '*', then merging the three edges with multiplication. More formally, for any node n1 that has an edge to itself with label X, and incoming edge A and outgoing edge B, remove the edge with label X, and add a new node n 1 and an edge with label X \u2217 . Then combine the three edges A, X \u2217 , and B into one edge AX \u2217 B (eliminating nodes n1 and n 1 ). The graph in Figure 2.48 contains one self-loop on node n3 with label e. The edge is first replaced with node n 3 and an edge from n3 to n 3 with label e\u2217 (as shown in Figure 2.49(a)), then the edges labeled d, e\u2217 and f are combined, as shown in Figure 2.49(b). Step 4: Now the tester starts choosing nodes to remove. Select a node that is not the initial or final node. Replace it by inserting edges from all predecessors to all successors, multiplying the path expressions from the incoming to the outgoing edges. Figure 2.50 illustrates this with a node that has two incoming and two outgoing edges. e\nb n0\nFigure 2.46. Example graph to show reduction to path expressions.\nGraph Coverage e\nFigure 2.47. After step 1 in path expression reduction. e n0\nb+c\nFigure 2.48. After step 2 in path expression reduction.\nn3 e*\nn'3\ng (a) After inserting dummy node n0\nde*f\ng (b) After combining edges\nBC n5\nFigure 2.50. Removing arbitrary nodes.\nbde*f + cde*f\ngde*f\nFigure 2.51. Eliminating node n2 .\nabde*f + acde*f\nFigure 2.52. Removing sequential edges.\n(gde*f)*\nFigure 2.53. Removing self-loop edges.\nNode n2 in Figure 2.49(b) has two incoming edges and one outgoing edge. Edges (n1 , n2 ) and (n2 , n4 ) become edge (n1 , n4 ), with the two path expressions multiplied, and edges (n4 , n2 ) and (n2 , n4 ) become a self-loop (n4 , n4 ), with the two path expressions multiplied. The resulting graph is shown in Figure 2.51. Steps 1 through 4 are repeated until only one edge remains in the graph. Applying step 1 (combining sequential edges) again to the graph in Figure 2.51 yields the graph shown in Figure 2.52. Applying step 2 (combining parallel edges) again is skipped because the graph in Figure 2.52 has no parallel edges. Applying step 3 (removing self-loops) again to the graph in Figure 2.52 removes the self-loop on node n4 , yielding the graph shown in Figure 2.53. The final graph (and regular expression) in our example is shown in Figure 2.54.\n2.7.2 Applications of Path Expressions Now that the mathematical preliminaries are out of the way, it is fair to ask what do we do with these path expressions? Path expressions are abstract, formal representations of graphs. As such, they can be manipulated to give us information about the graphs they represent. This section presents several applications of path expressions.\n2.7.3 Deriving Test Inputs The most direct way to use path expression representations of graphs is to define covering test cases. Each path, that is, each path product, defined by the path expression should be executed, with an appropriate limitation on loops. This is a form of specified path coverage (SPC). If an unbounded exponent ('*') appears in the path expression, it can be replaced with one or more reasonably chosen constant values, then a complete list of paths can be written out. This technique will ensure (that is, subsume) node coverage and edge coverage on the graph. The final path expression for the example in Figures 2.46 through 2.54 is abde\u2217 f (gde\u2217 f )\u2217 hi + acde\u2217 f (gde\u2217 f )\u2217 hi. This expression has two separate path products, and the exponents can be replaced (arbitrarily) by the constant 5. This results in the following two test requirements: abde5 f (gde5 f )5 hi and acde5 f (gde5 f )5 hi.\nabde*f(gde*f)*hi + acde*f(gde*f)*hi\nFigure 2.54. Final graph with one path expression.\n2.7.4 Counting Paths in a Flow Graph and Determining Max Path Length It is sometimes useful to know the number of paths in a graph. This can be used as a simplistic complexity measure or as a rough estimation of the number of tests needed to cover the graph. The path expressions allow this computation with straightforward arithmetic, yielding a reasonable approximation for the maximum number of paths. As discussed earlier, whenever a graph has a cycle, theoretically the graph has an infinite number of paths. However, some graphs have no cycles, and domain knowledge can be used to put appropriate bounds on the number of iterations. The bound may be a true maximum number of iterations, or it may represent a tester's assumption that executing the loop \"N times\" is enough. The first step is to label each edge with an edge weight. For most edges, the edge weight is one. If the edge represents an expensive operation, such as a method call or external process, the edge weight should be the approximate weight of that operation (for example, the number of paths in the method). If the edge represents a cycle, mark it with the maximum number of iterations possible (the cycle weight). It is possible that this number is infinite, which means the maximum number of paths in the graph is infinite. It is important that not all edges in a cycle be labeled with the cycle weight. Only one edge per each cycle should be labeled. Sometimes, which edge to label is obvious, other times the tester must choose an appropriate edge, taking care not to omit a cycle or label a cycle twice. Consider graphs (b) and (c) in Figure 2.43. It should be clear that the cycle weight should be placed on edge d in graph (b). Cycle weights should also be placed on edges h, i, and j in graph (c), and on both edges f and g. Edge f will always occur on any path that includes edge g, so it is easy to forget one of those cycle weights; however, they represent separate cycles. Sometimes we want to separately annotate a loop to indicate how many times it can be taken. The notation \"(0\u201310)\" means that the loop can be taken 0 to 10 times inclusive. Note that this notation is not the same as the edge weight. Next compute the path expression for the graph and substitute the weights into the path expression. The operators are used as one might expect. If the path expression is A + B, the substitution is WA + WB. If the path expression is AB, the substitution is WA \u2217 WB. If the path expression is An , the substitution is the sum n WAi . If the path expression is Am\u2212n , the substitution is the summation mation i=0 n i i=m WA . Figure 2.55 shows a simple graph with edge labels and edge weights. As indicated on edge d, the loop can be taken 0 to 2 times inclusive, and the edge weight for d is one. The resulting path expression is a(b + c)(d(b + c))0\u22122 e. b n0\nFigure 2.55. Graph example for computing maximum number of paths.\nThe maximum number of paths can then be calculated by substituting the appropriate value for each edge label into the path expression. 1 \u2217 (1 + 1) \u2217 (1 \u2217 (1 + 1))0\u22122 \u2217 1 = 1 \u2217 2 \u2217 20\u22122 \u2217 1 2 = 2 \u2217 i=0 2i \u2217 1 0 = 2 \u2217 (2 + 21 + 22 ) \u2217 1 = 2 \u2217 (1 + 2 + 4) \u2217 1 =2\u22177\u22171 = 14 The length of the longest path in the graph can also be found. If the path expression is A + B, the substitution is max(WA , WB). If the path expression is AB, the substitution is WA + WB. If the path expression is An , the substitution is n \u2217 WA . So the length of the longest path in the graph in Figure 2.55 is 1 + max(1, 1) + 2 \u2217 (1 + max(1, 1)) + 1 = 7. It is important to remember that these analyses do not include a feasibility analysis. Some paths may be infeasible, so this should be interpreted as an upper, or conservative, bound on the number of paths.\n2.7.5 Minimum Number of Paths to Reach All Edges A related question is how many paths have to be traversed to reach all edges. The process is very similar to counting the maximum number of paths and uses the same edge weights, but the computation is slightly different. Specifically, if the path expression is A + B, the substitution is WA + WB. However, if the path expression is AB, the substitution is max(WA , WB). If the path expression is An , the substitution requires some judgment from the tester and is either 1 or WA . If it is reasonable to assume that all paths through the loop can be taken during one test case, the value should be 1. If not, however, the value should be the weight of the loop, WA . The second assumption is more conservative and leads to a higher number. Again consider the graph in Figure 2.55. Assume that if the edge d is taken, the same edge that preceded it must then be taken. That is, if b is taken, then d, the logic of the graph dictates that b must be taken again. This means that we must use the conservative estimate for the loop, yielding 1 \u2217 (2) \u2217 (1 \u2217 (2))2 \u2217 1 = 1 \u2217 (2) \u2217 (1 \u2217 2) \u2217 1 = max(1, 2, 1, 2, 1) =2 A visual inspection of the graph can confirm that all edges can be reached with two traversals of the graph.\n2.7.6 Complementary Operations Analysis The last application of path expressions is not a counting application, but an analysis that looks for anomalies that may lead to mistakes. It is based on the idea of \"complementary operations.\" Two operations are complementary if their behaviors negate each other, or one must be done before the other. Examples include push\nGraph Coverage C\nC n0\nFigure 2.56. Graph example for complementary path analysis.\nand pop in stacks, enqueue and dequeue in queues, get and dispose for memory, and open and close for files. The process starts with the path expression for a graph, except instead of edge weights, each edge is marked with one of the following three labels: 1. C \u2013 Creator operation (push, enqueue, etc.) 2. D \u2013 Destructor operation (pop, dequeue, etc.) 3. 1 \u2013 Neither a creator nor a destructor The path expression multiplicative and additive operators are replaced with the following two tables7 : * C D 1\nC C2 DC C\nD 1 D2 D\n1 C D 1\n+ C D 1\nC C D+ C 1+C\nD C+D D 1+ D\n1 C+1 D+ 1 1\nNote the differences from the usual algebra defined on integers. C \u2217 D reduces to 1, C + C reduces to C, and D + D reduces to D. Consider the graph in Figure 2.56. Edges are marked with C, D or 1, and its initial path expression is C(C + 1)C(C + D)1(D(C + D)1)n 1. The algebraic rules are used to rewrite this as (CCCC + CCC D + CCC + CC D)(DC + DD)n . The two tables above can be used to further reduce the path expression to (CCCC + CC + CCC + C)(DC + DD)n . The first question to ask of this path expression is \"is it possible to have more destruct operations than creates?\" The answer is yes, and some expressions are CCC D(DD)n , n > 1 CC D(DD)n , n > 0 CCC(DDDC DD) Another question is \"is it possible to have more create operations than destructs?\" Again, the answer is yes, and some expressions are: CCCC CC D(DC)n , \u2200n Each yes answer represents a specification for a test that is likely to cause anomalous behavior.\nEXERCISES Section 2.7. 1. Derive and simplify the path expressions for the three graphs in Figure 2.43. 2. Derive and simplify the path expression for the flow graph in Figure 2.12. Assign reasonable cycle weights and compute the maximum number of paths in the graph and the minimum number of paths to reach all edges.\n3. The graph in Figure 2.10 was used as an example for prime test paths. Add appropriate edge labels to the graph, then derive and simplify the path expressions. Next add edge weights of 1 for non-cycle edges and 5 for cycle edges. Then compute the maximum number of paths in the graph and the minimum number of paths to reach all edges. This graph has 25 prime paths. Briefly discuss the number of prime paths with the maximum number of paths and consider the effect of varying the cycle weight on the maximum number of paths. 4. Section 2.5 presented four different versions of a FSM for Stutter. Derive and simplify the path expressions for each of the four variations, then compute the maximum number of paths and the minimum number of paths to reach all edges in each. Discuss how the different numbers affect testing. 5. Perform complementary operations analysis on the graph in Figure 2.32. Assume complementary operators of open and close. 6. Derive and simplify the path expressions for the activity graph in Figure 2.42. The only loop in that graph has a bound of 3 tries. Use that to compute the maximum number of paths and the minimum number of paths to reach all edges. Discuss the relationship between the scenarios for that graph and the terms in the path expression. 7. Answer questions (a)\u2013(c) for the graph defined by the following sets: N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} N0 = {1} N f = {10} E = {(1, 2, a), (2, 3, b), (2, 4, c), (3, 5, d), (4, 5, e), (5, 6, f ), (5, 7, g), (6, 6, h (1 \u2212 4)), (6, 10, i), (7, 8, j), (8, 8, k(0 \u2212 3)), (8, 9, l), (9, 7, m(2 \u2212 5)), (9, 10, n)} (a) Draw the graph. (b) What is the maximum number of paths through the graph? (c) What is the approximate minimum number of paths through the graph?\n2.8 BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTES During the research for this book, one thing that became abundantly clear is that this field has had a significant amount of parallel discovery of the same techniques by people working independently. Some individuals have discovered various aspects of the same technique, which was subsequently polished into very pretty test criteria. Others have invented the same techniques, but based them on different types of graphs or used different names. Thus, ascribing credit for software testing criteria is a perilous task. We do our best, but claim only that the bibliographic notes in this book are starting points for further study in the literature. The research into covering graphs seems to have started with generating tests from finite state machines (FSMs), which has a long and rich history. Some of the earliest papers were in the 1970s [77, 164, 170, 232, 290]. The primary focus of most of these papers was on using FSMs to generate tests for telecommunication systems that were defined with standard finite automata, although much of the work pertained to general graphs. The control flow graph seems to have been invented (or should it be termed \"discovered\"?) by Legard in 1975 [204]. In papers published\nin 1975, Huang [170] suggested covering each edge in the FSM, and Howden [164] suggested covering complete trips through the FSM, but without looping. In 1976, McCabe [232] suggested the same idea on control flow graphs as the primary application of his cyclomatic complexity metric. In 1976, Pimont and Rault [290] suggested covering pairs of edges, using the term \"switch cover.\" In 1978, Chow [77] suggested generating a spanning tree from the FSM and then basing test sequences on paths through this tree. In 1991, Fujiwara et al. [130] extended Pimont and Rault's pairs of edges to arbitrary lengths, and used the term \"n-switch\" to refer to a sequence of edges. He also attributed \"1-switch,\" or switch cover, to Chow and called it the \"W-method,\" an inaccuracy that has been repeated in numerous papers. The idea of covering pairs of edges was rediscovered in the 1990s. The British Computer Society Standard for Software Component Testing called it two-trip [317] and Offutt et al. [272], called it transition-pair. Other test generation methods based on FSMs include tour [251], the distinguished sequence method [137], and unique input-output method [307]. Their objectives are to detect output errors based on state transitions driven by inputs. FSMbased test generation has been used to test a variety of applications including lexical analyzers, real-time process control software, protocols, data processing, and telephony. One early realization when developing this book is that the criteria for covering FSMs are not substantially different from criteria for other graphs. This book has introduced the explicit inclusion of node coverage requirements in edge coverage requirements (the \"up to\" clause). This inclusion is not necessary for typical control flow graphs, where, indeed, subsumption of node coverage by edge coverage is often presented as a basic theorem, but it may be required for graphs derived from other artifacts. Several later papers focused on automatic test data generation to cover structural elements in the program [39, 41, 80, 101, 117, 166, 190, 191, 267, 295]. Much of this work was based on the analysis techniques of symbolic evaluation [62, 83, 93, 101, 116, 164], and slicing [328, 339]. Some of these ideas are discussed in Chapter 6. The problem of handling loops has plagued graph-based criteria from the beginning. It seems obvious that we want to cover paths, but loops create infinite numbers of paths. In Howden's 1975 paper [164], he specifically addressed loops by covering complete paths \"without looping,\" and Chow's 1978 suggestion to use spanning trees was an explicit attempt to avoid having to execute loops [77]. Binder's book [33] used the technique from Chow's paper, but changed the name to round trip, which is the name used in this book. Another early suggestion was based on testing loop free programs [66], which is certainly interesting from a theoretical view, but not particularly practical. White and Wiszniewski [348] suggested limiting the number of loops that need to be executed based on specific patterns. Weyuker, Weiss, and Hamlet tried to choose specific loops to test based on data definitions and uses [345]. The notion of subpath sets was developed by Offutt et al. [178, 265] to support inter-class path testing and is essentially equivalent to tours with detours as presented here. The ideas of touring, sidetrips and detours were introduced by Ammann, Offutt and Huang [17]. The earliest reference we have found on data flow testing was a technical report in 1974 by Osterweil and Fosdick [282]. This technical report was followed by a 1976\npaper in ACM Computing Surveys [122], along with an almost simultaneous publication by Herman in the Australian Computer Journal [158]. The seminal data flow analysis procedure (without reference to testing) was due to Allen and Cocke [13]. Other fundamental and theoretical references are by Laski and Korel in 1983 [201], who suggested executing paths from definitions to uses, Rapps and Weyuker in 1985 [297], who defined criteria and introduced terms such as All-Defs and AllUses, and Frankl and Weyuker in 1988 [128]. These papers refined and clarified the idea of data flow testing, and are the basis of the presentation in this text. Stated in the language in this text, [128] requires direct tours for the All-du-Paths Coverage, but allows sidetrips for All-Defs coverage and All-Uses coverage. This text allows sidetrips (or not) for all of the data flow criteria. The pattern matching example used in this text has been employed in the literature for decades; as far as we know, Frankl and Weyuker [128] were the first to use the example for illustrating data flow coverage. Forman also suggested a way to detect data flow anomalies without running the program [121]. Some detailed problems with data flow testing have been recurring. These include the application of data flow when paths between definitions and uses cannot be executed [127], and handling pointers and arrays [267, 345]. The method of defining data flow criteria in terms of sets of du-paths is original to this book, as is the explicit suggestion for best-effort eouring. Many papers present empirical studies of various aspects of data flow testing. One of the earliest was by Clarke, Podgurski, Richardson, and Zeil, who compared some of the different criteria [82]. Comparisons with mutation testing (introduced in Chapter 5) started with Mathur in 1991 [228], which was followed by Mathur and Wong [230], Wong and Mathur [357], Offutt, Pan, Tewary, and Zhang [274], and Frankl, Weiss, and Hu [125]. Comparisons of data flow with other test criteria have been published by Frankl and Weiss [124], Hutchins, Foster, Goradia, and Ostrand [172], and Frankl and Deng [123]. A number of tools have also been built by researchers to support data flow testing. Most worked by taking a program and tests as inputs, and deciding whether one or more data flow criteria have been satisfied (a recognizer). Frankl, Weiss, and Weyuker built ASSET in the mid 1980s [126], Girgis and Woodward built a tool to implement both data flow and mutation testing in the mid 1980s [134], and Laski built STAD in the late 1980s [200]. Researchers at Bellcore developed the ATAC data flow tool for C programs in the early 1990s [161, 162], and the first tool that included a test data generator for data flow criteria was built by Offutt, Jin, and Pan in the late 1990s [267]. Coupling was first discussed as a design metric by Constantine and Yourdon [88], and its use for testing was introduced implicitly by Harrold, Soffa, and Rothermel [152, 154] and explicitly by Jin and Offutt [178], who introduced the use of first-uses and last-defs. Kim, Hong, Cho, Bae, and Cha used a graph-based approach to generate tests from UML state diagrams [186]. The USA's Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) has recognized the increased importance of modularity and integration testing by imposing requirements on structural coverage analysis of software that \"the analysis should confirm the data\ncoupling and control coupling between the code components\" [305], p. 33, section 6.4.4.2. Data flow testing has also been applied to integration testing by Harrold and Soffa [154], Harrold and Rothermel [152], and Jin and Offutt [178]. This work focused on class-level integration issues, but did not address inheritance or polymorphism. Data flow testing has been applied to inheritance and polymorphism in object-oriented software by Alexander and Offutt [11, 10, 12], and Buy, Orso, and Pezze [60, 281]. Gallagher and Offutt modeled classes as interacting state machines, and tested concurrency and communication issues among them [132]. SCR was first discussed by Henninger [157], and its use in model checking and testing was introduced by Atlee [20]. Constructing tests from UML diagrams is a more recent development, though relatively straightforward. It was first suggested by Abdurazik and Offutt [2, 264], and soon followed by Briand and Labiche [45]. The mechanisms for turning finite automata into regular expressions are standard fare in CS theory classes. As far as we know, Beizer [29] was the first to note the utility of these transformations in the testing context.\nNOTES 1 By way of example, typical control flow graphs have very few, if any, syntactically unreachable nodes, but call graphs, especially for object-oriented programs, often do. 2 Our mathematician readers might notice that this definition is constructive in that it defines what is in the set T R, but does not actually bound the set. It is certainly our intention that T R contains no other elements. 3 The reader might wonder why NOTFOUND fails to appear in the set use(2). The reason, as explained in Section 2.3.2 is that the use is local. 4 The reader is cautioned that despite the names of the criteria, All-Defs and All-Uses are not complementary criteria with respect to how they tread definitions and uses. Specifically, one does not arrive at All-Uses by replacing the notion of \"def\" with that of \"use\" in All-Defs. The reader might find it helpful to note that while All-Defs focuses on definitions, All-Uses focuses on def-use pairs. While one could argue that the naming convention is misleading, and that a name such as \"All-Pairs\" might be preferable to All-Uses, the authors elected to stick with the standard usage in the dataflow literature. 5 This is a bit of an overstatement, and, as usual, the culprit is infeasibility. Specifically, consider a du-path with respect to variable x that can only be toured with a sidetrip. Further, suppose that there are two possible sidetrips, one of which is def-clear with respect to x, and one of which is not. The relevant test path from the All-du-Paths test set necessarily tours the former sidetrip, where as the corresponding test path from the prime path test set is free to tour the latter side trip. Our opinion is that in most situations it is reasonable for the test engineer to ignore this special case and simply proceed with prime path coverage. 6 As in previous chapters, we explicitly leave out concurrency, so concurrent forks and joins are not considered. 7 Mathematicians who have studied abstract algebra will recognize that these tables define another algebra.\n3 Logic Coverage\nThis chapter introduces test criteria based on logical expressions. While logic coverage criteria have been known for a long time, their use has been steadily growing in recent years. One cause for their use in practice has been their incorporation in standards such as those accepted by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for safety critical avionics software in commercial aircraft. As in Chapter 2, we start with a sound theoretical foundation for logic predicates and clauses with the goal of making the subsequent testing criteria simpler. As before, we take a generic view of the structures and criteria, then discuss how logic expressions can be derived from various software artifacts, including code, specifications, and finite state machines. Readers who are already familiar with some of the common criteria may have difficulty recognizing them at first. This is because we introduce a generic collection of test criteria, and thus choose names that best help articulate all of the criteria. That is, we are abstracting a number of existing criteria that are closely related, yet use conflicting terminology.\n3.1 OVERVIEW: LOGIC PREDICATES AND CLAUSES We formalize logical expressions in a common mathematical way. A predicate is an expression that evaluates to a boolean value, and is our topmost structure. A simple example is: ((a > b) \u2228 C) \u2227 p(x). Predicates may contain boolean variables, nonboolean variables that are compared with the comparator operators {>, b) || C) && (x < y) o.m(); else o.n();\nwill yield the expression ((a > b) \u2228 C) \u2227 (x < y). Other sources of logical expressions include transitions in finite state machines. A transition such as: button2 = true (when gear = park) will yield the expression gear = park \u2227 button2 = true. Similarly, a precondition in a specification such as \"pre: stack Not full AND object reference parameter not null\" will result in a logical expression such as \u00ac stackFull() \u2227 newObj = null. In the material prior to Section 3.6 we treat logical expressions according to their semantic meanings, not their syntax. As a consequence, a given logical expression yields the same test requirements for a given coverage criterion no matter which form of the logic expression is used.\nEXERCISES Section 3.1. 1. List all the clauses for the predicate below: (( f 0)) \u2228 (M \u2227 (e < d + c)) 2. Write the predicate (only the predicate) to represent the requirement: \"List all the wireless mice that either retail for more than $100 or for which the store has more than 20 items. Also list non-wireless mice that retail for more than $50.\"\n3.2 LOGIC EXPRESSION COVERAGE CRITERIA Clauses and predicates are used to introduce a variety of coverage criteria. Let P be a set of predicates and C be a set of clauses in the predicates in P. For each is, C p = {c|c \u2208 p}. C is the union of predicate p \u2208 P, let C p be the clauses in p, that C p. the clauses in each predicate in P, that is, C = p\u2208P\nCriterion 3.12 Predicate Coverage (PC): For each p \u2208 P, T R contains two requirements: p evaluates to true, and p evaluates to false. The graph version of predicate coverage was introduced in Chapter 2 as edge coverage; this is where the graph coverage criteria overlap the logic expression coverage criteria. For control flow graphs where P is the set of predicates associated with branches, predicate coverage and edge coverage are the same. For the predicate given above, ((a > b) \u2228 C) \u2227 p(x), two tests that satisfy predicate coverage are (a = 5, b = 4, C = true, p(x) = true) and (a = 5, b = 6, C = false, p(x) = false). An obvious failing of this criterion is that the individual clauses are not always exercised. Predicate coverage for the above clause could also be satisfied with the two tests (a = 5, b = 4, C = true, p(x) = true) and (a = 5, b = 4, C = true, p(x) = false), in which the first two clauses never have the value false! To rectify this problem, we move to the clause level. Criterion 3.13 Clause Coverage (CC): For each c \u2208 C, T R contains two requirements: c evaluates to true, and c evaluates to false. Our predicate ((a > b) \u2228 C) \u2227 p(x) requires different values to satisfy CC. Clause coverage requires that (a > b) = true and false, C = true and false, and p(x) = true and false. These requirements can be satisfied with two tests: ((a = 5, b = 4), (C = true), p(x) = true) and ((a = 5, b = 6), (C = false), p(x) = false). Clause coverage does not subsume predicate coverage, and predicate coverage does not subsume clause coverage, as we show with the predicate p = a \u2228 b. The clauses C are {a, b}. The four test inputs that enumerate the combinations of logical values for the clauses: 1 2 3 4\na T T F F\nb T F T F\na\u2228b T T T F\nConsider two test sets, each with a pair of test inputs. Test set T23 = {2, 3} satisfies clause coverage, but not predicate coverage, because p is never false. Conversely, test set T24 = {2, 4} satisfies predicate coverage, but not clause coverage, because b is never true. These two test sets demonstrate that neither predicate coverage nor clause coverage subsumes the other. From the testing perspective, we would certainly like a coverage criterion that tests individual clauses and that also tests the predicate. The most direct approach to rectify this problem is to try all combinations of clauses:\nLogic Coverage\nCriterion 3.14 Combinatorial Coverage (CoC): For each p \u2208 P, T R has test requirements for the clauses in C p to evaluate to each possible combination of truth values. Combinatorial coverage has also been called multiple condition coverage. For the predicate (a \u2228 b) \u2227 c, the complete truth table contains eight elements:\na T T T T F F F F\nb T T F F T T F F\nc T F T F T F T F\n(a \u2228 b) \u2227 c T F T F T F F F\nA predicate p with n independent clauses has 2n possible assignments of truth values. Thus combinatorial coverage is unwieldy at best, and impractical for predicates with more than a few clauses. What we need are criteria that capture the effect of each clause, but do so in a reasonable number of tests. These observations lead, after some thought,1 to a powerful collection of test criteria that are based on the notion of making individual clauses \"active\" as defined in the next subsection. Specifically, we check to see that if we vary a clause in a situation where the clause should affect the predicate, then, in fact, the clause does affect the predicate. Later we turn to the complementary problem of checking to see that if we vary a clause in a situation where it should not affect the predicate, then it, in fact, does not affect the predicate.\n3.2.1 Active Clause Coverage The lack of subsumption between clause and predicate coverage is unfortunate, but clause and predicate coverage have deeper problems. Specifically, when we introduce tests at the clause level, we want also to have an effect on the predicate. The key notion is that of determination, the conditions under which a clause influences the outcome of a predicate. Although the formal definition is a bit messy, the basic idea is very simple: if you flip the clause, and the predicate changes value, then the clause determines the predicate. To distinguish the clause in which we are interested from the remaining clauses, we adopt the following convention. The major clause, ci , is the clause on which we are focusing. All of the other clauses c j , j = i, are minor clauses. Typically, to satisfy a given criterion, each clause is treated in turn as a major clause. Formally, Definition 3.42 Determination: Given a major clause ci in predicate p, we say that ci determines p if the minor clauses c j \u2208 p, j = i have values so that changing the truth value of ci changes the truth value of p.\nNote that this definition explicitly does not require that ci = p. This issue has been left ambiguous by previous definitions, some of which require the predicate and the major clause to have the same value. This interpretation is not practical. When the negation operator is used, for example, if the predicate is p = \u00aca, it becomes impossible for the major clause and the predicate to have the same value. Consider the example above, where p = a \u2228 b. If b is false, then clause a determines p, because then the value of p is exactly the value of a. However if b is true, then a does not determine p, since p is true regardless of the value of a. From the testing perspective, we would like to test each clause under circumstances where the clause determines the predicate. Consider this as putting different members of a team in charge of the team. We do not know if they can be effective leaders until they try. Consider again the predicate p = a \u2228 b. If we do not vary b under circumstances where b determines p, then we have no evidence that b is used correctly. For example, test set T14 = {TT, F F}, which satisfies both clause and predicate coverage, tests neither a nor b effectively. In terms of criteria, we develop the notion of active clause coverage in a general way first with the definition below and then refine out the ambiguities in the definition to arrive at the resulting formal coverage criteria. Definition 3.43 Active Clause Coverage (ACC): For each p \u2208 P and each major clause ci \u2208 C p , choose minor clauses c j , j = i so that ci determines p. T R has two requirements for each ci : ci evaluates to true and ci evaluates to false. For example, for p = a \u2228 b, we end up with a total of four requirements in T R, two for clause a and two for clause b. For clause a, a determines p if and only if b is false. So we have the two test requirements {(a = true, b = false), (a = false, b = false)}. For clause b, b determines p if and only if a is false. So we have the two test requirements {(a = false, b = true), (a = false, b = false)}. This is summarized in the partial truth table below (the values for the major clauses are in bold face). ci = a ci = b\na T F f f\nb f f T F\nTwo of these requirements are identical, so we end up with three distinct test requirements for active clause coverage for the predicate a \u2228 b, namely, {(a = true, b = false), (a = false, b = true), (a = false, b = false)}. Such overlap always happens, and it turns out that for a predicate with n clauses, n + 1 distinct test requirements, rather than the 2n one might expect, are sufficient to satisfy active clause coverage. ACC is almost identical to the way early papers described another technique called MCDC. It turns out that this criterion has some ambiguity, which has led to a fair amount of confusion about how to interpret MCDC over the years. The most important question is whether the minor clauses c j need to have the same values when the major clause ci is true as when ci is false. Resolving this ambiguity leads to three distinct and interesting flavors of ACC. For a simple predicate such as p = a \u2228 b, the three flavors turn out to be identical, but differences appear for\nmore complex predicates. The most general flavor allows the minor clauses to have different values. Criterion 3.15 General Active Clause Coverage (GACC): For each p \u2208 P and each major clause ci \u2208 C p , choose minor clauses c j , j = i so that ci determines p. T R has two requirements for each ci : ci evaluates to true and ci evaluates to false. The values chosen for the minor clauses c j do not need to be the same when ci is true as when ci is false. Unfortunately, it turns out that GACC does not subsume predicate coverage, as the following example shows. Consider the predicate p = a \u2194 b. Clause a determines p for any assignment of truth values to b. So, when a is true, we choose b to be true as well, and when a is false, we choose b to be false as well. We make the same selections for clause b. We end up with only two test inputs: {TT, F F}. p evaluates to true for both of these cases, so predicate coverage is not achieved. Many testing researchers have a strong feeling that ACC should subsume PC, thus the second flavor of ACC requires that p evaluates to true for one assignment of values to the major clause ci , and false for the other. Note that ci and p do not have to have the same values, as discussed with the definition for determination. Criterion 3.16 Correlated Active Clause Coverage (CACC): For each p \u2208 P and each major clause ci \u2208 C p , choose minor clauses c j , j = i so that ci determines p. T R has two requirements for each ci : ci evaluates to true and ci evaluates to false. The values chosen for the minor clauses c j must cause p to be true for one value of the major clause ci and false for the other. So for the predicate p = a \u2194 b above, CACC can be satisfied with respect to clause a with the test set {TT, F T} and with respect to clause b with the test set {TT, T F}. Merging these yields the CACC test set {TT, T F, F T}. Consider the example p = a \u2227 (b \u2228 c). For a to determine the value of p, the expression b \u2228 c must be true. This can be achieved in three ways: b true and c false, b false and c true, and both b and c true. So, it would be possible to satisfy CACC with respect to clause a with the two test inputs: {TT F, F F T}. Other choices are possible with respect to a. The following truth table helps enumerate them. The row numbers are taken from the complete truth table for the predicate given previously. Specifically, CACC can be satisfied for a by choosing one test requirement from rows 1, 2, and 3, and the second from rows 5, 6, and 7. Of course, nine possible ways exist to do this. 1 2 3 5 6 7\na T T T F F F\nb T T F T T F\nc T F T T F T\na \u2227 (b \u2228 c) T T T F F F\nThe final flavor forces the c j to be identical for both assignments of truth values to ci . Criterion 3.17 Restricted Active Clause Coverage (RACC): For each p \u2208 P and each major clause ci \u2208 C p , choose minor clauses c j , j = i so that ci determines p. T R has two requirements for each ci : ci evaluates to true and ci evaluates to false. The values chosen for the minor clauses c j must be the same when ci is true as when ci is false. For the example p = a \u2227 (b \u2228 c), only three of the nine sets of test requirements that satisfy CACC with respect to clause a will satisfy RACC with respect to clause a. In terms of the previously given complete truth table, row 2 can be paired with row 6, row 3 with row 7, or row 1 with row 5. Thus, instead of the nine ways to satisfy CACC, only three can satisfy RACC.\na T F T F T F\nb T T T T F F\nc T T F F T T\na \u2227 (b \u2228 c) T F T F T F\nCACC versus RACC Examples of satisfying a predicate for each of these three criteria are given later. One point that may not be immediately obvious is how CACC and RACC differ in practice. It turns out that some logical expressions can be completely satisfied under CACC, but have infeasible test requirements under RACC. These expressions are a little subtle and only exist if dependency relationships exist among the clauses, that is, some combinations of values for the clauses are prohibited. Since this often happens in real programs, because program variables frequently depend upon one another, it is useful to consider such an example. Consider a system with a valve that might be either open or closed, and several modes, two of which are \"Operational\" and \"Standby.\" Assume the following two constraints: 1. The valve must be open in \"Operational\" and closed in all other modes. 2. The mode cannot be both \"Operational\" and \"Standby\" at the same time. This leads to the following clause definitions: a = \"The valve is closed\" b = \"The system status is Operational\" c = \"The system status is Standby\"\nSuppose that a certain action can be taken only if the valve is closed and the system status is either in Operational or Standby. That is, p = valve is closed AND (system status is Operational OR system status is Standby) = a \u2227 (b \u2228 c) This is exactly the predicate that was analyzed above. The constraints above can be formalized as 1 \u00aca \u2194 b 2 \u00ac(b \u2227 c) These constraints limit the feasible values in the truth table. As a reminder, the complete truth table for this predicate is\na \u2227 (b \u2228 c)) T T T F F F F F\nviolates constraints 1 & 2 violates constraint 1\nviolates constraint 2 violates constraint 1 violates constraint 1\nRecall that for a to determine the value of P, either b or c or both must be true. Constraint 1 rules out the rows where a and b have the same values, that is, rows 1, 2, 7, and 8. Constraint 2 rules out the rows where b and c are both true, that is, rows 1 and 5. Thus, the only feasible rows are 3, 4, and 6. Recall that CACC can be satisfied by choosing one from rows 1, 2, or 3 and one from rows 5, 6, or 7. But RACC requires one of the pairs 2 and 6, 3, and 7, or 1 and 5. Thus, RACC is infeasible for a in this predicate.\n3.2.2 Inactive Clause Coverage The Active Clause Coverage criteria focus on making sure the major clauses do affect their predicates. A complementary criterion to ACC ensures that changing a major clause that should not affect the predicate does not, in fact, affect the predicate. Definition 3.44 Inactive Clause Coverage (ICC): For each p \u2208 P and each major clause ci \u2208 C p , choose minor clauses c j , j = i so that ci does not determine p. T R has four requirements for ci under these circumstances: (1) ci evaluates to true with p true, (2) ci evaluates to false with p true, (3) ci evaluates to true with p false, and (4) ci evaluates to false with p false. Although inactive clause coverage (ICC) has some of the same ambiguity as ACC does, only two distinct flavors can be defined, namely general inactive clause\ncoverage (GICC) and restricted inactive clause coverage (RICC). The notion of correlation is not relevant for Inactive Clause Coverage because ci cannot correlate with p since ci does not determine p. Also, predicate coverage is guaranteed, subject to feasibility, in all flavors due to the structure of the definition. The following example illustrates the value of the inactive clause coverage criteria. Suppose you are testing the control software for a shutdown system in a reactor, and the specification states that the status of a particular valve (open vs. closed) is relevant to the reset operation in Normal mode, but not in Override mode. That is, the reset should perform identically in Override mode when the valve is open and when the valve is closed. The sceptical test engineer will want to test reset in Override mode for both positions of the valve, since a reasonable implementation mistake would be to take account the setting of the valve in all modes. The formal versions of GICC and RICC are as follows. Criterion 3.18 General Inactive Clause Coverage (GICC): For each p \u2208 P and each major clause ci \u2208 C p , choose minor clauses c j , j = i so that ci does not determine p. T R has four requirements for ci under these circumstances: (1) ci evaluates to true with p true, (2) ci evaluates to false with p true, (3) ci evaluates to true with p false, and (4) ci evaluates to false with p false. The values chosen for the minor clauses c j may vary amongst the four cases. Criterion 3.19 Restricted Inactive Clause Coverage (RICC): For each p \u2208 P and each major clause ci \u2208 C p , choose minor clauses c j , j = i so that ci does not determine p. T R has four requirements for ci under these circumstances: (1) ci evaluates to true with p true, (2) ci evaluates to false with p true, (3) ci evaluates to true with p false, and (4) ci evaluates to false with p false. The values chosen for the minor clauses c j must be the same in cases (1) and (2), and the values chosen for the minor clauses c j must also be the same in cases (3) and (4).\n3.2.3 Infeasibility and Subsumption A variety of technical issues complicate the Active Clause Coverage criteria. As with many criteria, the most important is the issue of infeasibility. Infeasibility is often a problem because clauses are sometimes related to one another. That is, choosing the truth value for one clause may affect the truth value for another clause. Consider, for example, a common loop structure, which assumes short circuit semantics: while (i < n && a[i] != 0) {do something to a[i]}\nThe idea here is to avoid evaluating a[i] if i is out of range, and short circuit evaluation is not only assumed, but depended on. Clearly, it is not going to be possible to develop a test case where i < n is false and a[i] != 0 is true. In principle, the issue of infeasibility for clause and predicate criteria is no different from that for graph criteria. In both cases, the solution is to satisfy test requirements that are feasible, and then decide how to treat infeasible test requirements.\nComplete Clause Coverage CoC\nRestricted Active Clause Coverage RACC\nCorrelated Active Clause Coverage CACC\nRestricted Inactive Clause Coverage RICC\nGeneral Inactive Clause Coverage GICC\nGeneral Active Clause Coverage GACC\nClause Coverage CC\nPredicate Coverage PC\nFigure 3.1. Subsumption relations among logic coverage criteria.\nThe simplest solution is to simply ignore infeasible requirements, which usually does not affect the quality of the tests. However, a better solution for some infeasible test requirements is to consider the counterparts of the requirements in a subsumed coverage criterion. For example, if RACC coverage with respect to clause a in predicate p is infeasible (due to additional constraints between the clauses), but CACC coverage is feasible, then it makes sense to replace the infeasible RACC test requirements with the feasible CACC test requirements. This approach is similar to that of best-effort touring developed in the graph coverage chapter. Figure 3.1 shows the subsumption relationships among the logic expression criteria. Note that the ICC criteria do not subsume any of the ACC criteria, and vice versa. The diagram assumes that infeasible test requirements are treated on a best effort basis, as explained above. Where such an approach does not result in feasible test requirements, the diagram assumes that the infeasible test requirements are ignored.\n3.2.4 Making a Clause Determine a Predicate So, how does one go about finding values for the minor clauses c j so that the major clause ci determines the value of p? The authors are aware of three different methods presented in the literature; we give a direct definitional approach here. Pointers\nto the other two, one of which is an algorithmic version of the definitional approach, are given in the bibliographic notes. For a predicate p with clause (or boolean variable) c, let pc=true represent the predicate p with every occurrence of c replaced by true and pc=false be the predicate p with every occurrence of c replaced by false. For the rest of this development, we assume no duplicates (that is, p contains only one occurrence of c). Note that neither pc=true nor pc=false contains any occurrences of the clause c. Now we connect the two expressions with an exclusive or: pc = pc=true \u2295 pc=false It turns out that pc describes the exact conditions under which the value of c determines that of p. That is, if values for the clauses in pc are chosen so that pc is true, then the truth value of c determines the truth value of p. If the clauses in pc are chosen so that pc evaluates to false, then the truth value of p is independent of the truth value of c. This is exactly what we need to implement the various flavors of active and inactive clause coverage. As a first example, we try p = a \u2228 b. pa is, by definition, pa = = = =\npa=true \u2295 pa=false (true \u2228 b) \u2295 (false \u2228 b) true \u2295 b \u00acb\nThat is, for the major clause a to determine the predicate p, the only minor clause b must be false. This should make sense intuitively, since the value of a will have an effect on the value of p only if b is false. By symmetry, it is clear that pb is \u00aca. If we change the predicate to p = a \u2227 b, we get pa = = = =\npa=true \u2295 pa=false (true \u2227 b) \u2295 (false \u2227 b) b \u2295 false b\nThat is, we need b = true to make a determine p. By a similar analysis, pb = a. The equivalence operator is a little less obvious and brings up an interesting point. Consider p = a \u2194 b. pa = = = =\npa=true \u2295 pa=false (true \u2194 b) \u2295 (false \u2194 b) b \u2295 \u00acb true\nThat is, for any value of b, a determines the value of p without regard to the value for b! This means that for a predicate p, such as this one, where the value of pc is the constant true, the ICC criteria are infeasible with respect to c. Inactive clause coverage is likely to result in infeasible test requirements when applied to expressions that use the equivalence or exclusive-or operators. A more general version of this conclusion can be drawn that applies to the ACC criteria as well. If a predicate p contains a clause c such that pc evaluates to the constant false, the ACC criteria are infeasible with respect to c. The ultimate reason\nis that the clause in question is redundant; the predicate can be rewritten without it. While this may sound like a theoretical curiosity, it is actually a very useful result for testers. If a predicate contains a redundant clause, this is a very strong signal that something is wrong with the predicate! Consider p = a \u2227 b \u2228 a \u2227 \u00acb. This is really just the predicate p = a; b is irrelevant. Computing pb, we get pb = pb=true \u2295 pb=false = (a \u2227 true \u2228 a \u2227 \u00actrue) \u2295 (a \u2227 false \u2228 a \u2227 \u00acfalse) = (a \u2228 false) \u2295 (false \u2228 a) = a\u2295a = false so it is impossible for b to determine p. We need to consider how to make clauses determine predicates for a couple of more complicated expressions. For the expression p = a \u2227 (b \u2228 c), we get pa = pa=true \u2295 pa=false = (true \u2227 (b \u2228 c)) \u2295 (false \u2227 (b \u2228 c)) = (b \u2228 c) \u2295 false = b \u2228 c. This example ends with an undetermined answer, which points out the key difference between CACC and RACC. Three choices of values make b \u2228 c true, (b = c = true), (b = true, c = false), and (b = false, c = true). For CACC, we could pick one pair of values when a is true and another when a is false. For RACC, we must choose the same pair for both values of a. The derivation for b and equivalently for c is slightly more complicated: pb = pb=true \u2295 pb=false = (a \u2227 (true \u2228 c)) \u2295 (a \u2227 (false \u2228 c)) = (a \u2227 true) \u2295 (a \u2227 c) = a \u2295 (a \u2227 c) = a \u2227 \u00acc The last step in the simplification shown above may not be immediately obvious. If it is not, try constructing the truth table for a \u2295 (a \u2227 c). The computation for pc is equivalent and yields the solution a \u2227 \u00acb.\n3.2.5 Finding Satisfying Values The final step in applying the logic coverage criteria is to choose values that satisfy the criteria. This section shows how to generate values for one example; more cases are explored in the exercises and the application sections later in the chapter. The example is from the first section of the chapter: p = (a \u2228 b) \u2227 c Finding values for predicate coverage is easy and was already shown in Section 3.2. Two test requirements are T RPC = { p = true, p = false}\nand they can be satisfied with the following values for the clauses: b t t\na t t\np = true p = false\nc t f\nTo run the test cases, we need to refine these truth assignments to create values for clauses a, b, and c. Suppose that clauses a, b, and c were defined in terms of Java program variables as follows: a b c\nx < y, a relational expression for program variables x and y done, a primitive boolean value list.contains(str), for List and String objects\nThus, the complete expanded predicate is actually p = (x < y \u2228 done) \u2227 list.contains(str) Then the following values for the program variables satisfy the test requirements for predicate coverage. b done = true done = true\na p = true p = false\nx=3 x=0\ny=5 y=7\nc list=[\"Rat,\" \"Cat,\" \"Dog\"] str = \"Cat\" list=[\"Red,\" \"White\"] str = \"Blue\"\nNote that the values for the program variables need not be the same in a particular test case if the goal is to set a clause to a particular value. For example, clause a is true in both tests, even though program variables x and y have different values. Values to satisfy clause coverage were also shown in Section 3.2. Six test requirements are T RCC = {a = true, a = false, b = true, b = false, c = true, c = false} and they can be satisfied with the following values for the clauses (blank cells represent \"don't-care\" values):\na = true a = false b = true b = false c = true c = false\na t f\nt f t f\nRefining the truth assignments to create values for program variables x, y, done, list, and str is left as an exercise for the reader. Before proceeding with the other criteria, we first choose values for minor clauses to ensure that the major clauses will determine the value of p. We gave a\nmethod of calculating pa , pb, and pc earlier. The computations for this particular predicate p are left as an exercise. However, the results are \u00acb \u2227 c \u00aca \u2227 c a\u2228b\npa pb pc\nNow we can turn to the other clause coverage criteria. The first is combinatorial coverage, requiring all combinations of values for the clauses. In this case, we have eight test requirements, which can be satisfied with the following values:\nRecall that general active clause coverage requires that each major clause be true and false and the minor clauses be such that the major clause determines the value of the predicate. Similarly to clause coverage, three pairs of test requirements can be defined: T RGACC = {(a = true \u2227 pa , a = false \u2227 pa ), (b = true \u2227 pb, b = false \u2227 pb), (c = true \u2227 pc , c = false \u2227 pc )} The test requirements can be satisfied with the following values for the clauses. Note that these can be the same as with clause coverage with the exception that the blank cells from clause coverage are replaced with the values from the determination analysis. In the following (partial truth) table, values for major clauses are indicated with upper case letters in boldface. a = true \u2227 pa a = false \u2227 pa b = true \u2227 pb b = false \u2227 pb c = true \u2227 pc c = false \u2227 pc\na T F f f t f\nb f f T F f t\nc t t t t T F\np t f t f t f\nNote the duplication; the first and fifth rows are identical, and the second and fourth are identical. Thus, only four tests are needed to satisfy GACC. A different way of looking at GACC considers all of the possible pairs of test inputs for each pair of test requirements. Recall that the active clause coverage criteria always generate test requirements in pairs, with one pair generated for each clause in the predicate under test. To identify these test inputs, we will use the row\nnumbers from the truth table. Hence, the pair (3, 7) represents the first two tests listed in the table above. It turns out that (3, 7) is the only pair that satisfies the GACC test requirements with respect to clause a (when a is major), and (5, 7) is the only pair that satisfies the GACC test requirements with respect to clause b. For clause c, the situation is more interesting. Nine pairs satisfy the GACC test requirements for clause c, namely {(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6)} Recall that correlated active clause coverage requires that each major clause be true and false, the minor clauses be such that the major clause determines the value of the predicate, and the predicate must have both the value true and false. As with GACC, three pairs of test requirements can be defined: For clause a, the pair of test requirements is a = true \u2227 pa \u2227 p = x a = false \u2227 pa \u2227 p = \u00acx where x may be either true or false. The point is that p must have a different truth value in the two test cases. We leave the reader to write out the corresponding CACC test requirements with respect to b and c. For our example predicate p, a careful examination of the pairs of test cases for GACC reveals that p takes on both truth values in each pair. Hence, GACC and CACC are the same for predicate p, and the same pairs of test inputs apply. In the exercises the reader will find predicates where a test pair that satisfies GACC with respect to some clause c turns out not to satisfy CACC with respect to c. The situation for RACC is quite different, however, in the example p. Recall that restricted active clause coverage is the same as CACC except that it requires the values for the minor clauses c j to be identical for both assignments of truth values to the major clause, ci . For clause a, the pair of test requirements that RACC generates is a = true \u2227 pa \u2227 b = B \u2227 c = C a = false \u2227 pa \u2227 b = B \u2227 c = C for some boolean constants B and C. An examination of the pairs given above for GACC reveals that with respect to clauses a and b, the pairs are the same. So pair (3, 7) satisfies RACC with respect to clause a and pair (5, 7) satisfies RACC with respect to b. However, with respect to c, only three of the pairs satisfy RACC, namely, {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)} This example does leave one question about the different flavors of the ACC criteria, namely, what is the practical difference among them? That is, beyond the subtle difference in the arithmetic, how do they affect practical testers? The real differences do not show up very often, but when they do they can be dramatic and quite annoying. GACC does not require that predicate coverage be satisfied on the pair of tests for each clause, so use of that flavor may mean we do not test our program as thoroughly as we might like. In practical use, it is easy to construct examples where\nGACC is satisfied but predicate coverage is not, when the predicates are very small (one or two terms), but difficult with three or more terms, since for one of the clauses, it is likely that the chosen GACC tests will also be CACC tests. The restrictive nature of RACC, on the other hand, can sometimes make it hard to satisfy the criterion. This is particularly true when some combinations of clause values are infeasible. Assume that in the predicate used above, the semantics of the program effectively eliminate rows 2, 3, and 6 from the truth table. Then RACC cannot be satisfied with respect to clause list.contains(str) (that is, we have infeasible test requirements), but CACC can. The wise reader, (that is, if still awake) will by now realize that Correlated Active Clause Coverage is often the most practical flavor of ACC.\nEXERCISES Section 3.2. Use predicates (1) through (10) to answer the following questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.\np = a \u2227 (\u00acb \u2228 c) p = a \u2228 (b \u2227 c) p=a\u2227b p = a \u2192 (b \u2192 c) p=a\u2295b p = a \u2194 (b \u2227 c) p = (a \u2228 b) \u2227 (c \u2228 d) p = (\u00aca \u2227 \u00acb) \u2228 (a \u2227 \u00acc) \u2228 (\u00aca \u2227 c) p = a \u2228 b \u2228 (c \u2227 d) p = (a \u2227 b) \u2228 (b \u2227 c) \u2228 (a \u2227 c) (a) Identify the clauses that go with predicate p. (b) Compute (and simplify) the conditions under which each of the clauses determines predicate p. (c) Write the complete truth table for all clauses. Label your rows starting from 1. Use the format in the example underneath the definition of combinatorial coverage in Section 3.2. That is, row 1 should be all clauses true. You should include columns for the conditions under which each clause determines the predicate, and also a column for the predicate itself. (d) Identify all pairs of rows from your table that satisfy general active clause coverage (GACC) with respect to each clause. (e) Identify all pairs of rows from your table that satisfy correlated active clause coverage (CACC) with respect to each clause. (f) Identify all pairs of rows from your table that satisfy restricted active clause coverage (RACC) with respect to each clause. (g) Identify all 4-tuples of rows from your table that satisfy general inactive clause coverage (GICC) with respect to each clause. Identify any infeasible GICC test requirements. (h) Identify all 4-tuples of rows from your table that satisfy restricted inactive clause coverage (RICC) with respect to each clause. Identify any infeasible RICC test requirements.\n11. Refine the GACC, CACC, RACC, GICC, and RICC coverage criteria so that the constraints on the minor clauses are made more formal. 12. (Challenging!) Find a predicate and a set of additional constraints so that CACC is infeasible with respect to some clause, but GACC is feasible.\n3.3 STRUCTURAL LOGIC COVERAGE OF PROGRAMS As with graph coverage criteria, the logic coverage criteria apply to programs in a straightforward way. Predicates are derived directly from decision points in the programs (if, case, and loop statements). Although these criteria are difficult to apply when predicates have a large number of clauses, this is often not a problem with programs. The vast majority of predicates in programs have only one clause, and programmers tend to write predicates with a maximum of two or three clauses. It should be clear that when a predicate only has one clause, all of the logic coverage criteria collapse into the same criterion \u2013 predicate coverage. The primary complexity of applying logic coverage to programs has more to do with reachability than with the criteria. That is, a logic coverage criterion imposes test requirements that are related to specific decision points (statements) in the program. Getting values that satisfy those requirements is only part of the problem; getting to the statement is sometimes more difficult. Two issues are associated with getting there. The first is simply that of reachability from Chapter 1; the test case must include values to reach the statement. In small programs (that is, most methods) this problem is not hard, but when applied within the context of an entire arbitrarily large program, satisfying reachability can be enormously complex. The values that satisfy reachability are prefix values in the test case. The other part of \"getting there\" can be even harder. The test requirements are expressed in terms of program variables that may be defined locally to the unit or even the statement block being tested. Our test cases, on the other hand, can include values only for inputs to the program that we are testing. Therefore these internal variables have to be resolved to be in terms of the input variables. Although the values for the variables in the test requirements should ultimately be a function of the values of the input variables, this relationship may be arbitrarily complex. In fact, this internal variable problem is formally undecidable. Consider an internal variable X that is derived from a table lookup, where the index to the table is determined by a complex function whose inputs are program inputs. To choose a particular value for X, the tester has to work backward from the statement where the decision appears, to the table where X was chosen, to the function, and finally to an input that would cause the function to compute the desired value. If the function includes randomness or is time sensitive, or if the input cannot be controlled by the tester, it may be impossible to satisfy the test requirement with certainty. This controllability problem has been explored in depth in the automatic test data generation literature and will not be discussed in detail here, except to note that this problem is a major reason why the use of program-level logic coverage criteria is usually limited to unit and module testing activities. The example program in Figures 3.2 and 3.3 is used to illustrate logic coverage on programs.2 The program is a simple triangle classification program called TriTyp. This program (or more accurately, the algorithm) has been used as an example in\nLogic Coverage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\n\/\/ Jeff Offutt--Java version Feb 2003 \/\/ Classify triangles import java.io.*;\nclass trityp { private static String[] triTypes = { \"\", \/\/ Ignore 0. \"scalene\", \"isosceles\", \"equilateral\", \"not a valid triangle\"}; 9 private static String instructions = \"This is the ancient TriTyp program.\\nEnter three integers that represent the lengths of the sides of a triangle.\\nThe triangle will be categorized as either scalene, isosceles, equilateral\\n or invalid.\\n\"; 10 11 public static void main (String[] argv) 12 { \/\/ Driver program for trityp 13 int A, B, C; 14 int T; 15 16 System.out.println (instructions); 17 System.out.println (\"Enter side 1: \"); 18 A = getN(); 19 System.out.println (\"Enter side 2: \"); 20 B = getN(); 21 System.out.println (\"Enter side 3: \"); 22 C = getN(); 23 T = Triang (A, B, C); 24 25 System.out.println (\"Result is: \" + triTypes[T]); 26 } 27 28 \/\/ ==================================== 29 \/\/ The main triangle classification method 30 private static int Triang (int Side1, int Side2, int Side3) 31 { 32 int triOut; 33 34 \/\/ triOut is output from the routine: 35 \/\/ Triang = 1 if triangle is scalene 36 \/\/ Triang = 2 if triangle is isosceles 37 \/\/ Triang = 3 if triangle is equilateral 38 \/\/ Triang = 4 if not a triangle 39 40 \/\/ After a quick confirmation that it's a valid 41 \/\/ triangle, detect any sides of equal length 42 if (Side1 S3) && (S2+S3 > S1) && (S1+S3 > S2) 70: P1 && (triOut != 0) 72: P1 && (triOut != 0) && (triOut S3)\np74:\n(triOut == 2 \u2227 S1 + S3 > S2)\nClauses T F f f T F f f T F t T F t T F t\nf f T f f f T f t t F t t F t t F\nf f f T f f f T \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\n0 1 1 1 2 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 5\n(0, 0, 0) is the only test that has this problem.) Values to satisfy CACC are shown in Table 3.3.\n3.3.1 Predicate Transformation Issues ACC criteria are considered to be expensive for testers, and attempts have been made to reduce the cost. One approach is to rewrite the program to eliminate multiclause predicates, thus reducing the problem to branch testing. A conjecture is that the resulting tests will be equivalent to ACC. However, we explicitly advise against this approach for two reasons. One, the resulting rewritten program may have substantially more complicated control structure than the original (including repeated statements), thus endangering both reliability and maintainability. Second, as the following examples demonstrate, the transformed program may not require tests that are equivalent to the tests for ACC on the original program. Consider the following program segment, where a and b are arbitrary boolean clauses and S1 and S2 are arbitrary statements. S1 and S2 could be single statements, block statements, or function calls. if (a && b) S1; else S2;\nThe CACC criterion requires the test specifications (t, t), (t, f ), and ( f, t) for the predicate a \u2227 b. However, if the program segment is transformed into the following functionally equivalent structure:\nif (a) { if (b) S1; else S2; } else S2;\nthe predicate coverage criterion requires three tests: (t, t) to reach statement S1, (t, f ) to reach the first occurrence of statement S2, and either ( f, f ) or ( f, t) to reach the second occurrence of statement S2. Choosing (t, t), (t, f ), and ( f, f ) means that our tests do not satisfy CACC in that they do not allow a to determine fully the predicate's value. Moreover, the duplication of S2 in the above example has been taught to be poor programming for years, because of the potential for mistakes when duplicating code. A larger example reveals the flaw even more clearly. Consider the simple program segment if ((a && b) || c) S1; else S2;\nA straightforward rewrite of this program fragment to remove the multiclause predicate results in this complicated ugliness: if (a) if (b) if (c) S1; else S1; else if (c) S1; else S2; else if (b) if (c) S1;\nelse S2; else if (c) S1; else S2;\nThis fragment is cumbersome in the extreme, and likely to be error-prone. Applying the predicate coverage criterion to this would be equivalent to applying combinatorial coverage to the original predicate. A reasonably clever programmer (or good optimizing compiler) would simplify it as follows: if (a) if (b) S1; else if (c) S1; else S2; else if (c) S1; else S2;\nThis fragment is still much harder to understand than the original. Try to imagine a maintenance programmer trying to change this thing! The following table illustrates truth assignments that can be used to satisfy CACC for the original program segment and predicate testing for the modified version. An 'X' under CACC or predicate indicates that truth assignment is used to satisfy the criterion for the appropriate program fragment. Clearly, predicate coverage on an equivalent program is not the same as CACC testing on the original. Predicate coverage on this modified program does not subsume CACC, and CACC does not subsume predicate coverage. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\n((a \u2227 b) \u2228 c) T T T F T F T F\nCACC X X X\nPredicate X X X X\nEXERCISES Section 3.3. 1. Answer the following questions for the method checkIt() below: public static void checkIt (boolean a, boolean b, boolean c) { if (a && (b || c)) { System.out.println (\"P is true\"); } else { System.out.println (\"P isn't true\"); } }\nTransform checkIt() to checkItExpand(), a method where each if statement tests exactly one boolean variable. Instrument checkItExpand() to record which edges are traversed. (\"print\" statements are fine for this.) Derive a GACC test set T1 for checkIt(). Derive an edge coverage test set T2 for checkItExpand(). Build T2 so that it does not satisfy GACC on the predicate in checkIt(). Run both T1 and T2 on both checkIt() and checkItExpand(). 2. Answer the following questions for the method twoPred() below: public String twoPred (int x, int y) { boolean z; if (x < y) z = true; else z = false; if (z && x+y == 10) return \"A\"; else return \"B\"; }\nIdentify test inputs for twoPred() that achieve Restricted Active Clause Coverage (RACC).\nIdentify test inputs for twoPred() that achieve Restricted Inactive Clause Coverage (RICC). 3. Answer the following questions for the program fragments below:\nfragment P: if (A || B || C) { m(); } return;\nfragment Q: if (A) { m(); return; } if (B) { m(); return; } if (C) { m(); }\nGive a GACC test set for fragment P. (Note that GACC, CACC, and RACC yield identical test sets for this example.)\nDoes the GACC test set for fragment P satisfy edge coverage on fragment Q? Write down an edge coverage test set for fragment Q. Make your test set include as few tests from the GACC test set as possible. 4. (Challenging!) For the TriTyp program, complete the test sets for the following coverage criteria by filling in the \"don't care\" values, ensuring reachability, and deriving the expected output. Download the program, compile it, and run it with your resulting test cases to verify correct outputs. Predicate coverage (PC) Clause coverage (CC) Combinatorial coverage (CoC) Correlated active clause coverage (CACC) 5. Repeat the prior exercise, but for the TestPat program in Chapter 2. 6. Repeat the prior exercise, but for the Quadratic program in Chapter 2.\n3.4 SPECIFICATION-BASED LOGIC COVERAGE Software specifications, both formal and informal, appear in a variety of forms and languages. They almost invariably include logical expressions, allowing the logic coverage criteria to be applied. We start by looking at their application to simple preconditions on methods. Programmers often include preconditions as part of their methods. The preconditions are sometimes written as part of the design, and sometimes added later as documentation. Specification languages typically make preconditions explicit with the goal of analyzing the preconditions in the context of an invariant. A tester may consider developing the preconditions specifically as part of the testing process if preconditions do not exist. For a variety of reasons, including defensive programming and security, transforming preconditions into exceptions is common practice. In brief, preconditions are common and rich sources of predicates in specifications,\nCoverage Criteria public static int cal (int month1, int day1, int month2, int day2, int year) { \/\/*********************************************************** \/\/ Calculate the number of Days between the two given days in \/\/ the same year. \/\/ preconditions : day1 and day2 must be in same year \/\/ 1 minVal) \u2228 (A < minVal)) \u2227 (minVal = A) Finally, the first disjunct can be reduced to a simple inequality, resulting in the following contradiction: (A = minVal) \u2227 (minVal = A) The contradiction means that no values exist that can satisfy the conditions, thus the mutant is provably equivalent. In general, detecting equivalent mutants, just like detecting infeasible paths, is an undecidable problem. However, strategies\nsuch as algebraic manipulations and program slicing can detect some equivalent mutants. As a final example, consider the following method, with one mutant shown embedded in statement 4: 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9\nboolean isEven (int X) { if (X < 0) X = 0 - X; X = 0; if (float) (X\/2) == ((float) X) \/ 2.0 return (true); else return (false); }\nThe reachability condition for mutant 4 is (X < 0) and the infection condition is (X = 0). If the test case X = -6 is given, then the value of X after statement 4 is executed is 6 and the value of X after the mutated version of statement 4 is executed is 0. Thus, this test satisfies reachability and infection, and the mutant will be killed under the weak mutation criterion. However, 6 and 0 are both even, so the decision starting on statement 5 will return true for both the mutated and nonmutated versions. That is, propagation is not satisfied, so test case X = -6 will not kill the mutant under the strong mutation criterion. The propagation condition for this mutant is that the number be odd. Thus, to satisfy the strong mutation criterion, we require (X < 0) \u2227 (X = 0) \u2227 odd(X), which can be simplified to X is an odd, negative integer.\nTesting Programs with Mutation A test process gives a sequence of steps to follow to generate test cases. A single criterion may be used with many processes, and a test process may not even include a criterion. Choosing a test process for mutation is particularly difficult because mutation analysis is actually a way to measure the quality of the test cases and the actual testing of the software is a side effect. In practical terms, however, the software is tested, and tested well, or the test cases do not kill mutants. This point can best be understood by examining a typical mutation analysis process. Figure 5.2 shows how mutation testing can be applied. The tester submits the program under test to an automated system, which starts by creating mutants. Optionally, those mutants are then analyzed by a heuristic that detects and eliminates as many equivalent mutants as possible.2 A set of test cases is then generated automatically and executed first against the original program, and then the mutants. If the output of a mutant program differs from the original (correct) output, the mutant is marked as being dead and is considered to have been strongly killed by that test case. Dead mutants are not executed against subsequent test cases. Test cases that do not strongly kill at least one mutant are considered to be \"ineffective\" and eliminated, even though such test cases may weakly kill one or more mutants. This\nSyntax-Based Testing\nProg P\nInput test program\nCreate mutants\nRun equivalence heuristic\nGenerate test cases\nDefine threshold No\nThreshold reached ?\nFix P\nP (T) correct ?\nRun T on P\nRun T on mutants: schema-based weak selective\nEliminate ineffective TCs\nFigure 5.2. Mutation testing process. Bold boxes represent steps that are automated; other boxes represent manual steps.\nis because the requirement stated above requires the output (and not the internal state) to be different. Once all test cases have been executed, coverage is computed as a mutation score. The mutation score is the ratio of dead mutants over the total number of non-equivalent mutants. If the mutation score reaches 1.00, that means all mutants have been detected. A test set that kills all the mutants is said to be adequate relative to the mutants. A mutation score of 1.00 is usually impractical, so the tester defines a \"threshold\" value, which is a minimum acceptable mutation score. If the threshold has not been reached, then the process is repeated, each time generating test cases to target live mutants, until the threshold mutation score is reached. Up to this point, the process has been entirely automatic. To finish testing, the tester will examine expected output of the effective test cases, and fix the program if any faults are found. This leads to the fundamental premise of mutation testing: In practice, if the software contains a fault, there will usually be a set of mutants that can only be killed by a test case that also detects that fault.\nDesigning Mutation Operators Mutation operators must be chosen for each language and although they overlap quite a bit, some differences are particular to the language, often depending on the language features. Researchers have designed mutation operators for various programming languages, including Fortran IV, COBOL, Fortran 77, C, C integration testing, Lisp, Ada, Java, and Java class relationships. Researchers have also designed Mutation operators for the formal specification language SMV (discussed in Section 5.4.2), and for XML messages (discussed in Section 5.5.2). As a field, we have learned a lot about designing mutation operators over the years. Detailed lists of mutation operators for various languages are provided in\nthe literature, as referenced in the bibliographic notes for this chapter. Mutation operators are generally designed either to mimic typical programmer mistakes, or to encourage testers to follow common testing heuristics. Operators that change relational operators or variable references are examples of operators that mimic typical programmer mistakes. The failOnZero() operator used in Figure 5.1 is an example of the latter design; the tester is encouraged to follow the common testing heuristic of \"causing each expression to become zero.\" When first designing mutation operators for a new language, it is reasonable to be \"inclusive,\" that is, include as many operators as possible. However, this often results in a large number of mutation operators, and an even larger number of mutants. Researchers have devoted a lot of effort to trying to find ways to use fewer mutants and mutation operators. The two most common ways to have fewer mutants are (1) to randomly sample from the total number of mutants, and (2) to use mutation operators that are particularly effective. The term selective mutation has been used to describe the strategy of using only mutation operators that are particularly effective. Effectiveness has been evaluated as follows: if tests that are created specifically to kill mutants created by mutation operator oi also kill mutants created by mutation operator o j with very high probability, then mutation operator oi is more effective than o j . This notion can be extended to consider a collection of effective mutation operators as follows: Definition 5.51 Effective Mutation Operators: If tests that are created specifically to kill mutants created by a collection of mutation operators O = {o1 , o2 , . . .} also kill mutants created by all remaining mutation operators with very high probability, then O defines an effective set of mutation operators. Researchers have concluded that a collection of mutation operators that insert unary operators and that modify unary and binary operators will be effective. The actual research was done with Fortran 77 (the Mothra system), but the results are adapted to Java in this chapter. Corresponding operators can be defined for other languages. The operators defined below are used throughout the remainder of this chapter as the defining set of program-level mutation operators. 1. ABS \u2013 Absolute Value Insertion: Each arithmetic expression (and subexpression) is modified by the functions abs(), negAbs(), and failOnZero(). abs() returns the absolute value of the expression and negAbs() returns the negative of the absolute value. failOnZero() tests whether the value of the expression is zero. If it is, the mutant is killed; otherwise, execution continues and the value of the expression is returned. This operator is designed specifically to force the tester to cause each numeric expression to have the value 0, a negative value, and a positive value. For example, the statement \"x = 3 * a;\" is mutated to create the following three statements: x = 3 * abs (a); x = 3 * - abs (a); x = 3 * failOnZero (a);\n2. AOR \u2013 Arithmetic Operator Replacement: Each occurrence of one of the arithmetic operators +, \u2212, \u2217, \/, \u2217\u2217, and % is replaced by each of the other operators. In addition, each is replaced by the special mutation operators leftOp, rightOp, and mod. leftOp returns the left operand (the right is ignored), rightOp returns the right operand, and mod computes the remainder when the left operand is divided by the right. For example, the statement \"x = a + b;\" is mutated to create the following seven statements: x = a - b; x = a * b; x = a \/ b; x = a ** b; x = a; x = b; x = a % b; 3. ROR \u2013 Relational Operator Replacement: Each occurrence of one of the relational operators (, \u2265, =, =) is replaced by each of the other operators and by falseOp and trueOp. falseOp always returns false and trueOp always returns true. For example, the statement \"if (m > n)\" is mutated to create the following seven statements: if (m >= n) if (m < n) if (m >> is replaced by each of the other operators. In addition, each is replaced by the special mutation operator leftOp. leftOp returns the left operand unshifted. For example, the statement \"x = m > a; x = m >>> a; x = m; 6. LOR \u2013 Logical Operator Replacement: Each occurrence of each bitwise logical operator (bitwise and (&), bitwise or (|), and exclusive or (\u02c6)) is replaced by each of the other operators; in addition, each is replaced by leftOp and rightOp. leftOp returns the left operand (the right is ignored) and rightOp returns the right operand. For example, the statement \"x = m & n;\" is mutated to create the following four statements: x = m | n; x = m \u02c6 n; x = m; x = n; 7. ASR \u2013 Assignment Operator Replacement: Each occurrence of one of the assignment operators (+=, -=, *=, \/=, %=, &=, |=, \u02c6=, =, >>>=) is replaced by each of the other operators. For example, the statement \"x += 3;\" is mutated to create the following ten statements: x -= 3; x *= 3; x \/= 3; x %= 3; x &= 3; x |= 3; x \u02c6= 3; x = 3; x >>>= 3;\n8. UOI \u2013 Unary Operator Insertion: Each unary operator (arithmetic +, arithmetic \u2212, conditional !, logical \u223c) is inserted before each expression of the correct type. For example, the statement \"x = 3 * a;\" is mutated to create the following four statements: x = 3 * +a; x = 3 * -a; x = +3 * a; x = -3 * a; 9. UOD \u2013 Unary Operator Deletion: Each unary operator (arithmetic +, arithmetic \u2212, conditional !, logical \u223c) is deleted. For example, the statement \"if !(a > -b)\" is mutated to create the following two statements: if (a > -b) if !(a > b) Two other operators that are useful in examples are scalar variable replacement and the \"bomb\" operator. Scalar variable replacement results in a lot of mutants (V 2 if V is the number of variables), and it turns out that it is not necessary given the above operators. It is included here as a convenience for examples. The bomb operator results in only one mutant per statement, but it is also not necessary given the above operators. 10. SVR \u2013 Scalar Variable Replacement: Each variable reference is replaced by every other variable of the appropriate type that is declared in the current scope. For example, the statement \"x = a * b;\" is mutated to create the following six statements: x = a * a; a = a * b; x = x * b; x = a * x; x = b * b; b = a * b; 11. BSR\u2014Bomb Statement Replacement: Each statement is replaced by a special Bomb() function. Bomb() signals a failure as soon as it is executed, thus requiring the tester to reach each statement. For example, the statement \"x = a * b;\" is mutated to create the following statement: Bomb();\nSubsumption of Other Test Criteria (Advanced Topic) Mutation is widely considered the strongest test criterion in terms of finding the most faults. It is also the most expensive. This section shows that mutation subsumes a number of other coverage criteria. The proofs are developed by showing that specific mutation operators impose requirements that are identical to a specific coverage criterion. For each specific requirement defined by a criterion, a single mutant is created that can be killed only by test cases that satisfy the requirement. Therefore, the coverage criterion is satisfied if and only if the mutants associated with the requirements for the criterion are killed. In this case, the mutation operators that ensure coverage of a criterion are said to yield the criterion. If a criterion is yielded by one or more mutation operators, then mutation testing subsumes the criterion. Although mutation operators vary by language and mutation analysis tool, this section uses common operators that are used in most implementations. It is also possible to design mutation operators to force mutation to subsume other testing criteria. Further details are given in the bibliographic notes. This type of proof has one subtle problem. The condition coverage criteria impose only a local requirement; for example, edge coverage requires that each branch in the program be executed. Mutation, on the other hand, imposes global requirements in addition to local requirements. That is, mutation also requires that the mutant program produce incorrect output. For edge coverage, some specific mutants can be killed only if each branch is executed and the final output of the mutant is incorrect. On the one hand, this means that mutation imposes stronger requirements than the condition coverage criteria. On the other hand, and somewhat perversely, this also means that sometimes a test set that satisfies a coverage criteria will not kill all the associated mutants. Thus, mutation as defined earlier will not strictly subsume the condition coverage criteria. This problem is solved by basing the subsumptions on weak mutation. In terms of subsuming other coverage criteria, weak mutation only imposes the local requirements. In weak mutation, mutants that are not equivalent at the infection stage but are equivalent at the propagation stage (that is, an incorrect state is masked or repaired) are left in the set of test cases, so that edge coverage is subsumed. It is precisely the fact that such test cases are removed that strong mutation does not subsume edge coverage. Thus, this section shows that the coverage criteria are subsumed by weak mutation, not strong mutation. Subsumption is shown for graph coverage criteria from Chapter 2 and logic coverage criteria from Chapter 3. Some mutation operators only make sense for program source statements whereas others can apply to arbitrary structures such as logical expressions. For example, one common mutation operator is to replace statements with \"bombs\" that immediately cause the program to terminate execution or raise an exception. This mutation can only be defined for program statements. Another common mutation operator is to replace relational operators (, etc.) with other relational operators (the ROR operator). This kind of relational operator replacement can be applied to any logical expression, including guards FSMs. Node coverage requires each statement or basic block in the program to be executed. The mutation operator that replaces statements with \"bombs\" yields node coverage. To kill these mutants, we are required to find test cases that reach each\na\u2227b true \u2227 b false \u2227 b a \u2227 true a \u2227 false\n(T T) T T F T F\n(T F) F F F T F\n(F T) F T F F F\n(F F) F F F F F\nFigure 5.3. Partial truth table for (a \u2227 b).