diff --git "a/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt" "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_question.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,10570 @@
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
+National Football League
+gold
+an American football game
+February 7, 2016
+American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24–10 to earn their third Super Bowl title
+an American football game
+American Football Conference
+February 7, 2016
+Denver Broncos
+San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Super Bowl L
+2015
+18–10
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Levi's Stadium
+an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season
+February 7, 2016
+2015
+Denver Broncos
+Carolina Panthers
+Denver Broncos
+2015
+National Football League (NFL)
+San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
+National Football League
+Denver Broncos
+Cam Newton
+eight
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+New England Patriots
+Arizona Cardinals
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+four
+Cam Newton
+15–1 record
+Cam Newton
+12–4 record
+four
+New England Patriots
+Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+15–1 record
+New England Patriots
+Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Cam Newton
+Arizona Cardinals
+15–1 record
+Von Miller
+two
+The Broncos
+Von Miller
+five
+Newton
+seven
+Von Miller
+three
+two
+Von Miller
+Super Bowl MVP
+five
+two
+Von Miller
+five
+seven
+seven
+a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown
+The Broncos
+Super Bowl MVP
+seven
+three
+Von Miller
+five
+CBS
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+CBS
+$5 million
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+CBS
+$5 million
+Beyoncé
+third-most
+CBS
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+CBS
+British rock group Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+$5 million
+British rock group Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Roger Goodell
+50th Super Bowl
+2012
+Roger Goodell
+early 2012
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+"an important game for us as a league"
+"an important game for us as a league"
+2012
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Levi's Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Sun Life Stadium
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium
+three
+New Orleans
+Sun Life Stadium
+New Orleans
+Levi's Stadium
+Miami's Sun Life Stadium
+Miami's Sun Life Stadium
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+October 16, 2012
+10
+Super Bowl XLIV
+2010
+1985
+Sun Life Stadium
+October 16, 2012
+Stanford Stadium
+May 3, 2013
+2010
+10
+XIX
+two finalists
+Florida legislature
+1985
+New Orleans
+October 16, 2012
+10
+New Orleans
+1985
+Florida legislature
+May 21, 2013
+NFL owners
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+$1.2 billion
+Super Bowl XXXVII
+San Francisco Bay Area
+2013
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+1985
+Super Bowl XXXVII
+1985
+2014
+1985
+San Francisco Bay Area
+May 21, 2013
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+1985
+John Fox
+The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss
+one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record
+Carolina Panthers
+Super Bowl 50
+John Fox
+one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl
+The Carolina Panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss
+Super Bowl XXXVIII
+one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record
+one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss
+one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss, and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record
+one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record
+one
+four
+John Fox
+DeAngelo Williams
+Kelvin Benjamin
+seventh
+1978
+Carolina Panthers
+Ten
+eight
+Kelvin Benjamin
+1978
+2009
+2011 Green Bay Packers
+torn ACL
+Kelvin Benjamin
+DeAngelo Williams
+1978
+Ten
+Carolina Panthers
+1978
+Carolina Panthers
+Ten
+six
+45
+10
+27
+Greg Olsen
+3,837 yards
+Pro Bowl quarterback
+77
+veteran
+Mike Tolbert
+six
+Cam Newton
+3,837
+seven
+six
+500 points
+3,837
+seven
+99.4
+39
+308
+136
+118
+up 88 tackles and Pro Bowl cornerback
+Kony Ealy
+308 points
+Kawann Short
+two
+four
+Josh Norman
+308 points
+Kony Ealy
+Kawann Short
+four
+John Fox
+Brock Osweiler
+Indianapolis Colts
+Brock Osweiler
+Wade Phillips
+four years
+Gary Kubiak
+Indianapolis Colts
+39
+plantar fasciitis
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+plantar fasciitis
+39
+13–7
+Brock Osweiler
+Indianapolis Colts
+John Fox
+plantar fasciitis
+Wade Phillips
+67.9
+2,249
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
+1,967
+67.9
+2,249
+2,249 yards
+Demaryius Thomas
+Veteran receiver
+67.9
+17
+Demaryius Thomas
+a big impact with 720 yards, five touchdowns, 24 receptions, and a 4.7 yards per carry average
+67.9
+17
+Emmanuel Sanders
+C. J. Anderson
+4.7
+4,530
+5
+Linebacker Jonathan Marshall
+three
+Linebacker
+Linebacker
+Defensive ends
+fourth
+Von Miller
+ Brand Marshall
+three
+Von Miller
+Jonathan Marshall
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+487
+49–15
+31–0
+Arizona Cardinals
+49–15
+487
+Seattle Seahawks
+Seattle Seahawks
+seven
+Seattle Seahawks
+49–15
+Arizona Cardinals
+487
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+11 points
+New England Patriots
+11 points
+17 seconds
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+11 points
+New England Patriots
+17
+Manning
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+11 points
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+17
+Thomas Davis
+broken arm
+three
+11
+broken arm
+arm
+11
+Super Bowl
+three
+broken arm
+11
+Thomas Davis
+39
+John Elway
+38
+Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
+Broncos
+Broncos
+John Elway
+38
+Peyton Manning
+two
+two
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+XXXIII
+Peyton Manning
+39
+Peyton Manning
+1998
+2011
+26
+26
+Manning
+Manning
+Newton
+26
+a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes
+1998 NFL
+2011
+Newton for Carolina and Von Miller
+2011
+26
+26
+Super Bowl XXI
+Chicago Bears
+Chicago Bears
+Elway
+Chicago Bears
+Chicago Bears
+Elway
+Chicago Bears
+Super Bowl XXI and XXIV
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419 turf
+Ed Mangan
+Baltimore Ravens
+kicker
+Justin Tucker
+kicker
+high enough quality
+Justin Tucker
+re-sodded the field with a new playing surface
+Super Bowl
+cleats
+Justin Tucker
+natural grass stadiums
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+0-4
+Denver
+white
+Atlanta Falcons 34–19
+Atlanta Falcons 34–19
+0-4
+Atlanta Falcons
+white
+white jerseys
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Super Bowl XXI
+blue
+blue
+blue jerseys
+San Jose State
+Stanford University
+San Jose Marriott
+Santa Clara Marriott
+San Jose State
+San Jose State practice facility
+San Jose State
+Stanford University
+San Jose State
+San Jose Marriott
+Stanford University
+Stanford University
+San Jose State
+San Jose Marriott
+Stanford University
+Santa Clara Marriott
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl V
+Jaime Weston
+Super Bowl XLV
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+2014
+Super Bowl L
+Super Bowl Li
+gold
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl Li
+Super Bowl L
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+June 4, 2014
+Roman
+Super Bowl L
+gold
+week 7
+50-yard line
+gold
+Gold
+Gold-trimmed  logo
+Gold footballs
+50-yard line
+gold
+Moscone Center
+San Francisco
+Ed Lee
+Jane Kim
+January 30
+1 million
+Ed Lee
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+Moscone Center
+Super Bowl City
+Ed Lee
+Super Bowl City
+1 million
+San Francisco mayor Ed Lee
+$5 million
+NFL experience
+Santa Clara University
+$2 million
+week
+$2 million
+pep
+city council
+Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University
+A professional fundraiser
+city council
+$2 million
+city council
+February 1, 2016
+February 1, 2016
+San Jose
+San Jose
+Golden Gate Bridge
+February 1, 2016
+February 1, 2016
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+Re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night
+San Jose
+Tuesday afternoon
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+February 1, 2016
+Golden Gate Bridge
+February 1, 2016
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+February 1, 2016
+Golden Gate Bridge
+February 1, 2016
+Super Bowl
+over $40 million
+Dignity Health
+Apple, Google, Google!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health
+Apple, Google, Google!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health
+Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+over $40 million
+over $40 million
+Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+Super Bowl program
+over $40 million
+25 percent
+The Super Bowl 50
+25 percent
+philanthropic initiative
+Super Bowl
+25 percent
+philanthropic initiative
+25 percent
+philanthropic initiative
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+18
+33 lb
+Tiffany & Co
+Tiffany & Co
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co
+Tiffany & Co
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co
+CBS
+Phil Simms
+Tracy Wolfson
+36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and "bullet time" effects
+5K resolution
+three
+5K resolution
+360-degree
+5K resolution
+on the sidelines
+EyeVision
+three
+EyeVision
+EyeVision and Evan Washburn
+Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn
+5K resolution
+EyeVision 360
+ESPN Deportes
+John Sutcliffe
+Alvaro Martin
+December 28, 2015
+Spanish
+ESPN Deportes
+ESPN Deportes
+John Sutcliffe
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
+John Sutcliffe
+NFL Mobile
+WatchESPN
+CBS Sports.com
+Windows 10
+10 Xbox One
+CBS Sports.com
+CBS Sports.com
+Valmart Wireless
+NFL Mobile service
+NFL Mobile service
+NFL Mobile
+CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players
+NFL Mobile service
+WatchESPN
+The Late Show
+The Late Late Show
+The Late Show
+The Late Show
+The Late Show
+a break for late local programming
+a special episode of The Late Late Show with Stephen Colbert
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+20th anniversary
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Pokémon Company
+The Pokémon Company
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+"Crash the Super Bowl" contest
+Small Business Big Game
+Death  wish Coffee
+30-second
+nine
+QuickBooks
+nine
+QuickBooks
+Death  wish Coffee
+30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy
+QuickBooks
+Death  wish Coffee
+The Secret Life of Pets
+Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios
+The Secret Life of Pets
+Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle
+Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios
+The Secret Life of Pets
+10 Cloverfield Lane
+Captain America: Civil War
+deadpool, X-Men: Apocalypse, Independence Day: Resurgence and Eddie the Eagle
+Walt Disney Studios
+Walt Disney Studios
+Westwood One
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+James Lofton
+Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
+Kevin Harlan
+Westwood One
+Kevin Harlan
+Jim Gray
+Kevin Harlan
+Boomer Esiason and Dan Fouts
+James Lofton and Mark Malone
+pre-game and halftime coverage
+North America
+KOA (850 AM)
+Dave Logan
+1110 AM
+Chester
+Mick Mixon
+Dave Logan
+Ed McCaffrey
+WBT
+Mick Mixon
+KOA (850 AM) and KRSX (103.5 FM)
+WBT-FM
+5 Live Sports Extra
+5 Live Sports Extra
+Darren Fletcher
+BBC Radio 5 Live
+Greg Brady
+Bart Starr
+Chuck Howley
+Peyton Manning
+2001
+Peyton Manning
+39
+Peyton Manning
+Super Bowl XII
+39
+39
+Bart Starr
+Peyton Manning
+Harvey Martin
+Six-time
+the national anthem
+Academy Award
+American Sign Language
+American Sign Language
+Lady Gaga
+Marlee Matlin
+Lady Gaga
+Marlee Matlin
+Lady Gaga
+Six
+Marlee Matlin
+December 3
+British rock
+XLVII
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+Bruno Mars
+Pepsi
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Bruno Mars
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Bruno Mars
+Denver
+Andre Caldwell
+Ronnie Hillman
+Peyton Manning
+C. J. Anderson
+18
+Shaq Thompson
+Peyton Manning
+a deficit
+Denver
+Owen Daniels
+C. J. Anderson
+Shaq Thompson
+a deficit
+Mike Carey
+Cam Newton
+Von Miller
+Malik Jackson
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+Panthers quarterback Cam Newton
+Mike Carey
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+1993
+Mike Carey
+Von Miller
+Malik Jackson
+1993 season
+Jonathan Stewart
+Denver
+28
+61
+33
+51
+Jonathan Stewart
+11:28
+Norwood
+33
+Jonathan Stewart
+they could not get the ball into the end zone
+Darian Stewart
+linebacker
+Kony Ealy
+DeMarcus Ware
+DeMarcus Ware
+Mike Tolbert
+Kony Ealy
+19
+Mike Tolbert
+Mike Tolbert
+Danny Trevathan
+Kony Ealy
+defensive end Kony Ealy tipped a Manning pass to himself
+DeMarcus Ware
+Ted Ginn Jr
+Manning completed a pair of passes to Emmanuel Sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards, setting up McManus' 33-yard field goal that gave the Broncos a 16–7 lead
+25 and 22
+McManus
+T. J. Ward
+Ted Ginn Jr
+the uprights
+T. J. Ward
+Trevathan
+Ted Ginn Jr
+26-yard line
+Graham Gano
+Emmanuel Sanders
+Carolina
+39
+Devin Funchess
+Stewart
+41-yard line
+Ealy
+Carolina
+punts
+Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass
+41-yard line
+39
+three
+24-yard line
+Miller
+Josh Norman
+Miller
+Bennie Fowler
+Miller
+Ward
+Newton
+Josh Norman
+3,08
+4:51
+Miller
+Ward
+three
+Then Anderson
+five
+zero
+four
+Thomas Davis
+265
+13 of 23
+zero
+Anderson
+Sanders
+Thomas Davis
+Sanders
+Anderson
+all four
+265
+four
+315 to 194
+21 to 11
+Baltimore Ravens
+Jordan Norwood
+Manning
+315 to 194
+21 to 11
+Chicago Bears
+Baltimore Ravens
+21 to 11
+11
+Baltimore Ravens
+Chicago Bears