\nbasic block. Since this is exactly the requirement of node coverage, this operator yields node coverage and mutation subsumes node coverage. Edge coverage requires each edge in the control flow graph to be executed. A common mutation operator is to replace each predicate with both true and false (the ROR operator). To kill the true mutant, a test case must take the false branch, and to kill the false mutant, a test case must take the true branch. This operator forces each branch in the program to be executed, and thus it yields edge coverage and mutation subsumes edge coverage. Clause coverage requires each clause to become both true and false. The ROR, COR, and LOR mutation operators will together replace each clause in each predicate with both true and false. To kill the true mutant, a test case must cause the clause (and also the full predicate) to be false, and to kill the false mutant, a test case must cause the clause (and also the full predicate) to be true. This is exactly the requirement for clause coverage. A simple way to illustrate this is with a modified form of a truth table. Consider a predicate that has two clauses connected by an AND. Assume the predicate is (a \u2227 b), where a and b are arbitrary boolean-valued clauses. The partial truth table in Figure 5.3 shows (a \u2227 b) on the top line with the resulting value for each of the four combinations of values for a and b. Below the line are four mutations that replace each of a and b with true and false. To kill the mutants, the tester must choose an input (one of the four truth assignments on top of the table) that causes a result that is different from that of the original predicate. Consider mutant 1, tr ue \u2227 b. Mutant 1 has the same result as the original clause for three of the four truth assignments. Thus, to kill that mutant, the tester must use a test case input value that causes the truth assignment (F T), as shown in the box. Likewise, mutant 3, a \u2227 tr ue, can be killed only if the truth assignment (T F) is used. Thus, mutants 1 and 3 are killed if and only if clause coverage is satisfied, and the mutation operator yields clause coverage for this case. Note that mutants 2 and 4 are not needed to subsume clause coverage. Although the proof technique of showing that mutation operators yield clause coverage on a case-by-case basis with the logical operators is straightforward and relatively easy to grasp, it is clumsy. More generally, assume a predicate p and a clause a, and the clause coverage requirements to test p(a), which says that a must evaluate to both true and false. Consider the mutation p(a \u2192 true) (that is, the predicate where a is replaced by true). The only way to satisfy the infection condition for this mutant (and thus kill it) is to find a test case that causes a to take on the value of false. Likewise, the mutation p(a \u2192 false) can be killed only by a test case that\ncauses a to take on the value of true. Thus, in the general case, the mutation operator that replaces clauses with true and false yield clause coverage and is subsumed by mutation. Combinatorial coverage requires that the clauses in a predicate evaluate to each possible combination of truth values. In the general case combinatorial coverage has 2 N requirements for a predicate with N clauses. Since no single or combination of mutation operators produces 2 N mutants, it is easy to see that mutation cannot subsume COC. Active clause coverage requires that each clause c in a predicate p evaluates to true and false and determines the value of p. The first version in Chapter 3, general active clause coverage allows the values for other clauses in p to have different values when c is true and c is false. It is simple to show that mutation subsumes general active clause coverage; in fact, we already have. To kill the mutant p(a \u2192 true), we must satisfy the infection condition by causing p(a \u2192 true) to have a different value from p(a), that is, a must determine p. Likewise, to kill p(a \u2192 false), p(a \u2192 false) must have a different result from p(a), that is, a must determine p. Since this is exactly the requirement of GACC, this operator yields node coverage and mutation subsumes general active clause coverage. Note that this is only true if the incorrect value in the mutated program propagates to the end of the expression, which is one interpretation of weak mutation. Neither correlated active clause coverage nor restricted active clause coverage are subsumed by mutation operators. The reason is that both CACC and RACC require pairs of tests to have certain properties. In the case of CACC, the property is that the predicate outcome be different on the two tests associated with a particular clause. In the case of RACC, the property is that the minor clauses have exactly the same values on the two tests associated with a particular clause. Since each mutant is killed (or not) by a single test case, (as opposed to a pair of test cases), mutation analysis, at least as traditionally defined, cannot subsume criteria that impose relationships between pairs of test cases. Researchers have not determined whether mutation subsumes the inactive clause coverage criteria. All-defs data flow coverage requires that each definition of a variable reach at least one use. That is, for each definition of a variable X on node n, there must be a definition-clear subpath for X from n to a node or an edge with a use of X. The argument for subsumption is a little complicated for All-defs, and unlike the other arguments, All-defs requires that strong mutation be used. A common mutation operator is to delete statements with the goal of forcing each statement in the program to make an impact on the output.3 To show subsumption of All-defs, we restrict our attention to statements that contain variable definitions. Assume that the statement si contains a definition of a variable x, and mi is the mutant that deletes si ( si \u2192 null). To kill mi under strong mutation, a test case t must (1) cause the mutated statement to be reached (reachability), (2) cause the execution state of the program after execution of si to be incorrect (infection), and (3) cause the final output of the program to be incorrect (propagation). Any test case that reaches si will cause an incorrect execution state, because the mutated version of si will not assign a value to x. For the final output of the mutant to be incorrect, two cases occur. First, if x is an output variable, t must have caused\nan execution of a subpath from the deleted definition of x to the output without an intervening definition (def-clear). Since the output is considered a use, this satisfies the criterion. Second, if x is not an output variable, then not defining x at si must result in an incorrect output state. This is possible only if x is used at some later point during execution without being redefined. Thus, t satisfies the all-defs criterion for the definition of x at si , and the mutation operator yields all-defs, ensuring that mutation subsumes all-defs. It is possible to design a mutation operator specifically to subsume all-uses, but such an operator has never been published or used in any tool.\nEXERCISES Section 5.2. 1. Provide reachability conditions, infection conditions, propagation conditions, and test case values to kill mutants 2, 4, 5, and 6 in Figure 5.1. 2. Answer questions (a) through (d) for the mutant in the two methods, findVal() and sum(). (a) If possible, find a test input that does not reach the mutant. (b) If possible, find a test input that satisfies reachability but not infection for the mutant. (c) If possible, find a test input that satisfies infection, but not propagation for the mutant. (d) If possible, find a test input that kills mutant m. \/\/Effects: If numbers null throw NullPointerException \/\/ else return LAST occurrence of val in numbers[] \/\/ If val not in numbers[] return -1 1. public static int findVal(int numbers[], int val) 2. { 3. int findVal = -1; 4. 5. for (int i=0; i\nReport \"Introduction to Software Testing\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Is It Too Late for Sustainability? Not if We Follow This Prescription\n\u00a9. Tim Crocker via RIBA\/ Passivhaus townhouses in Goldsmith Street\nPeter Rickaby says he has \"never been more optimistic about the possibility of change,\" but it will require some radical action.\nA lot of people (including me) talk about the IPCC target, how we have ten years to cut our greenhouse gas output almost in half if we are going have a chance at holding the global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees. But I am not sure it is the best way to look at it:\nWhat we have is a carbon budget \u2013 420 gigatonnes when the IPCC did the calculation in 2018, and now down to 332 gigatonnes, according to the Mercator Research Institute Carbon Clock as I write. Every kilogram we emit right now comes off that budget right now, not in 2030.\nGeorge Monbiot gets this, and notes in a recent post that targets are counterproductive; we wrote about this too: \"It's not just the target that's wrong, but the very notion of setting targets in an emergency.\"\nSlide 1 in my lecture at Ryerson University last week\/ Lloyd Alter\/CC BY 2.0\nThis is a theme that I have been discussing in my teaching at Ryerson University, where I stress that designers in particular have to be dealing with this right now. It's why in my first lecture, on Radical Efficiency, I concluded that Passivhaus or Passive House was the minimum standard of energy efficiency that anyone should accept \u2013 hard limits that get verified right now. It's why I have no time for architects who sign up for Architects Declare and then design giant glass, steel and concrete towers now that will just be completed in 2030. That's why I get more pessimistic with each passing day.\nPublic Domain. Wikimedia\nWikimedia\/Public Domain\nConsultant Peter Rickaby says he is optimistic in Passivehouse Plus magazine. He writes that \"the global campaign of young people led by Greta Thunberg, the response to David Attenborough's documentaries, and popular support for Extinction Rebellion are encouraging and inspiring.\" In particular, he is impressed by the take-up (in Europe, anyway) of the Passivhaus standard, suggesting that it's \"evidence that building and housing professionals are taking sustainability seriously.\"\nBut then he continues with his to-do list:\nThe change required is so far-reaching that it is hard to grasp and can only be sketched out here. We must stop expanding airports. We must stop building city-centre office blocks with huge journey-to-work footprints in the transport sector, and instead re-think working practices using the internet. We must stop building shopping centres surrounded by carparks and continue to re-think retailing around online shopping and efficient delivery.\nI might argue that we should re-think retailing around restoring our main or high streets, but OK, Rickaby continues noting that we need to \"co-locate homes and workplaces, schools and recreation within walking distances of each other and on public transport routes.\" We have to make our buildings healthier and more energy efficient (which is why we promote Passivhaus) and eliminate dependence on fossil fuels (which is why we call for Radical Decarbonization and electrifying everything).\nHere I would add that we have to stop building single family houses; we need the kinds of densities that can support businesses that you can walk or bike to, that can support transit, and where kids can walk to school. And here is my favorite:\nWe must stop using concrete, bricks, steel and excessive amounts of glass because they are the most energy intensive building materials imaginable. We must turn most buildings into exporters of energy, to compensate for the protected buildings whose energy demand will be difficult to eliminate without damaging our architectural heritage. We must adopt a whole-life approach to energy use and emissions. We must re-use old buildings or recycle the materials and products from which they are made, and we must design new buildings for easy re-use and\/or recycling.\nOne could write a whole essay just about this paragraph, about the idea that new buildings compensate for older, existing buildings. This is an idea that I have not heard before but makes a lot of sense.\nReading all of this, I do find it hard to believe that Rickaby is truly an optimist, concluding that \"we may already have left it too late, but I suspect that if we fail to rise to the challenge this time our children will not forgive us.\"\nActually, Peter Rickaby has issued a wakeup call, to which I say again that we have a clock ticking down to when our carbon bucket is full, and that we have to start all of the above right now. Which is why I remain a pessimist.\nArchitects Climate Action Network Calls For Radical Change in Design Education\nForget 2030 or Targets; We Need to Reduce Our Carbon Emissions Right Now\nWhy Do We Make Everything So Complicated? We Need Radical Simplicity Right Now.\nHow Our Thinking Changed in 2019: Upfront Carbon Emissions\nFive, Just Five, Solutions to Roll Back Greenhouse Gas Emissions.\nHigh Fiber Diets Are Good for Buildings, Too\nWhat Happens When You Plan or Design With Upfront Carbon Emissions in Mind?\nWhat Is Sustainable Design? A Look at How Australian Architect Andrew Maynard Does It\nWhat's the Difference Between Green and Greener?\nThe Rise of Tall Wood\nHow Plastics Add to the Climate Crisis\nAn Interview With Bob Perkowitz\nRIBA Guide Outlines Radical Plan for a Sustainable Future\nHow to Design a Truly Sustainable Office Building\nWhy We Need Sufficiency First\nHere's a Good Analogy for the Carbon Budget Problem","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home Practice areas Corporate Tax Laws and Regulations 2021 USA\nCorporate Tax Laws and Regulations 2021 | USA\nOverview of corporate tax work over the last year\nKey developments affecting corporate tax law and practice\nDevelopments affecting attractiveness of the United States for holding companies\n2021 continued to present pandemic-related challenges as well as new opportunities driven by the \"light at the end of the tunnel\" sentiment resulting from approval and successful deployment of vaccines in the developed world. Incentives introduced as part of COVID relief policies, legacy issues stemming from the 2017 tax reform (the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or TCJA), an increasingly remote and domestically mobile workforce, as well as a significant shift in U.S. government policies, shaped the corporate tax trends in 2021.\nTypes of corporate tax work\nMuch of the 2020\u201321 corporate tax work focused on implementation of tax changes passed as part of the TCJA and the 2019 COVID economic stimulus package (the CARES Act) in addition to trying to predict when the new administration would push forward its tax reform proposals. In late 2020, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) announced that it had completed work on material guidance needed to implement the TCJA. However, many uncertainties remain, including around use of valuable corporate tax attributes such as net operating losses, foreign tax credits and previously taxed income. With the U.S. government increasing tax compliance enforcement and planning to raise the corporate income tax rate from 21% to upwards of 28%, we anticipate continued pressure on optimising the use of tax attributes and deductions to manage the effective tax rate impact on corporate P&Ls.\nThe dominant role of e-commerce during the pandemic resulted in tax planning and tax controversy with transfer pricing, income sourcing and the nature of intercompany transactions dominating workstreams and the court dockets.\nPlanning to reduce worldwide cash taxes through utilisation of existing tax attributes and deductions remained popular while large internal restructuring projects remained mostly in the feasibility phase due to uncertainty brought upon by pending tax reform in the U.S. as well as globally.\nSignificant deals and themes\nU.S. initial public offerings (IPOs) and deal markets remained strong despite the pandemic. Nasdaq had 395 IPOs in the first half of the year that raised a total of $103 billion \u2013 the highest amount of proceeds raised on record.1 Of the 395 listings during the first half of the year, 160 were operating companies, representing a 78% win rate in the U.S. market, with healthcare and technology industries leading the charge in 2021.2\nNasdaq held the largest direct listing among all exchanges, welcoming Coinbase (COIN) with $65 billion in market cap.3\nWe saw a record number of IPOs from Special Purpose Acquisition Companies (SPACs). According to SPAC Alpha,4 270 SPAC IPOs were completed by December 2020. This trend continued in 2021, with 300 SPACs raising nearly $90 billion in the first three months of 2021.5\nBoth direct listings and SPACs were attractive to sponsors, founders and early-stage investors as they allow selling shares immediately without the usual post-IPO lock-up period that limits the initial supply of shares and facilitates a quicker cash exit, if desired.\nA significant increase in SPAC IPOs attracted the attention of U.S. regulators. On April 12, 2021, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a staff statement involving warrants issued by a SPAC.6 As a result, most of the existing warrant agreements may require changes to continue to be treated as equity for financial statement purposes. It is uncertain to what extent this development will slow down the market, but it will make the deal valuation process more intricate and subject to regulatory and accounting challenges.\nSPAC warrants also present tax challenges from a U.S. corporate tax perspective. A SPAC set up as a foreign corporation is generally treated as a passive foreign investment company (PFIC) for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Direct and indirect investments in PFICs may result in a higher effective U.S. tax rate for U.S. shareholders as well as onerous compliance requirements for both the SPAC and its investors.\nAs the world recovers from the pandemic, we anticipate the SPAC trend to spread globally, even if cooling off somewhat in the U.S., while the market watches existing SPACs find targets and deploy their capital in 2021\u201322.\nThe private equity market remained intensely competitive, with many firms struggling to deploy capital at projected rates and facing competition from strategic corporate buyers, especially in the high-tech and biotech sectors. Many strategic acquisitions were driven by digital transformation and innovation needs. We anticipate this trend to continue throughout 2021 and 2022.\nCredit, distressed debt and asset securitisation activities continued at a brisk pace with many traditional private equity and hedge fund investors deploying their capital in these alternative strategies to generate higher fixed income returns in a low-interest rate environment. Relaxation of certain regulatory restrictions for these transactions made it easier to attract global institutional capital.\nU.S. real estate transactions focused on residential real estate, infrastructure and opportunity zone investing. The remote work and business environment accelerated migration to low- or no-income tax states, causing real estate acquisition sprees in Florida, Texas, Colorado and other similarly situated states.\nWe expect that the evolution in U.S. climate change policies will stimulate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. On June 14, 2021, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the ESG Disclosure Simplification Act (the ESG Act). The ESG Act mandates that the SEC: (a) require each issuer, in any filing of the issuer that requires audited financial statements, to disclose ESG metrics; and (b) define ESG metrics. Assuming the ESG Act is passed into law and the SEC swiftly issues further regulatory guidance, the U.S. market will become much more attractive to foreign ESG investors. The extension of current and the introduction of new tax credits for ESG-driven investments and activities will continue to positively impact shareholder return on investment.\nDespite fast-paced innovation in the blockchain and crypto space, the U.S. market continues to face uncertainty given the lack of tax guidance from the IRS as well as lack of guidance from the SEC on the nature of crypto assets (i.e., security vs commodity vs other property). It is clear at this point that the U.S. government will not recognise crypto as currency, but it will be helpful if the SEC could come to a conclusion as to whether it should be treated as a \"security\", \"commodity\" or \"other property\" for regulatory purposes. The U.S. courts currently treat crypto assets as a commodity. Despite these uncertainties and extreme volatility, crypto assets remain popular with investors and we anticipate further growth and innovation to drive the crypto industry through the ups and downs of 2021.\nThe past 12 months have been eventful for the U.S. tax practice, especially with the change in administration and policy objectives. The Biden administration's tax policies spearheaded by U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen focus on global cooperation to stop the \"tax rate race to the bottom\" and implement a minimum tax on large multinational corporations. On July 1, 2021, 130 countries agreed to a U.S.-backed plan to impose a 15% global minimum tax on corporations as part of the broader agreement to overhaul international tax rules.7\nWe expect a significant overhaul of the U.S. cross-border tax framework over the next few years. We also expect more aggressive enforcement by the tax authorities and more high-profile tax litigation.\nOur summary below focuses primarily on legislative changes, case law and policy developments affecting multinational corporate groups and foreign investors in the U.S. markets.\nU.S. tax reform proposals\nOn May 28, 2021, the Biden administration released the Fiscal Year 2022 Budget and the \"General Explanations of the Administration's Fiscal Year 2022 Revenue Proposals\", also known as the \"Green Book\". The Green Book proposed to increase the corporate tax rate from 21% to 28%. It also proposes to impose a 15% minimum tax on the book earnings of large corporations and a significant overhaul of the international tax provisions introduced by the TCJA, including global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI), base erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT), foreign-derived intangible income (FDII) and tightening of the so-called corporate inversion provisions.\nThe Disclosure of Tax Havens and Offshoring Act (DTHOA), passed on June 16, 2021, as part of the larger Corporate Governance Improvement and Investor Protection Act, will direct the SEC to mandate public disclosure of country-by-country financial reports by large corporations. These reports would include basic information from a corporation on each of its subsidiaries, and country-by-country financial information that aggregates all subsidiaries in each country \u2013 including profits, taxes, employees, and tangible assets. It is expected that these rules will be aligned with the country-by-country reporting (CBCR) rules currently in place for companies with annual financial statement revenues in excess of $850 million. The key difference being that the CBCR disclosures are currently published by the IRS on an aggregate basis only, whereas reporting under DTHOA will be available on a company-by-company basis via disclosures filed with the SEC and available in the public domain.\nSelected tax cases affecting U.S. and foreign multinationals\nAdams Challenge (UK) Ltd. vs Commissioner, 154 T.C. 37 (2020)\nAdams Challenge, a UK corporation, did not file a federal income tax return for 2009 or 2010. In 2014, the IRS concluded that Adams Challenge was engaged in a U.S. trade or business and prepared and subscribed returns for the company for those years under Internal Revenue Code (Code) section 6020(b). Shortly thereafter, the IRS issued Adams Challenge a notice of deficiency determining (among other things) that pursuant to Code section 882(c), the company was entitled to no deductions or credits for 2009 or 2010 because it had failed to file returns. In 2015, Adams Challenge petitioned the Tax Court for a redetermination, claiming the regulation that contains the timely filing requirement was invalid. In 2017, Adams Challenge submitted protective returns for 2009 and 2010 and thereafter filed a motion for partial summary judgment, challenging the disallowance of deductions and credits. The company also claimed that the IRS's actions violated the business profits and the non-discrimination articles of the bilateral income tax treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom.\nThe Tax Court held that Adams Challenge was not entitled to the benefit of deductions or credits because it did not submit \"returns\" for 2009 and 2010 until after the IRS had prepared and subscribed returns for it. The Tax Court did not address the validity of the regulations because here Adams Challenge never filed tax returns; they were filed by the IRS. Thus, under the plain language of the statute, Adams Challenge was not allowed deductions and credits.\nThe Tax Court further held that the IRS's interpretation of Code section 882(c)(2) does not violate either the business profits article or the non-discrimination article of the US-UK tax treaty. In general, U.S. courts tend to interpret treaty non-discrimination provisions more narrowly than their EU counterparts.\nThe Adams Challenge case serves as a reminder of the severe punishment that a foreign corporation faces when it fails to file a U.S. federal income tax return when one is required. As noted above, it is not always clear whether a foreign corporation has a U.S. trade or business. In those cases of uncertainty, a foreign corporation can file a protective tax return to avoid the cruel result of paying U.S. tax on gross income if the IRS applies Code section 882(c)(2) to deny deductions and credits because no tax return was originally filed. When faced with paying U.S. tax on gross income, a foreign corporation does not want its only options to be arguing that the regulation is invalid or trying to get a waiver from the IRS.\nTransfer pricing cases\nFacebook is litigating a $9 billion tax assessment related to Facebook's transfer pricing allocation to its Irish subsidiary. Facebook has since quietly moved its Irish intellectual property back to the United States8 and closed its Irish divisions. It also shifted the responsibility for all users outside the U.S., Canada and the EU from its international HQ in Ireland to its main offices in California shortly before the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into force in Europe on May 25, 2018. It is not clear how much tax considerations played into these decisions.\nIn November 2020, Coca-Cola lost a Tax Court case to the IRS. The case focused on the appropriate benchmarking method for intercompany profits. Coca-Cola argued that its foreign supply points owned valuable intangibles and therefore deserved to be compensated at a higher rate. The Tax Court sided with the IRS, pointing out the lack of documentation for intercompany transactions and, as a result, lack of contractual rights to intangibles held by Coca-Cola's foreign locations. Although Coca-Cola has somewhat unique facts (e.g., the fact that its secret beverage formula is stored in a vault in Atlanta), this case is a stern reminder that even the best-constructed legal argument is not a substitute for contemporaneous and accurate documentation of intercompany transactions. It is also a reminder that one's transfer pricing analysis needs to be refreshed periodically and that the IRS will not necessarily accept the same methodology it has accepted in the past as part of a closing agreement.\nU.S. state tax developments\nOn June 29, 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court denied New Hampshire's bid to strike down as unconstitutional the Massachusetts regulation9 that governs personal income taxation for non-residents who have been telecommuting since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.10 While easing the tax compliance burdens for some employers, the Massachusetts regulation imposes Massachusetts personal income tax on New Hampshire residents who began working remotely from home for Massachusetts-based employers, despite not having set foot in Massachusetts since the start of the pandemic. The central issue in the case, according to New Hampshire, would have been whether \"Massachusetts may tax New Hampshire residents for work performed entirely within New Hampshire simply because those individuals once commuted to Massachusetts for work\". The case was closely watched by all U.S. states as similar issues arose in other instances where individuals telecommute from lower- or no-income states to their jobs with physical offices based in Massachusetts, California, New York and other high-tax states that have adopted or will adopt regulations similar to Massachusetts. Corporate employers will likely continue to rely on applicable payroll withholding regulations issued in the state where their physical offices are located and to which employees are assigned or consider radically changing their office assignment policy for fully or partially remote employees post-2021.\nThe rise of a remote workforce and the exponential growth of the digital economy will further complicate sourcing and transfer pricing disputes across U.S. states as well as where goods and services are provided to customers outside of the United States. For example, corporate taxpayers claiming export VAT exemption for services provided for consumption outside of the EU should be aware of the possibility that U.S. states may raise a claim to tax income earned on services provided to customers located in the United States. Similarly, taxpayers claiming apportionment to foreign jurisdictions for sales tax purposes need to be careful about not jeopardising their VAT exemptions. Furthermore, the states' tax authorities may review global transfer pricing documentation prepared by large multinationals to support their federal income tax positions and capitalise on any inconsistencies between the global allocation and apportionment of income and expenses and a multinational's state sourcing methodology.\nNew regulations and guidance issued by the U.S. tax authorities\n2020 was a year of intense regulatory activity by the U.S. Treasury and the IRS. The outgoing administration made issuance of timely published guidance under the TCJA its priority for the past three years. By December 31, 2020, the Treasury and the IRS issued approximately 59 final regulations, 42 Revenue Procedures, 59 Notices, and other guidance. Among critical corporate tax guidance published between June 30, 2020 and June 30, 2021 were the following:\nTemporary and proposed regulations interpreting new consolidated net loss provisions under section 1502. These rules respond to the enactment of section 2303 of the CARES Act discussed in the 2020 edition of GLI \u2013 Corporate Tax, which retroactively extends the carryback period under Code section 172 for taxable years beginning after 2017 and before 2021, and affects corporations filing consolidated returns. The rules permit consolidated groups that acquire new members that were members of another consolidated group to elect in a year subsequent to the year of acquisition to waive all or part of the pre-acquisition portion of an extended carryback period under Code section 172 for certain losses attributable to the acquired members where there is a retroactive statutory extension of the net operating loss carryback period under section 172.\nFinal and proposed regulations under GILTI and subpart F income provisions of the Code regarding income subject to a high rate of foreign tax. The regulations provide detailed technical guidance and clarify reporting requirements for U.S. shareholders of foreign corporations. This guidance relates to changes made by the TCJA, which was enacted on December 22, 2017.\nFinal and proposed regulations and related IRS guidance addressing limitation on deduction for business interest expense. The regulations provide guidance to taxpayers on how to calculate the limitation, what constitutes interest for purposes of the limitation, which taxpayers and trades or businesses are subject to the limitation, and how the limitation applies in a consolidated group, partnership, international, and other contexts. Proposed regulations specifically address application of the limitation in contexts involving pass-through entities, U.S. shareholders of controlled foreign corporations, and foreign persons with effectively connected income in the United States. The regulations also provide guidance regarding the definitions of real property development, real property redevelopment, and syndicate. The regulations affect taxpayers that have business interest expense, particularly pass-through entities, their partners and shareholders, and foreign corporations and their U.S. shareholders.\nFinal and proposed regulations concerning ownership attribution under Code section 958, including for purposes of determining status as a controlled foreign corporation or U.S. shareholder. This guidance finalised the proposed regulations published on October 2, 2019. The proposed regulations narrowed the scope of foreign corporations that are treated as controlled foreign corporations for purposes of the look-through rule under Code section 954(c)(6).\nFinal regulations regarding limitation on deduction for dividends received from certain foreign corporations and amounts eligible for section 954 look-through exception. The guidance finalised proposed regulations published on June 18, 2019, and removed temporary regulations published on the same date.\nFinal regulations that provide guidance regarding BEAT imposed on certain large corporate taxpayers with respect to certain payments made to foreign-related parties. The final regulations affect corporations with substantial gross receipts that make payments to foreign-related parties.\nFinal regulations that provide guidance regarding the additional first year depreciation deduction under Code section 168(k). These final regulations reflect and further clarify the increased deduction and the expansion of qualified property, particularly to certain classes of used property, authorised by the TCJA.\nFinal and temporary regulations providing guidance for foreign persons that recognise gain or loss from the sale or exchange of an interest in a partnership that is engaged in a trade or business within the United States. The regulations affect partnerships that, directly or indirectly, have foreign persons as partners. These rules may impact corporate taxpayers because partnerships are commonly used as pooling vehicles when structuring investments in the U.S. and to facilitate joint ventures.\nFinal regulations modifying the rules for determining the source of income from sales of inventory produced within the U.S. and sold without the U.S. or vice versa. These final regulations contain new rules for determining the source of income from sales of personal property (including inventory) by non-residents that are attributable to an office or other fixed place of business in the United States. In addition, the final regulations modify certain rules for determining whether foreign source income is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the U.S. and, therefore, is subject to net income taxation in the United States.\nFinal and proposed regulations that provide guidance relating to the allocation and apportionment of deductions and creditable foreign taxes. The regulations provide for the definition of financial services income, foreign tax redeterminations, availability of foreign tax credits under the transition tax, the application of the foreign tax credit limitation to consolidated groups, adjustments to hybrid deduction accounts to take into account certain inclusions in income by a U.S. shareholder, conduit financing arrangements involving hybrid instruments, and the treatment of certain payments under GILTI provisions.\nFinal regulations under Code section 162(m), which for federal income tax purposes limit the deduction for certain employee remuneration in excess of $1 million. These final regulations implement the amendments made to Code section 162(m) by the TCJA and finalise the proposed regulations published on December 20, 2019. These final regulations affect publicly held corporations.\nFinal regulations providing guidance under Code section 1031 to implement recent statutory changes to that section. Like-kind exchanges are a relatively common mechanism used by investors to defer tax on built-in real estate gains. The final regulations amend the current like-kind exchange regulations to add a definition of real property to implement statutory changes limiting Code section 1031 treatment to like-kind exchanges of real property. The final regulations also provide a rule addressing a taxpayer's receipt of personal property that is incidental to real property the taxpayer receives in an otherwise qualifying like-kind exchange of real property. The final regulations affect taxpayers that exchange business or investment property for other business or investment property, and that must determine whether the exchanged properties are real property under Code section 1031.\nFinal and proposed regulations regarding the determination of whether a foreign corporation is treated as a passive foreign investment company (PFIC) and the application and scope of certain rules that determine whether a U.S. person that indirectly holds stock in a PFIC is treated as a shareholder of the PFIC. The regulations affect U.S. persons with direct or indirect ownership interests in certain foreign corporations with passive income or assets resulting, in some instances, in higher effective tax rate on investment income and additional compliance requirements.\nFinal regulations regarding the timing of income inclusion under an accrual method of accounting, including the treatment of advance payments for goods, services, and certain other items. The regulations reflect changes made by the TCJA and provide guidance on book-tax conformity rules for taxpayers who receive advance payments.\nCOVID-related tax legislation in the U.S.\nOn March 11, 2021, President Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (ARPA) into law. The $1.9 trillion package, intended to provide further economic relief to counteract the COVID-19 pandemic, contains the following corporate tax provisions:\nSection 162(m) limitation. ARPA extended the Code section 162(m) limitation on excessive employee remuneration from five to at least 10 highest-paid employees. Under this provision, publicly traded companies cannot deduct compensation for \"covered employees\" in excess of $1 million for tax years beginning after December 31, 2026. Covered employees under ARPA are defined to include the next five highest-paid executives in addition to the CEO, CFO and the next three highest-paid executives already within the scope of the limitation. Unlike the \"original five\", the \"add-on five\" will not be covered by the limitation indefinitely. As a result, there has been increased interest in reviewing and potentially realigning deferred executive compensation plans to soften the impact of the limitation when the revised rule goes into effect in 2027.\nSection 864(f) repeal. ARPA repealed Code section 864(f) election for U.S. affiliated groups to allocate interest expense on a worldwide basis. In practice, this provision has never been operable as the U.S. tax authorities have not released guidance instructing taxpayers how to implement it. Accordingly, it was an easy revenue-raiser provision unlikely to affect tax attributes already accounted for on U.S. corporate financial statements or tax returns.\nSection 6050W reporting threshold. To improve individual taxpayer enforcement, ARPA modified Code section 6050W's third-party payment settlement reporting threshold for third-party payment processors to $600 from $20,000 and clarified that the requirement applies to reporting for goods and services only. The Code section 6050W reporting requirement applies to all credit card processors and auction payment facilitators, regardless of whether they are U.S.- or foreign-incorporated, provided the reportable transactions include U.S. persons. In addition to reporting, third-party processors may be jointly and severally liable for 24% backup withholding tax where a U.S. person does not provide or provides an invalid U.S. taxpayer identification number.\nCustoms fee extension. ARPA extended certain customs user fees listed in 19 U.S. Code \u00a7 58c by one year to December 31, 2030. The event is remote enough to not affect five-year corporate cashflow projects. Businesses with 10-year debt service coverage ratio commitments should review the potential impact of this extension on their cashflow.\nExtension of COVID-related credits and other clarifications. This development extended credits related to certain paid employee leave and clarified that restaurant revitalisation grants or target economic injury disaster loan advances, such as, e.g., payment protection loans, are generally excluded from gross income. This was a welcome development that provided additional relief to small and middle-market service companies affected by the pandemic-related economic downturn.\nThe 2017 reduction in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% has raised interest in using U.S. companies as holding companies for the Americas-based operations and investments held by foreign companies. Given the current administration's intention to raise the corporate tax rate and substantially overhaul the recently enacted cross-border tax rules, it is unlikely that we will see further increases in U.S. holding company structures soon. With the ascent of the global minimum corporate tax rate and the further tightening of the U.S. anti-corporate inversion provisions, it is possible that more U.S.-based businesses would opt to onshore their holding companies to benefit from the U.S. government's advocacy on their behalf should income allocation or regulatory disputes arise in other jurisdictions.\nOn January 1, 2021, Congress passed the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) as part of the overall 2021 National Defense Authorization Act. The CTA introduced new federal beneficial ownership reporting obligations for entities operating in the U.S., including foreign entities with a registered trade or business in the United States. The CTA also mandates that the U.S. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network establish a federal beneficial ownership database. Presumably, this database could be used to fulfil intra-government information requests, including under the tax treaty exchange information clauses.\nThe CTA is viewed as a welcome development by tax authorities and financial enforcement agencies around the world. Among the entities subject to the new reporting requirements are U.S. limited liability companies incorporated in Delaware, Nevada and Wyoming, which have been identified in the past by EU tax think tanks as being among the most secretive jurisdictions for shell companies in the world.11 Greater transparency requirements imposed by the CTA is a step towards alleviation of these concerns, allowing businesses to focus on the ease of incorporation and business-friendly corporate laws offered in these jurisdictions, Delaware in particular.\nIn the year ahead, we anticipate finalisation of the Biden administration's tax reform proposals. We also anticipate further increase in tax controversies as governments around the world, including the U.S., seek to raise revenues to offset pandemic-related spending. We anticipate an increased focus on revenue allocation across jurisdictions, foreign and domestic, and continued controversy around the finer points of the TCJA. The taxpayers will be well served to review whether their internal documentation is supportive of the tax positions they have taken or plan to take in the future. Attention to detail has never been as important as it is now.\n(Hyperlink) (Hyperlink).\n\"Massachusetts Source Income of Non-Residents Telecommuting Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic\" 830 Mass. Code. Regs. 62.5A.3 (as most recently proposed Dec. 8, 2020).\nSullivan & Worcester LLP\nIrina Pisareva\nDouglas Stransky\nBuy the Book - \u00a3 350.00 Order the print edition of Corporate Tax 2021 or read free online FREE ONLINE In stock\nBuy Chapter PDF - \u00a3 125.00 Order the USA chapter of Corporate Tax 2021 in PDF format or read free online FREE ONLINE In stock\nOther USA chapters:\nCorporate Tax 2021\nGlobal Legal Insights - Bribery & Corruption 2022, 9th Ed.\nLitigation & Dispute Resolution 2021\nPricing & Reimbursement 2021","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Marlon T. Riggs\nMarlon's Legacy\nSignifyin' Works\nMarlon Riggs Films & Awards\nTONGUES UNTIED@30 retrospective at BAM in February 2019\nLong Train Running: A History of the Oakland Blues (29 minutes, 1982)\nProduced & Directed with Peter Webster (Master's Degree Thesis Project)\nEthnic Notions (56 minutes, 1987)\nTongues Untied (55 minutes, 1989)\nAffirmations (10 minutes, 1990)\nAnthem (8 minutes, 1991)\nColor Adjustment (87 minutes, 1991)\nNon, Je Ne Regrette Rien (No Regret) (38 minutes, 1992)\nBlack Is\u2026Black Ain't (86 minutes, 1995)\nCalifornia College of Arts and Crafts, Honorary Doctorate\nGeorge Foster Peabody Award, 1992\nNational Emmy Award, 1988\nBerlin Film Festival, Best Documentary, 1989\nAMFAR Award for Courage American Film Institute\nMaya Daren Lifetime Achievement Award, 1992\nOrganization of American Historians, Erik Barnouw Award,1992\nInternational Documentary Association, Outstanding Achievement Award, 1992\nNational Black Programming Consortium, Oscar Micheaux Award, 1992\nHetrix Martin, Annual Emery Award\nSan Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, Frameline Award, 1992\nPeople of Color Against AIDS Network Award\nLos Angeles Film Critics Association\nAmerican Film and Video Festival Black Filmmaker's Hall of Fame, 1989\nBAM FILM SERIES\nFeb 6\u2014Feb 14, 2019\n\"An artist of extraordinary courage and vision, Marlon Riggs (1957\u20131994) gave cinematic voice to gay black men at a time in America when to be either was to be denied one's full humanity. Defying the culture of silence and shame that pervaded the era of the AIDS crisis, Riggs created vibrantly expressive, innovative works that broke down the divide between documentary and personal essay to explore issues of race, sexuality, identity, and representation. When he became a lightning rod for controversy in the conservative culture wars of the 1980s and early 1990s, Riggs remained unbowed even as his health failed, working tirelessly to bring the richness of the queer African-American experience to the screen. Twenty-five years after his death, his voice remains vital, as seen in this complete retrospective which brings together all of Riggs' films alongside those of his contemporaries, key influences, and those whom he in turn inspired and who carry on his legacy. Special thanks to program advisor Vivian Kleiman\" \u2014 From BAM Retrospective\n2020 \u00a9 Copyright Signifyn Works, All Rights Reserved. More Information DONATE","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Horm Metab Res. 2012 Sep;44(9):682-7. doi: 10.1055\/s-0032-1304607. Epub 2012 Mar 9.\nBlocking of \u03b2-adrenergic receptors during the subfertile period inhibits spontaneous ovarian cyst formation in rats.\nFernandois D1, Lara HE, Paredes AH.\nDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.\nAs aging proceeds, fertility problems arise, and the success rate of in vitro fertilization declines. During reproductive aging, rat ovaries present spontaneous formation of cysts, followed by a concomitant increase in sympathetic nerve activity, causing infertility and cessation of ovarian function. \u03b22-Adrenergic receptors, which are activated by noradrenaline (NA), modify follicular development and steroid secretions; thus, increased nerve activity has been associated with the development and maintenance of cystic structures. The purpose of this work was to block the effect of this sympathetic activity through in vivo administration of propranolol (a \u03b2-adrenergic receptor antagonist) to determine whether it delays cyst formation and cessation of the ovarian function in rats that had reached the subfertile period. Propranolol was administrated daily to 8- and 10-month-old rats for 2 months. Estrous cycling activity was monitored by vaginal smear, serum concentration of the steroidal hormones was determined by enzyme-immune assay and morphological analysis of the ovaries was performed using 6 \u03bcm tissue slices stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Propranolol increased the number of healthy follicles, the ovulation rate, and levels of serum sexual steroids (androstenedione, testosterone, and estradiol) and recovered estrous cycling activity. It also decreased the number of follicular cysts. These results suggest that the blockade of \u03b2-adrenergic receptors recovered ovarian function during reproductive aging. It is suggested that propranolol induces a time-dependent extension of the subfertile window, and it could be used to increase the success rate of fertility programs in aging woman.\n\u00a9 Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart \u00b7 New York.\n10.1055\/s-0032-1304607\nAdrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists\/administration & dosage*\nDown-Regulation\/drug effects\nFertile Period\/drug effects*\nMenstrual Cycle\/drug effects\nOvarian Cysts\/drug therapy*\nOvarian Cysts\/genetics\nOvarian Cysts\/metabolism\nOvarian Cysts\/physiopathology\nOvarian Follicle\/metabolism\nOvarian Follicle\/physiopathology\nPropranolol\/administration & dosage*\nReceptors, Adrenergic, beta-2\/genetics\nReceptors, Adrenergic, beta-2\/metabolism\nAdrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists\nReceptors, Adrenergic, beta-2\nGeorg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York\nOvarian Cysts - MedlinePlus Health Information\nPROPRANOLOL HYDROCHLORIDE - Hazardous Substances Data Bank","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Chester Chronicles - Obama at Ft Hood Memorial: No Mention of Terrorism or Jihad\nPosted by J.R. at 23:41 No comments: Links to this post\nChester Chronicles - Women's Reproductive Rights Thrown Under Obama's Bus\nRubinReports: Exclusive! A Case Study: Why Do Western Liberals Support Eastern Illiberals? Bill Clinton Endorses Turkey's Islamist Regime\nExclusive! A Case Study: Why Do Western Liberals Support Eastern Illiberals? Bill Clinton Endorses Turkey's Islamist Regime\nPlease subscribe and get original coverage like this plus timely analysis of Middle East, U.S. foreign policy, and more.\nBy Barry Rubin\nWithout realizing it, Westerners constantly empower Islamism and other reactionary forces in the Muslim-majority countries. Here's a good example, thanks to a Turkish reader, Okan Altiparmak. Speaking at the Bosphorus Conference in Istanbul, November 2, 2009, former President Bill Clinton thinks he's being a nice, genial, non-arrogant, sympathetic American while blithely handing out ammunition to an anti-American regime.\nAs far as Clinton knows, I presume, he is being interviewed by a friendly and liberal-minded Turk. In fact, this man is the head of a construction company known for two things: being close to the regime and\u2014according to one reliable source--disregarding environmental considerations. By the way, it should be mentioned that although Bill holds no official position in everything he says he is reflecting Obama Administration policy, which is of course implemented by his wife, Hilary, the OC (Other Clinton).\nClinton discusses a variety of issues openly but when he comes to Turkey itself the whole content is one of flattering the current regime. He thinks of it as a moderate Islamic-oriented government which proves that you can combine Islamic politics and democracy. I, and many Turks, think of it as an Islamist wolf in moderate sheep's clothing that is continually narrowing the margin of freedom in Turkey and taking anti-American stances (for example, by supporting Iran and Syria).\nBut there is no hint that Bill understands any of this. Naturally, if he were to criticize some regime policies, the government wouldn't like it. The regime, and those who support it, would say that Clinton is an arrogant American bully who wants to tell Turkey what to do.\nYet if he praises the regime--without even a hint of balance, much less criticism--he is still telling Turkey what to do, though unfortunately it is to do things quite dangerous for U.S. interests and regional stability. Moreover, the opposition\u2014which includes a wide spectrum of political views--has good reason to conclude that Clinton and America is against them and pro-regime. This demoralizes them, especially after the lavish favor President Barack Obama has shown to the regime, honoring it with his visit and praising it as a great model in his own speech given in Istanbul.\nAt the same time, even among those who have voted for the AK, many are nervous about its intentions and wonder whether the regime is as its critics warn. (I've even met members of the party's parliamentary delegation who would like to see U.S. policy be more critical. The approach taken by Clinton and many other in the West helps convince them that it is safe to back the current government. Of course, seeing that U.S. policy supports the regime also makes the army forget any thoughts of pressuring or even overthrowing it some time if things get out of hand.\nYet as far as Bill is concerned, Turkey under the AK party regime is a big success. In the last ten years, he says, Turkey's role in the world has grown and many of its domestic problems have been solved. He praises the AK's leaders for moving from the historic secularist state to a society which respects freedom of religious expression.\nActually, secularists have been put on the defensive, facing harassment and also poor job prospects if they hold government jobs. Journalists and media have been intimidated. The small Jewish community is frightened as the government whips up passions which often cross the line from attacks on Israel to inciting antisemitism. I've seen all these things first-hand. Many are scared to criticize the regime, though others show courage, albeit without no encouragement from Western democracies.\nIn other words, the former U.S. president is praising the destruction of the Kemalist state and society in favor of an increasingly Islamic and Islamist-dominated one. He makes the new Turkey sound like the United States whereas the trend is actually (though one shouldn't exaggerate it) in the direction of Iran.\nWhat are the other things Bill sees as great accomplishments? The list is strange to say the least.\n1. Turkey has a better position in the world. Really? The main forces with which Turkey has improved its relations are Iran, Syria, Sudan, Hamas, and Hizballah. Have U.S.-Turkish or Turkish-European relations improved? No.\n2. There is more support for Turkey becoming a member of the European Union. This makes it sound like the Europeans are rewarding the current government with the great prize, so why should any Turk oppose it? Of course, opposition to Turkey's membership has grown even stronger despite Turkey's attempts to meet the EU's demands for reforms. Only recently has it been clear beyond doubt that Turkey will never be admitted into the EU.\n3. Turkey has a more mature policy toward Israel, criticizing it when it is wrong and praising it when it acts constructively. There hasn't been too much praise under the AK, but to Turkish ears this sounds as if Bill is giving U.S. endorsement for the regime's anti-Israel policies. In effect, Bill is praising the collapse of an alliance which benefited and was supported by the United States.\n4. Turkey has made \"progress toward building a more just society.\" What has the regime done to make Turkey a fairer society? One might argue that things have not gotten much worse but it is ridiculous to say they have gotten better.\nThen, his interviewer lays a trap for him by asking: \"Turkey will constitute the middle road in the clash of civilizations. How do you see Turkey's place in this role?\"\nWhat does this mean in the Turkish context? Not the traditional idea of Turkey being a bridge between east and west in cultural terms\u2014which Turkey was sometimes said to be doing when it was staunchly pro-Western in political terms--but rather the Islamist path as an alternative (a third way) to Communism and capitalism.\nBasically, the interviewer is asking subtly whether Clinton will endorse the regime's Islamist world view! Anyone who has closely followed Islamist rhetoric should understand this point. The question is a virtual paraphrase of the kind of thing Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of Iran's revolution, used to say all the time.\nAnd Bill falls right into the trap: \"You are in a position to help the US and EU understand what is going on with those countries that are predominantly Islamic. You are also in the unique position to explain to the Islamic nations how they are viewed in the West.\"\nIn other words, he is telling Turks to define themselves as neutral at best rather than pro-Western. He is arguing that Turkey is better off seeing itself as an Islamic nation acting as a bridge than as a Western ally. More subtly, a Turkish listener sees this as a suggestion to define themselves in Islamist rather than as ethnic Turks. And the whole concept is silly any way since anyone who has really studied the Middle East knows, Arabic speakers never think of Turkey as a role model.\nBut there's something far worse here, far far worse! Look at Clinton's wording: Turkey will help the West understand Islamic countries and tell Islamic countries how the West views them. What's missing? How about advocating Western values and interests in the Islamic world? Clinton doesn't tell the Turks to spread democracy or liberalism or the views of the NATO alliance, or even democracy. He instead suggests that they act as the Muslim press agent in the West and the Muslim public relations' advisor to the Muslims!\nAgain, this is so startling that it should be underlined: It is as if he is counseling the Turks: abandon the idea that you are part of the West and share the same interests. Think of yourself as mainly Muslims and join the other side.\nNow, many anti-regime Turks will view this as a conspiracy, as Washington's way to back the Islamist regime to keep Turkey weak, or\u2014more accurately\u2014because the United States wants to create a model of a \"moderate Muslim\" regime at the cost of their freedom.\nThere is some truth in the latter view. But we understand that the main explanation of Bill's view is simple ignorance. And this is what we too often see in the Obama Administration: praise the \"Muslims\" meaning praise the Islamists; praise the \"Arabs\" meaning praise the dictatorships; exalt engagement with Iran by turning your back on the democratic insurgents; and so on.\nIt is a form of multi-culturalism, telling Third World peoples to be your authentic selves; in this case: don't be just an imitation of the West as Turks but instead act as real and proper Muslims.\nNot only is all this profoundly shocking but it is profoundly shocking that the current U.S. leadership and large portions of the American elite don't realize that it is profoundly shocking.\nIn the name of apology, modesty, empathy, this is a policy that does terrible evil to the people supposedly being gratified, appeased, and helped. Yes, Turkey is a model, but it's a model of a badly mistaken U.S. policy that assists a camouflaged advance of anti-American and radical Islamist power under the guise of moderation.\nNote: Thanks to Okan Altiparmak, a Turkish filmmaker whose work can be found on his production company's website . He made a video of the interview which he sent to me and provided his thoughts about analyzing it. While the conference was broadcast live on CNN Turk the station's links to it on Internet don't work.\nLabels: Lessons of the Past, Turkey\nSharansky: No Clash in Identity, Human Rights Values - Jewish World - Israel News - Israel National News\nNew York Mets Stand Up to Anti-Israel Pressure - Jewish World - Israel News - Israel National News\nNetanyahu Leaves White House with No Comment - Politics & Gov't - Israel News - Israel National News\nPrime Minister Urges Abbas to Restart Talks - Politics & Gov't - Israel News - Israel National News\nIsrael-Jordan Joint Earthquake Drill Held Despite Friction - Defense\/Middle East - Israel News - Israel National News\nRabbis to Debate Releasing Terrorists to Free Captives - Inside Israel - Israel News - Israel National News\nIsraelis Win Top Awards at Hollywood Student Film Festival - Made in Israel - Israel News - Israel National News\nIsrael Matzav: Iran thumbs its nose at a desperate Obama\nIran thumbs its nose at a desperate Obama\nPresident Obumbler is desperate for a deal - any deal - with Iran. In fact, he is so desperate, according to the New York Times, that he even sent back channel messages to Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad that sending Iran's uranium to fellow up and coming Islamist Turkey is acceptable. And Ahmadinejad is laughing in Obama's face all the way to the bank.\nThe Obama administration, attempting to salvage a faltering nuclear deal with Iran, has told Iran's leaders in back-channel messages that it is willing to allow the country to send its stockpile of enriched uranium to any of several nations, including Turkey, for temporary safekeeping, according to administration officials and diplomats involved in the exchanges.\nBut the overtures, made through the International Atomic Energy Agency over the past two weeks, have all been ignored, the officials said. Instead, they said, the Iranians have revived an old counterproposal: that international arms inspectors take custody of much of Iran's fuel, but keep it on Kish, a Persian Gulf resort island that is part of Iran.\nA senior Obama administration official said that proposal had been rejected because leaving the nuclear material on Iranian territory would allow for the possibility that the Iranians could evict the international inspectors at any moment. That happened in North Korea in 2003, and within months the country had converted its fuel into the material for several nuclear weapons.\nThe intermediary in the exchanges between Washington and Tehran has been Mohamed ElBaradei, the director general of the energy agency. He confirmed some of the proposals \u2014 including one to send Iran's fuel to Turkey, which has nurtured close relations with Iran \u2014 in interviews in New York late last week.\nAnd what are the Israelis doing about this?\nOfficials in Israel, which feels the most threatened by Iran, have hinted that if Iran does not accept the Geneva deal they will revive their consideration of a military strike against Iran's nuclear facilities. Mr. Obama's own aides say they cannot determine whether the Israelis are bluffing.\nIsraeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu is visiting the White House on Monday evening. I heard he is going to give President Obama a couple of baseballs as a gift.\nLabels: Iran, Obama\nIsrael Matzav: You know you're biased when al-Reuters is unbiased by comparison\nYou know you're biased when al-Reuters is unbiased by comparison\nIsrael's United Nations delegation has been carrying on a running battle with the New York Times over the newspaper's coverage of the Goldstone Report.\nThe Israeli mission's letter to the Times states: \"Over and over, The New York Times' articles on this matter employ language that easily leads the reader to believe that the Goldstone Report found conclusive evidence that Israel committed war crimes. In Neil MacFarquhar's 'U.N. Council Endorses Gaza Report' (Oct. 16), the article states that the Goldstone Report 'details evidence of war crimes committed by the Israeli Army\u2026' In Sharon Otterman's 'Gaza Report Author Asks U.S. to Clarify Concerns' (Oct. 22), the Goldstone Report is described as having \"found evidence of war crimes committed by Israel\u2026\"\nThe letter provides a third similar example as well, and then states, \"In stark contrast, a Reuters article carried by The New York Times on Oct. 14, 'Israel Urged to Investigate Gaza War Crimes Charges,' describes the Goldstone Report as reflecting 'U.N. allegations of possible war crimes.'\"\n\"In sharp contrast, the aforementioned Times articles fail to reflect this vital distinction, as readers will falsely assume that the Goldstone Report found conclusive evidence of Israeli war crimes.\"\nCohen concludes, \"I wish to reiterate Israel's position that the Goldstone Report is deeply flawed and one-sided as it offers legitimacy to Hamas terrorism and its deliberate strategy to launch attacks, store weapons and use as shields the civilian population and infrastructure of Gaza. At the same time, [it] wrongly condemned Israel's legitimate exercise of its right to self-defense. The tendency of The New York Times to gloss over such realities must be rectified and I sincerely hope that the paper will use accurate and appropriate language to ensure that its coverage of the Goldstone Report and the wide Middle East is fair and honest.\"\nYou know you're biased when al-Reuters is unbiased by comparison.\nLabels: Media bias\nIsrael Matzav: Overnight music video\nOvernight music video\n\"And all those who faithfully engage in public needs, the Holy One Blessed Be He will pay their wages, and will remove all sicknesses from them, and will heal their entire bodies and forgive all of their sins and send blessing and success in all of their handiwork with all of their brothers in Israel (the Jewish people) and let us say Amen.\"\nLet's go to the videotape. It's Yehuda Green singing.\nIsrael Matzav: Columbia by the Canyon\nColumbia by the Canyon\nRight wing students are afraid to express their opinions in courses at Tel Aviv University (ironically, this story was originally published in Haaretz, Israel's Hebrew 'Palestinian' daily).\nAn internal memo, revealed by the Haaretz newspaper, shows that right wing students studying at Tel Aviv University are afraid to voice their opinions. According to an internal memo sent by Prof. Nira Hativa, responsible for the assessment of teaching at the university, feedback received from students shows that many of them are afraid to express right wing opinions as they fear this will hurt their grades.\nAccording to the memo: \"There are quite a few students of professors (with left-wing opinions) who have complained bitterly, that they are very hurt by the presentation of material contrary to their beliefs but are afraid to express their opinions lest it hurt their grades or in other ways that the lecturers can affect them.\"\nPerhaps the David Project needs to open a branch in Tel Aviv (yes, the poster came from the Tel Aviv University web site).\nIsrael Matzav: Why the Israeli foreign ministry called an American blogger\nWhy the Israeli foreign ministry called an American blogger\nAt Pajamas Media, Connecticut Yankee's Bob Owens explains why he got a call on Monday from the Israeli foreign ministry:\nThis morning, I was contacted by the Israeli Foreign Ministry about a photo I had blogged about on July 15, 2007, regarding a Shiite rocket attack on U.S. forces in Iraq.\nThe rockets recovered by the Israeli Navy last week, bound for terrorists in Lebanon, are identical to those Iran provided to Shiite militias targeting American soldiers in Iraq. There are numerous similar reports of Iranian weapons being shipped to the Taliban in Afghanistan, including one cache uncovered just two months ago.\nThe top photo is one of the rockets recovered in Iraq in 2007. The bottom photo is one of the rockets recovered from the ammunition ship that was headed for Hezbullah that Israel intercepted last week.\nOn October 4, 2001, then-Prime Minister Ariel Sharon tried to convince the world that the same people who pulled off 9\/11 were also attempting to destroy Israel. Those people were and are Iran and the Islamist terror groups it supports. Then-President Bush rejected Sharon's efforts. President Obama is continuing with the Bush policy of ignoring the fact that Iran is arming America's and Israel's enemies.\nDoes anyone other than Obama and the American Left believe that Bush was right and Sharon was wrong?\nIsrael Matzav: Beauty is in the eye of the beholder\nWhenever I try to fix a couple up, I tell them that they will have to decide for themselves whether they find the other person attractive. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.\nHere is the ultimate proof:\n\"When I married him, I knew what I was in for,\" she said. \"I knew that his first love was always Palestine and its capital, Jerusalem. But it was an honor for me to be the second love, after Palestine.\"\nWhen Suha first met Yasser, she was frightened, she told the paper.\n\"At the beginning I was attracted to the leader of the revolution, then to the courage and masculinity and intelligence, and then also to the romance there was in him,\" she said.\nEWWW! By the way, I guess Suha doesn't know about this guy.\nIsrael Matzav: Stop the 'peace process,' I want to get off\nStop the 'peace process,' I want to get off\nWriting in the New York Times, Tom Friedman (Tom Friedman!) urges the Obama administration to dust off an old line from the Bush 41 administration, fold up its tent and go home.\nThis peace process movie is not going to end differently just because we keep playing the same reel. It is time for a radically new approach. And I mean radical. I mean something no U.S. administration has ever dared to do: Take down our \"Peace-Processing-Is-Us\" sign and just go home.\nRight now we want it more than the parties. They all have other priorities today. And by constantly injecting ourselves we've become their Novocain. We relieve all the political pain from the Arab and Israeli decision-makers by creating the impression in the minds of their publics that something serious is happening. \"Look, the U.S. secretary of state is here. Look, she's standing by my side. Look, I'm doing something important! Take our picture. Put it on the news. We're on the verge of something really big and I am indispensable to it.\" This enables the respective leaders to continue with their real priorities \u2014 which are all about holding power or pursuing ideological obsessions \u2014 while pretending to advance peace, without paying any political price.\nLet's just get out of the picture. Let all these leaders stand in front of their own people and tell them the truth: \"My fellow citizens: Nothing is happening; nothing is going to happen. It's just you and me and the problem we own.\"\nIndeed, it's time for us to dust off James Baker's line: \"When you're serious, give us a call: 202-456-1414. Ask for Barack. Otherwise, stay out of our lives. We have our own country to fix.\"\nOf course, when Baker uttered that line, it was directed only at one side (Israel), whereas Friedman would direct it at both sides.\nMeryl Yourish thinks Friedman is advocating going back to the Bush 43 policy of ignoring the problem until the parties are ready to deal with it, and perhaps she's correct.\nThat sounds to me like an endorsement of George W. Bush's refusal to repeat the Clinton administration's mistakes. And coming from the guy who threw the Saudi peace plan on the world and pushed it for years as the only real move forward in negotiations\u2014well, let's just say I'm having a major schadenfreude moment.\nI don't agree with Meryl's conclusion that Israel would give up all of Judea and Samaria if only the 'Palestinians' would agree to make peace. At this point, very few of us trust the 'Palestinians' intentions. But since the 'Palestinians' aren't willing to live with a State of Israel of any size, that argument is moot.\nI'd be happy to see the Obama administration lower the focus on Israel and let both of our countries go back to building our economies. We do that pretty well together. Maybe Baker (pictured) was almost onto something for once.\nLabels: 'Peace process'\nIsrael Matzav: Three Americans in Iran charged with espionage\nThree Americans in Iran charged with espionage\nThree Americans who strayed across the Iran-Iraq border in August have been charged with espionage.\nThe three, Shane Bauer, 27, Sarah Shourd, 31, and Josh Fattal, 27, crossed into Iran from Iraq and their families say they strayed across the border accidentally.\n\"The three are charged with espionage. Investigations continue into the three detained Americans in Iran,\" Tehran general prosecutor Abbas Jafari Dolatabadi told IRNA.\nIranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad suggested in an interview with the American television network NBC in September that the Americans' release might be linked to the release of Iranian diplomats he said were being held by U.S. troops in Iraq.\nUnder Iran's Islamic sharia law, espionage is punishable by death.\nThe only way the United States is going to get these people released (short of a rescue mission) is if it has something that Iran wants. Let's hope it's diplomats and not uranium.\nIsrael Matzav: America buries its head in the sand\nAmerica buries its head in the sand\nRobert Spencer spoke with Front Page Magazine's Jamie Glasov. Here's part of the interview.\nFP: Why does the media and liberal-Left so reflexively deny and ignore these conclusions?\nSpencer: They reflexively deny and ignore these conclusions because they are completely sold out to the idea that Muslims, as non-white, non-Christian, non-Westerners, cannot possibly be anything but victims. (The facts that there are white Muslims, and that the jihad doctrine and Islamic supremacism are not racial issues, but constitute an ideological and societal challenge, are completely lost on them. Likewise the non-white victims of the jihad matter nothing to them.) We can see from the avalanche of \"backlash\" stories in the mainstream media - even in the absence of any actual backlash - that it is simply impossible for these people to conceive of a paradigm in which Muslims can perpetrate any kind of evil at all. In the lenses through which they view the world, only white Judeo-Christian Westerners can do anything wrong.\nFP: What does this massacre, and the media response, indicate about what is coming down the line for our country?\nSpencer: The more we remain in denial about how these things happen, and from what wellsprings they come, the more we will see of attacks like this. Why? Because nothing is being done to prevent them. Instead of the endless stories about backlash that we are seeing, we should be seeing stories about authorities calling the American Muslim community to account. We should be seeing stories about authorities demanding transparent, inspectable programs in American mosques and Islamic schools, teaching against the Islamic doctrines that inspired Nidal Hasan. This is not a religious freedom issue - these are political doctrines with a lethal edge, as Nidal Hasan illustrated. It is an entirely Constitutional matter of self-protection to move to restrict it.\nBut that won't happen. Political correctness has the media and government in a stranglehold. That will only ensure that nothing will be done to address this problem at its root, and we will see many more Nidal Hasans.\nReading this makes me think that changing attitudes about Israel through better hasbara (public relations) is hopeless.\nIsrael Matzav: What Israel can learn from Major Nidal Malik Hassan\nWhat Israel can learn from Major Nidal Malik Hassan\nOne of the most remarkable things about being in the US for the past few days has been the extent to which Americans have been caught off guard by the actions of Major Nidal Malik Hassan, the Muslim who murdered thirteen American soldiers at Fort Hood, Texas last Wednesday. While I doubt that Israelis would have been so surprised had something similar happened among us - God forbid - there are some important lessons to be learned by us from this post by Hugh Fitzgerald.\nYes, Nidal Malik Hasan was an American citizen. And Major Nidal Malik Hasan was a major in the American, Infidel army, and Major Hasan hated the world's Infidels. For he had been taught, since childhood, and he did believe, that they, those Infidels, were at war with innocent Muslims. Infidels, he knew, were the cause of all the world's woe. They were the ones who were fighting innocent Muslims. Never mind that the American army had bombed the Serbs to protect - in its own ignorant and confused fashion - Muslims in Bosnia, had delivered food aid to Somalia and attempted to avert civil war in that country, had been generous in aiding the ferociously-Muslim inhabitants of Aceh after the tsunami, had delivered earthquake aid to Paksitan, had spent two trillion dollars in Iraq to make it a semi-decent place and, what's more, to hold it together, had given Pakistan thirty billion and had just announced it would give that country that is run of, by, and for Muslims, another 7.5 billion. Never mind that the U.S. was shelling out aid to Muslims all over the world and despite every conceivable provocation, treating Muslims inside and outside America with kid gloves that would, with any other enemy, been taken off long ago.\nIsrael participated in many of the same relief projects that the United States did. We took in Muslim refugees from Bosnia, we provided aid to tsunami-stricken Aceh, we tried to establish relations with Pakistan and Iraq (and we even had people trying to do business in Iraq until the kidnappings started). Does anyone really believe it mattered? Does anyone really believe that if we give the 'Palestinians' a state, the Muslim world will learn to love (or at least tolerate) us and stop trying to destroy us?\nInevitably, some American or European is going to come on here and rip me for stereotyping. For you, no, not all Muslims are terrorists, but all (or nearly all) terrorists are Muslims. And those Muslims who are not terrorists are far less insistent on punishing the terrorists than are Christians or Jews or Buddhists or Hindus. The proof? Guess who constitute the largest number of victims of Muslim terrorism? You guessed it, Muslims.\nBut we who have bothered to find out what the texts of Islam contain, and what the tenets inculcated by those texts are, know that Major Nidal Hasan was not a Muslim in name only, not a Muslim prepared to ignore much of Islam (even if only out of calculations of temporary self-interest), but was truly devout. He thus could not possibly, though an American citizen, have been an American citizen in the sense of being loyal to America and to the principles of the American Constitution, for that Constitution is, in its letter and spirit, flatly contradicted by the Shari'a.\nSo it would seem to be obvious that Major Malik Hasan acted on his deepest beliefs. That they are not our beliefs. What we who are not Muslim think of the ideas of Islam that prompt what we call \"suicide bombers\" or \"suicide killers\" (and what Muslims call \"shahid\" or \"martyrs\") is irrelevant. Yet we, or many of us, still refuse to perform the most obvious of pressing tasks - to learn what Islam contains, instead of continuing to blandly content ourselves with airy references to the \"three abrahamic faiths\" or to rely on such notions as \"all religions are essentially the same\" or even to lazily agree that Islam is accurately described merely as a \"religion\" when, in fact, it is a Total Belief-System unlike any \"religion\" or any other \"religion\" on earth. It is a Total Belief-System in the claims it makes on its adherents, on its clear politics and geopolitics - that is, its organization of all power, within a society or state, and its claim to rightfully dominate the entire world. It views this as a rightful claim which only the obstinacy or malevolence of Infidels refuses to accept, as they refuse to accept a faith that is suffused with violence, that teaches the uses of violence, that describes the fruits of those successful in the practice of violence, that offers a worldview in which violence in the end decides (along with the practice of what Muhammad himself defined as the essence of War -deception) who will be Victor and who will be Vanquished.\nRead the whole thing. And stop fooling yourselves. It's not paranoia when they really do hate you.\nLabels: Nidal Hasan\nIsrael Matzav: Another reason to leave the UN\nAnother reason to leave the UN\nAt the Volokh Conspiracy, Kenneth Anderson discusses another reason to leave the United Nations - or at least to try to gain control over its budgetary process. It seems that the United Nations is a champion at spending and wasting other people's money (Hat Tip: Instapundit).\nI'm in favor of public art and spending money on it, even at the UN. Then there's the kind of extravagance one might hope would cause, say, special rapporteurs and the US delegation and the NGOs that pressed for the embarrassment of the Council to replace the Commission in 2005 to stare up at the ceiling during meetings and think about what $20 million of that $23 million would do for World Peace or Human Rights or something. The UN's Climate Adaptation Fund, for example, which started in 2008 to help poor nations with climate change issues currently $18 million \u2014 not enough to pay for the current round of Copenhagen talks.\nI mentioned it at a couple of academic meetings offhand, and the audience comments were that I was either mistaken or merely expressing hostility, because the only people who had talked about this (in English, anyway) were FoxNews and UNWatch, or that it was unworthy to dwell on such minor things. If you looked at these kinds of issues, you were mistaking the forest for the trees.\nWhy does the UN get a free pass? I believe it's because the one-country-one-vote system ensures that the UN gives the illusion of spending money for good causes, while allowing much of the 'enlightened' West to fool itself that it is doing good and not paving the way for its own destruction. For example, did your kids 'trick or treat' for UNICEF this year? If so, this is what they were financing.\nIf you or your children are planning to \"trick or treat\" tomorrow, keep in mind this article by Dave Kopel published in the National Review two years ago, wherein he describes how;\n\"UNICEF has been a major financier of Palestinian 'summer camps' which encourage children to become suicide bombers. One such camp is named for Wafa Idris\u2026\"\nWafa Idris was the first female Palestinian suicide bomber who, at 28 years old, killed herself, an 81 year old man and injured one-hundred others outside a shoe store in Jerusalem. Those of you who have seen our documentary \"The Making of a Martyr\" know that we interviewed Wafa's mother and nieces for the film. Each of Wafa's young nieces (all between the ages of 10 and 14) eagerly described their desire to follow in Wafa's footsteps and 'martyr' themselves while Wafa's mother explained to us, though she missed her daughter, \"she did nothing wrong, by god.\"\nBefore you slip any spare coinage in a UNICEF box, note Militant Islam Monitor's 2007 report on the UNICEF school here.\nEqually disturbing is the fact that the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), the UN arm responsible for providing aid and education in the Palestinian territories, employs the school curriculum of its hosts: Hamas, Fatah and the Palestinian Authority (PA).\nAnd yes, that picture is the $23 million mural. It reminds me of the stalactite cave near Beit Shemesh.\nIsrael Matzav: Erdogan: Israel worse than Sudan\nErdogan: Israel worse than Sudan\nTurkish Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan has shot off his mouth again, and it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the man is simply hysterical. This time, Erdogan claims that 'atrocities' committed by Israel in Gaza during Operation Cast Lead are worse than the mass murder of the Bashir regime in the Sudan.\nErdogan said he would rather confront Bashir, indicted for orchestrating crimes against humanity in Darfur, than discuss state killings of civilians with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.\nThe Turkish prime minister also said that he did not believe that Bashir was guilty of the crimes for which he was indicted.\n\"I cannot discuss this with Netanyahu but I can easily discuss such issues with Omar al-Bashir. I can say to his face: What you are doing is wrong,\" Erdogan said.\nErdogan said Bashir is free to join an Istanbul summit of the Organization of the Islamic Conference this week. The 57-nation group holds its main meetings Monday.\nBashir is not coming to Turkey on Monday, because the European Union (which apparently still wants to admit Turkey) objected.\nTo give you some indication of what a maniac Erdogan has become, even Syrian President Bashar al-Assad is begging him to maintain relations with Israel so that he can act as a 'mediator' between Israel and Syria. Good luck with that, Baby Assad. There is no way Erdogan can be a 'mediator' any more.\nLabels: Erdogan\nLove of the Land: The Times Indulges a Palestinian Temper Tantrum\nThe Times Indulges a Palestinian Temper Tantrum\nContentions\/Commentary\nWith Bibi Netanyahu and Barack Obama slated to meet this evening, the New York Timeshas splashed a story written in a tone of deep alarm across the front of its website: \"Collapse Feared for Palestinian Authority if Abbas Resigns.\"\nThe central theme is: He really means it this time! He's gonna quit! And it's Israel's fault!The true purpose of the piece is to ensure that Obama and Netanyahu do nothing but discuss the condition of Mahmoud Abbas's tenure as president of the Palestinian Authority. Because they have so little else to talk about. Like Iran. Nothing to talk about there.\nEthan Bronner assumes a startlingly inappropriate tone in this article\u2014an elegaic, mournful spirit:\nThe prospect that the Palestinian Authority, the government in the West Bank, might fall apart loomed on Monday, as those close to its president, Mahmoud Abbas, said that he intended to resign and forecast that others would follow. \"I think he is realizing that he came all this way with the peace process in order to create a Palestinian state, but he sees no state coming,\" Saeb Erekat, the chief Palestinian peace negotiator, said in an interview. \"So he really doesn't think there is a need to be president or to have an Authority. This is not about who is going to replace him. This is about our leaving our posts. You think anybody will stay after he leaves?\"\nMr. Abbas warned last week that he would not participate in elections he called for January. But many viewed that as a ploy by a Hamlet-like leader upset over Israeli and American policy, and noted that the vote might not actually be held, given the Palestinian political fracture and the unwillingness of Hamas, which controls Gaza, to participate. In the days since, however, his colleagues have come to believe he is not bluffing. If that is the case, they say, the Palestinian Authority could be endangered.\nEvidently the crime of the Israelis is that, as Bronner writes, Netanyahu wants \"negotiations without preconditions.\" Usually in a negotiation, that would be considered a good thing. But not in this negotiation, because in this negotiation, Israel is supposed to come to the table having already agreed to the creation of a Palestinian state \"within the 1967 borders and Jerusalem.\" Netanyahu, Bronner writes, \"declined\" this preposterous demand of Hillary Clinton's\u2014preposterous because the idea that Israel would agree to surrender parts of Jerusalem and would preemptively agree to the loss of neighborhoods like Maale Adumim even before talks commenced is to presume magic fairy dust has been sprinkled upon the land of milk and honey and caused pacific and loving feelings to swell within the breasts of both parties.\nThis is not an article about Abbas and the tragic possibility of his early departure along with Saeb Erakat, a mouthpiece propagandist who is a Palestinian \"peace negotiator\" like I am a Jewish \"pentathlete.\" This is an article intended by design to overshadow the meeting of the American president and the Israeli prime minister and to make the \"collapse\" of the ineffectual and dishonest Palestinian Authority leadership the news of the day. It has the quality of an indulgent babysitter running to a parent to report breathlessly that a 5 year-old has threatened never to eat again because it is his brother's birthday and he doesn't like the flavor of the cake.\nLabels: Abbas, Barack Obama, Hamas, Netanyahu, Palestinian Authority\nLove of the Land: Winner of BBC general knowledge show believes Israeli secret intelligence service is called \"Al Qaeda\"!\nWinner of BBC general knowledge show believes Israeli secret intelligence service is called \"Al Qaeda\"!\nRobin Shepherd Online\nFor anyone who believes that the average Brit has even the faintest idea of what is going on in the Middle East they might like to know that the winner of today's general knowledge quiz show \"The Weakest Link\", which runs weekdays on the BBC, had an interesting take on Israeli intelligence matters.\nI just happened to be watching the last few minutes of the show which precedes the 6 o clock news when the final two contestants were fighting it out in a head to head. The contestant, Rob, was asked to name Israel's most prominent secret intelligence service. With a shrug of his shoulders, he ventured his answer: \"Al Qaeda\"?\nEven the notoriously severe Anne Robinson, who hosts the show, could not repress a despairing smile. The hapless Rob went on to win the show. God bless Britain's finest\u2026\nLabels: Al Qaeda, BBC, The Weakest Link\nLove of the Land: Covering the Disturbances on the Temple Mount: Insights into the Intimidation of Journalists\nCovering the Disturbances on the Temple Mount: Insights into the Intimidation of Journalists\nRichard Landes\nThe following is an account written up by an Israeli journalist who feared for his life while covering the disturbances. S\/he wants to remain anonymous for obvious reasons.\nThe following occurred on October 9, 2009, after a week of heightened tension in east Jerusalem and the Old City\u2026.\nA group of reporters \u2013 myself included \u2013 had been covering a potential flashpoint in the Wadi Joz neighborhood of east Jerusalem, just opposite the Old City, on Friday morning, as hundreds of Muslim worshippers participated in a prayer session at the entrance to the neighborhood, meant to protest \"Israeli aggressions\" on the Temple Mount .\nAll ages of men from the neighborhood had come out into the street, and approached a police road block, which was meant to stop younger residents of the area from flocking to the Temple Mount for noon prayers, which were expected to be tense. Nonetheless, tension made its way to Wadi Joz as well, as scores of police in riot gear faced the the massive gathering of worshippers, who in turn listened to a fiery speech from their imam, as he spoke through a bullhorn.\nBut nothing happened. The prayers concluded, and worshippers loitered in the street momentarily before heading home. The tension in Wadi Joz eased.\nAround the same time, my police beeper went off, notifying reporters that a number of young men in the Ras al-Amud neighborhood, next to the Mt. of Olives Cemetery, were throwing rocks at police officers and setting fire to piles of debris. A friend and I hopped into a cab and rushed up the hill from Wadi Joz (around the walls of the Old CIty) to Ras al-Amud, hoping to catch the story.\nUpon arrival, the smell of burning trash was thick in the air, and a large Border Police presence was visible. But the main square of the neighborhood, which includes the local mosque, a few small grocery stores and vegetable stands, was quiet. A few people milled around, but, as we soon found out, the \"action\", as it were, was down in the alleyways of the neighborhood.\nSo we made the descent, and almost immediately, saw a group of some six officers behind riot shields, being slammed with salvos of rocks. A group of young men, \"shababs\" as they're called colloquially, were seen in the distance, their faces wrapped in t-shirts and keffiyehs, hurling the stones and other objects at the officers.