+two different teams, while Gary Kubiak became the first head coach to win a Super Bowl with the same franchise he went to the Super Bowl with as a player
+Nobel Prize
+1745
+Maria Skodowska-Curie
+Wadysaw Szpilman
+seven months old
+over 100
+Krasiski Palace Garden
+Saxon Garden
+the east end
+The azienki Park
+15 kilometres (9 miles)
+otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
+13
+several
+to clean them of plants and sediments
+foreign-born inhabitants
+1,178,914
+more than 350,000
+Jewish
+internal migration and urbanisation
+Warsaw University of Technology
+2,000
+Medical University of Warsaw
+1816
+the Warsaw School of Economics
+1816
+over two million items
+architects Marek Budzyski
+Irena Bajerska
+5, 111 m2 (55,01435 sq ft)
+infrastructure
+Three-Year Plan
+solid economic growth
+improved markedly
+Warsaw
+Children's Memorial Health Institute
+Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
+700
+infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years
+musical
+events and festivals
+Palace of Culture and Science
+International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn
+International Contemporary Music Festival Warsaw Autumn
+Ogrd Saski
+Ogrd Saski
+1870 to 1939
+Momus
+The Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre
+Wianki
+thousands
+Polish for Wreaths
+when they would be married, and to whom
+fern
+art posters
+60
+collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from Adolf Hitler's private collection, and Museum of the Polish Army whose set portrays the history of arms
+paintings
+arms
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+Katy Museum
+stereoscopic
+Museum of Independence
+60
+Royal Ujazdw Castle
+500
+Zachta National Gallery of Art
+Polish and international artists
+2011
+Polonia Warsaw
+1946
+twice as well
+Konwiktorska Street
+their disastrous financial situation
+Warsaw's symbol
+mermaid
+since at least the mid-14th century
+1390
+a sword
+two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas
+the depths of the oceans and seas
+on the coast of Denmark
+Warszowa
+he followed her songs; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid
+Warsaw
+1916
+Art Deco style
+Israeli poet
+Isaac Bashevis Singer
+Economist Intelligence Unit
+2012
+FMCG manufacturing, metal processing, steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing
+Warsaw Stock Exchange
+Frontex
+1313
+Krakw
+1596
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+because it has survived many wars, conflicts and invasions throughout its long history
+Roman Catholic
+Polish Academy of Sciences
+UNESCO World Heritage Site
+Castle Square
+luxurious parks and royal gardens
+Warszawa
+"belonging to Warsz"
+a 12th/13th-century nobleman
+a village located at the modern-day site of Mariensztat neighbourhood
+stoeczne Warszawa
+Jazdw
+Prince of Pock
+1300
+1413
+1526
+General Sejm
+1569
+religious freedom
+due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Krakw and Vilnius
+1596
+until 1796
+Kingdom of Prussia
+Napoleon
+1815
+1816
+from 4 August 1915 until November 1918
+areas controlled by Russia in 1914
+Pisudski
+1920
+Red Army
+1 September 1939
+General Government
+several hundred thousand
+19 April 1943
+almost a month
+Red Army
+to try to seize control of Warsaw from the Germans before the Red Army arrived
+1 August 1944
+63
+between 150,000 and 200,000
+"Bricks for Warsaw"
+large prefabricated housing projects
+Palace of Culture and Science
+Palace of Culture and Science
+UNESCO's World Heritage list
+John Paul II
+growing anti-communist fervor there
+less than a year
+Victory Square
+the incentive for the democratic changes
+300
+325
+Vistula River
+115.7 metres (379.6 ft)
+at a height 75.6 metres (248.0 ft)
+two
+Vistula Valley
+the moraine plateau
+The Vistula River
+Warsaw Escarpment
+plain moraine plateau
+former flooded terraces
+valleys
+by peat swamps or small ponds
+pine forest
+turbulent history of the city and country
+During the Second World War
+After liberation, rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled PRL
+Leopold Kronenberg Palace
+Eastern bloc countries
+Gothic architecture
+14th century
+Masovian gothic style
+Renaissance architecture
+mannerist architecture
+the 17th century
+1688–1692
+rococo architecture
+The neoclassical architecture in Warsaw
+1775–1179
+bourgeois architecture
+the Warsaw University of Technology building (1899–1902) is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture
+socialist realism style
+Warsaw University of Technology building
+distinctive buildings
+the children who served as messengers and frontline troops
+Pawiak
+Warsaw Citadel
+children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the Warsaw Uprising
+Warsaw Uprising Monument
+green
+New Orangery
+Pole Mokotowskie
+Park Ujazdowski
+1865–1871
+The flora of the city may be considered very rich in species
+within the borders of Warsaw
+Masovian Primeval Forest
+Kabaty Forest
+two
+1,300,000
+420,000
+1951
+bolstered some kind of conviction
+residency registration anymore
+multi-cultural
+711,988
+56.2%
+2.8%
+1944
+commune (gmina)
+commune
+Krakw
+a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta)
+60
+every four years
+committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government
+30
+President
+Jan Andrzej Menich
+1695–1696
+City council
+Centrum
+rdmiecie
+304,016
+emerging market
+12%
+191.766 billion PLN
+1817
+World War II
+1817
+374
+Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR)
+1951
+Daewoo
+Daewoo
+AvtoZaz
+Aveo
+Warszawa
+Warsaw
+Vistula River
+1.740 million
+9th most-populous
+Warsaw
+Vistula River
+260 kilometres
+2.666 million
+9th
+France
+10th and 11th centuries
+Denmark, Iceland and Norway
+Rollo
+10th century
+William the Conqueror
+Richard I of Normandy
+Romanesque
+Nortmannus, Normannus, or Nordmannus (recorded in Medieval Latin, 9th century) to mean "Norseman, Viking"
+9th century
+911
+King Charles III of West Francia
+Norse war bands
+Earlier Viking settlers
+Old Norse language with Catholicism
+north
+horsemen
+999
+Archangel Michael at Monte Gargano
+Monte Gargano
+Hauteville leader, Drogo
+William Iron Arm
+Robert Guiscard
+1130
+Squillace
+"Kitab Rudjdjar"
+The Book of Roger
+meritocratic
+the Pechenegs
+1050s
+1060s
+Byzantine general Alexius Komnenos
+Afranji
+Oursel
+the Armenian state further south in Cilicia and the Taurus Mountains
+Norman mercenary
+Robert Guiscard
+February 1082
+30,000
+city of Deabolis
+Bohemond
+Deabolis
+1185
+Dyrrachium
+Adriatic
+Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England
+Duke Richard II of Normandy
+Normandy
+Sweyn Forkbeard
+Harthacnut
+1041
+Robert of Jumiges
+Battle of Hastings
+Duke William II of Normandy
+1066
+Anglo-Saxons
+the Anglo-Saxon language of their subjects
+1169
+Bannow Bay
+Irish
+King Malcolm III of Scotland
+King Malcolm III of Scotland
+1072
+William and surrendered his son D Dun
+Sybilla of Normandy
+Norman
+Hereford
+the Welsh
+Edward the Confessor
+the Marches
+1018
+William of Montreuil
+1097
+Tancred
+Jerusalem
+380 years
+the Lion-hearted left Messina
+Berengaria
+1191
+Richard the Lion
+Conrad of Montferrat
+silver chains
+Guy de Lusignan
+Richard the Lion-Heart
+12 May 1191
+double
+1489
+Knights Templar
+Lanzarote, Fuerteventura and El Hierro
+Bethencourt
+Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt
+Jean's nephew Maciot de Bethencourt
+Channel Islands
+two
+a unique Romanesque idiom to England and Italy
+ round arches
+Anglo-Saxon
+Anglo-Saxon
+within the Kingdom of Sicily
+early 11th century
+the dukes
+16th century
+embroidery
+Bayeux Tapestry
+Odo
+mosaics
+11th
+William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
+southern Italy
+Latin monastery
+Robert Guiscard
+singing
+1856
+Serbian American
+1856
+10 July 1856
+1856
+Nikola Tesla
+electricity supply system
+1884
+Thomas Edison
+George Westinghouse
+New York City
+"War of Currents"
+1884
+George Westinghouse
+New York City
+George Westinghouse
+AC induction motor
+1893
+high-frequency power experiments
+mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
+Colorado Springs
+1893
+wireless controlled boat
+Wardenclyffe Tower project
+1943
+General Conference on Weights and Measures
+New York hotels
+an archetypal "mad scientist"
+varying degrees of success
+1943
+SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla
+1990s
+showmanship
+Croatia
+Orthodox priest
+eidetic memory
+eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother's genetics and influence
+Orthodox priest
+Milutin Tesla
+uka Tesla
+making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
+western Serbia
+fourth of five children
+German, arithmetic, and religion
+1862
+Dane
+milka, Angelina and Marica
+killed in a horse-riding accident
+Gospi, Austrian Empire
+a pastor
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+integral calculus
+cheating
+1873
+1870
+to attend school at the Higher Real Gymnasium
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+send him to the best engineering school
+enter the priesthood
+his birthtown, Smiljan
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+enter the priesthood
+send him to the best engineering school
+Tomingaj
+Mark Twain
+the mountains in hunter's garb
+1874
+books
+he explored the mountains in hunter's garb
+1874
+being drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan
+Mark Twain
+1875
+Austrian Polytechnic
+1879
+overwork
+Tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study, but was denied
+Graz
+1875
+1879
+gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family
+removed
+left Graz
+to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
+draftsman
+return home
+nervous breakdown
+December 1878
+he dropped out of school
+drowned in the Mur River
+draftsman
+nervous breakdown
+police guard for not having a residence permit
+24 March 1879
+60
+a stroke
+taught a large class of students
+not having a residence permit
+24 March 1879
+Higher Real Gymnasium
+died of a stroke
+Gospi
+he arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University
+lectures
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+Prague
+January 1880
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+Budapest
+Ferenc Pusks
+chief electrician position
+a telephone repeater or amplifier
+draftsman
+1881
+Ferenc Pusks
+Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician position
+1882
+New York City
+New York City
+Thomas Edison
+Continental Edison Company
+Continental Edison Company
+New York City
+June 1884
+Thomas Edison
+Manhattan's lower east side
+US$18 per week salary
+redesigning the Edison Company's direct current generators
+1885
+US$18 per week salary
+American humor
+US$18 per week salary
+Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail
+an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
+patents
+electrical arc light
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+1886
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
+Tesla
+showed little interest in Tesla's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment
+leaving him penniless
+work at various electrical repair jobs
+1886/1887
+generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock
+ditch digger
+electrical repair jobs
+a Western Union superintendent
+April 1887
+Tesla Electric Company
+89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
+late 1886
+attorney
+Alfred S. Brown
+89 Liberty Street in Manhattan
+Tesla Electric Company
+an induction motor
+May 1888
+a commutator
+sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes
+simple self-starting design
+1887
+because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission
+constantly servicing
+May 1888
+editor of Electrical World magazine
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+1888
+Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+George Westinghouse
+Galileo Ferraris
+Italian physicist
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
+1888
+$60,000
+Brown and Peck
+hired Tesla for one year for the large fee of $2,000 (52,700 in today's dollars) per month to be a consulting at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs
+$60,000
+July 1888
+$2,000
+Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
+Pittsburgh
+Pittsburgh
+60
+DC traction motor
+to create an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars
+DC traction motor
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+rival lighting systems
+AC development
+Thomas Edison
+Westinghouse's first AC system
+Edison
+1888
+The competition resulted in Edison Machine Works pursuing AC development in 1890 and by 1892 Thomas Edison was no longer in control of his own company
+Thomas Edison
+George Westinghouse
+Chicago
+General Electric
+Tesla Polyphase System
+Tesla Polyphase System
+George Westinghouse
+Chicago
+1893
+AC power
+Richard Dean Adams
+a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current
+Westinghouse Electric
+Westinghouse Electric
+would be best to transmit power generated at the falls
+Richard Dean Adams
+1893
+two-phased system
+would be the most reliable and that there was a Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current
+1896
+$216,000
+$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
+$200,000
+J. P. Morgan
+$200,000
+$216,000
+35
+South Fifth Avenue
+lit electric lamps
+Tesla coil
+30 July 1891
+Tesla coil
+35
+wireless
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+Institute of Radio Engineers
+1892 to 1894
+vice president
+1892 to 1894
+Institute of Radio Engineers
+he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory
+5th Avenue laboratory fire
+December 1895
+metal locked screw
+"invisible" kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments
+"invisible" kinds
+hundreds of invention models, plans, notes, laboratory data, tools, photographs, valued at $50,000
+X-ray
+Mark Twain
+the "instrument will... enable one to generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus."