\nNow, for a reporter, this is certainly a story, and one in which every development can be used for \"color\" or extra detail in an article. And nothing beats being there, seeing it for yourself, and then relying on your own eyes and testimony to paint the re-paint the picture. So I ventured farther in, at first behind the police, but in the chaos that ensued, I soon found myself in the crossfire - between the officers and the rock-throwers. While I am not required to take pictures, I do bring a camera with me, and I found a \"safe\" place between two cars, and began to snap some shots.\nThe shababs soon noticed me, and while other press were in the area, I could tell that a few of them had begun looking at me strangely. Suddenly, one of them ran up to me, his face shrouded in a t-shirt, and he grabbed me by the straps of my backpack. \"You're an undercover cop!\" he screamed in Arabic, a rock in his right hand as he grabbed onto me with his left.\n\"No, I'm a journalist!\" I answered back, caught off guard at by the sudden jolt.\n\"No you're not- you're an undercover cop!\" he screamed back. \"Prove to me that you're not an undercover cop!\"\nI reached into my pocket and pulled out my government-issued press card, thinking at the same moment that he would see the name of my publication, realize that it was an Israeli one, and my troubles would only grow. But as he was scanning the card, another journalist, an Arab photographer, approached the both of us, and told the young man in Arabic that I was in fact a journalist.\n\"Enough, let him go,\" he told him. And the young man did as he said.\nBut as the shababs made their way past me - onward towards the officers - another Arab photographer, from an Arab news outlet, told me, \"You should get out of here.\"\nI didn't heed his advice \u2013 in truth, I found it insulting \u2013 but was more careful from that point on. At a later point during the day, another young shabab, his face also wrapped in a t-shirt, yelled at me from a balcony - \"Are you a journalist or an undercover cop?\"\n(Continue reading...)\nLabels: Arab-Israeli Conflict, Intimidation of MSM, Jerusalem\nLove of the Land: The Right Way to Investigate Gaza\nThe Right Way to Investigate Gaza\nNATO Belgrade bombing campaign in 1999\nEvelyn Gordon\nA group of South African immigrants to Israel submitted a novel proposal to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu last week. Netanyahu, they said, should accede to the UN's demand that Israel investigate its own actions during January's war in Gaza. But it should do so in the only way that makes sense: not by focusing on Israel's actions in a vacuum but by comparing them to those of other Western military campaigns in populated areas \u2013 for instance, American operations in Iraq and Afghanistan or NATO's bombing of Serbia.\n\"I particularly mention Serbia, where the number of bombs dropped on a civilian population was tremendously high,\" Charles Abelsohn, one of the proposal's authors, told Haaretz. \"This is how war is conducted. But all of a sudden, when Israel is involved, there is a law of human rights that doesn't appear to apply anywhere else.\"\nThe South Africans are right: The Gaza war can only be understood comparatively. Only by analyzing how the level of civilian casualties and efforts to minimize them compared with casualty levels in other Western military campaigns, only by assessing how Hamas' efforts to use civilians as cover compare with those of other terrorist groups in other conflicts \u2014 only then can a fair determination be made about whether Israel is a war criminal, as the Goldstone Report claims, or whether it \"did more to safeguard the rights of civilians in a combat zone than any other army in the history of warfare,\" as British Col. Richard Kemp claims.\nAbelsohn is also right that such data would \"assist those who are fighting the good fight on Israel's behalf.\" Without comparative facts and figures, Israel's assertion that its Gaza operation was a model of morality will not convince anyone not predisposed to believe it \u2013 unless, like Kemp, they have the firsthand knowledge needed to make their own comparisons. But because most people have no combat experience, they have no basis for comparison.\nDuring World War II, according to historian William Hitchcock, the British bombing of one single city, Rouen, on one single day, April 19, 1944, killed 900 allied civilians. And that figure, which was not atypical, does not even include combatants and enemy civilians.\nBy comparison, according to IDF figures, Israel killed 1,166 Palestinians in Gaza over the space of three weeks, of whom 709 were combatants. Hence, even if, as Palestinians claim, the total casualty figure was higher and the proportion of combatants lower, Israel would clearly not fare badly in an international comparison.\nI doubt that would matter to the Goldstones of the world. But it would matter to those who would like to think well of Israel but are troubled by the endless stream of accusations, which Israel has done too little to counter. Israel needs to produce the necessary comparative data, and its friends need to make sure it gets disseminated. Indeed, this should have been done long ago. But better late than never.\nLove of the Land: Tel Aviv students afraid to challenge leftist professors\nTel Aviv students afraid to challenge leftist professors\nOr Kashti\nTel Aviv University students are hesitant to express their political views in class, lest lecturers perceived to have left-wing political views penalize them with lower grades, the head of TAU's Department of Curriculum and Instruction wrote in an internal memorandum last month. Prof. Nira Hativa's comment in the faculty memo ignited controversy among professors, with some declaring that her sentiments should not be made public.\nHativa wrote: \"There are no small number of students of lecturers with left-wing views who complain bitterly that they are extremely offended by the presentation of materials that oppose their views, but are fearful of expressing contrary viewpoints in class, lest it harm their grades.\"\nIn response to the uproar, Hativa, who is currently abroad, wrote Haaretz this weekend that \"the things I wrote in the context of an internal disagreement are based on intuition and my personal impressions.\"\nThe chair of the university's students' union, Shahar Botzer, said his organization receives a number of complaints each year from students dissatisfied with what they view as lecturers' biased portrayal of material in favor of left-wing positions. He said that such complaints are the exception, however, rather than the rule.\n\"If lecturers express their views in class in a way that makes it illegitimate to express contrary views - that is inappropriate and unacceptable to us,\" Botzer said. \"This university is founded on pluralism and on the ability to express a variety of opinions.\"\nHativa's statements were prompted by a story in the Haaretz English Edition on rightist activists monitoring lecturers who are considered to have leftist views, as well as an article in Maariv on what it described as the right-wing views of Daniel Schueftan, deputy director of the National Security Studies Center at the University of Haifa.\n\"At the end of each semester, I read comments from several hundred students on the teaching they receive,\" Hativa wrote on October 23. \"I have come across many complaints from students about a small number of lecturers in various fields, who express radical left-wing opinions in their classes - that they are lashing out at the State of Israel, the army, the Zionist movement and worse.\"\nTAU said in response that \"informal discussions are held frequently on controversial issues, and people feel 'at home' in expressing opinions based on their understanding and intuition. The university is an institution where pluralism is a guiding principle.\"\nLabels: left-wing faculty, Prof. Nira Hativa, TAU, Tel Aviv University\nLove of the Land: Analysis: Coalition agreement not withstanding, Hizbullah will continue to hold sway in Lebanon\nAnalysis: Coalition agreement not withstanding, Hizbullah will continue to hold sway in Lebanon\nPolitical power grows out of the barrel of a gun, as a famous Chinese leader once said. In Lebanon, the guns are in the hands of Hizbullah.\nJPost\/Opinion\nFollowing statements from both government and opposition sides in Lebanon over the weekend, it now looks likely that Prime Minister-elect Saad Hariri will announce the formation of a new governing coalition in the next few days.\nThe announcement that a deal has been reached on a unity government was made by the Hizbullah-led March 8 opposition movement after a meeting on Friday.\nThe details of the deal have not yet been made clear, but it appears that the main stumbling blocks have been overcome.\nThe formation of a new government will bring to an end four months of political paralysis in Lebanon, following the victory of the pro-western March 14 coalition in general elections in June.\nHowever, the new government will have no bearing on the key political fact looming over Lebanon today: namely, the existence of a parallel state maintained by Hizbullah, which makes its decisions without consulting the nominal rulers of the country.\nThe deadlock regarding the formation of the government was itself related to the agenda of the Hizbullah parallel state. It is worth remembering that agreement for the formula of cabinet appointments was reached in July. But this agreement solved little.\nHariri was determined to prevent the opposition from obtaining veto power in the new government. To exercise a veto over cabinet decisions, the opposition needed to control at least 11 portfolios in the 30-member cabinet - that is, one-third plus one of the cabinet seats.\nIn July, both sides accepted a formula of 15 portfolios for the March 14 coalition, 10 for the opposition, and five to be appointed by President Michel Suleiman.\nThe key issue then became the identity of the ministers to be appointed by the president. If only one of them were to be inclined toward the opposition, this would mean that Hizbullah would effectively have kept the veto it exercised before June. Since the final names have not yet been announced, it is too soon to draw any firm conclusions in this regard.\nIt looks likely, however, that Hariri has compromised in another key area.\nHariri announced after the election that he was determined to keep the Telecommunications Ministry for his party. The Hizbullah-led opposition was equally determined to obtain this portfolio for themselves.\nHizbullah maintains a large-scale independent communications network which is an essential part of its military stance vis a vis Israel. Its determination to keep this network away from government scrutiny was one of the factors that triggered the fighting in Beirut in May 2008.\n(Continue to read...)\nLabels: Hariri, Hizbullah, Lebanon, March 14th Coalition, March 8 Movement, Michel Suleiman.\nLove of the Land: Exposing the Western Wall Tunnels\nExposing the Western Wall Tunnels\nThe Western Wall Heritage Foundation\nIn the nineteenth century, the most distinguished Jerusalem scholars were already trying to determine the precise measurements of the Western Wall and describe the methods used in its construction. However, their information was incomplete, mainly because they were unable to discover the wall's entire length. Nevertheless, British researchers Charles Wilson, in 1864 and Charles Warren, in 1867-1870, uncovered the northern extension of the Western Wall Prayer Plaza. The shafts that Charles Warren dug through Wilson's Arch can still be seen today.\nImmediately after the Six Day War, the Ministry of Religious Affairs began the project of exposing the entire length of the Western Wall.\nIt was a difficult operation, which involved digging beneath residential neighborhoods that had been constructed on ancient structures from the Second Temple period and were built up against the Western Wall. Some residents used underground spaces as water holes or for sewage collection. The excavations required close supervision by experts in the fields of structural engineering, securing subterranean tunnels, archeology, and of course, Jewish Law.\nAfter almost twenty years, and despite enormous difficulties, the Western Wall Tunnels were excavated. This lengthy project unearthed many archeological finds which can only be described as remarkable. These finds revealed new and unknown details about the history and the geography of the Temple Mount site.\nWhen the Western Wall Heritage Foundation was established, it was given the responsibility of continuing the excavations, which revealed ancient Jerusalem in all its glory, and bringing them to the public's attention by opening the tunnels to visitors.\nDue to the great delicacy of the Western Wall and its environs and the complexity of the excavations, they were carried out with great caution and under constant rabbinic and scientific supervision. Thus, slowly but surely, a magnificent Jerusalem from over 2,000 years ago was rediscovered. The process of these complicated excavations was decided upon after much deliberation and care, while taking into consideration aspects that are not characteristic of other archeological excavations.\nThe excavators were faced with complicated engineering problems, such as maintaining the stability of the structures above them while ensuring that the courses of Western Wall stones that had been uncovered would not be damaged in any way. They also had to divert the sewage from the houses above them, which on occasion flushed down unexpectedly on top of the archeologists in the tunnels, into the general sewage system.\nAdvancing at a snail's pace, they uncovered genuine treasures. As time went on, the tunnels became a time tunnel, transporting anyone in them to the heyday of Jerusalem, in the first century c.e., the greatest days in the history of the city.\nThey found enormous courses of distinctively carved stone that were remarkably well preserved. There were also remains of the Herodian road which ran alongside the Temple Mount, ancient cisterns, impressive construction efforts from the Muslim era, and a Hasmonean period aqueduct that had been blocked by Herod's construction of the Western Wall.\nAll of these amazing portholes to the past can be seen at the Western Wall Tunnels, which is why visiting them is so thrilling. A visit to the Tunnels is not just an awe-inspiring journey through time, but also a fascinating lesson in Jewish history and in the archeology and topography of Jerusalem.\nOpening the tunnels to the public required complicated and unique engineering and safety solutions to allow safe and enjoyable access. It was a long process, which included the development of walking paths, air conditioning, signs and lighting, and insuring that the site is wheelchair accessible and can accommodate visitors with disabilities. Audio\/visual aids were developed and guides were trained to help visitors explore the mysteries of the Tunnels.\nThe work is far from completed. Much more still lies hidden than has been revealed at the foot of the Temple Mount.\nLabels: Jerusalem, Kotel, Temple Tunnels, Western Wall, Western Wall Tunnels\nLove of the Land: Missing Ambassador's Media Appearance\nLove of the Land: Where's the compromise over the Temple Mount?\nWhere's the compromise over the Temple Mount?\nDavid Kirshenbaum\nJPost Opinion\n31 October 09\nIn seeking to present a modus vivendi for the Temple Mount that \"mainstream\" Israelis can support, The Jerusalem Post's editorial, \"The 'Third Templars'\" (October 27, 2009) falls surprisingly short in fairness and substance.\nThe characterization of those who seek to change the status quo on the Temple Mount as \"post-Zionists,\" \"messianic followers\" of the Lubavitcher Rebbe and \"Third Templars\" is false. A number of synagogues in my hometown of Beit Shemesh schedule regular visits to the Temple Mount. The vast majority of the members of those synagogues are immigrants from Western countries. We yearn to pray on the Temple Mount and not be muzzled and followed every step of the way by the religious bigots of the Wakf.\nFar from being post-Zionists, we made aliya by choice, and as our children have grown, we watched with pride and knots in our stomachs over the years as they joined their fighting units in and around Gaza and Lebanon.\nWild-eyed messianics? Cultists? After we come down from our visits to the Temple Mount, we can be found at our day jobs as doctors in this country's hospitals, university professors, educators at prominent religious institutions, participants in the country's thriving hi-tech industry and lawyers at the most prominent law firms and financial institutions. Our rabbi, who has led many of our visits, is a former tanker in the IDF and was one of the subjects of a Jerusalem Post article last year about an interfaith legal studies program.\nSIMILARLY, EVEN the most cursory good faith check would expose the speciousness of the \"post-Zionist\" and \"messianic\" labels the Post uses to deride the many rabbinical figures who are advocating that Jews be allowed to pray on the Temple Mount. This, for example, is how Haaretz described the Temple Mount conference in its October 26 issue. \"Top religious Zionist leaders came together Sunday at a rightist conference advocating Jewish ascent to the Temple Mount. It's hard to remember when was the last time Israel saw such a unity between its religious Zionist leaders. Political rivals such as MKs Uri Orbach and Michael Ben-Ari sat side by side on the center stage. Moderate rabbis 'respectful of the government' like Rabbi Yuval Cherlow and Rabbi Ya'acov Medan came together with 'rebellious haredi nationalists' such as Rabbi Elyakim Levanon and Rabbi Dov Lior. \"\nOne of the most widely respected Zionist rabbis in the country, Chief Rabbi of Haifa She'ar Yashuv Cohen, has long championed a change in the status quo on the Temple Mount. Cohen, who has chief responsibility for the Chief Rabbinate's dialogue with the Vatican and has had tremendous success in working together with the large non-Jewish communities in Haifa, has for many years been trying to gain support among both his rabbinic colleagues and the political echelon for establishing a synagogue on the Temple Mount.\nLabels: Temple Mount, Third Templars, Top religious Zionist leaders, Waqf\nLove of the Land: Benign Neglect for the Peace Process\nBenign Neglect for the Peace Process\nNoah Pollak\nThomas Friedman's column today is utterly sensible and completely realistic.\nThe only thing driving the peace process today is inertia and diplomatic habit. \u2026\nLet me be the first to congratulate Friedman on joining the ranks of us killjoy, spoilsport, wet-blanket neocons, who have been saying exactly this for years \u2014 and have been assailed for doing so by people like, oh, Tom Friedman. I recall writing a year ago that the peace process existed to \"cater to the illusions of what has become a self-sustaining diplomatic, bureaucratic, and media industry.\" It's nice to have Friedman on our side.\nLabels: Abbas, Hillary Clinton, Obama Administation, Peace Process\nLove of the Land: Sudden Jihad or \"Inordinate Stress\" at Ft. Hood?\nSudden Jihad or \"Inordinate Stress\" at Ft. Hood?\nby Daniel Pipes\nFrontPageMagazine.com\nMaj. Nidal Malik Hasan, the Ft. Hood jihadi, in a picture from 2000.\nWhen a Muslim in the West for no apparent reason violently attacks non-Muslims, a predictable argument ensues about motives.\nThe establishment \u2013 law enforcement, politicians, the media, and the academy \u2013 stands on one side of this debate, insisting that some kind of oppression caused Maj. Nidal Malik Hasan, 39, to kill 13 and wound 38 at Ft. Hood on Nov. 5. It disagrees on the specifics, however, presenting Hasan as the victim alternatively of \"racism,\" \"harassment he had received as a Muslim,\" a sense of not belonging,\" \"pre-traumatic stress disorder,\" \"mental problems,\" \"emotional problems,\" \"an inordinate amount of stress,\" or being deployed to Afghanistan as his \"worst nightmare.\" Accordingly, a typical newspaper headline reads \"Mindset of Rogue Major a Mystery.\".\nInstances of Muslim-on-unbeliever violence inspire the victim school to dig up new and imaginative excuses. Colorful examples (drawing on my article and weblog entry about denying Islamist terrorism) include:\n1990: \"A prescription drug for \u2026 depression\" (to explain the assassination of Rabbi Meir Kahane)\n1991: \"A robbery gone wrong\" (the murder of Makin Morcos in Sydney)\n1994: \"Road rage\" (the killing of a random Jew on the Brooklyn Bridge)\n1997: \"Many, many enemies in his mind\" (the shooting murder atop the Empire State Building)\n2000: A traffic incident (the attack on a bus of Jewish schoolchildren near Paris)\n2002: \"A work dispute\" (the double murder at LAX)\n2002: A \"stormy [family] relationship\" (the Beltway snipers)\n2003: An \"attitude problem\" (Hasan Karim Akbar's attack on fellow soldiers, killing two)\n2003: Mental illness (the mutilation murder of Sebastian Sellam)\n2004: \"Loneliness and depression\" (an explosion in Brescia, Italy outside a McDonald's restaurant)\n2005: \"A disagreement between the suspect and another staff member\" (a rampage at aretirement center in Virginia)\n2006: \"An animus toward women\" (a murderous rampage at the Jewish Federation of Greater Seattle)\n2006: \"His recent, arranged marriage may have made him stressed\" (killing with an SUV in northern California)\nSgt. Hasan Karim Akbar, convicted of the 2003 murder of two fellow soldiers.\nAdditionally, when a Osama bin Laden-admiring Arab-American crashed a plane into a Tampa high-rise, blame fell on the acne drug Accutane.\nAs a charter member of the jihad school of interpretation, I reject these explanations as weak, obfuscatory, and apologetic. The jihadi school, still in the minority, perceives Hasan's attack as one of many Muslim efforts to vanquish infidels and impose Islamic law. We recall a prior episode of sudden jihad syndrome in the U.S. military, as well as the numerous cases of non-lethal Pentagon jihadi plots and the history of Muslim violence on American soil.\nFar from being mystified by Hasan, we see overwhelming evidence of his jihadi intentions. He handed out Korans to neighbors just before going on his rampage and yelled \"Allahu Akbar,\" the jihadi's cry, as he fired off over 100 rounds from two pistols. His superiors reportedly put him on probation for inappropriately proselytizing about Islam.\nWe note what former associates say about him: one, Val Finnell, quotes Hasan saying, \"I'm a Muslim first and an American second\" and recalls Hasan justifying suicide terrorism; another, Col Terry Lee, recalls that Hasan \"claimed Muslims had the right to rise up and attack Americans\"; the third, a psychiatrist who worked very closely with Hasan, described him as \"almost belligerent about being Muslim.\"\nFinally, the jihad school of thought attributes importance to the Islamic authorities' urging American Muslim soldiers to refuse to fight their co-religionists, thereby providing a basis for sudden jihad. In 2001, for example, responding to the U.S. attack on the Taliban, the mufti of Egypt, Ali Gum'a, issued a fatwa stating that \"The Muslim soldier in the American army must refrain [from participating] in this war.\" Hasan himself, echoing that message, advised a young Muslim disciple, Duane Reasoner Jr., not to join the U.S. army because \"Muslims shouldn't kill Muslims.\"\nIf the jihad explanation is overwhelmingly more persuasive than the victim one, it's also far more awkward to articulate. Everyone finds blaming road rage, Accutane, or an arranged marriage easier than discussing Islamic doctrines. And so, a prediction: what Ralph Peters calls the army's \"unforgivable political correctness\" will officially ascribe Hasan's assault to his victimization and will leave jihad unmentioned.\nAnd thus will the army blind itself and not prepare for its next jihadi attack.\nMr. Pipes is director of the Middle East Forum and Taube distinguished visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution of Stanford University.\nLabels: Ft.Hood attacks, Hasan Akbar, Jihad, Muslim, Nidal Hasan\nI THINK THIS IS THE BEGINNING OF A BEAUTIFUL FRIENDSHIP\nOBSERV\u00c2NCIA DO SHABBAT\nLisbon, 14, Portugal\n\"I am free, no matter what rules surround me. If I find them tolerable, I tolerate them; if I find them too obnoxious, I break them. I am free because I know that I alone am morally responsible for everything I do.\" (Robert A. Heinlein quotes)\nI'M ALSO IN:\nSci-Fi's Memories\nARMED FORCES OF ISRAEL\nIsraeli Air Force Website\nYad La'Shiryon - Israeli Armored Corps Memorial and Museum .\n01\/17 Links Pt2: Melanie Phillips: The west mourns the Jewish dead. But what about the living?; Keep an eye out for Israel Derangement Syndrome; The British Jews Who Want to Go Back to Germany - From Ian: ------------------------------ Melanie Phillips: The west mourns the Jewish dead. But what about the living At Yad Vashem in Jerusalem on Jan. 23,...\nCENTENAS DE MU\u00c7ULMANOS VOCIFERAM \"MORTE AOS JUDEUS\" NO MONTE DO TEMPLO - Instigados pelos terroristas do Hamas, centenas de mu\u00e7ulmanos concentraram-se no final desta manh\u00e3 junto \u00e0 mesquita al-Aqsa, gritando palavras de ordem co...\nTzipiyah.com\nLove of the Land\nElections, the Palestinians and Europe's Not So Secret Agenda - by Khaled Abu Toameh - *The European Union is said to be pressuring the Palestinians to hold long overdue presidential and parliamentary elections. It is not clear, however, how...\nLife in Israel\nmusical chairs on the Right upset the voters - People are very angry at the new united party of the right wing religious sector, though I am not sure I understand what happened that was so bad. Habayit...\nTorat HaRav Aviner\nShort & Sweet - Text Message Q&A #388 - Etrog Jam Q: What is the source that Etrog jam helps a woman to have an easy delivery? A: There is no ancient source. Minhag of Divorced Woman Q: I am divo...\nEsser Agaroth\n\u05d4\u05d3\u05d7\u05ea \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d4\"\u05d1: \u05de\u05d9 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e1\u05d2\u05df \u05d4\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7 \u05e4\u05e0\u05e1? \/ Presidential Impeachment: Who is U. S. Vice-President Mike Pence? - \u05d8\u05f4\u05d6 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e9\u05f4\u05e4 English follows the Hebrew. YNET: \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d7\u05ea \u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05de\u05e4, \u05d4\u05e1\u05e0\u05d0\u05d8 \u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05dd \u05d3\u05d5\u05e0\u05dc\u05d3 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d0\u05de\u05e4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05da \u05dc\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4-3 \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd ...\nRua da Judiaria\n\u0e40\u0e04\u0e35\u0e22\u0e0b\u0e48\u0e32\u0e21\u0e31\u0e48\u0e19\u0e43\u0e08 \u0e22\u0e39\u0e42\u0e23 2020 \u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07 2 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e21\u0e41\u0e01\u0e23\u0e48\u0e07\u0e01\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e15\u0e32\u0e25\u0e35 - \u0e40\u0e1f\u0e40\u0e14\u0e23\u0e34\u0e42\u0e01 \u0e40\u0e04\u0e35\u0e22\u0e0b\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e01\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e49\u0e32\u0e17\u0e35\u0e21\u0e0a\u0e32\u0e15\u0e34\u0e2d\u0e34\u0e15\u0e32\u0e25\u0e35 \u0e40\u0e1b\u0e34\u0e14\u0e40\u0e1c\u0e22\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32 \u0e1e\u0e25\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e23\u0e04\u0e4c\u0e2d\u0e31\u0e0b\u0e0b\u0e39\u0e23\u0e4c\u0e23\u0e35\u0e48\u0e40\u0e1b\u0e47\u0e19\u0e17\u0e35\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e41\u0e02\u0e47\u0e07\u0e41\u0e01\u0e23\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e25\u0e30\u0e21\u0e35\u0e42\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e32\u0e2a\u0e01\u0e49\u0e32\u0e27\u0e44\u0e1b\u0e16\u0e36\u0e07\u0e15\u0e33\u0e41\u0e2b\u0e19\u0e48\u0e07\u0e41\u0e0a\u0e21\u0e1b\u0e4c \u0e22\u0e39\u0e42\u0e23 2020 \u0e41\u0e15\u0e48\u0e21\u0e35\u0e40\u0e1e\u0e35\u0e22\u0e07 2 \u0e17\u0e35\u0e21\u0e17\u0e35\u0e48\u0e04\u0e34\u0e14\u0e27\u0e48\u0e32\u0e41...\nThe Torah Revolution\nConsider the following by Aryeh Zelasko - What is the background situation to the war of Gog and Mogog? They invade an Israel that has a large Jewish population, and an army that fights them. For ...\nShirim em Portugu\u00eas - O maior site de m\u00fasica em hebraico do Brasil. Tudo sobre m\u00fasica em hebraico.\nShevet Achim vaAchayot - Idan Raichel \u05e9\u05d1\u05d8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d0\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea - \u05e2\u05d9\u05d3\u05df \u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05db\u05dc - Mostrar\/Esconder a Letra Portugu\u00easTranslitera\u00e7\u00e3o\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea [David Broza] Setenta anos no carro Eu viajo e vejo [Avraham Tal] O que foi e o que se transformou...\nYaacov Lozowick's Ruminations\nNitai Stern's Playground - When I was a schoolboy, fallen soldiers were a special kind of grownup. Usual grownups went to work and had meetings, whatever those were, or they drove ...\nPrivate Investigations in Israel - -Do you or your organization need an investigator? Why do you need to hire an investigator? Accessing the necessary information and collecting evidence...\nA Soldier's Mother\nStanding Down... - Yesterday, David went back to where it began more than 2 years ago. Last week, he turned in his rifle; two days ago, he returned to his base to sign the fi...\nRubinReports\nRubin Center Facing Closure: Final Plea for Support - Dear Friends and Readers, Throughout his year-and-half battle with cancer, Prof. Barry Rubin, founder of Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA)...\nLETTER FROM JERUSALEM\nYears that end in 8 - Shalom again from Yerushalayim as we advance further day by day into the New Year 5778, which we pray will surely be a Year of Grace and Favor for us and f...\nAnother Sabbath massacre - In an attack reminiscent of the massacre of the Fogel family in Itamar in 2011, a 'Palestinian' terrorist knocked on the door of a Jewish family in the vil...\nLisboa - Tel Aviv\nDiferen\u00e7as -\nPor Terras de Sefarad\nAt\u00e9 um dia Sefarad... - Chegou ao fim um ciclo iniciado h\u00e1 5 anos. Agrade\u00e7o a todos os leitores a sua passagem por \"Terras de Sefarad\", em especial aos que contribu\u00edram com ...\nManhigut Yehudit Public Blog\nRokka: Braves of the Six Flowers Season 1 Episode 4 : Episode 4 - Full Streaming Rokka: Braves of the Six Flowers Season 1 Episode 4 : Episode 4 in HD QualityNow you can play full Rokka: Braves of the Six Flowers Season ...\nSefer Chabibi Deepest Torah\nHA'AZINU; TOWER OF SALVATION - by Rabbi Baruch Binyamin Hakohen Melman In our parsha, Ha'azinu, as for every parsha, we need to ask: what is the question and what is the answer? In this...\nComunidade Judaica de Belmonte\nParash\u00e1 Tzav - \"Shabat Hagadol\" No contexto da parash\u00e1 desta semana, Parash\u00e1 Tzav, na qual a Tor\u00e1 nos relata as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es dos sacrif\u00edcios, com tantos detalhes que chegam...\nEretz Avot\nMarketing Israel - At this point, it would be a cliche to say that Israel has a PR problem. It is clear that in many sectors, Israel has lost the battle for hearts and minds....\nB'NAI ELIM (Sons of the Mighty)\nWomen Of Valor (\u05d0\u05e9\u05ea \u05d7\u05d9\u05dc \u05de\u05d9 \u05d9\u05de\u05e6\u05d0) - 22 of the Tenth Month 5771 \u05d0\u05b5\u05e9\u05b6\u05c1\u05ea-\u05d7\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dc, \u05de\u05b4\u05d9 \u05d9\u05b4\u05de\u05b0\u05e6\u05b8\u05d0; \u05d5\u05b0\u05e8\u05b8\u05d7\u05b9\u05e7 \u05de\u05b4\u05e4\u05b0\u05bc\u05e0\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05b4\u05db\u05b0\u05e8\u05b8\u05d4\u05bc. \u05de\u05b4\u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05dc\u05b5\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d0,\u05d9 A woman of valor who can find? for her price is far abov...\nCasa Akiva\nSHALOM, SHALOM - Afirmava Elie Wiesel que o oposto da vida n\u00e3o \u00e9 a morte, sen\u00e3o a indiferen\u00e7a. Como membros da sociedade democr\u00e1tica occidental temos contra\u00eddo a obriga de...\nFor Zion's Sake\nNew Blog - I've moved over here.\nComments for Dan Illouz\nTHE JEWISH FIST: A Call to Resurrect the Jewish Scholar-Warrior of Old.\nRoadside Rambles\nDan Illouz dot com\nStop Raping Israel\nJewish Vengeance\nDanIllouz.com - Zionism, Judaism and Leadership\nTHE TEMPLE INSTITUTE\nThe Temple Institute: The Holy Temple in Jerusalem: Yesterday Tomorrow Today\nAriel Center for Policy Research\nAzure - Ideas for the Jewish Nation\nDefense Update Newscast\nEretz Israel Shelanu\nFreeman Center for Strategic Studies\nJudaism Online\nJudaism: The Jewish site\nJustice for Jonathan Pollard\nThe Sanhedrin - en\nYesha News - \u05d9\u05e9''\u05e2 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\nBLOGS \/ SITES\nFor the Love Of Zion\nFree Nations\nJewess\nJewish Pride-For The Love of Torah and Am Yisrael\nJewish Task Force\nLemon Lime Moon\nMad Zionist\nMoving on up...\nOleh Musings\nSimple Photography\nThe (not) Forgotten Prisioners of Zion\nThe Jewish Fist\nThe Unified Body\nARLENE FROM ISRAEL (Background Information)\nA quick look at ancient Israel\nA thumbnail history of modern Israel.\nOTHER BLOGS\/SITES\nAlexandre Soares Silva\nCapas & Companhia\nChlo\u00e9 Van Paris\nDoor Tree\nEarth Invaders\nFilthy McNasty\ni-llustrators\nParis, Pinheiros\nRua da Barroca\nSin Tiempo Para Nada\nTenho Bichos Na Parede\nThe 15 Minute Dating Blog\nThe Thunder Child SF and Fantasy\nXineAnn\nABOUT COOKING BLOGS\nConfident Cook,Hesitant Baker\nLemon And Ginger\nMy Mom's Recipes And More\nThe Chocolate Sites\nArt Nudes\nCat Art Gallery\nCGUNIT.NET\nCosmic Art by Ron Russell\nFree Images by Sophie\nFresh Pics\nGerman Street Art\nMDOLLA\nNatica's Art\nThe Art Life\nCasa Batill\u00f3 - Gaudi\nGreem.mnp\nASTRONAUTICS & SPACE\nHubbleSite - NewsCenter\nHubbleSite - Out of the ordinary\nMain Hubble Page\nNASA Earth Observatory\nNASA Earth Observatory Newsroom\nGRAPHIC ARTISTS:\nHR Giger - The Official Website\nHR Giger Museum\nHR Giger Posters, Art Books...\nHR Giger's Free Web Image Gallery Album\nJEAN-CLAUDE MEZIERES\nSite Mezieres\nAbduzeedo-graphic design\nAlexandre Dumas - The Count of Monte Cristo\nAlexandre Dumas - The Three Musketeers\nAlexandre Dumas - The Vicomte de Bragelonne\nAlexandre Dumas - Twenty Years After\nBram Stoker - Dracula\nCarlo Collodi - The Adventures of Pinocchio\nGustave Flaubert - Salammbo\nH. 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Rider Haggard - King Solomon's Mines\nHenrik Ibsen - A Doll's House\nHerman Melville - Moby Dick\nJack London - The Call of The Wild\nJack London - The Sea Wolf\nJack London - White Fang\nJames Fenimore Cooper - The Last of the Mohicans\nJoseph Conrad - Lord Jim\nKarl Marx - The Communist Manifesto\nMaxim Gorky - Mother\nOscar Wilde - The Canterville Ghost\nOscar Wilde - The Picture of Dorian Gray\nRudyard Kipling - The Man Who Would Be King\nWalter Scott - Ivanhoe\nXenophon - Agesilaus\nXenophon - Anabasis\n2001: HAL's Legacy\n3001: The Final Odissey\nArthur C.Clarke\nArthur C.Clarke Bibliography\nArthur C.Clarke Fansite\nArthur C.Clarke News\nArthur C.Clarke Quotes\nSir Arthur C.Clarke\nSpace Frontier Foundation\nThe Arthur C.Clarke Foundation\nThe Audacious Space Elevator\nThe Kubrik Site\nThe Space Elevator Books\nEncyclopedia Galactica\nIsaac Asimov FAQ\nIsaac Asimov Home Page\nIsaac Asimov Quotes\nIsaac Asimov's Foudations Universe\nThree Laws of Robotics\nHeinlein Society\nRobert A. Heinlein Quotes\nThe Quotations Page\nThe Robert Heinlein Home Page\nThe Robert Heinlein Page\nUrsula K. Le Guin's Web Site\nUrsula Le Guin Biography and Bibliography\nSCIENCE-FICTION LINKS\nAMC TV:SciFiScanner\nAnalog Science Fiction\nBestSF.net\nClassicSciFi.com\nFantasy and Science Fiction\nPosts from the Sci Fi And Fantasy Category at Cinematical\nSCI FI Weekly\nScience Fiction Blogs\nSciFan\nSciFi UK Review\nSF Signal: A Science Fiction Blog\nSF Signal: Movies Archive\nSF Signal: Star Trek Archive\nSF Signal: Star Wars Archive\nSF Signal: TV Archive\nSF Signal: Web Sites Archive\nSpiral Galaxy Reviews\nThe Internet Review of Science Fiction\nThe UK SF Book News Network\nChester Chronicles - Obama at Ft Hood Memorial: No...\nChester Chronicles - Women's Reproductive Rights T...\nRubinReports: Exclusive! A Case Study: Why Do West...\nSharansky: No Clash in Identity, Human Rights Valu...\nNew York Mets Stand Up to Anti-Israel Pressure - J...\nNetanyahu Leaves White House with No Comment - Pol...\nPrime Minister Urges Abbas to Restart Talks - Poli...\nIsrael-Jordan Joint Earthquake Drill Held Despite ...\nRabbis to Debate Releasing Terrorists to Free Capt...\nIsraelis Win Top Awards at Hollywood Student Film ...\nIsrael Matzav: Iran thumbs its nose at a desperate...\nIsrael Matzav: You know you're biased when al-Reut...\nIsrael Matzav: Why the Israeli foreign ministry ca...\nIsrael Matzav: Beauty is in the eye of the beholde...\nIsrael Matzav: Stop the 'peace process,' I want to...\nIsrael Matzav: Three Americans in Iran charged wit...\nIsrael Matzav: America buries its head in the sand...\nIsrael Matzav: What Israel can learn from Major Ni...\nLove of the Land: The Times Indulges a Palestinian...\nLove of the Land: Winner of BBC general knowledge ...\nLove of the Land: Covering the Disturbances on the...\nLove of the Land: The Right Way to Investigate Gaz...\nLove of the Land: Tel Aviv students afraid to chal...\nLove of the Land: Analysis: Coalition agreement no...\nLove of the Land: Exposing the Western Wall Tunnel...\nLove of the Land: Missing Ambassador's Media Appea...\nLove of the Land: Where's the compromise over the ...\nLove of the Land: Benign Neglect for the Peace Pro...\nLove of the Land: Sudden Jihad or \"Inordinate Stre...\nLove of the Land: Head Check\nDoubleTapper: Helping Israel","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"GMOs: How The Greens Went Anti-Science\nMe in the maize (from a recent Newsnight)\nFor environmental campaigners, it's often our victories we have to apologise for, rather than our defeats.\nGreenpeace has never, as far as I'm aware, had to explain its attempt in 1995 to stop the M65 motorway being built by sending a rainbow coloured digger to disrupt the construction work.\nHowever it is still apologising for the mistake by its PR team - actually a guy called Hans with a radio - sending out a wrong estimate of the amount of oil on the Brent Spar, a claim almost nobody printed.\nThat's because whilst the M65 was eventually built and still spans Stanworth Valley, the Brent Spar wasn't dumped at sea but was towed back to port to be eventually sawn up into giant hula hoops after a humiliating climbdown by Shell that instead helped sink John Major's government.\nSimilarly if those of us who'd campaigned against Genetically Modified Organisms had failed miserably we'd now be totally forgotten.\nInstead we won and the clip of me being nicked is still being used by the BBC to illustrate every news item it ever runs on GMOs. Even my mum is tired of seeing it.\nAs a result we've been accused of causing mass starvation in the Third World and compared to Climate Change deniers and those who dispute the link between HIV and AIDS.\nThings came to a head in May this year with the Take Back The Flour action against a field of wheat Genetically Modified to ward off pests with its a pheromone laden pong. The protesters were fewer in number and easily held back by the security, whilst a phalanx of scientists with laptops were on hand to push the independence of their science. So has the anti-GMO campaign finally hit the buffers?\nIt's a long time ago now, but I remember being quite amazed at how the whole thing panned out. I was at Liverpool docks in February 1996 when Greenpeace targeted the first shipload of GM soya coming into the country. We carried out a public engagement at a nearby supermarket and the usual question was \"what's a GMO when it's at home like?\" - and that was from the local group volunteers.\nA couple of years later, when Greenpeace had moved on to trying to stop oil drilling in the Atlantic Frontier - a campaign that failed miserably thanks to a spy in the German office telling BP their plans - I started to hear story from from friends in Earth First! that their anti-GMO supermarket actions were getting good public support.\nThis was remarkable news. EF! had a healthy disregard for PR so anyone caught up in one of its actions usually had absolutely no idea what was going on. Never-the-less some shoppers, caught up in the chaos as EF! activists jammed the checkouts with trolley loads of potentially GM contaminated food which they refused to pay for, had expressed an interest in what it was all about.\nThis was only a few short years since John Gummer has failed to persuade his daughter to eat a potentially BSE contaminated beef burger and had so sparked a massive food scare. In the end this was a lucky escape as the death toll looks like being in the low hundred, rather than the hundreds of thousands that was once feared.\nThe country was ripe for another good food scare, and all that was needed was a right leaning tabloid to steam in with some nonsense about Frankenfoods and we were away. Not that we can blame the Daily Mail entirely for eclipsing serious campaigning with Mad Scientists and so on, Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth jumped on the band wagon too.\nAll this meant that by the time Lord Melchett and the rest of us steamed into the field of T20 maize in July 1999 it was all over bar the shouting.\nAnd you can see why the scientists were spooked. From their point of view a bunch of technophobes had teamed up with the forces of reaction and progress had been stopped in its tracks.\nWhat the Daily Mail's agenda was I don't know, but whilst most environmentalists have mixed views of technology, we don't generally hate science. When the ice caps melt and or the oil tanker sinks, its to the science that we look to measure the problem.\nSo what were we doing helping a right wing rag scare the Great British public?\nThere was a time that you could find almost as many reasons to oppose GMOs as there were groups opposing them. Indeed it seemed if we could only eradicate these pesky plants we'd have paradise on earth.\nFor some this was about corporate control of the food chain. Having one giant company controlling every stage of food production seemed like the sort of protectionism Adam Smith was supposed to have saved us from, but funnily enough it was only anti-capitalists who were telling people this.\nThen and there were those concerned about the developing world who saw GMOs as the Green Revolution Part Two.\nBoth these views are valid, but in a sense the actual technology was of only minor relevance to the argument. Certainly it was hard to see how a University loosing its trial crop of blight-resistant spuds in the night was going to seriously impede global capitalism.\nFor others though, including me, it was a sudden realisation that most of or countryside was not disappearing under roads or airports, but under monolithic fields of intensively grown crops. The destruction caused by a road might be rather more obvious, but the battery of chemical weaponry deployed by the modern farmer could be just as damaging. Most of the GM crops that were due to be planted were resistant to a broad spectrum herbicide, meaning it killed everything that wasn't genetically modified to resist it.\nThere were concerns that these artificially introduced traits could escape into the wild either by the esoteric method of horizontal gene transfer, or just by cross pollinating related species. These superweeds now seem to have arrived.\nHowever whilst that is a problem of GMOs going wrong, the problem of them going right may well be worse.\nMonsanto claimed that the new crops introduced the concept of 'Total Weed Control'. Farmers might like the idea, but wildlife wasn't too keen.\nIf Organic farming is what we want and conventional farming a step too far, then GMOs were two steps too far. 'Green Concrete' was my favourite phrase about GMOs, but it just didn't have the same appeal as 'Frankenfoods'.\nThe problem with all these issues though is that to get any traction, they required people to think of someone, or something, other than themselves. Not very easy in the consumerist nineties.\nSo we took the line of least resistance and spun an anti-science, food scare story.\nWas it worth it?\nWell it now seems that sixteen years of growing GMOs in the USA has increased, rather than decreased, the amount of herbicides and pesticides being sprayed on the fields.\nOn the other hand nobody has actually been shown to have died from eating a GMO, so a cynic might say that both sides were wrong and that GMOs have proved to be neither dangerous nor useful.\nThe answer is surely that the technology that allows us to transplant genes, that is now so simple you can pretty much do it yourself in your bedroom, is essentially neutral, and its what we use it for and why that counts.\nPretty obvious really, but it seems to have been forgotten.\nWinning a campaign is important. If you don't it's just gesture politics. But victory can't come at any cost. What you say has to mean something and you are still accountable for your words. More importantly what you say needs to be consistent.\nYou can't tell the public to trust the science on Climate Change, but not on GMOs. You can't complain that the technology is in the grip of the evil multi-nationals and then attack independent scientists when they do the work instead.\nSo I don't regret my actions with Greenpeace; it's good ridence to T20 maize and its like, but I do regret some of the words we used. GM tampons could give you toxic shock - did I really say that? (I can't actually remember if I did - but it was in the script for the Greenpeace supermarket tours I used to lead.)\nHowever there may have been another angle on GMOs that we should have used, but totally failed to spot.\nPeak Oil is the end of cheap oil. People usually imagine that it will mean more expensive fuel and fewer cheap holidays, but that may be missing the main point.\nThe way our food gets to our plate depends at every stage on cheap oil. From the manufacture of the herbicides and fertiliser, to the red diesel in the tractors to the fuel that ships the end result up and down the motorway network. Peak oil will change the game completely.\nThe alternative to GMOs that campaigners plugged was Organic farming. It might not make you (much) healthier and you might not be bothered about whether its better for the birds and bees, but when the cheap oil runs out at least your organic veg box will still turn up.\nLabels: Blatant Self Publicity, GM Crops, Greenpeace\nTheOldTechnician said...\nEven without oil and NG, you can still have nitrates. You only need hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and energy to make them. Google the Haber process. Without hydrocarbons, solar, nuclear, wind, etc. can supply the energy.\nMartin Porter said...\nI think the day we have the renewable energy to spare to make food is a long way off.\nWe need to get back to a situation where food production is a means of obtaining energy, not of consuming it.\nIf you don't have enough food, it'll be everything that's not food production that would be considered spare uses of energy.\nIn either case, all modes of food production consumes energy. First, the plants themselves consume solar energy and, then the farmer consumes energy to work in the fields. Part of this consumed energy is then released in us as chemical energy. Fertilizers don't add energy to the plants per se. They enhance the plants to absorb greater amounts of solar energy by providing them with the materials in which to make their cells.\nAnother point I didn't make was that we appear to have passed the level at which the planet can reabsorb all that Nitrogen back into the ecosystem, hence the algal blooms that mark the estuaries of all major rivers on satelite photographs.\nmark houghton brown said...\nFine blog Martin. There's not many who are so nuanced in their views about GM technology. In general terms it is the use of nitrates which both promotes weed growth (as well as crop) thereby necessitating herbicides, and results in lush crop growth (requiring growth regulators) which is both disease prone (requiring fungicides), and attractive to insect pests (requiring insecticides). At the moment I dont support any applications of GM as they dont seem to make any contribution to sustainable agriculture, but its good to keep an open mind eh....\nGreat Trees of England: #2 The 'Robin Hood' Sycamo...\nThe Worst of Bond\nGreen Water Navy","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The Battle of Kursk, London's Last Tram and more\nHere's our regularly-updated selection of films that may be of use to news editors and journalists in covering important anniversaries, contextualising current events or illustrating trending topics.\nThe Civil Rights Act is Signed\n2 July marks the 45th Anniversary of President Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act. It outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, colour, religion, sex, or national origin.\nThe Fastest Steam Train\nOn 3 July 1938, the A4 Class locomotive \"Mallard\" broke the land speed record for a steam engine, travelling at 125.88mph. These films look back at the famous locomotive.\n'Lafayette, We Are Here!'\nOn 4 July 1917, Charles E. Stanton declared \"Lafayette, we are here!\" as American troops marched through Paris to the tomb of the\nMarquis of Lafayette, a hero of the Revolutionary War. It was the first public display of American troops during WW1.\nThe Battle of Kursk\nOn 5 July 1943, the Battle of Kursk began. It was one of the biggest tank battles in history, and a turning point during WW2. It was the final strategic offensive that the Germans were able to launch on the Eastern front.\nThe NHS Is Founded\nOn 5 July 1948, the National Health Service was founded in Britain, after the recommendations of the 1942 Beveridge Report. This collection of newsreels show how it was introduced to the public.\nFirst Clash In Korea\nOn 5 July 1950, the Battle of Osan began, the first clash of American and North Korean troops during the Korean War. North Korean forces overwhelmed the Americans, winning a victory, and indicating the deficiencies of outdated American equipment.\nThe First Daily BBC News Broadcast\n5 July also marks the 65th Anniversary of the first daily BBC News broadcast on TV. These films look back at the BBC's long and varied broadcasting history, on TV and radio.\nLondon's Last Tram\nOn 6 July 1952, London's last tram made its final journey, terminating at the depot in New Cross. Seen as too noisy and dangerous to other road users, they were replaced with buses. The tram's journey was extended by almost 3 hours by crowds of cheering Londoners who surrounded it along its route.\nThe Depths of Depression\nOn 8 July 1932, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 41.22, its lowest level, during the Great Depression. These films look back at the historical economic crisis, and its impact on both the USA and the rest of the world.\nThe Battle of Britain Begins\nOn 10 July 1940, the Battle of Britain began. It was the first major military campaign to be fought entirely with air forces, with Germany attempting disable Britain's air defenses and force them to sign a negotiated peace, under threat of invasion.\nBabe Ruth Makes His Debut\n11 July marks the 105th Anniversary of Babe Ruth's debut in Major League Baseball. Take a look back at the \"Sultan of Swat\" and his legendary career in this archive collection.\nSkylab Falls to Earth\n11 July also marks the 40th Anniversary of Skylab falling back to Earth. It was the first space station launched and operated by NASA. These films look back on the station and the many missions and experiments astronauts undertook there.\nTo license any films or still images, email us or call +44 20 7665 8340.\nOr you can license individual clips online.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Brief on Iran (BOI \u2013 293)\nby OIAC December 10, 2019\n#IranProtests continue\nU.S. says Iran \"could have murdered over a thousand\" citizens during protests\nCBS news, December 5, 2019\nAfter receiving 32,000 videos of the recent protests in Iran, the United States said Thursday that the government there has committed \"gross human rights violations\" that may have left over a thousand citizens dead and thousands more imprisoned since the unrest began in mid-November.\nIran's government has admitted to only a handful of deaths.\n\"As the truth is trickling out of Iran, it appears the regime could have murdered over a thousand citizens,\" including at least a dozen children, said Brian Hook, the State Department's special representative for Iran. At least 7,000 protesters have been detained in prison. But, he said, \"we cannot be certain because the regime blocks information.\"\nEarlier this week, Amnesty International estimated \"at least 208\" have been killed in the demonstrations, citing information the group has gathered.\nThe government has been trying to cover up the unrest, which is the worst the country has seen since 2009 when election results were disputed. During the protests, it shut down the internet nationwide \u2014 an unprecedented move that left the outside world largely in the dark. Virtually all foreign media, including CBS News, have been banned from traveling to Iran to cover the protests.\nAmid the unrest last month, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo called on the Iranian people to \"send us their videos, photos and information documenting the regime's crackdown on protesters\" so the U.S. can \"expose and sanction the abuses.\"\nEuropeans Step Up Pressure on Iran Over Nuclear Violations\nFrance, Britain and Germany will trigger a dispute mechanism if Tehran continues its prohibited moves away from the nuclear deal, diplomats say\nWSJ, Dec 6, 2019\nVIENNA\u2014European powers will take the first step towards re-imposing international sanctions on Iran in the coming weeks if Tehran further violates the 2015 nuclear deal, diplomats said.\nThe warning, an escalation of European pressure on Iran, puts the two sides on a collision course. A conflict is likely in early January, when Iran is set to announce fresh steps to breach the deal. Iranian officials say their moves respond to Europe's failure to protect them from the impact of withering sanctions the U.S. imposed after President\u2026\nUS suspects Iran is behind increasingly sophisticated rocket attacks on US bases in Iraq\nCNN, Dec 9, 2019\nWashington (CNN)The US government believes that Iran is behind a series of increasingly sophisticated rocket attacks on joint US-Iraq military facilities in Iraq, several US officials tell CNN. The attacks have taken place as the US has grown increasingly concerned that Iran may be planning new provocations against US troops and interests in the region.\nThe US military strongly believes Iranian-backed groups inside Iraq are responsible according to a US official with direct knowledge of the recent incidents. There have been nine rocket attacks on or in the vicinity of Iraqi facilities that host US troops in the last five weeks with the most recent one taking place on Monday.\n\"We take these incidents seriously as do our Iraqi Security Forces partners, who are investigating these events. We have made clear that attacks on US. and Coalition personnel and facilities will not be tolerated and we retain the right to defend ourselves. US forces operate in Iraq at the invitation of the government of Iraq to support Iraqi forces against ISIS,\" Pentagon spokesperson Cdr. Sean Robertson told CNN in a statement.\nSecretary of Defense Mark Esper said Saturday that \"there have been reports in the public space about rockets being fired at American forces on bases in Iraq.\"\n\"So we've seen a little bit of an uptick there. And that's, again, another indicator for us of Iran reaching out,\" he continued, speaking at an event hosted by the Reagan National Defense Forum in California.\nIranian Regime's Officials Acknowledge the Mass Killings of Protesters\nIran Focus, December 7, 2019\nOne after another, Iranian officials acknowledge that their security forces shot and killed innocent people during the bloody crackdown on recent protests.\nOn December 6, 2019 during the Friday prayer in the city of Asalam, north of Iran, Mohammad Javad Bagheri, the imam of Friday prayer and supreme leaders' representative, called the protesters \"thugs\", confessed that \"so many\" had been shot and killed in the protests and many of those killed were even \"bystanders\".\n\"In the past few weeks you witnessed the chaos and anarchy that was created under the pretext of gasoline price hike, we are still suffering the consequences of that event, see how many people have lost their lives because of that, well, you see, in the midst of fighting no cookies are distributed, there would be shootings and bullets, and even if you are impartial and bystander, but go into the scene, it is possible that one of those bullets hits you, as it was the case with so many people who were killed, many of those who were killed might have been bystanders. Somebody was telling me that while he was hospitalized in a hospital in Tehran there was a nurse who was standing by the window of the room to film the street outside and she was hit by a bullet right in the middle of her forehead.\" Bagheri said in the Friday prayer.\nWhile the representative of the supreme leader Ali Khamenei, confesses that \"so many\" bystanders were killed, on Tuesday, December 3, 2019, the regime's officials acknowledged that security forces used firearms to crack down\u202fthe demonstrations. A report on state television on Tuesday said that some of the protesters killed in the crackdown were \"rioters who had attacked sensitive or military centers with firearms,\" and described how the armed forces had \"deftly and vigilantly\" fought back against \"hostile groups\".\nIran cutting off its Internet wasn't a show of strength. It was a sign of panic.\nA government's approach to online access says a lot about what it considers most threatening.\nThe Washington Dec 9, 2019; by Josephine Wolff\nBlacking out the Internet has become a popular tactic for governments hoping to quell internal rebellion and protest. In the past year alone, there have been more than 100 shutdowns in 29 countries,\nincluding Zimbabwe, Kazakhstan, Sudan and Ethiopia, according to the digital rights group Access Now. In August, the Indian government shut off Internet and phone service to Kashmir after revoking the region's autonomy. Last month, Iran, too, imposed a blackout after protests erupted over a significant hike in gas prices. The government shut down Internet and wireless data services for five days as it violently quelled demonstrations, killing at least 180 people.\nShutting off the Internet seems drastic. And it is \u2014 but not as a means for controlling what information reaches the citizens of the country being disconnected. What happened when Iran pulled the plug is telling: The shutdown appeared to do little to quell the unrest or thwart efforts to coordinate demonstrations, which continued throughout the blackout. Authorities made no attempts to monitor who was saying what to whom, or how, or where people were learning about the protests.\nWhat an Internet blackout really shows is that a government is panicked about how little control it has. It's an act of last resort by officials desperate to keep information away from citizens, or desperate to prevent citizens from telling the world what's happening.\nDissident group claims Iran uprising and crackdown much bigger than reported\nBy Guy Taylor \u2013 The Washington Times \u2013\nAn international Iranian dissident group says the recent protests in Iran, as well as the government's severe crackdown on demonstrators, have been much wider in scope than initially reported.\nWhile Iranian authorities claim the uprisings were quelled quickly and rights group say about 150 people died, the exiled National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) claimed Tuesday that more than 400 were actually killed during \"anti-regime protests\" that occurred in \"some 176 cities throughout the country.\"\nThe group, which says it has a wide network of informants inside Iran, asserted in a report circulated by its offices in Washington Tuesday that demonstrations began with slogans condemning a government hike in fuel prices, but quickly spread into widespread demands for the total overthrow of the ruling regime in Tehran.\n\"It did not take long,\" the NCRI report claimed, \"for the slogans to morph into calls\nfor rejection of the regime in its entirety.\"\n\"People chanted slogans against the regime's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei and President Hassan Rouhani, while attacking centers of suppression, theft and particularly those affiliated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC),\" the report said. \"Many of the buildings were torched and sustained serious damages.\"\nNCRI Deputy Director Alireza Jafarzadeh told The Washington Times in an email that demonstrators were \"chanting 'death to Rouhani,' 'death to Khamenei,'\" in a manner that \"clearly shows the society's rage and explosive state and that the Iranian people demand regime change.\"\n\"The recent uprising showed that change is attainable, and the people are ready to pay the price to make it happen,\" Mr. Jafarzadeh said. \"The world must recognize the right of the Iranian people to change the regime and establish a democratic, pluralistic, and non-nuclear republic in Iran.\" The NCRI report also claimed at least 4,000 protesters were injured and at least 10,000 have been arrested by Iranian authorities.\nThe assertions by the group, which has long called for regime change in Tehran and is widely seen to have allies in the Trump administration backing the administration's current \"maximum pressure campaign\" against Iran's government, came a day after Amnesty International said at least 143 people have been killed in a crackdown against on the protests since Nov. 15.\nThe Associated Press reported that the head of Iran's Revolutionary Guard threatened the U.S. and its allies Monday as he addressed a pro-government demonstration attended by tens of thousands of people denouncing the recent violent protests, which the news agency described as being driven by a fuel price hike.\n501 (c)(3) Tax deductible\nPlease,\nDonate to Organization Of Iranian American Communities\nYour donation will help OIAC advocates for a democratic, secular and non-nuclear government in Iran. Founded on the respect for human rights, gender equality, religious and ethnic tolerance, as wells as social, economic justice, and security for America. Our goal is to organize Iranian-American communities in the United States to promote these values.\nhttp:\/\/www.oiac-us.com\/donation\/\nSenate policy briefing called for recognition of the alternative to the Iranian regime\nCongressional Briefing | Iran Uprising:The Nation Rises for Freedom","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home MMA News Exclusive Interviews EXCLUSIVE | Mike Perry reacts to Felder fight, says 'Cowboy' was offered...\nEXCLUSIVE | Mike Perry reacts to Felder fight, says 'Cowboy' was offered the chance to step in\nIf things had gone according to the original plan, Mike Perry would have stepped into the cage with Yancy Medeiros at UFC 226 on July 7. Regrettably, Medeiros was sidelined with an injury just days out from the fight, which left Perry without an opponent, and the UFC with the frantic task of finding him a new dance partner.\nUltimately, the UFC called on lightweight contender Paul Felder, who recently lost an opponent of his own, to step up and meet Perry at welterweight. For a fleeting moment, however, it looked like Perry might collide with Donald Cerrone on the card \u2014 a man he's recently been training with at Jackson's MMA in Albuquerque.\n\"He was ready, man,\" Perry said of Cowboy on the latest episode of BJPENN.COM Radio. \"They offered it to him, but he happens to be suspended [from his fight with Leon Edwards], and he's got that cut over his eye. I knew the Las Vegas state commission would not allow that with that fresh cut like that. 'Cause I was damn sure gonna go for it.\"\nAlthough Perry was excited about a possible fight with Cowboy, he's more than happy to fight Felder, too. He reminds that his last fight with a beefed-up lightweight \u2014 a September 2017 fight with Alex Reyes \u2014 ended in violent fashion.\n\"He's gonna come swing it out,\" Perry said of Felder. \"We're gonna have a little kickboxing with our fight, in the Octagon. We all know what happened last time I fought a lightweight. I'll take it. I'll take that paycheck.\"\nAll that being said, however, the opponent isn't all that important for Mike Perry. As long as there's a warm body on the other side of the cage come fight night, he's happy.\n\"It doesn't matter who the opponent is, man,\" he said. \"It really doesn't. I'm not inclined to take one person's life more than the next. It's just whoever comes in there to fight me. I gotta cut that pay check. We cashing checks and breaking necks\"\nThis article first appeared on BJPenn.com on 6\/29\/2018.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home \u00bb indie \u2022 interview \u2022 new release \u2022 rawk \u00bb Quilt: A Collective of Individuals\nPosted in indie, interview, new release, rawk By Bill Kopp On August 4, 2016\nQuilt: A Collective of Individuals\nThough the group has released three albums since 2011, Quilt has been together since late 2008. Formed in Boston by Shane Butler and Anna Fox Rochinski \u2013 then students at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts \u2013 the group grew out of the city's do-it-yourself musical scene. \"There was a very free-form DIY network,\" says Butler. \"It was so open that you could play with tons of different kinds of bands all the time.\"\nThat wide-open musical approach informed Quilt's own musical aesthetic. \"It's not that we were improvisational like a jazz group,\" Butler emphasizes. \"There was no intention behind our music. We just wanted to be a band.\" They began to write songs, but with no particular style or musical approach in mind. \"There was no need to tell ourselves what we were, what we were going to be, or what our songs were going to sound like,\" he recalls. \"We were able to figure that out, half at home and half in front of people.\"\nButler remarks on the uniqueness of that DIY scene. \"There will be nothing like it again,\" he says, \"and I feel very thankful for being around it.\" The foundation those early days provided allowed Quilt to develop a musical approach that has served them well, as displayed on their third album, Plaza, released earlier this year.\nThe band's freewheeling approach to music reveals itself in their multiple methods of songwriting. \"It's different for every single song,\" Butler says. \"Some songs, one of us will have it completely done before it's brought to the band. Other songs are completely jammed out by the entire band. And some are a mixture, where we'll add parts that someone wrote at home. Sometimes in the studio [a song] turns into a whole 'nother thing. It's always different, and I really like that. It's not just one process.\"\nThat fundamentally collaborative mindset may be part of the secret to the band's longevity. Butler believes their approach \"fully embrace[s] the nature of each member of the group as a member and as an individual. That's a very, very cool thing,\" he says. \"And I'm happy to be in a band that has that. I've always been attracted to records that have multiple voices and songwriters; I think that's rare.\"\nHe notes that in their time together, the band members have become and remained really good friends. \"Being together for 7 years now, everyone's become much more talented musicians, and better writers,\" he believes. \"And in a group situation, you acknowledge that and ask yourselves, 'Okay, so how can we honor and use those things?'\"\nButler believes that Quilt's touring has helped his own songwriting. \"Whether it's the thankfulness you have for being home and appreciating the simple things in life \u2013 cooking, seeing friends \u2013 or whether it's the literal experience of being somewhere else, I find that touring has a really great effect on the creative process. I find that when you put yourself around different people, places and scenarios, you're going to learn about things that you would have never known. Some are good, some are bad. You take what you will.\"\nSome critics have compared Quilt's sound to \"psych revival\" bands. So does Quilt aim for a certain style? \"We've never had a conversation about that kind of thing,\" Butler laughs. \"I am very, very interested in exploring a lot of different types of music, and I know that the band is as well. I think we're all really interested in songwriting, harmony, and a mixture of electric, electronic and acoustic instruments. Sometimes when you have all of those elements together \u2013 especially when you play finger-picked guitar and sing harmonies, it's going to get compared to the 60s vibe. I'm interested in exploring that, but at the same time I don't feel too strong a need to make that sort of music.\"\nNot long ago the band was asked to perform on the late-night TV show Last Call with Carson Daly. Butler was delighted to appear on the show. \"In this age, people are getting media from so many different sources,\" he observes. \"There are a lot of people who do not watch TV at all; they just watch things on their computer. And there are people who just watch TV. So Last Call gave us more exposure.\"\nHe remarks on the homogeneity of much of the music in today's pop mainstream, adding, \"there's nothing wrong with that. But if you're gonna give them that, then please also give them something else. Because while maybe not everybody will like this other kind of music, some would. And some need it. So any chance that we have as artists \u2013 and I'm not saying that people need our music \u2013 to go on something like Last Call, we should do.\"\nPittsburgh audiences have earned a special place in the hearts of the musicians in Quilt. The last time the band played locally, it was in the midst of a serious snowstorm. Butler recalls, \"we were thinking, 'Nobody's gonna come to the show.' But a bunch of kids came! They drove through the freakin' snow where you could die. And they had a blast. And this does not happen in every city. There's something really special about the dedication of our group of fans in Pittsburgh. And I hope that we see them again.\"\nAn edited version of this feature was published previously in Pittsburgh City Paper.\nTags:quilt, shane butler","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Coaching Changes to High Performance Team\nThe Athletic Association today announced coaching changes to the High Performance team. Ricardo Santos, head coach of the High Performance team since February of 2018, has accepted a position as distance running coach at Stanford University, and will begin his new position in September. Morgan Uceny, a 2012 Olympian at 1,500-meters, has been named interim head coach of the High Performance team as the organization begins a search for the next coach.\nUnder Santos, members of the High Performance team raced to a national title at the USATF 15K championships; earned podium finishes at USATF Championships on the roads and in indoor track; and spots on Team USA rosters for the Pan-American Games and IAAF World Half Marathon Championships.\nThe Athletic Association today continued its notification to qualified applicants of their acceptance into the 2020 Marathon. In preparation for the 2020 Marathon, implemented the same registration process for qualified runners as used in recent years, allowing the fastest qualifiers to register first. The 124th Marathon will be held on Monday, April 20, 2020.\nMarathon Sets All-Time Fundraising Record at $38.7 Million\nOpen Registration for the 2020 Marathon Has Closed\n2020 Marathon Qualifier Acceptances Announced","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"LAUGHING STOCK\nTRAVELS FROM: Arizona\nSPEECH TITLES AND\/OR TOPICS\nImprov Comedy Concerts\nAfter Dinner Speaker | Communications | Entertainment | Humor | Teamwork\nMeet the funniest company in business today, the LaughingStock Comedy Company! LaughingStock is a full-service funny business featuring experienced comics who have written and performed hundreds of customized comedy shows. When interactive, intelligent and memorable entertainment is wanted for banquets, meetings and company events... they deliver a customized comic look at any corporate culture.\nLaughingStock is unique because they customize every performance. Prior to the show, they learn everything they can about the client: they read their material, interview their people and ask all the right questions. Every business, product, service and organization has a lode of humor. LaughingStock is expert at discovering the joys and frustrations, foibles and follies, buzzwords and common denominators the audience shares. At show time, they integrate this extensive research with wit, characters and improv experience. Their team of comedy experts spontaneously create customized comic scenes about the client's world. The result is a fun and funny show created especially for a specific audience.\nFun and Funny, Live Improvisational Comedy - Improvisational comedy is immediate and exciting. The shows are fresh, original scenes based on audience input. The audience fills in the details of LaughingStock's distinctive comedy by volunteering a variety of suggestions throughout the performance -- emotions, objects, activities, occupations, locations, for example -- and becomes part of the fun as they watch their ideas mushroom into comedy mayhem.\n\"Whatever Business The Client Is In, LaughingStock Thinks It's Funny... The Audience Will Too!\" Sales forces and customers, technology developers and end-users, teachers and students, management and administrative support, health care professionals and patients, food scientists and consumers, buyers and suppliers, lawyers and outlaws, funeral directors and...well, they are left dead in the aisle. Let LaughingStock discover what's so funny about any business world.\nCommunicate a Message Through Laughter - Their clients have asked LaughingStock to host, encourage, reward, motivate, sell, enlighten, thank, congratulate, demonstrate, liven up and entertain. They bring laughter wherever their sponsors require it. LaughingStock has performed for two people in a conference room; for 2000 in a theater; for two minutes at a sales meeting and every hour for five days at a trade show.\nAward-Winning Comedy Writers - They write commercials, industrial videos, sketches and speeches. LaughingStock calls them comical additives. Need a headline? Need help coming up with material for a roast? Need to spiff up a speech? Need a fun angle for a training session? Need a unique concept, a lively script and some very funny actors for a trade show? When their clients want funny, they call LaughingStock.\nLaughingStock Comics - Their cast has well over 100 combined years of improvisational comedy experience. They are comedians, actors, corporate communicators, marketers, researchers, administrators, technologists, voice-over artists, singers, impressionists and all-around funny people. LaughingStock draws from a pool of America's most talented comedic actors to create a comedy show specially customized for any audience.\nThey send a trio of performers to most of their improv-comedy concerts. If the client wants more, they've got 'em!\nAllyson Stewart-Allen\nAllyson Stewart-Allen is the Muse of Marketing and an internationally-recognized branding expert.\nAegis, BAE Systems, Burberry, Cadbury, Coach, HSBC, Lufthansa, NBC Universal, SAB Miller and Shell are among the 197 clients spanning 24 countries that have engaged International Marketing Partners, the\nMike Frank\nMike Frank worked his way up from salesman, to manager, to district manager, to regional manager, to national sales manager, to vice president of sales of an international sales corporation within 4 years and before he was 26 years old.\nBarbara Glanz\nBarbara Glanz, one of fewer than 500 Certified Speaking Professionals worldwide, works with organizations that want to improve morale, retention, and service and with people who want to rediscover the joy in their work and in their lives. Using\nIn 2006 Dusty Baker completed his fourteenth season as a Major League Baseball manager with a winning record of 1,162-1,041 and a .527 winning percentage. He finished his career as the Chicago Cubs manager winning 322 games. Since","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Igorrow\nIgor Donini | coment\u00e1rios\nArquivado no curso de Engenharia El\u00e9trica na UNIARA\n(Parte 1 de 4)\n13840 DOI: 10.1021\/la9019475 Langmuir 2009, 25(24), 13840\u201313851Published on Web 07\/02\/2009 pubs.acs.org\/Langmuir \u00a92009 American Chemical Society\nGold Nanoparticles: Past, Present, and Future\u2020\nRajesh Sardar,\u2021 Alison M. Funston,\u00a7 Paul Mulvaney,*,\u00a7 and Royce W. Murray*,\u2021\n\u2021Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and \u00a7School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia\nReceived June 1, 2009. Revised Manuscript Received June 12, 2009\nThis perspective reviews recent developments in the synthesis, electrochemistry, and optical properties of gold nanoparticles, with emphasis on papers initiating the developments and with an eye to their consequences. Key aspects of Au nanoparticle synthesis have included the two-phase synthesis of thiolated nanoparticles, the sequestration and reduction of Au salts within dendrimers, the controlled growth of larger particles of well-defined shapes via the seeded approach, and the assembling of a variety of nanoparticle networks and nanostructures. The electrochemistry of thiolated Au nanoparticles is systemized as regions of bulk-continuum voltammetry, voltammetry reflective of quantized double-layer charging, and molecule-like voltammetry reflective of molecular energy gaps. These features are principally determined by the nanoparticle core. Interesting multielectron Au nanoparticle voltammetry is observed when the thiolate ligand shell has been decorated with redox groupings. Another development is that Au nanoparticles were discovered to exhibit unanticipated properties as heterogeneous catalysts, starting with the low-temperature oxidation of CO. Substantial progress has also been made in understanding the surface plasmon spectroscopy of Au nanoparticles and nanorods. The need to investigate the optical properties of metal particles of a single, well-defined shape and size has motivated the development of a number of new techniques, leading to the study of electron transfer and redox catalysis on single nanoparticles.\nGold nanoparticle chemistry and physics has emerged as a broad new subdiscipline in the domain of colloids and surfaces. The unusual optical properties of small gold particles, their sizedependentelectrochemistry,andtheirhighchemicalstabilityhave made them the model system of choice for exploring a wide range of phenomena including self-assembly, biolabeling, catalysis, electron-transfer theories, phase transfer, DNA melting and assays, and crystal growth. This review focuses on gold nanoparticles, specifically those on the small end of the nanoparticle dimension scale. These nanoparticles (NPs) when stabilized or protected by a shell of thiolate ligands display good stability toward aggregation and other modes of decay, which enables attemptsatisolatingdifferentNPsizesandtheexplorationofhow NP properties depend on size (including quantization effects). NPs with fewer than 300 Au atoms can display distinct optical and electronic properties compared to the bulk metal. The thiolated NP stability further enables treating the ligand shell as a chemical platform that can be manipulated to exhibit desired reactivities, polyfunctionalization, and optical properties. The consequence for the past couple of decades has been a very active field of basic nanoscience research and applications of these NPs. An important aspect of Au NPs has been the breadth of their impact; applications range from photonic device fabrications, to sensing of organic and biomolecules, to charge storage systems. Thesubjectistoolargeforacomprehensivetreatmentinthespace available, and we have accordingly made selections of areas to highlight, with apologies to those omitted. Several complementary reviews on nanoparticles have appeared.1\nA noteworthy recent observation has been that the ligation chemistry of verysmall thiolate-protected Au nanoparticles isnot simply a head-on thiolate bonding to a consolidated Au core of atoms;a \"standard model\" assumption1 of Au NP structure.\nX-ray crystallographic determinations2a-c of Au102 and Au25 nanoparticle structures show instead that the ligands are bonded inbridgingcoordinationandmanyoftheAuatomsarenotpartof the core but exist with the ligands in semiring or \"staple\" structures (Figure 1). The extent to which this structural motif extends to the thiolate interfaces of larger Au NPs remains to be seen. The success of DFT calculations2d in reproducing experimental semiring structural facts has put such calculations more firmly into play in understanding this topic.\nThe above structural discoveries followed detailed investigations of small thiolate-protected Au nanoparticles that had delineated spectroscopic and kinetic properties. The results of those investigations are now open to deeper interpretations in light of the Figure 1 structure. For example, the common procedureofreplacingoneAusurfaceligandwithanother(ligand or place exchange)1 must in view of Figure 1 involve a more complex, multiple bond-breaking pathway.\nSynthesis of Thiolate-Protected Au Nanoparticles. The synthesis of small, monodisperse nanoparticles is a major challenge in nanotechnology research. Smaller particles experience increased driving forces to aggregate to diminish surface energy, so a protective coating, or \"capping\", is necessary during synthesis to keep them in a finely dispersed state. Of the two distinct\n\u2020Part of the \"Langmuir 25th Year: Nanoparticles synthesis, properties, and assemblies\" special issue. *Corresponding authors. E-mail:mulvaney@unimelb.edu.au, rwm@email.\n(2) (a) Jadzinsky, P. D.; Calero, G.; Ackerson, C. J.; Bushnell, D. A.; Kornberg,\nSardar et al. Perspective\nstrategies for making metal nanoparticles, (1) the top-down approach and (2) the bottom-up technique, the latter is by far the more common and effective. Metal ions are reduced by a reducingreagent;they nucleate to form nanoparticles while in the presence of protective ligands. Either the stoichiometry of the available metalion supply or the passivation of furthergrowthby theprotectiveligandscandeterminetheeventualnanoparticlesize.\nA seminal early nanoparticle synthesis3a waso fA u55(Ph3P)Cl, whereby the complex [Au(Ph3P)Cl] was reduced with diborane gas. This nanoparticle proved to be difficult to isolate in a pure state and was somewhat unstable. A veryinfluential3bsubsequent synthesis protocol is outlined in Scheme 1, where following phase transfer of a gold salt into an organic medium;using a phasetransfer agent such as tetraoctylammonium bromide;and the addition of an organic thiol, an excess of a strong reducing agent;such as sodium borohydride;is added, with the rapid production of thiolate-protected Au nanoparticles. The parameters of the \"Brust synthesis\" have been thoroughly explored.3c A major advantage is rough control over the average size of the synthesized particles by the choice of the reduction condition and the gold salt-to-thiol molar ratio used, but even then, in general postsynthesis size fractionation is necessary.\nSynthesisofAuNanoparticleswithinDendrimers.Various dendrimer molecules have also been used to stabilize metal nanoparticles (including Au). Pioneering work by Crooks and co-workers4a substantially defined the nanoparticle stability inside the dendritic network and its further utilization (Figure 2). The advantagesof the dendrimer approach include the following: (1) The completeness of reduction of the metal ions sequestered inside the dendrimer yields some stoichiometric control over the nanoparticle size. The dendrimer arms are very effective at preventing nanoparticle aggregation. (2) The loose steric aspects of dendrimers also allow the encapsulated nanoparticles to participate in various catalytic reactions. (3) The terminal groups on the dendrimer periphery can be modified for purposes of nanoparticle solubility in different media, among other goals.\nThe encapsulation of metal ions inside dendrimers involves, variously,electrostaticandcomplexationinteractions;thedendrimer interior includes coordinating groups such as -OH, NH2,o r -COOH. Stable monodisperse Au NPs can be synthesized using quaternary ammonium-terminated fourth- and sixth-generation dendrimers without further purification steps. Water-soluble Au8 nanodots have also been prepared within hydroxy-terminated second- and fourth-generation (G2-OH and G4-OH) dendrimers,4b and they fluoresce at short wavelengths that change with the size of the Au nanoparticle. In contrast, thiolated Au nanoparticles do not emit at shorter wavelengths but instead emit at relatively size-independent near-infrared wavelengths.\nMaking Networks and Films of Thiolate-Protected Au\nNanoparticles. The formation of mono- and multilayer films of small-ligand-stabilized metal nanoparticles is a significant research topic given the variety of possible applications (separations, chemical sensors) and their significance in fundamental science (such as the ligand dependence of electron hopping conductivity within the films). The formation of gold colloid monolayerswasreportedinLangmuirin1993usingelectrophoretic deposition,5 and the sophistication of the approaches has grown rapidly. Techniques1c employed to form multilayers include (1) ligand exchanges combined with dithiol linkers, (2) electrostatic or coordinative interactions with groupings present on the nanoparticle surface, (3) covalent linking using amide coupling, and (4) the LB method. A particularly straightforward method is coordinative coupling between carboxylate or sulfonate groups on the nanoparticle ligand shell with metal ions (such as Cu2\u00fe or Zn2\u00fe). Multilayer films can be prepared in simple two-step dip and rinse cycles as illustrated in Figure 3.6a Polyelectrolytes such as cationic poly(allylamine hydrochloride) can also be used; in this case, the nanoparticle is itself effectively a polyelectrolyte imitating the layer-by-layer (LBL) technique.6b-6d By choice of the organic polyelectrolyte charge complement, this procedure is effective at building multilayers whether the nanoparticle ligand shell is cationic or anionic.\nMultimer Assemblies of Au Nanoparticles. Multimers of nanoparticles are interesting chemical objects. A seemingly general approach to preparing them, say by ligand exchanges on the nanoparticle producing linker connections, encounters the challenge of controlling the number of such exchanges, with its underlying statistics. A sample containing an average of three exchanged ligands will actually contain a distribution of exchanged ligands, and excessive exchanges will yield nanoparticle aggregates. A solid-phase approach7 can limit the number of linker ligand exchange sites by providing them with large (in comparison) polystyrene beads as illustrated in Figure 4. In the first step, a single acid-terminated thiolate is incorporated onto a 2 nm butanethiolate-protected nanoparticle; that entity is then released from the bead, and the resulting singly functionalized nanoparticle can become linked into dimers by amide coupling with aliphatic diamines. This method produced\nFigure 1. Simplified X-ray crystal structure of [Oct4N\u00fe]\n[Au25(SC2Ph)18-] adapted from ref 2e. Phenylethylene R groups (shown only for one semiring) have two different bridging thiolate coordinations. The -SR-Au-SR-Au-SR- semirings in the reduced MPC do not align in a plane, exhibiting a puckering of thesemiringthatishighlightedbybrightercoloring.(Au=yellow, S=violet,C=green,andHnotshown).Reprintedwithpermission from ref 2e. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society.\n(3) (a) Schmid, G.; Pfeil, F.; Boese, R.; Bandermann, F.; Meyer, S.; Calis, G. H.\nM.; van der Velden, J. W. A. Chem. Ber. 1981, 114, 3634. (b) Brust, M.; Walker, M.; Bethell, D.; Schiffrin, D. J.; Whyman, R. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1994, 801\u2013 802. (c) Hostetler, M. J.; Wingate, J. E.; Zhong, C.-J.; Harris, J. E.; Vachet, R. W.; Clark, M. R.; Londono, J. D.; Green, S. J.; Stokes, J. J.; Wignall, G. D.; Glish, G. L.; Porter, M. D.; Evans, N. D.; Murray, R. W. Langmuir 1998, 14,1 7\u201330. (4) (a)Scott, R. W. J.; Wilson, O. M.; Crooks, R. M. J. Phys. Chem. B2005, 109, 692\u2013704. (b) Zheng, J.; Petty, J. T.; Dickson, R. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7780\u2013 7781.\nPerspective Sardar et al.\nnanoparticleswhere60-70%weredimers,alongwithsomesingle particles and trimers.\nIn another nanostructure assembly creation, Stellacci and coworkers8 prepared nanoparticles with mixed monolayers of functional ligands such as nonanethiolate and 4-methylbenzenethiolate. The disparities between these functional ligands caused a form of striped surface ordering, as in Figure 5A,B. Subsequent ligand exchange reactions (with 1-mercaptoundecanoic acid, MUA), according to the \"hairy ball theorem\", were directed to the \"poles\" of the nanoparticles. Coupling of the MUA acid groups with a diamine (1,6-diaminohexane) leads to the formation of 1D nanoparticle chains. The interparticle distance inside the chain could be controlled by using different diamines such as O,O0-bis(2 aminoethyl)octadecaethylene glycol (EGDA).