+March 1896
+bremsstrahlung or braking radiation
+X-rays
+Tesla Coil
+March 1896
+Wilhelm Rntgen's discovery of X-ray and X-ray imaging
+bremsstrahlung or braking radiation
+longitudinal waves
+Roentgen rays
+ozone
+circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
+force-free magnetic fields
+Roentgen rays
+longitudinal waves
+waves in plasmas
+Roentgen rays
+Benjamin Lamme
+1893
+Westinghouse Electric
+the Egg of Columbus
+Tesla
+11 July 1934
+break off the cathode
+pain where it entered his body, and again at the place where it passed out
+bits of metal
+National Electric Light Association
+Tesla Coil
+Franklin Institute
+1898
+teleeautomaton
+Madison Square Garden
+Tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate "Tele automatics" in an address to a meeting of the Commercial Club in Chicago
+a trained monkey hidden inside
+1900
+Guglielmo Marconi
+1901
+1943
+Marconi Company
+1899
+Colorado Springs
+15 June 1899
+five inches long
+atmospheric
+stationary waves
+resonant frequency
+lightning
+millions of volts and up to 135 feet long
+15 miles
+turned off
+electrified
+power outage
+burned out
+powerful high frequency currents set up in them
+jump through the windings and destroy the insulation
+communications from another planet
+Mars, Venus, or other planets
+Collier's Weekly article " Talking With Planets"
+Tesla was hearing "intelligently controlled signals" and that the signals could come from Mars, Venus, or other planets
+July 1899
+$100,000
+to fund his Colorado Springs experiments
+Colorado Springs experiments
+1899
+7 January 1900
+torn down
+1904
+sold two years later to satisfy a debt
+trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications facility
+trans-Atlantic wireless telecommunications
+near Shoreham, Long Island
+Panic of 1901
+Panic of 1901
+by saying that he was affected by the Panic of 1901, which he (Morgan) had caused
+over 50 letters
+to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe
+successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland
+187 feet
+200 horsepower
+16,000 rpm
+1906
+200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine
+steam
+Houston Street lab
+he was forced to use a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment, just as the police arrived
+World Today
+set the earth's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization
+application of electricity
+saturating them unconsciously with electricity
+William H. Maxwell
+superintendent of New York City schools
+overseas
+Tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries
+sold Wardenclyffe Tower was demolished by Boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset
+$20,000
+Edison Medal
+Electrical Experimenter
+a fluorescent screen
+high frequency radio waves would penetrate water but mile Girardeau
+mile Girardeau
+Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
+Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
+he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous
+a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner
+their animosity toward each other
+38
+Edison
+1937
+1,655,114
+biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL aircraft)
+$1,000
+turbine engines
+$125 per month
+$125 per month
+for the rest of Tesla's life
+bad publicity
+mechanical energy
+minimal loss over any terrestrial distance
+minimal loss
+mineral deposits
+1935
+moving taxicab and was thrown heavily to the ground
+a doctor
+broken
+early 1938
+early 1938
+"teleforce" weapon
+Van de Graaff generator
+infantry
+anti-aircraft purposes
+peace ray
+1937
+a luncheon
+small tungsten pellets
+high voltage
+a little time
+charged particle beam weapons
+Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade
+Belgrade
+millions
+all war
+steal the invention
+teleforce weapon
+left empty-handed
+86
+7 January 1943
+Alice Monaghan
+Tesla
+coronary thrombosis
+ordered the Alien Property Custodian
+John G. Trump
+there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands
+Alien Property Custodian
+Louis Adamic
+Louis Adamic
+12 January
+two thousand
+Ferncliff Cemetery in Ardsley, New York
+Belgrade
+Sava Kosanovi
+Kosanovi's secretary Charlotte Muzar
+Nikola Tesla Museum
+1957
+300
+26
+Canada
+United States, Britain, and Canada
+8:10 p.m.
+8:10 p.m.
+6:00 p.m.
+the headwaiter
+8 to 10 miles
+stimulated his brain cells
+squished his toes one hundred times
+brain cells
+telepathy
+newspaper editor
+one
+the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health
+over $2,000
+he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily
+the park
+hotel room
+142 pounds
+6 feet 2 inches
+1888 to about 1926
+New York City
+eight
+stricken
+invention in his mind with extreme precision
+peculiar affliction
+photographic memory
+more than 48 hours
+84 hours
+Graz
+Swezey
+journalist
+chastity
+a journalist
+atward the end of his life
+Dorothy Skerrit
+Robert Underwood Johnson
+seclude himself
+distinguished sweetness
+a poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a connoisseur of food and drink
+Francis Marion Crawford
+Stanford White, Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey
+late 1920s
+overweight people
+a secretary
+because of her weight
+fired a secretary
+an electron creating an electric charge
+electrons existed at all, they were some fourth state of matter or "sub-atom" that could only exist in an experimental vacuum and that they had nothing to do with electricity
+transmitted electrical energy
+19th
+Einstein
+antagonistic
+relativity
+gravity
+1892
+curved space
+81
+an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics
+humans' "pity" had interfered with the natural "ruthless workings of nature,"
+the belief that humans' "pity" had interfered with the natural "ruthless workings of nature,"
+1937
+"Queen Bees."
+1926
+"Queen Bees."
+post-World War I environment
+Science and Discovery
+20 December 1914
+League of Nations
+Orthodox Christian
+fanaticism
+Buddhism and Christianity
+A Machine to End War
+Tesla
+"A Machine to End War"
+a number of books and articles for magazines and journals
+David Hatcher Childress
+Ben Johnston
+the web
+1900
+The Problem of Increasing Human Energy
+science fiction
+science fiction
+several
+Time magazine
+75th birthday
+electrical power generation
+Albert Einstein
+70
+Computational complexity theory
+inherent difficulty
+Computational complexity theory
+significant resources
+mathematical models of computation
+the amount of communication (used in communication complexity) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing)
+the number of gates
+limits on what computers can and cannot do
+analysis of algorithms and computability theory
+theoretical
+theoretical
+theoretical
+a problem ice
+a problem
+concrete utterance
+the solution is the output corresponding to the given input
+the solution
+at most 2000 kilometres
+asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km
+asking for a round trip through all sites in Milan whose total length is at most 10 km
+binary alphabet
+binary alphabet
+binary alphabet
+binary notation
+directly via their adjacency matrices
+ decision problems
+no, or alternately either 1 or 0
+no, or alternately either 1 or 0
+output is no, and the non-members are those ices whose output is no
+the algorithm is said to reject the input
+arbitrary
+formal language
+set of all connected graphs
+traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem
+a single output
+integer factorization
+integer factorization problem
+more complex
+decision problems
+triples
+size of the input in bits
+size of the input in bits
+as a function of the size of the ice
+bits
+increase in the input size
+Cobham
+time taken
+T(n)
+T(n) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n
+a polynomial time algorithm
+Turing machine
+an algorithm
+Turing machine
+manipulates symbols
+deterministic Turing machine
+rules
+randomized algorithms
+non-determinism
+randomized algorithms
+complexity classes
+resources (such as time or space) are brought
+deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, quantum Turing machines, symmetric Turing machines and alternating Turing machines
+random access machines
+each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power
+The time and memory consumption
+the machines operate deterministically
+a non-deterministic Turing machine
+easier
+branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze
+non-deterministic time
+"yes" or "no"
+their difficulty
+DTIME(f(n)
+DTIME(f(n)
+complexity resources
+computational
+Blum complexity axioms
+circuit complexity
+complexity
+the best, worst and average case complexity
+time complexity
+different inputs of the same size
+time complexity
+deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort
+O(n log n) time
+O(n2)
+the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem
+algorithms
+proving lower bounds
+upper bound
+"all possible algorithms" includes not just the algorithms known today, but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future.
+big O notation
+constant factors and smaller terms
+= O(n2)
+hides constant factors and smaller terms
+complexity classes
+complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework
+complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework
+the chosen machine model
+quadratic
+single-tape Turing machines
+Cobham- Edmonds
+complexity class P
+bounding the time or space
+bounding the time
+important complexity classes
+BPP, ZPP and RP
+Boolean circuits
+quantum
+#P
+Interactive
+computation time
+inclusion is strict
+the time and space hierarchy theorems
+respective resources
+quantitative statements
+The time and space hierarchy theorems
+complexity classes
+PSPACE
+a reduction
+another problem
+using an algorithm for Y
+Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions
+log-space reductions
+a polynomial-time reduction
+an algorithm for multiplying two integers
+polynomial-time reduction
+squaring is not more difficult than multiplication
+multiplication
+type of reduction being used
+an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C
+solve any problem in C
+set of NP-hard problems
+class of NP-complete problems
+P
+being able to reduce a known NP-complete problem, 2, to another problem, 1
+P = NP
+P
+Cobham– Edmonds thesis
+P
+the Hamiltonian path problem
+Turing machines
+more efficient solutions
+Millennium Prize Problems
+Millennium Prize Problems
+Ladner
+NP-intermediate problems
+The graph isomorphism problem
+The graph isomorphism problem
+P, NP-complete, or NP-intermediate
+the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level
+second
+Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
+integer
+k
+the RSA algorithm
+the general number field sieve
+would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory
+a major breakthrough in complexity theory
+between P and PSPACE
+any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory
+co-NP
+reversed
+NP is not equal to co-NP; however, it has not yet been proven
+P is not equal to NP
+L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P
+distinct or equal classes
+many complexity classes between the two
+NL andNC
+distinct or equal classes
+intractable problems
+complexity theory
+NP-complete
+Presburger
+algorithms
+the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in P, yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases
+over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time
+NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
+Turing machines
+Alan Turing
+a computer
+1936
+very robust and flexible simplification of a computer
+On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+time and space complexity
+1965
+John Myhill
+1961
+Hisao Yamada
+input encoding
+encoding
+Manuel Blum
+speed-up theorem
+Reducibility Among combinatorial Problems
+21
+the curriculum
+pedagogy
+a university or college
+a lesson plan
+a school or other place of formal education
+cultures
+numeracy
+craftsmanship
+craftsmanship or vocational training
+a teacher
+formal education
+formal
+a family member
+a transient or ongoing role
+Quran
+religious
+Quran, Torah or Bible
+religious texts
+homeschooling
+paid professionals
+Chartered
+homeschooling
+professionals
+school functions
+extracurricular
+extracurricular activities
+teachers
+colleges
+to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession
+public interest
+governments
+the standards of practice
+teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples
+complaints involving members
+college
+professional misconduct
+teachers in publicly funded schools
+a tutor
+tutor
+academy
+facilitate student learning
+a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills
+pedagogy
+teachers
+rise of the internet over the past decade
+The increasing use of technology
+a course of study, lesson plan
+A teacher
+learning disabilities
+different ages
+standardized
+particular skills
+self-study and problem solving
+encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all
+encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all
+pressure the lazy
+relationship between teachers and children
+the whole curriculum
+different subject specialists
+primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day
+surrogate
+alternative approaches
+"platoon" system
+staying with the same group of peers for all classes
+teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects
+United States
+Co-teaching
+two or more
+learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential
+in sync with one another to create a climate of learning
+social networking
+corporal punishment
+substitute parent
+parental
+most common form
+When a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent
+one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world
+the United States
+United States
+US Supreme Court
+physical pain
+30
+South
+declining
+a specially made wooden paddle
+privately in the principal's office
+caning
+Asian, African and Caribbean
+School corporal punishment
+detention
+detention
+school at a given time in the school day
+remain in school at a given time in the school day
+lines or a punishment essay
+an assertive teacher
+immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm
+clear boundaries
+sarcasm
+respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline
+some teachers and parents
+East Asia
+weakness in school discipline
+school discipline
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+40 to 50
+instruction
+motivated students
+motivation-seeking and disruptive students
+teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, facing demanding university entrance examinations, receive disproportionate resources
+dictatorial authority
+schools alike
+one of persuasion and negotiation
+easier and more efficient than anywhere else
+good, clear laws, fairly and democratically
+positive learning experience
+teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content
+teach by rote
+higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiastm for the course materials
+intrinsic motivation
+read lecture material
+varied, and emotional facial expressions
+experimental
+intrinsic
+self-determined
+enthusiastm
+the concept of emotional contagion
+the variety, novelty, and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher's presentation of the material
+student-teacher relationships
+beneficial relations with their students
+goals he receives from his superior
+aligning his personal goals with his academic goals
+student motivation and attitudes towards school
+teachers
+teachers who are friendly and supportive
+interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers
+Effective teachers
+emphasim about the subject matter
+enthusiastic
+excitement in the student
+very influential
+enthusiastm about teaching, enthusiastm about the students, and enthusiastm about the subject matter
+sexual misconduct
+9.6%
+United States
+during their educational career
+American Association of University Women
+England
+a group that included priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
+2,867 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study
+AAUW
+United States
+increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
+Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
+Chris Keates
+child protection and parental rights groups
+Fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession
+the sex offenders register
+occupational stress
+long hours
+occupational burnout
+Stress
+Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections
+42%
+42% of UK teachers experienced occupational stress
+twice
+2012
+average workers
+several
+Organizational interventions
+Individual-level interventions
+occupational stress among teachers
+Organizational interventions
+a university or college
+certification by a recognized body
+elementary school education
+a background check and psychiatric evaluation
+US
+individual states and territories
+three
+secondary schools/high schools
+universities and/or TAFE colleges
+three-tier model
+a public school which is funded by the provincial government
+teaching in a private school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors
+private sector, businesses and sponsors
+civil servants
+special university classes
+Grundschule
+index scale
+Hauptschule
+Irish language
+€27,814 p.a.
+€53,423
+could earn over €90,000
+the Teaching Council
+Section 30
+2001
+Oireachtas funds
+2006
+those who refuse vetting "cannot be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role"
+on a phased basis
+those who refuse vetting
+£41,004
+experience and extra responsibilities
+earn £20,980 annually
+bachelor's degree
+September 2007
+alternative licensing programs
+hard-to-fill positions
+geographic area
+excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth
+secondary school teachers
+General Teaching Council for Scotland
+Teaching in Scotland
+seven Scottish Universities
+Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach
+a year
+April 2008
+up to £39,942
+up to £32,683
+up to £39,942
+trade unions
+Education in Wales
+Welsh
+until the age of 16
+22
+all age groups
+trade unions
+falling with teachers being younger than in previous years
+2005 and 2010
+registered members of trade unions
+reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010
+each state
+ten years
+bachelor's degree
+charter schools
+No Child Left Behind
+low salaries
+average teacher salaries
+supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities
+elementary school teachers
+American Federation of teachers
+many forms
+Protestant/Non-Denominational
+not always a bishop
+Roman and Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
+LDS Church
+many individuals
+spiritual
+the father of the house when in his home
+the father of the house when in his home
+guru
+extremely high
+disciples
+West
+Lama
+reborn
+Tulku
+through phowa and siddhi
+phowa and siddhi
+Sunnah and Ahadith
+Four Schools of Jurisprudence
+Sufism
+actions-oriented
+Qutb
+German
+10 November 1483
+Late Medieval Catholic Church
+freedom from God's punishment for sin
+reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church
+eternal life
+faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin
+sacerdotalism
+Bible
+a holy priesthood
+Bible
+the development of a standard version
+the Tyndale Bible
+singing in churches
+Protestant clergy to marry
+10 November 1483
+Hans Luder
+Holy Roman Empire
+Catholic
+lawyer
+University of Erfurt
+a beerhouse and whorehouse
+four
+a day of rote learning
+1505
+law school
+sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing particular interest in Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel
+Aristotle, William of Ockham, and Gabriel Biel
+everything himself by experience
+men and institutions
+thunderstorm
+2 July 1505
+Erfurt
+deaths of two friends
+Luther's education
+fasting, long hours in prayer, pilgrimage, and frequent confession
+one of deep spiritual despair
+the jailer and Hangman of my poor soul
+Johann von Staupitz
+true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments
+1507
+von Staupitz
+1508
+9 March 1508
+the Sentences by Peter Lombard
+19 October 1512
+21 October 1512
+Doctor in Bible
+University of Wittenberg
+Doctor of Theology
+1516
+to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome
+Roman Catholic
+active in charity and good works
+active in charity and good works
+31 October 1517
+Albert of Mainz
+The Ninety-Five Theses
+Hans Hillerbrand
+Thesis 86
+Johann Tetzel
+springs
+Luther
+Johann Tetzel
+God
+absolved buyers from all punishments
+all punishments
+salvation
+Christ
+Tetzel
+a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate
+indulgences for the dead
+indulgences for the living
+pillars of history
+little foundation in truth
+Philipp Melanchthon
+Wittenberg
+little foundation in truth
+January 1518
+printing press
+January 1518
+two months
+two months
+1519
+Students
+early
+1520
+Freedom of a Christian
+lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians
+penance and righteousness
+penance and righteousness
+the church was corrupt in its ways
+"is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."
+God
+1525
+a gift from God
+Smalcald Articles
+faith
+"Christ and His salvation"
+Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation"
+Reformation
+two points
+Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg
+Rome
+a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric
+revenue
+December 1517
+Leo X
+a series of papal theologians and envoys
+October 1518
+the Antichrist
+reformers and heretics
+January 1519
+remain silent
+Johann Eck
+Matthew 16:18
+Jan Hus
+15 June 1520
+recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings
+41
+Karl von Miltitz
+3 January 1521
+secular authorities
+18 April 1521
+the estates of the Holy Roman Empire
+Emperor Charles V
+Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony
+Johann Eck
+Archbishop of Trier
+whether he stood by their contents
+the next day
+presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table
+raised his arm
+knight winning a bout
+Michael Mullett
+world classic of epoch-making oratory
+recant his writings
+Luther
+evidence for these words to be unreliable, since they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech
+more dramatic form
+presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on 25 May 1521
+25 May 1521
+The Emperor
+literature
+kill Luther
+disappearance
+Wartburg Castle at Eisenach
+my Patmos
+New Testament
+he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates
+a sin
+cannot be earned
+1 August 1521
+victor
+a place where justice resides
+summer of 1521
+idolatry
+idolatry
+Pope has the Power to  require It
+they could break their vows without sin
+placing them on prophetic faith
+1521
+the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
+Little Horn
+antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2
+Gabriel Zwilling
+June 1521
+disturbances
+Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling
+town council
+6 March 1522
+change
+preached eight sermons
+Invocavit Sermons
+violence
+immediate
+Jerome Schurf
+After the sixth sermon
+divine mercy, are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth
+misguided
+public order
+conservative
+Zwickau prophets
+fomenting social unrest and violence
+reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence
+Zwickau prophet
+German Peasants' War of 1524–25
+1524–25
+support an attack on the upper classes in general
+the upper classes in general
+the temporal authorities
+Thuringia
+the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities
+he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities
+Mad dogs
+three
+ render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's
+God
+Divine Right of Kings
+death in body and soul
+laid down their weapons
+Swabian League
+15 May 1525
+Mntzer's execution
+the secular powers
+Katharina von Bora
+he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels
+26 years old
+41 years old
+April 1523
+13 June 1525
+evening
+wedding banquet
+27 June
+Buenhagen
+clerical marriage
+clerical
+decision to marry surprised many, not least Melanchthon, who called it reckless
+death of a heretic
+reckless
+1525–32
+a wedding present from the new elector John the Steadfast
+six
+poverty
+farming the land
+Biblical ideal
+worship service
+supervisory church body
+two catechisms
+revolutionary
+extreme change
+Electorate of Saxony
+repentance in the forgiveness of sins
+John the Steadfast
+the temporal sovereign
+early 1526
+1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass
+Catholic
+unison setting of the Creed
+freedom
+1527
+Electorate of Saxony
+Christian education
+Christian doctrine
+teaching
+catechism
+1529
+the people themselves
+the people themselves
+questions and answers
+The catechism
+the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism
+Catechism
+The Small Catechism
+Bible
+Small Catechism
+Larger Catechism
+the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned, but as persons to be known
+not as a doctrine to be learned, but as persons to be known
+the Father
+1522
+1534
+translation of the Old Testament
+alone
+Faith alone
+Saxon chancellery
+northern and southern Germans
+Germans
+removing impediments and difficulties
+impediments and difficulties
+German-language publications
+Bible translation
+the evolution of the German language and literature
+Lucas Cranach
+William Tyndale
+hymn-writers
+high art and folk music
+the singing of German hymns
+a lute
+waldzither
+execution of Johann Esch and Heinrich Voes
+for Lutheran views
+Ein neues Lied wir heben an
+John C. Messenger
+Ein neues Lied wir heben an
+1524
+Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism
+Small Catechism
+German creedal hymn
+because of the perceived difficulty of its tun
+1538
+the Small Catechism
+specific catechism questions
+multiple revisions
+liturgical setting
+1523
+essential Reformation doctrine
+write psalm-hymns
+Achtliederbuch
+essential Reformation doctrine
+"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"
+Veni redemptor gentium
+Advent
+two
+German Te Deum
+baptism in the Small Catechism
+Johann Walter
+prayer for grace
+J. S. Bach
+Halle
+early Lutheran hymnals
+four
+18
+24
+Achtliederbuch
+Johann Sebastian Bach
+cantatas
+1707
+1724 to 1725
+1724 to 1725
+a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body
+John Calvin and Philipp Melanchthon
+separated from the body
+involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death
+Smalcald Articles
+Franz Pieper
+Johann Gerhard
+Franz Pieper
+1705
+Genesis
+Francis Blackburne
+1765
+Gottfried Fritschel
+ dream
+October 1529
+Landgrave of Hesse
+doctrinal unity
+fourteen
+the nature of the Eucharist
+the significance of the words spoken by Jesus
+the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ
+sacramental union
+believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present
+the omnipresence of his human nature
+1530
+Marburg Colloquy
+Schmalkaldic League
+Swiss cities
+Protestant
+antithetical
+reason
+"[That] Reason in no way contributes to faith
+reason
+different epistemological spheres
+Jesus Christ
+Jewish conversion to Christianity
+Jews
+Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, Zwinglianism, and the papacy
+1523
+as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God
+keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks
+to "giving to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies"
+papacy
+non-religious
+a Latin translation of the Qur'an
+Latin
+critical pamphlets on Islam
+as a tool of the devil
+exposed to scrutiny
+God's wrath to Christians
+Agricola
+Christians
+with six series of theses
+On the Councils and the Church
+second use of the law
+work sorrow over sin in man's heart
+everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law, even if it is Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness experienced in creation
+eliminate the accusing law
+essentially holy people
+live
+the Ten Commandments
+third
+nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments
+the Ten Commandments
+The Ten Commandments
+Angel-like life
+sacrament of baptism
+to marry one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
+Landgrave of Hesse
+Landgrave of Hesse
+Martin Brecht
+lasting damage
+expelled Jews some ninety years earlier
+Jews
+the murder of Christ
+divinity of Jesus
+encountered Jews during his career, though only a few of his works dealt with them directly
+Von den Juden und Ihren Lgen
+1543
+1543
+no longer the chosen people but "the devil's people"
+"We are at fault in not slaying them" amounted to a sanction for murder
+Jews
+Martin Luther
+the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537
+Luther's anti-Jewish works
+1580s
+Luther
+anti-Jewish rhetoric
+antisemitism in Germany, and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an "ideal underpinning" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews
+Michael, just about every anti-Jewish book printed in the Third Reich contained references to and quotations from Luther
+the most radically anti-Semitic tract ever published
+17 December 1941
+Martin Sasse
+Diarmaid MacCulloch
+Sasse
+a leading Protestant churchman
+opportunistic
+'church fathers' of anti-Semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the Jews, cloaking it with the authority of the Reformer."
+modern hatred of the Jews
+18th and 19th centuries
+entirely religious and in no respect racial
+violence
+Ronald Berger
+he caused a "hysterical and demonizing mentality" about Jews to enter German thought and discourse, a mentality that might otherwise have been absent."
+Nazi Third Reich
+hostile publications
+they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind
+state of mind
+vulgarity and violence
+Jews
+Last Battles: Politics and Polemics
+Since the 1980s
+least prejudiced toward Jews
+Professor Richard (Dick) Geary
+1928-1933
+his health deteriorated further
+Philip of Hesse
+suffer from kidney and bladder stones
+Ménire's disease, vertigo, fainting, tinnitus, and a cataract
+he began to feel the effects of angina
+poor physical health
+poor physical health
+poor physical health
+Justus Jonas
+three
+Eisleben
+1546
+Christian love toward them and pray that they convert
+1546
+"we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert."
+Mansfeld
+copper mining trade
+late 1545
+early 1546
+his siblings' families
+17 February 1546
+chest pains
+Yes
+the common prayer of the dying
+1 a.m.
+apoplectic stroke
+2:45 a.m
+18 February 1546
+Castle Church in Wittenberg
+Johannes bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
+A piece of paper
+Latin
+We are beggars
+printed
+stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck."
+a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck."
+medieval religious orders
+1530s and 1540s
+18 February
+the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints
+31 October
+the Church of England's Calendar of Saints
+a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints
+SoCal
+10
+economic center
+demographics and economic ties
+demographics and economic ties
+Southern California Megaregion
+11
+Las Vegas
+Tijuana
+Tijuana
+Pacific
+seven
+12 million
+Los Angeles area
+17.5 million
+Colorado Desert
+Colorado Desert
+Mojave Desert
+Mexico–United States border
+southern California
+3,792,621
+Los Angeles
+San Diego
+south
+Los Angeles
+United States
+five most populous counties
+15
+Los Angeles
+Hollywood
+Los Angeles
+The Walt Disney Company
+music
+Sony
+skateboard
+Tony Hawk
+Shaun White
+Oahu
+Transpacific Yacht Race
+Palm Springs
+popular beaches
+southern
+desert city
+37° 9' 58.23
+11
+ten
+Tehachapi Mountains
+Tehachapi Mountains
+Mexico
+Alta California
+Monterey
+Compromise of 1850 enabled California to be admitted to the Union as a free state, preventing southern California from becoming its own separate slave state
+free
+inequitable taxes
+Cow Counties
+three
+75%
+Milton Latham
+Los Angeles Times
+1900
+1999
+Imperial
+seven
+regional tourism groups
+California State Automobile Association
+three-region
+South of the Tehachapis
+southern California
+Great Lakes Megalopolis
+vast areas
+suburban communities
+highways
+international metropolitan
+Camp Pendleton
+Temecula and Murrieta
+Riverside-San Bernardino
+Los Angeles County
+1990s
+Mediterranean
+infrequent rain
+9060's
+very rare
+9060's
+Pacific Ocean
+geologic
+topographic
+Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains
+large and small interior valleys
+about 10,000
+10,000
+6.7
+property damage
+over $20 billion
+San Andreas Fault
+6.7+
+Puente Hills Fault
+USGS
+Earthquake occurrence
+economically
+global recognition
+economic
+2010
+high growth rates
+10.0%
+a stronger, tech-oriented economy
+Greater Sacramento
+Metropolitan Statistical Areas
+two
+five million
+Southern Border Region
+17,786,419
+San Diego
+San Bernardino
+twelve
+100,000
+Riverside
+petroleum
+Hollywood
+housing bubble
+diverse
+heavily impacted
+1920s
+cattle and citrus
+citrus
+cattle and citrus
+aerospace
+business districts
+Central business districts
+Downtown Los Angeles
+business districts
+Los Angeles Area
+San Fernando Valley
+Wilshire Boulevard Miracle Mile
+business districts
+Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
+Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
+Orange County
+University of California, Irvine
+Irvine Tech Center
+South Coast Metro
+rapidly
+Downtown San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+University City
+Northern San Diego
+Los Angeles International Airport
+international passenger traffic
+third
+San Diego International Airport
+Van Nuys Airport
+Metrolink
+Six
+Six
+San Diego counties
+Port of Los Angeles
+Port of Long Beach
+Southern California
+The Tech Coast
+prestigious and world-renowned research universities
+Chapman University
+5
+12
+NFL
+Basketball
+NFL
+Los Angeles Kings
+Los Angeles Galaxy
+Chivas
+two Major League Soccer teams
+2014
+StubHub Center
+2018
+College sports
+UCLA Bruins
+Trojans
+Pac-12 Conference
+UCLA Bruins and the USC Trojans
+Rugby
+high school
+an official school sport
+BSkyB
+BSkyB
+2014
+British Sky Broadcasting Group plc
+British Sky Broadcasting Limited
+2006
+two
+Setanta Sports
+£4.2bn
+ondigital consortium
+ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview
+three
+Sky Three
+'Pick TV'
+a Sky+ PVR
+September 2007
+a monthly fee
+January 2010
+the non- HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the Sky+ box without Sky+ functionality
+VideoGuard
+NDS
+the VideoGuard pay-TV scrambling system
+BSkyB
+Sky+
+NTL and Telewest
+2007
+their new deal offered "substantially more value" by including HD channels and Video On  demand content which was not previously carried by cable
+Video On  demand content
+HD channels
+July 2013
+2013
+cloud storage service
+One Drive for Business
+cloud storage
+Sam Chisholm and Rupert Murdoch
+Astra
+27 September 2001
+Sky Digital
+3.5 million
+British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB
+British telecommunications
+11 million
+Freeview
+Sky Q Hub
+the Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection
+allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media
+2016
+2016
+MPEG-2
+Dolby Digital
+MPEG-4
+DVB-S2 standard
+DVB-S2 standard
+1998
+Astra 2A
+Astra 2A
+hundreds
+28.5°E
+22 May 2006
+40,000
+Thomson
+17,000
+4,222,000
+8 February 2007
+March
+digital terrestrial platform
+Virgin Media
+English Premier League Football
+free-to-view
+a monthly subscription
+VideoGuard UK
+Ku band LNB
+the Sky service
+autumn of 1991
+ITV
+£18m to £34m per year
+The BBC
+£304m
+Ofcom
+£15–100,000
+BSkyB has no veto over the presence of channels on their EPG, with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from Ofcom
+does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues such as picture quality
+does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
+1 October 1998
+Sky Digital
+Open
+the BY Digital (later ITV Digital) terrestrial offering and cable services
+over 100,000
+2007
+Virgin Media
+Video On  demand service
+BBC HD
+Channel 4 HD
+10 million homes
+more than 25m people
+August 2004
+36%
+the figure could be reached as the growth
+"Welfare Cash Card"
+"essentials"
+often damaging
+claimants' "Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone"
+a man's presence in the household
+£30m
+there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional Video On  demand and High Definition content which had previously been offered by BSkyB
+Virgin Media
+BSkyB
+carriage of their respective basic channels
+service sectors
+second
+fourth
+Melbourne
+Melbourne Cricket Ground
+Bendigo
+New South Wales
+Buckland Valley
+over 1,000
+cramped and unsanitary
+multi-member
+eight electorates
+five
+lower house members
+fixed and occur in November every four years
+Labor
+Liberals
+The Nationals
+The Greens
+Ballarat
+61.1%
+26.7%
+Buddhism
+168,637
+Around 20%
+Port Phillip Bay
+a state in the south-east of Australia
+second-most
+Port Phillip Bay
+second-largest
+Koori
+1788
+Sullivan Bay
+Sullivan Bay
+1803
+More than 26,000 square kilometres
+More than 50%
+6,000 square kilometres (2,300 sq mi)
+90%
+270,000
+1975
+1855 colonial constitution
+Parliament of Victoria
+certain "entrenched" provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses, a three-fifths majority in both houses, or the approval of the Victorian people in a referendum, depending on the provision.