\nGold as a Catalytic Nanoparticle. Although gold nanoparticles have been used for many different purposes, their catalytic properties were for decades considered to be weak or absent. It was an exciting discovery then when Haruta and Hutchings simultaneously and independently9a,9b showed that gold could be very active, in particular, for the heterogeneous low-temperature oxidation of CO. It was found that bare gold nanoparticles were not active but when on a metal oxide support, such as R-\nFe2O3, became excellent catalysts for the oxidation of CO. It was first considered that the high activity resulted from a new type of composite oxide catalyst, but after a detailed electron microscopy study, it was found that the most active catalysts were small gold nanoparticlesapproximately2-4nmindiameter.Thecatalytically active nanoparticles form a reconstructed structure with the\nFigure 2. Cartoon depicting the synthesis of various metal nanoparticles using dendrimers as capping ligands. Reprinted with permission from ref 4a. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society.\nScheme 1. Scheme for Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis by the Brust Two-Phase Approach\n(8) DeVries, G. A.; Brunnbauer, M.; Hu, Y.; Jackson, A. M.; Long, B.; Neltner, B. T.; Uzun, O.; Wunsch, B. H.; Stellacci, F. Science 2007, 315, 358\u2013361.\n(9) (a) Sanchez, R. M. T.; Ueda, A.; Tanaka, K.; Haruta, M. J. Catal. 1997, 168, 125\u2013127. (b) Hashmi, A.S. K.; Hutchings, G. J.Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45,7896\u2013 7936. (c) Thomas, K. G.; Kamat, P. V. Acc. Chem. Res. 2003, 36, 8\u2013898.\nsubstrate, and CO adsorption would proceed on the adjacent metal oxide. The reaction is thought to involve carbonate-like intermediates decomposing to CO2 upon desorption from the surface. This catalytic discovery spurred a substantial body of other studies on heterogeneous gold catalysis, including the hydrogenation of alkenes or alkynes, hydrosilylation, oxidation of alcohols, and photocatalysis.9c Au nanoparticles chemically attached to glassy carbon electrodes have also been used for the oxidation of CO and CH3OH resulting in the formation of CO2.1b\nElectrochemical Reactivities of Au Nanoparticles\nThree categories of electrochemical behavior of solutions of thiolate-protected Au nanoparticles have been delineated. These categoriescrosstheso-calledmetal-to-moleculetransitionregionof nanoparticle size, and their voltammetries are labeled1c bulkcontinuum voltammetry,quantized double-layer charging voltammetry,andmolecule-likevoltammetry.Theobservedvoltammetric currents in all three are controlled by mass transport rates; they differ in the potential dependence of thecurrents(justas is thecase for small redoxmolecules).\nAnother form of nanoparticle voltammetry involves cases where the protecting ligand shell is itself electroactive. The redox-labeled voltammetric reactions add to those underlying the nanoparticle itself. Another form of electroactivity is that of a stronglyheld, redox-activeconjugatewith the nanoparticleligand shell, which has been used in various forms of DNA sensing in particular.\nBulk-Continuum Voltammetry. Just as ionic space charges;the electrical double layer;exist at all electrified metal\/electrolyte solution interfaces, nanoparticles in solutions (colloids, metal sols, regardless of the metal, and semiconductor nanoparticles) have double layers with ionic surface excesses on the solution side that reflect any net electronic charge residing on the metal nanoparticle surface (or its capping ligand shell). In this light, one can say that all metal-like nanoparticles are intrinsically electroactive and act as electron donor\/ acceptors to the quantitative extent of their double-layer capacitances. The electron charge storage capacity, per nanoparticle, depends on the nanoparticle size (surface area), nanoparticle double-layer capacitance\nCDL, and potential (relative to nanoparticle zero charge). This capacity can be quite substantial; for example, a 10-nm-diameter nanoparticle with CDL=120 aF (equivalent to 40 \u03bcF\/cm2)c an store \u223c750 e\/V. This capacity is capable, as a \"colloidal micro- electrode\", of driving electrochemical reactions such as proton reductiontoH2.Thequantitativedemonstrationsofthisproperty by Henglein et al.10a and Gratzel et al.,10b starting in 1979, represented the beginning of the modern understanding of the electrochemistry of metal nanoparticles.\nIn the earliest experiments, nanoparticles were charged by chemical reactions. The transition to electrochemical control by\nFigure 3. Schemefor forming multilayerfilms frommixed-monolayer Au nanoparticles. Adapted from ref 6c. Reprinted with permission from ref 1c. Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society.\nFigure 5. Syntheticapproachof1Dnanoparticlechainformation. Reprinted with permission from ref 8. Copyright 2007 American Association for the Advancement of Science.\nFigure 4. Synthetic outline of gold-nanoparticle dimer synthesis. Reprinted with permission from ref 7. Copyright 2004 The Royal Society of Chemisty.\n(10) (a) Henglein, A. J. Phys. Chem. 1979, 83, 2209. (b) Kiwi, J.; Gratzel, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 7214.\nUng et al.1 was made by showing that solutions of Ag nanoparticles capped with poly(acrylic acid) could also be charged at (macroscopic) working electrodes, diffusing to undergo electron transfer at electrode\/electrolyte interfaces. Although the observed current-potential curves (at potentials insufficiently positive to oxidize Ag) were featureless, the currents exceeded background values and varied with [time]-1\/2 (in potential step experiments) and with [rotation rate]1\/2 (in rotated disk electrode experiments);characteristics of current control by diffusing entities according to the well-known Cottrell and Levich equations, respectively,\nI\u00f0t\u00de\u00bc nFADNP 1=2CNP BULK where DNP and CNP BULK are the Ag nanoparticle diffusion coefficientandconcentration.Thus,eventhoughametalnanoparticle yields no voltammetric wave and exhibits no discrete \"formal potential\", its electrochemical charging is observable and demonstrable by the application of mass transport criteria.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Over 9000 Students Trained Since 1985\n12285B World Trade Drive\nGoogle Tour of Manna's (see inside)\nManna Martial Arts\nGrandmaster Manna\nMaster Instructors\nInstructors & Staff\n7 Codes\nUniform\/Belts\nTiny Tigers(Ages 3-4)\nLittle Dragons (5-7)\nDragons (Ages 7-11)\nTraditional (12-29)\nSongin (Ages 30+)\nMain (Headquarters)\nPUSD Enrichment\nYMCA Meade Avenue\nNon Profit Association\nMANNA'S offers opportunity for one or all the members of the family to participate. Our environment is friendly, courteous and educational. MANNA'S values the time that you take to build your and or your family's core values, whether for fitness, self-defense, camaraderie or self-discipline. Develop strong character, integrity and self confidence. Enjoy new friendships and spirit! We invite you to visit and experience MANNA'S for yourself. We look forward to having the opportunity to meet with you and will be our honor to share with you and your family, great physical and mental guidance through MANNA'S. MANNA'S is a TEMAS licensed school.\nYou may elect to try our VIP Martial Arts Program. You will receive a free uniform and two trial classes. This is absolutly free for all first time attendees to Manna's.\nAge Specific Martial Arts Programs:\nTINY TIGERS \u2013 Ages 3 and 4\nLITTLE DRAGONS \u2013 Ages 5 thru 6 and some 7\nDRAGONS, Traditional Tang Soo Do & Hapkido \u2013 Ages 7 thru 11\nTANG SOO DO & Hapkido \u2013 Ages 12 thru 29\nSONGIN DO & Hapkido - Adults minimum age 30\/50\/70\nRank Specific Martial Arts Programs:\nSENIOR & MASTER BLACK BELTS (Ko Dan Ja)\nStyle Specific Martial Arts Programs:\nTANG SOO DO (Ancient Taekwondo)\nSONGIN DO, Very Direct Effect & Physically Conscientious\nSafety Programs:\nPREDATOR AWARENESS \u2013 Child safety\nPERSONAL PROTECTION \u2013 Teen & Adult\nSELF DEFENSE \u2013 Teen & Adult\nUNITED STATES POLICE DEFENSE TACTICS ASSOCIATION INSTRUCTOR\nAdditional Programs:\nLIFE SKILLS CLASS \u2013 Youth participate 3 times monthly\nLEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT \u2013 Teen & Adult participate 3 times monthly\nCA LICENSED SCHOOL AGE DAYCARE \u2013 pick-up from local school\nAFTERSCHOOL OUTREACH PROGRAMS \u2013 on campus at your location\nTHEMED WEEKLY SUMMER ACTIVITY SPORTS CAMPS - Participate by the day or week\nMARTIAL ARTS KICKBOXING FITNESS \u2013 Teen\/Adult\nSELECTED HOLIDAY and SPORTS CAMP WEEKS\nPARENTS NIGHT OUT and SLEEP OVERS\n2DAY\/3 DAY CAMPS \u2013 Mountain Retreats centering on martial arts and camaraderie\nELITE WARRIOR ACHIEVEMENT PROGRAMS\nOUTREACH PROGRAMS - Throughout the community\nBIRTHDAY PARTY PACKAGES - A complete party like no other\nTUTORING BY APPOINTMENT \u2013 at Manna's\nINSTRUCTOR CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS - Teen\/Adult\nCorporate Trainer and Motivational Speaker\nConsulting & Entrepreneurial program for martial arts school owners\nWhat is Tang Soo Do and Songin Do\nMany names are used to describe Korean martial arts. Our teaching offers a mix of the Korean hard style of kick and punch, today known as Tae Kwon Do, with the turning and twisting of the Chinese soft styles all directly influences by the time that the Japennese martial arts influenced the Korean culture. Our instruction and teaching efforts are toward the preservation of the classical heritage and the enhancement of the martial arts in the world today, by the controlled atmosphere of pride and complete respect and discipline. Understanding the values of the martial arts training is an in-depth study.\nListed below are a few vital benefits of our instruction:\n* SELF DISCIPLINE Our traditional codes and studio rules outline the discipline which becomes self-discipline through personal application. Discipline is necessary to improve techniques and develop our hidden resources to the point where they may be utilized in practical application. Each individual with us is taught to be responsible and to be a \"thinking\" martial artist. As physical ability increases, so does mental control and focus in all activities.\n* SELF DEFENSE Through physical and mental training you can gain the ultimate use of your bodies facilities. Our teaching stress the scientific use of the body in the methods of self defense. You will acquire knowledge of pressure point, joint manipulation and take downs. Our self defense training is to disable, not to destroy. Concentrated mental and physical force can cause extreme damage, this is why our emphasis is on learning never to use this knowledge wrongly or violently.\n* PHYSICAL FITNESS Our classes stress four important area of fitness: Stamina - aerobic workout; Flexibility - stretching; Strength - isometrics, calisthenics and weights; and Mental and Physical Balance. Many aerobics workouts challenge only the body, and afterwards, the mind is still running on. Our training challenges the mind as well as the body. So, when the body is at rest, an overall calming effect is achieved. I call this, \"The whole person concept\" or balance of the mind and body. In this state, the body can truly rest and focus calmly on tasks at hand. We recommend two or three classes per week, this will enable both mental and physical enhancement.\nTang Soo Do is a traditional Korean Martial Art that was influenced by the Chinese. It's origin dates back over 2,000 years. Songin Do is a culmination of years of the development of manipulation of the natural weakness of the body and the direct results of a military style, the word Songin translates to mean 'enlightenment'.\nA Martial Arts Overview:\nIt is important to remember that the term \"Martial Arts\" though once aptly defined as \"violence and the control of that violence\", literally means \"military skills\", and encompasses all the individual Arts. Karate, Kung-Fu, Judo, Akido and Kobujitsu complete the Oriental line of ancient Asian warfare; however, let us not forget the tactics of India, Greece, Egypt, France or the Americas.\nThough drastically different, all forms of the Martial Arts can be described as being either a form of sport (Judo, Wrestling, Tae Kwon Do, etc.) a \"Jitsu\" (combat forms) or \"Do\", a way of life or art (those of high cultural value and moralistic intent).\nLet us first examine the term \"Martial\"; though many stylized art forms have derived from the professional warriors, the majority of the arts still in practice today, were developed by the civilian populations, for the purpose of personal defense. However, the term \"Martial\" is still applicable not only in the militaristic approach with regard to instruction, but in the warrior ethic developed within each practitioner.\nBesides conditioning the body and improving speed, strength and coordination, studying the Martial Arts increases one's alertness and self awareness. It also teaches confidence in one's abilities to deal with the world around us. And with deeper confidence comes calmness and a sense of inner peace which can penetrate to the very depth of our being.\nNext, let us consider the term \"Art\"; any form of self expression or interpretation can be considered an art. But the highest level of artistic freedom is found, not in reproduction but in creative expression. to rely on one's resources and mental flexibility to formulate a response accurate to the needs of any given situation.\nSo even within this simple term, we find an example of balance through seemingly contradictory views. The Martial Arts may be seen as the \"control of actions\", \"creative reorganization\" or maybe most appropriately, the \"protection of freedom\".\nThe term \"Do\" is Japanese for \"The Way\" or \"the Path\". The Way to inner peace is through the control of outer disorder. The way of self-discipline is the path to self-control; and once in control of ourselves, we find that we have the power to aid in the control of our environment.\nThe coordination of body and mind produced great power, and with great power comes great responsibility. Once properly directed and focused, \"Do\" may be a source of unlimited creative energy.\nHistory of the Martial Arts:\nThe roots of the Martial Arts per-date any written history, from the time that cavemen first lifted a hand in a fighting manner and prescribed dances for different illnesses. Different movements were believed to heal certain ailments, and surely a crude form of physical therapy did come of these, however unscientific the methods of development may have been.\nIn 2250 B.C., during the Hsia Dynasty, Emperor Yu noticed that a pond of water collected diseases whereas a running stream stayed more pure. He then ordered that his people should exercise in sequenced patterns, and with this, first placed the emphasis on the prevention of diseases rather than just their cure. These movements may well have laid the ground work for Tai Chi Chuan, many centuries later.\nDuring the Chou Dynasty (1150 B.C.), early Taoist and Confucian texts, including the I Ching (the book of Changes), the Shin Ching (the Book of Poems) and much later even the Li Chi (the book of Ceremonies & Rites) mentioned the Martial Arts and gave us the Kung-Fu Hexagram, the symbol of \"strong yielding\".\nMuch of the information that has been complied with regard to the \"Warrior Arts\" of early civilizations has been found in the other art forms of its culture. Statues, pottery and paintings on temple walls which depict combat between two or more warriors, or in some cases, athletes, have been found in all corners of the world. In ancient Egypt, art work on the walls of Beni-Hassan's tomb depicts techniques similar to those found in Ju-Jitsu.\nIt is still an issue of great debate as to who was first, or who was best, however the first organized school of combat seems to have been the Palaestra, a school of wrestling in ancient Greece.\nGreek boxing experienced its classic era from the time of Homer to the close of the 5th century B.C., and may have been the first art to utilize the \"open-hand\" as a weapon. The art of Pankration (all powers), a mix of Greek boxing and wrestling was carried across the Himalayas and into China by Alexander the Great in 326 B.C.\nThe Pyrrhic Dance (a war-dance similar to modern karate form), Greek forms of wrestling and especially the art of Pankration are said to have directly influenced the Indian arts of Nata and Vajramushti. These early Indian arts, once coupled with the Buddhist teachings, gave birth to Yoga and later Kalari Payat.\nJust per-dating the appearance of Buddhism, in the early 200's A.D. (Han Dynasty of China) a famous Chinese surgeon named Hua-To imitated movements of the deer, bear, tiger, monkey and the birds for their health aspects. Later these movements were refined for the First Emperor of Sung Dynasty, Tai-Chung, and became the root of modern-day calisthenics.\nChina and its people have long exhibited the incredible ability to absorb almost any culture or its ideologies. Today there are several hundred styles of Kung-Fu, the essence of which came from culmination of many cultures, philosophies, geographical origins and technical genre. Obviously a complete and comprehensive study of the Chinese Arts would be too voluminous to include in this Member's Handbook, so let us simply examine China's most famous \"melting-pot.\"\nThe T'ang Dynasty:\nThe T'ang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.) witnessed a great rise in popularity for the Shaolin Temple and its arts. It was during this period that the monks first served a military purpose and became, in affect, a special detachment of the Imperial Army. In quelling internal uprisings and resisting many different invasions, the inhabitants of the Shaolin were rewarded with many honors, citations and huge amounts of land. On this land many temples were built, the first was the second Shaolin in the Fukein province.\nPriests, soldiers, statesmen and scholars, while visiting and studying at these Chinese monasteries,, were undoubtedly exposed to Chan-Fa and returned to Korea, Japan and the Ryukyu with the seeds of what would soon be their own native arts.\nTraveling Shaolin monks were responsible for the birth of several hundred styles of Kung-Fu. They would teach Chuan-Fa to their family, friends and followers and they, in time, would alter and add on to the style, then call it whatever they wanted - usually after their family name.\nJapan, during this time, began to proliferate schools of wrestling and swordsmanship; these would later become Sumo and the arts of Kendo. The earliest forms of Kenjutsu are thought to have existed as early as the 6th century A.D. and were most likely developed from techniques exhibited by Buddhist monks and scholars relating what they had learned abroad. The antecedent of this was to be seen in the transmission of Ch'in Na from China to Japan in the early 900's A.D., becoming the basis for Aiki-Jutsu.\nIn Korea, early developments in Taekyon and Subak (the base arts of Tae Kwon Do), Hwarang Do (the ancient military art form) and Tang Soo Do, traditional Korean martial art with legendary influence by China (literally T'ang Hand Way) were interpretations of Wai-Chia, the external systems of Chuan-Fa. The northern external styles were known for their intricate kicking techniques....and once these were combined with the spectacular acrobatics of the native Korean kicking arts, the two made for a formidable union. The highest level of becoming one with self can be viewed at reaching songin.\nLicensed Day Care\nMMA, Martial Arts, Karate, Jiu Jitsu, Aikido, Kung Fu, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Taekwondo , Tang Soo Do, Songin Do, Hapkido, Mixed Martial Arts, Kick Boxing, Cardio Kickboxing, Fitness Kick Boxing, Manna, Children Karate , Childrens Martial Arts, Tangsoodo, TEMAS\nCopyright \u00a9 2022 Manna's Martial Arts, Inc.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"What Is India News Service\nThe Indian Analyst\nEGoM clears 83 SEZs\nArchives | Links | Search\nAbout Us | Feedback | Guestbook\nPositive Articles\nTourism Articles\nInterview Articles\nFrom, April 01, 2007 to April 07, 2007\n'Relations With India On Irreversible Plane'\nIndia's relations with Bangladesh have almost reached an 'irreversible plane', and look set to go 'upward', with Dhaka providing genuine assurances that no acts 'inimical to India' would be permitted from there, said Bangladesh's Foreign Affairs . . .\nReforms Panel For 'One Un' Concept\nMr Lennart Bage, President of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) was in India for a week long visit.\nQ&a: Reinvent Museums, Connect With Communities\nAs chairman, AusHeritage, Australia's network for cultural heritage services, Vinod Daniel's work revolves around conserving and nourishing trans-geographic heri-tage and cultural traditions.\n\"It's Time We Move Towards Conflict Resolution\"\nPakistan's Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz speaks on a range of issues \u2014 from bilateral trade to Siachen to the suspension of his country's top judge. Excerpts from an exclusive interview in New Delhi on Wednesday:\nForeign Remittances Don't Translate To Industrial Investments For Kerala\nThe issue of why there are no industrial investments in Kerala from foreign remittances cannot be detached from why there have not been major investments.\n'After Consumer Credit, Rural Lending Is The Next Big Opportunity'\nFrom the 10th floor of the ICICI Bank building in the Bandra-Kurla Complex in Mumbai, the bank's managing director and chief executive officer K.V. Kamath can a large expanse of urban India the target set for the bank to borrow from and lend to.\n'Palestinians Are Imprisoned In Their Own Land'\nJamal Juma, 44, is coordinator of the Palestinian Grassroots Anti-Apartheid Wall Campaign, a representative forum of major Palestinian civil society organisations in occupied Palestine.\nExclusive: On Poll Eve Mulayam Says He Has No Regrets\nUP chief minister Mulayam Singh is fighting a grim battle for political supremacy in Uttar Pradesh. He calls it a \"mahasangram\" and has left no stone unturned to try and win UP again in the 2007 Assembly polls.\n'Rss View Of Hindu Rashtra An Anachronism'\nJyotirmaya Sharma, author of `Terrifying Vision', a book about MS Golwalkar of the RSS, in an interview with Deepak K Upreti of the Deccan Herald comments on the controversial legacy of the leader.\nBiman Bose, Left Front Chairman\nIN this exclusive interview with Frontline, Biman Bose, Communist Party of India (Marxist) Polit Bureau member and West Bengal State secretary and Left Front chairman, gives his party's perception on the Nandigram incident.\nDesigners Can Transform Assets Into Eco-Friendly Services\nDesign guru John Thackara is the director of Doors of Perception, an Amsterdam and Bangalore-based 'knowledge networking' organisation that gets diverse experts for its celebrated single-theme conferences around the world.\n'Those Who Have Power Decide Who Can Use Resources. We Need A . ..\nHello, and welcome to Walk the Talk. I am Shekhar Gupta, and my guest this week is the Tree Woman of Africa, actually the Tree Woman of the World, Nobel laureate Wangari Maathai, on her first visit to India.\n\"It's Mira's Stamp On My Story\"\nThe Pulitzer Prize-winning author on the film versus the book, her characters, her connections with her Bengali family, her relationship with Nair, and her new work.\nSanthosh George K.\nEntrepreneur and traveller, he's all set to be India's first space tourist in 2008-09.\nWe Made Mistakes But Won't Give Up: Buddha\nWest Bengal CM Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee admits that Nandigram was a failure, but he is still aggressive on industrialisation and claims the party's support.\nCompact Oeuvre\nFilmmaker Adoor Gopalakrishnan discusses his latest project based on the short stories of Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai.\nWhen Foreign Targets Blip On Your Deal Radar\nAchieving global effective tax rate (GETR) reductions will improve post-tax cash flows and enhance shareholder value. However, tax planning should not be conducted in isolation but must be integrated into business initiatives.\n'Foreign Lawyers' Entry Not To Hit Locals'\nThe law industry is still more protected than many others in a number of countries.\nVincent Brossel Of Reporters Sans\nReporters Sans Fronti\u00e8res (RSF) has been fighting for press freedom ever since it was formed in 1985 by a group of French journalists.\n\u00a9 2007 Copyright What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd. All Rights Reserved.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The Truly Disgusting Things We Ate as Children\nBy Kristin Hunt\nDrew Swantak\/Thrillist\nKids do a lot of weird things, like enthusiastically trying to spy on fat, old home-intruders every December 25th. What's truly remarkable, though, is their ability to enjoy vile food creations you wouldn't feed to a dog -- and lest you forget, dogs eat their own poo. We took an internal poll to find out the grossest things the Thrillist staff enthusiastically ate as children. If the results are any indication, we're probably not making it to 70.\nI had a normal childhood. A good childhood. But there's one red flag: in every single Kodak moment from every single summer ('88-'95), I'm eating sand. Like, fist to face. I'm smiling, bleach-blonde hair waving with the wind, and aggressively chowing down on tiny rocks. My parents can't seem to remember why.\nI can't imagine it was a taste thing, but I was eating it enough that, by way of pictures, I clearly loved something about this inedible summertime food staple. I remember liking my sand fine, not coarse or too rocky. And it could never be wet. It should go without saying that I don't eat sand anymore (I've replaced the crunch with a crippling addiction to potato chips), but I may try it this summer. If I don't have to immediately get my stomach pumped, I'll let you know how it goes. - Julie Cerick, assistant managing editor\nTurkey, butter, and salt sandwiches\nIn what retrospectively seems like a lethargic attempt on my life, my granny used to make me decadent, hypertension-inducing turkey, butter, and salt sandwiches for lunch when I would stay over. The butter was not thinly spread at all -- big chunks of it lined the untoasted bread -- and you would catch yourself crunching on scattered accumulations of salt every so often, but I'll be damned if my childhood self didn't find them delicious. I'm pretty sure I lost a day off the end of my life each time I ate one, and I still count them as days well spent. - Tyler Beckwith, editorial project manager\nCreamer cups\nI used to crush dozens of those tiny half-and-half cups served with coffee at restaurants. They were my favorite thing. In fact, when my parents married when I was 4 (yes, that's right), I had a nearly endless supply. Later, my mom found some empty ones in a bunched-up part of her wedding dress that I had left while hugging her. I hardly ever use them in my coffee today. - Tony Merevick, cities news editor\nPistachio nut salt\nSo here's a great party trick for maximum enjoyment of pistachio nuts. The best part of pistachios, or any nuts for that matter, is the salt, obviously. And shelling pistachios is a lot of work. But you know what's not a lot of work? Sucking the salt off pistachio nuts and then placing those nuts back into the bowl. I mean, where else would you put them at this point? I did this consistently at large family parties from ages 5-12 and was only ever caught once, by my uncle's then-fiance, who was still brave enough to marry into the family. Do not eat damp, unsalted pistachio nuts. - Bison Messink, managing editor\nFlour and water \"paste\"\nAs a young lad of 6, I decided one night that it was time to start earning my keep by \"cooking\" dinner for my family. My meal consisted of equal parts flour and water, lovingly mixed together in a bowl until it reached a consistency approximating spackling paste. It was delicious. My mother and father both took spoonfuls of the pasty mix (or pretended to, at least) and proclaimed how tasty it was, to my delight. My older brother, meanwhile, spat his portion out and told me it was the worst thing he'd ever eaten. Sobbing, I greedily consumed the rest of his portion. - Gianni Jaccoma, staff writer\nGoldfish cereal\nI used to put Goldfish in milk to eat as cereal because it just made sense to me at the time. Then I kept forcing myself to do it daily for a while because my mom said I'd hate it, and it would be disgusting. I HAD TO PROVE HER WRONG! - Laura Murray, photo editorial intern\nPeanut butter, cheese, and bacon sandwiches\nSometime around age 10 or 11, I heard something about how Elvis enjoyed peanut butter, bacon, and banana sandwiches. At first I was disgusted, but then became curious about how peanut butter and bacon might taste together (bananas would push the concoction too close to health food). Of course, it was tasty. You know what else is tasty? Cheddar cheese. They have peanut butter and cheddar cheese cracker sandwiches, so it seemed reasonable enough. As I recall, it tasted pretty good. I don't know why I stopped eating them. Maybe I'll start up again? - Matt Lynch, deputy editor\nI truly can't remember what exactly led me to the biscuit box, but it probably had something to do with \"playing dogs.\" If you're unfamiliar, the game consists of three to five dog-obsessed little girls crawling around on their hands and knees, barking at each other and drinking water out of bowls on the floor. It was\/is a total blast. One funny mom probably told me to sit and offered a reward, not realizing how deeply committed I was to my role. Honestly, they just taste like super-hard crackers. They're good for the gums. - Carrie Dennis, associate editor\n\"PS Fiestas\"\nWhen I was 10 or 11, I took one of those variety packs of overly sugared breakfast cereals, like Count Chocula, Frosted Flakes, Froot Loops, Cheerios, Rice Krispies, Special K, and I think Raisin Bran, then put them all in a food processor, added milk and water, and made this kind of breakfast cereal paste. Then I put them in balls and deep-fried them in used bacon grease and vegetable oil. We called them PS Fiestas. I believe the PS stood for \"Pimp Shit.\"\nI don't remember if it was necessarily all that gross, but then I dumped the almost two gallons of fat I'd used to deep-fry it in a pasta pot down the drain, and it congealed and overflowed into our basement, and cleaning a gallon of cooking fat off our basement floor DEFINITELY was very gross. - Matt Meltzer, Miami editor\nUngrilled cheese sandwiches\nOK, so when I was a kid I used to eat non-grilled cheese sandwiches. It's not like a \"regular\" cheese sandwich -- if such a thing exists -- where it's bread with cheese, but a toasted bread sandwich with cheese. So, I'd put the bread in a toaster, slather it up with mayonnaise, and stick like five to 10 slices of American or cheddar cheese on it. Warm toast and ice-cold cheese, that was my scene in the '90s. - Jeremy Glass, Supercompressor vice editor\nNesquik, straight up\nAs a youngster around the age of 9 or so, I obviously hated milk and needed it to be way more like a milkshake, so my family ALWAYS had Nestl\u00e9 Quik around. Being the brilliant child I was, I realized that the stuff that made my milk taste good tasted even better by itself. So being the not-so-brilliant child that I actually was, I'd eat it by the spoonful, straight up. But this was frowned upon in my household, so I remember many a time that I'd retreat to the woods behind my house and eat Quik straight from the container with a spoon. I'm not proud of shoveling granulated strawberry sugar substitute down my throat, alone in the woods, but I'd do it again in a second. - Pete Dombrosky, copy chief\nCheddar saltine ball\nWhen I was little, there were cheddar saltines. They were super plain and meh. I would stuff as many in my mouth as I could fit, chew them up, then spit them out. I'd do that over and over until I had a slimy ball of cheese crackers about the size of a lemon. Then I'd eat it like an apple. I thought it made them taste like delicious Goldfish crackers. My mom caught me and began just, you know, getting Goldfish. - Andy Kryza, senior editor\nKristin Hunt is a staff writer at Thrillist. She never made paste, but she once served her family a half-baked box cake. Her brother was a real dick about it, too. Follow her at @kristin_hunt.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home \u00bb American Celebrity \u00bb Giovanni Rivera\nAmerican Celebrity\nGiovanni Rivera\nPosted on Nov 22, 2021, Modified : Nov 21, 2021 Saraswati Lama\nGiovanni Rivera is an American-born YouTuber who posted many videos on the YouTube channel named \"Gio & Eli\" with his brother. Likewise, he has also gained popularity from his other social media sites.\nFull Name Giovanni Rivera\nDOB 29 February 1996\nBirthplace New York\nZodiac Sign Pisces\nHair Color Dark Brown\nEyes Color Dark Brown\nMother Melanie Torres\nBrother Elijah Rivera\nNet Worth $100K - $1M\nSource: theglobalstardom\nWhere was Giovanni born and raised?\nRivera was born on 29 February 1996 in New York as a son of a mother, Melanie Torres, but his father's identity has been kept secret so that there is still more to know about his father. He has a brother whose name is Elijah Rivera.\nCurrently, he is at the age of 25, and according to his birth date, his zodiac sign is Pisces. Rivera holds an American nationality, and as per his ethnic background, he belongs to the ethnicity of White.\nHow was the childhood of Rivera like?\nGiovanni grew up nicely in a good environment with his family members. But he lives quiet about the detailed information of his family members, so there are still more things to know about his family members.\nBesides this, his educational background information is also missing, but he seems educated. However, his academic qualification still has a question mark.\nHow did Rivera start his Career?\nRivera has established himself as a famous YouTuber who came into the limelight after he and his brother started posting their fun and exciting videos on his YouTube channel named \"Gio & Eli\". Likewise, he has also posted his many photos and videos on several social media sites like Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and more.\nSource: celebsgraphy\nHe is doing well in his career and getting people's attention as a social media star. He has gained many followers on his social media sites as he has maintained his social media sites.\nRivera is currently single and living his own life happily with his family members. Likewise, he is doing great in his career and focusing on getting more success in her career. There are also no rumors about his previous relationship, so that he must be living his single life.\nGiovanni has created several social media accounts, including:\nRivera is active on Instagram with the tag name (\"@giofiledthis\"), where he has 206K followers and posted 254 posts. In addition, he has posted his good-looking pictures and videos with his family and friends, which many people liked and commented on.\nGiovanni is also active on Twitter with the tag name (\"@giofilmedthis\"), where he has 9807 followers and tweets 206 times.\nHe also uses a TikTok account with the tag name (\"@giofilmedthis\"), where he has 959.3K followers and posted many videos with his brother, which many people liked and commented on. He grabbed people's attention after he started posting his videos that went viral on the internet.\nRivera has also created his YouTube channel named \"Gio & Eli\" with his brother with 794K subscribers. He joined on YouTube on 21 August 2017 and started posting fun and exciting videos with his brother and friends, which many people liked and watched.\nLikewise, he and his brother have gained popularity as YouTubers as they have made very exciting videos with their family and friends, which many people watched. The total views on his videos reached 53,348,246.\nSource: allstarbio\nA good-looking, active and talented Giovanni is a social media star who rose to fame after posting many photos and videos on his social media sites. Currently, he lives a standard life with an estimated net worth of $100K to $1M.\nElijah Rivera\nGio & Eli\nKaelyn Wilkins\nDan Nampaikid","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Warren, Herbert Norman (1888 - 1950)\nOnline Sources Published Sources Gallery\nScience administrator\nBorn: 6 April 1888 Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Died: 5 August 1950.\nHerbert Norman Warren was Director, Bureau of Meteorology, from 1940 until his death in 1950. He was an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE).\nBorn 6 April 1888. Died 5 August 1950. OBE. Educated University of Melbourne. Joined Electoral Branch of Department of Home Affairs, Victoria, 1914. Senior Clerk Electoral and Service Branches, Tasmania, 1919. In 1924 transferred to Commonwealth Public Service Board for special duties in connection with classification and organisation of Commonwealth departments. Appointed Commonwealth Electoral Officer for Tasmania in 1934 and also Public Service Inspector.\nWarren was Public Service Inspector for Tasmania before being appointed as Assistant Director of the Bureau in 1938 and shortly thereafter as Director of Meteorology. Almost immediately, as Group Captain Warren, he was called on to manage the transformation of the Bureau into the RAAF Meteorological Service. After return of the Bureau to civilian status in 1946, he became deeply involved in international meteorology, chairing the committee which drafted the final text of the WMO Convention in Washington DC in October 1947. He died in office on his way home from a session of the WMO Executive Committee in August 1950. A Hundred Years of Science and Service, Bureau of Meteorology, 2001.\nAustralian Science and Technology Heritage Centre, Federation and Meteorology, 2001, http:\/\/www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au\/fam\/scripts\/fam-dynindex.php3?EID=P003319. [ Details ]\nStructure based on ISAAR(CPF) - click here for an explanation of the fields. Prepared by: Helen Morgan\nModified: 9 October 2006\n[ Foundation Supporter - National Council for the Centenary of Federation ] [ Top of page | Bright Sparcs Home | Browse | Search ]","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Film Review: The Call\nPosted by jensine in Film reviews 2013\nAbigail Breslin, director Brad Anderson, entertainment, Film Review: The Call, film reviews, Films, Halle Berry, Michael Eklund, movies, The Call\nPhone operator Jordan (Halle Berry) works in the busy 911 emergency call center in Los Angeles. Everyday she sits, listens and helps those in distress, always cool and methodical as she was trained to be.\nHowever when she answers the call from a young girl whose home is being invaded everything changes. Always the professional Jordan tries to calm the girl down but suddenly the perpetrator is on the other end telling her: \"It's already done.\"\nThis sentence haunts Jordan and when a few days later the body of the young girl is found she swaps her headset for a clipboard and teaches new applicants how to do her old job. While on the floor of 'the hive' as the bustling call-center is dubbed a call comes in from Casey (Abigail Breslin) and a breathtaking journey begins.\nCasey is calling from the boot of a moving car, confused, crying and very scared. With the help of Jordan she manages to create a trail and the search is on. Her abductor Michael (Michael Eklund) is at first quite unaware of what is happening behind his back but as soon as he finds out his rage takes over.\nThe Call is a fast-paced movie filled with suspense. And even though a lot of it is filmed inside the boot of a car it doesn't feel overly claustrophobic. Both Breslin and Berry manage to be believable, Breslin obviously filled with terror and Berry desperate to help. However it does seem odd when Jordan leaves her desk and turns into the hero who saves the day. Eklund is brilliant in his sweaty lunacy, menacing, furious and utterly deluded.\nHowever The Call does have its weaknesses. The prologue to the story is a little long, which is odd as the film is only 94 minutes long. But director Brad Anderson seems to want to set the scene and create too much of an unnecessary back-story. And although the ending may be surprising and somewhat satisfying for some it makes little sense to find Jordan as the one who takes action.\nOverall The Call is much better than it may first appear, even if the plot does have a few weaknesses. It is a film that is carried by strong actors, a lot of suspense and great filming, a thriller in every sense of the words.\n3 thoughts on \"Film Review: The Call\"\n\"\u2026sweaty lunacy\u2026\"\u2013what a great description, Jensine!\nwell if you see the film you'll know what I mean \u2026 thanks for the compliment\n:>0, I be watching for it!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Preview: Birmingham City (v) Aston Villa \u2013 Why the second city derby is more than just a game.\nVilla Undergroundon October 28, 2016 December 28, 2016\nThis derby. It's not just about bragging rights.\nIt's old scores & open wounds.\nIt's the senseless anticipation as kick off looms and the anguish suffered over 90 minutes.\nThis is a big game. An important local clash, routinely overlooked and diminished in the age of mass media coverage of manufactured \"derbies\" or faux rivalry.\nVilla versus Blues is a bitter, fierce and often hateful experience. It's the first meeting of either side in a league fixture for five years. Tasty stuff.\nWhilst the hatefulness of the game sometimes results in the worst of humanity coming out, it also creates a cauldron of football that is thrilling to watch amidst an atmosphere few can describe once they've experienced it first hand.\nIt's white knuckle, on and off the pitch.\nIt was therefore a genuine surprise to read that Villa fans will be held back at the final whistle.\nWhilst the decision was probably taken with the best of intentions, when the tactic was last deployed at St. Andrews it made away supporters stick out like sore thumbs wandering away from the gates of the Coventry Road.\nFans were also pelted with stones and whatever was to hand whilst waiting behind the gates as the home support drifted by on that occasion. (*This was either the 2005 or 2007)\nThis is the same West Midlands Police that presumably thought the 2002 derby [that was completely lawless] would be best played at night. They also thought nothing of placing Blues fans in the tier above the away support, permitting all manner of unsavoury items to rain down upon us for 90 minutes. Hence the reduced capacity this time round with those seats off limits.\nThis is a proper derby, where there are no \"half and half scarves\", no neutral areas and one where permanent, unerring lines are drawn amongst acquaintances, colleagues and relationships.\nThe divide is simple enough to interpret. It is a case of the 'have' and 'have nots' of football in the second city.\nWe, Aston Villa, have and have had all of the success. Blues, have forever been in the shadows, the bottom feeder, the envious, ugly sister. An all consuming obsession.\nEqually, the gulf between the stature of two footballing sides within such a narrow geography couldn't be greater. Fanbase, ambition, silverware and stadia are tried & tested measures.\nGreatness is something measured over decades & in terms of our historic football club, centuries. The trophy cabinet & the history books are the trusted barometer.\nThis isn't also about [rightly] pointing out to our neighbours that we have pedigree, but as much reminding them of their insignificance. Insignificant to the extent that even in our darkest and most inept relegation season (2015\/2016), Aston Villa still defeated them.\nClinging to singular, brief moments of joy against us or raising individuals such as Robbie Savage to \"legend\" status, tells it's own story.\nSavage, as dis-likeable as he remains, amusingly double crossed Blues, jumping ship to join Blackburn Rovers. He virtually went full Delph on them and yet\u2026he remains an idol?!\nWe will make do with idolising League & European Cup winners instead, thanks.\nAnd yes, we will mention that we were Champions of Europe as much or as little as we want. It happened, it is the greatest achievement that any football club can reach, and Aston Villa did it.\nBlues fans can polish their Leyland DAF trophy or swill out their Obafemi \"What's my age again?\" Martin mug. That's as good as it will ever be. Apart from that rare anomaly where they manage to \"beet thu Villuh\".\nOur hosts will have us marked on their calendar, for a big team is crossing the city line. The Blue carpet will be rolled out, the Jasper Carrot record dusted off and we will be made to feel exceptionally welcome.\nGiven the woeful attendances at St Andrews, the words \"You've only come to see the Villa\" are rarely more appropriate.\nBlues are managing a paltry 57% average turn-out. Their overall attendance is also broadly 50% less than our own in terms of footfall. Huddersfield & Fulham get more through their doors than City, for comparison.\nBy contrast, Villa currently have the highest away attendances of any Championship (or Premier League) club and that's despite managing just a single victory outside of Villa Park in 14 months.\nThere is also the added spice that Steve Bruce has seen sense and walked out into the light having taken the helm at VP. He knows the fixture well and leads Villa into the temple of doom almost a decade after he departed as City's coach.\nExpect a warm welcome Steve.\nBruce has steadied a B6 ship that had been struggling to find its feet in The Championship under Roberto Di Matteo. Many would have been worried, The Villa Underground included, had a change in leadership not taken place when it did.\nWe now arrive at St Andrews armed with a sudden momentum, having won consecutive matches and taken 7 points from 9 under Bruce. We also appear to be steadily finding a level of organisation so lacking previously & are now hurting teams in the latter stages of games.\nBlues come into the game off the back of a 2-0 defeat to the mighty Burton. Whilst their home form is steady, only one defeat this season, their results against Midlands teams have been poor.\nDefeat at home to Wolves is mirrored with a loss to struggling Nottingham Forest and the aforementioned Burton Albion. For all of Gary Rowett's successes steering Blues on a minimal budget, there are certainly chinks in the armour.\nThe game also has further significance as we seek to establish exactly how our season will play out.\nWhilst few would predict a meteoric rise to the automatic promotion places, there is an optimism that the play-offs are a reasonable objective. Beating teams like the Blues will be central to this and\/or a measure of what work still needs to be done. The result will actually be quite telling in some respects.\nVilla will be without Tommy Elphick and Micah Richards. This will see a likely recall for the growing central partnership of Chester & Baker. Alan Hutton would be expected to retain his place at right back, with Bacuna performing better in a midfield three.\nBruce's biggest challenge will be selecting the best attacking options for the job at hand. The predatory Jonathan Kodjia is an obvious pick, but it's unclear who or what means of supporting him works best. That's a work in progress which has seen any number of players swap in and out.\nGestede carries an aerial threat but is limited on the floor. McCormack has proven goals but is struggling for consistency. Ayew can bring trickery and wastefulness in equal measure. And what of the news the Agbonlahor will travel with the squad? Surely not?\nIn any event, a victory has to be our aim. And for Gods sake Villa; do not lose.\nVilla to win (2-0)\n>> Follow Villa Underground on Twitter\n>> Watch & Subscribe on Youtube\n>> Receive Aston Villa news to your inbox \u2013 Subscribe to The Villa Underground Newsletter!\n>> Listen & subscribe to the Podcast!\nCategoriesMatch PreviewTagsAston VillaAVFCBCFCBirmingham Cityfl72Match Preview\nFulham Report: 2 wins in 4 days raises Villa spirits going into Blues derby.\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); A video posted by Aston Villa \u2013 Official (@avfcofficial) on Oct 23, 2016 at 1:29am\u2026\nBlues (v) Villa Review: Second City derby reflection. Police, Aquascutum & the Panto Villain.\n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Embed from Getty Images Time is a wonderful thing. It allows you to put the\u2026","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Los Angeles mayoral race: Eric Garcetti wins\n\"Thank you Los Angeles--the hard work begins but I am honored to lead this city for the next four years. Let's make this a great city again,\" Garcetti tweeted early Wednesday morning.\nGreuel gave her formal concession speech at her campaign headquarters in Van Nuys later in the morning. She got emotional at times, saying this was a hard fought race. She asked her supporters to stand behind the city's new mayor.\n\"The one thing that I know about Eric Garcetti is that he cares deeply about Los Angeles and that he will work tirelessly and be a strong and innovative leader in a time, I believe, that is a critical point in the city's history,\" Greuel said.\nIn late-night speeches Tuesday, both candidates appeared optimistic and thanked their supporters for their work in the long campaigns.\n\"On July 1, we will assume the responsibility of creating jobs, of balancing our city's budget, of keeping our city's streets safe and improving the quality of life for all Angelenos,\" said Garcetti Tuesday night.\nDespite record spending - more than $30 million overall - voter turnout was low. Less than 350,000 people in Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city, voted for mayor.\nThe two Democrats and City Hall regulars were in the run-off contest to succeed Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, who will leave office July 1 after two terms.\n\"Eric is a true leader who I trust to guide our city into its bright future. I know I am leaving Los Angeles in good hands,\" said Villaraigosa. \"I look forward to working with Eric and his team over the next month for a seamless transition so that we can keep Los Angeles moving in the right direction.\"\nMeantime, voters also had to decide on four City Council seats on Tuesday. Former Assemblyman Gil Cedillo earned 52 percent of the vote to beat Jose Gardea in the runoff battle for the 1st District, which includes northeast Los Angeles, Chinatown, Pico Union and MacArthur Park.\nSen. Curren Price won 53 percent of the vote against Ana Cubas in the race for the 9th District seat representing South Los Angeles.\nMitch O'Farrell, a one-time field deputy for mayor-elect Eric Garcetti, defeated Public Works Commissioner John Choi in the battle for Garcetti's 13th District seat representing the Hollywood area.\nAs for the San Fernando Valley-area's 6th District, there will be a July 23 runoff between former Assemblywoman Cindy Montanez and Los Angeles Unified School District board member Nury Martinez because none of the six candidates got 50 percent of the vote needed to claim the seat outright.\nCity News Service contributed to this report.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Train Wreck Tragedy\nWays To Subscribe\nOn this date in 1912, the final report on a horrific accident appeared in papers, telling the full story of a tragedy. On December 30th of 1911, a train derailed near Sharon in Steele County. The Great Northern passenger train No. 3, dubbed the Oregonian, was passing through Steele County at around 10:00 in the morning on a frigid day of -20 degrees, with a 12 mile an hour breeze that made the day seem even colder. The train was going about forty miles an hour on a slight curve, when a rail snapped in the intense cold. The engine, tender, and the first four cars rolled over, catching fire.\nThough fellow passengers rushed to the aid of those in the burning cars, the fire soon became too hot as they attempted to chop through the wreckage with axes to free trapped passengers.\nA train was dispatched from Devils Lake with nurses, doctors, and other helpers. The fire was still burning when they arrived. Despite the best efforts of the rescuers, the dining car was consumed by the blaze. Five passengers there were burned beyond recognition.\nInjured passengers were rushed to hospitals in Fargo, Devils Lake, and even Breckenridge MN. All of them would recover. It was eventually confirmed that the five people in the dining car were the only fatalities. They were Albert Lodge, Joseph Mosher, M. Mahoney, Martha Keefer, and the unnamed five-month-old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. J. Bailey.\nWinter has always been one of North Dakota's most notorious killers, the dangerously cold combined with harsh winds being a constant worry. Settlers found this out in the very early days of the state, and though technology and quality of life have advanced considerably, winter weather remains a threat.\nDakota Datebook by Katie David\nBowbells Tribune, Jan. 5, 1912\nJamestown Weekly Alert, Jan. 4, 1912\nThe Bottineau Courant. Jan. 5, 1912\nDakota DatebookKatie Davidrailroad\nKatie David\nSee stories by Katie David\nWolf Bounty\nOn this date in 1910, an article appeared in the Oakes Times regarding the State Auditor's view on the state wolf bounty, which had been in place since 1897. The auditor, D.K. Brightbill, was of the opinion that the bounty should be repealed as it was no longer practical for the state to hold such an act.\nHomestead Plot Problems\nOn this date in 1903, two men may have been feeling some heat from the Department of the Interior Land Office. John Calkins and Peter Christenson owned separate plots of land near Minot, but were challenged by their neighbors, who accused the two of not meeting the terms required by the Homestead Act of 1862.\nScandal in Fessenden\nOn this date in 1913, William McBain was arrested, following a complex series of events that stirred up much controversy in North Dakota. It all started two years earlier when William moved from his childhood home in Fessenden to Saskatoon, Canada for work. There, he fell in love with a girl named Margaret, who lived on the farm next door. Margaret held the same feelings for him, and one day ran away from home to go with William to his hometown of Fessenden.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"1Definitions and statement\n2The number of shattered sets\n3Proof\nSauer\u2013Shelah lemma\nNotion in combinatorics\nPajor's formulation of the Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma: for every finite family of sets (green) there is another family of equally many sets (blue outlines) such that each set in the second family is shattered by the first family\nIn combinatorial mathematics and extremal set theory, the Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma states that every family of sets with small VC dimension consists of a small number of sets. It is named after Norbert Sauer and Saharon Shelah, who published it independently of each other in 1972.[1][2] The same result was also published slightly earlier and again independently, by Vladimir Vapnik and Alexey Chervonenkis, after whom the VC dimension is named.[3] In his paper containing the lemma, Shelah gives credit also to Micha Perles, and for this reason the lemma has also been called the Perles\u2013Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma.[4]\nBuzaglo et al. call this lemma \"one of the most fundamental results on VC-dimension\",[4] and it has applications in many areas. Sauer's motivation was in the combinatorics of set systems, while Shelah's was in model theory and that of Vapnik and Chervonenkis was in statistics. It has also been applied in discrete geometry[5] and graph theory.[6]\nDefinitions and statement[edit]\nIf F = { S 1 , S 2 , \u2026 } {\\displaystyle \\textstyle {\\mathcal {F}}=\\{S_{1},S_{2},\\dots \\}} is a family of sets, and T {\\displaystyle T} is another set, then T {\\displaystyle T} is said to be shattered by F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} if every subset of T {\\displaystyle T} (including the empty set and T {\\displaystyle T} itself) can be obtained as an intersection T \u2229 S i {\\displaystyle T\\cap S_{i}} between T {\\displaystyle T} and a set in the family. The VC dimension of F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} is the largest cardinality of a set shattered by F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} .\nIn terms of these definitions, the Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma states that if F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} is a family of sets with n {\\displaystyle n} distinct elements such that | F | > \u2211 i = 0 k \u2212 1 ( n i ) {\\displaystyle \\textstyle |{\\mathcal {F}}|>\\sum _{i=0}^{k-1}{\\binom {n}{i}}} , then F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} shatters a set of size k {\\displaystyle k} . Equivalently, if the VC dimension of F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} is k , {\\displaystyle k,} then F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} can consist of at most \u2211 i = 0 k ( n i ) = O ( n k ) {\\displaystyle \\textstyle \\sum _{i=0}^{k}{\\binom {n}{i}}=O(n^{k})} sets.\nThe bound of the lemma is tight: Let the family F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} be composed of all subsets of { 1 , 2 , \u2026 , n } {\\displaystyle \\{1,2,\\dots ,n\\}} with size less than k {\\displaystyle k} . Then the size of F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} is exactly \u2211 i = 0 k \u2212 1 ( n i ) {\\displaystyle \\textstyle \\sum _{i=0}^{k-1}{\\binom {n}{i}}} but it does not shatter any set of size k {\\displaystyle k} .[7]\nThe number of shattered sets[edit]\nA strengthening of the Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma, due to Pajor (1985), states that every finite set family F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} shatters at least | F | {\\displaystyle |{\\mathcal {F}}|} sets.[8] This immediately implies the Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma, because only \u2211 i = 0 k \u2212 1 ( n i ) {\\displaystyle \\sum _{i=0}^{k-1}{\\tbinom {n}{i}}} of the subsets of an n {\\displaystyle n} -item universe have cardinality less than k {\\displaystyle k} . Thus, when | F | > \u2211 i = 0 k \u2212 1 ( n i ) {\\displaystyle |{\\mathcal {F}}|>\\sum _{i=0}^{k-1}{\\tbinom {n}{i}}} , there are not enough small sets to be shattered, so one of the shattered sets must have cardinality at least k {\\displaystyle k} .\nFor a restricted type of shattered set, called an order-shattered set, the number of shattered sets always equals the cardinality of the set family.[9]\nProof[edit]\nPajor's variant of the Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma may be proved by mathematical induction; the proof has variously been credited to Noga Alon[10] or to Ron Aharoni and Ron Holzman.[9]\nBase: every family of only one set shatters the empty set.\nStep: Assume the lemma is true for all families of size less than | F | {\\displaystyle |{\\mathcal {F}}|} and let F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} be a family of two or more sets. Let x {\\displaystyle x} be an element that belongs to some but not all of the sets in F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} . Split F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} into two subfamilies, of the sets that contain x {\\displaystyle x} and the sets that do not contain x {\\displaystyle x} .\nBy the induction assumption, these two subfamilies shatter two collections of sets whose sizes add to at least | F | {\\displaystyle |{\\mathcal {F}}|} .\nNone of these shattered sets contain x {\\displaystyle x} , since a set that contains x {\\displaystyle x} cannot be shattered by a family in which all sets contain x {\\displaystyle x} or all sets do not contain x {\\displaystyle x} .\nSome of the shattered sets may be shattered by both subfamilies. When a set S {\\displaystyle S} is shattered by only one of the two subfamilies, it contributes one unit both to the number of shattered sets of the subfamily and to the number of shattered sets of F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} . When a set S {\\displaystyle S} is shattered by both subfamilies, both S {\\displaystyle S} and S \u222a { x } {\\displaystyle S\\cup \\{x\\}} are shattered by F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} , so S {\\displaystyle S} contributes two units to the number of shattered sets of the subfamilies and of F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} . Therefore, the number of shattered sets of F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} is at least equal to the number shattered by the two subfamilies of F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} , which is at least | F | {\\displaystyle |{\\mathcal {F}}|} .\nA different proof of the Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma in its original form, by P\u00e9ter Frankl and J\u00e1nos Pach, is based on linear algebra and the inclusion\u2013exclusion principle.[5][7]\nApplications[edit]\nThe original application of the lemma, by Vapnik and Chervonenkis, was in showing that every probability distribution can be approximated (with respect to a family of events of a given VC dimension) by a finite set of sample points whose cardinality depends only on the VC dimension of the family of events. In this context, there are two important notions of approximation, both parameterized by a number \u03b5: a set S of samples, and a probability distribution on S, is said to be an \u03b5-approximation of the original distribution if the probability of each event with respect to S differs from its original probability by at most \u03b5. A set S of (unweighted) samples is said to be an \u03b5-net if every event with probability at least \u03b5 includes at least one point of S. An \u03b5-approximation must also be an \u03b5-net but not necessarily vice versa.\nVapnik and Chervonenkis used the lemma to show that set systems of VC dimension d always have \u03b5-approximations of cardinality O ( d \u03f5 2 log \u2061 d \u03f5 ) {\\displaystyle O({\\tfrac {d}{\\epsilon ^{2}}}\\log {\\tfrac {d}{\\epsilon }})} . Later authors including Haussler & Welzl (1987)[11] and Koml\u00f3s, Pach & Woeginger (1992)[12] similarly showed that there always exist \u03b5-nets of cardinality O ( d \u03f5 log \u2061 1 \u03f5 ) {\\displaystyle O({\\tfrac {d}{\\epsilon }}\\log {\\tfrac {1}{\\epsilon }})} , and more precisely of cardinality at most d \u03f5 ln \u2061 1 \u03f5 + 2 d \u03f5 ln \u2061 ln \u2061 1 \u03f5 + 6 d \u03f5 {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {d}{\\epsilon }}\\ln {\\tfrac {1}{\\epsilon }}+{\\tfrac {2d}{\\epsilon }}\\ln \\ln {\\tfrac {1}{\\epsilon }}+{\\tfrac {6d}{\\epsilon }}} .[5] The main idea of the proof of the existence of small \u03b5-nets is to choose a random sample x of cardinality O ( d \u03f5 log \u2061 1 \u03f5 ) {\\displaystyle O({\\tfrac {d}{\\epsilon }}\\log {\\tfrac {1}{\\epsilon }})} and a second independent random sample y of cardinality O ( d \u03f5 log 2 \u2061 1 \u03f5 ) {\\displaystyle O({\\tfrac {d}{\\epsilon }}\\log ^{2}{\\tfrac {1}{\\epsilon }})} , and to bound the probability that x is missed by some large event E by the probability that x is missed and simultaneously the intersection of y with E is larger than its median value. For any particular E, the probability that x is missed while y is larger than its median is very small, and the Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma (applied to x \u222a y {\\displaystyle x\\cup y} ) shows that only a small number of distinct events E need to be considered, so by the union bound, with nonzero probability, x is an \u03b5-net.[5]\nIn turn, \u03b5-nets and \u03b5-approximations, and the likelihood that a random sample of large enough cardinality has these properties, have important applications in machine learning, in the area of probably approximately correct learning.[13] In computational geometry, they have been applied to range searching,[11] derandomization,[14] and approximation algorithms.[15][16]\nKozma & Moran (2013) use generalizations of the Sauer\u2013Shelah lemma to prove results in graph theory such as that the number of strong orientations of a given graph is sandwiched between its numbers of connected and 2-edge-connected subgraphs.[6]\nGrowth function\n^ Sauer, N. (1972), \"On the density of families of sets\", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 13: 145\u2013147, doi:10.1016\/0097-3165(72)90019-2, MR 0307902 .\n^ Shelah, Saharon (1972), \"A combinatorial problem; stability and order for models and theories in infinitary languages\", Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 41: 247\u2013261, doi:10.2140\/pjm.1972.41.247, MR 0307903, archived from the original on 2013-10-05 .\n^ Vapnik, V. N.; \u010cervonenkis, A. Ja. (1971), \"The uniform convergence of frequencies of the appearance of events to their probabilities\", Akademija Nauk SSSR, 16: 264\u2013279, MR 0288823 .\n^ a b Buzaglo, Sarit; Pinchasi, Rom; Rote, G\u00fcnter (2013), \"Topological hypergraphs\", in Pach, J\u00e1nos (ed.), Thirty Essays on Geometric Graph Theory, Springer, pp. 71\u201381, doi:10.1007\/978-1-4614-0110-0_6 .\n^ a b c d Pach, J\u00e1nos; Agarwal, Pankaj K. (1995), Combinatorial geometry, Wiley-Interscience Series in Discrete Mathematics and Optimization, New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., p. 247, doi:10.1002\/9781118033203, ISBN 0-471-58890-3, MR 1354145 .\n^ a b Kozma, L\u00e1szl\u00f3; Moran, Shay (2013), \"Shattering, Graph Orientations, and Connectivity\", Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 20 (3), P44, arXiv:1211.1319, Bibcode:2012arXiv1211.1319K, MR 3118952 .\n^ a b Gowers, Timothy (July 31, 2008), \"Dimension arguments in combinatorics\", Gowers's Weblog: Mathematics related discussions, Example 3 .\n^ Pajor, Alain (1985), Sous-espaces l 1 n {\\displaystyle l_{1}^{n}} des espaces de Banach, Travaux en Cours [Works in Progress], vol. 16, Paris: Hermann, ISBN 2-7056-6021-6, MR 0903247 . As cited by Anstee, R\u00f3nyai & Sali (2002).\n^ a b Anstee, R. P.; R\u00f3nyai, Lajos; Sali, Attila (2002), \"Shattering news\", Graphs and Combinatorics, 18 (1): 59\u201373, doi:10.1007\/s003730200003, MR 1892434 .\n^ Kalai, Gil (September 28, 2008), \"Extremal Combinatorics III: Some Basic Theorems\", Combinatorics and More .\n^ a b Haussler, David; Welzl, Emo (1987), \"\u03b5-nets and simplex range queries\", Discrete and Computational Geometry, 2 (2): 127\u2013151, doi:10.1007\/BF02187876, MR 0884223 .\n^ Koml\u00f3s, J\u00e1nos; Pach, J\u00e1nos; Woeginger, Gerhard (1992), \"Almost tight bounds for \u03b5-nets\", Discrete and Computational Geometry, 7 (2): 163\u2013173, doi:10.1007\/BF02187833, MR 1139078 .\n^ Blumer, Anselm; Ehrenfeucht, Andrzej; Haussler, David; Warmuth, Manfred K. (1989), \"Learnability and the Vapnik\u2013Chervonenkis dimension\", Journal of the ACM, 36 (4): 929\u2013965, doi:10.1145\/76359.76371, MR 1072253 .\n^ Chazelle, B.; Friedman, J. (1990), \"A deterministic view of random sampling and its use in geometry\", Combinatorica, 10 (3): 229\u2013249, doi:10.1007\/BF02122778, MR 1092541 .\n^ Br\u00f6nnimann, H.; Goodrich, M. T. (1995), \"Almost optimal set covers in finite VC-dimension\", Discrete and Computational Geometry, 14 (4): 463\u2013479, doi:10.1007\/BF02570718, MR 1360948 .\n^ Har-Peled, Sariel (2011), \"On complexity, sampling, and \u03b5-nets and \u03b5-samples\", Geometric approximation algorithms, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 173, Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, pp. 61\u201385, ISBN 978-0-8218-4911-8, MR 2760023 .\nRetrieved from \"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Sauer\u2013Shelah_lemma&oldid=1120052759\"\nFamilies of sets","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Grand Rapids Press\nGrand Rapids Press Homepage\nDarlene R. Sisson\nBeeler-Gores Funeral Home\nMiddleville, MI\nSisson, Darlene R. Middleville Darlene Ruth Sisson, age 84 of Middleville, passed away on November 25, 2021. Darlene was born on July 9, 1937 in Grand Rapids to William and Florence (Brearley) Lind. She worked as a nurse for Dr. Melvin Noah in Middleville for many years before spending 27 years at Bradford White as a nurse. Darlene was a member of the Parmelee United Methodist Church. In her spare time, Darlene enjoyed knitting, crocheting and reading a good book. Darlene is survived by her stepchildren: Barbara Lydy, Cheryl Reichard; several step-grandchildren; sisters: Marilyn Stafford, Mary Lou Cisler; many nieces and nephews. She is preceded in death by her parents; husband, Paul Sisson; brothers-in-law, Robert Cisler and Harry Stafford. Relatives and friends may meet with the family on Tuesday, November 30 from 5:00 to 8:00 P.M. at the Beeler-Gores Funeral Home, where her funeral service will be conducted on Wednesday, December 1 at 11:00 A.M. Darlene will be laid to rest next to her husband in Freeport Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to Green Acres Wayland or Kindred Hospice. Please visit www.beelergoresfuneral.com to share a memory or leave a condolence message for Darlene's family.\nPublished by Grand Rapids Press from Nov. 26 to Nov. 28, 2021.\n914 W. Main Street, Middleville, MI\nHow do you know Darlene R. Sisson? (Optional)\nBe the first to post a memory or condolences.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"How Audi is bringing the e-tron to downtown San Francisco\nShortly after the world premiere of the Audi e-tron, Audi of America showed in San Francisco just how elegantly electric mobility integrates into everyday life. Visitors to the pop-up event on Battery Street were able to charge their electric car, while also recharging their own batteries. Totally relaxed.\n12\/20\/2018 Text: Franziska Queling \u2014 Photos\/Film: Tobias Sagmeister, AUDI AG Talking Business Reading Time: 3 min\nThere is more to electric mobility than changing the car. It is also changing our lives. For example, it will change the look of filling stations because we will usually charge our electric cars at home or while we are at work. However, we will also need a place to re-energize en route \u2013 for the cars as well as their occupants. That is why, for several days, Audi of America set up a \"Charging Station Unleashed\" on Battery St. in downtown San Francisco. Anyone dropping by had the opportunity to recharge sustainably. The charging station offered visitors healthy snacks, social interaction with integration into social media and the chance to relax outdoors. Visitors also found out that recharging is just as easy as refueling and an Audi e-tron seen up close is sheer premium: inside and out.\nExhibits such as the Pebble Beach concept car or the current Formula E model attracted a great deal of attention. The figures reflect just how successful the initiative was: 1.2 million social views, 1,845 RSVPs on Facebook, 320,000 engagements and over 2,000 visitors attending over the four days. Further initiatives to bring home the everyday usability of electric mobility are planned.\n\"Charging Station Unleashed\" \u2013 a place to re-energize\nThe e-tron is the game changer on the way to electric mobility.\nCalifornia is the center of electric mobility in the United States. Over the coming years, the VW subsidiary Electrify America will supply not only California, but also the rest of the country with a total of 900 charging terminals. In a few years it will then be possible to charge more than 5,000 cars simultaneously.\nThe \"Charging Station Unleashed\" illustrates how electric mobility is set to change our lives: As recharging the e-tron takes a few minutes longer, drivers can use the time to relax and to recharge their own batteries.\nElectric mobility is changing our lives, particularly as refueling makes way for recharging. We will usually charge our cars at home or while we are at work, but of course there are also other charging stations en route. During Audi's \"Charging Station Unleashed\" pop-up event, passersby had the chance to try it out and discover that charging is just as easy as refueling.\nIn 2025, every Audi will also be available as an electric option\nWith the e-tron, Audi is giving the starting signal for the extensive Audi e roadmap. The objective is to electrify the entire model range through 2025 \u2013 with around 20 electrified models. The next step after the e-tron Sportback will be the sporty e-tron GT in 2020. That same year, Audi will also offer an electrified model in the compact segment for the first time.\nThe Audi e-tron strategy goes beyond the electrified car models in the product portfolio. Battery and charging infrastructure are just as firmly embedded in the strategy \u2013 as of course are the new approaches to value creation.\nThe \"Charging Station Unleashed\" pop-up event, which lasted for several days, followed on from the world premiere of the e-tron in San Francisco and exemplifies campaigns by Audi of America and Electrify America that aim to show just how elegantly electric vehicles can be integrated into everyday life.\nE-Mobility e-tron Sustainability Story Talking Business Charging Systems\nAudi high-performance segment: sportiness and emotion delivering high returns\nThe Audi high-performance-segment is more than just emotionally charged. It is also delivering a vital value contribution for the Four Rings.\nFirst half of 2019: 3 questions for CEO Bram Schot\nAs expected, the 2019 fiscal year is proving to be challenging for the Audi Group. Audi CEO Bram Schot reviews the first half and provides an outlook for the full year.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Fleetwood Town has made another key signing for the new season \u2013 Twelve Restaurant signing a new partnership with the club for the 13\/14 season as official Hospitality Partner.\nFor the previous two seasons Twelve have provided the club with a first class dining experience in the Parkside Suite. Twelve Restaurant & Lounge Bar is located directly beneath the sails of one of the tallest working windmills in Europe, the imposing 18th century Marsh Mill windmill in Thornton Cleveleys. The restaurant is owned and managed by Paul Moss and Caroline Upton who started it back in 2000 influenced by the emerging North West food scene and its move towards fine dining in relaxed, less formal surroundings. Paul (chef) and Caroline (Front of House) are both self-confessed foodies with a reputation for creativity and culinary excellence combined with great warmth and geniality. The restaurant has attracted a loyal clientele drawn to the superb food, charm and hospitality of its owners. With Michelin Bib Gourmand status and two AA rosettes, Twelve has created many regionally inspired dishes including a langoustine cocktail dedicated to a local fisherman, the Cod Army Fish Pie \u2013 a dish specially created for diners at Fleetwood Town FC, and also the famous Fisherman's Friend Pina Colada \u2013 inspired by Twelve's proximity to Fleetwood's famous export.\nOver 5,000 diners experienced Hospitality in the Parkside Suite at Highbury Stadium last season and the club are keen to retain and grow that following ahead of an exciting new season. \"We are delighted to continue our partnership with Twelve as official Hospitality Partner to Fleetwood Town. The quality of the food has been a real winner with our corporate guests and the service from the staff has been first class. People come to Highbury for a fantastic Matchday Experience and Twelve play a big part in that. We can now look forward to welcoming back our seasonal hospitality clients and with this partnership we hope to continue to attract many more customers for match days and events here at Highbury Stadium.\" Said Martin Booker, Head of Commercial, Fleetwood Town.\nCaroline Upton from Twelve are looking forward to enhancing the partnership \"Team Twelve are delighted to be working in partnership with FTFC for our third season. It has been great to watch the club grow and develop and we look forward to building on this over the coming year. The chefs at Twelve are working on some new and exciting dishes for the forthcoming season using the sea of local produce available to us in this area. We hope to enhance the match day experience even more, which has already established itself with a great reputation.\"\nWith the Capital One Cup 1st Round draw on Monday 17th June and the League Two Fixtures due to be released next Wednesday 19th June and bookings will be taken for Hospitality and Executive Boxes for the 13\/14 Season. Matches will be graded A B and C for the 13\/14 Season. For further information you can book your hospitality package by calling us on 01253 775080.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Sandy Hook parents press Zuckerberg to address harassment, disinformation on Facebook\nThe parents of a child who was killed in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting wrote to Mark Zuckerberg Mark Elliot ZuckerbergBorder Patrol chief was member of secret Facebook group for agents: report Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak urges Facebook users to delete their accounts Trump's legal battles over census go public MORE on Wednesday, pleading with the Facebook founder and CEO to better address the spread of disinformation and the harassment they and other victims face on the social media platform.\nLenny Pozner and Veronique De La Rosa wrote an open letter in The Guardian in which they chastised Zuckerberg for his failure to remove groups and content that promote conspiracy theories. Sandy Hook families, in particular, have been targeted by fringe groups such as Infowars, which falsely claim the shooting never took place or was a \"false flag\" operation.\n\"Our families are in danger as a direct result of the hundreds of thousands of people who see and believe the lies and hate speech, which you have decided should be protected,\" Pozner and De La Rosa wrote.\nTheir son, Noah, was killed when a gunman opened fire at Sandy Hook Elementary in December 2012. He was 6 years old.\n\"What makes the entire situation all the more horrific is that we have had to wage an almost inconceivable battle with Facebook to provide us with the most basic of protections to remove the most offensive and incendiary content,\" the parents wrote.\nThey add that they think Zuckerberg's actions have shown that he believes \"removing threats is too cumbersome, and that our lives are less important than providing a safe haven for hate.\"\nPozner and De La Rosa provided a recommendation to Zuckerberg for policing disinformation and harassment at victims of tragedy.\nThey suggested victims of mass shootings and other tragedies should be considered a \"protected group\" on the platform and that those individuals have access to Facebook staff who can quickly remove hateful posts.\n\"Facebook plays a mammoth role in exposing the world's masses to information. That level of power comes with the tremendous responsibility of ensuring that your platform is not used to harm others or contribute to the proliferation of hate,\" they wrote.\nZuckerberg has faced intense criticism over his platform's handling of hate speech and conspiracy theories.\nThe company has said that despite taking down videos and other content pushing hoaxes and banning repeat offenders, Alex Jones's Infowars account doesn't qualify for a ban from the platform.\nDespite criticism for this stance, Facebook says that hoax stories alone are not violations of its rules.\nZuckerberg said in an interview last week that it's difficult for the platform to ban accounts that push conspiracy theories, such as holocaust denials, because it is \"hard to impugn intent\" from those users.\nTags Mark Zuckerberg Alt-right Conspiracy theories Facebook Sandy Hook shooting Social media","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"2021 St. Jude Radiothon Total Announced\nRyan O'Bryan Updated: February 5, 2021\nContributing Authors: Leslie MorganTravis SamsKendrabigbillMary\nTo be totally honest, we weren't sure how things were going to go with this year's Radiothon. With the COVID pandemic having such an impact on the economy, we thought one of two things were going to happen. Either we'd see a dip in donations, which would be totally understandable, or despite the struggles so many in our community of dealt with over the past 11 months, the Tri-State would still find a way to show their generosity and how much they care. Fortunately, and not surprisingly, option two ruled the day.\nWhen all was said and done, you joined the fight against childhood cancer to the tune of $97,935 which is nothing short of incredible! We can't thank you enough for your contributions. Our job is to simply deliver the message of St. Jude over the two-day Radiothon, ultimately it's up to you to call in and become a Partner in Hope, which clearly you did! Thank you, thank you, THANK YOU!\nEven though this year's Radiothon may be over, that doesn't mean you still can't become a Partner in Hope. Help save lives anytime by making your commitment to end childhood cancer with St. Jude through one of the options below.\n3 Ways to Become a St. Jude Partner in Hope\nTri-State School, Business, and Organization \u2013 Closings and Delays","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Pochettino seen with Woodward PR man as he discusses Man Utd links\nDate published: Wednesday 12th February 2020 12:10\nFormer Tottenham boss Mauricio Pochettino has admitted he would relish another opportunity to manage in the Premier League on the night he was spotted in public with Ed Woodward's PR advisor Neil Ashton.\nPochettino, who took over at White Hart Lane in May 2014 after leaving Southampton, had guided the north London club to the Champions League final last season.\nHowever, following a run of inconsistent form which saw them drop out of contention for the top four, the Argentinian was sacked by Spurs during November \u2013 and swiftly replaced by Jose Mourinho.\nBefore leaving Tottenham, the 47-year-old had previously been linked with Manchester United, as well as Spanish giants Real Madrid.\nIndeed, rumours have been growing over his potential appointment at Old Trafford since the turn of the year after one report claimed he had already held talks with the club and made this major demand of United's executive vice-chairman Woodward.\nAnd addressing those rumours for the first time, Pochettino, while not specifically naming Manchester United told Sky Sports' In The Pink podcast he would be tempted by another job in the English top flight if the right opportunity presented itself.\n\"To be honest, I would love to work in the Premier League,\" he said. \"It's going to be difficult, I know, and for now it's a moment to wait and we'll see what happens.\n\"It's a moment of recovery, to think about yourself a little bit, and to be ready because in football always something can happen and you need to be ready.\n\"I'm ready and waiting for a new challenge. I have the belief and confidence that the next challenge will be fantastic.\"\nAsked again about speculation linking him to Manchester United, Pochettino, though, maintained there was, at the moment, nothing more than \"rumours\".\nPochettino's revelation comes on a night he was spotted at the Brentford v Leeds game alongside Woodward's new PR advisor Ashton.\nAshton, who previously worked for The Sun, has been appointed by Woodward to help the much-maligned United chief deal with both media criticism and to generate much more of a positive vibe over his role at the club.\nPochettino is close friends with Leeds manager Marcelo Bielsa, whose side on Tuesday played out a 1-1 draw at Griffin Park, but his public appearance alongside Ashton did plenty to send the rumour mill into overdrive.\nPochettino proud of Tottenham reign\nDespite the way his tenure ended, the former Spurs boss remains \"very proud about everything I achieved\" having been manager \"at a pivotal moment for the club\" ahead of their new stadium move.\n\"Everything I had to do was very scary in those moments,\" he said.\n\"To destroy White Hart Lane and to build a new stadium, to play at Wembley and Milton Keynes, only football people know how difficult it was to deal with these situations.\n\"To apply a new philosophy and new ideas was very tough but I feel very proud with the success that we had and to take Tottenham to a different level.\n\"To play in the Champions League for three or four years and finish above Arsenal many times was a great legacy for us.\n\"To win a title would be a great reward but for us that is the legacy, to have the club and the stadium at Tottenham. That is more than winning titles.\"\nManchester United Mauricio Pochettino\nPochettino looking to make PSG statement with deal for Man City great\nPSG boss Mauricio Pochettino is reportedly keen on bringing a Manchester City legend to his new...\nJanuary 8 2021, 3:05 pm\nPochettino gives emotional Tottenham message as he hints at transfers\nMauricio Pochettino has said that Tottenham will always hold a place in his heart, but was...\nPundit claims Bielsa will be 'on phone' with Pochettino over signing PSG star\nLeeds boss Marcelo Bielsa will be in regular contact with newly-appointed PSG coach Mauricio Pochettino over...\nPochettino in Paris Saint-Germain talks as Tuchel gets the boot\nMauricio Pochettino is reportedly set to become the new Paris Saint-Germain manager after Thomas Tuchel was...\nDecember 24 2020, 11:59 am\nEuro Paper Talk: Man Utd waiting in wings amid tussle for rapid full-back\nPaper Talk: Real Madrid centre-back to make Klopp demand if Liverpool act on interest\nEuro Paper Talk: Man Utd usurp rivals with move for \u20ac60m Brazil sensation\nPaper Talk: 'Laughable' Man Utd offer for Christian Eriksen to be accepted","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"By DM\tContemporary, Culture and Society, Film Theatre and Media\nVale Vittorio Taviani (1929-2018)\nGino Moliterno ANU\nSadly, the front ranks of the veteran Italian film directors continue to diminish. Only two years after the disappearance of Ettore Scola, 88 year-old Vittorio Taviani has also folded up his director's chair and passed on. For six decades, always and indissolubly joined at the artistic hip with his slightly younger brother, Paolo, Vittorio had formed the vital half of a prolific filmmaking duo who produced some of the most memorable films of the Italian postwar cinema. By their own account \u2013 and they have always spoken with a single voice \u2013 the Taviani brothers first discovered their passion for filmmaking as teenagers, skipping school one day and chancing to catch a screening of Roberto Rossellini's Pais\u00e0. Sons of a vehemently anti-fascist lawyer who had also taken up arms as a partisan, the boys had had direct experience of the recent war and now were struck by the power of film to represent reality. As they left the cinema they resolved that they would be filmmakers.\nThey were soon making short films and documentaries and in 1954, together with Valentino Orsini, a friend and ex-partisan also passionately interested in filmmaking, they produced their first significant documentary, San Miniato luglio 1944. The film portrayed a massacre in the Taviani's native town carried out by retreating Germans in the latter part of the war, an event that they would revisit in greater scope in what many consider one of the greatest of their later films, La notte di San Lorenzo (The Night of the Shooting Stars, 1982). Still serving their apprenticeship, however, they then collaborated with legendary Dutch documentarist, Joris Ivens, to make L'Italia non \u00e8 un paese povero (Italy Is Not A Poor Country, 1960) for national television, before, again together with Orsini, finally directing their first feature film, Un uomo da bruciare (A Man To Be Burned, 1962). Recounting the tragic story of Salvatore Carnevale, a militant Sicilian union organiser murdered by the mafia for daring to challenge its power and authority, the film was also the Taviani's first and very fruitful encounter with one of the great actors of the Italian screen, Gian Maria Volont\u00e9.\nAs Italy moved almost inexorably towards the explosion of 1968, the Taviani caught the social and political ferment of the times in their films: I fuorilegge del matrimonio (Outlaws of Love, 1963), dramatised the issues surrounding the continuing absence of divorce in Italy; I sovversivi (The Subversives, 1967), the existential loss of direction felt by leftist militants at the death of historic PCI leader, Palmiro Togliatti. Made as 1968 erupted in all its fury, the dark and violent political allegory in Sotto il segno dello scorpione (Under the Sign of Scorpio, 1969), again starring Gian Maria Volont\u00e9, confounded the critics when it was shown at the Venice Film Festival but confirmed the Taviani's status as politically-committed filmmakers. As the anni di piombo began to cast their pall over an ever more divided nation, the brothers continued to explore the tension between revolutionary aspirations to a political utopia and its practical unachievability in San Michele aveva un gallo (Saint Michael Had A Rooster, 1971) and the operatic Allonsanfan (1973), both set in the context of failed revolutionary movements of the 19th century. However it was the more contemporary and more personal struggle for freedom recounted in Padre padrone (My Father My Master, 1977) that would finally bring the brothers international recognition. The film won both the FIPRESCI prize and the Palme d'or at Cannes where, significantly, it was championed by no less a figure than Roberto Rossellini as head of the jury, thereby enacting something of a closing of the circle that had been opened with the brothers' first viewing of Pais\u00e0.\nThe 1980s, much lamented by critics as the years of the great crisis and near-death of postwar Italian cinema, saw the Taviani make several of their greatest films. In La notte di San Lorenzo they were able to revisit the massacre at San Miniato but now as an epic and poetic fable recounted by a mother to her infant daughter at bedtime. A work of stunning visual beauty, complemented by a stirring musical score by Nicola Piovani, the film received six David di Donatello awards and two Nastri d'argento in Italy and both the Ecumenical and the Grand Jury Prize at Cannes, where it had also been nominated for the Palme d'or. This tour de force of filmmaking was followed by the equally impressive Kaos (Chaos, 1984), a masterful retelling of four stories by Luigi Pirandello in the Tavianis' now characteristic poetic style. Three years later, Good morning Babilonia (Good Morning, Babylon, 1987), the invented story of two Italian brothers trained as art restorers who are called to work on the set of D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916), was in essence the Taviani brothers' heartfelt hymn to the art of cinema.\nWhile not abandoning political themes altogether, in the 1990s the brothers largely concentrated their efforts on literary adaptations, providing elegant transcriptions of novels by Leo Tolstoy in Il sole anche di notte (Night Sun, 1990), Anna Karenina (2000), and Resurrezione (Resurrection, 2002), and by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in Le affinit\u00e0 elettive (The Elective Affinities, 1996). In the new millennium they were again able to marry politics and literature in La masseria delle allodole (The Lark Farm, 2007), the adaptation of a prize-winning novel by Armenian-Italian writer, Antonia Arslan, recounting the tribulations of two extended families during the Armenian genocide of the First World War. This was followed by Cesare deve morire (Caesar Must Die, 2012), the engrossing documentation of preparations for a public performance of Shakespeare's Julius Caesar by inmates of Rome's highest-security prison and Meraviglioso Boccaccio (Wondrous Boccaccio, 2014), an elegant revisitation of the Decameron but at heart a love letter by the Taviani to their native Tuscany.\nTheir most recent film \u2013 one that they confessed to have long aspired to make \u2013 was Una questione privata (Rainbow: A Private Affair, 2017), an adaptation of Beppe Fenoglio's semi-autobiographical wartime novel about a partisan in the Resistance movement torn by the contrasting demands between the personal and the political. Vittorio, still recovering from an accident he had suffered in 2016, had been forced to forgo being on set in northern Italy during the actual filming, making this the first time in sixty years that the brothers had not physically directed a film together. However, at the film's release six months ago, both brothers were adamant in asserting that Vittorio had been able to make his usual input and the film, as always, had been a joint creation. Unfortunately Vittorio's physical absence from the set had been a presage. Italian cinema has lost another of its greats.\nTagged Vittorio Taviani","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"News\t> World\nR. Gonsalves Criticizes Trump's Failed Bid to Isolate Venezuela\nPrime Minister of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Dr. Ralph Gonsalves criticized Caribbean leaders for meeting the U.S. President Donald Trump without CARICOM members. | Photo: EFE\nPrime Minister of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Dr. Ralph Gonsalves said that the fact that 5 Caribbean leaders unilaterally decided to meet the U.S. President without CARICOM members was 'troubling'.\nPrime Minister of St. Vincent and the Grenadines Dr. Ralph Gonsalves said that the meetings between the United States President Donald Trump and some Caribbean leaders are \"troubling.\"\nA Fig Leaf On The Table At Mar-a-Lago? Caribbean Leaders Meeting Trump In Florida On Venezuela\nFive Leaders of Caribbean nations met with the U.S. President Friday to discuss how the U.S. could be more involved in the region.\nAs the current chairman of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), the Prime Minister of St Kitts and Nevis was not invited to the meeting, there was no true representation of the region.\nPrime Minister of St. Lucia, Allen Chastanet; President of the Dominican Republic, Danilo Medina; Prime Minister of Jamaica, Andrew Holness; Haitian President, Jovenel Moise and Prime Minister of the Bahamas, Hubert Minnis met with the U.S. President.\nThese leaders are supportive of Trump administration's stance on Venezuela. They have also aligned themselves to the Lima Group, a part of the Organization of American States (OAS) which has been aligning itself with the U.S. by recognizing the opposition lawmaker Juan Guaido as the so called \"interim president\" of Venezuela instead of the democratically elected President Nicolas Maduro.\nCARICOM Reiterates Support for Peaceful Resolution in Venezuela\n\"None of those persons were invited and for it to be a true CARICOM representation you must at least have the chairman\" so that any discussion on Venezuela actually represents what CARICOM wants.\nCARICOM has always stood against intervention in Venezuela and opposed U.S. sanctions on the South American country.\nAccording to Gonsalves, the actions of the U.S. concerning Venezuela as \"a creeping coup d'etat\" against a legitimate government and Caricom will not fall victim to this entrapment.\nThe five leaders who met with Trump spoke of energy agreements. The PetroCaribe agreement allowed Caribbean nations to receive a stable supply of oil and gas from Venezuela.\nHowever, after sanctions being imposed on it, the agreement ceased and for Gonsalves, it will be \"ridiculous\" for Caribbean states to abide by an energy agreement bycoup d'etat perpetrators .\n\"We are not supporting the principle of non-intervention and non-interference and no threat or force or sanctions\u2026 because we have a Petro agreement. We are doing so because of high principle and our commitment to international law.\"\nSt. Vincent PM Ralph Gonsalves Caribbean leaders meeting TRump CARICOM Venezuela\nCaribbean News Service\nby teleSUR \/ us- TR\nVoices Rise in Chile for the 'Right to Live in Peace' Concert\nRevolutionary People Guarantee Peace and Democracy: Maduro\nVenezuela Presents Evidence of Anti-Bolivarian Terrorism\nVenezuelan Gov't Slams New Trump Tactics to Cripple Economy","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Latest posts By product\nSteps for a successful OpenStack implementation, now and into the future\nJuly 25, 2017Annie Potvin\nTags:Telecommunications, Financial services\nWhere do we stand with OpenStack today, and what's on the horizon? Red Hat's Radhesh Balakrishnan, general manager for OpenStack, joined SiliconANGLE in \"The Cube\" at Red Hat Summit 2017 to outline steps for implementing OpenStack and what the future holds.\nIn the interview, he outlined three perspectives to take when evaluating OpenStack solutions for your business:\nNumber of production deployments. Red Hat, for example, has over 500 customers in production across the globe, spanning a variety of verticals like telecommunications, financial services, education, research and development and academia. And, according to the April 2017 OpenStack Foundation's User Survey, respondents indicated that Red Hat OpenStack Platform was the most used OpenStack-powered solution.\nHealth of the partner ecosystem. Red Hat is seeing very healthy consolidation and standardization in the OpenStack space. According to Radhesh, \"if you look at the OpenStack ecosystem that Red Hat has been able to pull through, we have certified solutions across compute, storage, networking as well as ISP solutions that today customers can deploy with peace of mind. So that's another indication of the fact that the ecosystem is maturing as well.\"\nEcosystem maturity. The most exciting development in ecosystem maturity that he's seen recently is that managed service providers, such as Rackspace, IBM and Cisco Metacloud, are building their solutions on top of OpenStack. All told, there are more than 25 vNFs from top companies such as Ericsson, Huawei, Cisco and Affirmed Networks that have been certified or validated, and that number continues to grow (read more about our NFV + OpenStack ecosystem.)\nSo, what does the future hold and how does OpenStack fit in? Look to the cloud, Radhesh says. Today, hybrid cloud has become the norm and multi-cloud has become a real possibility. Five years ago, there was a question about whether cloud was going to be real and secure, and those questions have been answered.\n\"Hybrid cloud is going to be the norm implementation. And the role that OpenStack has is two-fold in that context,\" he explained. One role is as a private cloud implementation for enterprises wanting to avoid vendor lock-in with their cloud infrastructure. The second value that OpenStack provides is the ability to stitch together multiple clouds using an application programming interface (API) at the infrastructure layer.\n\"From our perspective, 80 percent of the focus is on the private cloud,\" said Radhesh. He pointed to security, privacy and compliance requirements dictating country-specific public cloud deployments as a key reason for this. In this case, the OpenStack model still holds true. \"Even when you have a private cloud,\" he explained, \"you can use the API that OpenStack provides to manipulate the resources that are on AWS, Google, Azure, etc. That's where I see the future shaping up.\"\nAnother part of the equation are containers, which Radhesh sees coming together with OpenStack. \"The confusion stems from the fact that some people are taking the view that containers are going to eliminate the need for OpenStack itself,\" he says. The best approach is to help a customer move from what they currently have to what they want to implement. If you come from that perspective, you approach the solution in three steps:\nFirst, rationalize existing resources by implementing OpenStack at the infrastructure layer.\nThen you foster culture change using DevOps and OpenShift.\nFinally, when you get to implementing the full solution, you run OpenShift on top of OpenStack.\nThat's the ideal scenario, he says, although not every customer will go through each step. However, in his view, \"the majority who are embarking on transformation over the next three to five years, they're going to be in that bucket.\"\nRadhesh stressed that OpenStack is not the destination. OpenStack is one ingredient in the destination that customers want to get to. For example, if the customer wants to get to the destination of \"open hybrid cloud,\" you need to consider the infrastructure layer, the application layer, and the management layer. OpenStack provides the platform for the infrastructure layer, while OpenShift provides the application development platform on top of OpenStack. \"You get the fungible infrastructure at the bottom and then you get the DevOps implementation running on top of that. That's what we are seeing as the path to future,\" he adds.\nAnd sprinkled amongst all of the technology is an impending culture shift. As Radhesh puts it, \"the technology is the easy part.\" It comes down to the fact that we are \"fundamentally rewiring the way in which we are thinking about applications. The way in which we are writing the applications. The way in which we are delivering the applications to an entirely potentially new set of customers and partners.\"\nThe interview wrapped up with a forward-looking summary focused on containers and hybrid cloud. The OpenStack community has made tremendous progress in delivering new use cases such as network functions virtualization (NFV) and delivering against those scenarios, and there's now clarity around the role of OpenStack within an infrastructure, according to Radesh. \"The journey ahead is to make sure that containers and OpenStack can come together in a seamless manner,\" he said. And within the hybrid cloud adoption model that OpenStack continues to provide API stability.\nTake a few minutes to listen to the entire interview, and then let us know what you think the future holds for OpenStack in the comments section below.\nAnnie Potvin\nSimplified multi-cloud open RAN orchestration and management\nNavigating 5G transformation: Key learnings from the Red Hat partner ecosystem\n5 key learnings from Red Hat's Open5G event this year","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home Wealth > News > Turkish Airlines To Buy Back Shares After Approval Chairman\nTurkey slashed value-added tax on aviation to one per cent from 18 per cent until the end of June 2020 as part of its efforts to counter the economic impact of COVID-19\nThe carrier will halt most international flights from 27 March until 17 April 2020\/Bloomberg\nThe Chairman of Turkish Airlines said that the carrier will start a buyback programme after it's approved at its shareholders' general assembly meeting scheduled on 31 March 2020.\nIlker Ayci, the Chairman of Turkish Airlines, said that around 85 per cent of the carrier's passenger planes are not being used at the moment after Turkey suspended flights from more than 60 countries because of the coronavirus outbreak.\nThe carrier will halt most international flights from 27 March until 17 April 2020, service will continue to Hong Kong, Moscow, Addis Ababa, New York and Washington, said Bilal Eksi, the Chief Executive Officer of Turkish Airlines.\nThe airline will continue cargo flights while reducing the frequency of domestic flights.\nRELATED STORIES: Turkish Airlines buyback programme","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"President's approval ratings on the decline in January 2013\nFebruary 5, 0201 \/ Political, Polls\nAbuja, Nigeria. February 5, 2013 \u2013 Latest weekly poll results released by NOI Polls Limited show that 52% of Nigerians say the current administration has performed averagely while 50% (down from 65%) of Nigerians approve of the President's performance in the month of January. These were two key findings from the governance polls conducted in the week of January 29th 2013.\nThese results represent the first in the new monthly series of governance polls to be conducted by NOI Polls to gauge the opinions and perceptions of Nigerians regarding three key elements \u2013 the approval rating of the president, the performance of the current administration, and the state of power supply in the country.\nRespondents to the poll were asked three specific questions. The first question sought to gauge the approval rating of President Goodluck Jonathan over the past 1 month: Do you approve or disapprove of the performance of the president in the past 1 month? From the results, the majority (42%) stated that they approve of the President's performance, followed by 27% who said they disapprove. Also, 20% of the respondents polled were neutral saying they neither approved nor disapproved, while 8% said they strongly approve, and 3% said they strongly disapproved. In general, despite the continued decline, about 50% of Nigerians (42% + 8%) approve the president's performance in January.\nHowever, when these current figures are compared with results of a similar poll conducted in May 2012 (published in the Democracy Day Special newsletter), it shows a 15-point drop in the approval rating of President Goodluck Jonathan (from a total of 65% in May 2012 to 50% at present). Also, the proportion of Nigerians that disapprove of his performance has risen by 6-points from a total of 24% to 30%. These results clearly indicate that even though the majority of respondents (50%) currently approve of the President's performance, his approval ratings remain on a decline. In 2010, when he assumed office, the results of the NOI-Gallup National Poll in October revealed that almost 8 in 10 Nigerians (79%) approved of the President. All three polls indicate a continuing decline in the president's approval rating, from a total of 79% in October 2010 to 65% in May 2012, and now 50% in January 2013. However, to put these approval ratings in perspective, we took a look at the approval ratings polled by our partner Gallup USA for Obama; the US president averaged at 49% approval in his first term and had a 52% approval rating as at Feb 2nd 2013.\nMoving forward, the second question sought to gauge the opinions of Nigerians regarding the performance of the entire administration \u2013 the ministers at the federal level, and the governors and their respective cabinets at the state levels, down to local government administrators. Respondents were asked: How would you rate the performance of the current administration in the last month? In response, the majority (52%) said the administration has \"performed averagely\", followed by 20% who are of the opinion that \"they have performed very well\". In addition, 17% said \"they have performed poorly\", while 8% said \"they have performed very poorly\" and 2% said \"they have performed very well.\nClick here to view more analysis on Approval Ratings (January 2013)| File Size: 499 Kb \/ PDF\nA comparison with results from polls conducted in May and October 2012 indicate a 14-point increase in the proportion of Nigerians that think the current administration has performed well (from a total of 8% in October 2012 to 22% at present). However, the current rating still remains 19-points below the performance rating of the administration in May 2012 (a total of 41%). A trend observed from the polls is that while the approval rating of the president appears to be on a decline, the performance rating of the current administration seems to be on the increase. This may suggest that respondents tend to view the job of the president differently from how they view the performance of the current administration, particularly in states with governors who are perceived to be performing.\nThe comparative results further show that there has been a 6-point increase in the proportion of respondents that think the administration has \"performed averagely\" (from 46% in October 2012 to 52% at present). There has also been a 17-point decline in the percentage of Nigerians that think the current administration has performed poorly (from a total of 42% in October 2012 to 25% at present).\nFinally, given the mixed reactions that have trailed President Goodluck Jonathan's interview with CNN's Christiane Amanpour, the third question sought to investigate the assertion of the President that \"Nigerians are quite pleased with the improvement in power\". On this, respondents were asked: How would you describe power supply in your area where you live in the last 1 month? The majority (38%) of respondents stated that power supply \"has improved a little\", 9% of the respondents said power supply \"has improved very much\", followed by 23% who said \"there's no difference at all\". Also, 17% said that power supply \"remains bad\", while 13% said \"it's very bad and has gone worse\". In general, a total of 47% (38% + 9%) are of the opinion that power has improved, thus providing some support to the President's assertion. However, a 53% majority think that they have either experienced no difference in their power supply or that it remains bad and has gone worse.\nLooking across the geo-political zones, there are a few differences highlighted by the results. The North-East zone has the highest proportion of residents (39%) who said \"there's no difference at all\" in their power supply; while the South-East, South-South, North-West and South-West zones have the highest proportion of residents (17%) that said power supply \"has improved a little\". It is interesting to note that only 30% of respondents in the North-Central zone, where the seat of power is located, said that power supply has improved a little.\nIn conclusion, the poll results show that the majority of Nigerians currently approve of the job performance of President Goodluck Jonathan even though his approval rating has dropped by 15% from last year. Also, more Nigerians think the current administration is doing an average to good job in terms of its current performance and also there has been an improvement in this performance compared to last year. Finally, most Nigerians irrespective of geo political zone agree that power supply in their areas have improved a little.\nHowever with a declining approval rate, the president would need to address the areas of governance that are of key concern to Nigerians. As highlighted by our New Year poll; majority of Nigerians (24%) are of the opinion that the most important issue the President needs to address is the issue of unemployment, followed by improving electricity supply (18%), tackling insecurity (17%) and eradicating corruption (10%).\nThe opinion poll was conducted between January 29th and 30th 2013. It involved telephone interviews of a random nationwide sample. 526 randomly selected phone-owning Nigerians aged 18 years and above, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country, were interviewed. With a sample of this size, we can say with 95% confidence that the results obtained are statistically precise \u2013 within a range of plus or minus 4%. NOI Polls Limited is Nigeria's leading opinion polling and research organisation, which works in technical partnership with the Gallup Organisation (USA), to conduct periodic opinion polls and studies on various socio-economic and political issues in Nigeria. More information is available at www.noi-polls.com\nThis press release has been produced by NOI Polls Limited to provide information on all issues which form the subject matter of the document. Kindly note that while we are willing to share results from our polls with the general public, we only request that NOI Polls be acknowledged as author whenever and wherever our poll results are used, cited or published.\nNOI Polls hereby certifies that all the views expressed in this document accurately reflect its views of respondents surveyed for the poll, and background information is based on information from various sources that it believes are reliable; however, no representation is made that it is accurate or complete. Whilst reasonable care has been taken in preparing this document, no responsibility or liability is accepted for errors or fact or for any views expressed herein by NOI Polls for actions taken as a result of information provided in this report. Any ratings, forecasts, estimates, opinions or views herein constitute a judgment as at the date of this document. If the date of this document is not current, the views and content may not reflect NOI Polls' current findings and\/or thinking.\nThe President's Job Performance Rating Remains At 60% In November 2014","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"South Africans should brace themselves for further fuel price increases in April\nFresh off substantial fuel price hikes in March, South Africans should brace themselves for further increases in April\u2026\nFresh off substantial fuel price hikes in March, South Africans should brace themselves for further increases in April. This is according to the Automobile Association (AA), which was commenting on unaudited mid-month fuel price data released by the Central Energy Fund.\n\"The projected basic fuel price increase is being billed as 98 cents for petrol, 70 cents for diesel and 63 cents for illuminating paraffin,\" the AA says.\nBut, the Association notes, increases to the fuel levies will push the prices at the pumps even higher when they come into effect in April.\n\"With the addition of the increases to the levies, our outlook for April sees petrol increasing by R1.18 a litre, and diesel by 90 cents a litre. There are no levies added to illuminating paraffin,\" explains the AA.\nThe AA says movements in the exchange rate have contributed 23 to 26 cents of this increase, with the balance coming from changes in international product prices. It notes that the CEF's analysis shows that international oil prices contributed 73 cents a litre of the rise in the case of petrol.\n\"It is difficult to reconcile that figure with the general stability shown by the daily prices since the start of March,\" the Association comments.\"We hope that data will provide more clarity as the month unfolds, but there is a further fly in the ointment, which is that increased fuel taxes become applicable in April,\" the AA notes.\n\"This will add 20 cents a litre to the April increase \u2013 15 cents for the fuel levy and 5 cents for the RAF levy.\"The Association says this will push the proportion of taxes and levies on the fuel price to around 38% of the cost per litre in the case of 93 unleaded petrol.\n\"When fuel taxes were proposed as a roads funding mechanism, the government resisted, claiming they were anti-poor. But the fuel levy has nonetheless risen by nearly 22% over the past three years. Given what is emerging at the Zondo Commission of Enquiry, motorists are justified in asking what this money is being spent on,\" the AA concludes.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Hasbro to Webcast First Quarter 2019 Earnings Conference Call\nPAWTUCKET, R.I.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Mar. 26, 2019-- Hasbro, Inc. (NASDAQ: HAS) today announced that it will webcast its first quarter 2019 earnings conference call on Tuesday, April 23, 2019 at 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time, following the release of Hasbro's financial results.\nCertain financial and statistical information included in the webcast, such as information required by Regulation G, will be available at the time of the webcast in the \"Press Releases\" section of Hasbro's website at www.hasbro.com, under \"Investors.\"\nThe webcast and the accompanying presentation slides will be available to investors and the media on Hasbro's Investor Relations home page at https:\/\/investor.hasbro.com\/. A replay of the call will be available at the same location approximately 2 hours following the completion the event.\nHasbro (NASDAQ: HAS) is a global play and entertainment company committed to Creating the World's Best Play Experiences. From toys and games to television, movies, digital gaming and consumer products, Hasbro offers a variety of ways for audiences to experience its iconic brands, including NERF, MY LITTLE PONY, TRANSFORMERS, PLAY-DOH, MONOPOLY, BABY ALIVE and MAGIC: THE GATHERING, as well as premier partner brands. Through its entertainment labels, Allspark Pictures and Allspark Animation, the Company is building its brands globally through great storytelling and content on all screens. Hasbro is committed to making the world a better place for children and their families through corporate social responsibility and philanthropy. Hasbro ranked No. 5 on the 2018 100 Best Corporate Citizens list by CR Magazine and has been named one of the World's Most Ethical Companies\u00ae by Ethisphere Institute for the past eight years. Learn more at www.hasbro.com and follow us on Twitter (@Hasbro) and Instagram (@Hasbro).\n\u00a9 2019 Hasbro, Inc. All Rights Reserved.\nHAS-IR\nInvestor Contact: Debbie Hancock | Hasbro, Inc. | (401) 727-5401 | debbie.hancock@hasbro.com\nPress Contact: Julie Duffy | Hasbro, Inc. | (401) 727-5931 | julie.duffy@hasbro.com","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Ratatouille \u2013 wikiquote electricity 101 powerpoint\n30.10.2018 Electric company\n\u2022 [drunk from all the wine Skinner has offered him] Ratatouille! It's like stew, right? Why do they call it that? If you want to name a food, you should give a name that sounds delicious. Ratatouille doesn't sound delicious. It sounds like \"rat\" and \"patootie\". Rat patootie! Which does not sound delicious.\n\u2022 [showing the kitchen crew his partnership with Remy] I know this sounds insane, but, well, the truth sounds insane sometimes. But that doesn't mean it's not the\u2026the truth. And the truth is, I have no talent at all. But this rat, he's the one behind these recipes. He's the cook. The real cook. He's been hiding under my toque. He's been controlling my actions. He's the reason I can cook the food that's exciting everyone. The reason Ego is outside that door. You've been giving me credit for his gift. I know it's a hard thing to believe, but, hey, you believed I could cook, right? Look, this works. It's crazy, but it works. We can be the greatest restaurant in Paris, and this rat, this brilliant little chef, can lead us there. What do you say? You with me? [everyone walks out]\n\u2022 [voice over, reviewing Gusteau's] In many ways, the work of a critic is easy. We risk very little, yet enjoy a position over those who offer up their work and their selves to our judgment. We thrive on negative criticism, which is fun to write and to read. But the bitter truth we critics must face is that, in the grand scheme of things, the average piece of junk is probably more meaningful than our criticism designating it so. But there are times when a critic truly risks something, and that is in the discovery and defense of the new. The world is often unkind to new talent, new creations. The new needs friends. Last night, I experienced something new, an extraordinary meal from a singularly unexpected source. To say that both the meal and its maker have challenged my preconceptions about fine cooking is a gross understatement. They have rocked me to my core. In the past, I have made no secret of my disdain for Chef Gusteau's famous motto: \"Anyone can cook.\" But I realize, only now do I truly understand what he meant. Not everyone can become a great artist, but a great artist can come from anywhere. It is difficult to imagine more humble origins than those of the genius now cooking at Gusteau's, who is, in this critic's opinion, nothing less than the finest chef in France. I will be returning to Gusteau's soon, hungry for more.\nDialogue [ edit ] Gusteau: [as a book illustration] If you are hungry, go up and look around, R\u00e9my. Why do you wait and mope? Remy: Well, I just lost my family\u2026all my friends. Probably forever. Gusteau: How do you know? Remy: I, uh\u2026 You are an illustration. Why am I talking to you? Gusteau: Oh, you just lost your family, all your friends. You are lonely. Remy: Yeah\u2026 well, you're dead. Gusteau: Ah, but that is no match for wishful thinking! If you focus on what you left behind, you will never be able to see what lies ahead. Now go up and look around!\n[Remy's about to eat a bread crumb in someone's house when Gusteau appears before him.] Gusteau: What are you doing?! Remy: I'm hungry! I don't know where I am, I don't know when I'll find food again! Gusteau: Remy, you are better than that. You are a cook! A cook makes. A thief takes. You're not a thief. Remy: But I am hungry. Gusteau: Remy, food will come. Food always comes to those who love to cook.\n[Remy and Gusteau are talking about Linguini] Gusteau: How did you know! What do I always say, Remy? Anyone can cook. Remy: Well yeah, anyone can. That doesn't mean that anyone should. Gusteau: Well, that is not stopping him. See? [Linguini has accidentally spilled a pot of soup and is attempting to cover up his mistake by throwing random ingredients into it.] Remy: What, what is he doing\u2026?! No\u2026 no! No, this is terrible! He's ruining the soup\u2026 and nobody's noticing?! It's your restaurant! Do something! Gusteau: What can I do? I am a figment of your imagination. Remy: But he's ruining the soup!! We gotta tell someon\u2013 [slips and falls]\nAnton Ego: What is it Ambrister? Ambrister: Gusteau's\u2026 Anton: Finally closing, is it? Ambrister: No. Anton: More financial troubles? Ambrister: No, it's\u2026 it's\u2026 Anton: Announced a new line of microwave egg-rolls. What, what?! Spit it out! Ambrister: It's come back, it's\u2026 popular. Anton: [partly spits out a mouthful of wine, before checking the label, then roughly swallowing the rest of the wine] I haven't reviewed Gusteau's in years. Ambrister: No, sir. Anton: My last review condemned it to the tourist trade. Ambrister: Yes, sir. Anton: I said, \"Gusteau has finally found his rightfully place in history, right along side another equally famous chef, Monsieur Boyardee\". Ambrister: Touch\u00e9. Anton: That is were it left it, that was my last word. The\u2026 last\u2026 word. Ambrister: [cowering] Yes. Anton: Then tell me Ambrister; how could it be popular?\nMustafa: [taking Ego's order] Do you know what you'd like this evening, sir? Anton: Yes, I think I do. After reading a lot of overheated puffery about your new cook, you know what I'm craving? A little perspective. That's it. I'd like some fresh, clear, well seasoned perspective. Can you suggest a good wine to go with that? Mustafa: With what, sir? Anton: Perspective. Fresh out, I take it? Mustafa: I am, uh\u2026 Anton: Very well. Since you're all out of perspective and no one else seems to have it in this BLOODY TOWN, I'll make you a deal. You provide the food, I'll provide the perspective, which would go nicely with a bottle of Cheval Blanc 1947. Mustafa: I'm afraid\u2026 your dinner selection? Anton: [stands up angrily] Tell your chef, Linguini, that I want whatever he dares to serve me. Tell him to hit me with his best shot. Skinner: [Sitting nearby, to a waiter] I will have whatever he is having.\nRemy: [after Ego's positive review is read] It was a great night. The happiest of my life. But the only thing predictable about life\u2026 [Gusteau's is condemned and shut down] \u2026is it's unpredictability. Well, we had to let Skinner and the health inspector loose! And of course, they \"ratted\" us out. The food didn't matter. Once it got out there were rats in the kitchen, oh, man, the restaurant was closed and Ego lost his job and his credibility. [Remy is telling his story to the other rats] But don't feel too bad for him. He's doing very well as a small business investor. He seems very happy. Female rat: How do you know? Django: Yeah.\n\u2022 I think our goal is to get the impression of something rather than perfect photographic reality. It's to get the feeling of something so I think that our challenge was the computer basically wants to do things that are clean and perfect and don't have any history to them. If you want to do something that's different than that you have to put that information in there and the computer kind of fights you. It really doesn't want to do that and Paris is a very rich city that has a lot of history to it and it's lived in. Everything's beautiful but it's lived in. It has history to it, so it has imperfections and it's part of why it's beautiful is you can feel the history in every little nook and cranny. For us every single bit of that has to be put in there. We can't go somewhere and film something. If there's a crack in there, we have to design the crack and if you noticed the tiles on the floor of the restaurant, they're not perfectly flat, they're like slightly angled differently, and they catch light differently. Somebody has to sit there and angle them all separately so we had to focus on that a lot. And it was a movie about good food and the food had to look delicious and its data. How do you define what makes food look good. It's actually a bunch of really subtle little complicated things and everybody worked really hard on it.\nIntel will build the first exascale supercomputer in the us gas utility worker\nEverlane is opening its first stores, after years of swearing it wouldn't \u2013 the washington post electricity estimated bills\nTop 50 used subaru outback for sale near me electricity labs high school","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Best Antique Engagement Rings Designs\nPosted by Sharif Khan on 11th Jul 2015\nHere are some unique unique diamond engagement ring styles to consider. If you have an idea for a custom design, contact us and we will be happy to design it for you at a truly wholesale price.\nBezel Set Halo Engagement Ring:\nOne of our top sellers, this bezel set engagement ring design with pave set diamonds will surely stand out in the crowd!\nUnique Double Halo Engagement Ring with Pink Diamonds:\nBeautifully and elegantly designed pave style double halo engagement ring available in several budget ranges. Quality is the best and craftsmanship is top of the line...\nPrincess Cut Engagement Ring - Three Stone Infinity Design:\nA master craftsmanship with twisting infinity shank and premium side diamonds. This three-stone princess cut diamond engagement ring will surely make her say \"Yes\"!\nUnique Halo Flower Design Engagement Ring Design:\nUnique antique design and workmanship with exceptional filigree and milgrain patterns...\nTwo Tone Swirl Diamond Engagement Ring:\nBeautiful designed two tone swirl engagement ring with an ideal cut center diamond. This design brings together white and rose gold to make a bold presentation - a truly unique master piece!\nModern Split Shank Halo Engagement Ring Design:\nUnique split shank engagement ring elegantly designed to perfection and can be customized in white, yellow or rose gold as well as platinum. Several price range options as available.\nHalo Princess Cut Engagement Ring:\nA true head-turner. There are not many princess cut diamond engagement ring designs that would compete with this masterpiece. Halo design with pave diamonds and eagle prongs.\nUnique Antique Rose Gold Halo Engagement Ring:\nThis vintage inspired unique halo diamond engagement ring can also be customized in yellow ro white gold as well as platinum. Several price options to choose from!\nVintage Style Halo Engagement Ring:\nExceptional vintage style halo engagement ring with amazing details and craftsmanship. An excellent choice for someone who is looking to blend in style with heritage.\nUnique Emerald Style Engagement Ring Design:\nOne of our finest and elegantly designed emerald cut diamond engagement ring design. Emerald cut diamonds are known for their simple elegance, and this particular design make it extremely appealing...\nHalo Swirl Diamond Engagement Ring:\nThis is one of our top exquisite halo engagement ring available in gold and platinum. Swirl and halo engagement rings are trending these days, and this setting beautifully integrates both to make a bold presentation.\nBezel Set Vintage Inspired Antique Engagement Ring:\nElegant designed unique vintage classic style engagement ring in yellow gold. It can also be designed in white or rose gold and platinum.\nHalo Split Shank Unique Diamond Engagement Ring:\nA top notch design. If you want something to look out in the crowd, this might be it for you. A truly antique and master piece. The halo round cut diamonds significantly enhances the aesthetics of the center stone.\nAntique Style Cushion Cut Engagement Ring with Sapphires:\nVintage inspired antique cushion cut engagement ring with diamonds and sapphires.\nUnique Infinity Split Shank Engagement Ring:\nThese infinity swirl style engagement rings are trending these days and are very popular. There are variety of designs available and each can be customized. Most of our customers love these styles.\nHalo Rose Gold Diamond Engagement Ring:\nThis is a very poplar halo design set with pave round diamonds available in rose, white and yellow gold as well as in platinum. This halo design particularly looks beautiful in a rose gold setting.\nClassic Vintage Style Engagement Ring:\nThis engagement ring combines vintage and classic style with modern designs. If you want a fusion of old and new, this style might be it for you. It also comes with two matching wedding bands. It can also be customized for other shape diamonds.\nDouble Halo Diamond Engagement Ring:\nIt is unique and beautiful. If you have a small diamond\/budget, considering a double halo engagement ring might not be a bad idea. This setting can also be designed in cushion halo style.\nUnique Classic Timeless Diamond Engagement Ring:\nModern design of the classic solitaire engagement ring designed to perfection.\nUnique Custom Split Shank Halo Diamond Engagement Ring Cushion Style:\nUnique design and solid wide shank made to last. Exceptional craftsmanship!\nUnique Princess Cut Diamond Engagement Ring:\nPave set, this princess cut diamond engagement ring will stand out in the crowd. The center diamond set high making it very visible. A unique design for a lucky princess!\nDouble Shank Halo Engagement Ring:\nDiamond ring with double prongs and cushion halo design - a beautiful contemporary design.\nVintage Style Engagement Ring with Baguette Diamonds:\nThis is a beautiful style that combines classic and vintage styles to make a powerful presentation. The baguette diamonds particularly enhances the beauty of this engagement ring.\nUnique Floating Diamond Engagement Ring:\nVery popular rings and designs. They have an elegant look and are a good upgrade to the classics designs!\nSplit Shank Halo Diamond Engagement Ring:\nA truly exquisite halo design with a split shank. Definitely a style to be on a short list!\nCathedral Style Engagement Ring:\nThis three stone cathedral style engagement ring is popular for so many reasons. Not only it shows the center diamond from far away, it also beautifully combines classic and vintage styles with modern designs.\nSwirl Princess Cut Engagement Ring:\nWhat is there not to admire about this beautiful swirl style engagement ring. A truly unique design...\nCushion Cut Diamond Engagement Ring:\nUnique cushion cut diamond engagement ring design with four round side diamonds. Cushion cut diamonds have incredible fire and are a good alternative to round diamonds if you want something different.\nAntique Split Shank Halo Engagement Ring:\nA split shank design with a unique touch. The cushion halo also enhance the beauty of this style.\nUnique Round Halo Engagement Ring:\nWith four double prongs, this halo engagement ring will definitely standout among most halo designs. One of our top contenders.\nCushion Halo Engagement Ring:\nVery popular, unique halo cushion style engagement ring set with pave diamonds and center round stone.\nClassic Cushion Cut Diamond Engagement Ring:\nA classic modern design holding a brilliant cut cushion shape diamond.\nRound Halo Diamond Engagement Ring:\nUnique round style halo engagement ring with round side diamonds and double prongs.\nVintage Style Halo Emerald Cut Diamond Engagement Ring:\nUnique emerald vintage style engagement ring with exceptional details and brilliance.\nBezel Set Split Shank Engagement Ring:\nUnique half bezel set split shank engagement ring set with brilliant natural diamonds.\nRound Halo Unique Engagement Ring:\nRound modern contemporary design - halo diamond engagement ring with brilliant details and craftsmanship.\nRose Gold Oval Halo Diamond Engagement Ring:\nUnique oval halo engagement ring in rose gold setting. This setting is also offered in white and yellow gold as well as in platinum.\nSwirl Kite Style Engagement Ring:\nThis masterpiece is exceptional on so many levels - if you want something entirely different and stylish, this kite style engagement ring should be one of your top choices.\nSwirl Infinity Rose Gold Engagement Ring:\nInfinity style halo rose and white gold engagement ring. Simple yet sophisticated!\nPrincess Cut Engagement Ring with Round Channel Set Diamonds:\nThis is a very elegant engagement ring design. The simplicity of the one carat round diamonds significantly enhances the beauty of this setting.\nFrank Ruebel Antique Diamond Engagement Ring:\nIf you are looking for something entirely antique, these engagement ring styles might not be a bad choice. If you have a even more antique design in mind, contact us and we will work with you to make it a reality.\nSwirl Rose Gold Engagement Ring:\nHere is an other unique setting to consider. It should definitely be something on your short list if you want a flower halo design that is very antique looking.\nChannel Set Round Diamond Engagement Ring:\nChannel set engagement rings are relatively popular and there a variety of styles available. Contact us if you have a particular preference.\nHalo Cushion Style Asscher Cut Diamond Engagement Ring:\nSimple, yet beautiful. Asscher and emerald cut diamonds are very unique and different! This design can also be customized for any other square shape diamonds.\nHalo Radiant Cut Diamond Engagement Ring:\nRadiant cut diamonds are beautiful and they look exquisite in halo settings.\nUnique Three Stone Diamond Engagement Ring:\nThree stone engagement rings are also very popular. This one happens to be one of our top selection.\nClassic Platinum Engagement Ring with Side Diamonds:\nThis is a traditional 4 prongs style engagement ring with side channel set diamonds. If you have a well cut diamond, consider this design.\nFive Stone Band or Engagement Ring:\nThese five stone settings are famous for wedding bands, but can be considered for an engagement ring as well.\nClassic Four Prongs Princess Cut Engagement Ring:\nThis ring goes very well with a matching five stone wedding band of either round or princess cut diamonds, especially a channel set one.\nPave Set Split Shank Halo Radiant Cut Engagement Ring:\nA unique design to consider.\nClassic Asscher Cut Engagement Ring:\nClassic Yellow Gold Diamond Engagement Ring:\nIf you have a nice diamond and like the simplicity of an engagement ring, this might not be a bad idea. It happens to be one of the most popular engagement rings with traditional six prongs. These settings or semi mounts are also available in white gold and platinum.\nClassic Platinum Diamond Engagement ring:\nFour prongs classic platinum engagement ring . A very common design - simple yet perfect for an ideal cut diamond.\nClassic Princess Cut Diamond Engagement Ring with V Prongs:\nV prongs are important for princess cut diamonds as they are prone to chipping and the v prongs protects them.\nUnique Styles of Engagement Rings & Solitaires\nEngagement is one of the most special moments in our lives. It marks the beginning of a melodious and a memorious journey. Style is often an important aspect of this journey as it strengthens our affection and desire towards our partners.\nDiamond is a symbol of love, eternity, passion and emotions. It represents a desire of attachment and affection towards your partner that you have chosen for yourself. It could represent the warmth of your relation and a true devotion towards your partner.\nWhen choosing an engagement ring for your partner, the following information might serve as helpful hints:\nHalo Engagement Rings: these engagement ring styles are among the most popular these days. The central diamond in a Halo Engagement Ring is surrounded by mini diamonds that glorify not only themselves but also the central gemstone. This makes it a very different ring and of course a special one for your partner. It's liked by girls who are very fast forward in the fashion and design world. While choosing a ring for your partner, you need to have a strong idea about the lifestyle and personality of your partner. A simple person may like a solitaire ring whereas an unconventional of fast fashion lover might like a halo design.\nSwirl Diamond Engagement Rings: These rings are ideal for individuals that are looking for uniqueness in a ring. Swirl engagement rings that represent infinity are particularly popular among consumers.\nSolitaire Engagement Rings: usually engagement rings with one center diamond are called solitaire rings. These are the most famous type of engagement rings. This is because the one central diamond, set high with prominence, demonstrates singularity and closeness between couples. Also, the diamond set in the middle of the ring and situated higher increases the magnificence of the ring, giving it an elegant and a royal look. Therefore, it's very well suited to women of classic style and royal touch.\nChannel Set Engagement Rings: channel style rings are also becoming increasing popular as they are very crisp yet have simplicity, style, class, and quality all engraved in one ring.\nTrinity or Trilogy Engagement Rings: These engagement rings are considered to represent three things about you i.e. your past, present and future, as deducible from its name. Therefore, it has three basic diamonds or one diamond and two color gemstones\/birth stones one to each side. Girls with typifying\/symbolizing personalities could be great candidate for this type of rings.\nCathedral Engagement Rings: These engagement rings have a very different but protective style that make them good for working women who want to keep their rings all the time.\nVintage Engagement Rings: Vintage rings are one of the most romantic styles of diamond engagement rings that sell high in the diamond market and make many romantic couples satisfied. It engraves many diamonds in several curled and wavy styles giving it a prestigious look that's honored by the recipient of this precious type of ring.\nEngagement Rings with Colored Gemstones: there are usually a row of colored stones that surround the center diamond increasing the prominence of diamond. These types of ring are very good for girls with a unique sense of style \u2013 style is the key factor in these rings.\nHalo Engagement Rings:\nORIGINS OF THE HALO ENGAGEMENT RING\nOver the past few years, halo engagement rings have had a serious increase in popularity, with everyone from celebrities and even royalty having taken completely to the style. Basically, the halo engagement ring is a type of setting where a center gemstone is surrounded by several much smaller diamonds, although some styles utilize a distinctive metal halo. The halo engagement ring is deliberately designed to enhance and highlight the beauty of the center stone, with features like cut, clarity and size all gaining a boost in visual appeal.\nApart from their distinctive exquisiteness, halo engagement rings are a style that will connect you to a rich history. The style has its origins in the Gregorian Era where the center gemstone was usually surrounded by slightly smaller round diamonds or pearls. In the Victorian Era, some modifications were made to the style, with a number of other gemstones gaining popularity for the center setting. The popular choices included: blue sapphires, rubies, turquoise and chrysoberyls. The center gems in this Era were also larger than those of the Gregorian Era.\nAfter the Victorian Era came the Aesthetic period, which witnessed a marked return to the simplicity of the Gregorian Era with substantial increases in the decorative effects added to the rings, usually of a symbolic nature. The Art Noveau Movement overlapped with this era and saw popularity shifting towards colored semi-precious stones being the center-pieces of the rings. Also, there was a tendency to place the central gem in an ornate setting made completely of metal, as opposed to diamonds.\nWith the dawn of the Edwardian Era came a massive reduction in the popularity of the colored stones that were the mainstay of the Art Noveau period. Platinum and diamonds became the norm, while complete metal surrounds continued, though the use of small diamonds took up. Pearls were no longer a trendy choice for rings and north-to-south styles began to gain traction. These types of rings featured as many as three large stones set in a row, with smaller stones surrounding them in elaborate architectural designs.\nThe subsequent period, the Art Deco Era, is the one where what is classically referred to as the halo engagement ring emerged. There was an increased emphasis on geometric patterns as well as symmetry, which made the concentric circles that can be found in a halo setting very attractive to the aesthetics of the time.\nThe great depression swept away the opulence and geometric shapes of the Art Deco Era, at least until the Hollywood Glamour of the 1930s and 1940s emerged, resulting in an uptake of large colored stones. The halo engagement rings during this period contained a synthesis of elements from the previous eras. With the onset of the 1950s, square-shaped mounts grew in popularity and North-to-south arrangements gave way to East-to-west settings.\nIn the 1960s and 1970s, there was a substantial increase in the usage of halo engagement rings, with the popular style being of a round stone surrounded by smaller round stones in order to give the appearance of a daisy flower. Fast forward to today and the classic halo engagement ring style has returned fully, incorporating new styles: A square cut stone surrounded by pave diamonds, as well as the new double-halo style that is currently experiencing a fast growth in popularity.\nIn essence, whichever style of the halo engagement ring that you decide on, you can be sure that it places you right in the center of a vibrant, distinctive history, much like the center stone itself!\nTHINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN BUYING A CLASSIC DIAMOND ENGAGEMENT RING\nThe name \"classic\" is used to describe any design that has solid aesthetic values and has gained and retained massive popularity over time. When searching for the perfect engagement ring to present to your intended bride, there are a lot of styles that you can choose from today. From the new, trendy styles to the antique and vintage rings of yesteryears. Somewhere in the middle, and the sweet spot for a lot of people, are classic engagement rings. These rings exude all the timeless exquisiteness of vintage styles, while retaining all the elegance and other benefits of a more recent style. Classic engagement rings can also be the answer when you are simply unsure what type of ring she would like simply because most people like them, which is part of why they are referred to as classics. The undying popularity of classic engagement rings is reflected in the fact that their sales make up almost half of all rings sold. They reflect sound, elegant but not necessarily adventurous taste.\nOne of the most popular style of engagement rings that falls in the classic category is the solitaire engagement ring. They are yet to go out of style since been introduced and have been used by intending grooms to propose on countless occasions. Mostly successfully. In order to ensure that your solitaire diamond engagement ring is properly made and fit for your lovely bride to be to wear, there are two basic parts (apart from the diamond itself) that you have to keep in mind and pay particular attention to when choosing a ring or having one made: Setting and metal. The setting is divided into two parts that are interchangeable and are combined in varying styles in order to find the arrangement that best suits your requirements and ideal of the diamond engagement ring you wish to buy. Generally, the goal is to find and arrangement that holds the diamond securely as well as highlights and showcases its best features.\nThe basket is very integral to the safety of the setting. It is made up of four or six claws (prongs) that are either wire or cut off types. Wire baskets are the lightest and most open, making them the most popular choice for people setting up their solitaire diamond engagement rings. There is a popular, but mistaken belief that the wire setting will allow more light to flow through the stone, thereby improving its appearance. This is wrong because a well-cut diamond will reflect back light that enters from its crown, regardless of any light coming from the back. Well cut diamonds will have the same light performance in either setting. The openness is still of advantage though, as it allows better maintenance in that it holds less grease and is more accessible for cleaning. There is a fine balance between the size of the diamond itself, the thickness of the prongs and the type of metal they are made of. The goal is to achieve a setting where the prongs are as discreet and less visible as possible, without compromising on the strength, for safety's sake. This means that although the prongs are often delicate and thin, they are made of very strong metal.\nGold is the classic metal used for this purpose, particularly white gold alloys. At the same time, it is important to take into consideration that platinum and palladium will allow at least 20% reduction in the thickness of the prongs. While using platinum would result in a noticeable increase in cost, palladium is a viable and more affordable alternative that can sometimes even be gotten for less than the cost of 18k white gold.\nVintage Diamond Engagement Rings\nOver the past few years, there has been a marked surge in the popularity of vintage rings. While contemporary rings offer beauty and trendiness, more and more people are drawn towards vintage and antique rings for their timeless class, as well as the feeling of wearing, and being part of history that only antique jewelry can provide. A true vintage engagement ring is one that is between thirty and 50 years old. Engagement rings that are older than this are technically referred to as antiques, though you might find them being sold together under the same name. A lot of people are attracted to these types of rings because of the vast array of styles available and the certainty of fining one that matches their personality, as opposed to the mass-produced engagement rings of contemporary times. Also, they are considered to be of somewhat higher quality than contemporary ones.\nWhy Vintage Engagement Rings?\nAntique jewelry, by virtue of being as old as they are, are not very common items and very rarely will one come across matching pieces. Vintage engagement rings span across a multitude of styles and designs over many eras. They are vastly different from contemporary styles and being unique and one of a kind, they automatically make the wearer stand out as someone with painstakingly good taste. If your partner has an outgoing personality that likes to be distinctive and apart from the crowd, then you should be seriously considering a vintage engagement ring.\nThese days, goods that are handcrafted are considered to be of superior quality and value to mass-produced ones. The same rule applies when it comes to engagement rings. As opposed to contemporary rings that are often mass-produced in generic and very similar styles, vintage engagement rings were generally produced individually in the hands of a skilled jeweler. This difference becomes very manifest when one compares a contemporary engagement ring with a vintage one; while the one from today is plain, the vintage engagement ring will often have intricate and distinctive designs that reflect the specific time period in which it was created. Although a valid argument can be made that today's advanced manufacturing processes actually increase quality, the human touch of vintage engagement rings will definitely shine through.\nHistorical value\nThe decades or even centuries of history that is embedded in a single vintage engagement ring is one of the factors that make them so attractive to couples. If you know the complete history of the ring, the knowledge will give you a connection to a time far in the past. If you do not, the significance can be left to your imagination. Either way, you have a piece of history around your finger. In choosing a vintage engagement ring, you should take the time to consider the various eras from which those rings are frequently sourced in order to find the one era you like the most and which holds the most significance for you or your partner.\nIf you're passionate about the environment and are \"going green\" in other areas, you should consider the fact that the rate at which jewelry is produced around the world today definitely has a considerable effect on the environment. From the depletion of natural resources to the energy required for processing. Vintage engagement rings give you a chance to play a role in preserving our environment.\nPlease contact us and we will be happy to assist you in identifying the best intage engagement ring for you at a wholesale price through our partners and wholesalers.\nEngagement Practices and Traditions around the World\nThe engagement ring is a common physical token of a commitment in a marriage. It has been a tradition practiced in many cultures and countries throughout history, although the original tokens of engagement did not in any way resemble the diamond ring that is currently the symbol for engagement. There have been many forms and objects that people used to express willingness and commitment to get engaged. Some of these do not even come close to being romantic expressions of love and commitment, but rather marks of ownership, a form of payment, or a way of identification. This article will show the evolution of the symbolic engagement ring and what such symbols meant.\nEarly Ages:\nIn prehistoric times, the man used to tie grass around his wife-to-be wrists and ankles as a means of protection from evil spirits. This is also similar to a recent African tradition of tying the bride and groom's wrists together using grass strands.\nIt was the Romans who first began to use plain iron bands as engagement rings. It was typically worn on the fourth finger on the woman's left hand, because it was believed that a vein in this finger traveled directly to her heart. It was customary then for the men to give gold rings for their bride-to-be to wear during the wedding and during special occasions, and another one made of iron for her to wear every day.\nIn ancient Egypt, however, rings made of costly metals were ordinarily used as a currency for trade, and a man who placed a ring upon his wife's finger meant that he trusted her with his wealth. Similarly in medieval days, the ring also served as some sort of dowry or payment for a wife.\nIn the Middle East in Asia, puzzle rings were given by sultans and sheiks to each of their brides. This was their way of \"tagging\" their many wives, and a way of ensuring their loyalty to their husband.\nPrototype of the Engagement Ring:\nThe first recorded incident of wholesale engagement ring containing a diamond was in 1477. The Archduke Maximilian of Austria pledged his love and commitment to marry his beloved Mary of Burgundy with a gold ring decorated with diamonds making the shape of the lady's initial, M. It was only two years later when another royal, Constanzo Sforza gifted his bride, Camilla d'Aragona, with a diamond ring on the day of their wedding. It was no surprise that only men from wealthy families and royalty were capable of presenting diamond rings to their beloved as these stones were a precious and rare commodity and highly expensive.\nIn the 1700s, engagement rings called \"posie rings\" containing lines of poetry and messages of love carved on the inside of the ring were exchanged by lovers. These were initially silver bands, which were replaced with gold ones during the wedding.\nFor the Hebrews, rings made of gold or silver were the norm, while in Northern Europe, gold, silver, and copper were the metals of choice. It was only in the 1800s when gems and decorative stones were incorporated into engagement rings in Europe. Rings with endearing words like Love, Eternity, and Forever spelled out with jewels became fashionable during the 1800s. But it wasn't only precious stones and metals that the highly romantic and sentimental Victorians used to make their jewelries. They were also using their beloved's hair along with the gemstones and precious metals. All of this romanticism with regards to engagement was greatly influenced by Queen Victoria, who at the time was herself madly in love with her husband, an uncommon thing with arranged marriages among royalty of this period.\nIt was also during the latter part of this period when diamonds and precious gems were discovered in a mine in Cape Colony in South Africa, effectively increasing the supply of the highly valued gem in the world. It was also during this time, around d 1886, when Tiffany & Co. first released its Tiffany setting, a band with a diamond raised on a six-prong mount which maximized the diamond's brilliance and cut. Since then, engagement rings have taken on this design, and this has become the preference of women all over the world.\nThe sale of diamonds declined in the 1930s during the lean economic times. De Beers, the sole diamond mining and manufacturing company operating the newly discovered mines in Africa at the time, launched an aggressive campaign to boost the sales of diamonds again. They launched the classic slogan, \"A Diamonds is Forever\" and immediately saw a boost in their sales. The connotation between marriage and a diamond being indestructible became deeply ingrained in the American psyche with the popularity of this new slogan. It is no surprise then that in most department stores, engagement rings soon became the best sellers in every jewelry lines.\nAfter the rise in popularity of diamond engagement rings, it became a tradition for a man to ask for his lady love's hand in marriage with a ring.\nProposal Practices\nThe modern custom of proposing marriage to a woman with a diamond ring has become the standard practice among many countries and cultures around the world. However, there are many countries that still have their own marriage proposal traditions that are unique to their culture. Some of these practices have been overtaken by the western practice, but some of them are still in practice today. Some are relatively new practices that have been adapted from modern innovations and from the sheer creativity of men. Some of these unique marriage proposals are mentioned below as they are practiced by different cultures or regions around the world.\nAsian Traditions\nA new style of proposing marriage is on the rise in many modern countries in Asia. This is known as the flash mob proposal, where a group of people collaborate with the future groom who makes his proposal with a song, and dance, or any other production that involves a big crowd.\nIn India and Pakistan, where arranged marriages are still practiced, it is not only the bridegroom but his entire family that makes the formal marriage proposal to the bride's entire family. In some deeply traditional families, the couple themselves are not even involved in the engagement rites at all. In Pakistan, once the bride's family accepts the proposed marriage, an engagement party ensues where the future groom can propose to the future bride in person.\nIn China, traditional Chinese culture is still deeply ingrained in the marriage preparation rites. Weddings for them are a joining together of not only two individuals but families. Therefore, even if a marriage proposal is initiated by the giving of an engagement ring, traditional practices like the woman introducing the man to her family, the man seeking the blessing from the woman's family prior to the proposal, and the two families together acknowledging the engagement and casting their blessing of approval upon the couple are all part of the engagement tradition.\nIn Thailand, engagement and wedding traditions and customs are still widely followed by families. A ceremonial rite called \"Thong Mun\" marks the engagement of a couple. Here, the future groom presents a gift of gold to his prospective bride and her family. This is also followed by dowry negotiations between the two families.\nEuropean Traditions\nIn Europe, the tradition of men proposing to women while on one knee, with a ring in hand, is still very much in practice. The engagement ring, however, is normally worn on the third finger of the woman's left hand as opposed to the common practice in the USA of wearing it on the fourth finger instead.\nIn the UK and Ireland, a peculiar tradition that used to be common is a woman initiating the marriage proposal to the man. This may only be done every leap year, on the 29th of February. This tradition is seldom, if ever, practiced anymore.\nAmong the British, a couple's engagement must be formally announces through a church bulletin called \"the banns.\" This served as notice to anyone who may oppose the marriage of the couple, and to give legal reason why the marriage must not take place.\nIn Germany and Sweden, both the bride-to-be and the groom-to-be wear engagement rings during the period of engagement.\nAfrican Traditions\nIn Ghana, an old African tradition is still being practiced in engagement rites. This involves knocking on the door of the woman's home during the proposal visit. The groom-to-be's mother and uncle are the ones who perform the knock on the door during a visit to the woman's family when they propose marriage in behalf of the groom.\nIn some Kenyan tribes, a man declares his intent to marry a woman by sending her beads. Keeping the beads means the woman accepts the proposal, after which her family will present her with an adornment to add to these beads to signify their acceptance of the engagement between the two.\nThese are just among the many practices and traditions associated with engagement and marriage. Every culture holds their own views on how a couple's engagement must proceed, and even with the advent of modern styles and practices, celebrating the engagement between two people always brings families and communities together in one way or another.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Americana Grammy Winners Announced\nSteve Martin, Emmylou Harris Add to Grammy Collection\nby Craig Shelburne 1\/26\/2014\nSeasoned musicians like Steve Martin and Emmylou Harris continued to add to their Grammy arsenal on Sunday (Jan. 26).\nMartin and Edie Brickell won in the category of best American roots song for \"Love Has Come for You.\" This is Martin's fifth Grammy, including his two wins in the comedy field.\n\"Well, we are truly stunned, if I can speak for Edie \u2014 and I will \u2014 especially [in] such a distinguished group of nominees. We started doing this as a sport, really, and we kept doing it. And we are really, deeply honored. Thank you very much,\" Martin said.\n\"Thank you so much. Thanks to Steve for inspiring me. And thanks to everybody,\" added Brickell, who marked her first Grammy win.\n\"I also wanted to add that working with Edie is incredible. She's one of the greatest lyricists I've worked with,\" Martin stated.\nHarris and Rodney Crowell collected the trophy for best Americana album with Old Yellow Moon. This was Harris' 13th win and Crowell's second, following his win for \"After All This Time\" earning the 1989 best country song.\n\"Yeah, this is good. I want to thank [album producer] Brian Ahern. I want to thank the Americana Music Association. I want to thank all of the musicians that recorded with us. We couldn't have made a record without them,\" Crowell said. \"Emmylou couldn't be here tonight because her brother has had a surgery, and she's a good sister, and she stayed home to tend to him. I dedicate this to my four daughters and my lovely wife, Claudia. Thank you.\"\nThe Del McCoury Band also picked up their second Grammy win for best bluegrass album with The Streets of Baltimore. Their previous win was a 2005 Grammy for their album, The Company We Keep.\nLeading the remarks, Del McCoury said, \"Thank you, folks. First I'd like to thank my Lord for the talent to sing and play music. And I'd also like to thank my wife Jean for listening to me sing all these years. I would've probably gotten tired of listening to me. I'd like to also thank all of these guys onstage with me. \u2026 They're the ones that made this record possible and made it sound great. I just did a few parts here and there, you know. I'd like to also thank my Grand Ole Opry family back there in Tennessee.\"\nRonnie McCoury, one of his two sons in the ensemble, added, \"I'd just like to say, very few people get to experience what we do. We've traveled the road with my father all these years. So to be up here with him and to celebrate this with him is an incredible honor that very few people ever get to have. Thank you to the Academy and all of our families. We love them so very much.\"\nRob McCoury, the other son in the group, noted, \"Thanks, Dad. This is all you. You did it all. You found the material, you sung all the songs, you produced the record, you mixed the record. This is all you!\"\nThe Del McCoury Band also features Alan Bartram and Jason Carter.\nGuy Clark, who was not present, won the best folk album award for My Favorite Picture of You. This is Clark's first Grammy.\nMeanwhile, the Civil Wars were surprise winners in the category for best country duo\/group performance with \"From This Valley.\" Among a strong field of contenders, they were up against Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton's recording of \"You Can't Make Old Friends.\"\nThe Civil Wars' John Paul White accepted alone.\n\"I want to apologize to Dolly Parton for depriving her of anything at all. She's one of my biggest heroes and it's an honor to be nominated with everyone in this category,\" White said. \"I want to thank my beautiful wife and my four kids. My wife has me at home a lot right now, and I hope she's still happy about that.\"\nIn addition to thanking a friend for tending his chilly pipes at home and Phil Madiera for co-writing the song, White did not thank his duo partner, Joy Williams, who was also a co-writer on the song. The duo split in the summer of 2012 and released their self-titled project last year.\nThe duo won two 2011 Grammys for their debut album Barton Hollow \u2014 one for best country duo\/group performances, the other for best folk album. Last year, they shared a win with Taylor Swift for co-writing \"Safe and Sound,\" in the category of best song written for visual media, in this case, The Hunger Games.\nOther winners during the pre-telecast included Darius Rucker's \"Wagon Wheel\" for best country solo performance and Kacey Musgraves' \"Merry Go 'Round\" for best country song. Musgraves shared the Grammy with her fellow co-writers, Shane McAnally and Josh Osborne.\n\"Oh, my goodness, this is crazy! Thank you so much. The fact that this song was chosen as the best out of so many amazing songs in a year, it just blows my mind. This song's changed my life,\" Musgraves stated. \"I will never forget the day that we were sitting down in the middle of nowhere in Texas and this song just came to us kinda out of nowhere. You never know what you're going to get in a co-write, and we tapped into something really special that day. I'm just so thankful. I never get tired of playing that song. It's so special to me. Thank you all so much.\"\nCraig Shelburne\nTags: Darius RuckerDolly PartonEmmylou HarrisGuy ClarkKacey MusgravesKenny RogersRodney CrowellThe Civil WarsThe Del McCoury Band","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"analyze the effects of accounts receivable transactions using the percentage of sale 494424\nEvaluate the following scenarios, assuming both companies use the net credit sales as the basis for estimating bad debts expense:\na. At year end, Bonnie Company has accounts receivable of $112,000. The allowance for uncollectible accounts has a balance prior to adjustments of $(400). In other words, there were fewer specific write-offs than estimated., leaving an excess in the allowance account. Net credit sales for the year were $315,000 and 3% is estimated to be uncollectible.\nb. At year end, Clyde Company has acounts receivable of $220,000. The allowance for uncollectible accounts has a balance prior to adjustment of $200. In other words, more specific accounts were written off than estimated, so the allowance was short by $200. Net credit sales for the year were $1,525,000 and 1% is estimated to be uncollectible.\nfor each situation compute the following:\n1. the bad debts expense for the year\n2. the balance in the allowance for uncollectible accounts account at year end\n3. the net realizable value of accounts receivable at year end\n4. assuming Bonnie company had an accounts receivable (net) balance of $105,000 at the beginning of the year, what is Bonnie accounts receivable turnover ratio for the year\n5. Assuming Clyde Company had an accounts receivable (net) balance of $226,000 at the beginning of the year, what is Clyde's accounts receivable turnover ratio for the year?\nSheet3 Sheet2 Sheet1 A B C D E G H Name Section F End of Problem Situation a. Accounts receivable Net credit sales Percentage estimated to be uncollectible Bad debt expense for the year Situation b. Balances at year end: Allowance for uncollectible accounts (credit balance) Allowance for uncollectible accounts (debit balance) Allowance for uncollectible accounts balance Net realizable value of accounts receivable Bonnie Company Clyde Company Accounts receivable turnover ratio Average net accounts receivables Problem 4-49A Beginning accounts receivable balance for part 4 Beginning accounts receivable balance for part 5 Formula 1 Formula 2 Formula 3 Formula 4 Formula 5 Formula 6 Formula 8 Formula 7 Formula 9 Formula 10 Reimers, Financial Accounting 3e 5.00 6.00 7.00 $112,000.00 8.00 400.00 9.00 $315,000.00 10.00 0.03 11.00 $105,000.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 $220,000.00 21.00 200.00 22.00 $1,525,000.00 23.00 0.01 24.00 $226,000.00 25.00 26.00 27.00 28.00 29.00 30.00 Sheet3 Sheet2 Sheet1 A B C D E G H Name Section F End of Problem Situation a. Accounts receivable Net credit sales Percentage estimated to be uncollectible Bad debt expense for the year Situation b. Balances at year end: Allowance for uncollectible accounts (credit balance) Allowance for uncollectible accounts (debit balance) Allowance for uncollectible accounts balance Net realizable value of accounts receivable Bonnie Company Clyde Company Accounts receivable turnover ratio Average net accounts receivables Problem 4-49A Beginning accounts receivable balance for part 4 Beginning accounts receivable balance for part 5 Formula 1 Formula 2 Formula 3 Formula 4 Formula 5 Formula 6 Formula 8 Formula 7 Formula 9 Formula 10 Reimers, Financial Accounting\u2026\np4-49a.xls","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Actor Kurt Russell Talks About The Family Business: Baseball David Greene talks to actor Kurt Russell about the Portland Mavericks, a 1970s independent baseball team created by Kurt's father Bing. Battered Bastards is a documentary about the team.\nActor Kurt Russell Talks About The Family Business: Baseball\nActor Kurt Russell Talks About The Family Business: Baseball 4:28\nDavid Greene talks to actor Kurt Russell about the Portland Mavericks, a 1970s independent baseball team created by Kurt's father Bing. Battered Bastards is a documentary about the team.\nDAVID GREENE, HOST:\nThe Portland Mavericks were a minor league baseball team that played in the 1970s. Their story is told in a new documentary on Netflix. It's called \"The Battered Bastards Of Baseball.\" This team was irreverent, unorthodox. The roster included a bunch of hopefuls and has-beens.\nSTEVE INSKEEP, HOST:\nThe Mavericks were founded by a baseball outsider, the actor Bing Russell probably best known for his role as Deputy Clem on \"Bonanza.\" But he was also a serious student of baseball.\nGREENE: And when \"Bonanza\" ended, he left LA to create what was at the time the only independent baseball team in the minors. All the other teams were affiliated with major league clubs. This was in Portland, Oregon, in 1973.\n(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)\nBING RUSSELL: It was an exciting, exciting year, and this is just the greatest baseball city in the world if it's not the greatest city in the world.\nGREENE: This actor's obsession with baseball was no surprise to Bing's son, Kurt Russell, also an actor. And it turns out, also a ballplayer. Kurt played for the Mavericks, and he was vice president of his dad's team. When we caught up with Kurt Russell, he told us baseball was always the family business.\nKURT RUSSELL: I learned to pivot and turn to the left and right. I learned how to get a good start stealing second base. My mom didn't have a backyard with a pool and beautiful grass and trees. Our backyard was a batting cage. It was how I grew up. I just happen, you know - our other business was the picture business and television. That was how he made his living, and that was how I later started, you know, to make my living. But baseball was always the family business.\nGREENE: But the business of baseball is exactly what the late Bing Russell was up against. Especially the 1970s, baseball was an establishment. The idea of an independent team was an affront. Even the city of Portland had doubts. Carren Woods, who became the assistant general manager of the Mavericks, recalls in the movie the reaction to Bing Russell coming to town.\n(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, \"THE BATTERED BASTARDS OF BASEBALL\")\nCARREN WOODS: Oregon is pretty provincial. We don't like outsiders. So when this guy from Southern California who is an actor was going to come to Portland, there was a lot of skepticism.\nGREENE: And probably for good reason. Bing Russell put an ad in a trade paper and held tryouts that resembled a casting call. The hundreds of players who showed up were one motley crew. There are archival interviews with some in the film.\nUNIDENTIFIED MAN 1: I think it's the American dream, you know, to just have the chance to play. And being a major league baseball player is not necessarily a worthwhile goal, but being a professional baseball player, I think, is a worthwhile goal.\nUNIDENTIFIED MAN 2: How long did it take you to get here?\nUNIDENTIFIED MAN 3: About four and a half days.\nUNIDENTIFIED MAN 4: I don't care, you know, about the money. I just want to play ball.\nUNIDENTIFIED MAN 5: Baseball is my first love. I always got that dream that I'll make it, but I'll probably have to tell myself I won't.\nK. RUSSELL: He caught a lot of flak for that a little bit because it made it look like, you know, a circus time. And he said, I like a little circus.\nGREENE: And this team has been compared to a real life \"Bad News Bears.\" But Kurt Russell says, that's just not fair.\nK. RUSSELL: \"Bad News Bears\" was a Hollywood version of people who can't play who win. That doesn't happen in real life. These guys were good players. They had been passed over. They'd hit a manager. They, you know, had sex with a manager's wife, anywhere from, you know - I mean, these guys, you know, were wild guys, you know. Some of them had drinking problems, drug problems, who knew what.\nGREENE: And the team really embraced this image.\nK. RUSSELL: They'd literally come into town at 4 o'clock in the morning and get the bull horn going and say, lock up your wives and daughters, the Mavericks are coming. The Mavericks are here.\nGREENE: Their home games were something to behold. When they were on the verge of sweeping another team, they'd bring out a broom lit on fire. Fans started bringing their own brooms. And there was the team dog, who would occasionally be released onto the field, perhaps some thought at strategic moments to give the Mavericks' pitcher a breather in the middle of a game.\nK. RUSSELL: They'd throw a ball in the field. The dog takes off and, of course, the crowd is laughing and, you know, whatnot. And the other team is just pissed off as hell.\nGREENE: Despite all these antics, though, the team won. They made the playoffs, and in their five seasons of the existence, they caught the attention of the baseball world and took on the establishment.\nK. RUSSELL: The David versus Goliath story that my dad was definitely David. He was the underdog, even though he never saw himself as one. He was.\nGREENE: And Kurt Russell says his late father's legacy lives on.\nK. RUSSELL: The legacy is that sometimes there's a diamond in the rough that you miss, and they deserve a chance again to show people what they can do. And four of them made it back to the big league off the Mavs and now there are lots of independent teams and independent leagues where guys have the opportunity to do what those four guys did.\nGREENE: The documentary on the Portland Mavericks is called \"The Battered Bastards Of Baseball,\" and it's on Netflix right now.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"TECHNICAL SECRETARIAT > Project Report\nThe list of completed and ongoing projects in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus is as follows. (as of December 2020)\nAs a rule, ex-post evaluations by third-party experts are conducted in relation to the concluded projects. The criteria used for the evaluation are based on those developed by the Development Assistance Committee (relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability).*\n*For further information click \"Completed\" in the column \"Ex-Post Evaluation\".\n(JPY)\nEx-Post Evaluation\nConstruction of a Low-level Liquid Radioactive Waste Treatment Plant \"Suzuran\" 4.15 bn Aug. 1994- Nov. 2001 Completed\nProgram for Dismantling Decommissioned Nuclear Submarines \"Star of Hope\": 5.801 bn Completed\nVictor-III class NS 794 m Dec. 2003 \u2013 Dec. 2004\nVictor-I class NS 870 m Sep. 2006- Nov. 2008\nCharlie-I class NS 994 m Jan. 2008 \u2013 Apr. 2009\nVictor-III class NS (x3) 3.193 bn July. 2008 \u2013 Dec. 2009\nConstruction of a Long-Term Storage Facility for the Reactor Compartment Units: 4.494 bn Completed\nFloating Dock \"Sakura\" 2.538 bn Aug. 2010 \u2013 May 2012\nJib Cranes (x2) 1.270 bn Aug. 2010 \u2013 Nov. 2011\nTugboat \"Sumire\" 350 m Sep.2010 \u2013 July 2011\nProcurement Services 336 m Oct.2009 \u2013 May 2012\nAssistance in Constructing the Blast and Paint Facility 726 m Feb. 2013 \u2013 Apr. 2014 Completed\nCooperation on the Construction of the Regional Center for Conditioning and Long-term Storage of Radioactive Wastes in Primorsky Region 1.86 bn Oct. 2019 \u2013 -\nAssistance in Establishing the SSAC and the PP 530 m Apr.1995 \u2013 Apr.2000 Completed\nProvision of Medical Equipment to the Military Hospitals of the Ministry of Defense: 1.4 bn Completed (Japanese)\nFirst Supply - Nov. 1994 \u2013 May 1997\nSecond Supply - Nov. 1997 \u2013 Aug.1998\nThird Supply - Aug.1999 \u2013 Apr. 2000\nForth Supply - July 2000 \u2013 June 2001\nProject for Strengthening Nuclear Security of Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology 173 m Apr. 2011-\nDec. 2014 Completed\nAssistance in Establishing the SSAC and the PP 540 m Sept. 1994 \u2013 Oct. 1998 Completed\nProvision of Medical Equipment to the Republican Clinical Hospital for War-invalids 450 m Aug. 1996 \u2013 Oct. 1997 Completed (Japanese)\nProvision of ESR of the Institute of Nuclear Physics 90 m Dec. 1995 \u2013 Feb. 1997\nAssistance for the establishment of a remote medical diagnostic system 70 m Feb. 1999 \u2013 Aug. 1999\nProject for Strengthening Nuclear Security in Kazakhstan: 432.3m - -\nIAEA Nuclear Security Training 6.3m Nov. 2011 \u2013 Apr. 2012 Completed\nNuclear Security Upgrade for Institute of Nuclear Physics 89 m Feb. 2012 \u2013 Feb. 2013\nNuclear Security Upgrade for Ulba Metallurgical Plant 337m Feb. 2012 \u2013 Feb. 2015 Completed\nAssistance in Establishing the SSAC and the PP 240 m Sept. 1994 \u2013 Dec. 2000 Completed\nSupply of Training Equipment to the Vocational Training Center for the Retired Military Personnel 310 m Apr. 1998 \u2013 Feb. 1999 Completed (Japanese)\nProject to Deter the Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and Radioactive Materials at the State Borders of Belarus 76 m July 2010 \u2013 Aug. 2011 Completed","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Clippers open favorable stretch of 10 games with a 122-95 rout of the Kings\nClippers forward Montrezl Harrell fights for a rebound with Kings center Willie Cauley-Stein (00) and guard Malachi Richardson during the second half Tuesday night.\n(Gary Coronado \/ Los Angeles Times)\nBy Broderick TurnerStaff Writer\nThe Clippers' schedule is less than daunting over the next few weeks, putting them in position to make a move in the Western Conference standings.\nBut even with help on the way, the Clippers knowing that Blake Griffin might be able to play against the Lakers on Friday night after sitting out 14 games because of a knee injury, they still must compete no matter the opposition.\nTheir 122-95 romp over the Sacramento Kings on Tuesday night at Staples Center was the first of seven games against teams with sub-.500 records over a 10-game stretch.\nIt was an easy win for the Clippers, who dropped 71 points on the Kings in the first half, the most points they've scored in the first 24 minutes of a game this season.\n\"Tonight was a huge game, a huge game,\" Austin Rivers said. \"We needed to win. We need every win. So we can't just show up and play. That's how you drop games.\n\"We're not in position where we can drop games, or else we'll get further and further behind. We don't want to be playing catch-up the whole season.\"\nFive players scored in double figures for the Clippers, who at 14-19 stand 10th in the Western Conference, three games out of eighth.\nThe Clippers had 31 assists on 44 made shots.\nThey made 55% of their shots, 13 of 31 (41.9%) from beyond the three-point arc.\n\"Actually, I just liked how hard we played, honestly,\" Clippers coach Doc Rivers said.\nIt was easy to enjoy watching rookie Milos Teodosic produce a career-high 10 assists, matching a Clippers season high.\nIt was fun to see Jamil Wilson, who is on a two-way contract, score a career-high 17 points on six-for-nine shooting, five-for-seven on three-pointers.\nIt was nice seeing DeAndre Jordan produce another double-double with 13 points and 15 rebounds in only 26 minutes.\nIt was good to see reserves Lou Williams (21 points), Montrezl Harrell (season-high 22 points) and Sam Dekker (10 points and six rebounds) provide a lift.\n\"We try to put an emphasis on playing harder than most teams,\" Wilson said. \"I know Doc tries to use that as one of our main talents, just to play harder than other teams.\n\"We still have guys out. Guys are just going to have to step up.\"\nThe Clippers will play the Kings (11-22) two more times during their next 10 games.\nThey'll also face the Atlanta Hawks, who at 8-25 own the NBA's worst record.\nThe only teams with winning records they'll face are the defending NBA champion Golden State Warriors, who they'll play twice, and the Oklahoma City Thunder.\nMoreover, the Clippers will play only three games on the road during the stretch, and they won't leave California.\nOne of the \"road\" games is against the Lakers at Staples Center, the other two at Golden State and Sacramento on consecutive nights.\n\"It's not easy to get a win,\" Jordan said. \"It's hard as hell to get a win in the NBA, man.\n\"We came out at the beginning of the game a little sluggish, but that was on us. We came out in the second quarter with a different kind of intensity and mind-set that we wanted to be physical and attack the glass.\"\nbroderick.turner@latimes.com\nTwitter: @BA_Turner\nBroderick Turner\nBroderick Turner is a Los Angeles Times reporter who covers the Los Angeles Lakers and Clippers.\nThird quarter a charm: 5 takeaways from the Clippers' win Sunday\nFive takeaways from the Clippers' victory over the Indiana Pacers on Sunday night at Staples Center.\nKawhi Leonard reminds former coach what he's all about in Clippers win\nIndiana Pacers coach Nate Bjorkgren, who worked with Kawhi Leonard in Toronto, got another reminder of Leonard's abilities in the Clippers' 129-96 win.\nClippers' Reggie Jackson and Marcus Morris rise to Tyronn Lue's challenge\nReggie Jackson and Marcus Morris are making the most out of their opportunities off the bench, as witnessed in the Clippers' win over the Kings on Friday.\nMVP season in the making? Paul George playing 'with vengeance' for Clippers\nWith his pride damaged by the Clippers' playoff disaster last season, Paul George is determined to show the best possible version of himself.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"ABOUT \"PCT\"\nSERIAL STORY\nWHAT WE'RE GONNA TALK\nJust like in a cafe, we talk about everything. Nothing heavy. Just talk over a cup of coffee.\nSON OF GOD - trailer (video)\nThe life story of Jesus is told from his humble birth through his teachings, crucifixion and ultimate resurrection.