+Victoria Constitution Act 1855
+hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts
+32 °C (90 °F)
+hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts
+48.8 °C
+7 February 2009
+state or government schools
+Victoria Department of Education
+fees
+Roman Catholic Church
+government-set curriculum standards
+manufacturing plants of the major car brands Ford, Toyota and Holden
+October 2016
+October 2016
+October 2016
+Victorian
+2,000 m (6,600 ft)
+Mount Bogong
+1,986 m (6,516 ft)
+geologically, geologically and climatically diverse areas
+helmeted honeyeater
+Victorian Alps
+Great Dividing Range
+east-west
+0 °C (32 °F)
+−11 °C (10.9 °F)
+Victorian Government
+The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide
+Victorian Government
+FCL Australia which operate freight services; Great Southern Rail which operates The Overland Melbourne—Adelaide
+extensive, electrified, passenger system
+37
+12
+Legislative Assembly
+Legislative Council
+Linda Dessau
+1 July 1851
+1851
+richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world
+sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000
+20 million ounces
+1,548
+489
+just under 540,800
+63,519
+Over 61
+Victoria
+3 million
+60%
+nearly two-thirds
+Asia
+1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge
+1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
+narrow gauge lines
+mountainous areas
+five
+1788
+New South Wales
+New Holland
+Sydney
+1854
+British troops
+Eureka Stockade
+hated mining licence fees
+Colony of Victoria Act 1855
+the political party or coalition
+The Premier of Victoria
+representatives elected to either house of parliament
+Daniel Andrews
+representatives elected to either house of parliament
+17%
+17%
+32,463
+A quarter
+60%
+tourism
+sports tourism
+Melbourne
+regional cities
+Bright Autumn Festival
+southern and central parts
+one-eighth
+1598
+Edict of Nantes
+granting of the Edict of Nantes
+unclear origins
+Geneva
+Besanon Hugues
+Amboise plot of 1560
+1560
+availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
+Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard de Moulin
+Guyard de Moulin
+1487
+Paris
+Edict
+Montpellier
+Edict of Als
+1622
+1629
+Cape of Good Hope
+Cape of Good Hope
+Maria de la Queillerie
+Dutch East India Company
+1700
+1624
+Jessé de Forest
+L'glise franaise à la Nouvelle- Amsterdam
+L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
+Brooklyn
+Charleston
+British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger
+Pons
+1697
+Charleston
+William III of Orange
+the League of Augsburg
+League of Augsburg
+Calvinist Dutch Republic
+1672
+Edict of Fontainebleau
+1685
+Edict of Fontainebleau
+500,000
+The Catholic Church
+St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
+5,000 to 30,000
+they attempted to meet for worship
+the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed
+between 1621 and 1629
+southwestern France
+Henry IV
+Louis XIII
+the Huguenot rebellions
+one million
+2%
+Alsace
+Cévennes mountain region
+French Australians
+New Rochelle
+New Rochelle
+New Paltz
+The "Huguenot Street Historic District"
+New York Harbor
+Dutch Republic
+75,000 to 100,000
+ca. 2 million
+Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia
+Edict of Nantes
+the ghost of le roi Huguet
+King Hugo
+le roi Huguet
+prétendus réformés
+at night
+Kent, particularly Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone—towns in which there used to be refugee churches
+The Weavers
+weavers
+Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
+The Weavers
+Cork City
+Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford
+Dublin
+a High Sheriff
+1696
+brain drain
+French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War)
+French crown
+the North American front of the Seven Years' War
+175960
+Henry of Navarre
+1598
+reaffirmed Catholicism as the state religion of France
+the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions
+Protestantism
+education of children as Catholics
+forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration
+Four thousand
+new converts
+New York and Virginia
+leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands
+1555
+Fort Coligny
+1560
+Guanabara Confession of Faith
+Afrikaans
+wine
+Western Cape province
+French Huguenot
+Paul Revere
+Paul Revere
+Charleston
+Manakin Episcopal Church
+Texas
+British lace industry
+Bucks Point
+no contemporary documentation
+first half of the eighteenth century
+Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
+one-fifth
+protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
+1806-07
+Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
+Prussia
+surrounding Protestant countries: England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussia
+Camisards
+the Catholic Church
+1702 and 1709
+Jacksonville
+Jean Ribault
+Fort Caroline
+French
+September 1565
+Charlesfort
+Fort Caroline
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+1565
+The Wars of Religion
+Virginia
+Lower Norfolk County
+Manakin Town
+390
+12 May 1705
+1568–1609
+the House of Orange-Nassau
+Apologie" of William the Silent
+William the Silent
+Dutch (Calvinist) revolt against Spanish (Catholic) rule
+Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
+1708
+50,000
+Andrew Lortie
+the Pope
+William of Orange
+William of Orange
+Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
+flax cultivation
+Irish linen
+Prince Louis de Condé
+Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrcken
+glass-making works
+1890s
+1604
+England, Wales, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate
+the Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of Brandenburg and Electorate of the Palatinate
+South Africa
+Dutch Cape Colony
+English colonies of North America, and Quebec
+Hugues Capet
+Hugues Capet
+Janet Gray
+would be roughly equivalent to little Hugos, or those who want Hugo
+double or triple non-French linguistic origins
+Jacques Lefevre
+a Protestant government in Geneva
+1530
+William Farel
+Lefevre
+24 August
+Catholics
+thousands
+1573
+almost 25,000
+Louis XIV
+he issued the Edict of Nantes and declaring Protestantism illegal
+sent missionaries, backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Catholicism
+declaring Protestantism illegal
+dragonnades
+Westchester
+coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck
+John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
+La Rochelle
+Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
+The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities
+French made numerous contributions to United States economic life
+E.I. du Pont
+Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century
+Eleutherian gunpowder mills
+Pierre Bayle
+Rotterdam
+Historical and critical Dictionary
+US Library of Congress
+Saint Nicolas
+French Protestant Church of London
+1550
+Soho Square
+Shoreditch
+1724
+Lutheran and Reformed states
+the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermnde
+Edict of Potsdam
+Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermnde
+Altpreuische Infantry Regiments No. 13
+Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg
+Theodor Fontane
+Adolf Galland
+Lothar de Maizire
+Federal Minister of the Interior
+solar power
+Rankine cycle
+steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure
+a high pressure
+external combustion engines
+atmospheric engine
+Thomas Newcomen
+1712
+steam pump
+Papin
+United Kingdom
+21 February 1804
+Pen-y-darren ironworks
+Abercynon
+south Wales
+water pump
+multi-stage centrifugal pumps
+1850s
+steam locomotives
+lower-pressure boiler feed water
+three or four
+triple and quadruple expansion engines
+19th century
+marine triple expansion engines
+Olympic class
+Corliss
+Joy
+lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
+Lead fusible plugs
+the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly
+If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire
+manually suppress the fire
+dampening the fire
+James Watt
+rotary motion
+ten
+1883
+Industrial Revolution
+AD
+Hero of Alexandria
+Greek
+Giovanni Branca
+1606
+compound engines
+expansions
+shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried
+internal combustion engines
+shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried
+steam turbines
+late
+several hundred horsepower
+90%
+electric power
+burning combustible materials
+combustion chamber
+solar energy
+electric heating element
+steam engine indicator
+1851
+Charles Porter
+Charles Richard
+London Exhibition in 1862
+90° out of phase with each other (quartered)
+180°
+90°
+counterflow
+two
+one
+four
+expansion
+The Quasiturbine
+counterflow
+advantage of superior part-load performance
+oscillating cylinder steam engine
+trunnion
+models
+ships where their compactness is valued
+recycled continuously
+open loop
+Mercury
+an "open loop" system
+working fluid
+565 °C
+stainless steel
+63%
+30 °C
+Steam engines
+railway
+Stanley Steamer
+ships, steamboats and road vehicles
+an increase in the land available for cultivation
+Catch Me Who Can
+Matthew Murray
+twin-cylinder
+Middleton Railway
+Stockton and Darlington Railway
+Arthur Woolf
+British
+torque variability can be reduced
+cylinder volume
+90%
+reciprocating
+gas turbines
+diesel engines, and gas turbines, have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications
+reduction
+The Rankine cycle
+removed in a condenser
+1990s
+biomass
+Scottish
+its "duty"
+17
+7 million
+94
+Watt
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+Reciprocating piston
+turbine
+internal combustion
+Thomas Savery
+a water pump
+1698
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+John Smeaton
+Oliver Evans
+Oliver Evans
+1802
+transport applications
+the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller, faster, or more powerful, depending on the intended application
+Energiprojekt AB
+Sweden
+5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approximat. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh
+4 kg (8.8 lb)
+27-30%
+surface condensers
+an automobile radiator
+Evaporative (wet)
+automobile radiator
+3600
+one at a flour mill Boulton & Watt were building
+Boulton
+a steam engine
+operations requiring constant speed
+to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler
+1880
+railway locomotives
+common for industrial units, for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880
+1930
+road engines
+shortening the cutoff
+kick back
+evacuate the cylinder
+fixed length
+Jernimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+Spanish
+1606
+1698
+1712
+rotating discs
+drive shaft
+static discs
+turbine casing
+3600 revolutions per minute
+lower
+boilers and condensers
+steam turbine plant
+Advanced Steam movement
+pollution
+Wankel engine
+the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear
+thermal expansion
+1763–1775
+improved version
+half
+John Smeaton
+a piston
+two independent mechanisms
+the valve against steam pressure
+an adjustment spring-loaded valve
+seal illegally
+greater steam pressure
+a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff
+1849
+30%
+exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff
+Rumford
+thermodynamic theory
+Watt
+separate condenser
+Joseph Black
+latent heat
+compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
+liquid phase
+1% to 3%
+1500 °C
+an injector
+recover the latent heat of vaporisation
+superheaters
+bunker
+a chain or screw stoking mechanism
+feed water
+British
+dreadnought battleships
+dreadnought battleships, and ocean linings
+1905
+heating water
+electricity
+an electrical generator
+turbo-electric transmission
+Sweden
+practical Carnot cycle
+isobaric (constant pressure) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle
+heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) processes in the theoretical Carnot cycle
+isothermal
+liquid not as a gas
+8
+oxygen
+two
+almost half
+Diatomic oxygen gas
+20.8%
+silicon dioxide
+8
+downward trend
+hydrogen and helium
+8
+chalcogen group
+oxides
+third-most
+dioxygen
+photosynthesis
+sunlight
+high-altitude ozone layer
+oxygen
+water
+photosynthesis
+water
+ozone
+Robert Boyle
+John Mayow
+nitroaereus
+1641
+Robert Boyle
+spiritus nitroaereus
+late 17th century
+respiration
+John Mayow
+Priestley
+clergyman
+"dephlogisticated air"
+mercuric oxide
+mercuric oxide
+dephlogisticated air
+1775
+Because he published his findings first
+more active and lived longer while breathing it
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Philo of Byzantium
+2nd century BCE
+parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
+Philo of Byzantium
+parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire
+Pneumatica
+Leonardo da Vinci
+air
+an ignition event
+source of most of the chemical energy
+Combustion hazards
+Oxygen
+an ignition event
+donate oxygen
+rapid combustion
+high oxidative potential
+peroxides, chlorates, nitrates, perchlorates, and dichromates
+capsule
+Steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel
+13 normal pressure that would be used in a mission
+ignition sources are minimized
+Concentrated O 2
+ignition sources are minimized
+fuel
+Apollo 1 crew
+oxygen
+carbon dioxide
+The Earth's mantle
+carbon dioxide
+crust
+The Earth's mantle
+mantle
+iron (iron(III) oxide Fe 2O 3, in hematite and quartz), and calcium carbonate (in limestone)
+monatomic
+all elements were monatomic
+HO
+hydrogen
+Avogadro's law
+phlogiston
+highly combustible
+metals, too, gain weight in rusting (when they were supposedly losing phlogiston)
+metals
+lighter
+a covalent double bond
+two
+double bond
+chemically bonded to each other
+the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms
+1773
+1774
+the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion
+Antoine Lavoisier
+phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion
+filled  * orbitals
+triplet oxygen
+unpaired electrons
+spontaneous
+antibonding
+air rushed in when he opened the container, which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed
+in weight
+increased in weight
+1777
+azote
+Trioxygen
+Trioxygen
+ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet
+protective radiation shield
+UV region of the spectrum
+dioxygen
+dioxygen
+O 2
+energy content
+energy content
+James Dewar
+1891
+1895
+oxyacetylene welding
+Oxygen
+temperature
+6.04 milliliters
+temperature-dependent, and about twice as much (14.6 mg·L−1) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C (7.6 mg·L−1)
+14.6 mg·L−1
+most abundant chemical element
+third most abundant chemical element
+0.9%
+world's oceans
+ultraviolet radiation
+19th century
+by compressing and cooling it
+Louis Paul Cailletet
+a few drops
+March 29, 1883
+protoplanetary material
+oxygen-16
+Genesis
+protoplanetary material
+Earth
+Singlet oxygen
+common organic molecules
+photosynthesis
+photosynthesis
+Carotenoids
+Paleoclimatologists
+ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of years old
+12%
+oxygen-18
+periods of lower global temperatures
+687 and 760 nm
+carbon cycle
+canopies
+global scale
+remote sensing
+paramagnetic
+liquid oxygen
+the unpaired electrons
+magnetic field
+magnet
+peroxide, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide
+destroy invading microbes
+pathogen attack
+anaerobic organisms
+about 2.5 billion years ago
+90.20 K
+fractional distillation of liquefied air
+liquid nitrogen
+liquid nitrogen
+combustible
+in the world's water bodies
+lower temperatures
+due to their higher oxygen content
+algae
+biochemical oxygen demand
+about 3.5 billion years ago
+Paleoproterozoic eon
+banded iron formations
+around 1.7 billion years ago
+3–2.7 billion years ago
+oxygen cycle
+photosynthesis
+three
+photosynthesis
+oxygen
+pressure swing adorption
+90% to 93% O 2
+the nitrogen
+non-cryogenic
+90% to 93% O 2
+water
+molecular oxygen and hydrogen
+nearly pure O 2 gas
+O 2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids
+chemical oxygen generators
+recreational
+The pharmacological effect is doubtful
+enriched O 2 mixtures
+placebo effect
+aerobic exercise
+decompression sickness
+carbon monoxide
+anaerobic bacteria
+Decompression sickness
+Oxygen therapy
+heart
+Oxygen
+respiration
+gaseous oxygen
+electronegativity
+electronegativity
+FeO
+chemical bonds
+further corrosion
+cabin depressurization
+an emergency supply of O 2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization
+exothermic reaction
+A steady stream of oxygen gas
+high pressure
+compressed gas
+smaller cylinders
+compressed gas
+tankers
+methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether
+glycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide
+feeder materials
+Epoxides
+highlycerol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, citric acid, acetic anhydride, and acetamide
+biomolecules
+Only a few
+biological relevance, carbohydrates
+proteins
+fatty acids
+Oxygen toxicity
+permanent pulmonary fibrosis
+160 kPa
+Acute oxygen toxicity
+breathing an air mixture with 21% O 2 at 66 m or more of depth
+low total pressures used
+30 kPa (1.4 times normal)
+about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal)
+no damage due to the low total pressures used
+more than normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure
+at elevated partial pressures
+partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals
+50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure of about 21 kPa
+Oxygen gas
+30%–50% O 2
+October 1973
+US$3 per barrel
+1979
+second oil shock
+the Organization of Arab Petroleum exporting Countries
+to avoid being targeted by the boycott
+They arranged for Israel to pull back from the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights
+January 18, 1974
+March 1974
+August 15, 1971
+rise and fall according to market demand
+Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased
+September 1971
+oil producers' real income decreased
+more than two percent per year
+1971
+1973–1974
+1947 to 1967
+October 6, 1973
+Iran
+ten
+Iran
+"of course [the price of oil] is going to rise... Certainly!
+response to American aid to Israel
+October 16, 1973
+to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met
+$2.2 billion
+a "principal hostile country"
+over 100 billion dollars
+Sunni extremist groups
+Middle East
+shrinking Western demand
+Wahhabism
+distribution and price disruptions
+USSR
+1973
+Kissinger's dominance
+embargo
+automobiles
+Macroeconomic problems
+rugged terrain
+five to ten years
+Netherlands
+America
+UK
+Israelis
+Ted Heath
+UK
+strikes by coal miners and railroad workers
+1973–74
+The UK, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway
+Sweden
+Price controls
+to encourage investment
+creating greater scarcity
+rationing
+William E. Simon
+1973
+to coordinate the response to the embargo
+20%
+55 mph
+Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
+Bill Clinton
+November 28, 1995
+1977
+energy crisis
+market and technology realities
+presidents
+Saudi Arabia
+British Prime Minister Edward Heath
+10 years
+the Arabs
+Japan
+71%
+declared Japan a "nonfriendly" country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy
+November 22
+December 25
+Afghanistan
+Saudi Arabia and Iran
+Saudi
+January 1979
+November 1979
+Toyota Corona, the Toyota Corolla, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun B210, the Datsun
+American V8 and six cylinder engines
+V8 and six cylinder engines
+Japanese
+1981
+Toyota Corona Mark II
+Datsun 810
+America, Lexus and Infiniti
+Toyota Hilux and the Datsun Truck
+Dodge D-50
+Ford, Dodge, and GM
+captive import policy
+increase in imported cars into North America forced General Motors
+at least four
+1985
+Cadillac DeVille
+Dodge Bel Air, and Ford Galaxie 500
+1979
+1981
+1974 Mustang I
+1981
+1980s
+to recover market share, increased production, pushing prices down, shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers
+$40 per barrel
+Project Mercury
+The Apollo program
+1968
+John F. Kennedy
+two-man Project Gemini (1962–66)
+1961 to 1972
+Gemini missions
+Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
+Skylab
+1967
+manned lunar landing
+Budget cuts
+Five
+prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
+Apollo 8
+Apollo 17
+382
+technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight
+one astronaut
+three
+Abe Silverstein
+manned lunar landings
+early 1960
+1960
+Maxime Faget
+three
+Hugh L. Dryden
+John F. Kennedy
+Soviet Union
+massive financial commitment
+James E. Webb
+aerospace technology
+Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
+Soviet Union
+one day
+circumspect
+April 20
+Lyndon B. Johnson
+one week
+"we are neither making maximum effort nor achieveing results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership."
+Robert R. Gilruth
+Langley Research Center
+Houston, Texas
+Rice University
+Florida
+Merritt Island
+Kurt H. Debus
+the LoC's first Director
+Kennedy
+at least three
+Apollo spacecraft
+250,000 feet
+130 million cubic foot (3.7 million cubic meter)
+Dr. George E. Mueller
+July 23, 1963
+D. Brainerd Holmes
+Mueller
+Air Force missile projects
+General Samuel C. Phillips
+General Samuel C. Phillips
+1964
+Apollo Program Director
+a rendezvous
+1961
+Robert Seamans
+Nicholas E. Golovin
+July 1961
+Manned Spacecraft Center
+Joseph Shea
+Manned Spacecraft Center
+Jerome Wiesner
+Golovin
+Saturn V launch vehicle and LOR by forcing Shea, Seamans, and even Webb to still hedge the decision as "tentative"
+July 11, 1962
+Wiesner
+"No, that's no good"
+Lunar Excursionmodules
+Grumman
+a "lifeboat"
+oxygen tank explosion
+propulsion, electrical power and life support
+1964
+cone-shaped
+Command/Servicemodules
+two
+three astronauts
+The Commandmodules
+ablative heat shield
+Parachutes
+approximately 12,250 pounds
+A cylindrical Servicemodules
+high-gain S-band
+discarded
+51,300
+an orbital scientific instrument package
+North American Aviation
+twice
+1964
+Saturn V
+two
+Not designed to fly through the Earth's atmosphere
+33,300 pounds
+3 days
+Wernher von Braun
+the Army
+June 11, 1962
+dummy upper stages filled with water
+1964 and 1965
+Pegasus satellites
+the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
+Saturn IB
+1,600,000 pounds-force (7,120 kN)
+third stage
+40,000 pounds
+Saturn V
+33 feet (10.1 m)
+three
+burned liquid hydrogen
+Project Mercury and Gemini veterans
+All missions were commanded by Gemini or Mercury veterans
+Dr. Harrison Schmitt
+Apollo 17
+geology training of all of the Apollo landing crews
+32
+Distinguished Service Medal
+1969
+flew the first Earth orbital test mission
+Apollo 8
+1966
+265.7
+617.1 nautical miles
+Servicemodules engine and the Commandmodules heat shield
+a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207-208
+a new Apollo spacesuit
+greater visibility
+water-cooled
+Commander
+Deke Slayton
+Gemini and Apollo programs
+1966
+Grissom
+KC135 weightlessness training aircraft
+canceled
+August 1967
+Saturn IB
+Apollo 1 backup crew
+Samuel Phillips
+to investigate North American's problems and identify corrections
+1967
+George Mueller
+North American
+Grissom, White, and Chaffee
+a launch countdown
+North American
+an electrical fire began in the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere
+January 27, 1967
+delayed the sealing of the hatch
+an electrical fire began in the cabin, and spread quickly in the high pressure, 100% oxygen atmosphere
+100% oxygen
+Congress
+deficiencies
+George Low
+immediately
+nitrogen/oxygen mixture
+flammable
+Block I plug-type hatch cover
+NASA discontinued the manned Block I program
+modified, fire-resistant Block II space suits
+unmanned Saturn V validation
+successfully accomplished
+letters
+Apollo 4
+to achieve trans-lunar injection
+April 4, 1968
+a third unmanned test
+5
+pad 37
+George Low
+successfully test-fired and restarted
+fire-in-the-hole
+D mission
+Zond 5
+Christmas Eve
+sending Apollo 8 to orbit the Moon
+animals
+Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
+July 1969
+black-and-white television
+Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
+July 24
+the Surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe
+Surveyor 3
+removed some parts which they returned to Earth
+accidentally pointed into the Sun
+Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV)
+Block II spacesuit
+eight
+over three days
+a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites
+a liquid oxygen tank exploded
+Commander, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise
+the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added
+oxygen tank
+April 1970
+Saturn V
+shrink in light
+became museum exhibits
+1971
+extremely old
+extremely old
+Genesis Rock
+Genesis Rock
+highly brecciated
+impact process effects
+materials melted near an impact crater
+$170 billion
+15
+$20.4 billion
+Apollo extension Series
+Apollo applications Program
+Venus
+1973
+complete
+1979
+solar telescope
+Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
+Apollo 11 mission
+remains unknown
+Apollo 8
+Book of Genesis
+one-quarter
+Inspiring end
+Apollo TV camera
+incompatible
+magnetic tape shortage
+magnetic tape shortage
+Stan Lebar
+Nafzger
+The video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy
+kinescope
+Lowry Digital
+conservative digital enhancements
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+a body of treaties and legislation
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+a body of treaties and legislation
+direct effect or indirect effect
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+three
+courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+courts of member states
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+Court of Justice
+member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+Court of Justice
+courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+the courts of member states
+The European Court of Justice
+case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
+Treaty on European Union (T EU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Commission
+citizens
+The European Court of Justice
+The Commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce EU law
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The T EU specifically excludes certain regions, for example the Faroe Islands, from the jurisdiction of European Union law
+the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional
+if the Treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear, precise and unconditional
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+Gibraltar and the land islands
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise, and are generally concluded for an unlimited period
+The Court of Justice of the European Union
+with common rules for coal and steel
+Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992
+1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden
+Norway did not end up joining
+Greenland
+lack of support in the referendum
+1992
+1986
+1972
+1985
+following the Nice Treaty
+France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+very similar
+enacted
+it did not completely replace them
+the constitutional law of the European Union
+constitutional law of the European Union
+the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force
+Lisbon Treaty
+The European Commission
+Council
+The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker)
+one Commissioner
+Federica Mogherini
+Article 17(2)
+The Commission's President (currently an ex-Luxembourg Prime Minister, Jean-Claude Juncker)
+a simple majority vote, usually through a "written procedure" of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections.