\nCast: Roma Downey, Darwin Shaw, Diogo Morgado\nDirectors: Christopher Spencer\nWriter: Richard Bedser, Christopher Spencer\nLabels: Movie, Video\nVISITOR AROUND THE GLOBE\nTHE 3,000 GUITARS COLLECTION OF KEITH RICHARDS\nKeith Richards (born 18 December 1943) is an English musician, singer-songwriter and founder member of the English rock band the Rolling S...\nFACEBOOK, EMOTIONS AND PARENTHOOD\nNot too long ago, Facebook started asking me how I was feeling. I thought it was a little awkward, as Facebook can't really do anything abo...\nHUGH HOWEY: THE SELF PUBLISHED BEST SELLER\nHow self-pubbed best-seller Hugh Howey overturned the author-reader relationship\u2014and wrote the next great sci-fi saga. When bookstore emp...\nHOW IS LIKELY GOOGLE GLASS TO CHANGE US\nGoogle recently released a second video promoting their Google Glasses, scheduled to hit the mass market in early 2014. (Here's their first...\nTHE MYSTERY OF THE LAREDO STAIRCASE SOLVED.\nThe Loretto Chapel in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA is a former Roman Catholic church that is now used as a museum and wedding chapel.[1] It is ...\nTHE BEATLES SONG CHARTS (3 infographics)\nWe here at Spinner enjoy doing some deep research on projects, but going through every Beatles song and figuring out which member played wh...\nDID YOU KNOW THAT JAPANESE .....\nDid you know that Japanese children clean their schools every day for a quarter of an hour with teachers, which led to the emergence of a ...\nPRATANA COFFEE TALK\nGet the JOSEPH PRATANA on Twitter widget and many other great free widgets at Widgetbox! Not seeing a widget? (More info)\nJoseph Pratana\nThe Member of\nBLOG ARCHIVE February (1) September (1) August (1) July (2) April (4) February (1) December (1) October (1) September (1) August (79) July (1) June (2) April (14) March (9) February (6) December (70) November (16) October (31) September (9) August (9) July (51) June (27) May (28) April (44) March (93) February (143) January (153) December (17) November (23) October (37) September (51) August (92) July (76) June (151) May (84) April (98) March (99) February (105) January (92) December (60) November (36) October (61) September (47) August (76) July (48) June (40) May (60) April (35) March (66) February (39) November (1) October (1) May (3) April (1) March (10)\nAdvertising (25) afraid (1) Art (138) Automotive (18) Book (38) Business (138) Coffee (16) Comic (11) confidence (1) Cooking (3) Creativity (114) Culture (87) Digital Painting (10) Education (34) Event (4) experience (1) fear (1) Food (156) Funny Photo (12) Game (32) Graphic Design (37) Health (276) health life (224) History (119) Idea (59) Inspirational Story (681) Joke (37) Joseph Pratana (38) Leadership (146) life (72) Lifestyle (285) Martial Art (3) Media (7) Military (46) mind (4) Movie (370) Music (103) nature (5) News (393) Photography (25) Poem (61) Psychology (143) Religion (27) Sartorialist (2) Science (121) Self-Help (85) Sport (16) Story (17) Technology (154) vid (1) Video (448) Wallpaper (10) Weapon (26)\n\u00a9 2010 PratanaCoffeeTalk. Awesome Inc. theme. Powered by Blogger.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"What Should Be the Fate of the Bilderbergs?\nJuly 5, 2016 by Phil Butler 1 Comment\nI found a story buried beneath ten tons of garbage today. Brilliantly revealing, is the scathing photo essay on The Guardian by Charlie Skelton, with gripping images by Hannah Borno from 2014. Looking at their coverage of the notorious Bilderberg summit in retrospect, we can now see the sad shape of dirty geo-strategy business. Skelton nailed the elite warmongers and money grubbing psychos we live and die for aptly calling Bilderberg 2014:\n\"A gathering of those who stand to make a killing out of knowing where and when the bombs might fall, how many and on whom.\"\nFor those of us researching, reporting, and begging the world to see the truth of Ukraine and the Donbass, the debacle that is Bilderberg is a resounding opera of evil caricatures. NATO bosses, the US military establishment, great big business, lords, ladies, and supposed gentlemen dressed up and under guard\u2026 All that was missing at the Marriott hotel in Copenhagen was a dark an ominous cloud with big red horns, and evil Satanic eyes looming over the city's \"Little Mermaid\" statue on the harbor. There are no words, but somehow Skelton seems to utter a soliloquy to accompany the damnable scenery Borno captures with her camera.\nBILDERBERG: Generals, Arms Bosses & Billionaire Speculators https:\/\/t.co\/W9AcBi6ZAr Loyalty to whom? @RussiaConnects@robinmonotti\n\u2014 Nico DAgris (@NicoDAgris) July 4, 2016\nGeneral Breedlove, the desk jockey commander who many say tried to incite a war with Russia \u2013 now the hypocrite tells media we need a Russia reset\nI am not even sure how I missed this iconic reportage back then. Perhaps the last unbiased CNN report from the region caught my attention when the Donetsk Airport fiasco began. Maybe this rare CNN piece's cousin over at Forbes caught my eye? Or maybe somebody is already reshaping the historyffo of mainstream media reporting on those events? As I \"Google\" the term \"Ukraine\" now, and set the custom date to May, 2014, it's amazing how many moderate results appear!\nThis is amazing because in May of 2014, finding something unbiased about the Ukraine mess was near impossible. I am led to recall my own participation in the dissenting view, my becoming an analyst to show the other side of this horrible story. Even if Google conspired to help rework media history though, finding articles like this TIME one will always be possible. Those damnable Russkies, doing all that \"dirty work\" down yonder in Ukraine, you recall the US State Department line I know. \"Meet the Cossack 'Wolves' Doing Russia's Dirty Work in Ukraine\", it is emblematic of the \"big lie\" that started a brand new Cold War with Russia.\nMy readers and colleagues are fully aware, of the big business people behind the slaughter of innocent civilians in what became known as Novorossiya (which from the Russian is \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0301\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, or Romanian: Noua Rusie, or literally New Russia). Some reading this will not know much about the regions east and south of Kiev. Primarily Russian speaking these people are. So, the new Washington backed Kiev regime announcing Russian language's demise, only days after having taken power \u2014 well, imagine Russia taking over Texas, banning English and making Spanish the official language. Crime and the Donbass got the message clearly, and begged Vladimir Putin for help. This is irrefutable, the truth, and the simple fact of the matter of what happened from the Russian perspective.\nNATO's former head mashed up into a Fonzi photo \u2013 Happy Days NOT\nOn the Bilderberg perspective, we have goddamned killers and soulless profiteers. Now that US supreme allied commander in Europe, General Philip Breedlove has been forced to resign over leaked emails where he plotted a NATO conflict with Russia, the picture of collusion and graft, of merciless men and women using us all, it becomes ever more clear. Breedlove, who most of us characterized as a paper warrior from the start, was neck deep in the Bilderberg discussions, along with then NATO boss Anders Fogh Rasmussen (younger version above), who Charlie Skelton calls a miniature \"Fonzi\", of hit TV show \"Happy Days\" fame. Just why human beings put pipsqueaks in charge of anything, is anybody's guess, but Skelton hammers this evil little woodpecker on the head. God, for the chance to body slam such narcissistic clowns.\nVP Joe Biden with Poroshenko\nBut my point here is, they were all there. Weapons makers, policy makers, war makers, the world's worst evil doers, if only Zeus had any lightning bolts left, there could be peace on Earth for once in 50,000 years maybe! Yes, we should hate them if only for the blown to pieces kids of the Donbass. The children my Novorossiya pals like war-fighter Russell Bonner Bentley, or brave independent journalist Graham Phillips have shared with me, their truth is the only truth. You see the American side of this war horror story has no heroes or victims to speak of. BBC and Reuters cannot even drum up, a civilian population shelled in the night. There's not blown to pieces kids west of Donetsk, you see. The one million refugees that fled President Poroshenko's artillery were not from Kiev or Kharkiv, I know, I have friends there too. The artillery shells fall on the homes of people in pro-Russia territory.\nBut nobody tells you this.\nA vice president's son takes on a board role with one of Ukraine's biggest natural gas companies. Some will remember the tiny flurry of reports on Joe Biden's boy Hunter joining Burisma Holdings in April of 2014. The shady dealings did not rub off on Biden, or the Obama administration then, but they should have. The company's big boss, Mykola Zlochevsky is on everybody's most wanted list for corrupt practices, including Kiev's. Speaking of \"shady\" deals and this Bilderberg meet-up of 2014, here's some interesting news following that summit.\nIn October of 2014 attendee Saab announced an $800 million plus Gripen E fighter development contract\nSaab also announced 36 Gripen NG fighter aircraft for the Brazilian Air Force about the same time\nSaab was also mentioned in a key drone development program with BAE, Finmeccanica SpA, and others in the European Neuron drone project.\nSpanish activists question the role of Bilderberg attendee Mercedes Mill\u00e1n Rajoy, calling her a spy. There is speculation about dossiers she's seen carrying, depicted in The Guardian photos. Then days after the summit King Juan Carlos abdicates?\nKey Bilderberg attendee in Copenhagen, KKR Global Institute is where former CIA Director David Petraeus migrated to. In July 2014, the director of policy and research at the KKR Global Institute, Neil Brown (quote below)penned this report \"announcing\" the west's competition with Russia for the Southstream pipeline.\nCharlie Skelton's Bilderberg report makes special mention of Airbus Thomas Enders. It's probably just coincidence (number 2000) that Airbus Defence & Space was assisting in the investigation of the shooting down of Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 later on that year.\nA report by Oakland Institute released in July 2014 reveals Monsanto, Cargill, and DuPont, and other corporate investors swooping in to grab up Ukraine's agricultural operations. The Rothschild interests and many others were also implicated.\nFrom the shadows, Barack Obama gives Ukraine's Poroshenko his marching orders\nAnd as the saying goes, \"the list could go on, and on.\" Land speculation to the business of making killing machines, all we glean of chaos on our planet today can be traced to these elites and their henchmen. As corny as it sounds, the seeds the Rockefellers, Rothschilds, and even the Vanderbilts planted generations ago, sprouted the horrendous weeds before us today. Neil Balfour, he is a direct descendant of Cornelius Vanderbilt, and his Landkom International PLC owns hundreds of thousands of acres of Ukraine farmland. Today the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is doing it's PR best to promote organic farming investments.\n\"The most viable alternative route for natural gas supplies to Europe is the planned Southern Gas Corridor, which is made up of three pipelines. The project will include the South Caucasus Pipeline, which is currently being enlarged, running from the Caspian Sea to Turkey. From Turkey, the Trans-Anatolian Pipeline (TANAP) and the Trans-Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) will transport Caspian natural gas to Austria. To undermine the Southern Gas Corridor, Russia has undertaken the South Stream Pipeline, which would bypass Azerbaijan and Turkey to terminate in Austria. However, the economic viability of South Stream is in question and, according to Ms. Assenova, the project unlikely to be completed.\" \u2014 from Energy Security Concerns in South Eastern Europe \u2013 by Neil Brown \u2014\nHenry Kissinger has been a part of it all since before Nixon, Chile, the Middle East, Yugoslavia, part of it all. He was at Bilderberg 2014 too.\nEvercore investment's CEO, Roger Altman was in Copenhagen, and in late 2014 his firm advised big pharmaceuticals that the ruble fall would not affect their win. Douglas Flint of HSBC was there, and later in the year that investment group's predictions of the assault on the Russian ruble came true. But like I said, I could go on and on. The point is all too clear. These notorious elites really do run our everyday lives and Earth's wars too. And yes, they do make me physically sick to my stomach too.\nVanya Voronov was air lifted to Moscow, some say on the orders of Putin himself, after having been hit by URKOP artillery fire in east Ukraine. Today this amazing boy wears a smile still, a true hero of a people's fight with imperialism and the profit mongers of the west. The BBC never so much as mentioned this boy.\nMy Mom used to have this saying when we were kids. She was a southern lady, and like Scarlett O'Hara of Gone With the Wind fame, she could be a bit, callous and cruel sometimes. \"That scallywag ain't worth the powder and lead it would take to blow his brains out,\" she'd exclaim. \"Not worth killing\", she'd sometimes proclaim. If the low-down wheeler dealer was low enough, that is. To these people, a little kid with one limb left, sitting alone at a victory day parade in Moscow, he's nothing. Vanya Voronov (above), like hundreds of thousands of other children in the path of these sociopaths, he's just something stuck to the bottom of their expensive shoes.\nBut I don't think we should kill them, they are not worth it, just like Mom said. But dragging them out into the streets, naked, and tarring and feathering them one-by-one? Yeah, this seems more fitting. Oh, and confiscating their cumulative wealth to distribute to the poor\u2026. Yes, I am for that.\nWhen do we start? This is my final remark.\nFiled Under: Editorial Tagged With: Bilderberg, Breedlove, Cargill, Douglas Flint, Finmeccanica SpA, Joe Biden, Landkom International, Mercedes Mill\u00e1n Rajoy, Monsanto, Mykola Zlochevsky, NATO, New World Order, Roger Altman, Rothschild, Saab, Vanderbilt\nJoe Biden and the other traitors amongst us\nApril 3, 2016 by Phil Butler 7 Comments\nJoe Biden is the oozing sore on the body of United States politics and government. I neglect including his official title out of respect for the office of Vice President of the United States of America. Wherever in this world there is wholesale killing over money and oil, Biden is there, neck deep in the shit. Now Armenia is in the crosshairs, and Biden is the neocon cheerleader again.\n\"Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort.\" \u2013 Article III of the Constitution of the United States of America\nDelaware politician Joe Biden is an American traitor, and I use this term sparingly. His most recent \"official\" lunacy, his siding with Azerbaijan on opening hostilities with Armenia on the frontiers of Russia, it's a fascist form of madness. Azer News reports:\n\"Biden at a meeting with President Aliyev once again voiced Washington's strong support to the Southern Gas Corridor project, which will carry Azerbaijan's blue fuel to the European market.\"\nHere are your conspirators in this May 1, 2011 file image released by the White House and digitally altered by the source to obscure the details of a document in front of Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, along with with members of the national security team, receive an update on the mission against Osama bin Laden in the Situation Room of the White House in Washington. Hidden from view, standing just outside the frame of this photograph was a career CIA analyst whose job for nearly a decade was finding the al-Qaida leader.\nGas. How many times have we seen this unconscionable liar chime in where energy meets the dollar bill? In America, the media and political allies portray Biden as the champion of alternative energy and environmental issues. This is a classic redirect, pure Machiavellian larceny, Biden is anything but the Don Quixote of renewable energy. He and Obama, the people behind, pretend to be one thing in order to steal America blind. Here's one example, a joint declaration by the president and vice-president entitled \"New Energy for America\". The document even contains an answer to all American's prayers in the section \"Immediate Relief from Pain at the Pump.\" You read that correctly.\nEarlier today, @VP and @DrBiden greet @IsraeliPM and Sara Netanyahu. Follow along \u2192 https:\/\/t.co\/hA4FtslAQi pic.twitter.com\/yTfCrSgTz9\n\u2014 VP Biden Live (@VPLive) March 9, 2016\nBiden, the Obama team, use the lie as a form of Sunday-go-to-meeting preaching for the god of excessive-ness and greed. Fracking and shale oil interests in the US aside, the energy war that is blazing worldwide has been instigated by these people. \"Relief at the gas pump\" is simply a way to placate the dying American middle class \u2013 period. GQ's Jeanne Marie Laskas called Joe Biden \"the most quietly effective politician in D.C.\" back in 2013, and boy was she right.\nObama, Erdo\u011fan and Biden\nQuietly, in the sneaky sense, Biden has framed the portrait of himself as the Holy Roman Catholic cool guy and martyr, a politician's politician, dad, husband, and basketball fan laboring to save the American Dream. He's epic as the ultimate diabolical impostor, a big red fox in America's most precious hen house. Biden is sinister, arrogant, powerful, and absolutely one of the most dangerous people on Earth. He's dangerous because he's been empowered, and because the American people have not already tarred and feathered he and Barack Obama on the White House lawn. And they will both go on being dangerous, in the way the Clintons are. The Tweet shared above, it shows how these neocons operate within the click. If you look at Biden's wife, educator Dr. Jill Biden's Twitter has the second lady in refugee camps in Jordan, revealing the horror her husband and the other neocons created with Arab Spring and the anti-Assad campaigns. The hypocrisy of these people literally knows no bounds.\nYou've already seen America accept Biden's alter ego in mainstream media, the CNN Biden, that is. Now let me show you the real Vice President.\nWhen Joe Biden was in law school he was accused of the worst kind of lying for a law student, a plagiarist is simply a cheater, and nothing has changed in his demeanor that I can see. His academic beliefs also seem to mirror his religious ones too.\nThe kiss of Judas\nBiden the Catholic is a paradox. He says he believes in \"life starting at conception\", but has supports vehemently Roe v. Wade. His faith is, therefore, a diplomatic lie, he's voted like an atheist on key issues surrounding abortion, such as; stem cell research on embryos, minors crossing state lines to get abortions, he voted \"no\" on notifying parents of their child's abortions, and other key issues. If Biden has any convictions at all, they have nothing whatsoever to do with God and faith.\nJoe Biden is a powerful member of a new world order that believe hegemony is the only path for humanity. What a paramount lie this is, for any leader of the United States of America. Under the guise of an American idealist, Biden and his fellows truly are the new tyrants. In the early 1990s, with Bush I on the doorstep of Iraq, Joe Biden cast his lot before Congress in this speech. If you'll allow me to quote directly on his view of Iraq after Operation Desert Storm:\n\"\u2026(Bush) captivated by a bizarre concern to maintain Iraq's territorial integrity, the President failed to drive Saddam from power, instead ordering our forces to stand idle while Saddam\u2013whom the President had equated to Hitler\u2013 regrouped his defeated army to massacre tens of thousands of Kurds\u2026\"\nBiden goes on to proclaim that the only viable foreign policy of \"our\" democracy is one based on this new world order of things. This psychopath goes on to characterize the American people as a willing mob in expanding his American Dream, an expectation of prosperity far over the horizon from the picket fences of 1990. Biden is, in effect, a podium pounding agent of extremism, a new age Mussolini in cahoots with crazy think tank fascists and ultra-wealthy plutocrats. But even these people's vision is a lie, convoluted, impossible in its devious purpose, and Biden knows it. He is, you see, the Devil's Advocate in real life, a hapless money-grubber who acts out the scene from his script. The new world order is only that, a shakeup to allow for even more control by the \"controllers\" \u2013 but let's move on.\nBiden's speech back then speaks against such logical public assertions as \"neo-isolationism\", which would be the death march for this NWO of which he speaks. \"America First\", as Joe Biden characterizes it, would have shored up our country, leaving the world to handle the world's progress for a time. As we can see clearly now, the energy magnates, the Israelis, and the broad structure of puppet nations Washington leverages would not allow this. If America's best interests were best served building a better America, then Joe Biden is the traitor I roast in this story. He and Barack Obama, they first coddle, then lie, then inject fear into the rhetoric \u2013 it's a playbook you see. Another quote illustrates this, here Biden tantalized with the dawn of high tech in our lives, then casts the same old dreadful net:\n\"The full panoply of threats to our future security and prosperity, the proliferation of deadly high-tech weapons, the accelerating degradation of our planetary environment, economic protectionism and unfair competition, overpopulation and migration, narcotics and AIDS all require global solutions.\"\nThere it is, the real new world order, calling the people to task over the misuse, greed, un-sustainability, and human disaster the elite caused us in the first place. Biden is a goddamned visionary! The soon to be vice president predicted it all! God bless him, he must have fought hard all these years to put a stop to our misery! Seriously, I hope the reader sees the writing on the wall here. These criminals knew all along they were killing us in the millions, and their solution for stopping the killing is to kill still more \u2013 until we are totally under their thumbs, until all the resources are gone, gone, gone. The new world order operates in the same corredors as the necons, they are the elites, the people behind Obama's \"War Room\", and those Rolling Stone framed in this article about Biden and the rest. Hidden in plain sight, Arab Spring's revolutionaries metamorphosed into ISIL and terror.\nWho has the high tech weapons? Russia stopped building them in the 1990s. Who destroyed the climate, and who betrayed the chance to half global warming in Copenhagen? Who created the competition for American jobs, who sold out the American worker? Did Joe Biden know about the refugee crisis today, way back then? Maybe the NWO created AIDS! Maybe our armed incursions in Afghanistan and elsewhere enhance the world drug trade! This is damnable, and I know the reader sees it now. Joe Biden and his ilk, they are our problem, not weapons of mass destruction. Biden ends his speech to Congress:\n\"Our challenge demands that we conceive a new world order that encompasses, and builds upon, the concept of collective security that Woodrow Wilson first advanced to a nation and a world not yet ready to comprehend its necessity.\nOur circumstances today leave no choice: America must propound a new and expansive form of the Wilsonian vision and then lead the world in bringing that vision to reality.\"\nAerial view of the Zaatari refugee camp near the Jordanian-Syrian border, now home to 160,000 Syrians\nBiden, the whole Obama White House, in fact, is completely suspect for everything from out and out war crimes to internal blackmailing. I've no time this morning to characterize the relationship in between Biden and Obama, and Hillary Clinton too, but most people wondered why the hell Barack chose Biden in the first place. Other authors hint at a sex scandal Obama was implicated in, at Biden's Delaware power base, and the legal woes of one Larry Sinclair, the man who said he had sex with Obama. I shudder at the implications in total here\u2026. I wonder why, if Sinclair were lying for instance, how come his book \"Barack Obama & Larry Sinclair: Cocaine, Sex, Lies and Murder\" is still available? Despite a 6 year long, $30 million dollar defamation suit against Sinclair, the author claims not even the United States District Court in DC can disprove what he says.\nUkraine's President Petro Poroshenko (R) welcomes U.S. Vice President Joe Biden in Kiev, Ukraine, December 7, 2015.\nToday Joe Biden is stressing the strategic importance of Azerbaijan to the US. What does \"strategic importance mean\", should be your next question. A day into renewed Azerbaijan-Armenia conflict, and the US leader is already taking sides! This is just like when Malaysian Airlines flight MH17 was shot down, Biden chimed in instantly with \"Putin's Missile\" theories. The trend and evidence are clear. As soon as Joe Biden speaks, the plan for world chaos and the new order is revealed. No sooner had the Kiev junta started it's Russophobic cleansing of Ukraine, Joe Biden's son Hunter Biden took up a position with Ukraine's largest natural gas companies, Burisma Holdings. But the list of Biden \"curiosities\" is actually endless. I'd rather leave the reader with the man's most damnable quality, his cowardly role as betrayer of even the NWO. Biden has now turned in his \"impeachment\" insurance, his truth telling session at Harvard University over the administration's arming of ISIL. Speaking of funding terror, Biden drops a dime on his president and American allies:\n\"Where did all of this go? (money and arms) So now what's happening? All of a sudden everybody's awakened because this outfit called ISIL, which was Al Qaeda in Iraq, which when they were essentially thrown out of Iraq, found open space in territory in eastern Syria, work with Al Nusra who we declared a terrorist group early on, and we could not convince our colleagues to stop supplying them.\"\nSheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the ruler of Dubai and UAE Vice President receives U.S. Vice President Joe Biden\nJoe Biden is actually a sad example of our own mediocrity, America's new penchant for laziness and carelessness where leadership is concerned. Apathy is rampant today, consumerism ideals on the rise, the free lunch the \"easy way\" of things has taken over. This quote from long ago reveals an undeniable truth:\n\"We (modern society) make men without chests and expect of them virtue and enterprise. We laugh at honor and are shocked to find traitors in our midst. We castrate and bid the geldings be fruitful.\" \u2013 C.S. Lewis\nSince before 1990, we've watched leadership in America degrade to the point of being comedy. Liars and thieves rule us completely, but still, we prefer to plod on into cataclysm, zombies of a clear apocalypse. Clear for the sane, that is. And the rats? Well, they convene before the alter of cover your ass (CYA) as usual. The Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman General Martin Dempsey having already resigned over his Congressional tattling about Obama, Biden's only protection, if American hangs Obama, is to say he \"tried\" to tell the truth about his treachery. As for Dempsey and many others, involvement in the whole Iraq war situation led to many a meteoric rise to power. Biden, Obama, McCain, the whole mess of Washington now is owing to these energy wars, and now Armenia is the target.\nSo there you have it, proof I am not just having a rant over another neocon moment in our history.\nFiled Under: Editorial, People Tagged With: Al Nusra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Biden, Desert Storm, Erdogan, Euromaidan, Jill Biden, Joe Biden, Martin Dempsey, New World Order, Obama, oil wars, Poroshenko, The Clintons, Ukraine, war\nVP Joe Biden proves, Washington can get by with murder\nOctober 6, 2014 by Phil Butler Leave a Comment\nHow about this, Vice President Joe Biden busts loose and admits ISIS has been armed by our allies, right under our noses, in plain view?\nAt Harvard's John F. Kennedy Forum last week Biden talked openly about the part US allies in the Middle East played in empowering ISIS to overthrow Syria's President Bashar al-Assad, and in so doing creating the current monster. This report from Global Research outlines the details of what has to be the most amazing gaff by a politician in decades. Biden, for all intents, blows the whistle on the Obama administration, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.\nBut what's more concerning, more dangerous, is the fact the administration has not been called onto the carpet over this and other foreign policy and meddling. Given the revelations over the past couple of years, it's almost as if the American public could care less what happens, or what position the current administration puts our country in in any regard. The US has lost a great deal of credibility and influence on account of NSA spying, meddling in Ukraine and now Hong Kong, and sanctions on Russia that have hurt more than helped the European situation.\nPatrick Martin of Global Research calls the revelation the latest stain on this administration, a \"testament to the degeneracy of the American political system.\" And he's spot on. Even the Obama owned mainstream is on Biden's case, albeit letting him off the hook as just some idiotic bigmouth. The Washington Post fails to amplify the obvious story, but instead alludes only to Biden's lost chances at a Presidential bid in 2016! And right there is the problem America has, a candidacy is more important than world peace or world war.\nThe underlying story of a government with strategies and concerns far off the track from what Americans want or need, this is our major concern. As presidents go, we could elect Mr. Bean and do as well as funding terror, watching it turn on us, then breaking our bank bombing it. America is turned upside down, and most Americans are asking the pharmacist for a headache pill.\nIf you think for a moment we're not in the soup reality wise, New Day host Chris Cuomo said he admires Biden even still, and get this, for his candor. So if Biden admitted Obama is the anti-Christ, Cuomo and half of America would be okay with it, as long as he was stupid enough to spill the beans? Wow. Let me say that again, Wow.\nPhoto credit: Joe Biden charicature by DonkeyHotey\nFiled Under: Editorial Tagged With: Biden gaff, ISIL, ISIS, Joe Biden, Syria, US policy, VP Biden","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"SCOTUS Deals Blow to Planned Parenthood\nPosted on Wednesday, May 30, 2018 by Susan Brinkmann\nArkansas State Capital (Wikicommons)\nIn a surprising move, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear Planned Parenthood's challenge to an Arkansas law which will ban medication abortions in that state.\nThe Stream is reporting on the decision by the Supreme Court of the U.S. (SCOTUS) not to hear Planned Parenthood's challenge to a new law that requires that any physician who \"gives, sells, dispenses, administers, or otherwise provides or prescribes the abortion-inducing drug\" must have hospital admittance privileges. This common sense law will insure that women who take the drug and experience complications are able to receive the medical care they need.\nEven though a federal judge initially barred enforcement of the law, the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals overturned that decision citing a failure by the judge to make essential factual findings.\nPlanned Parenthood claimed that it made every effort to comply with the new law but couldn't find a single physician in the state who was willing to fulfill these duties.\n\"Planned Parenthood contacted every OB-GYN it could identify in the state, and none agreed to enter into the required contract,\" their petition reads. \"As the district court recognized, this is not surprising because 'physicians who provide abortions or associate with physicians who provide abortions' in Arkansas 'risk being ostracized from their communities and face harassment and violence toward themselves, their family, and their private practices.'\"\nHowever, even the manufacturer of Mifeprex, also known as RU-486, the medication used to induce these abortions, has a long list of warnings on its website.\nThey claim that fatal infections and bleeding occur very rarely following use of the drug but insist that \"Before prescribing MIFEPREX, inform the patient about the risk of these serious events. Ensure that the patient knows whom to call and what to do, including going to an Emergency Room if none of the provided contacts are reachable, if she experiences sustained fever, severe abdominal pain, prolonged heavy bleeding, or syncope, or if she experiences abdominal pain or discomfort, or general malaise (including weakness, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea) for more than 24 hours\" after taking the drug.\nOf the 1.52 million women who took the drug between the years 2000 and 2011, there were 2,207 reported cases of adverse events. These included 14 deaths, 612 hospitalizations, 58 ectopic pregnancies, 339 cases of blood loss requiring transfusions, and 256 cases of infections of which 48 were considered severe.\nIn spite of these alarming statistics, Planned Parenthood's Executive Vice President Dawn Laguens chastised the Supreme Court for its decision and insisted that, despite the facts, the Arkansas' law interferes with a woman's right to \"safe, legal abortion.\"\n\"Arkansas is now shamefully responsible for being the first state to ban medication abortion,\" Laguens said. \"This dangerous law also immediately ends access to safe, legal abortion at all but one health center in the state.\"\nArkansas Attorney General Leslie Rutledge, who has no monetary interest in the abortion industry and, therefore, no reason to promulgate baseless talking points, regards the law as a way to insure that those women who experience complications after using the drug can receive the care they need.\n\"As attorney general, I have fully defended this law at every turn and applaud the Supreme Court's decision against Planned Parenthood today,\" said Arkansas Attorney General Leslie Rutledge. \"Protecting the health and well-being of women and the unborn will always be a priority. We are a pro-life state and always will be as long as I am attorney general.\"\n\u00a9 All Rights Reserved, Living His Life Abundantly\u00ae\/Women of Grace\u00ae http:\/\/www.womenofgrace.com\nThe abortion industry likes to say that only a \"small percentage\" of women suffer complications from contraception and abortion. But we believe every woman's life matters. Download this free brochure to spread the word about these dangerous drugs.\nPosted in: Breaking News \u2022 Pro Life\nTagged: Arkansas bans medication abortion \u2022 Attorney General Leslie Rutledge \u2022 Dawn Laguens \u2022 RU486","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Being Different with Dignity: Buddhist Inclusiveness of Homosexuality\nNonviolence and Religion: Creating a Post-Secular Narrative with Aldo Capitini\nMDPI \u2014 Social Sciences\nHeslop, B.\nBailey, K.\nPaul, J.\nStojanovski, E.\nCATME\npeer assessment\ninter-rater bias\nBenjamin Heslop\nKylie Bailey\nJonathan Paul\nElizabeth Stojanovski\nSoc. Sci. 2018, 7(3), 49; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/socsci7030049\nThe PILAR Model as a Measure of Peer Ratings of Collaboration Viability in Small Groups\nBenjamin Heslop 1,* , Kylie Bailey 1 , Jonathan Paul 1 and Elizabeth Stojanovski 2\nSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia\nSchool of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia\nReceived: 20 February 2018 \/ Accepted: 13 March 2018 \/ Published: 20 March 2018\nThe PILAR (prospects, involved, liked, agency, respect) model provides a dynamical systems perspective on collaboration. Two studies are performed using peer assessment data, both testing empirical support for the five Pillars that constitute members' perceptions of collaboration viability (CoVi). The first study analyses peer assessment data collected online from 458 first-year engineering students (404 males; 54 females). A nine-item instrument was inherited from past year's usage in the course, expanded with four additional items to elaborate upon the agency and liked Pillars. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on student responses to test whether they thematically aligned to constructs consistent with the five Pillars. As anticipated, twelve of the thirteen items grouped into five components, each aligned with a Pillar, providing empirical evidence that the five Pillars represent perceptions of collaboration. The second study replicated the first study using a retrospective analysis of 87 items included in the Comprehensive Assessment of Team Member Effectiveness (CATME) peer assessment tool. The associated factor analyses resulted in five components and conceptual alignment of these components with Pillars was evident for three of five CATME components. We recommend a peer assessment instrument based upon PILAR as potentially more parsimonious and reliable than an extensive list of behaviours, such as employed by CATME. We also recommend including items that target inter-rater bias, which is aligned with the liked Pillar, that instruments such as CATME exclude.\nPILAR; CATME; collaboration; peer assessment; inter-rater bias\nEgalitarian collaboration within hierarchical organisations leads to employee retention and organisational responsiveness (Baker et al. 2016). Long-term benefits to the organisation have been demonstrated by Appreciative Inquiry, an intervention that creates collaboration outside normal workflow processes, across organisational units, and between levels of hierarchy (MacCoy 2014). However, unless culturally embedded and hierarchically supported, collaboration outside normal workflows may eventually cease, as participants fail to see an impact for their efforts (Edmondson 2004; Leana and Buren 1999). Yet, it is not advisable to mandate or incentivise collaboration, since participants may halt once either is removed (James et al. 2007; Wageman and Gordon 2005). To embed viable collaboration within the organisation, we postulate the importance of establishing a definition that serves both participants' bottom-up, and policy designers' top-down, requirements and perspectives. This research aims to attain empirical evidence for a model of collaboration designed to measure collaboration viability (CoVi). Such a model may also aid design of pro-collaboration organisational policies, based upon how collaboration is perceived by its members.\n2. PILAR Model of Collaboration\nOnly a generically applicable theory of collaboration can reliably inform wider organisational policy. While numerous theorists have expressed their desire for a universal, generic model of collaboration (Salas et al. 2015), currently no agreed version exists (Keyton 2016), and some contend that such a model will never exist (Green 2015). Designed to be consistent with organisational psychology (Heslop et al. 2018a) and social psychology (Heslop et al. 2018c), the PILAR model of collaboration is a contender for universality.\nPILAR considers that humans have an array of perceptions that guide their decision to engage in a group, or to withdraw when membership of the group is no longer in their interest (Wilson et al. 2013). A perspective of tension between the member's pro-social engagement with the group, and self-interested withdrawal, indicates a potential evolutionary basis of collectivism and individualism (Huang and Bargh 2014). The team work engagement that each member feels as a result of assessing their peers, the external environment, and other factors, influence their preparedness to commit personal resources to the team (Costa et al. 2014).\nThe PILAR model asserts that its Pillars (prospects, involved, liked, agency and respect) provide some of the basis upon which the typical collaborating actor is instinctively prompted to remain within, or leave, a team (Oakley and Halligan 2017). Since these perceptions will influence an employee's willingness to collaborate, they should be considered in the organisation's design of any policy or scheme designed to foster collaboration (Table 1).\n2.1. Perception of Prospects\nThe prospects Pillar is the likelihood of the collaboration achieving its goal, and the team member subsequently receiving the anticipated benefit, for instance, produce from a community garden. When the member feels that their group is likely to fail, low prospects are experienced as uneasiness and foreboding. Even when the group itself is performing well, if the member suspects their share is at risk, then that member perceives prospects as low (Heslop et al. 2016).\n2.2. Perception of Involved\nThe involved Pillar encourages two members to cooperate in providing knowledge or physical assistance to complete a task. It is experienced by the member as an openness to, and comfort working with, a specific colleague, which at high levels is experienced as enthusiasm to participate (Quinn and Dutton 2005). Lack of the involved perception is experienced as general trepidation and unease, due to the potential risk of cooperation, such as embarrassment at needing help, an unappreciative recipient of advice, or their becoming a competitor for expert status (Klein et al. 2004).\n2.3. Perception of Liked\nThe liked Pillar is associated with belonging and security, whereas being disliked leads to feelings of social isolation and insecurity. Those who perceive they are poorly liked may reduce the unpleasant feeling by mending relationships, or if this is not practical or desired, leaving the group entirely. This behavior is prominent for those who hold an identity linked to their group, who therefore cannot tolerate being disliked by in-group colleagues, and willingly engage in out-group exclusion (Meeussen et al. 2014).\n2.4. Perception of Agency\nThe agency Pillar describes feeling empowered to suggest change to the collaboration, for example, a strategy change based upon foreseen dangers (Sp\u00e2nu et al. 2013) or suggesting that task responsibilities between members be adjusted.\n2.5. Perception of Respect\nThe respect Pillar reflects the member's perception of a colleague's competence and character (Ibrahim and Ribbers 2009). High respect is faith and trust in colleagues' dependability, compared to low respect, associated with distrust and vigilance (Ko 2010).\n3. Hypotheses Related to Peer assessment Data\nPeer assessment is a survey of employees' opinions of their colleagues, commonly implemented by organisations as an adjunct to supervisor-assessment. Peer assessment data may exhibit themes reminiscent of the five Pillars because members' perceptions of CoVi are highly dependent upon perceptions of their collaborators (Heslop et al. 2018d). The presence of themes within peer assessment that align with the five Pillars may therefore constitute empirical support for PILAR. Using peer assessment data, both of the studies in this article will test both of the following hypotheses.\n3.1. Hypothesis One\nConsistent with the effect of colleagues' attributes on group affect (Barsade and Knight 2015), we hypothesise that all Pillars will be evident in peer assessment data due to an indication of the respondent's desire to collaborate with each assessed peer. For instance, a respondent will prefer to engage with a group populated by peers that they assess highly (Fulmer and Ostroff 2015). Since Pillars are also theorised to cumulatively predict CoVi and hence engagement (Heslop 2018), peer assessment data is postulated to thematically align with perception of Pillars when averaged over all peers, within each Pillar category. For instance, a respondent's disengagement from the group resulting from a single rude peer (liked), might be counterbalanced by another colleague's (or even the same person's) trustworthiness (respect). Thus, each member's perception of each Pillar may be influenced by the behaviour and attributes of any peer. This leads to the first hypothesis that respondents will give each peer a similar assessment to items that thematically align with each Pillar.\n3.2. Hypothesis Two\nA further implication of PILAR is that the respondent's decision to increase or reduce engagement in the group depends upon the relative importance they place on each of the five Pillars. Relative weighting will vary depending upon the collaboration context, and the personalities prevalent within the cohort (Breevart et al. 2012; Salas et al. 2005). Weighting may vary according to the situation, for example, a military team focussing on prospects of surviving, compared to a gardening club wishing to maintain relationships (liked). Weighting of Pillars may also vary according to the member's personality and psychological resources (Luthans et al. 2007), for instance, a confident member is less concerned with being liked, and those with less optimism in others' intentions might be less interested in demonstrating agency (Heslop et al. 2018c). This leads to the second hypothesis that the personalities present in the cohort will predict the priority given to Pillars within the peer assessment data.\n4. First Study\nIn the first study, both hypotheses were tested using an exploratory factor analysis of engineering student responses to the peer assessment instrument. To test hypothesis one, we predict that factor analysis will be consistent with thematic categorisation of peer assessment questions categorised into the five Pillars. To test hypothesis two, we predict which of the above Pillar-aligned factor analysis components will explain the most variance in student response data, based upon engineering students' personality profile.\n4.1. First Study Method\n4.1.1. Participants\nIn teams of three to six, engineering students from an Australian university participated in a design project as part of their 2016 first semester's coursework. At the end of the semester, 458 first-year engineering students completed a peer assessment instrument (404 males, 54 females; mean age 20.1 years, S.D. 4.6 years; and 91.9% Australian national) for each of their teammates, using the SPARKPLUS online platform1 (Willey and Gardner 2010), which is henceforth referred to as the PILAR instrument.\n4.1.2. Instructions to Survey Participants\nBefore attempting the survey, students received written instructions on how to use the survey interface and how the group's data might be used to adjust their mark. Students were cautioned by the lecturer that overestimating their own contribution at the expense of others may result in their evaluations being omitted from the analysis. Students were also advised that the total pool of marks available to the group members was fixed, and if they chose to rate another member highly, they were therefore in effect giving permission to the lecturer to take some of their own marks and award them to the high-performing member of the group. Students were also asked to mark 'average' behaviour at 70 out of a possible 100, and to use very low or very high marks for exceptionally poor or favourable teamwork behaviours, respectively.\n4.1.3. PILAR Peer Assessment Instrument\nThis research built upon a nine-item peer assessment instrument from the previous year's application by the lecturer, Dr. Simon Iveson (Heslop et al. 2018d). While the original instrument contained items related to peers' competence (respect), motivation (prospects) and teamwork (involved and liked), at the authors' request, the instrument was expanded to include four additional items that aligned with agency, involved and liked (Table 2).\nAlthough inheritance of the first nine, unmodified items prevented the authors from specifically designing questions to align with Pillars, data were nonetheless assessed for evidence of consistency with Pillar perceptions within this cohort. As it does not necessarily indicate a peer or respondent's perception of the group, Q3 as a measure of punctuality was not considered to align logically with a Pillar. Apart from commitment to the project, punctuality is influenced by a range of factors, such as whether the peer is organised, cultural background, and schedule conflicts (Back et al. 2006; Basu and Weibull 2002). Q3 was therefore considered a control question, and the factor analysis was expanded to six components to accommodate it. The purpose of Q3 as a control is to demonstrate that the components derived from the factor analysis align with the Pillars, even with the inclusion of an item that does not conceptually align to a Pillar.\n4.1.4. Removal of Outliers\nAs part of standard instructions given by the instrument, for each item students were instructed to rate the average collaborator as 70\/100. We therefore contend that a rating five or less out of 100 may be influenced by inter-rater bias (Magin 2001; Viswesvaran et al. 2005). Inter-rater bias occurs where a personal relationship between peer and respondent bias peer assessments ratings made by the respondent, leading to rating on a primarily subjective basis, rather than on the peer's objective behaviour. For this reason, we remove from analysis any set of 13 ratings that includes any rating of five or less. We consider it highly unlikely that such a low rating is an objective assessment and is rather prompted by the respondent's antipathy for the peer.\n5. First Study Hypothesis Predictions:\n5.1. Predicted Alignment of Items with Pillars\nHypothesis one predicts that factor analysis will be consistent with thematic alignment of instrument items and Pillars. Q1 and Q2 align with the respondent's perception of group prospects, which are reduced by unmotivated and free-riding peers. Q4\u2013Q6 align with the respondent's perception of respect, because all three competencies relate to the respondent's view of the peer's abilities. Q7 asks if the respondent feels liked by the peer, based upon how comfortable their interaction was. Q13 considers whether a peer feels disliked, which may be inversely related to whether the respondent feels disliked by that peer. Q8 and Q11 align with the peer's perception of agency, and whether they felt able to express an opinion or contribute to the discussion. Q9, Q10 and Q12 align with the peer's perception of involved, in terms of whether they are willing to help, or be helped by, colleagues. For example, Q9 asks whether a peer asks for a colleague's opinion, which necessitates the peer's willingness to accept assistance.\n5.2. Predicted Component Priority Due to Cohort Personality\nIn their survey of 4876 engineers and 75,892 non-engineers, Williamson et al. (2013) discovered that engineers' personality could be classified as more tough-minded (assess problems logically) and intrinsically motivated (seeking challenge, meaning and autonomy), but lacking assertiveness (ability to speak up), service orientation (meeting collaborator's needs), emotional stability (resilience), extraversion (sociability), optimism (positive outlook), image management (control one's presentation to others), visionary style (forward thinking) and work drive (dedication to project goals).\nConsidering these attributes of engineers, we posit that respect will be of primary importance because it requires logical assessment of colleagues' competence, whereas the remaining assessment items are more qualitative. We consider that prospects will also be important, since the engineer's intrinsic motivation will produce a preference for collaboration in which colleagues are also highly dedicated. It is difficult to be autonomous, find meaning and be challenged when colleagues require oversight because of their poor skills and motivation.\nConversely, lack of assertiveness, visionary style and optimism indicates that agency will be a lower-priority perception, and therefore, the component less relevant. Taking optimism as an example, without believing that change is possible, there is no point suggesting it (Heslop et al. 2018b). A desire to be involved would require a service orientation and work drive; the latter because aiding colleague's places project goals above one's own interests. Finally, we consider that liked would be important to those with extraversion and concerned with image management. Hence, within this cohort, we expect that respect and prospects will feature among the first two components, with involved, agency and liked among the latter three.\n6. Results of First Study\nIn teams of between three and six, 458 first-year engineering students completed the PILAR peer assessment instrument (404 males; 54 females, mean age 20.1 years, S.D. 4.6 years, and 91.9% Australian national). Descriptive statistics and correlations between the 13 items are shown in Table 3. Each item's mean is over 80, and the distribution of each item is negatively skewed. As expected, components were highly correlated (r = 0.67 to 0.80; the least being component six; r = 0.54 to 0.65) due to the positive feedback contended to exist between Pillars, noted previously.\nFactor analysis was permissible as the Kaiser\u2013Meyer\u2013Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was above the recommended cut-off of 0.6 (KMO = 0.97) and Bartlett's test of Sphericity was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The factor analysis was set at six, based upon five Pillars plus a control component. Kaiser Normalisation was applied, using Promax rotation due to the high correlation coefficients (r > 0.6) between items (Brown 2009). Promax was also chosen because Pillars are theorised to be correlated as a result of positive reinforcing feedback between four pairs (prospects and involved; involved and respect; liked and involved; and respect and prospects), with stabilising feedback between the remaining six pairs of Pillars (Heslop et al. 2018c).\nThe factor analysis converged in six iterations and the resulting factors cumulatively explained 90% of the variance of student responses. Each of the resulting factors had strong scale reliability (Cronbach's alpha > 0.8) indicating that items making up each factor were closely related. Only items with factor loadings over 0.5 were considered for inclusion in each scale.Eleven of the twelve possible PILAR items aligned to one of the five components as predicted by PILAR (Table 4). The single exception was Q10's loading of 0.40 (below the 0.5 cut-off) in component three. Nevertheless, Q10 still has its largest loading aligned with involved. The non-Pillar control item regarding punctuality, Q3, dominated the sixth component. We therefore conclude that the first study supports hypothesis one, and that Pillars are a parsimonious classification of perceptions of collaboration.\n6.1. Discussion of First Study\nFactor analysis of the PILAR data partially supported hypothesis one that peer assessment data can be parsimoniously captured through the PILAR perceptions of collaboration. However, with the first component explaining almost three quarters of the variance, later components are susceptible to small permutations in the data. Therefore, further work is required to develop an instrument that might generate data with more variance-balanced, but less correlated, components that can claim to represent the five Pillars. However, the extent of balance achievable may be limited by inter-rater bias, which Viswesvaran et al. (2005) estimated to explain 60% of peer assessment rating variance.\nHypothesis two concerned component order, and whether it suggests teamwork priorities of the cohort. Capturing more variance may indicate that respondents placed greater importance on answering the component's constituent items accurately. The first two components were respect followed by liked, which only partly supports Hypothesis two; that predicted respect followed by prospects.\nOne potential explanation for the liked component being second priority is that inter-rater bias was captured by items aligned with liked. This may have been exacerbated by interpersonal conflict arising from engineers' lack of emotional stability (resilience), extraversion (sociability) and image management (control one's presentation to others) (Williamson et al. 2013).\nThe fourth place for the prospects component may have been a result of this cohort not being representative of professional engineers. The attrition rate of first-year undergraduate engineers is typically over 50% (Felder et al. 1998), implying that half of this cohort will choose a different career. Due to the Dunning\u2013Krueger effect, this may have led to unusual interpretations for items aligned with prospects, since less-competent members evaluate peer's performance less accurately (Schl\u00f6sser et al. 2013). Since prospects-aligned questions in the instrument are more subjective than respect-aligned questions, they may have suffered from greater inaccuracy from those students destined to not achieve an undergraduate engineering degree.\n6.2. Limitations of First Study\nThere are numerous limitations to our approach that might be remedied in future. First, to reduce signalling that may have artificially induced respondents to answer in alignment with Pillars, the first six items would ideally be mixed among the remaining items rather than sequenced (Fowler 1995). Second, to reduce respondents' superficially giving identical answers to similarly phrased items, items would ideally be phrased differently, for example respect-aligned. Third, a future replication of this research would improve question design (Fowler 1995). For instance, Q1 and Q2 both have multiple concepts in one item. A separate investigation of the PILAR instrument found that eight items were poorly designed, and potentially led respondents to disengage, hence reduce its reliability (Heslop et al. 2018d). This may have contributed to the emphatic capturing of variance within the first component.\nAnother limitation was mixing peer- and respondent-based perceptions of collaboration within Pillars of the first study instrument (Table 2). A future study might consider focusing solely upon one locus of perception. For instance, in other work, we have proposed an instrument exclusively based upon peer's perception, designed to measure CoVi. We consider that this instrument may also be used for peer assessment purposes (Heslop et al. 2017). To address limitations of the first study, our second study now compares its findings with those of a highly-cited (114 citations) study that employed a similar, factor analysis-based method to create a peer assessment instrument.\n7. Second Study\nThis second study is a reconsideration of Loughry, Ohland, and Moore's (2007) original approach to developing their Comprehensive Assessment of Team Member Effectiveness (CATME) peer assessment instrument. CATME is a well-established and widely used online instrument designed for group projects in educational settings (Ferguson et al. 2016). Re-examining hypothesis one, we consider whether the CATME components that Loughry et al. (2007) produced through factor analysis, conceptually align with the five Pillars. To investigate such an alignment, we first make post-hoc 'predictions' by conceptually associating each CATME item either with a Pillar perception of collaboration, or otherwise with a non-Pillar, control construct.\nCATME has been selected for this study because it suffers less from limitations present in the PILAR instrument. CATME questions are well designed as they are drawn from previously validated instruments. Additionally, we observe that CATME's items are similarly worded. However, we are unsure if aligned CATME items appear randomly or sequentially, since the original instrument given to respondents is not published.\nSummarising the Approach Taken by Loughry, Ohland & Moore\nLoughry et al. (2007) developed CATME by first formulating a list of 392 items, drawn from pre-existing instruments, for example measuring team potency and Team Climate Inventory (Anderson and West 1998). Fifteen colleagues of Loughry et al. (2007) then selectively reduced these 392 to a shorter list of 218 by removing poorly formed and unclear items. Eighty-seven of the most significant were then identified by surveying 2777 students, who were asked to rate the importance of each peer behaviour to team success. Finally, and similar to the first study, 1157 students were each asked to rate a collaborator they remembered on each of the 87 items (listed in (Loughry et al. 2007)).\nThe variance of this data was tested first via an exploratory-, followed by confirmatory-, factor analysis with a one-, five- and seven-component model. Five components best explained the variance, however, they exhibited high inter-correlation (r = 0.77 to 0.93) that the authors claimed required further investigation. While Loughry et al. (2007) found that five components were superior to one and seven, it is possible that the data could be better explained by fewer components than five; by six components; or by more than seven.\n8. Second Study Hypothesis Predictions\nPredicted Alignment of CATME Items with Pillars\nOur examination of the 87 CATME items suggests that 66 items align with four Pillars. The remaining 21 items align with leadership, which we considered to be a control. No CATME items align with liked, and only three align with agency: \"Made important contributions to the team's final product,\" \"Provided insights and ideas that improved the team project,\" and \"Made recommendations that improved the team's performance.\" Given this, we predict that three CATME components will separately align with involved, respect and prospects, and a control component will align with leadership. We cannot predict how the fifth component might be constituted, given the sparcity of agency-aligned items, and lack of liked-aligned items.\n9. Results of Second Study\nAs expected, items contained within two smaller CATME components clearly align with respect and prospects, while the largest component with 30 items aligns with involved (Table 5). One of the remaining two, larger components, that with 24 items, aligns with all three Pillars just mentioned, and additionally agency. The medium-sized component, with 21 items, aligns with leadership, which we consider to be control items that should enter its own component.\n9.1. Discussion of Second Study\n9.1.1. Inter-Rater Bias Causing Intercorrelation\nOne limitation of study two is sparsity of items aligned with liked and agency, which may also explain high correlations between CATME components. Following on from the first study, with liking reaching second place, and the first component explaining over 70% of the variance, we consider that these correlations might have been a result of a lack of liked items. The PILAR instrument had two items related to liked, which were included in the second component, potentially indicating its importance.\nNo CATME items refer to the relationship between peer and respondent, whether from their own, or the peer's perception. Lack of liked-aligned items may have encouraged respondents to distribute inter-rater bias felt towards the peer amongst the remaining items, rather than within liked-aligned items. This uses the rationale of Freud's emotional displacement (Fenichel 1946), since inclusion of items specifically targeting inter-rater bias may otherwise reduce its effect on the rest of the items, because respondents have a safe, approved channel for their negative or positive affect for the peer.\nRelative to the first study, inter-rater bias in the second study may have been exacerbated by numerous factors. The respondent is rating a historical rather than a current colleague, and details of their behaviour may have become uncertain. Further, CATME's 87 items is a long instrument given the wide range of item phrasing adopted, which prompted its later reduction to 33 items (Loughry et al. 2007). Whether from exhaustion from a long instrument, or uncertain recall, it is an understanding that inter-rater bias would increase correlation between components.\nAlso, potentially reducing inter-rater bias, the first study used 13 items, repeated for multiple peers, whereas CATME had 87 novel items, which may have increased respondent's cognitive load, and increased the influence of affect in rating peers (Morewedge and Kahneman 2010). Finally, the first study collected information on current rather than historical peers, presumably allowing sharper details to inform ratings. A shorter instrument, applied to current peers, and with some items aligned to liked, may have reduced intercorrelation between components in the first study, otherwise higher in Loughry et al. (2007), perhaps due to inter-rater bias.\n9.1.2. Lack of Agency and Liked in the CATME Instrument\nRather than reflecting an inherent lack of importance of agency and liked, we consider it an artefact of the author's process for deriving the 87 items. Agency is only a comparatively recent construct, having been initially proposed as participative safety, before being popularised by psychological safety (Edmondson 1999). Therefore, agency may not have been strongly represented by the instruments from which the 392 items were derived. This sparcity may have been compounded by an introspective, conformist student cohort ascribing less value to peers' agency in rating the 218 items to arrive at 87 (Arnett 2006). The CATME cohort were equal parts engineering and business students, neither of which are noted for empathy that otherwise allows appreciation of others' agency (Levenson et al. 1995).\nIn contrast to agency, liked is a relatively longstanding construct, originally in the form of interpersonal attraction; an aspect of social cohesion (Back 1951), and in the negative sense, interpersonal conflict (Exline and Ziller 1959). A lack of liked-aligned items may have been the result of prioritising behaviours rather than perceptions. Of the five Pillars, we consider that liked is the most subjective and intangible, followed by agency. While the original list of 218 items is not published, there is also selection bias of original selection of items to consider. For instance, 30 items were extracted from Anderson and West's (1998) 60-item Team Climate Inventory. It mapped on to five components, two of which respectively align to agency (\"participative safety\") and liked (\"interaction frequency\"), both of which have over ten constituent items.\nThere is no published list of the 392 items originally chosen by Loughry et al. (2007), and no published list of the subsequent list of 218 derived by 15 colleagues. Hence, we cannot know at what point agency- or liked-aligned items were excluded. Nevertheless, their lack obviously prevented a CATME component being aligned with agency and liked. More broadly, it and inter-rater bias may explain why there was a single CATME component that encapsulated a range of Pillars, and why the inter-correlation between CATME components was high.\n10. Overall Discussion\nWe note that CATME focusses on peer behaviour, rather than perceptions of the group that influence peer behaviour, yet this approach to peer assessment may offer advantages. First, since perceptions are less diverse than behaviours, a shorter instrument is possible. Second, perceptions are not limited by natural ability, whereas behaviours are, which the respondent must evaluate. Evaluating behaviours may be more prone to inter-rater bias than evaluating peer's perceptions, since the latter require an empathetic rather than judgmental perspective (Oakley and Halligan 2017). Finally, since behaviours may be difficult to calibrate between respondents, to improve accuracy of a survey, training to use a behaviour-based peer assessment instrument is recommended (van Zundert et al. 2010). By contrast, a perception-based instrument, if based upon familiar, universal perceptions, may not require training for respondents before use (Heslop et al. 2017).\nWhile behaviour-based peer assessment cannot ignore personality variation; a perception-based instrument founded upon universal perceptions must do so. In other words, for PILAR, personality is a confounder, whereas for CATME, perceptions of collaboration become confounders. For instance, the item: \"Provided insights and ideas that improved the team project\" might be due to a peer's lack of imagination, or from the Pillar perspective, not feeling they had agency. The item \"Kept trying when faced with difficult situations\" if answered in the negative, might have arisen from a peer perceiving that the group's prospects are sufficiently poor to not warrant their continued investment (Graham and Sloan 2016). Many CATME items can be interpreted as either the respondent's valid judgement of the peer's behaviour, or alternatively the peer's behaviour being justified based upon their perception of the group.\nPILAR has taken a different approach to creating an instrument, by encapsulating social psychology theory directly, rather than incorporating instruments currently in use. Since both approaches provide five constructs, we contend that inducing their nature directly from empirically validated theory is potentially more robust than utilising existing instruments; not only because of changing trends in the field (Green 2015), but also due to potential biases within CATME's original creation (Simmons et al. 2013). We therefore contend that PILAR may offer a more parsimonious basis upon which to survey respondents' assessment of peers on the team (Heslop et al. 2017). Indeed, if perceptions are causal to behaviour, it may be that CATME is largely measuring peer's perceptions.\n11. Conclusions\nThis article presents empirical evidence for the PILAR (prospects, involved, liked, agency, respect) model of collaboration. Over 400 engineering students participated in peer assessment as part of their course requirements. Assessment of their responses using factor analysis revealed almost-perfect alignment of the first five components with predicted Pillar-aligned items. The sequence of components may indicate that the cohort prioritise respect, followed by liked. The latter being unexpected, we considered that either the cohort was not representative of engineers, or that the priority given to the liked-aligned component was due to capturing inter-rater bias.\nThe second study only partially supports PILAR by demonstrating that three Pillars align with three components of CATME's more extensively developed instrument. Lack of CATME items aligned with liked and agency, and only examining one, five and seven components, may have precluded potentially stronger endorsement of PILAR. We postulated that methodological biases, and historical trends in literature, may have limited the numerousness of items aligned with agency and liked, leading to high intercorrelation between CATME components.\nDespite respective limitations of each study, our findings encourage further exploration of perceptions of collaboration, whether peer's or respondent's, as a method of assessing collaboration viability (CoVi). Should future studies demonstrate alignment with Pillars, it will constitute further theoretical support for PILAR as a parsimonious model of collaboration. 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Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]\nwww.sparkplus.com.au.\nTable 1. Definition of each Pillar.\nMember's Perception of Collaboration\nprospects Your opinion of whether the group will succeed, and if so, whether you will receive your anticipated share of that success\ninvolved Your willingness to cooperate with colleagues, either providing or receiving assistance: in the form of knowledge and physical aid\nliked Your sense of popularity and security based upon your perception of colleagues' warmth and affection toward you\nagency The permission you feel to suggest change to the group's norms, processes, task allocation and strategy\nrespect Your opinion of a colleagues' task-relevant competence, and general trustworthiness\nTable 2. Peer assessment questions administered by the online PILAR instrument. For each question, alignment with Pillars, and locus of perception, is nominated.\nPILAR Instrument Item\nLocus of Perception\nQ1 How much work and effort has the person put into the project? Have they done their fair share and pulled their weight? prospects respondent\nQ2 How well did the person get their work completed by the agreed upon time? prospects respondent\nQ3 Did the person regularly attend team meetings on time? control\nQ4 How good is the quality of the person's research and their understanding of what they have read? respect respondent\nQ5 How good are the person's analytical and problem-solving skills? respect respondent\nQ6 How good are the person's reporting writing and editing skills? respect respondent\nQ7 Did you find this person easy to interact with? liked respondent\nQ8 How well did the person contribute to discussion during team meetings? agency peer\nQ9 How well did the person encourage others and value their ideas? involved peer\nQ10 How well did the person assist others when asked? involved peer\nQ11 Did this person express their opinions with confidence? agency peer\nQ12 Did the person constructively challenge other people's opinions? involved peer\nQ13 Was this person well-liked by the group? liked peer\nTable 3. Mean and Standard Deviation of each item's ratings, and Pearson correlations between items. All correlations are significant (p < 0.01) and each item has 2228 scores.\nPearson Correlation Coefficients\nQ1 82.9 11.9 1\nQ2 82.9 12.2 0.83 1\nQ3 85.8 11.4 0.64 0.62 1\nQ4 83.3 11.6 0.83 0.74 0.60 1\nQ5 83.1 10.6 0.78 0.74 0.60 0.84 1\nQ6 82.6 11.8 0.79 0.71 0.56 0.82 0.79 1\nQ7 85.9 11.3 0.69 0.63 0.55 0.70 0.69 0.67 1\nQ8 84.0 11.6 0.76 0.69 0.59 0.77 0.79 0.74 0.77 1\nQ9 83.8 10.8 0.68 0.61 0.52 0.68 0.73 0.66 0.76 0.76 1\nQ10 84.1 10.8 0.76 0.70 0.60 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.78 0.77 1\nQ11 84.5 10.4 0.68 0.64 0.56 0.71 0.76 0.67 0.68 0.80 0.73 0.75 1\nQ12 81.9 11.4 0.69 0.62 0.52 0.72 0.76 0.70 0.65 0.75 0.75 0.74 0.76 1\nQ13 85.6 11.5 0.72 0.67 0.59 0.72 0.73 0.69 0.83 0.77 0.75 0.76 0.71 0.68\nTable 4. Pattern matrix (loadings > 0.5) resulting from exploratory factor analysis (six components). Cronbach's Alpha and percentage of variance is included. The control question (Q3) represents a sixth component.\nComponent Loadings\nControl (Q3)\nQ1 0.58\nQ10 (0.40)\nQ11 0.96\nAlpha 0.93 0.91 0.85 0.90 0.89\nVariance (%) 73.24 5.24 4.06 3.34 2.32 2.10\nTable 5. Five CATME components and their alignment of constituent questions with Pillars. Also, the locus of perception of the CATME component (but not necessarily of all constituent questions).\nCATME Component\nNo. items\nContributing to the team's work 24 agency, respect, involved, prospects Peer\nInteracting with teammates 30 involved Peer\nKeeping the team on track 21 leadership\nExpecting quality 6 prospects Peer\nHaving relevant knowledge, skills and abilities 9 respect Respondent\n\u00a9 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/).\nSoc. Sci. EISSN 2076-0760 Published by MDPI AG, Basel, Switzerland RSS E-Mail Table of Contents Alert","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Start Over You searched for: Collections Drugs and Devices, 1940-1963 \u2716Remove constraint Collections: Drugs and Devices, 1940-1963 Adjudicating Courts Eastern District of Missouri \u2716Remove constraint Adjudicating Courts: Eastern District of Missouri\n11. 1456. Adulteration of rhubarb root. U. S. v. 1 Barrel of Rhubarb Root. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.\nJ. L. Hopkins & Co.\n12. 1481. Adulteration and misbranding of prophylactics. U. S. v. 38 Gross of Prophylactics. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.\nDonald Beaumont\n13. 1489. Misbranding of Major Brand B Complex Vitamin Tablets. U. S. v. 15 Cases of Major Brand B Complex Vitamin Tablets. Default decree of condemnation. Product ordered delivered to a charitable institution.\nMajor Vitamins, Inc.\n14. 1490. Misbranding of Walban Vitamin B Complex and Walban A, B1, D, G (B2) Vitamin Pearls. U. S. v. 35 Display Units of Walban Vitamin B Complex and 23 Display Units of Walban A, B D, G (B2) Vitamin Pearls. Default decrees of condemnation. Products ordered delivered to charitable institutions.\nWalban Corporation\n15. 1527. Adulteration of prophylactics. U. S. v. 49 Gross of Prophylactics. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.\nBerg Sales Co.\n16. 1646. Misbranding of ChaRem, Chamberlain Dry Dip, and Chamberlain 'Worm Expeller. U. S. v. F. B. Chamberlain Co. Pleas of nolo contendere on counts 1 and 3; plea of guilty on count 2. Fine, $625.\nF. B. Chamberlain Co., a corporation, St. Louis, Mo.\n17. 1688. Misbranding of Sep-Tone. U. S. v. Donald D. Dolan (Dolan Laboratories). Plea of nolo contendere. Fine, $200.\nDonald D. Dolan, trading as the Dolan Laboratories, St. Louis, Mo.\n18. 1702. Adulteration and misbranding of boric acid ointment. U. S. v. S. Pfeiffer Manufacturing Co. and John A. Mueller. Pleas of nolo contendere. Corporate defendant fined $200; individual defendant fined $20.\nS. Pfeiffer Manufacturing Co., a corporation, St. Louis, Mo., and John A. Mueller, plant manager for the corporation.\n19. 1706. Adulteration of flaxseed. U. S. v. 14 Barrels of Flax Seed. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.\nBisbee Linseed Co., from Chicago Heights, Ill.\n20. 1832. Misbranding of Finley's Ginseng Compound. U. S. v. Samuel Eugene Williams (Finley Medical Co.). Plea of nolo contendere. Fine, $50.\nSamuel Eugene Williams, trading as the Finley Medical Co., St. Louis, Mo.\nDrugs and Devices, 1940-1963\u2716[remove]67\n1003. Adulteration and misbranding of Kelson's Antacid Powder and misbranding of B-M Cold Caps and Fero-Tona. U. S. v. 30 1\/2 Dozen Vials of B-M Cold Caps, 12 1\/2 Dozen Bottles of Fero-Tona, and 17 Packages of Nelson's Antacid Powder. Default decrees of condemnation and destruction.1\n1062. Adulteration and misbranding of sodium phosphate. U. S. v. 5 Cases of Sodium Phosphate. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.1\n1107. Adulteration and misbranding of carbon tetrachloride. U. S. v. National Package Drugs, Inc. Plea of guilty. Fine, $2,000.1\n115. Adulteration and misbranding of cotton swab applicators. U. S. v. 75 Cartons of Cotton Swab Applicators. Default decree of condemnation and destruction.1\n1156. Misbranding of Balm and Kru-Lax. U. S. v. Carl Fred Krueger (Oriental Laboratory) Plea of guilty. Fine, $200. Sentence of 6 months in jail suspended and defendant placed on probation for 3 years.1\nHale Drug Co.2\nAdams Laboratories, Inc.1\nAllan & Co., Inc., St. Louis, Mo., and John G. Ayars1\nAmerican White Cross Laboratories, a corporation, Cape Girardeau, Mo.1\nBer-Mel [or 'Mels'] Inc.1\nprophylactics3\nabsorbent cotton2\npessaries2\n\"Be\" Plex vitamin B-complex with minerals and Iron1\nBalm and Kru-Lax1\nEastern District of Missouri\u2716[remove]67","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Leeds International Summer School opens applications for 2017\nFaculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences news Tuesday 22 November 2016\nApplications are now open for the 2017 Leeds International Summer School (LISS), an exciting opportunity to study at the University of Leeds while becoming immersed in British culture.\nLISS is a four-week programme that offers international undergraduate students a chance to spend summer studying abroad at the University of Leeds, which has been named UK 'University of the Year 2017' by The Times and The Sunday Times' Good University Guide.\nThe Faculty of Engineering, among other faculties from the University of Leeds, will be offering academic subjects that students may take as part of the programme. This provides the opportunity for international students to study two academic modules with credit that may be transferred to their home university degree.\nIntroduction to Robotics and Autonomous Systems, taught by University Academic Fellow Dr Syed Ali Raza Zaidi, will be available for students to study as a credit-bearing module. The module provides an introduction to robotics, covering the fundamentals of mechanical design, electronics, and programming.\nThe module's lectures will give an insightful background to the extensive, hands-on practical work achieved using the excellent laboratories in the Faculty of Engineering. Renewable Energy Systems: The Big Debate, will also be offered as a credit-bearing module as part of the LISS programme.\nA previous student has described their experience studying at the Faculty of Engineering as part of the LISS summer school:\n\"The mini excursion to the robotics facility on campus was amazing. So much new technology that I hadn't seen before, and we were given a live demonstration of nearly all of them. It gave a further behind-the-scenes understanding of commercial robotics.\"\nParticipants will also be invited to take advantage of the rich history, culture, and natural beauty the vibrant, student-friendly city of Leeds has to offer. The summer school combines world-class tuition with local knowledge, academia-related field trips, and a variety of stimulating social activities.\nLISS will run from Saturday 1 July to Sunday 30 July 2017, and the all-inclusive programme fee is \u00a32,995. This includes tuition, on-campus accommodation, field trips, and weekend excursions, as well as an extensive social programme and premium fitness centre membership.\nVisit the LISS website for more details about the programme, scholarships, and application process.\nSee all Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences news\nProfessor Melvin Hoare wins Royal Astronomical Society award\nFaculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences - Thursday 20 January 2022\nThe Astbury Conversation 25 -26 April 2022\nFaculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences - Monday 17 January 2022\nUnintended consequences of mask mandates\nFaculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences - Wednesday 12 January 2022","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Deep dive: inside Strange Horticulture's delightful Steam success\nCozy puzzle detective games for the win.\n[The GameDiscoverCo game discovery newsletter is written by 'how people find your game' expert & company founder Simon Carless, and is a regular look at how people discover and buy video games in the 2020s.]\nWelcome to the working week, folks. And I'm also grinning and waving to all of you attending GDC this week in San Francisco - sounds like it's going to be a busy one. In the meantime, we'll be keeping you well-stocked for newsletters.\nOh, random 'music while working' mix suggestion to start your week? This early jungle mix from LDLN on NTS, inspired by the exhibit Sweet Harmony: Radio, Rave & Waltham Forest, 1989-1994, is great if you dig proto-UK drum and bass. (If you want something more downtempo, may I recommend Mixmaster Morris' Mixcloud?)\n[FYI: we're still doing a 30% off the first year of GameDiscoverCo Plus deal for the next 30 paid subs. You get data-rich exclusive newsletters (what's really selling and why?), custom Steam\/console charts to rank and data-export, two eBooks, a member-only Discord & more.]\nStrange Horticulture - behind its Steam success?\nWe've recently been talking to Erik Schreuder, CEO of indie publisher Iceberg Interactive - and we're delighted to share insights and outcomes from the late January 2022 release of the Bad Viking-developed 'occult puzzle game' Strange Horticulture on Steam\/PC, which has racked up almost 1,700 Overwhelmingly Positive Steam reviews since then.\nThe game was sitting at around 20,000 Steam wishlists at launch. But what's been really impressive is its first-week results (about 5x as good as median, according to our Plus data), and its long term sales. It's now the 18th best performing new January 2022 title by total Steam reviews to date - which is great for such a small title.\nThe game was made by a two brothers based in the UK, whom GameDeveloper.com got to discuss the creation of the game just after its debut, btw. (They've been making Flash games like Bad Eggs Online for almost a decade before creating this, so have a lot of experience shipping titles!)\nAnyhow, Erik from Iceberg was kind enough to share both lifetime Steam revenue to date (below), as well as talk pre-release wins & lots more in the below Q&A. Let's go:\nQ: When you signed this title, what things specifically appealed to you about it? Why did you think it might do well on Steam?\nErik: Strange Horticulture had a really great demo. The art is adorable, the characters are charming and the mystery is really intriguing. It's also an oddly relaxing game that captures the vibes of tabletop classic like Sherlock Holmes: Consulting Detective, a real rainy-day experience with a wonderful pace, we just loved it.\nIn commercial terms, the game gave us a bit of a Potion Craft vibe, which is a great market to tap into, as well as elements of other favorites of the team, such as Papers Please. We felt it was destined to be a success - in fact, we can't remember a time when the entire team was so in agreement about a title.\nQ: How do you feel about the Next Fest inclusion for the game, and Next Fest in general for your games? Was that a major reason why the game picked up interest - the demo?\nHonestly, we're a bit mixed now about Next Fest. When Steam started to run these events in 2020 they were fantastic. We saw a lot of engagement across all our participating titles - store visits, wishlists, and follower. In some cases, this was well beyond the other digital events we did during the pandemic.\nHowever, we're finding each event is worse than the last across these metrics - likely due to both too many games participating, and less excitement from audiences to really get engaged. October traditionally and this February in particular were busy periods, with more exciting AAA releases to soak up the limited attention.\nStrange Horticulture was an outlier though, and did perform well during the October '21 Next Fest. But that was more thanks to the external traffic generated by a very positive Rock Paper Shotgun feature than through the event itself.\nThat said, we can credit the demo (which we premiered at Gamescom) for catching the eye of RPS originally. This opened the door for us to send them a bigger preview build with an embargo timed for Next Fest. So the demo was critical - but we could debate if Next Fest in particular is a reason for our success.\nQ: Is there anything specific about the community management or marketing for this game that you think helped?\nOn the surface we think Strange Horticulture is a wonderfully \"hooky\" game. It has superficial qualities that aren't played out and generic, but are still quite universal and have a strong audience appeal. Books, cats, plants, old maps - they gave us a lot to work with in our marketing to stand apart, and to help target our messaging at different and diverse communities.\nWe wanted to reach folks on Reddit, but had our doubts about development-focused subreddits like r\/indiedev and the like. Sure, a pretty gif of the map unfurling might have performed well, but it wasn't exactly the audience we were trying to reach.\nInstead, we focused on subreddits like r\/MapPorn, r\/ImaginaryMaps, r\/IndoorGarden, and r\/Houseplants (above). We wanted to make sure our posts reached people who would 'get' the beauty of Strange Horticulture, rather than throwing stuff at every proverbial wall and seeing what sticks.\nA big factor in this, though, was authenticity. Bad Viking's Rob, who was the one posting on Reddit, genuinely enjoyed using the site, and would also post random pictures of his plants and terrarium. It helps when you can show you're a part of a community, rather than using it for self-promotion.\nAfter launch, we continue to monitor mentions of the game through F5bot, occasionally popping into threads. The game is even mentioned on D&D subreddits, urging DMs to pick it up and use its puzzles and plants in their own games.\nThe post-release Steam wishlist surge for Strange Horticulture shows very strong 'word of mouth', in GameDiscoverCo's view.\nQ: Directly after release, the game seems to have done very well vs. expectations. We have its first week 'Hype to Reality' score as about 5x as good as a normal game. Were there things directly after release that you can point to?\nFollowing her preview in October, Alice Bell from Rock Paper Shotgun recommended the game in a full review at launch. After that we started to get love from many more press outlets - helped in part by being able to send review keys out more than a month ahead of launch, which isn't very typical.\nThe game was released in January, and before the December holiday, we sent out keys to press and gave them a longer time to review the game than we normally do. We were lucky that the developers were completely ready in time to allow us to do so, and that the game was relaxing and cozy to play over a holiday.\nAs a publisher, we've never had a true Game of the Year contender, and that's what this is. It's still one of the best reviewed PC games of 2022 so far, even after an especially fruitful Q1 for quality releases. It's also important that the actual players agreed with the press, quickly voting the game into Outstandingly Positive on Steam, which has perpetuated our visibility and sales there for much longer than usual.\nLaunching on a Friday also served us very well. It can be a double-edged sword - the downside, of course, being that your first couple days after launch are stressful as any bugs need to be addressed quickly.\nOn the other hand, the larger Friday crowd on Steam can potentially boost initial sales enough to keep a game in the New & Trending section on the front page, which turned into a positive algorithm feedback loop that worked very well for Strange Horticulture. Of course, the more games that do this, the less often it will work!\nWow, long tail! As Iceberg notes: \"[sales] have not declined as much as one would expect over time, and it's still never done under 300 units per day.\"\nQ: The game seems to have good long-term 'word of mouth' support. Why do you think that is?\nStrange Horticulture is so cozy. It's relaxing, but has an intense buildup and a feeling that something dark is just around the corner. The puzzles are not necessarily difficult, though every time they feel rewarding to complete. There is no time pressure and failure just makes you want to go back and try again. Solving a mystery or objective gets more rewarding as the story branches deeper, and the player is introduced to new personalities, locations and plants.\nThe game has a very strong theme, and that helps people identify friends and family members who would enjoy it. Everyone knows someone who would enjoy running an occult plant shop, whether they are into Harry Potter and other whimsical fantasy media, or are just big fans of plants.\nYou won't believe the sheer amount of people with \"cat dad\" or \"plant mom\" in their Twitter bios, tagging other plant and cat parents because they were 100% convinced they'd love Strange Horticulture too!\nWe got a bit lucky as well with a current trend that seems to be just ramping up, in cozy witchy games. Strange Horticulture (as well as Potion Craft and Songs of Glimmerwick, for example) was perfectly positioned to appeal to fans of this content. And right now, as we're all recovering from 2+ years of the COVID pandemic and other global stressors, a bit of magical cozy escapism is just what we all need.\n[Thanks to Erik and the Bad Viking crew for letting us chat. We think the game's doing so great - and it'll easily sell 250,000-500,000+ units over time - because it's incredibly well made, feels high-value, and as they say, has the right vibe and genre for the right time. Congrats.]\nDispatches from GameDiscoveryLand.. c. 2009?\nLooking back into the deep, dark history of digital console\/mobile and PC game sales, we found an interesting artifact. Can you believe that some idiot was trying to estimate these sales all the way back in 2009? And it was\u2026 me. (*muted applause*)\nSomebody pointed out that a couple of my old GDC presentations were still available over on Slideshare. And so I made this GDC 2009 presentation, 'Independent Games Sales & Stats 101', available in slide form via Google Drive.\nThis is interesting and fun because heck, it was early times for digital console and mobile games. Xbox Live Arcade - as it was called then - was fairly new, and even iPhone had only launched in June 2007. Some takeaways from the slides:\nOh, the lack of digital games! There were only 60 downloadable games total (?!) on PlayStation 3 in early 2009 & very few were not via first-party or big publishers. And just 196 Xbox Live Arcade games overall, all of which had compulsory free demos (remember that?)\nWe even have leaderboard-derived XBLA sales estimates for 2009, which are fascinating in hindsight: \"R-Type Dimensions = 40,000 units, Castle Crashers = 553,000 units, Braid = 278,000 units, Penny Arcade Adventures Vol. 2 = 17,000 units, Space Giraffe = 24,000 units, N+ = 229,000 units.\" This was with 'only' 28 million Xbox 360s sold at the time, btw - but a relative lack of XBLA releases.\nAs for the iPhone, this was before F2P took over, of course. On the high end, the stats were pretty good: \"iShoot was #1 in the App Store on January 11th 2009 with 17,000 downloads at $2.99 each - in one day - [which was] $35,700 to the developer.\" But the open platform made success trickier: \"Of 25+ daily games, speaking to iPhone indie developers and looking online, I estimate only 1-2 sell more than v.low hundreds of copies.\"\nSo there you go. Oh, and this was even early for Steam itself. This is why it's listed as a 'core' PC game portal alongside things like Direct2Drive (!), and direct selling PC games via your own website was still discussed first in the slides. Ah, halcyon days\u2026\n(There's also a wider GDC China 2009 slide set of mine, for 'Independent Games In The West - Market Trends' that I also ported to GDrive - the source of the above image.)\nThe game discovery news round-up..\nTime to go through the notable game platform and discovery news since the last time we caught up, eh? And one thing that we particularly wanted to highlight to kick off was Epic's very generous pledge to donate all Fortnite proceeds from March 20th to April 3rd to Ukraine relief. Wow.\nLook, it's already $36 million after just one day - so who knows how high it will go? The Epic\/Fortnite team absolutely did not have to be so generous, but they did - and I hope we all take note and think about how we can do better too. Onward:\nLeading the 'we love charts with numbers' news for this week is Ars Technica's Kyle Orland trying to rank Elden Ring's launch against other major games (above). There's multiple charts in there - we just extracted the longer-term one. Also: \"As far as FromSoftware's recent catalog is concerned, Elden Ring is already in a class by itself\u2026 [it] has outsold each individual game in the Demon's\/Dark Souls series, as well as\u2026 spiritual successors Bloodborne and Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice.\"\nThe subject of 'are publishers responsible for making sure the developers they've signed have a healthy workplace environment?' came up loud and clear twice late last week - both in this video discussing Mountains, Fullbright and Funomena, and this article on Moon Studios. (The primary responsibility is the dev studio itself. But thinking about checks and balances at a funder level is also good.)\nVGInsights tried some high-level number crunching in asking what we can learn from higher-grossing games on Steam. Not sure I agree with all of these, because there's so much data to wade through here. But some like 'top developers pick the right genres' and 'successful developers specialize' are things we can wholeheartedly agree with.\nIn Steam Deck and Xbox news, two of the most functional platform dev teams combined \"to bring support for Xbox Cloud Gaming (Beta) with Xbox Game Pass Ultimate through Microsoft Edge Beta for the Steam Deck.\" Good stuff, and Ars Technica tested it out, noting: \"both Stadia and Xbox Cloud Gaming performed admirably via a wireless 5GHz Wi-Fi signal in terms of both image quality and button-tap latency.\"\nPublisher\/funder notes: funder (and NOT publisher) Kowloon Nights is still funding new games, and hit $150m in lifetime revenue on the back of Sifu's success; Humble Games actually bought the Monaco IP and is funding a sequel, showing the continued publisher move to boost company value via owned IP.\nSome interesting Game Pass data - the \/ID@Xbox Game Showcase via Twitch had some great-looking titles last week, with a fairly large percent also coming to Game Pass. There were both multi-title Game Pass deal showcases (Fellow Traveller) and surprise 'it's out and it's on Game Pass right now!' (Tunic) reveals in there. Seems like Game Pass content marketing is getting more sophisticated.\nUbisoft made a cloud announcement, but it's not cloud streaming for players. It's Ubisoft Scalar, which is \"a new foundational technology that enables Ubisoft titles to utilize the power of the cloud to ensure that developers aren't limited by time or hardware.\" Only for internal Ubisoft studios, but promises \"more players in a single shared world\", as \"the processing power for a game isn't tied to a single machine, but a decentralized computation system.\"\nAs game subscription services continue to grow, they will use metrics - sometimes changing metrics - to decide what games to commission and fund. The mid-2020 Apple Arcade pivot is a great example of this. Which is why I read this post-cancellation interview with the Netflix 'Baby-Sitters Club' TV producer with interest: \"When you only have your numbers in a vacuum and you don't know the numbers of anything else, you don't know what you're trying to hit.\" Different media and model, but lots of interesting questions raised.\nFinally, we Tweeted this at the weekend, but below is a slightly updated version. It's our GameDiscoverCo Plus-exclusive monthly Steam chart, showing the best-performing new games of March 2022 on Steam - time-adjusted for total reviews in Week 1. Gives you a good idea of trends and performance:\nThree minor caveats\/details, btw. 1. F2P games are excluded. 2. Any game with a red * hasn't finished its first week yet, so will rise in the rankings further. 3. The 'Hype Score to First Week Ratio' figure is based on pre-release Hype (followers, wishlist ranking, etc), with an approximate median of 0.15 for medium\/larger games. Data!\n[We're GameDiscoverCo, an agency based around one simple issue: how do players find, buy and enjoy your premium PC or console game? We run the newsletter you're reading, and provide consulting services for publishers, funds, and other smart game industry folks.]","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Drakenguard 3 Collector's Edition Announced\nApril 2, 2014 by Adam Neaves\nSquare Enix have today revealed details for a special collector's for their upcoming title, Drakenguard 3.\nThere are only 2000 units available and will come containing a number of exclusive goodies. It can be pre-ordered today via the official Square Enix Europe Store and will cost \u20ac69.99.\nThe collector's edition includes the game as a digital PSN code, will comprise a hardback Novella, CD soundtrack selections, double-sided poster; and four DLC items: the Caim costume, Prequel stage, Giant Baby hat and the Japanese Voiceover. The contents will be encased in clamshell packaging.\nDrakenguard 3 will be available for the PlayStation 3 digitally on May 21st. Those who pre-order from mid-April will also get the Japanese Voiceover DLC. Larry Sparks, Vice President \u2013 Brand at Square Enix Europe stated:\nThe Collector's Edition has been produced in response to fans' requests for it to be made available across PAL territories, We always listen to our audience and investigate what can be done. The new methods of digital publishing allow us to deliver games directly to fans and for Drakengard 3 \u2013 it means we can offer a core fan base something they requested \u2013 the opportunity to own the game in a boutique physical Collector's Edition.\nLet us know if you will be getting the Collector's Edition via the comment section below.\ndrakenguard 3","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Fri, Sep 28, 2007 page4\nMatsu Islands to host summit on marine goddess\nAcademia Sinica is organizing an international conference next month to discuss belief in the goddess Matsu and her connection with the Matsu Islands, officials with the Lienchiang County Government's Cultural Affairs Bureau said yesterday.\nThe officials said that Academia Sinica's Institute of Ethnology would invite 40 academics from Taiwan and abroad to participate in the conference on Oct. 17 and Oct. 18 at the Matsu Folklore Culture Museum in Nangan (\u5357\u7aff), one of five major islands in the Matsu archipelago.\nAltogether, 15 papers will be presented at the conference on different aspects of the belief in the \"Goddess of the Sea\" and the historical relationship with the Matsu Islands.\nMatsu was born in 960AD to a fisherman's family in China's Fujian Province during the Sung dynasty and was given the name Lin Mo-niang (\u6797\u9ed8\u5a18).\nLegend has it she was a genius with supernatural powers, including the ability to calm storms at sea. The numerous miracles ascribed to her include rescuing sailors in distress and curing the sick with her vast knowledge of Chinese medicine.\nOne day, at the age of 28, she told her parents it was time for her to leave them. After reaching the top of a mountain near her home, she was encircled by clouds and carried into the heavens in a golden glow amid enchanting celestial music.\nShe was deified and referred to as Matsu. Emperors in the Ming and Ching dynasties referred to her as the \"Heavenly Empress.\"\nResidents on the Matsu Islands, however, have a different version of the story. They believe that Lin Mo-niang drowned while trying to rescue her father from a storm at sea, and that her body was washed ashore on the island of Nangan.\nA temple named the Palace of the Heavenly Empress was built on Nangan. The temple is said to contain her sarcophagus.\nThe local people also named the archipelago Matsu in memory of the goddess, but the first character in the name was later changed to give it a different tone so as to make it sound more masculine.\nToday, Matsu has become the most widely worshipped deity in Taiwan, with temples dedicated to her seen in almost every township and city.\nAcademia Sinica is the nation's most prominent academic institution, with more than 1,000 full-time research fellows undertaking in-depth academic research on various subjects.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"BACK OFF\nSharon Osbourne pulls out of X Factor auditions with painful back problem, forcing Britain's Got Talent star Alesha Dixon to step in\nThe popular TV judge has flown back to Los Angeles for medical treatment - but hopes to be back soon\nBy Andy Halls, TV Editor\nUpdated: 25 Mar 2019, 16:58\nX Factor judge Sharon Osbourne has been forced to pull out of today's auditions in Edinburgh due to a bad back.\nThe television star, 64, flew back to Los Angeles to see a doctor, after a recurring injury following surgery returned.\nSharon Osbourne has been forced to fly back to LA with a painful back problemCredit: Splash News\nShe will be replaced by Britain's Got Talent judge Alesha Dixon, 38 - who also filled in for Nicole Scherzinger on the panel on Saturday.\nAn X Factor spokeswoman told The Sun's Bizarre column: \"Unfortunately, Sharon is suffering from niggling back problems following surgery earlier in the year and will be unable to take part in the Edinburgh auditions.\n\"Alesha will be guest judging on the panel today.\"\nShe is facing further surgery to fix a trapped nerve which has been causing her incredible pain in recent months.\nSharon - married to Black Sabbath rocker Ozzy, 68 - hurt her back playing with her grandchildren earlier this year and was forced to undergo surgery.\nShe was left unable to wear heels for over a month, and had to go under the knife to have it fixed.\nAleesha Dixon seemed pretty confident at the X Factor auditions in Edinburgh todayCredit: Splash News\nToday Scherzy and Aleesha got to work together on the panel for the first timeCredit: Splash News\nLouis looked ready for a busy day of auditions... and probably some oddball chancers, tooCredit: Splash News\nShe said at the time: \"\"I was on the floor with them playing with toys and I got up. As I got up from the floor, my back \u2014 I just felt this twist in my back at the base of my spine.\n\"They tried to do it with an epidural to ease the pain \u2013 that didn't do any good, so I had to go in and have surgery. And I've been in bed doing nothing. My life has just been like nothing.\"\nA show source said: \"Alesha was brilliant at the weekend when filling in for Nicole - and will do a great job again.\n\"Sharon's back and health is the most important thing - so hopefully she feels better soon.\"\nViewers might be pleased to see Aleesha is a bit less scantily clad for X Factor than BGTCredit: Splash News\nThe 2017 X Factor panel features Simon Cowell, Louis Walsh, Nicole Scherzinger and Sharon Osbourne\nThe Sun revealed last week how Alesha had been drafted in to replace former Pussycat Doll Nicole after the auditions clashed with a prior work commitment agreed before she returned to the show's panel.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"OKC stumbles in San Antonio, 103-99 - Photo Gallery\nOklahoma City Thunder's Steven Adams (12) shoots against San Antonio Spurs' LaMarcus Aldridge, right, and Dejounte Murray during the first half of an NBA basketball game Thursday, March 29, 2018, in San Antonio. (AP Photo\/Darren Abate)\nOklahoma City Thunder's Russell Westbrook (0) drives around San Antonio Spurs' Dejounte Murray during the first half of an NBA basketball game Thursday, March 29, 2018, in San Antonio. (AP Photo\/Darren Abate)\nSan Antonio Spurs forward LaMarcus Aldridge dunks during the second half of the team's NBA basketball game against the Oklahoma City Thunder, Thursday, March 29, 2018, in San Antonio. San Antonio won 103-99. (AP Photo\/Darren Abate)\nOklahoma City Thunder guard Russell Westbrook (0) passes to center Steven Adams (12) as he is pressured by San Antonio Spurs' Kyle Anderson (1), Dejounte Murray (5) and Patty Mills during the second half of an NBA basketball game Thursday, March 29, 2018, in San Antonio. San Antonio won 103-99. (AP Photo\/Darren Abate)\nSan Antonio Spurs' Dejounte Murray (5) drives past Oklahoma City Thunder's Paul George during the second half of an NBA basketball game Thursday, March 29, 2018, in San Antonio. San Antonio won 103-99. (AP Photo\/Darren Abate)","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"First Do No Harm: Law, Ethics and Healthcare\nSheila A. M. McLean\nSeries: Applied Legal Philosophy\nISBN 9781315582450 - CAT# YE79834\nApril 15, 2016 by Routledge\nThis collection brings together essays from leading figures in the field of medical law and ethics which address the key issues currently challenging scholars in the field. It has also been compiled as a lasting testimony to the work of one of the most eminent scholars in the area, Professor Ken Mason. The collection marks the academic crowning of a career which has laid one of the foundation stones of an entire discipline. The wide-ranging contents and the standing of the contributors mean that the volume will be an invaluable resource for anyone studying or working in medical law or medical ethics.\nProfessor McLean is the first holder of the International Bar Association Chair of Law and Ethics in Medicine at Glasgow University and is Director of the Institute of Law and Ethics in Medicine at Glasgow University.\n'...it is imperative that works of the calibre of First Do No Harm are published...it is a valuable resource for individuals, particularly academics and postgraduate students in the disciplines of health law, medical ethics and philosophy...the chapters are of an extremely high standard, and make a valuable contribution to the literature. Bringing together such a large number of accomplished authors from a variety of disciplines and countries was an ambitious exercise, one that Professor McLean has achieved with distinction.' Journal of Law and Medicine 'In First Do No Harm, not only is the work of Professor Ken Mason celebrated, contributors have sought to take some issues in medical law further and, as such, it provides much more than a celebration of Ken Mason's innovative contribution to the discipline of ethics and medical law from its early beginnings. This is not like most festschrift texts- the expertise of the contributors brought together in this volume presents the reader with a collection of articles that functions well as an informative and insightful text book...Specialists and researchers in this field will find this a very worthwhile collection, both as a retrospective perusal of Ken Mason's influence, and as a contemporary analysis of the debates he has had an important role in shaping.' Medical Law Review 'The wide-ranging contents plus the standing of the contributors mean that the volume will be an invaluable resource for anyone studying or working in medical law or medical ethics...The collection is comprehensive, rich in argument, balanced, interesting; and, in addition to reviewing and criticizing what is, it also argues for what ought to be in the wide area of medical ethics.' Metapsychology","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The Kia Soul is one of the most recognizable vehicles in the global automotive industry. Customers looking to utilize this game-changing platform will likely be able to find an affordable and well-equipped used Kia Soul in Rochester, NY at the Auction Direct USA facility. Kia has really built something special when they started rolling the Soul out of its factories. The Kia Soul doesn't fit cleanly into any single automotive category. It's technically a wagon, but it handles like a sedan and offers interior dimensions of a crossover SUV. Auction Direct USA currently has several models of the Kia Soul for consideration at its New York facility. Each of these models offers a differing set of equipment so a closer look will be required. Customers can schedule an appointment with an Auction Direct USA product expert today by calling, 844-287-5491.\nJust about every used Kia Soul in Rochester, NY makes a strong case for being one of the most technologically advanced vehicles in its class of the automotive industry. As customers examine Soul models closer to the new model year, they will see ever more advanced standard equipment. At a minimum, most of the available used Kia Soul models at Auction Direct USA will have a rearview camera and Bluetooth connectivity. Drivers and passengers will be able to use the wireless connection to make and receive phone calls without picking up their phones in addition to streaming music and podcasts. Later versions of the Kia Soul will have an even more advanced infotainment system equipped. These newer models will also have compatibility with the most popular apps from today's most popular smartphone platforms.\nPre-owned Kia Soul inventory\nInterested in this model?\nLocationsAuction Direct USA (Rochester)Auction Direct USA (Raleigh)Service - Auction Direct (Durham)\nStandard Performance\nAvail. Technology\n1.6-L, 4-Cyl. 5-passenger capacity Rearview camera\n130 hp\/118 lb.-ft. 61 cu.-ft. max cargo volume Bluetooth connectivity\nSix-speed manual 39.1 in. rear legroom USB inputs\n24 mpg city\/30 mpg hwy Avail. sunroof MP3-compatible\nThere are a variety of powertrain options available for the used Kia Soul in Rochester, NY at Auction Direct USA. The base level of the Kia Soul for most model years is powered by a naturally aspirated 1.6-liter, four-cylinder engine and is attached to a six-speed manual transmission. It will make 130 horsepower and 118 pound-feet of torque. Some of the Kia Soul options at Auction Direct USA may also feature a six-speed automatic gear changer. Other engine options include a 2.0-liter, four-cylinder engine making a 164 horsepower and 151 pound-feet of torque. Later models may also feature a 201-horsepower, turbocharged, 1.6-liter engine.\n2012 Kia Soul Plus\n2015 Kia Soul Exclaim","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Burgum, Cramer lead TV White Space initiative promoting new wireless broadband technology in rural America\nWednesday, July 19, 2017 - 10:00am\nBISMARCK, N.D. \u2013 Governor Doug Burgum and Congressman Kevin Cramer announced they will begin circulating letters for signature within the House of Representatives and across all 50 states to encourage the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to adopt new spectrum standards so a breakthrough high-speed wireless broadband technology can be made available across the United States, and specifically rural America.\nThe broadband technology, known as TV White Spaces (TVWS) and developed by Microsoft, is a low-cost alternative to other conventional broadband platforms such as 4G or traditional fiber-optic broadband deployment. Much like a conventional Wi-Fi signal, TVWS can travel more than 10 miles on a single antenna and produce internet speeds of more than 100 megabits per second, making it perfect for use in extremely remote areas of rural America.\nBecause TVWS operates on a portion of the existing broadband spectrum that is mostly unused, the wireless internet signal is low-cost, requires minimal infrastructure, and is more dependable than the limited connections available in many rural areas. As part of Microsoft's Airband Initiative, they are giving royalty-free access to at least 39 patents and sample source code for companies to develop and deploy TVWS technology.\n\"Believing strongly in the power of technology and innovation to drive economic growth, we recognize that white space spectrum has the potential to dramatically expand access and reduce the costs of high-speed internet, especially for our nation's rural communities,\" Burgum said. \"Broadband internet can transform communities, whether it's connecting students to new skills, helping doctors treat their patients or empowering businesses to reach new markets and create new jobs.\"\n\"As Members of Congress, we like to stress the importance of eliminating the 'digital divide' in America \u2013 this new technology could be one solution to do just that,\" said Cramer. \"The public spectrum is owned by the taxpayers of this country, and to the best of our ability, we need make sure it's being used as efficiently and effectively as possible. Opening up one more channel of spectrum for unlicensed use will allow the TV White Space industry to take shape in the United States, and will bring us one step closer to giving 35 million Americans access to high-speed internet for the very first time.\"\nOver the coming weeks, Cramer and Burgum will seek signatures on their respective letters with the goal of freeing up unlicensed spectrum for TVWS broadband. Specifically, the letters will urge the FCC to preserve at least three 6 MHz television white space channels in every media market across the United States in order to promote access to affordable broadband internet, particularly in rural and underserved areas.\nIn the House of Representatives, Congressman Cramer is leading the letter along with Reps. Cathy McMorris Rodgers, Mark Meadows, and Austin Scott. As a co-chair of the Congressional Rural Broadband Caucus and a member of the House Energy and Commerce Committee, which has oversight jurisdiction of the FCC, Cramer continues to look for solutions to solve the digital divide across North Dakota and Rural America.\nBurgum will be circulating a letter among the nation's governors in the coming weeks, encouraging their endorsement of the new technology.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"ONLINE EVENT ADVISORY: Cecilia Rouse and Gene Sperling Discuss How They Are Tracking Our Economic Recovery\nPress Advisory May 17, 2022\nWashington, D.C. \u2014 At the beginning of 2021, the United States was in the midst of a halting economic recovery, with elevated unemployment rates, slowing job growth, and very few Americans vaccinated against COVID-19. Forecasters predicted a slow recovery, with major measures of the labor market not recovering to their pre-pandemic levels for several years.\nBut in March 2021, Congress passed and President Joe Biden signed the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA). The rescue act policies are a central reason that the U.S. economy has recovered at a historic pace, with the strongest growth in decades and workers gaining not only a record number of jobs but also more power to demand higher wages. The rescue act changed the trajectory of the U.S. economy by providing direct economic relief to help families struggling with economic disruptions amid the pandemic. As a result, the American economy is confronting challenges such as the war in Ukraine and global inflation from a position of strength, with a strong labor market and relatively healthy household finances.\nPlease join the Center for American Progress for a discussion that will focus on the current health of the U.S. economy, how the rescue plan and other policies have contributed to the recovery, and what policies will be needed going forward to ensure an economy that works for all Americans.\nPlease submit any questions for our distinguished panel via email at CAPeventquestions@americanprogress.org or Twitter using #CAPEvents. Live captioning will be available on Zoom and the YouTube livestream.\nDistinguished panelists:\nDr. Cecilia Rouse, Chair, White House Council of Economic Advisers\nGene Sperling, American Rescue Plan Coordinator, White House\nPatrick Gaspard, President and CEO, Center for American Progress\n11:00 a.m. \u2013 12:00 p.m. ET\nYou must RSVP at this link to watch the livestream event.\nFor more information or to speak to an expert, contact Julia Cusick at jcusick@americanprogress.org.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"RollingThunderGaming.com\nRTG is a Multi-Sports Gaming League\nBoard index \u00bb Rolling Thunder Racing NR2003 Series \u00bb Challenger Series\nChallenger Series Info and Sign-up\nModerators: Optimus Prime, Tooslow, BONESXLT\n[ 60 posts ] Go to page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Next\nTooslow\nPost subject: Challenger Series Info and Sign-up\nRTG Owner\nLocation: Burtchville, Mi\nRace Car#: 69\nIn addition to the top quality racing we plan to have for Season 33, BareBones Racing along with Wednesdays Aero 88 Series, will also be the sites for a new RTG pilot series called The Challenger Series. The Challenger series is a separate set of points to be run within the Main BareBones Series Mondays and separately within The Wednesday Aero 88 Series. Regardless of the night, the Challenger Series is NOT a separate race.\nThe premise for the Challenger series is simple. We want all our drivers to race, and not be frustrated because, for whatever reason, they don't feel competitive against some of our drivers, even though they are ALL fine quality clean drivers themselves. There is no substitute for turning actual laps, whether you're just getting the rust out or seeking to grow and improve your own individual racing talents. The Challenger series will give that group of drivers, if they choose to, an opportunity to do that, while at the same time having their own competition within their peer group.\nThus by those suggestions and league input, we are going to try out the Challenger \"series within a series\" concept, running within the main BareBones Racing and Aero 88 series next season.\nWe have drivers who will be willing to help people on an individual basis, with all sorts of tips from wheel settings, driving lines, strategy and more, if they would like.\nJust to be clear, EVERYBODY who races on Mondays and Wednesdays will be part of the overall main BareBones Racing and Aero 88 series and it's points, just like it has always been and there will be an overall season champion and weekly winner as normal. NOBODY will be forced into the Challenger Series under any circumstances; this is only for drivers who wish to be in it based on the above. If you are already running speedways and intermediate tracks and have been contending for top five finishes, the Challenger Series within the main BareBones or Aero 88 Racing Series is not something you should sign up for. The Challenger Series will have its own victory lane each week and season champion crowned, so the Challenger drivers, while still racing in the overall series, will have their own \"race within the main race\" against each other, and thus extra incentive to keep turning those laps and either getting that rust out or making personal progress.\nIf you are interested in being part of the Challenger Series, here is a link that Terry has worked hard to put together for you and explains how the Challenger Series will work and how drivers can join or be removed from it.\nVIEW THE INFO & RULES PAGE HERE\nYou must race in the BBR and\/or Aero88 Series for 1 season with a minimum of 7 races between the 2 series before applying to the Challenger Series.\nPost here to apply for the Challenger Series.\nPlease put your Car# and Race Name in your post.\nChallenge Series Approved Drivers...Speedway Series Only\nCar#.....Driver................Date\/Season Approved\n#003...David Canon............8\/3\/14 Season 33\n#??.....Jason Scheck..........8\/3\/14 Season 33\n#7.......Cy Jones................8\/5\/14 Season 33\n#95.....Dave Earlywine........8\/5\/14 Season 33\n#28.....Gord Quinn..............8\/28\/14 Season 33\n#14.....Brian Hoag..............9\/10\/14 Season 33\n#115....Sean Lockyer..........12\/19\/14 Season 34\n#102....Rusty Little.............12\/19\/14 Season 34\n#96.....Dave Robbins.............4\/15\/15 Season 35\n#25.....Brian Bell.................8\/19\/15 Season 36\n#18.....David Lawson...........8\/31\/15 Season 36\n#6.......Wylye Cote...............3\/28\/16 Season 38\n#103...Carson krenz.............8\/12\/16 Season 39\n#30.....Mark Dillon Jr............1\/4\/17 Season 40\n#007.....Doug Cady...............1\/4\/17 Season 40\n#028.....Larry Ingram............1\/4\/17 Season 40\n#08.....Glenn Harris..............1\/12\/17 Season 40\n#12.....Lance Munksgard.......5\/1\/17 Season 41\n#5.......Allen Martin...............12-18-17 Season 43\n#49.....Bobby Farrell.............01-03-18 Season 43\n#118....Dustin Roser.............05-01-18 Season 44\n#29.....Brian Wolf................8\/17\/18 Season 45\n#143...Bob Dixon................8\/17\/18 Season 45\n#710...MannyD...................8\/17\/18 Season 45\n#26.....Billy Ellisor...............12\/28\/18 Season 46\n#037...Doug Lockrow...........12\/28\/18 Season 46\n#45.....Bobby Farrell............12\/28\/18 Season 46\n#86.....Jim Black.................12\/28\/18 Season 46\n#24.....Joe DiSpirito.............04\/26\/19 Season 47\n#38.....JT Mayhew................04\/26\/19 Season 47\nLast edited by Tooslow on Fri Apr 26, 2019 10:50 pm, edited 58 times in total.\nFlynBrianO\nPost subject: Re: Challenger Series Info and Sign-up\nPosted: Mon Aug 04, 2014 12:21 pm\nNascar Director\nBrian Orto\nLast edited by Tooslow on Tue Aug 05, 2014 6:55 pm, edited 1 time in total.\nApproved 8-5-14\nTeam RTR\nRace Car#: 7\n#7 Cy Jones\nDave Earlywine\n#95 Dave Earlywine\nJourdy14\n#8 Jourdan S\nMSR Season 10 Champion (Rookie Season)\nLast edited by Tooslow on Wed Aug 06, 2014 8:02 pm, edited 1 time in total.\nBanditt33\nTony Fox\nLast edited by Tooslow on Thu Aug 07, 2014 9:56 pm, edited 1 time in total.\nMatt Lesniewski\nPosted: Fri Aug 15, 2014 10:51 pm\nTruck Series Vet\nLast edited by Tooslow on Sun Aug 17, 2014 6:06 pm, edited 1 time in total.\nApproved 8-17-14\nLocation: Shermans dale Pa\nJim_Black\nOnline racing since 1996 to date {23 years}\nMember of RTR RTG since 2005]\nChampShips series 17 Total 4 at RTR\nMain Wins 270 ToDate\nNick Name BlackBaNdIt\nLast edited by bandit88 on Wed Dec 23, 2015 8:05 pm, edited 3 times in total.\nTeddy Petty\nTricycle Jockey\nRace Car#: 162\n#162 Teddy Petty\n#15 Sean Kerrigan\nSee the Challenger Series Admins\nJump to: Select a forum ------------------ Rolling Thunder Gaming General Forum Rolling Thunder Gaming Web Site Login and Registration Problems Suggestion Box RTG News and Announcements RTG General Discussion RTG Donation New members Introduce yourself here Broken Links Advertise Your League or Special Event Here Real Racing Technical help Humor and Joke Section RTG General Gaming Section Gaming General Discussion RTG Outlaws Preston \"Ro0k\" Boone Memorial Golf Series Call of Duty 4 \"Modern Warefare\" Racing Sim Games First Person Shooter Games Sports Games Fantasy Sports Leagues Screenshots & Video's Painters Corner Painters General Discussion General skin requests Skin Showcase Tooslow Graphix The RTG Video Lounge Video Lounge General Discussion DRtv Videos DRtv Website Link Kyle Young Projects Kyle's Video Editing Help Kyle's League Racing Video's Kyle's Random Video's Crazy's Video Corner TC's Video Shack FLUID sim racing films Rolling Thunder Gaming Special Events RTG Allstar Races RTG Winter Mini Series RTG Alumni Mini Series Invitational RTG Birthday Bash 2014 RTG Birthday Bash 2013 RTG Birthday Bash 2012 RTG Birthday Bash 2011 RTG Birthday Bash July 2010 RTG Nationals NRT500....2013 NRT500 General Discussion 2013 NRT500 Signup Server Assignments NRT400...2014 NRT400 General Discussion 2014 NRT400 Signup NRT400 Server Assignments NRT500...2015 2015 NRT500 info link NRT500 General Discussion 2015 NRT500 Signup NRT400 Server Assignments STR SimRacing Holdem Motorsports Series Office Driver Spotlight TNT Whelen Modified Tour 2016 Season 2015 Season 2014 Season 2013 Season 2012 Season Winston Whelen Modifieds Mini Stock\/Canadian Outlaw LMPV2 Dirt Series-358 LM & Dirt 55 Outlaw Late Models Garden State SK Modified Series Real Modified News & Notes Rolling Thunder Racing NR2003 Series Rolling Thunder Racing NR2003 Rules Link RTR General Discussion RTR Reserved Car#'s RaceLM Points Problems RTR Incident Reports 2019 RTR Penalties 2018 RTR Penalties 2017 RTR Penalties 2016 RTR Penalties 2015 RTR Penalties Season 26 Season 27 Season 28 Barebones Racing Incidents (Season 28) Mod Mayhem Incidents (Season 28) Season 29 Barebones Racing Incidents (Season 29) Mod Mayhem Incidents (Season 29) Season 31 Season 30 Season 32 Season 33 Season 34 Season 34 Season 35 Season 36 Season 37 Season 38 Season 39 Season 40 Season 41 Season 42 Season 43 Season 44 Season 45 Season 46 Season 47 2019 WC98 BareBones Racing Series Speed Freaks Series The Winston Cup Series Aero88 Series Tally Challenge RTR Dirt Series Amish's Survivor Series Challenger Series CHARGER Series D4C General Discussion D4C Schedule & Series Info D4C Reseved Car#'s and Paid Entries","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Home \u00bb Jazz Articles \u00bb Jesse van Ruller: Here and There\nJesse van Ruller: Here and There\nBy C. Andrew Hovan\nIt's no surprise that Jesse Van Ruller makes a strong statement as a mainstream soloist on his first Criss Cross release, Here and There. What is a bit confounding is that fact that it's taken so long for the Dutch native to find such a perfect forum for his talents. Back in 1995, the guitarist won that year's Thelonious Monk Jazz Competition (the first European artist to do so) and yet American audiences have yet to really pick up on van Ruller's talents. In the tradition of Tal Farlow, Herb Ellis, and Jim Hall, this young guitarist keeps the fast company of two different groupings, one in a quartet with David Hazeltine on piano and the other a sparse trio setting with just bass and drums.\nStandards are the order of the day, although van Ruller offers a few tweaks here and there (no pun intended!) to keep things interesting, his electric hollow body producing a warm and fuzzy sound that is undeniably attractive. There's also a clear Tristano connection that raises its head on a teeming upbeat version of Lee Konitz's \"Subconscious-Lee.\" They say that it's on a ballad that any jazzman worth his salt will stand out from the poseurs. If that's the case, then van Ruller stakes his claim on \"Prelude to a Kiss,\" caressing Duke's melody with authority and confidence. As strong as these quartet performances may be, it's within the trio format that the guitarist really rises to the occasion, presenting solid chordal work along with solos that stay largely in the realm of single note runs. \"In Walked Bud\" and \"Cedar's Blues\" are both bristling with youthful exuberance, the latter bringing to a brisk close this accomplished effort.\nNo doubt that van Ruller is well on his way to becoming a formidable contender on the New York jazz scene, if he chooses to do so. Mainstream guitar fans will surely enjoy this swinging set while rejoicing at the arrival of a considerable new talent.\nThe Best Things In Life Are Free, Christina, Bye Bye Baby, Subconcious-Lee, Prelude to a Kiss, Debits and Credits, Everything I Love, In Walked Bud, Ballad of the Sad Young Men, Cedar's Blues\nJesse van Ruller (guitar), David Hazeltine (piano), Nat Reeves (bass), Joe Farnsworth (drums), Frans van Geest (bass on tracks 7-10), Willie Jones III (drums on tracks 7-10)\nTitle: Here and There | Year Released: 2002 | Record Label: Criss Cross\nAbout Jesse van Ruller\nJesse van Ruller CD\/LP\/Track Review C. Andrew Hovan Criss Cross United States Here and There\nC. Andrew Hovan\nAn avid audiophile and music collector, Hovan is a Cleveland-based writer\/photographer\/musician.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"First Peoples Law is dedicated to defending and advancing Indigenous peoples' Aboriginal title, rights and Treaty rights.\nAdvocacy.\nIntegrity.\nImpact Benefit Agreements\nWater & Hydroelectricity\nSpecific Claims\nBill 41: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act\nBy Kate Gunn & Jesse Donovan\nOn October 24th, the Government of British Columbia introduced Bill 41 \u2013 2019: Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act. If passed, the new legislation will require the Province to embark on a process of legislative reform to ensure that provincial laws are consistent with the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.\nAs Indigenous organizations have noted, the Bill constitutes an important step towards the full implementation of the UN Declaration, and has the potential to transform the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and the Province from one of conflict to partnership, collaboration and respect. The Bill passed first reading, and will proceed through the next steps of the legislative process before it can be proclaimed into law.\nBill 41 represents one of the first concrete steps in Canada towards the meaningful implementation of the UN Declaration. The Act is intended to affirm the application of the Declaration to the laws of BC, contribute to the implementation of the Declaration, and support the development of relationships between the provincial government and \"Indigenous governing bodies\" (defined as entities that are authorized to act on behalf of Indigenous Peoples that hold rights recognized and affirmed by section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982).\nIf passed into law, the Act will require the provincial government, in consultation and cooperation with Indigenous Peoples, to take all measures necessary to ensure that provincial laws are consistent with the Declaration. It will also provide a framework for provincial ministers to enter into agreements with Indigenous governing bodies for the joint exercise of statutory decision-making powers. This provision, along with the rest of the Act, has the potential to establish a new approach on the part of the Province which recognizes Indigenous Peoples' laws and jurisdiction in respect of their ancestral lands.\nThe UN Declaration recognizes the inherent rights and freedoms of Indigenous Peoples and minimum standards which states are expected to meet in order to ensure those rights are protected. It was formally adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2007, following years of advocacy on the part of Indigenous Peoples throughout the world.\nIn Canada, the federal government refused to fully endorse the Declaration for almost 10 years following its adoption. Despite having finally committed to endorsing the Declaration \"without qualification\" in 2016, to date neither the federal nor provincial governments have successfully passed legislation which would bring domestic law in line with international standards. Instead, both levels of government have made repeated public commitments to pursuing reconciliation with Indigenous Peoples, while continuing to rely on legislation which is out of step with the principles enshrined in the Declaration. In BC and across Canada, the Crown frequently fails to adequately consult with Indigenous Peoples prior to making decisions which could adversely impact their rights.\nFirst Nations families living on reserves face chronic discrimination in the provision of services, and Indigenous communities are left to grapple with the effects of megaprojects which have been authorized by federal and provincial governments without their consent.\nAfter years of inaction, Bill 41 represents a real step towards the meaningful recognition and protection of the rights of Indigenous Peoples in BC.\nAmong the most significant aspects of the Bill is the establishment of a framework for shared decision-making between the Province and Indigenous governments. This provision will provide, for the first time, clear authority for provincial ministers to enter into arrangements with Indigenous governments for the sharing of power and authority over the management of Indigenous Peoples' ancestral lands and resources. This is a positive and critical step towards the meaningful implementation of the principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent in domestic law.\nWhile the significance of consent-based decision-making cannot be overstated, there are also other, often overlooked aspects of the Bill. For example, Article 28 of the Declaration provides that Indigenous Peoples have a right of redress, by means that can include restitution or equitable compensation, for lands, territories or resources which have been taken, occupied or damaged without their consent. In a province largely devoid of treaties, the enactment of provincial legislation consistent with Article 28 could play a significant role in the resolution of disputes regarding the taking of Indigenous Peoples' ancestral lands.\nAdditionally, requiring the Province to adopt laws consistent with the UN Declaration could provide protections for the rights of Indigenous Peoples beyond those recognized under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. The recognition of Indigenous Peoples' Aboriginal and Treaty rights under section 35 is frequently limited by restrictive interpretations by Canadian courts and by efforts on the part of the federal and provincial governments to deny the existence and exercise of those rights. By contrast, the rights of Indigenous Peoples affirmed in the Declaration are not limited to those that fall within the definition of section 35 rights under Canadian law. If the same is true for Bill 41, the new legislation will represent an important step towards recognizing and protecting the inherent rights of Indigenous Peoples which might not otherwise meet the stringent requirements developed in respect of section 35.\nBC's proposed legislation is expected to be the first of its kind to be passed into law in Canada, and is likely to set the stage for further legislative reform across the country. As such, it provides an important opportunity for governments to move away from hollow rhetoric regarding the importance of reconciliation and towards meaningful reforms which acknowledge the historic and current authority of Indigenous Peoples in relation to their rights and territories.\nThe Bill is clear that changes to provincial legislation must be undertaken in collaboration with Indigenous Peoples. The question of whether the Bill is successful in achieving its purpose will depend, in large part, on the extent to which the Province works cooperatively with Indigenous governments to develop revised legislation which reflects the spirit and intent of the Declaration.\nImportantly, the implementation of the UN Declaration cannot be achieved through legislative reform alone. Bill 41 represents one step towards a renewed relationship between the Province and Indigenous Peoples. Ultimately, however, the principles enshrined in the Declaration can only be fully realized if the provincial government, along with non-Indigenous people residing in BC, are willing to commit to reimagining a new future in which Indigenous Peoples' rights and decision-making authority are fully recognized and respected.\nKate Gunn, lawyer, is an associate at First Peoples Law Corporation. Kate recently completed her Master's of Law at the University of British Columbia. Her most recent academic essay, \"Agreeing to Share: Treaty 3, History & the Courts,\" was published in the UBC Law Review last year.\nFollow Kate on LinkedIn and Twitter\nJesse Donovan is an associate at First Peoples Law Corporation.\nFollow Jesse on LinkedIn and Twitter\nSign up for notification of our blog posts.\nFollow us on @firstpeopleslaw\nReceive email notification of new blog postings\nBy pressing \"Subscribe\" you are consenting to receive periodic emails from First Peoples Law. You may unsubscribe at any time. Please contact us if you have any questions.\nSerge Gagne (1 month ago)\nHello, is the information available in French? Thank you.\nAbove photo credits: Barry Calhoun\nCareer Opportunity with First Peoples Law - Project Manager\nSign Up for the Aboriginal Law Report\nDownload a free copy of the newest edition of Bruce's essays--order a paperback copy.\nThe Age of Recognition: The Significance of the Tsilhqot'in Decision\nThe Case for Denying Indigenous Rights\nProvinces Burdened with Responsibility for Fulfilling Treaty Promises\nWhat Tsilhqot'in and Grassy Narrows Mean for Treaty First Nations\nEnvironmental Assessments and the Duty to Consult\nThe Piecemeal Infringement of Treaty Rights\nHow to Fulfil the Duty to Consult\n\u00a9 First Peoples Law 2012\n| Design by Gravity Inc","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Microsoft's Press on OOXML: Admission of Misconduct\nPosted in Formats, Microsoft, Office Suites, Open XML, Standard at 11:57 pm by Dr. Roy Schestowitz\nAlmost right from the horse's mouth\u2026\nThe following find has been highlighted elsewhere, but a reader sent us a tip under the subject line \"Microsoft partner channel openly (bald faced) celebrates corruption\u2026\"\nTo quote the body of this message:\n\"It's a pity this probably won't be enough proof for a jury, but I am sure the press will be delighted about it, and maybe the competition authorities as well\u2026\n\"Source: http:\/\/rcpmag.com\/blogs\/weblog.aspx?blog=2075\n\"P.S.: I printed it to a PDF file in case they make the article offline in order to try to do the damage control\u2026 (I am sending it attached to you)\"\nFrom the article at hand (essentially in Microsoft's own press):\n\"Of course, we're sure that Microsoft, uh, strongly encouraged a few delegates from a few nations to change their votes \u2014 which lots of delegates did. And, really, OOXML's acceptance isn't all that big of a deal for partners and users, practically speaking; after all, Microsoft document formats are also de facto standards.\n\"But now, all of those government agencies charged with implementing standards-based computing are free to turn away from open source and run back to sweet mama Microsoft if they so choose. And whatever momentum open source had gained by taking the standards route in IT departments has certainly slowed \u2014 if not come to a screeching halt.\"\nThank you, RPC, for this one shiny gem. It will prove handy as a reference for future posts. To use the words of Fred Astaire, \"they can't take that away from me.\" \u2588\nMicrosoft-Funded Press Belittles Microsoft Crimes\nPerception Management at Microsoft, Using Web Agents\nCutbacks at Microsoft, More Canceled Products Rumoured (Corrected)\nFormer Microsoft Shill Openly Confesses, Alleges Microsoft Still Does This\nMicrosoft Has Been Rigging Votes\/Polls for Ages\nNo Regrets at Microsoft After Abuses, ODF Still Snubbed\nEuropean Nations Give the Thumbs Down to Microsoft OOXML, Misconduct Noted\nWhen Microsoft Shenanigans and Novell Stomp on Your Open Standards\nThe Somewhat Overlooked Menaces of OOXML, Demonstrated by News\nMicrosoft Bullies Over Software Patents, Takes a Hit Also\n\"Microsoft Against the World\" Turned to \"Process of Politicalisation\"\nDid Microsoft Attack IBM by Proxy to Restrain OOXML Critics?\nTomas de Torquemada said,\nThere you have it, all the proof you'll ever need \u2013 except for one small issue.\nRCP is not a Microsoft owned publication, it belongs to 1105 Media Inc., whoever they are. They claim to have no legal affiliation with Microsoft whatsoever in their FAQ, and I'm guessing it would be illegal for them to claim that if it was not true.\nSo, it isn't exactally \"from the horses mouth\", just a noise from a horse with a similar sounding name.\nRoy Schestowitz said,\nThat's why I wrote \"Almost right from the horse's mouth\u2026\"\nFrom Microsoft itself (the 'horse') we have already heard that it's \"a simple matter of Microsoft's commercial interests.\"\nSubSonica said,\nIn a second read the article seems to have a rather ironic tone, but nontheless what is true is that \"turn away from open source and run back to sweet mama Microsoft \" is exactly the sole purpose of MSOOXML an the whole ISO charade. Legal relationships aside, that channel partner publication is, no doubt, 99%+ aligned with Microsoft interests.\n99%+ aligned with Microsoft interests.\nWell, just watch that headline\u2026 Return of the Champ. Here is a good comment:\n\"April 03, 2008 | comment by Sean Keeney from Cheltenham, UK\nThis isn't a football game, it's a decision that will affect the archiving of a huge lump of our society's documents for years to come. Quit with the cheer leading idiocy. Also, I seem to remember George W proclaiming victory after a week of 'shock and awe'. Remind me how that turned out again? Microsoft have bought the battle, it doesn't mean they'll win the war.\"\n\"My, I hope the EU Commission reads that. You mean the goal of OOXML wasn't interoperability after all? It's for anticompetitive purposes? My stars. Who'd a thunk it?\"\nI have never seen RPC heckling Microsoft and I've been through literally hundreds of articles from there.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Click2Houston.com Staff\nPublished: May 16, 2017, 3:56 pm\nTags: Local, News\nUnlicensed after-hours bar In Southwest Houston shut down\nHOUSTON \u2013 An unlicensed after-hours bar in Southwest Houston has been shut down.\nDocuments from a lawsuit state undercover police officers who arrived to serve a court order at Avani Lounge at 6603 Harwin Drive early Sunday morning found at least 600 club-goers drinking and partying inside.\nPolice say they also found coolers with beer and liquor.\nLast week, a judge entered a temporary restraining order to close the bar.\nThe order says the bar will stay closed until a valid liquor license can be obtained.\nPolice say they found the club had been serving alcohol after 2 a.m.\nA hearing in the case is scheduled for May 26.\nDownload the Click2Houston news app in your app store to stay up-to-date with the latest news while you're on the go.\nSign up for KPRC 2 newsletters to get breaking news, sports, entertainment, contests and more delivered straight to your email inbox.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"News & What's On\nThe Plays\nA Brief History...\nA Briefer History of Women\nReviews - NYC\nA Brief History Of Women: Articles\nThis section features articles about A Brief History of Women by Alan Ayckbourn and other authors. Click on the links in the right hand column below to read other articles.\nThis article by Alan Ayckbourn's Archivist Simon Murgatroyd was written for the world premiere of the play during 2017.\nA Brief(er) History of Plays\nby Simon Murgatroyd\nArticles by Alan Ayckbourn\n\u25cb Preface to Plays 6\nArticles by other Authors\n\u25cb Play Houses\nSir Peter Hall once noted that Alan Ayckbourn's work provided a 'social document' of change during the second half of the 20th century.\nMore than that though, Ayckbourn has provided a theatrical record of how women in society have changed during the past 60 years, which has led to frequent praise for how he writes and portrays women.\nHe has always shied away from the term 'feminist writer', instead arguing that: \"I think what I'm doing is trying to reflect women as they are.\"\nStrong female characters have long been hallmarks of Ayckbourn's plays from Relatively Speaking (1967) through to A Brief History Of Women at the Stephen Joseph Theatre and The Divide at the Edinburgh International Festival in 2017.\nThe inspiration for this he largely credits to his mother: \"I was brought up in a single-parent family with a mother who gave me a somewhat biased slant on the world from the woman's point of view. Most of her friends were women and I spent my formative years listening to women talking.\"\nIt's frequently noted how Ayckbourn, during the first two decades of his writing career, was deftly exploring gender issues to an extent not seen elsewhere in popular theatre of that period \u2013 even though it wasn't overt nor intended to grab attention but driven by a desire to write interesting and believable characters.\nEven in his earliest success, Relatively Speaking (1967), we have recognisable female figures representing both the establishment and the young generation that embraced the women's movement of the '60s and '70s. In both Sheila and Ginny, the playwright is already picking at the scab of society's view of women.\nUpper middle-class housewife Sheila is characteristic of an earlier period where women were still painted as the home-maker, rather than the younger generation of sexually liberated, professionally ambitious women represented by Ginny.\nYet even here, Ayckbourn is subverting convention, for only Sheila is able to figure out what is actually happening during the play and only she has the acumen to realise that Greg and Ginny are not entirely suited: \"It'll be a disastrous marriage but great fun for them while it lasts.\"\nClass expectations and how women's attitudes were changing are also explored in How The Other Half Loves (1969) with three different couples from different classes. And whilst middle class, Guardian-reading Teresa gets the most attention, it is working class Mary - seen only as a timid adjunct to her husband William - who has the most interesting journey, eventually turning the tables on her husband's apparent superiority with her declaration: \"It's difficult for him, you see. He's never been wrong before.\"\nThe '70s are filled with memorable women in Ayckbourn's plays from Annie, Ruth and Sarah in The Norman Conquests (1973) through to the sisters Abigail and Dorcas in Sisterly Feelings (1979). However, Absurd Person Singular (1972) illustrates the start of an ongoing theme in Ayckbourn's work.\nWhilst it features the singularly horrific couple of Sidney and Jane - a marriage built on mutual need and ambition rather than love - it is wretched Eva who vividly etches herself into memory. Her torrid relationship with husband Geoffrey leads to a second act dedicated to her attempting suicide, whilst those around remain oblivious. Here not only do we get the epitome of the Ayckbourn couple and the continuing Ayckbourn mantra that men and women are just not designed to live together successfully without compromise, but also what these dysfunctional relationships can drive people to.\nEva is just one of many Ayckbourn women taken to extremes by their relationships and lives, a theme which would later find its natural conclusion in Woman In Mind (1985), where the banalities of life as a vicar's wife whose son has left and with no clear identity of her own lead Susan to create a fantasy world in which she is central.\nEscaping into fantasy in Ayckbourn's plays is always dangerous: Susan's joyless and sexless marriage and her perceived lack of support lead to a climatic breakdown as the walls between reality and fantasy collapse, the stage dimming to siren lights.\nThe debilitating effect men and marriage can have on women is a recurring feature of Ayckbourn's writing throughout the '70s and '80s, from Diana in Absent Friends (1974), barely coping in a loveless marriage once the children have left, to Vera in Just Between Ourselves (1976), driven into catatonia by an over-bearing mother-in-law and an utterly ineffectual husband whose idea of helping his wife is purely limited to DIY.\nBut the '70s also sees the rise of the woman pushing back, with Evelyn in Absent Friends rebelling against her marriage and having a perfunctory affair with her husband's best friend, likening it 'to being made love to by a sack of clammy cement'.\nBy the '80s, we see this progress further with the likes of Anita from A Small Family Business (1987) and Jill Rillington in Man Of The Moment (1988): women who are succeeding in a male-orientated world even if they have to dominate - literally in Anita's case - the men around them.\nThe portrayal of media professional Jill Rillington is particularly pertinent today, given the BBC's recent revelations about the vast gender pay-gap, as she's patently fought tooth and nail to get where she is and will do whatever is necessary to keep her place in this male-dominated business - even repurposing a celebrity death to suit the story she wants to tell.\nAnother decade, and just as Ayckbourn's plays began to expand into new areas such as the state of the nation, so his approach to women also altered.\nBody Language (1990) focused on the on ever-pertinent issue of how women appear, and in today's parlance is a play which confronts body-shaming as a glamour model and obese journalist finds their lives altered when an accident leaves the wrong head on the wrong body. The relationship that develops from animosity to sisterhood and appreciation by the end of the play is a touching exploration of female friendship in a world where the men judge only by appearance.\nIn Wildest Dreams (1992), we have the first Ayckbourn LGBT character in Rick, a young woman who in her role-playing game life becomes the fearless warrior she desires to be in real life; and who finds momentary enlightenment in the first same-sex kiss in an Ayckbourn play following a fearless action. Sadly, she also discovers the sad truth that no matter who your partner is, anyone can be abusive and controlling.\nA literal brief history of women takes place in Comic Potential (1998) when a female android essentially achieves sentience. The play has been interpreted as a history of the 'new woman' from the 19th century to the present day: suffrage, emancipation, recognition, equality and even - it is suggested - superiority.\nShe's a forbear of the women who dominate the plays of the '00s in such pieces as the Damsels In Distress trilogy (2001) which focus on strong young women in fraught situations with only their wits and courage to aid them; there may be a man at hand, but they're generally dragged along for the ride by the heroine, or are more of a hindrance to women who prove more than capable of dealing with anything life throws at them.\nBy the end of the decade, we essentially return to Sheila, but in a modern-day version. If I Were You (2006) and Life & Beth (2008) both celebrate mature women - Gill and Beth - whose lives have been dedicated to their marriages and have not been as fulfilling as they might have desired.\nBoth women's fantastical experiences offer the hope of a brighter, more liberated future. Gill swaps bodies with her husband allowing each to better appreciate then other, but making the sly observation that whereas a female will still be ignored in a male-dominated workplace, a woman in a man's body is far more efficient at solving the company's issues than any man.\nBeth, meanwhile, has come to the end of a marriage after her husband's death: except he's not too keen to go, certain she cannot cope without him. Whether the ghost is real or imagined, the play is about a woman seen as just a wife but proving to herself and those around her that not only is she more than capable, she will likely bloom in her new found independence.\nBy the '10s, the Ayckbourn woman has become the dominant driving force in many of the plays such as Arrivals & Departures (2013) and Hero's Welcome (2015), which do not flinch from showing harsh realities - Ez's rape and subsequent pregnancy in Arrivals & Departure - but portray women who are either fiercely self-sufficient or have become the driving force and stronger partner within a marriage.\nIn Hero's Welcome, Baba arrives in the UK, shy and dependent on new husband Murray and barely speaking a word of English. By the climax there is no doubt that she is the rock on which Murray will rely and that there is little he can't achieve with her by his side.\nWe've travelled with with Alan Ayckbourn through 60 years and in A Brief History of Women, we have the chance to see even more remarkable women and a potted journey through six decades of another man's life: not just how women have changed in society, but how they have affected the course of that one man's life.\nIt's a remarkable journey.\nArticle by Simon Murgatroyd. Copyright: Haydonning Ltd. Please do not reproduce without permission of the copyright holder.\nAll material \u00a9 Haydonning Ltd, except where noted. Portrait of Alan Ayckbourn by Andrew Higgins. Contact Me","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"https:\/\/www.wexinc.com\/about\/leadership\/melissa-smith\/\nJay Dearborn\nRobert Deshaies\nKen Janosick\nNicola Morris\nHilary Rapkin\nRoberto Simon\nMelanie Tinto\nEarly Career Opportunities\nHealth & Benefits\nFuel Partners\nCorporate Payments Partners\nF&I Administration\nGrasp Technology\nIBS Software\nPCMI Corporation\nWEX Health Partners\nCorporate Grants\nChair and CEO\nMelissa began with WEX in 1997 as a senior financial analyst for the financial technology service provider. She worked her way through numerous roles, including CFO and president of the Americas, and now holds its most senior position. Melissa served as CFO during the company's IPO in 2005 and has continued to spearhead WEX's dramatic growth, both organically and through acquisitions.\nBorn and raised in Maine, Melissa was recognized as Mainebiz's 2012 Woman to Watch and 2017 Business Leader of the Year. She won the tribute to Women in Industry Award from the Maine Women's Fund in 2015. She was also named PYMNTS.com's Most Innovative Women in Payments in 2014 and one of PaymentsSource's Most Influential Women in Payments in 2014 and 2019.\nMelissa participates in extensive nonprofit work, including co-founding the Executive Women's Forum as well as sponsoring and participating in Tri for a Cure. In 2010, Melissa co-founded sheJAMS, an all-women training club that allows women to train together in a non-competitive spirit. Additionally, she serves on the Maine Health Board of Directors and is a former board member of the Dead River Company Board of Directors and the Center for Grieving Children. Melissa earned a bachelor's in business administration from the University of Maine.\nWhat professional accomplishments are you most proud of?\nFor me, it's all about the people. I take the most satisfaction in creating and maintaining a great corporate environment in the midst of all our growth. I want to continue to make WEX a place where people really enjoy their work and are encouraged to grow and succeed.\nWhy have you decided to stay at WEX for so long?\nStanding still is not in our DNA, and that fits with who I am. When we went public and I was the CFO, the company's market cap was $720 million. Today, it is over $7 billion. We've gone from being in one product primarily in the U.S. to a much more diverse enterprise with global operations.\nWhat impact does your work have, beyond WEX?\nMy responsibility is to use the platform I have as CEO to help foster growth in communities. Our employees give time, we give money, and we are creating an environment where people don't just care about one another, but also about making sure the place we live in is thriving. That gives us all a sense of purpose.\nHow do you foster creative and innovative thinking?\nBe incredibly open to people telling you that you're wrong\u2014which happens to me with some frequency\u2014then move from that point into something that may be even better.\nWhat role models did you look to when developing your leadership skills and style?\nMy mother was my first role model; she had a career, as did my grandmother before her. I come from a long line of strong women, and my mom taught me to be willing to try. She felt strongly that women should be able to support themselves and is a huge advocate for the importance of education. I think the key is to form a relationship with those you can learn from. Be willing to share and seek advice.\nGet the latest WEX business news.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"End Of Life Care Ethical Issues\n\"Decision-making for end-of-life care has earned paramount importance as it has capability to prolong human life with the support of medical technologies or can let the natural death process continue by foregoing the treatment option. Hence, end-of-life care is facing various ethical dilemmas\" (Karnik & Kanekar, 2016). Due to advances in medical technology, the decisions regarding death and dying are changing. This advanced technology has caused the development of treatments that can intervene in the dying process and prolong life. \"They are reshaping the circumstances of natural death and sustaining human lives\" (Karnik & Kanekar, 2016). However, even though these advancements exist, it does not mean the patients will recover. It is\nTheme Of Honor In Much Ado About Nothing\nThe process of reclaiming honor requires repeated repentance and redemption through reconciling with those who hold low his integrity. This possibility of restoring honor demonstrates that society has become more open to change and reconciliation, less rigid and confining. The gravity of honor and its loss has diminished in contemporary society because of an increased flexibility in repairing\nEthical Issues Doctor Assisted Suicide\nThe legal system is in place not only to protect our rights and administer justice, but to increase the quality of life in a society. By legalizing doctor-assisted suicide, the quality of life increases. First, more lives can be saved with the legalization of doctor-assisted suicide. Many diseases such as cancers can take away use of certain organs. By detecting incurable cancers earlier, it is possible to harvest organs such as kidneys (cancer.org, 2014).\nAnalysis Of Peter Singer's Solution To World Poverty\nBut this is another ethical question to\nEthical Issues In Biomedical Research\nIn biomedical and behavioural research, there can be issues that arise during the discovery of new processes and products, such as the ethicality of certain experiments and the results obtained. Back in the old times, when standards for conducting scientific research and experiments were not strictly adhered to, experiments conducted resulted in people or other living things being put in harm's way, to obtain a certain result or confirm a suspicion. While such experiments claimed to be justified because they were meant to advance medical knowledge, is it always right to make sacrifices for the greater good? In this essay, I will use some case studies to discuss ethical issues in biomedical research. A common ethical issue concerns the use\nNursing Ethical Dilemma\nBackground The ability to recognize, understand and treat symptoms related to illnesses, along with crafting the right questions in order to promote optimal care is considered a fine art in the field of healthcare. However, sensitive and time-critical conditions can pose questions that could challenge the status quo in relation to healthcare policy and decision making. Challenging circumstances often call for drastic measures that make difficult to decide right vs wrong. An ethical dilemma defines this decision-making process.\nThe Social Ecological Model\nPolicy-makers can cooperate with a range of organizations, health practitioners, and government departments at all levels in order to develop health policy that seeks to reduce health inequalities effectively before they can manifest themselves in poor health outcomes. The medical model \u2013 while it will always be around, and while it arguably should always be around \u2013 is somewhat of a quick-fix, short-term approach to a very serious and pervasive public health issue. The social-ecological model, though, is a much more forward thinking, long-term, and sustainable approach to dealing with this public health issue. It looks to the root causes of the issue \u2013 all of the social and economic determinants of health discussed in part 1 \u2013 and attempts to solve the problem at that level. This approach is far more useful for reducing health inequalities.\nEthics In Nursing\nIndeed, it might be argued that this article highlights that it should be paid more attention to the necessity for ethical deliberations in emergency preparedness, planning and performance of nurses. Although, it is suggested that the future research into emerging issues is strongly necessitated and that the outcomes of the further research will be used to produce the evidence-based policy and practice in the emergency disaster management. Another example may be also presented. The article entitled Counterterrorism, Ethics, and Global Health written by Lisa Eckenwiler and Matthew Hunt raises the problem of the ethical issues that are environing the global health influence on present counterterrorism practice and policy (Johnstone & Turale, 2014).\nTen Concepts In Nursing Research\nClinical research is from acute to chronic care experience throughout life span. It involves health promotion and preventive care for individual, families and communities in different settings. It is important for nursing research to widen the scope in order to have a greater impact in future. The aspect of health promotion and preventive care are very important because some diseases are better prevented than treated and while some changes are irreversible such as aging are part of human experience. Health systems and outcomes research focuses on how health care delivery influences quality, cost and experience of patient.\nEuthanasia Ethical Dilemmas\nConsequentialist however, do seem to focused not only on the patients but the relative. But doe the consequence of euthanasia good to legalized it? This is the question that concern the\nSociology Personal Statement Essay\nBroadly, I intend to analyze how social structure shapes the lives of individuals in terms of health and wellbeing. Recent advances in medical science especially biomedicine, stem cell therapy and reproductive technologies have created concerns about health accessibility and health equity along with ethical considerations. With a rapid growth in genetics and its intersection with the healthcare technologies, social ramification of these practices is bound to create avenues for more sociological investigations. I wish to elucidate both theoretically and empirically the health behavior with respect to new medical ideas including \"geneticization\" of medicine and commoditization of assisted reproductive techniques in different social strata. Other questions that intrigue me include how social marginalization impacts the intertwined issues of health and education of the population in the developing\nMedicare In Health Care\nThis is where one type of plan will explain what is to be expected for users. Explaining the benefits is practically as important as the application itself: for determining the value of the health care may be \"service dependent\" (\"Medicaid\", 2015). Another important term that should be well known is clean claims. Clean claims identify the health professional, health facility, home health care provider or durable medical equipment provider that has given service to verify affiliation status. In short, it identifies a lot of the medical information to make it more transparent.\nThe Controversial Issue Of Assisted Suicide\nAssisted suicide is a controversial issue made apparent by the media. Assisted suicide is the act of intentionally killing oneself with the assistance of another. This is very different from euthanasia. Euthanasia is when a person deliberately ends a life to spare them the suffering such as by lethal injection. Assisted suicide is when the physician provides the means for death, letting the patient administer the medication.\nIs Physician Assisted Suicide Ethically Wrong\nPhysician assisted suicide is morally and ethically wrong due to the Hippocratic oath doctors take at the beginning of their term, and unlike euthanasia, it is therefore the patient that triggers the death and not a third party. Our culture subscribes to the notion of the \"absolute sanctity of life\", Western religions do not plainly forbid suicide, and assisted suicide would result in overall no harm on the society. The physician-assisted suicide controversy surrounds the idea that assisted suicide rests on the difference between dying with dignity and dying suffering. The ethical issues of physician-assisted suicide are both emotional and controversial. It is ethically permissible for a dying person who has chosen to escape the unbearable\nMore about End Of Life Care Ethical Issues","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Organise your trip\nJuli\u00e1n Gayarre Mausoleum\nThe Juli\u00e1n Gayarre Mausoleum is in Roncal, a Pyrenean town 88 kilometres from Pamplona. This sculpted construction takes us back to the glorious era of the Navarrese tenor and the sculptor from Valencia who created it, Mariano Benlliure.\nThe mausoleum was exhibited at the Universal Exposition in Paris in 1900 where it won the Medal of Honour for Sculpture. It is hardly surprising that the then Queen Regent, Mar\u00eda Cristina, wanted to install it next to the Royal Theatre in Madrid, but the tenor's family refused and it is now the star attraction of Roncal's small cemetery, eight hundred metres from the town in which the great Gayarre was born.\nAn essential visit in Roncal is the Mausoleum where the remains of tenor Juli\u00e1n Gayarre lie. The road leaves from the Town Hall, passing the spacious open-air fronton court and the schools -both gifts to the townsfolk from the tenor- taking you to the town's peaceful cemetery in which the restored mausoleum stands out, less than one kilometre from the centre.\nThe sculpture, designed by the prestigious artist Mariano Benlliure from Valencia, was installed in the cemetery of the Pyrenean town in 1901, eleven years after the tenor's death. The funerary monument, built from white and bronze marble, rises up in four levels and consists of a marble sarcophagus embellished on the fa\u00e7ades by children, in very plain relief, singing librettos from the most famous operas performed by Gayarre.\nOn one side of the tomb is a female figure in bronze reclining in an abandoned pose with a lute, hiding her heartbroken face in a clear allusion to Music. The symbolic force of the mausoleum is completed by two more bronze figures; Harmony and Melody, who are balanced unsteadily on the slab of the tomb, holding up the bronze coffin in their hands. On top of the coffin, the figure of Fame leans over, as if wanting to hear the last notes from the tenor's voice, now silenced for ever.\nThe cemetery in Roncal is usually closed to visitors, but a visit to the mausoleum from the outside is well worth it.\n[...read more]\nDeclared a Site of Cultural Interest, in the town's cemetery 800 metres from the centre. Seen from the outside.\nLocality RONCAL\nZone The Pyrenees\nCasa Museo Jul\u00edan Gayarre\nProtected work or place Bien de Inter\u00e9s Cultural","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The Battery\nThe Agenda: Scott sticks by Trump; Haley reflects on Matthew; Lots o' apartments\nClinton speech in S.C. figures in latest emails\nby Sam Spence\nFlickr user Gage Skidmore\nU.S. Sen. Tim Scott speaks at CPAC in 2014\nHillary Clinton's speech at a Goldman Sachs conference in S.C. figures in the latest round of leaked Clinton emails. Source: AP\n5,500: The number of apartment units currently under development in the Charleston area, reportedly an all-time high. Source: P&C\nIn an interview with The State last week, Gov. Nikki Haley recalls her administration's handling of prep for Hurricane Matthew, the evacuation, and sleepless nights leading up to the storm's sweep across the Southeast. Source: The State\nGreenville News headline: 'Devastation in the heart of agricultural South Carolina'\nBerkeley County school district has reportedly been drawn into multiple sex abuse lawsuits over the past few years, paying out nearly $300,000 in settlements, more than any other local district. Source: P&C\nCrawford Cook, a longtime political operative who advised Democratic S.C. governors from the 1960s into the 2000s, died over the weekend. Source: The State\nU.S. Sen. Tim Scott, the only black Republican in the U.S. Senate, is standing by his endorsement for Donald Trump, saying that the nation \"is better off\" with a Republican than a Democratic president, even when some have disqualified Trump as a \"white identity politician.\" Source: New York Times","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"January 31 @ 11:30 am - 1:00 pm EST\nThe sustainable urban village on the highway to nowhere\nThe Sustainable Urban Village on the Highway to Nowhere: A Project by Morgan State University's Design Studio 3 In support of the \"Reconnect Communities\" program\u2026\nDecember 17, 2022 @ 12:30 pm - 3:00 pm EST\nCurtis Bay March and Rally\nJoin us on Saturday to say No coal for Christmas. Art build starts @ 12:30 at the Curtis Bay Rec Center and then we will\u2026\nDecember 10, 2022 @ 3:00 pm - 5:00 pm EST\nOnline Town Hall \u2014 Sat. Dec. 10 at 12pm PST (3pm est)\nIran: A Mass Uprising \u2026 Where Could it Lead? The death of Mahsa (Jina) Amini after her beating by Tehran's so-called \"morality police\" has sparked\u2026\nThe Sustainable Urban Village on the Highway to Nowhere: A Project by Morgan State University's Design Studio 3\nIn support of the \"Reconnect Communities\" program initiated by the City of Baltimore and supported by the Biden Administration, Morgan State University students have been rethinking the Highway to Nowhere (H2NOW): a six-lane stretch of a highway that was never completed even after it displaced the predominantly Black residents of West Baltimore.\nFunding from the Biden administration's Inflation Reduction Act is now being directed to removing the detritus of the highway and rebuilding community in the region. Architecture students from Morgan State University conducted a project in which they were asked to provide a new, positive perspective on this vast and abused area of Baltimore by providing scenarios of sustainability. This event will showcase three exceptional student proposals and an inside look at the students' design process along with comments from Baltimore City Planners Martin French and Renata Southard.\nIt will also attempt to draw conclusions: in a sincere effort to make this urban wasteland a better place and remedy the damage that has been done, students of Morgan State University have drawn upon a pedagogy of critical awareness to building with and for communities. It is our hope that the Biden administration will draw on these ideas to address the racialisation of America's urban geographies.\n* This event will be held virtually on the EDC platform. To attend, please join our collective by creating an account. Make sure to sign in to your account, and click on the \"Join Here\" button below.\nMartin French is a City Planner in the Land Use and Urban Design Division of the Baltimore City Planning Department. Before joining Planning, Martin worked for several decades in the subsidized housing field for the Housing Authority of Baltimore City and the U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development. His career started with a BA in Geography from Johns Hopkins University, and he has been a 50-year resident of the Baltimore area (20 of them in the City).\nRenata Southard is a Design Planner in the Land Use and Urban Design division. Prior to joining the Department of Planning, Ren spent more than a decade in the private sector as a designer and project manager, working on adaptive reuse, multi-family, mixed-use and master planning projects. In her current role, Ren splits her time between Design Review and special projects, such as visioning for the Impact Investment Areas, coordinating across agencies, and providing technical design support.\nCristina Cassandra Murphy co-founded XCOOP (2009), a think tank that through its flexible and permeable approach, analyzes contemporary living and provides creative solutions within a wide range of disciplines. She is an Assistant Professor (Tenure Track) at Morgan State University in Baltimore, MD. Also, she has been Lecturer at the University of Arizona, Visiting Fellow at the Architecture School at Taliesin and Taliesin West, guest professor at the University of Central America of San Salvador (El Salvador), University of Mumbai, Academy of Architecture, also in Mumbai, UNICA of Cagliari (Italy), at the TUDelft and Guest Critic at the MIARD, Piet Zwart Institute in Rotterdam.\nSamia Rab Kirchner is currently a tenured Associate Professor of Urban Design and Interim Chair of the Undergraduate Design Department at Morgan State University in Baltimore City. She has taught at the American University of Sharjah in the UAE, the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Georgia Institute of Technology. Dr. Kirchner's research and practice focus on the (trans)formative role of water in City Design, Urban Regeneration and Redevelopment.\nUyiosa Aimufua is a 1st-year student at Morgan State University, studying Architecture in the 3+2 program. Some of her interests include horror movies and Legos\/Lego building because they offer an amazing buildable collection!\nAustin Tucker is a 2nd year Master of Architecture Student interested in spaces for retreat and reflection within the complexities of the urban environment. He comes from Charleston, SC and completed a degree in packaging design at Clemson University. In addition to his work at Morgan State, he also holds a full-time position planning spaces for wellness at CRGA Design in Baltimore.\nTyriq Charleus is a Historic Preservation Planner for Commission for Historical and Architectural Preservation. Tyriq earned a Bachelor of Science (BS) in Architecture & Environmental Design from Morgan State University. Originally from the Washington DC area, Tyriq loves working in the Historic Preservation field because of all the uncovered knowledge that can be discovered daily. He fell in love with Baltimore City as he matriculated through Morgan State University and wanted to become an agent of change for communities. It is a goal for Tyriq to be a steward of knowledge for generations to come.\n11.30 am Introduction Cristina Murphy\n11.35 am About the Highway to Nowhere Martin French\n12.00 pm Discussion with Martin French Open\n12.10 pm Project Presentation: Urban Valley Austin Tucker\n12.20 pm Project Presentation: The Red Corridor Uyiosa Aimufua\n12.30 pm Project Presentation: The One Way Tyriq Charleus\n12.40 pm Conclusions Renata Southard\nand Samia Kitchner","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"The lost ring was her mother's \u2014 the mission was the receptionist's\nHome \/ News \/ The lost ring was her mother's \u2014 the mission was the receptionist's\nThe parking garage was the last chance. She wandered around; discouraged, she started to head back toward the doors with a simple prayer: \"Lord please give me eyes to see!\"\nStory by: Emily Jordan on January 12, 2023\nWe can all imagine it \u2014 walking through a parking garage, putting keys away, making sure we have what we need for a doctor appointment. If a ring, earring or something else slipped off, we probably wouldn't notice.\nThe woman arriving for her neurologist appointment was distraught. Tears running down her face, she rubbed her pinky finger. The ring she normally wore \u2014 an heirloom her mother had given her years earlier \u2014 was gone.\nShe had retraced her steps, looked in the ladies' room, everywhere she could think of. She was barely composed enough to check in for her appointment.\nMelody \"Mel\" Lukenbill, the receptionist checking her in at Norton Neuroscience Institute \u2013 St. Matthews, was taken with the woman's emotion for something that clearly held such fond memories.\n\"Once I got her checked in, I thought 'OK, I am going to find this lady's ring one way or another,'\" Mel said.\nHer co-worker was ready to help other patients as they came in while Mel started looking.\nA pinky ring in a parking garage\nCould it have been lost in the hallway carpeting with its busy pattern? She looked.\nIn the bathroom trash buried under damp paper towels and other garbage? She emptied out the trash and sifted through it.\nMaybe on the tile bathroom floor? She swept around with her stocking feet hoping it would skitter across the floor.\nThe parking garage was the last chance. She walked toward the parked cars with no idea which one was the patient's. She wandered around; discouraged, she started to head back toward the doors with a simple prayer: \"Lord please give me eyes to see!\"\nMel's eyes caught a sparkle on the floor. There was indeed something shiny over there.\n'I was going to find that ring, and there it is'\n\"I went running over there, and sure enough it was this tiny little ring that I should have seen when I first came out the door, but there it was!\"\nWhen Mel returned to the office with the ring, the patient was still with neurologist Geeta A. Ganesh, M.D., MPH. Mel knocked on the door, and Dr. Ganesh opened it, a bit puzzled at the interruption.\nMel explained and held up the ring. The woman jumped from her seat, squealing, hugging Mel and crying tears of joy.\n\"I told her, 'Honey, I made it mission. I was going to find that ring, and there it is,'\" Mel said.\nThe patient's gratitude was overwhelming. Her thank-you was enough for Mel, who wanted nothing more for simply doing what she thought anyone would do given the opportunity.\nCaring with extra care\nIt wasn't the first time Mel had gone out of her way to help someone.\n\"If a patient walks in and they seem like they are needing a little extra, she gives it to them\" said Stacy Raymer, practice manager and Mel's leader. \"She makes sure they know she's paying attention and that she's there to help them through whatever it is that they're going through.\"\nHelping others is what Mel is about.\n\"If I can give a person a little bit of what he has given me, God can use me to change the world. He can use me to change their life, change their circumstances, their everything,\" Mel said. \"I can do it one person and one simple act at a time.\"","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses\/Acts of the 94th United States Congress\nPortal Discussion\n< Portal:Acts of the United States Congresses\nActs of the 93rd United States Congress\nActs of the United States Congress\nPublic Acts of the Ninety-fourth Congress\nActs of the 95th United States Congress\nThis portal is incomplete. If you'd like to help expand it, see the help pages and the style guide, or leave a comment on the talk page.\n(sources: Public laws of the 94th Congress, via THOMAS)\n1 Public Laws\n1.1 1 - 50\n1.2 51 - 100\n1.3 101 - 150\n1.10 451 - 500\n2 Private Laws\n3 Resolutions\n588 Acts of Congress were enacted during the 94th Congress.\nPublic Laws 1 to 205 in the First Session\nPublic Laws 206 to 588 in the Second Session\n1 - 50Edit\nPublic Law 94-1. \u2026\nPublic Law 94-10. \u2026\n51 - 100Edit\nPublic Law 94-100. \u2026\n101 - 150Edit\nPublic Law 94-142. Education for All Handicapped Children Act\nPublic Law 94-145. Consumer Goods Pricing Act of 1975\nPublic Law 94-164. An Act to change certain income tax provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, and for other purposes\nPublic Law 94-168. Metric Conversion Act of 1975\nPublic Law 94-210. Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-239. Equal Credit Opportunity Act Amendments of 1976\nPublic Law 94-240. Consumer Leasing Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-265. Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-295. Medical Device Amendments of 1976\nPublic Law 94-334. An Act to increase the temporary debt limit, and for other purposes\u2026\nPublic Law 94-344. Joint Resolution to amend the joint resolution entitled ''Joint resolution to codify and emphasize existing rules and customs pertaining to the display and use of the flag of the United States of America''.\nPublic Law 94-409. Government in the Sunshine Act\nPublic Law 94-412. National Emergencies Act\nPublic Law 94-435. Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-469. Toxic Substances Control Act\nPublic Law 94-479. Joint Resolution for appointment of George Washington to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States.\nPublic Law 94-482. An Act to extend the Higher Education Act of 1965, to extend and revise the Vocational Education Act of 1963, and for other purposes.\nPublic Law 94-503. Crime Control Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-524. Presidential Protection Assistance Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-531. An Act to amend the Federal Boat Safety Act of 1971\u2026\nPublic Law 94-541. Public Buildings Cooperative Use Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-553. An Act for the general revision of the Copyright Law, Title 17 of the United States Code, and for other purposes.\nPublic Law 94-554. Judicial Survivors' Annuities Reform Act\nPublic Law 94-579. Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-580. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-587. Water Resources Development Act of 1976\nPublic Law 94-588. National Forest Management Act of 1976\nPrivate LawsEdit\n?? Private laws were enacted.\nResolutionsEdit\nList of Acts of the United States Congresses\nRetrieved from \"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/w\/index.php?title=Portal:Acts_of_the_United_States_Congresses\/Acts_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress&oldid=6414495\"\nLast edited on 1 September 2016, at 00:26","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Nanovic Institute Awards Laura Shannon Prize to Max Bergholz\nAuthor: Connor Bran\nThe Nanovic Institute for European Studies at the University of Notre Dame has awarded the 2019 Laura Shannon Prize in Contemporary European Studies to Max Bergholz for his book Violence as a Generative Force: Identity, Nationalism, and Memory in a Balkan Community, published by Cornell University Press.\nThe Laura Shannon Prize, one of the preeminent prizes for European studies, is awarded each year to the best book that transcends a focus on any one country, state, or people to stimulate new ways of thinking about contemporary Europe as a whole. This year's cycle of the award considered books in history and social sciences published in 2016 or 2017.\nExamining the intercommunal violence in a community on the border of Bosnia and Croatia, Violence as a Generative Force received high praise by the jury:\nRestrained, humane, and beautifully written, and drawing intelligently on ethnography, psychology, and genocide studies, Violence as a Generative Force deserves to be read not only by Europeanists but by anyone seeking to understand the dynamics of mass violence. Max Bergholz shows violence was less a consequence of than a catalyst to ethnic identification and polarization. It was \"generative\" both in that it took on a dynamic of its own, and in that it could cement\u2013and even fix in memory\u2013ethnic identities that had been much more fluid and contingent. In this study, Bergholz asks us to think again about the sources, processes, and consequences of ethnic violence. When and why do neighbors turn on neighbors? From a careful reading of disparate and challenging sources, Bergholz reconstructs a shocking series of massacres and reprisals that took place in 1941 in the region of Kulen Vakuf in northwest Bosnia and that left many hundreds of men, women, and children dead. This was intimate violence: men shot, mutilated or cut the throats of people they often knew; they tossed their bodies into pits or rivers or burned them alive; they stole everything worth stealing and then razed houses and farms to the ground.\nBut at each stage of his often disturbing story, Bergholz shows how contingency, local relations, and even personal choice affected the course of events: we see how killings could begin when local hoodlums or opportunists were suddenly granted authority and guns; how opportunities for score-settling or looting led others to join in; how fears of reprisals or a desire for vengeance could escalate violence; how the presence or absence of a few particularly respected or determined individuals could tip the balance of who lived or died.\nMax Bergholz is associate professor of history at Concordia University in Montreal, where he holds the James M. Stanford Professorship in Genocide and Human Rights Studies. His work focuses on microhistorical approaches to the history of modern Europe with an emphasis on the local dynamics of nationalism, intercommunal violence, and historical memory. He will visit Notre Dame during the fall semester of 2019 to accept the prize, deliver a public lecture, and meet with students and faculty.\nThe Shannon Prize jury also awarded honorable mention to both John R. Bowen, Dunbar-Van Cleve Professor in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, for his book On British Islam: Religion, Law, and Everyday Practice in Shari\u02bfa Councils, and to Yuri Slezkine, Jane K. Sather Professor of History at the University of California, Berkeley, for his book The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution; both books are published by Princeton University Press.\nThe jury commended On British Islam, stating:\nOn British Islam is a meticulous and erudite analysis of British Islam and its institutional manifestations. Blending ethnography, political science, and history, Bowen demonstrates how place of origin and kin networks, location, sect, gender, generation, interpretive traditions, and a host of other factors can influence the way key issues like divorce are adjudicated by Shari'a councils. In so doing, he demonstrates conclusively that local Islamic institutions function not as foreign, corrosive bodies undermining Britishness, but as important sites for the nurturing and preservation of Islamic identity and tradition that at the same time foster dynamic convergence to British legal norms and principles. The research is impeccable, and the broader conclusions speak to contemporary questions of great import and consequence in Britain and elsewhere.\nThe jury's final statement on Slezkine's The House of Government was equally enthusiastic:\nYuri Slezkine's The House of Government is a monumental achievement, the result of phenomenal and invariably resourceful research. Like Tolstoy's War and Peace or Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, it weaves together the stories of individuals, the drama of history, and a deep meditation on the human condition. Slezkine's beautifully presented study grabs the reader, who will care about what happens to the many people whose lives--and deaths--he animates as the Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era unfold. Drawing on a broad history of religious millenarianism, Slezkine offers the intriguing and controversial thesis that the Bolsheviks were just such a movement. They, too, expected an imminent apocalyptic transformation of human existence itself. Such was their certainty that they saw little need to nurture Bolshevik commitment in their own children, and when the revolution failed to inaugurate the millennium, they turned on each other in frustration in the Stalinist Great Terror. The logic of millenarianism thus allows us, according to Slezkine, to understand both Bolshevism's rise and its ultimate failure. The House of Government is a tour de force, and one that really matters.\nThe jury for this year's prize consisted of a distinguished group of scholars:\nRuth Abbey\nProfessor of Political Science\nJeffrey J. Anderson\nGraf Goltz Professor and Director of the BMW Center for German and European Studies\nAlexander Martin\nCharles Seymour Professor of History\nSusan G. Pedersen\nGouverneur Morris Professor of History\nNow in its tenth year, the Laura Shannon Prize is made possible through a generous endowment from Michael and Laura Shannon of Houston, Texas. Laura serves on the Nanovic Institute's Advisory Board and Michael, class of 1958, serves on Notre Dame's Graduate Studies and Research Advisory Council.\nThe Nanovic Institute for European Studies at the University of Notre Dame is committed to enriching the intellectual culture of Notre Dame by creating an integrated, interdisciplinary home for students and faculty to explore the evolving ideas, cultures, beliefs and institutions that shape Europe today. The Institute is an integral part of Notre Dame's Keough School of Global Affairs. For additional information about the Nanovic Institute and the Laura Shannon Prize, visit nanovic.nd.edu\/prize.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Docudrama\nDay One (1989)\naka Day One\n\"This day will go down in history as a black mark against mankind.\"\nDirected By: Joseph Sargent\nWritten By: Writer details not available\nStarring: Brian Dennehy, David Strathairn, Michael Tucker, Hume Cronyn\nDetails: 141 mins PT141M \u00b7 English\nPlot & More\nTrailer not found\nFrom your network:\nSignin to view reviews from people you are following.\nFrom Everybody:\nBe the first to review this film!\nBrian Dennehy Gen. Leslie Groves\nDavid Strathairn J. Robert Oppenheimer\nMichael Tucker Leo Szilard\nHume Cronyn James F. Byrnes\nRichard Dysart President Harry S. Truman\nHal Holbrook Gen. George Marshall\nJohn McMartin\nOlek Krupa\nRon Frazier\nLawrence Dane\nJoseph Sargent Director\nWhen Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard leaves Europe he eventually arrives in the United States where, with the help of Albert Einstein, he persuades the Federal government to build an atomic bomb. General Leslie Groves selects physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer to head the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where the bomb is built. As World War II draws to a close, Szilard (whose idea was responsible for the progress made) has second thoughts about atomic weapons and debates how and when to use the bomb.\nThe film focuses on the organization and the politics of the whole affair, such as tensions between the scientists and the military, the communist affiliation of many scientists around that time, the (perceived) risks of espionage and the decision whether to use the bomb after Germany is defeated. Concerning the actual scientific work on the bomb, some of it is shown, but not explained, so an understanding of the workings of the bomb is needed to understand what is going on in that respect.\nThe story starts with Leo Szilard fleeing Germany on the last train out and trying to convince the military that a nuclear bomb can be built and that the Germans are already working on it. In England, his idea is filed and ignored, so he travels to the USA, but there too, he has to wait a year until something is done with it and Project Manhattan is started.\nAs Germany is being defeated and its scientists interrogated, it is found out that they have not even come close to constructing a nuclear bomb (partly due to bad cooperation by scientists). Despite the fact that no one has the technology now, and the original reason for project Manhattan is gone, work continues. Szilard, who first used Einstein to get his ideas about building a bomb across to the US leaders, now convinces him to join him in writing a letter to the president to do the opposite, namely not to build the bomb, in order to avoid an arms race. 68 scientists sign a petition, but that is held back by the military.\nU.S. President Truman is faced with four options: peace talks (which would not have worked because the US did not want the Japanese to keep their emperor), a blockade (which was thought to be cowardly), an invasion (which could cost from 20,000 to a million lives), or dropping the bomb. Another consideration is that the USSR had said they would enter the war against Japan three months after the surrender of Germany and there is a fear that they might not leave. So Truman decides that the best course of action is to drop the bomb on Hiroshima, against the advice of General Eisenhower.\nRelease Dates:\nDVD : 2007-11-13\nFreebase: Day One, licensed under CC-BY\nWikipedia: Day One, licensed under CC BY-SA","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Artvoice\nGreed, Corruption & Cover-Up At The NSA\nTuesday 9:47am: Hi baby, you have to listen to me carefully\u2014I'm on a plane that's been hijacked. I'm on the plane; I'm calling from the plane. I want to tell you I love you and tell my children that I love them very much, and I'm so sorry babe. I don't know what to say\u2014there are three guys and they've hijacked the plane.\nBurning Books to screen documentary about whistleblower Bill Binney\nBy Jordan Canahai\nTuesday 9:47am: Hi baby, you have to listen to me carefully\u2014I'm on a plane that's been hijacked. I'm on the plane; I'm calling from the plane. I want to tell you I love you and tell my children that I love them very much, and I'm so sorry babe. I don't know what to say\u2014there are three guys and they've hijacked the plane. I'm trying to be calm but it's turned around and I've heard there are planes that have flown into the World Trade Center. I hope to be able to see your face again, baby. I love you. Goodbye\u2026\nA Good American opens with this cell phone recording of a frightened woman tearfully speaking these words on September 11, 2001. The film cuts to a profile shot of a sullen Bill Binney as he wearily but pointedly recalls horrific images from the World Trade Center on that fateful day. \"The one's that affected me the most were the people diving off the building when it was burning. To be put in such a desperate state shows you the human reaction to those kinds of conditions. It was just revolting, and disgusting basically that we allowed it to happen.\"\nBinney is a former highly placed intelligence official for the National Security Agency-turned-whistleblower, as well as the subject of director Friedrich Moser's fascinating, provocative documentary A Good American. If what Binney and Moser's documentary suggests is true, then not only should the NSA leadership have been able to prevent the terrorist attacks of 9\/11, but their failure to do so was caused by arrogance, corruption, and greed of the highest order, all of which the agency has attempted to cover-up in the following years.\nIn documenting Binney's and others dealings with Military and National Security higher-ups, Moser unfolds one shocking revelation after another. Binney's NSA colleague Thomas Drake at one point recalls how a Senior Military Officer dismissed Osama bin Laden as \"a raghead spouting off about a fatwa in the desert\" in response to their intelligence reports on Al Qaeda in the late 90s. After the events of 9\/11, Drake quotes his former NSA boss Maureen Baginski who reportedly said \"9\/11 was a gift to the NSA, we're gonna get all the money we need and then some.\"\nUtilizing recent footage of Binney, straight-to-camera talking head interviews with him and his colleagues, and various news media excerpts, Moser's documentary recalls the work of Errol Morris in both style and subject matter. But while A Good American focuses largely on conspiracy theorizing and the specifics of Binney's claims, Moser also explores the life and career of his subject using the man's own words as well as those close to him.\nThe proud son of a WWII veteran, Binney grew up in Pennsylvania and studied Mathematics, his lifelong passion, at Penn State University. He volunteered for the Army during the Vietnam War, where his skills as a mathematician made him a proficient analyst and code breaker. Binney and Moser frequently return to the subject of Vietnam to reflect on how the Army's failure to predict and prepare for the Tet Offensive would foreshadow other mistakes made by U.S. Military leadership down the line.\nBinney joined the NSA in 1970 as a Russia Specialist during the Cold War and it was through his pioneering work monitoring Soviet activity that he would learn the virtue of interpreting patterns between data (or \"metadata\"). Binney's methods placed emphasis not on attempting to understand the actual content of (largely encrypted) data, but rather analyzing patterns of who is talking to whom, how often, and when. It was during this time that Binney would eventually earn a reputation as the greatest codebreaker in U.S. history, going on to accurately predict the Soviet invasions of Czechoslovakia and Afghanistan and eventually rising to become technical director of the NSA.\nBill Binney in A Good American\nAfter the fall of communism and the first World Trade Center attack of 1993, Binney realized that the NSA would need to adapt to new ways of communication offered by technological advances if they were to keep America safe from terrorism in the digital age. Operating with a small team made up of other NSA personnel (including interview subjects J. Kirk Wiebe, Ed Loomis, and Drake), Binney would begin work on Project Thin Thread, a cost effective, state-of-the-art surveillance system with built-in privacy protections that could monitor any electronic signal on Earth, filter it for targets, and render it in real time. \"It was pretty clear that we were building the most powerful analysis tool that had been developed in history to monitor basically the entire world in near real-time,\" explained Binney. By 2000, the potentially game-changing computer program was fully functional.\nBinney's basis for his claims in regards to the attacks of 9\/11, the NSA's failures to prevent them, and their subsequent attempts to cover-up any wrongdoing while profiting from the aftermath, are based largely on events that would soon follow. Unimpressed with Thin Thread and believing it to be too inexpensive to form the basis for a 21st century surveillance system model, NSA director General Michael Hayden pushed Binney and his team aside and commissioned an entirely different project dubbed Trail Blazer. The publicly funded billion dollar expenditure (eventually deemed inefficient and a complete failure) would be developed in the private sector by the SAIC corporation, whose owners, shareholders, and assorted personnel included various former high-ranking NSA officials.\nMoser's documentary goes on to paint an all-too-predictable portrait of institutional corruption and bureaucratic failure culminating with the tragic events of 9\/11, occurring just three weeks after Thin Thread was officially abandoned. Rather than face repercussions for proving completely inept at predicting the terrorist attacks, Hayden and other NSA higher-ups were rewarded with promotions, while increased funding from congress ensured their corporate backers would make even greater profits (\"We can milk this cow for 15 years,\" Binney recalls the vice president of SAIC telling a colleague at a board meeting.)\nBinney would resign in October of 2001 and become a prominent whistleblower and outspoken critic of the NSA in following years, his intellectual hunger for new data giving way to his moral outrage at the hypocrisy perceived. In a cruel twist of irony, the NSA would proceed to use a modified version of the Thin Thread program without the privacy protections to spy on U.S. citizens following Binney's departure. At one point in the film a whistleblower attorney recalls her first meeting with Binney, who proceeded to explain to her that he would never deliberately commit suicide. At first she thought he was being overdramatic, but as he began to explain to her his knowledge of NSA activities, she began to understand why he would fear for his safety. While living at his private residence with his wife and son, Binney emerged from the shower one July morning in 2007 only to be greeted at gunpoint and arrested by heavily armed FBI agents who raided his home as part of an investigation against him.\nAs a subject for this kind of documentary, Binney proves a fascinating protagonist, speaking with determination and authority in a straightforward manner. One senses he's a man of unwavering conviction, a patriot and defender of truth and justice whose values aren't bound to any political ideology or the public mood. Whether or not Thin Thread would have prevented the attacks of 9\/11 no one will ever know, but if nothing else A Good American makes the strong case that the United States needs individuals like Binney in prominent positions of authority. Binney's story is one of a gifted visionary and his small team of loyal experts who worked in obscurity to create something of great importance, only to be shut down by a selfish and self-serving power-hungry elite, and in telling that story Moser is able to touch on a host of issues that are just as relevant in our current geopolitical climate as they were 15 years ago.\nA Good American is being screened in Buffalo thanks to the efforts of Burning Books and the Cultivate Cinema Circle (CCC), who have recently presented other critically-lauded documentaries of social and political significance such as How to Change the World and Almost Holy as part of their 2016 winter line-up. CCC founder and curator Jordan Smith first became aware of A Good American while serving as the social media coordinator for the DOC NYC Festival where the film made its North American Premiere. \"I had previously been aware of Binney from the news and from Laura Poitras' short about Binney and the NSA, The Program, which was published by The New York Times' Op-Docs webseries, and her subsequent Oscar-winner Citizenfour, in which Binney makes an appearance. When I saw Moser's powerful and revealing follow-up which dives further into Binney's story and the NSA's dealings, it seemed like an obvious programming choice,\" says Smith.\nSmith is also particularly excited to be able to showcase films in collaboration with Burning Books. \"When we started looking for culturally rich and community focused organizations to collaborate with and venues to utilize, Burning Books was near the top of our list. I've long admired the hard work and wonderful programming Burning Books has brought to Buffalo. They also have a history of showing not only politically oriented documentaries, but works of non-fiction that strive for cinematic artistry and invention,\" says Smith. \"Plus, Burning Books hosts the majority of their events for free. Who doesn't respect that?\"\nA Good American will have its Buffalo premiere as part of a special one-night free screening on March 16th at 8pm at Burning Books, 420 Connecticut St., Buffalo.\nTagsJordan Canahai\nArts & Culture \u2022 Featured \u2022 Lifestyle \u2022 TV & Film\n10 Best Christmas Movies\nJake Borelli: Truly the Real Deal by Louis Ghiraldi\nArts & Culture \u2022 TV & Film\nActing Alchemy with Leah Khambata\nNews and art, national and local. Began as alternative weekly in 1990 in Buffalo, NY. Publishing content online since 1996.\nI wont comment because I dont know who is watching me \u2013 and further, what means they have to alter my life's outcomes.\nlainaa 50000 says:\nhttps:\/\/www.zeal.fi\/lainaa-50000-euroa\nDie Woche im R\u00fcckspiegel betrachtet | Lars Schall says:\n[\u2026] Dies spiegelt nicht die Privatmeinung von Drake wider; so lautete vielmehr die Einsch\u00e4tzung seiner direkten Vorgesetzten bei der NSA namens Maureen Baginski, die sagte: \"9\/11 war ein Geschenk an die NSA, wir werden das ganze Geld bekommen, das wir brauchen, und noch mehr als das.\" (Siehe f\u00fcr dieses Zitat hier.) [\u2026]\nFilm Now Playing","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Big purple dreams turn blue\nAbsolutely stunning news (courtesy of TVGuide Magazine) hitting the blogosphere: Crystal Chappell is returning to Days of Our Lives as Carly Manning.\nI've said it before and will say it again: no one would be happier than me if Guiding Light finds a new home.\nBut the Otalia pairing was one of the biggest assets the show had, and obviously, Chappell's departure will have an impact on its chances to migrate to a new home or platform. (Chappell briefly talks about some of the behind-the-scenes elements of Otalia in the TVGuide Magazine interview; it sounds like she really wanted to stay or extend Otalia's run.)\nI don't want to rain on anyone's parade, but it looks more and more unlikely that Springfield will exist anywhere other than our memories (and YouTube) after September 18th.\nI'm hoping that Otalia fans (myself included) have a rewarding payoff to the story come September.\n\u2190 Short cuts: Springfield edition\nOops, they did it again \u2192\n6 thoughts on \"Big purple dreams turn blue\"\nIn addition to that it looks like Gina Tognoni will be leaving for OLTL. Not good news for GL at all.\nPatrick, you and I have privately discussed how unlikely a reprieve for GL would be, and speculated that CC would sign with a West Coast soap\u2026.so this doesn't come as a huge shock to me. It saddens me, though: DOOL is unwatchable, and I certainly won't resume viewing just because of one actor.\nI have to agree that no Otalia is the absolute death knell for GL. Intolerant haters who have resisted this story (I read a particularly hateful post saying the storyline was \"preposterous\", that is felt \"forced\" and that CC and JL had \"no chemistry\" together!) will have to face the cold, hard fact now: Otalia is one of the only true selling points GL ever had to use as a bargaining chip. There is nothing remarkable enough about any other GL story line or on-screen pairing to make it attractive to another network.\nIt's unfortunate the logical solution wasn't reached: Olivia, Natalia and Emma relocating to Oakdale to open a new Beacon. This would certainly have breathed some fresh, now life into ATWT. It would have been easy enough to bring GL's other big asset along for the ride: Kim Hughes runs a TV station, how hard would it have been to have Kim merge with WSPR and bring the wonderful Dinah to Oakdale?\nI agree that Otalia was a big selling point, though I disagree that they are the only one. Unfortunately, GL's recent creative renaissance didn't really come until the last few months, and it was too little too late.\nOtalia was the selling point for some networks. But it's possible (I hate the idea, but it's possible) that the Otalia content could have scared some of the possible homes away (the more conservative ones, like Hallmark Channel).\nI love your ideas about bringing actors over, but I'm reluctant to see GL characters come to Oakdale. It's hit or miss to attach existing characters to a new canvas. ATWT did a shitty job with the AW actors, and ended up killing off the one character (Jake) that really worked. The other issue with a move is that a big chunk of the GL actors I'd want to see are over 35, and ATWT already doesn't utilize the vets they have.\nI love me some Crystal Chappell, but I can only take DAYS in very small doses. Though a CC\/Louise Sorel combo might just make me suffer though the Regina George-a-like (Melanie) that's hogging Salem these days.\nDifficult Diva\nThis is awesome news. As much as Bo\/Hope are the \"endgame\", I really enjoyed the Bo\/Carly saga. Also, Crystal had chemistry with BOTH Peter Reckell and Robert Kelker-Kelly. The woman just has IT, regardless if it's (chemistry) with a females, males, children, best friends, arch enemies, lovers, husbands, ex-husbands and budding new sapphic love.\nI'm truly sorry for you, and other GL fans, that your long-time \"soap home\" appears to be dimming its lights for good. We all will walk that path, but I am sorry that it is your \"turn\" to do so.\nDoes this news, released about 3 months before the anticipated ending, help you move to the \"acceptance\" stage of grieving? I hope so. I hope you can celebrate these final three months from the perspective of joy, not regret.\nI'm happy for Crystal Chappell, but this appears to be proof positive that Guiding Light won't be picked up by another outlet.\nAnd then there were seven.\nBut Crystal\u2026DAYS? **sigh** It really IS all about the paycheck, isn't it? LOL\nWell, when DAYS bites the big one, use your leverage to get cast on Y&R! I wanna watch you!\nI'm seriously afraid that Melanie's gonna be your nemesis on DAYS\u2026and probably get the best of you in every storyline. Consult the writers!","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Oscars 2019 presenters: Serena Williams, Barbra Streisand, Trevor Noah to introduce Best Picture nominees\n(Charles Sykes\/Invision\/AP|Evan Agostini\/Invision\/AP|Evan Agostini\/Invision\/AP)\nThe Oscars are fast approaching, and we're learning more about which stars to expect at the star-studded event.\nThe Academy announced on Wednesday that an array of celebrities in and out of Hollywood, such as Serena Williams and Barbra Streisand, would be introducing the Best Picture nominees and reflecting on the films.\n\"We are thrilled to assemble this well-known array of film lovers to introduce and share their reflections on the Best Picture-nominated movies.\" -#Oscars producer Donna Gigliotti and co-producer and director Glenn Weiss https:\/\/t.co\/xvic2lUPlB\n\u2014 The Academy (@TheAcademy) February 20, 2019\nHere are the celebrities who will be giving these special introductions:\nChef Jos\u00e9 Andr\u00e9s\nAnd the show only gets bigger. Some A-list celebrities who will be presenting at Hollywood's biggest night of the year include music superstars, past Oscar winners and actors with big films coming out soon. Jennifer Lopez, Whoopi Goldberg and Brie Larson (AKA Captain Marvel) were among the first batch of presenters. Another batch, which was announced on Tuesday, includes Michael B. Jordan, Tyler Perry and Michelle Yeoh.\nThe presenters aren't the only A-list celebrities who will be there: The performers list includes members of Queen, Bette Middler and Lady Gaga.\nExcited to welcome these presenters to the #Oscars stage! https:\/\/t.co\/T0fwPMQvcw\nHere are the other presenters we know about so far.\nRELATED: Everything to know about Oscars 2019\nDon't miss the Oscars LIVE on Sunday, Feb. 24 at 8 p.m. ET | 5 p.m. PT on ABC.\narts & entertainmentcelebritymoviesoscarsacademy awards\nSee who's presenting at the 2018 Oscars\nOscars will have a host this year\nAcademy unveils Oscars shortlist for several categories\nTom Hanks, Laura Dern to host 'A Night in The Academy Museum' on ABC\nAcademy Museum of Motion Pictures now opens to public","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Morrison &Foerster Adds Six Litigators To Its Industry-Leading Ip Litigation Group In San Francisco\nFighting Fraud in the 2020's\nManaging Cross Channel Communications in a Regulatory Swell\nGlenn Mcgrath partners with Thinkmarkets to promote cricket and female empowerment\nTwenty-four percent of 18 to 24 year olds don't know what an ISA is\nOnguard continues to invest in UK growth strategy with latest appointment\nPowerhouse team with diverse tech backgrounds and significant trial experience joins firm because of its outstanding reputation in litigation and trials\nMorrison &Foerster, a leading global law firm, is pleased to announce the addition of six highly regarded IP litigators to its Intellectual Property (IP) Litigation group. The San Francisco-based team, which joins from Wilson Sonsini Goodrich &Rosati, consists of partners Stefani E. Shanberg and Jennifer J. Schmidt, of counsel Robin L. Brewer, and associates Eugene Marder, Madeleine E. Greene, and Michael J. Guo.\nMs. Shanberg and Ms. Schmidt lead an impressive IP litigation practice and have helped some of Silicon Valley's top technology companies prevail in their important IP disputes. The team has secured wins and favorable outcomes for clients in federal court, arbitration, Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB), the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) proceedings, and the Federal Circuit Court of Appeal. The new litigators will further strengthen Morrison &Foerster's globally renowned IP Litigation practice, including enhancing its representation of clients before the ITC under the unfair imports provision (Section 337) of the U.S. Tariff Act. Ms. Shanberg currently holds the prestigious position of President of the ITC Trial Lawyers Association\u2014the first ever West Coast lawyer to assume this role.\n\"We are delighted to welcome such a tremendous group of trial lawyers whose commitment to deep client relationships makes them an ideal fit at Morrison &Foerster,\" said LarrenNashelsky, chair of Morrison &Foerster. \"Stefani, Jennifer, and the rest of the team's technology expertise and focus also align with our reputation as a destination firm for technology companies looking for sophisticated and creative IP strategies.\"\nMorrison &Foerster's IP Litigation group covers all aspects of intellectual property disputes, from complex patent litigation to trademark and interference matters before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The firm's clients benefit from one of the largest and best-respected patent groups in the world, with more than 300 attorneys, more than half of whom are litigators. The arrival of Ms. Shanberg and Ms. Schmidt, as well as the rest of their team, also highlights Morrison &Foerster's continued commitment to making strategic investments to its IP Litigation bench, following the additions of Mark Whitaker, David Manspeizer, and Greg Chopskie on the East Coast last year.\n\"Our six new outstanding lawyers will complement and further strengthen our IP Litigation group,\" said Rich Hung, co-chair of Morrison &Foerster's IP Litigation group. \"Their deep expertise and knowledge in navigating complex IP disputes for technology companies, as well as their experience litigating in diverse venues, will be extremely valuable for our clients.\"\nThe group's move to Morrison &Foerster also underscores the firm's focus on adding talented lawyers in the thriving San Francisco Bay Area market. The addition of Ms. Shanberg and Ms. Schmidt comes on the heels of the arrival of four new corporate partners \u2013 Dario Avram, Patrick Huard, Alex Kaufman, and Sara Terheggen\u2013 and of Joshua Hill, Jr., a white collar litigator, who have all come to the firm in the Bay Area over the last year.\n\"Morrison &Foerster's reputation as a litigation and trial powerhouse, and as a leader in the Bay Area were key factors in our decision to join the firm. The firm is renowned as a destination for clients and litigators alike, and as an ideal home for litigators to practice,\" said Ms. Shanberg. \"Our team has been practicing law together and delivering value to clients for many years, and we are delighted to continue this momentum with the strong team at Morrison &Foerster.\"\nMs. Schmidt added: \"We look forward to continuing to provide our clients with strong, smart legal counsel from a global platform and to further solidifying the firm's position as the leading IP group serving technology clients.\"\nHere is some further information on Morrison &Foerster's newest attorneys.\nStefani E. Shanberg's practice focuses on patent litigation, with a particular emphasis on defending technology companies. She has extensive experience in all areas of intellectual property litigation and complex commercial litigation relating to intellectual property. Ms. Shanberg has handled matters before federal courts, the ITC, and the Federal Circuit Court of Appeal. Ms. Shanberg is the go-to advisor for many of the hottest technology companies facing intellectual property lawsuits and prides herself on an understanding of her clients' businesses and goals. Ms. Shanberg's patent litigation engagements have related to diverse technologies, including smartphone apps, email, network security, wireless communications, and other Internet, hardware, and software products, as well as consumer products.\nWhile her practice involves matters pending throughout the nation, Ms. Shanberg has particular experience with investigations before the International Trade Commission and currently serves as the President of the ITC Trial Lawyers Association (ITC-TLA); she is the first West Coast President of the ITC-TLA. Ms. Shanberg is regularly recognized as a leading intellectual property litigator and as among the top women in technology law. She has her J.D. from the University of Texas School of Law and her B.A. from the University of Texas at Austin, from which she graduated with high honors.\nJennifer J. Schmidt's practice focuses on patent litigation and related complex commercial litigation. Ms. Schmidt has more than a decade of significant trial experience in cases relating to diverse technologies and routinely handles matters before federal courts, the ITC, the PTAB, and arbitration tribunals. With an electrical engineering and computer science background, she focuses her practice on defending technology companies against claims of patent infringement in a wide range of technology fields, including computer hardware and software, video compression, smartphone apps, network security, search algorithms, semiconductor physics, and consumer products.\nMs. Schmidt is consistently ranked by Northern California Super Lawyers in their list of \"Rising Stars,\" and has also been recognized by New York Super Lawyers. She has her J.D. from Yale Law School, where she was the Managing Editor of the Yale Journal of Law and Technology, and an A.B. in electrical engineering and computer science from Harvard University, where she graduated magna cum laude and worked at the Harvard Robotics Lab.\nRobin L. Brewer's practice focuses on patent litigation, including actions before the ITC, federal district courts, the Federal Circuit, and the PTAB. She has represented a variety of high-tech clients and has experience with cases involving digital wallets, network security, video compression technology, database systems, Internet advertising, email systems, smartphone apps, and online marketplaces. Ms. Brewer has successfully litigated all stages of a case, obtaining wins at federal district courts, PTAB, ITC, and Federal Circuit. She is consistently named to the \"Rising Stars\" list published by Northern California Super Lawyers. She has her J.D. from The George Washington University Law School with honors; her D.E.A. in Mechanical Engineering from the Institut National des Sciences Appliquees in Lyon, France; and her B.E. in biomedical engineering and A.B. in engineering science (cum laude), both from Dartmouth College.\nEugene Marder's practice focuses on patent litigation, primarily in software, electronic, digital media, and network technologies. He has represented a diverse array of high-tech clients and has had extensive involvement in high-stakes hardware and software patent litigation. In particular, Mr. Marder has significant trial experience in matters before federal district courts and the ITC. He has guided clients to successful outcomes at all stages of litigation, including victories through dispositive motions, at trial, and on appeal. He has a J.D. from Stanford Law School and his B.A. in international relations (magna cum laude) from the University of Southern California, where he was Phi Beta Kappa.\nMadeleine E. Greene's practice primarily focuses on patent litigation in diverse technical fields, including network security, video compression, Internet applications, computer hardware and software, and housewares. She has experience in all stages of litigation and has represented clients before federal district courts throughout the country, the ITC, and the Federal Circuit. Ms. Greene has achieved favorable outcomes for numerous clients, including case resolutions resulting from successful claim construction and collateral proceedings along with total case victories through dispositive motions and on appeal. She has her J.D. from the University of San Francisco School of Law and her B.A. in Law & Society from the University of California, Santa Barbara, where she received Dean's Honors.\nMichael J. Guo's practice focuses on patent litigation. He has experience with all aspects of litigation in a diverse range of technologies and has represented clients before district courts, the Federal Circuit, the PTAB, and the ITC. He has achieved favorable results for clients, such as winning motions to dismiss, obtaining findings of noninfringement, and invalidating patent claims in Patent Office proceedings. Prior to his legal career, he was a quantitative analyst and later a web developer. He has a J.D. from University of California at Los Angeles School of Law, where he was an editor of the UCLA Law Review, and a B.S. in economics and electrical engineering\/computer science from Yale University.\nKik to Integrate Kin Token as First Mainstream Adoption of Cryptocurrency\nOver \u20ac2,000,000 already won in 2017 against 6 Spanish banks by CostaLuz Lawyers","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Reading Kate\nA down-on-his-luck academic is called to the side of his ex-wife, who may or may not be suffering from a debilitating disease.\nThe rise and fall of the worlds first superhero, Guardian.\nGenre: Action, Drama, Sci-Fi, Short\nPaul meets John while he's out running. A sinister chain of events arouses his suspicions about his new friend. But by then it's too late \u2013 their lives are bound\u2026\nThe Free Speech Apocalypse\nPastor Douglas Wilson was invited to Indiana University to deliver a series of lectures on traditional marriage and family. Wilson was warned about possible protests and potential violence over his\u2026\nOf Shark and Man\nA thirty Two year old man trapped in a dead end job gambles everything to tell an inspiring story.\nGenre: Adventure, Documentary, History\nAmerica Recycled\nTwo brothers ride recycled bicycles through the American South over two years, seeking radical locality amid rampant globalization.\nAbout Hope, a young wife plagued with amnesia and Andrew, her duty obsessed husband who must help her fall in love with him all over as he comes to terms\u2026\nGenre: Drama, Family, Romance\nJohn Mikl Thor was a bodybuilding, steel bending, brick smashing rock star in the 70's & 80's whose band, Thor, never quite made it big. Years later he attempts a\u2026\nGenre: Biography, Documentary, Music\nOther People's Children\nA filmmaker, reeling from the death of her famous father, falls down the rabbit hole of a charismatic homeless man who becomes the subject of her latest documentary and her\u2026\nFrom Fat to Finish Line\nThe journey of 12 people who share the common bond of losing 100 pounds on average and then embarking on one of the biggest challenges of their lives \u2013 the\u2026\nOyler\nA Cincinnati public school fights to break the cycle of poverty in its Urban Appalachian neighborhood, where senior Raven Gribbins aims to become the first in her troubled family to\u2026\nGenre: Documentary, Drama\nA modern day urban tale centered around a young man named Tru, who recently came home from jail and is fighting to stay on the right path for the sake\u2026\nInside Einstein's Mind\nOn November 15th, 1915, Einstein published his greatest work: general relativity. The theory transformed our understanding of nature's laws and the entire history of the cosmos\nA Wise Fool\n'A Wise Fool' is a 56-minute Documentary about four teens who chose to kidnap, rob, and bury a couple alive. Death Row inmate, Michael Jackson, the master mind, is on\u2026\nGenre: Documentary, Drama, Family\nMichael plots a bloody revenge when he discovers that his best friend and girl friend are having an affair.\nEl Ganzo\nIdentity and self-discovery evolve in an epic journey through the majesty of a Mexico rarely seen. EL GANZO chronicles a brief and intense connection between two lonely travelers: a struggling\u2026\nGenre: Drama, Mystery, Romance\nSense8: Creating the World\nGo behind the scenes and around the world with the \"Sense8\" cast and crew in this in-depth look at how the hit series is made.\nGenre: Documentary, Sci-Fi, Short\nBy Our Selves\nAndrew K\u00f6tting's film retraces John Clare's journey from Epping Forest to Northamptonshire accompanied by a straw bear.\nKiss Kiss Fingerbang\nA nice guy discovers his dark side when his girlfriend reveals her secret weakness.\nGenre: Comedy, Short\nThere IS Many Like Us\nIn 1943, Max Fronenberg spent one year digging a secret underground tunnel to escape out of a prison camp in Warsaw, Poland during the Holocaust while saving fifteen other prisoners\u2026\nCountry: Canada, Israel, USA\nGenre: Biography, Documentary, Drama\nDespite agreeing to an arranged marriage to a childhood friend, a successful businessman tries to track down a beautiful woman that he met at a Halloween party.\nA Dog for Christmas\nThe entire family stays at Dave and Sandy's home for the holidays. Kassandra wants a puppy for Christmas, but Mom and Dad aren't ready for that. Will Santa grant Kassandra's\u2026\nKnock Knock, It's Tig Notaro\nTig Notaro travels across the country to perform in the homes, back yards and basements of her fans. Even though each show has the potential to be a disaster, she\u2026\nGenre: Comedy, Documentary\nThe current educational system in the United States was developed a century ago during the rise of the industrial age and was once the envy of the world. However, the\u2026\nA towboat drifts down the Mississippi River, due for the port of New Orleans. The water, the banks, the bright lights of a port ahead; the lure of a coming\u2026\nWhen Sarah leaves a party without saying goodbye, her friends deal with an unexplained tragedy by retracing her steps that night. Their search can bring them together, but only if\u2026\nSoul on Ice: Past, Present and Future\nSoul On Ice: Past, Present, and Future is a film that presents and retells the unknown contributions of black athletes in ice hockey. For untold decades, hockey was seen as\u2026\nGenre: Documentary, Sport\nAnne Frank's Holocaust\nAnne Frank's world famous diary came to an abrupt end shortly before she and her family were discovered hiding from the Nazis in a secret annex at the top of\u2026\nGenre: Biography\nTwo hundred years in the future, in a fully colonized solar system, police detective Josephus Miller (Thomas Jane), who was born in the asteroid belt, is given the assignment to\u2026\nGenre: Drama, Mystery, Sci-Fi, Thriller\nWhat Happened to Sarah Silver\nA modern day fairy tale about a scorned woman who conjures forth a deadly creature from the netherworld.\nChristmas at Rosemont\nIn a raging blizzard five days before Christmas, two young people meet by chance: Lisa, 23, pregnant and scared, and Brad, a professional snowboarder.\nJust Let Go: Lenny Kravitz Live\n'Just Let Go' combines full live performances from Lenny Kravitz's 2014 European Tour with interviews and rehearsal footage to give a unique insight into the creative process behind Lenny Kravitz's\u2026\nCeltic's Smiler: The Neilly Mochan Story\nThe magical story of Celtic Football Club reads like an elaborate fairytale, which has enraptured their worldwide fanbase for over 127 years. Throughout the club's illustrious history, no other figure\u2026\nTHIS IS HAPPENING tells the story of an estranged brother and sister (played by James Wolk and Mickey Sumner) forced to go on the road together to track down their\u2026\nRome's Invisible City\nWith the help of a team of experts and the latest in 3-D scanning technology, Alexander Armstrong, along with Dr Michael Scott, explores the hidden underground treasures that made Rome\u2026\nGenre: Documentary, History\nBill Hicks: Reflections\nComedy Dynamics sits down with Bill Hicks' brother, Steve, who tells old stories, squashes old rumors and reveals the brother and son behind the late comedian. Told amidst old and\u2026\nGenre: Documentary, Short\nThe evolution of adult cinema through the most influential films in history, a journey that begins in the 1970s and ends nowadays. An in-depth analysis of the success of the\u2026\nBlissfully unaware that Atlantica Flight 1945 from Atlanta to Amsterdam is about to make aviation history, First Officer Danny McSweeney focuses his energies on navigating the turbulent personalities of an\u2026\nThe Perfect Physique\nTo acquire the best physiques in the world takes relentless desire, fierce drive and unwavering discipline. The struggle is real.\nAtelophobia\nMeredith is a girl who so desperately tries to fit in with the beautiful people. A group of beauty pageant girls that have been friends since they were kids. When\u2026","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Oculus Rift Virtual Reality Project Hits Kickstarter\nReport filed by Rakan Stanbouly\nHaving been shown during this past E3, the new Oculus Rift virtual reality device has demolished its Kickstarter goals with a month to spare. Having already been endorsed by John Carmack (id Software) during E3, many more developers have come out in support of the project since its launch on the crowdfunding site, including Cliff Bleszinski (Epic Games), Gabe Newell (Valve), and David Helgason (Unity). John Carmack has recently clarified on Twitter that while he is endorsing Rift, but he is not officially \"backing it\" in any way. Markus \"Notch\" Persson (Mojang), on the other hand, recently announced his support for the Kickstarter through his Twitter, stating that, \"High odds our games will support it, assuming we can get it to work.\"\nDev kits will come with an un-assembled Rift prototype, along with a copy of \"BFG Edition\" of Doom 3, the first game to support the Oculus Rift. The makers of the Oculus are also working with Unity and Unreal to bring out-of-the-box integrations with both the respective engines. No word on when a consumer release or price range will be announced.\n(via Kickstarter)\ncliff blezinskigabe newelljohn carmackkickstarternotchoculus riftunityunreal Read more","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"You are here: Home \/ HHS \/ Food & Drug Administration \/ Senators Again Urge FDA to Provide Stronger Warnings on E-Cigarettes\nSenators Again Urge FDA to Provide Stronger Warnings on E-Cigarettes\nOctober 15, 2014 by Harold Bishop\nU.S. Senators Barbara Boxer (D-Cal.), Dick Durbin (D-Ill.), Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.), Jack Reed (D-R.I.), Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio), and Edward Markey (D-Mass.) have again written the FDA Commissioner Margaret Hamburg asking the agency to (1) move quickly to finalize its proposed deeming regulations that would expand the FDA's regulatory authority over e-cigarettes (see E-cigarette regulations would ban sales to minors, require health warnings, April 25, 2014), and (2) further strengthen the health warnings on e-cigarettes. On August 6, 2014, they previously asked the FDA to move quickly to finalize its proposed rule on e-cigarettes, and to include provisions that would limit youth access to the addictive products (see Congressional plea to FDA: regulate e-cigarette sales to minors now, August 6, 2014).\nThe FDA's proposed label warning for e-cigarettes currently reads \"WARNING: This product contains nicotine derived from tobacco. Nicotine is an addictive chemical.\" With regard to this proposed warning, the Senators' state \"We support requiring a label on nicotine's addictive properties, but we ask the FDA pursue requirements for more extensive warnings that address health risks that e-cigarettes pose.\"\nNew York Times Article\nIn their letter, the Senators cite a recent New York Times article which indicates that in the absence of FDA standards, e-cigarette manufacturers are concocting their own health warnings that lack conformity and do not comprehensively list all of the health threats of e-cigarettes. According to the New York Times article, tobacco companies are attempting to position themselves as \"protectors of consumer well-being\" by providing very strong health warnings on their e-cigarettes, going much further than the warnings they provide on traditional cigarettes.\nFor example, the Times article quotes a warning provided by the manufacturer of Camel cigarettes, Reynolds American, which warns that their e-cigarette product is not intended for persons \"who have an unstable heart condition, high blood pressure, or diabetes; or persons who are at risk for heart disease or are taking medicine for depression or asthma.\"\nApparently another manufacturer has gone even farther. According to the article, the warning label on MarkTen e-cigarettes goes on for over 100 words and warns that children, people with heart disease, high blood pressure or diabetes should not use the product. It also warns that nicotine can cause dizziness, nausea, stomach pains, and may worsen asthma.\nThe Times article also cites a WHO report that concludes because \"e-cigarettes and similar devices are frequently marketed by manufacturers as aids to quit smoking, or as healthier alternatives to tobacco, [they] require global regulation in the interest of public health.\" According to the WHO report, e-cigarette regulations are needed to: (1) impede e-cigarette promotion to non-smokers and young people; (2) minimize potential health risks to e-cigarette users and nonusers; (3) prohibit unproven health claims about e-cigarettes; and (4) protect existing tobacco control efforts from commercial and other vested interests of the tobacco industry.\nWhile the WHO calls for additional research on multiple areas of e-cigarette use, it believes that regulations are required now for advertising and indoor use. The report calls for an appropriate government body to restrict e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship, to ensure that it does not target youth and non-smokers or people who do not currently use nicotine. In addition, the report recommends that legal steps be taken to end the use of e-cigarettes indoors in public and work places. The report cites evidence suggesting that exhaled e-cigarette aerosol increases the background air level of some toxicants, nicotine and particles.\nResponse Requested\nIn their letter to Commissioner Hamburg, the Senators' request that she respond with details about the actions the FDA is taking to require e-cigarette manufacturers to truly disclose the risks their products pose to consumers.\nProposed Legislation for Youth-Targeted E-Cigarette Advertising Emerges, FDA Regulation Looms\nE-Cigarette Use Doubles Among Middle and High School Students\nE-Cigarettes Are Within Reach of 16 Million Children\nFiled Under: Food & Drug Administration, HHS, News, Tobacco","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"\"Lusting after a Tart of Peacock Tongues\": A Conversation with Publisher Barbara Epler\nVeronica Esposito\nBarbara Epler started working at New Directions after graduating from college in 1984, and she has been its president and publisher since 2011. In 2015 Poets & Writers awarded Epler their Editor's Prize, and in 2016 Words Without Borders gave her the Ottaway Award for the Promotion of International Literature.\nVeronica Esposito: You became editor-in-chief with New Directions almost twenty-five years ago, in 1996. What are some of the biggest changes in the translation world since then?\nBarbara Epler: Without yet being a large enough share of what's published in America overall, there has been a great growth in the amount and quality of translations appearing here. To my mind, that's due mostly to two factors: a miraculous growth in new companies here (mostly small and agile) largely or entirely devoted to translated literature, as well as a sort of general cultural nausea about how parochial the USA tends to be.\nBack in the mid-1990s, great groundbreaking presses interested in translation were fairly thin on the ground. We did not yet have Archipelago, And Other Stories, Deep Vellum, Fence, Dorothy Project, New Vessel, Restless, Nightboat, New York Review of Books Classics, Open Letter, Other Press, Two Lines, Tilted Axis, Ugly Duckling, Wakefield, Wave, and more (apologies to houses I am forgetting!). Back in 1996, all these marvelous publishers were still a gleam in their founders' eyes.\nOf course, back then there were terrific publishers of translation too: FSG, Arcade, Overlook, New Press, Dalkey, Godine, Graywolf, Grove, Coffee House, Knopf, and the many university presses with a translation line (or such amazing small treasure houses as Exact Change and Burning Deck). When we went peering in the global waters, with all sorts of shiny fish flashing along, there were less than a dozen herons perched along the banks, but now at every bend in the river I spot so many small quick egrets fishing busily\u2014and it's really this plethora of new and visionary smaller publishers that has been such a game changer.\nAnd then, too, our cultural nausea seems a factor as well: we can't help but be aware of how hegemonic and either stupid or evil so much of what we produce as a nation is: I feel that we're like plants: we turn from the dark to the light, and much of the light's streaming in from outside.\nI feel that we're like plants: we turn from the dark to the light, and much of the light's streaming in from outside.\nEsposito: What changes do you believe are upcoming for translated literature?\nEpler: My feeling is that\u2014especially with the atrocious anticultural, antiglobal bias of the outgoing administration finally behind us\u2014there is a keen appetite for more translated literature from countries, cultures, and languages less represented here traditionally.\nMoreover, when in an optimistic mood, I'd say these changes will gather momentum because the support for translated literature has become almost institutional\u2014and I mean that in a good way. The New Yorker and Harper's now are regularly publishing translated works, as well as of course Granta, the Literary Review, Paris Review, White Review, and Conjunctions: these are places where we often find intriguing samples of writers' work from abroad; and of course we also see writers of interest in Bidoun, Two Lines, Asymptote, Little Star, Threepenny, Banipal, Exchanges, Circumference, and Samovar, all dedicated to works in translation.\nAnd then think of how much Words Without Borders does, or PEN, or a website such as The Complete Review: these are resources we rely on.\nAcademia too seems to be shifting\u2014I may be being Pollyanna here, but the universities seem slightly less allergic to recognizing stellar translations as a not unmeaningful part of a tenure-worthy academic portfolio.\nAnd hello: the reestablishment of the National Book Award in Translation is a bellwether.\nEsposito: A large part of the success of New Directions has been its ability to continually publish work that feels new and vital, even as the translation field and publishing as a whole have undergone dramatic transformations. What do you attribute this to?\nEpler: Well, in a way there's a strength in hoeing the row you know. James Laughlin, who founded ND in 1936, drank the Ezra Pound Kool-Aid that there is one world, one world of literature, and readers should have access to everything, so translation was a key part of his program from the get-go. JL was the first publisher here of Borges, Nabokov, and Neruda, and New Directions has gone on to be the first of W. G. Sebald, Roberto Bola\u00f1o, L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Krasznahorkai. JL of course spoke several languages and was a sui generis phenomenon, but I think we now have an incredibly sharp group here, who all read widely. We work as a collective and Declan Spring, Jeffrey Yang, Laurie Callahan, Tynan Kogane, Mieke Chew, Chris Wait, Brittany Dennison, and John Barrington all read and vigorously mong opinions. We have some extremely active truffle hunters.\nWe're also very lucky to be in close contact with like-minded publishers from all around the world who give us great tips.\nAnd an additional huge resource is that we often share translations with such terrific anglophone publishers as Fitzcarraldo, And Other Stories, Istros, Granta, Daunt, Lolli, Harvill, Pushkin, Carcanet, MacLehose, Giramondo, Text, and Penguin, among many others. (Plus the remarkable Tilted Axis has sent us a couple of manuscripts I so much wish I'd made sure to read with more care.)\nAlso, speaking of the factors that make for success in publishing writers from around the world, I need to include both the visible and invisible sources of support that we could not manage without.\nThe visible ones are of course all the magazines and reviews I have mentioned both for preserial appearances and review attention, but also we owe all the reviewers; we owe all the editors of reviews that select our books for attention; we owe all the insanely hard-working jurors on the prizes which do so much to make the public aware of writers whose names aren't always easy to pronounce. I think of all the work that goes into the Best Translated Book Award, the National Book Award, the PEN prizes, the American Academy prizes, the Griffin, the Pulitzers, and others: it's endless and endlessly demanding. We can't afford to pay our authors or their translators what they deserve, but we can hope to lift their works up into the light with all this help. And then there are the amplifiers such as Literary Hub or the friendly voices on Instagram and Twitter. It's incredible the debts we owe. And one of our very largest debts is to the independent bookstores: our books need the love of the independent booksellers. And of course, last but not least of these debts is the one we owe to our designers: we couldn't succeed without their gift for the visible.\nAnd then, making success possible, there are all the invisible debts we owe! I'd be remiss if I didn't mention that for many years (and we hope going forward), New Directions also owes a great debt to key cultural institutions from abroad who help us very much with both subventions of some of the costs of translation and also travel and event-planning support. It's a long list, including the Goethe Institut, the French Cultural Services, the Catalan Institute, KLTI from Korea, Fundaci\u00f3n TyPA, the Brazilian Biblioteca Nacional, Pro Helvetia, the Instituto Cam\u00f5es, the Japan Foundation, the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic, the Hungarian Book Office, the Spanish Ministry of Culture, the Polish Book Institute, the Italian Cultural Institute, the Argentine Foreign Ministry, and Reading Colombia. For a small for-profit press, pinching its pennies, this help is crucial.\nAlso, many of these cultural agencies invite editors to meet authors and publishers: we have had invitations to Antwerp, Buenos Aires, Germany, Tokyo, Milan, Taipei, Oslo, Stockholm, Amsterdam, Denmark, Korea, Australia, Israel, Indonesia, Istanbul, and Guadalajara. The trips can be exhausting, but they are incredibly interesting and informative, as well as providing the opportunity to build relationships with fellow editors from abroad who can be gold mines of information about international authors.\nThe point I want to make is that any success of ours may start with the incredible book itself, but not much can happen on behalf of that work without all this support. (It's possible to feel guilty about all the debs New Directions piles up, but I like to lean on something JL once said: \"It is a risk to be my friend. I operate on the principle that if someone does me a kindness that entitles me to ask immediately for another favor. That's not so immoral as it sounds\u2014if you're Buddhist. If I am a Buddhist and I ask you for a favor I'm conferring merit on you by allowing you to do a good deed. If you collect enough good deeds that will shorten the time it takes you to become a Boddhisattva.\" Admittedly, JL was raised a Presbyterian.)\nEsposito: What advice would you give to a newer translator who wants to publish groundbreaking writing?\nEpler: First and foremost, I would advise them to send submissions to the wonderful PEN\/Heim Translation Fund Awards! That's the best thing since sliced bread: you only need the permission of the rights-holder and a thirty-page sample, and you're set to win a nice little cash award\u2014but more than that, the sample will be read by editors in publishing houses large and small. The PEN\/Heim winners have a terrific track record for seeing their enthusiasm result in a book contract.\nSecond, I'd say knock on every door: send a sample to all the book publishers who bring out translated works you like, and also send the same to magazines, journals, and reviews with whom you feel a kinship.\nEsposito: What is a risk that New Directions has taken in the past few years? How did it turn out?\nEpler: It depends on how we think of \"risk\": we sank a lot of resources into the rediscovery of Clarice Lispector, and that program has succeeded spectacularly. On the other hand (in a strictly nickels-and-dimes sense), we bring out incredible authors who have not yet found the audience they deserve: they may enjoy such great critical success as Yoel Hoffmann, Da\u0161a Drndi\u0107, Evelio Rosero, Alexander Lernet-Holenia, Jos\u00e9 Revueltas, Ahmed Bouanani, Roger Lewinter, Raduan Nassar, Gennady Aygi, Abdelfattah Kilito, Alexander Kluge, Jorge Bar\u00f3n Biza, or Rafael Chirbes, but their books should be in more readers' hands. One of our best books in year, All My Cats, by Bohumil Hrabal, barely sold at all! These are all astonishing writers! And so of course it can be frustrating that we don't reach more readers, but then, balancing that, there's the happy success of Mathias \u00c9nard, Adania Shibli, and Ingeborg Bachmann or Hiraoki Sato's On Haiku, or Amparo D\u00e1vila's The Houseguest or our new author Hiroko Oyamada's The Factory and The Hole. I can't wait to see how the fantastic In Memory of Memory by Maria Stepanova does: we'll find out in the next few months . . . And then there's the extra thrill when you see a heretofore unknown author catch on like wildfire, such as Fernanda Melchor.\nThere's the thrill when you see a heretofore unknown author catch on like wildfire, such as Fernanda Melchor.\nEsposito: When you discover a book for publication that feels really fresh, new, and vital, what are you seeing?\nEpler: The thing that's a little relaxing about ND is that we all sort of know what we're looking for\u2014James Laughlin liked to quote Gertrude Stein that when you read something really new, a bell goes off (or, as JL put it himself, the top of your scalp lifts up). JL thought the purpose of publishing is to have writers make their experiments public, and we inherited a somewhat narrow bailiwick: ND's supposed to try to follow in his footsteps and bring out ground-breaking or what used to be called avant-garde books. I myself always hope to feel the walls inside my mind moving around\u2014or, more to the point, being moved around\u2014thanks to what I am reading. When I first read Sebald, I felt I was tasting a dish I'd never imagned could exist, and without, I hope, sounding like a decadent sybarite, lusting after a tart of peacock tongues, that's a delicious sensation.\nI always hope to feel the walls inside my mind moving around\u2014or, more to the point, being moved around\u2014thanks to what I am reading.\nEsposito: Over the next five years, what would success look like for New Directions? For translated literature as a whole?\nEpler: I think one of the most satisfying things anyone who works as an editor can experience is when an author you know is a genius is at long last widely recognized as such. What can be better than when authors we started out, say, twenty or twenty-five years ago\u2014Fleur Jaeggy, Jenny Erpenbeck, C\u00e9sar Aira, Inger Christensen, L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Krasznahorkai, Yoko Tawada\u2014become (at least within the confines of literature) household names? I would love to see more of that trend, and also any fresh runaway debut successes too. And of course, I am always excited about the next book by our writers being translated at this very moment, and very curious whom we might find next to bring into English. ND has been looking for writers from less-translated languages, to broaden and deepen our list: we've been improving in recent years but we certainly have room to grow.\nAnd for translated literature as a whole, I have never seen American authors both look toward and support their fellow writers from around the world so generously, nor have I seen a time when the literary community here was so aware of what Goethe said back in 1827: \"Left to itself every literature will exhaust its vitality if it is not refreshed by the interest and contributions of a foreign one.\"\nEditorial note: This is the twelfth and final interview in Veronica Esposito's monthly series, En Face: Conversations on the Future of Translation, which ran throughout 2020.\nPhoto by Anita Sagastegui\nVeronica Esposito is a writer and transgender advocate. She worked in literary translation in multiple capacities for over a decade before choosing to serve her community through peer support. She is currently working toward a master's in counseling. The author of four books, her publication credits include the Guardian and New York Times.","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}
+{"text":"Friday, February 1st, 2019 @Myym\u00e4l\u00e42 Gallery (Uudenmaankatu 23)\nPoetic Militancy: Theoretical Payback is a collaborative performance where the participants have the chance to militantly, theoretically or poetically attack a Eurocentric intellectual or a school of thought that promoted or stayed neutral toward theoretical racism. Performances are voluntary. You can pick one thinker, (pseudo-thinker), artist or writer for theoretical payback. Collaboratively we will read and perform our paybacks in two sessions.\nSaturday, January 19th, 2019 @Kirkkopuistikko 20, FI-65100 Vaasa, Suomi\nThe Carpet Performance is a night of music and performance made by a group of Helsinki-based artists dedicated to Ibn Battuta. The group is invited to organize an event in the new art space in Vaasa. The inspiration of the events is coming from the concept of the primacy of geography over time, Travels of Ibn Battuta, historiography of Ibn Khaldun and music of Hayedeh. The reading group will have a conversation over the breakfast in the morning after the performance for the public.\nTuesday, September 4, 2018 @Exhibtion Laboratory, Helsinki\nShahram Khosravi (Public Talk): How Does it Feel to be a Crisis?\nWe live in a time of wall fetishism. Never as today have human beings been so obsessed with building walls. Walls are, however, old. Empires built walls, from the Great Wall of China, to Hadrian's Wall in Northern England and the Limes Tripolitanus of the Roman Empire in North Africa to keep \"barbarians\" out. And if we look closer we can see that there are still traces of the old imperial visions in the modern borders and border walls.\nThursday, August 23, 2018 @Exhibition Laboratory, Helsinki\nExhibition Opening: \"How To Build a Wall: Introduction into Art\"\nAn exhibition made by a group of artists aiming to visit the intersections of 'art production' and 'cultural dominance through exclusionary methods'. Inspired by Edward Said's Culture and Imperialism and Wendy Brown's Walled States Waning Sovereignty, the project will incorporate the relationship between history and state-structures, state-structures and space, space and bodies.\nFriday, July 13, 2018 @Brinkkala Gallery, Turku\nShipwreck Information Center: The history of shipbuilding and sea transportation is entangled with the history of migration. Many of the world's largest passenger ships (such as MS Oasis of the Seas) are built in Turku. In our technological era, large passenger ships are built by corporations solely for entertainment purposes, while small boats (plastic boats, rafts, and lifeboats) are used for migration. (more)\nSunday, May 1st, 2018, 18:00 @ Alkovi gallery, Helsinki\nRED MAY, Exhibition opening: Students of Kuvataideakatemia from Kino Club and Reading group are organizing a special event for the opening. The public is invited to participate in making soup, and enjoying it with the neighborhood community. It will be a festive event celebrating the International workers day and Vappu.\nRED MAY SEATTLE (May 2018)\nThursday, February 22, 2018, 17:00 @ Northwest Film Forum, Seattle\nRED MAY \"Socialize This!\": Screening & conversation\nKshama Sawant (Socialist Alternative), Shaun Scott (DSA member), Emily Pothast (Artist-Curator), Eva Cherniavsky (writer, assistant Prof. at University of Washington), Andrej Markovcic (DSA member) (more)\nSaturday, January 20th, 2018 17:00 @ Ex-club, Helsinki\nJo Kjaergaard: a presentation on her participation in 2017 Bogot\u00e1 Kuir Festival with a screening of her film Bogot\u00e1Kuir. The presentation will be followed by a conversation with the Reading Group. (more)\nWednesday, December 12th, 2017 17:30 @ Ex-club, Helsinki\nCarlos Salvador (Research Days): [Gift of seeing, artist talk and perfomrance] Carlos Salvador, a headmaster of an indigenous Wixarika secondary school and a self-learned photographer will be present and oversee the presentation which is organized by Lea Kantonen. The Wixarika have a shamanistic approach to art and the shamans strive towards something they call Nierika (The Gift of Seeing). Carlos Salvador's artistic work can be described as non-formal education.\nTuesday, 21.11.2017 @ Ex-club, Helsinki\nPublic Art: As an artist in society\" a seminar by Irmeli Kokko, will host a conversation with Paul O'Neil (Artistic Director of Checkpoint Helsinki), Christine Langinauer (producer, Academy of Fine Arts) and moderated by Pontus Kyander (lecturer Academy of Fine Arts). The event is simultaneous with the Reading group session. (more)\nSaturday, November 18, 2017 17:00 @ Victrola Cafe, Seattle\nRED MAY General Assembly (more)\nMonday, November 6th, 2017 17:00 @ Ex-club, Helsinki\nArt & Activism + FAR Night School: Art & Activism in the Posthuman Turn is a course in Visual Culture and Contemporary Art (ViCCA) program in Aalto University organized by artist and researcher Tim Smith. FAR Night School is a Feminist Anti-Racist Night School. It is an independent platform for feminist and anti-racist learning, based in Helsinki. FAR Night School started in the January 2017 and organizes meetings and learning\/sharing sessions as regularly as possible. (more)\nTuesday, October 17th, 2017 18:30 @ Ex-club, Helsinki\nGiovanna Esposito Yussif & Christine Langinauer: Practice Sharing Practice, is an artist talk, conversation, and dinner. Giovanna Esposito Yussif is a Curator and art historian based in Helsinki. Currently, her work focuses on rooting alliances between sites of production, situated knowledges and collaborative models of inquiry. Christine Langinauer is a curator, writer and art producer based in Helsinki. She has worked on numerous exhibitions, events, publications and projects in Finland, Estonia, Germany, France and many other countries. The event is simultaneous with the bi-weekly reading group meeting at ex-club. (more)\nSaturday, October 14th, 2017 18:30 @ Ex-club, Helsinki\nMaarit Suomi-V\u00e4\u00e4n\u00e4nen: is an award-winning media artist and a graduate of the University of Art and Design, Helsinki. Maarit combines the expressive forms of visual art to optical possibilities. Her films ponder social and emotional themes as well as themes connected to identity and communication. Praised as fascinating and open to a multitude of interpretations, Maarit's experimental comedies and documentaries have toured over 40 countries and presented in exhibitions, biennales, festivals and broadcast, including the Museum of Modern Art Kiasma in Helsinki, YLE Finnish Broadcasting Company and IDFA in Amsterdam. (more)\nSunday, October 8th, 2017 19:00 @ Vermillion Art Gallery and Bar, Seattle\nRED MAY's October Revolution Party! Drink! Dance! Conspire! (More)\nFriday, October 6th, 2017 19:00 @ Myym\u00e4l\u00e42 Gallery, Helsinki\nReading group meeting: The next meeting will focus on postcolonial ideas and subjectivity in relation to what Vivek Chibber calls the Specter of Capital. The book (Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital) received enormous attention after its publication in 2013 and was supported by Chomsky and Zizek. However, the book criticizes postcolonial theory as represented by the Subaltern Studies school. Gayatri Spivak wrote a review of the book that was published in Cambridge Review of International Affairs to which Chibber replied in the same journal.\nSaturday, September 30th, 2017 7:00 pm @ Elliott Bay Books, Seattle (by RED MAY)\nMichael Hardt: Join RED MAY as we welcome Michael Hardt who will present Assembly, his latest collaboration with Antonio Negri. From the jacket blurb: \"ASSEMBLY proposes how contemporary social movements can better harness power to effect lasting change; challenges the assumption that social movements must return to traditional, centralized forms of political leadership; provides a new analysis of the dominance of finance and money; advocates social unionism, or mixing labor organizing with social movements.\" \"Are you ready for democracy? \"Assembly argues: don't be scared to remake it.\" (more)\nWednesday, July 12, 2017 | 17:30 @ Memory of War exhibition, Helsinki\nConversation: \"Memory of War\" exhibition is a collaboration between Helsinki based artists of middle eastern and european dissent and is part of Art-Tu project that has started in 2016. In July, 2016 Art-Tu had an exhibition \"Journey\" at Kaapelitehdas, Helsinki. This year's theme \"Memory of War\" explores how civilians experience the devastation of continuous state of war \u2013near and far, in our present day as well as in our distant memories. Combating racism is one of the main initiatives of this project. Art-Tu 2017 is organised by Turvapaikanhakijoiden Tuki ry (Support for asylum seekers). Curator of the exhibition is sculptor, community artist and art pedagog Heidi H\u00e4nninen.(more)\nRED MAY SEATTLE \u2013 (May, 2017) (more)\nTuesday, May 9, 2017 | 18:30 @ Myym\u00e4l\u00e42 Gallery, Helsinki\nConversation: \"The Refugee in the Age of Fiber Optics\" As part of Golden Age of Chaos And Clusterfuck exhibition.\nGolden Age of Chaos And Clusterfuck is a collective effort of nine artists to understand, through art, the nature of knowledge in today's society. When the processes through which we produce, reproduce, store and access information are changing, how does the society change as a result? Or rather, how do the changes in both effect each other? Consisting of field notes, observations, documentation and objects, the exhibition takes the form of a temporary research centre, in which the participating artists share their findings and source materials. The show will take shape organically as the artistic research continues in the gallery space. A publication documenting the process is produced on-site and launched at the end. (more)\nWednesday, April 12, 2017 | 18:45 @ INCA, Seattle\nDakota Gearhart uses video, photography, and installation to examine the environment and how it is perceived through mythology and commerce. Her work has been exhibited at the Tacoma Art Museum, Henry Art Gallery, On The Ground Floor (Los Angeles), The Front (New Orleans), S1 Gallery (Portland), ROY G BIV (Columbus), KARST (Plymouth, UK), and Vulpes Vulpes (London). She received her MFA from the University of Washington (Seattle) and currently lives between Brooklyn, NY and Seattle, WA.\nFor TMNW, Dakota will engage the idea of spectatorship as it pertains to her upcoming show @ Glass Box Gallery (Seattle) in May. (more)\nSaturday, April 8, 2017 | 18:45 @ Alkovi, Helsinki\nCrowd Source ii Exhibition \/\/ Red May Opening Event\nInstallation By Hami Bahadori & Jo Kjaergaard. The RED MAY events will happen during the month of May 2017 in Seattle and Helsinki. The works gathered by This Might Not Work will be an extension to the RED MAY festival, in order to support and promote these initiatives. (more)\nSaturday, April 1, 2017 | 18:45 @ Glass Box Gallery\nJason Groves teaching and research in German literature and ecology address the unprecedented entanglement of human life on an increasingly imperiled planet. He is Assistant Professor of Germanics at the University of Washington and his essays on literature, theater, performance, and ecological thought have appeared in Modern Language Notes, Performance Studies, Society and Space, The Goethe Yearbook, Theory in the Era of Climate Change, and The Yearbook of Comparative Literature.\nFor TMNW, Jason will explore the poetics of walking as it constitutes what Franz Kafka once called the art of \"a bad career.\" (more.)\nWednesday, March 15, 2017 | 18:45 @ INCA\nGenevieve Goffman is an artist living in Portland, OR. She graduated from Reed College, and her work has been shown in S1, The Melanie Flood Project, The White Gallery, and HQHQ. Much of her work involves the finding and re-organizing of fragments, in the hopes of comparing the stories that are remembered to those that fall through the cracks.\nFor TMNW, Genevieve will explore the importance of faking it till you make, making do, and the pretense that makes up both her gym life and her art practice. (more)\nFriday, March 17, 2017 | 20:00 @ Gary Hill's Studio\nMSHR is a collaborative project composed of Birch Cooper and Brenna Murphy, founded in 2011 in Portland, Oregon and now based in New York City. The duo produces sculptural synthesizers, ritualistic performances, and installations that place the human body into a dynamic relationship with sound and light, generating expanded sensory experiences. They will be performing an experimental audiovisual set in Gary Hill's studio. (more)\nSunday, March 12, 2017 | 18:15 @ Glass Box Gallery\nJoe Milutis is a professor and an interdisciplinary artist who works primarily between interdisciplinary areas to create and explore unforeseen conjunctions. His practice encompasses academic and creative work in a variety of media and distribution modes, including experiments in narrative and poetics; sound and radio; video; new media; performance and various media\/literature hybrids. (more)\nWednesday, January 25th 2017 | 15:00 at Merikatu 13, 00140 Helsinki\n\"Crowd\u2022Source\" (Public art show): Hami Bahadori & Matt Bell, Curated by 13lock. Supported by the Academy of Fine Arts of Uniarts Helsinki. (more)\n2016 Fall Film Screening Series: \"Darkness\"\nFilm Series Winter is coming and the days are becoming shorter.\nThursday, December 15th 2016 | 2:00 pm at Kuvataideakatemia Library, Helsinki\nINCA Press Book Release: There will be books available for purchase, between 2pm and 4pm at Kuvataideakatemia Library, Helsinki. Open discussion on INCA press's new books (in English)\nWednesday, December 7th 2016 | 6:00 pm at Kuvataideakatemia, Helsinki\nINCA Press Book Launch + Editor's\/Artist Talk: launch of the books including \"Forms of Education: Couldn't Get a Sense of It\" & \"To Make a Public: Temporary Art Review 2011-2016\". Presentation\/talk by editors Aeron Bergman and Alejandra Salinas, and contributors Diego Bruno and Sezgin Boynik, followed by QA and discussion. (more)\nSunday, October 7th, 2016 | 7 pm at Scarecrow Video, Seattle\nThis Might Not Work: Darkness. The first screening of our six-part film program for the fall. Army of Shadows (1969), dir. Jean-Pierre Melville.\nSunday, September 25th 2016 | 6:30 pm at Kuvataideakatemia, Helsinki\nFilm Screening in an unknown location \u2013 The group is gathering on the ground floor lobby of Kuvataideakatemia (Elim\u00e4enkatu 25 A, 00510 Helsinki) at 6:30 pm then walking to the location (5 min). Note\u2013Bring things to keep yourselves warm. (more)\nSunday, August 21st 2016 | 6:00 pm, INCA\n\"On loan\" Exhibition \u2013 (Exhibition Dates: August 21 \u2013 September 3) Participating Artists: Clifford Owens, Rirkrit Tiravanija, Mladen Stilinovi\u0107, Susanne Winterling, Jueqian Fang (more)\nSaturday, August 13th 2016 | 7:00 pm, Glassbox Gallery\nPanel Discussion: The Need for Alternative Approaches in Art and Education\nAlejandra Salinas (INCA \u2013 Institute for New Connotative Action) \u2013 Seattle\nPhilip Wohlestetter (Red May University) \u2013 Seattle\nVictoria Anne Reis and manuel arturo abreu (home school) \u2013 Portland\nAm Johal (The Vancouver Institute for Social Research) \u2013 Vancouver, BC (more)\nWednesday July 27th 2016 | 7 pm at Glass Box Gallery\nGary Hill: Gary Hill is one of the most important contemporary artists investigating the relationships between language\/text, sounds and electronic images. He has been the recipient of many awards and fellowships including the Guggenheim fellowship and MacArthur award. His influential works have been exhibited in most major contemporary art museums worldwide. (more)\nSunday July 10th 2016 | 6:30 pm at INCA\nJeanne Heuving & Maged Zaher: (Artist talk and Book Reading)\nJeanne Heuving has published two critical monographs and two creative books. Her cross-genre book Incapacity won a 2004 Book of the Year Award from Small Press Traffic.\nMaged Zaher currently lives in Seattle. He has five books of poetry and two translation books of Arabic poetry. In 2013 he won the weekly Stranger's Genius award in literature. (more)\nWednesday June 29th 2016 | 7 pm at Glass Box Gallery\nCarrie Bodle: Carrie Bodle received her Master's of Science in Visual Studies from the MIT Visual Arts Program in 2005. Artist residencies and fellowships include Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center, IBM Watson Collaborative User Experience Group in Cambridge (more)\nSaturday June 11th 2016 | 7 pm at INCA\nMelanie Noel: Melanie Noel is the author of The Monarchs (Stockport Flats, 2013). Her poems have also appeared in Weekday, Spiral Orb, La Norda Especialo and THE ARCADIA PROJECT. She sometimes leads experiential workshops meant to invoke synesthesia and an altered sense of scale. (more)\nSaturday May 14th 2016 | 7 pm at INCA\nRob Rhee: Robert Rhee is a Seattle based artist and writer. He has exhibited both nationally and internationally, including White Columns in NY, the Hunterdon Art Museum, the Ilmin Museum of Art in Seoul, the Changwon 2010 Biennale, and the Ferdinand Van Dieten Gallery in the Netherlands. (more)\nWednesday April 27th 2016 | 7 pm at Glass Box Gallery\nBabak Golkar: Babak Golkar was born in Berkeley in 1977. He spent most of his formative years in Tehran until 1996 when he migrated to Vancouver, where he obtained a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Visual Arts from Emily Carr Institute in 2003 and a Masters of Fine Arts from the University of British Columbia in 2006. (more)\nSaturday April 9th 2016 | 7 pm at INCA\nGretchen Bennett: Gretchen Bennett is a Seattle based artist, who's works has been shown in variety of different venues locally and internationally. This year, Gretchen Bennett's work was included in the exhibition, The Potato Eaters at Greg Kucera Gallery in Seattle, WA. In 2014 she received the Betty Bowen Special Recognition Award (more)\nThursday April 7th 2016 | 5 pm \u2013 8pm at Gallery 110\nSuitcase Exhibit: Curated by Daniele di Lodovico, Organized by This Might Not Work. The project is an ongoing art exhibition. The first manifestation of Suitcase was the New York Public Library's Art Collection Galleries on April 13, 2005 and included ten American artists and ten Italian artists. (more)\nSaturday April 9th 2016 | 5 pm at Gallery 110\nSuitcase Exhibit Curator Talk and Gallery Walkthrough: Gallery 110 has organized a talk and gallery walkthrough for both the Suitcase exhibition in the West gallery and Sean Fansler's exhibition in the East gallery. Join us for a tour of the exhibition, artist talk and curator's talk. (More)\nWednesday February 24th 2016 | 7 pm at Glass Box Gallery\nBarbara Polster: Barbara Polster (b. 1987, Cleveland, OH) is an artist investigating themes of human limitation, wonder, and relationship to natural scale, primarily through sculpture, installation, and video. Recent solo exhibitions include: a [super]symmetry (2014) and superposition (2013), William Busta Gallery, Cleveland, OH. (more)\nSaturday February 13th 2016 | 7 pm at INCA\nPaul Berger: Paul Berger is the former professor at University of Washington's School of Art. Berger has earned a BA degree in art at UCLA and MFA graduate work at the Visual Studies Workshop in Rochester, NY. His work involves multiple images in structured sequences, often with texts. Also his interest in sequence and narrative transitioned to one based in digital manipulation of electronic imagery beginning in the early 1980's. (more)\nSaturday January 30th 2016 | 7 pm at INCA\nNasrin Himada: Nasrin Himada is a writer and curator residing in Montr\u00e9al. Her interdisciplinary research interests focus on the history of Palestinian cinema, art and activism, and the militarization of urban space through prison infrastructure and police surveillance. She is the co-editor of the journal Scapegoat: Architecture\/Landscape\/Political Economy. (more)\nSaturday January 9th 2016 | 7 pm at INCA\nMax Kraushaar: Max Kraushaar was born and raised in Seattle. As an artist his goal has always been to seek answers to his own questions, regardless of medium. In the past Max has made, alone and collaboratively, books, rooms, gifs, videos, plays, sculptures, apps, photos, robots and a bunch of lame jokes. Currently Max lives in the small town of Twisp, Washington where he is building a gigantic studio that may or may not work.\nThursday December 17th 2015 | 6:30 pm at Photo Center NW\nBrandon Alesauskas: Seattle based artist working with image, sound, and gustation who has shown work in different venues in the Northwest including Glass Box, Violet Strays, and Hedreen Gallery.\nThursday, October, 22nd 2015 | 6:30 pm at Photo Center NW\nDaniele Di Lodovico: Doctoral candidate in Art History. Dissertation titled \"Wooden Sculptures and the Making of Devotion in Central Italy of the XII-XV Centuries.\nThursday, September 17th 2015 | 6:30 pm at Photo Center NW\nAeron Bergman & Alejandra Salinas: Aeron Bergman (Detroit, USA) and Alejandra Salinas (La Rioja, Spain) are an artist duo who have lived in New York, Toronto, Detroit, London, Barcelona, Gothenburg, Oslo and currently live in Seattle.\nThursday, August 13th 2015 | 6:30 pm at Photo Center NW\nSteve Davis: Documentary portrait and landscape photographer. Completed photographic project Captured Youth in juvenile prison facilities in Washington State. Coordinator of photography, media curator, and adjunct faculty member at The Evergreen State College.\nThursday, July 23rd 2015 | 6:30 pm at Photo Center NW\nJoe T. Tennis, Ph.D.: Invisible \"Conceptual\" Art and the Harm It Can Do: Defining the Aesthetics of the Archive, Classification, and Knowledge Organization.\nThursday, May 12th, 2015 | 7 pm at University of Washington School of Art\nFilm Screening of The Rules of the Game (dir. Jean Renoir)","meta":{"redpajama_set_name":"RedPajamaCommonCrawl"}}