+Ireland
+Commissioners
+Santer Commission
+the European Court of Justice held that a Commissioner giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+European Council
+not have voting rights
+1999
+Commission v Edith Cresson
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+European Anti-fraud Office
+2012
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
+every five years
+ten times the voting weight in Parliament as citizens of the largest countries, and "qualified majorities" or consensus of the Council are required to legislate
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+Commission
+European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+1979
+every five years
+Council of the European Union
+different ministers of the member states
+former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk
+When voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size, so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states are not dominated by larger member states are not dominated by larger member states are not dominated by larger member
+352
+260
+Council
+each six months
+352
+352 votes, but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus
+a majority of all MEPs
+qualified majority
+harder
+T EU articles 4 and 5
+Court of Justice
+294
+a majority in Parliament
+4 and 5
+Commission amendment
+judicial branch
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+one judge from each member state, 28 at present, who are supposed to "possess the qualifications required for appointment to high judicial office"
+the English Court of Appeal, the German Bundesgerichtshof, the Belgian Cour du travail, etc.
+to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
+by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+Civil Service Tribunal
+three years
+to "ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
+the Court of Justice's view
+because the nationalisation law was from 1962
+1964, Costa v ENEL, a Milanese lawyer, and former shareholder of an energy company, named Mr Costa had no claim
+European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
+1964
+Court of Justice
+EU law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+1972
+national law where this agreed in the Treaties, they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+the German Constitutional Court from the Solange I and Solange II decisions
+administrative law
+1986
+rules on "direct effect" limit the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer EU law
+constitutional law
+Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandseadministratie der Belastingen
+30 clearly, unconditionally and immediately stated that no quantitative restrictions could be placed on trade, without a good justification
+postal
+Treaty provisions
+Directives
+at least 4 weeks
+more than 28
+early 1990s
+the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws
+a citizen or company can invoke a Directive
+10 years
+Swedex GmbH & Co KG
+18 to 28, for Swedex GmbH & Co KG before her dismissal
+Fourth, national courts
+incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
+set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
+6 million Lira
+European Court of Justice
+fundamental rights (see human rights), proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
+since the 1950s
+Article 5
+the least onerous
+since the 1960s
+European Court of Justice
+a proper legal basis
+the principles of legal certainty and good faith
+the constitutional traditions common to the member states
+fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
+None
+European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights
+1950
+European Court of Human Rights
+1999
+2007
+Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
+European Union law
+European Court of Justice
+1997 Treaty of Amsterdam
+1997
+1989
+30
+40
+11
+The UK
+Social Chapter
+1992
+the election of the UK Labour Party
+1997
+Works Council Directive
+1996
+workforce consultation in businesses
+France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Germany
+1951
+Cartels and article 66 made provisions for concentrations, or mergers, and the abuse of a dominant position by companies
+article 66
+1957
+Article 101
+anti-competitive agreements
+Articles 106 and 107
+Article 103
+2007
+since the Treaty of Rome 1957
+consumer prices
+free trade
+Treaty of Rome 1957
+customs union
+all "trading rules" that are "enacted by Member States" which could hinder trade "directly or indirectly, actually or potentially" would be caught by article 34
+private actors
+Commission v France
+"trading rules" that are "enacted by Member States" which could hinder trade "directly or indirectly, actually or potentially" would be caught by article 34
+25 per cent
+France
+2003
+cocoa products that included other vegetable fats could not be labelling would be labelling would protect consumers "just as effectively"
+a Belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages
+Keck and Mithouard
+prevent cut throat competition
+Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
+Unfair Commercial Practice
+people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
+European Community
+citizenship
+Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie
+stay
+1 to 7
+Jean-Marc Bosman
+Gaelic
+Belgian Football Association v Bosman
+1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment, completede contracts, and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state
+Citizenship of the EU
+the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
+Commission v Austria
+higher education
+Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+if they were non-discriminatory, "justified by imperative requirements in the general interest" and proportionately applied
+Reyners v Belgium
+49
+Reyners v Belgium the Court of Justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment
+2006
+shipping toxic waste
+October 2007
+2005
+people who give services "for remuneration"
+Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
+the freedom to provide services applied, it was directly effective, and the rule was probably unjustified: having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice
+treatment
+Daily Mail
+£1
+£1
+The UK
+berseering BT v Nordic Construction GmbH the Court of Justice
+Amazonia
+5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi)
+nine
+four
+over half
+Amazoneregenwoud
+Amazon Jungle
+Brazil
+over half
+16,000
+a moist broadleaf forest
+7,000,000 square kilometres (2,700,000 sq mi)
+nine
+Brazil
+390 billion
+the wetter climate
+Climate fluctuations
+the Oligocene
+Middle Miocene
+the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods
+the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate
+45°
+Climate fluctuations
+Oligocene
+expanded
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+66–34 Mya
+Middle Miocene
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+34 million years
+the mid-Eocene
+toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Atlantic across the Amazonas Basin
+Solimes Basin
+5–10 million years
+the Purus Arch
+During the mid-Eocene
+Pacific
+Pacific across the Amazonas Basin
+Amazonas Basin
+Solimes Basin
+the mid-Eocene
+the Purus Arch
+the Atlantic
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+Last Glacial Maximum
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present
+the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
+difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
+reasonably well supported by the available data
+21,000 years
+the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation
+data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
+over the last 21,000 years
+sediment deposits
+moist tropical
+open forest and grassland
+the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
+CALIPSO
+182 million
+1,600 miles
+Amazon basin
+132 million
+NASA's CALIPSO satellite
+182 million tons
+27.7 million tons
+132 million tons
+43 million tons
+CALIPSO
+CALIPSO
+182 million tons
+1,600 miles
+27.7 million
+Amazonia: Man and Culture
+0.52sq mi
+agriculture
+recent anthropological findings
+5 million
+per square kilometre
+Bety Meggers
+0.2
+Amazonia: Man and Culture
+Bety Meggers
+Amazonia: Man and Culture
+0.52sq mi
+5 million
+200,000
+Francisco de Orellana
+1540s
+spread of diseases from Europe
+between AD 0–1250
+between AD 0–1250
+Francisco de Orellana
+1542
+between AD 0–1250
+Ondemar Dias
+at least 11,000 years
+black earth
+black earth
+agriculture and silviculture
+the Xingu tribe
+University of Florida
+Terra preta
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+Michael Heckenberger
+roads, bridges and large plazas
+2.5 million
+One in five
+40,000
+one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams
+between 96,660 and 128,843
+2.5 million
+2,000
+40,000
+378
+one in five
+62
+1,100
+90,790
+356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare
+438,000
+highest
+1,100
+90,790
+356 ± 47 tonnes
+438,000
+electric eels
+black caiman
+piranha
+lipophilic alkaloid toxins
+Vampire bats
+Deforestation
+1960s
+slash and burn method
+loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
+areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space
+415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
+415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres
+cattle
+second-largest
+91%
+soy farmers
+increased settlement and deforestation
+8,646 sq mi
+declined significantly
+18%
+biodiversity
+destruction of the forest
+loss of biodiversity
+10%
+1.1 × 1011
+severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
+2100
+2100
+the 21st century
+climate change in addition to deforestation
+indigenous territories
+ethno-biology and community-based
+deforestation and ecocide
+Urarina
+Peruvian
+remote sensing
+Trio Tribe
+Trio Tribe
+handheld
+to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
+tree growth stages
+tree growth stages
+Tatiana Kuplich
+2006
+Synthetic aperture radar
+2005
+Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research
+deforestation
+irreversibly
+The Independent reported Woods Hole Research Center
+2010
+1,160,000 square miles
+three
+2005
+1.5
+comb jellies
+marine waters worldwide
+1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
+a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
+cilia
+water flow through the body cavity
+a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
+the ‘combs’
+comb jellies
+a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide
+water flow
+ kteis
+marine waters worldwide
+ten times their own weight
+100–150
+25
+100–150
+little tentacles
+ten times their own weight
+lack tentacles and prey
+huge mouths armed with groups of large, stiffened cilia
+ten times their own weight
+little tentacles
+stiffened cilia
+sticky cells
+Almost all ctenophores are predators, taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans
+hermaphrodites
+planktonic
+youthiles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+hermaphrodites
+platyctenids
+The combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+the eggs and sperm mature at different times
+platyctenids
+Beroids
+Black Sea
+Mnemiopsis
+over-fishing and long-term environmental changes
+fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
+Mnemiopsis
+fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
+bays
+bays where they occur in very high numbers, predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms
+a vital part of marine food chains
+Mnemiopsis
+causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
+eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish
+66 million years ago
+monophyletic
+515 million years ago
+lagersttten
+515 million years ago
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+monophyletic
+tentacles
+cnidarians
+having colloblasts
+bilaterians
+Ctenophores
+colloblasts
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+colloblasts
+ctenophores and cnidarians
+bilaterians
+mesoglea
+diploblastic
+ctenophores
+sponges
+cilia
+hairs
+"ctenes,"
+"comb-bearing"
+Pleurobrachia
+oceanic species
+to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
+Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
+an epithelium
+bioluminescence
+pharynx
+a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles
+the mesoglea
+swimming-plates
+"ctenes" or "comb plates"
+have a supporting function
+direction in which the mouth is pointing, unlike jellyfish
+2 millimeters
+experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities
+mesoglea
+reduce its volume and increase its density
+pump this into the mesoglea
+aboral organ
+the opposite end from the mouth
+a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia
+a statocyst
+a balance sensor
+sea gooseberry
+a pair of long, slender tentacles
+cylindrical or egg-shaped
+an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end
+the narrow end
+tentilla ("little tentacles")
+specialized molecular-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
+they contain striated muscle, a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum Ctenophora
+three
+capturing prey
+eight
+near the mouth to the opposite end
+evenly round the body
+a ciliary groove
+lobes
+many species of lobates have four auricles
+four
+produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
+suspended planktonic prey
+clapping their lobes
+escape from danger
+nerves
+nerves
+Nuda
+Beroida
+forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip
+tight closure streamlines the front of the animal
+their large pharynx
+Cestida
+Cestum veneris
+belt animals
+by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows
+Velamen parallelum
+oval bodies
+a muscular "foot"
+comb-rows
+rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
+via pores in the epidermis
+internal fertilization
+Mnemiopsis
+in the parts of the internal canal network
+external
+tentacles and tentacle sheaths
+plankton
+gradually develop the body forms of their parents
+true larvae
+Beroe
+disturbed
+When some species
+luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies
+Juveniles
+parasitic
+jellyfish
+incorporate their prey's nematocysts (stinging cells) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts
+10 times their own weight per day
+Lampea
+low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
+keta
+ctenophores
+Red Sea
+ctenophores
+the Western Atlantic ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
+via the ballast tanks of ships
+by the accidental introduction of the Mnemiopsis-eating North American ctenophore Beroe ovata
+late 1980s
+significantly slowed the animal's metabolism
+Because of their soft,gelatinous bodies
+comb jelly
+the mid-Cambrian period
+Three
+tentacles
+515 million years ago
+Stromatoveris
+Stromatoveris
+ctenophores
+Ediacaran
+the Bilateria
+the placement of Ctenophora as sister to all other animals is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes
+beroids
+monophyletic
+65.5 million years ago
+Richard Harbison
+Fresno
+approximately 220 miles
+ash tree
+an ash leaf
+Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin Valley
+1872
+flooding
+1885
+47
+Fresno Traction Company
+2.7%
+Chinatown
+Pinedale
+an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps
+an assembly center
+BankAmericard
+BankAmericard
+revolve a balance
+1976
+visa Inc
+Bill Aken
+Bill Aken
+Madera
+The Fresno Barn
+Lupe Mayorga
+three
+Roeding Park
+Kearney Park
+Woodward Park
+Kearney Park
+1880s and World War II
+Fresno County Courthouse
+San Joaquin Light & Power Building
+Hughes Hotel
+1964
+Fulton Mall
+Pierre- Auguste Renoir
+Fulton Mall
+wide sidewalks
+Fresno's far southeast side
+Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
+1950s
+a golf course designed by William P. Bell
+William P. Bell
+Tower Theatre
+1939
+water tower
+Fresno Normal School
+one-half mile
+late 1970s
+second and third run movies
+1978
+New York City
+Evita and The Wiz
+restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores, currently operating on or near Olive Avenue, and all within a few hundred feet of each other
+within a few hundred feet
+Tower District
+Tower District
+Tower District
+early twentieth century homes
+Storybook houses
+contrasts
+recent decades
+Huntington Boulevard
+William Stranahan
+1914
+267 homes
+Fresno Traction Company
+Southwest Fresno
+southwest
+African-American
+Hmong or Laotian
+Nielsen Ave
+M. Theo Kearney
+tall palm trees
+Fresno Street and Thorne Ave
+Brookhaven
+West Side south of Jensen and west of Elm
+between the 1960s and 1990s
+Fresno
+Church Ave west of Elm St. Cargill  meat Solutions and Foster Farms
+West Side
+little
+Ralph Woodward
+300
+2,500
+22 miles
+October, 6am to 10pm and November through March, 6am to 7pm
+1946
+William Smilie
+Sierra Sky Park
+Sierra Sky Park Airport
+there are now numerous such communities across the United States and around the world
+mild, moist winters and hot and dry summers
+July
+81%
+northwest
+December, January and February
+115 °F
+January 6, 1913
+1885
+115 °F
+3.55 inches
+494,665
+30.0%
+8,525
+30.0%
+4,404.5
+There were 158,349 households
+19.3%
+1,388
+3.62
+3.07
+427,652
+149,025
+8.4%
+11.2%
+4,097.9 people per square mile
+To avoid interference with existing VHF television stations in the San Francisco Bay Area
+KMJ-TV
+June 1, 1953
+NBC affiliateksEE
+KGME
+State Route 99
+Sierra Freeway
+State Route 41
+west
+Fresno
+1950s
+Interstate 9
+rapidly raising population and traffic in cities
+Amtrak San Joaquins
+Downtown Fresno
+Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway and Union Pacific Railroad railroads
+San Joaquin Valley Railroad
+Fresno
+the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block switching
+provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the RAND Corporation
+theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
+coining the modern name packet switching
+the concept Distributed Adaptive Message Block switching
+provide a fault-tolerant, efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the Bell System
+Davies
+networking paradigm
+a fee per unit of connection time
+by a fee per unit of information transmitted
+another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes
+dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session
+by a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred, each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes
+by a fee per unit of information transmitted
+with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
+by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering
+packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
+with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
+by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering
+packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
+adaptive message block switching
+the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the RAND Corporation for the US Air Force
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points
+by store and forward switching
+described a general architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
+packets
+distributed adaptive message block switching
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points
+message routing methodology
+packet switching
+a nationwide network in the UK
+ARPANET
+Donald Davies
+packet switching
+use in the ARPANET
+complete addressing information
+individually, sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery
+a destination address, source address, and port numbers
+dispatched and may go via different routes
+The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets
+The packet header can be small, as it only needs to contain this code and any information, such as length, timestamp, or sequence number, which is different for different packets
+The packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints
+a  configuration phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the criteria of communication
+a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted
+ISDN's layer two protocol, LAPD and LAPB
+provide connection-oriented operations
+X.25 does not define any operations inside the packet network
+1969
+division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
+an example of a datagram protocol
+protocol suite
+a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc
+allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized Ethernet or server
+addresses
+plug-n-play system
+CYCLADES packet switching network
+to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself, using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
+using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
+ARPANET architecture
+a suite of network protocols created by Digital Equipment Corporation
+connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
+one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures
+open standards with published specifications
+a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect GE's four computer sales and service centers
+computer time-sharing service, apparently the world's first commercial online service
+Warner Sinback, a high-level marketing manager, was given the job of turning the business around
+a time-sharing system, based on Kemney's work at Dartmouth
+Michigan Educational Research Information Triad
+CDC mainframe at Michigan State University in East Lansing
+TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network
+first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
+former ARPA IUS director Larry Roberts
+first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
+changed the host interface to X.25 and the terminal interface to X.29
+GTE
+international data communications network headquartered in San Jose, CA
+host computers (servers)at thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
+via dia-up connections or dedicated async connections
+build their own dedicated networks
+build their own dedicated networks
+two
+Bell Northern Research
+X.75 and X.121 allowed the interconnection of national X.25 networks
+an Australian public X.25 network operated by Telstra
+on-line betting, financial applications
+by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
+public switched data network operated by the Dutch Ptt Telecom
+Datanet 1
+the network and the connected users via leased lines
+incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
+The Computer Science Network
+to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET
+authorization limitations
+a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government
+Level 3 Communications
+Abilene
+Level 3 Communications
+Internet2
+a program of coordinated, evolving projects sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the United States
+advanced research and education networking in the United States
+advanced research and education networking in the United States
+Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
+to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
+MCI Telecommunications
+more than 100
+one of the first ever production OS 48c (2.5 Gbit/s) IP links
+Central Asia
+killed 30–60% of Europe's total population
+30–60%
+17th century
+until the 17th century
+plague disease
+1338–39
+China and India
+1331
+25 million
+Genoese traders
+Jani Beg
+infected corpses
+Sicily and the south of Europe
+several existing conditions such as war, famine, and weather
+northwest
+France, Spain, Portugal and England
+smaller trade relations with their neighbours, including the Kingdom of Poland, the majority of the Basque Country, isolated parts of Belgium and the Netherlands, and isolated alpine villages
+Scandinavia
+1349
+struck various countries
+autumn 1347
+through the port's trade with Constantinople
+the north
+Gasquet
+atra mors
+Gasquet
+1823
+Germany
+plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers
+the king of France
+Miasma theory
+Miasma theory
+Plague theory
+teams of scientists who visited Hong Kong in 1894
+Alexandre Yersin
+Y. pestis
+two populations of rodents
+Francis Aidan Gasquet
+"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"
+1908
+"it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague"
+Justinian plague
+30–75%
+38–41 °C (100–106 °F)
+80
+90 to 95 percent
+fever of 38–41 °C
+October 2010
+a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death
+Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR) techniques
+northern, central and southern Europe
+the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death
+ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves
+Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
+may have entered Europe in two waves
+through the port of Marseille around November 1347
+spring of 1349
+confirmed and amended
+East Smithfield
+ancestral to most modern strains of the disease
+October 2011
+J. F. D. Shrewsbury
+the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century virusc were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
+contemporary accounts were exaggerations
+the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
+Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
+epidemiological account of the plague
+lack of reliable statistics from this period
+over 100%
+figures from the clergy
+1377
+the DNA results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere, despite extensive samples from other mass graves
+marginal significance
+despite primitive transport systems, the spread of the Black Death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague
+much faster
+5 to 15 years
+cause was a form of anthrax
+a combination of anthrax and other viruscs
+typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
+a type of "blood poisoning"
+25
+about a third
+Half
+pre-planning and Christian burials
+as much as 50%
+isolated areas
+14th to 17th centuries
+the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671
+a million
+propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300
+end of 1350
+10–15%
+1665
+40,000
+Russia
+Italian Plague of 1629–1631
+1654
+22 times between 1361 and 1528
+1.7 million
+300,000
+1.25 million
+Sweden v. Russia and allies
+1720 in Marseille
+1500 and 1850
+30 to 50 thousand
+until the second quarter of the 19th century
+two-thirds
+melt
+metamorphic rock
+a new magma
+igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
+heat and pressure
+seafloor spreading
+crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
+asthenosphere
+the convecting mantle
+1960s
+divergent boundaries
+convergent boundaries
+San Andreas fault system
+Alfred Wegener
+the convecting mantle
+seismic waves
+inner core
+410 and 660 kilometers
+wave speeds
+seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers
+The second, third, and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks
+Quaternary
+The Holocene
+Quaternary
+cross-cutting relationships
+older
+key bed
+younger
+xenoliths
+magma or lava flows
+clasts
+inclusions and components
+a newer layer
+faunal succession
+William Smith
+quite complex
+absence
+Charles Darwin
+beginning of the 20th century
+stratigraphic
+new absolute ages
+one another
+fossil sequences
+Thermochemical techniques
+isotope ratios of radioactive elements
+isotope
+within a stratigraphic sequence
+horizontal compression
+cause deeper rock to move on top of shallower rock
+"antiforms"
+"antiforms"
+anticlines and synclines
+extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner
+boudins
+Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
+metamorphosed
+the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner
+Dikes
+large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed
+topographic gradients, causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels
+continual motion
+Deformational
+layered basaltic lava flows
+Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton
+sedimentary
+Cambrian time
+the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton
+the study of rocks
+the study of sedimentary layers
+the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
+soils, rivers, landscapes, and glaciers
+optical microscopy
+interference
+geochemical evolution of rock units
+laboratory
+electron microprobe
+can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments
+high temperature and pressure physical experiments
+metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks
+Structural geologists
+gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks
+reconstruct the history of rock deformation
+analog and numerical experiments
+orogenic wedges
+those involving orogenic wedges
+horizontal layers of sand
+orogenic wedge
+Numerical models
+stratigraphers
+geophysical
+Geophysical data and well logs
+computer programs
+water, coal, and hydrocarbon
+to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
+biostratigraphers
+Magnetic stratigraphers
+Geochronologists
+Persia
+Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
+Shen Kuo
+Ibn Sina
+deposition of silt
+James Hutton
+Theory of the Earth
+1795
+the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea
+William Maclure
+1809
+1809
+Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
+American Philosophical Society
+Principles of Geology
+uniformitarianism
+Principles of Geology
+catastrophism
+Charles Darwin
+103
+8.5 mi (13.7 km)
+English Core Cities Group
+Northumberland
+Geordie
+Robert Curthose
+wool
+coal
+16th century
+Great North Run
+Pons Aelius
+River Tyne
+2,000
+Hadrian
+Pictish tribes
+England
+Elizabeth
+25-foot
+William the Lion
+three
+coal from Tyneside to Newcastle Quayside
+the Hostmen
+a pointless pursuit
+an eccentric
+ruin him
+boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere
+boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers
+7,000 out of 20,000
+more than one-third
+devastating loss
+the King
+the Scots
+drummes
+Triumphing by a brave defence
+Charles I
+urbanization of the city
+Maling company
+electric lighting
+prosperity
+steam turbine
+medieval
+Narrow alleys
+Stairs
+modern
+a restaurant situated at a grade I-listed 16th century merchant's house at 28–30 Close
+Tyneside Classical
+England's best-looking city
+Grey Street
+1960s
+Shopping Centre
+Town Moor
+graze cattle
+The Hoppings funfair
+June
+King Harald V of Norway
+Large-scale regeneration
+Gateshead Council
+Norman Foster
+a tourist promotion
+ten
+Grainger Town area
+between 1835 and 1842
+four stories
+244
+Butcher Market
+1835
+2000
+a painting of this event
+English Heritage
+oceanic
+warming
+rain
+January 1982
+British Isles
+2010
+Eldon Square Shopping Centre
+Bainbridge's
+giving birth to the name department store
+2007
+shopping
+suburban
+Tesco
+MetroCentre
+Gateshead
+Tyneside flat
+terraces
+the Ouseburn valley
+Architects
+high density
+7.8%
+at 5.9%
+overinflated
+overinflated markets
+Tunbridge Wells
+2001
+metropolitan
+student
+metropolitan boroughs of North Tyneside (population circa 201,000) and Gateshead (population circa 880,000)
+student populations
+37.8
+ancestors
+Border Reiver surnames
+between 500 and 2,000
+1%
+Geordie
+Anglo-Saxon populations
+many elements
+pronounced
+"stream" ("stream") and "gan" ("go")
+Geordie
+Northern United Kingdom
+Scots
+Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area
+Dutch gooien
+Ear Institute at the University College London
+noisiest
+80.4
+negative long-term
+a motorway underpass without pedestrian access
+Collingwood Street
+a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Empire multiplex cinema
+12
+The Pink Triangle
+bars, cafés and clubs
+theatre
+Stephen Kemble
+many celebrated seasons
+21 January 1788
+Grey Street
+theatres
+Theatre Royal
+Royal Shakespeare Company
+local talent
+arts capital of the UK
+The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
+8000
+John and Benjamin Green
+lecture theatre
+Joseph Swan
+The Newcastle Beer Festival
+May
+biennial
+NewcastleGateshead
+2
+The Hoppings
+Newcastle Town Moor every June
+Temperance Movement
+cycling
+Northern Pride Festival and Parade
+Newcastle Mela
+Norman Foster
+Design Event
+East Asian
+NewcastleGateshead
+folk-rock
+1971
+Venom
+Skyclad
+Duran Duran
+November 2006 and May 2008
+Old Town Hall, Gateshead
+three
+the restored Classic
+Old Town Hall, Gateshead
+Centre for Life
+life on Tyneside
+shipbuilding
+2009
+Seven Stories
+On the Night of the Fire
+Get Carter
+gangster
+Mike Figgis
+Tommy Lee Jones
+Gosforth Park
+Newcastle Eagles
+Newcastle Diamonds
+Brough Park in Byker
+Blaydon Race
+6 miles (9.7 km)
+Newcastle International Airport is located approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near Ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the North East
+approximately 20 minutes
+over five million
+over 90
+Victorian architecture
+six
+Queen Victoria
+Robert Stephenson
+Manors
+three hours
+three hours
+Edinburgh
+Cross Country trains
+Northern Rail
+Tyne and wear Metro
+five
+deep-level
+A bridge was built across the Tyne
+37 million
+Metro: All Change
+Smart Ticketsing
+tracks, signalling and overhead wires
+procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains
+trams
+A1
+A69
+Great North Road
+the A1
+the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel
+3
+two
+Stagecoach
+Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne
+Go-Ahead
+1998
+cycling promotes healthy living
+healthy living
+one way streets
+national networks
+Danish DFDS Seaways
+end of October 2006
+high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
+late 2008
+Thomson
+eleven
+seven
+Royal Grammar School
+Newcastle College
+Catholic
+two
+Newcastle University
+Sunday Times University of the Year award
+University of Northumbria at Newcastle
+Northumbria University
+three
+1474
+Coptic Cathedral
+Church of St Thomas
+parish churches
+Parish Church of St Andrew
+1726
+the main porch
+the last of the ancient churchyards
+The church tower
+City Road
+a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead
+The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex
+the result of its colouring
+BBC Radio Newcastle
+Newcastle Student Radio
+Newcastle Student Radio
+since 1951
+Radio Lollipop
+Newcastle University's student's union building
+1770
+Archbishop of Westminster
+George Stephenson
+the incandescent light bulb Sir Joseph Swan
+Thailand
+Rutherford Grammar School
+international footballers
+Nobel Prize
+Northumbrian smallpipes
+Newcastle
+Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+4.5 million
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Department for Culture, Media and Sport
+2001
+12.5
+145 galleries
+5,000 years
+Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
+post-classical sculpture
+Great Exhibition of 1851
+Henry Cole
+Museum of Manufactures
+Somerset House
+Gottfried Semper
+Queen Victoria
+22 June 1857
+George Wallis
+late night openings
+1949
+between September and November 1946
+nearly a million and a half
+Council of Industrial Design
+Festival of Britain
+1948
+a rock concert
+a rock concert
+Roy Strong
+mediaeval music
+Dundee
+£76 million
+the city's waterfront
+fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
+within five years
+Brompton Park House
+Sheepshanks Gallery
+Captain Francis Fowke
+1862
+offices and board room
+Owen Jones
+Italian Renaissance
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+Philip Webb and William Morris
+Edward Burne-Jones
+James Gamble
+Alfred Stevens
+Sir Edward Poynter
+Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott
+Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott
+Portland stone
+the prints and architectural drawings
+2008
+sgraffito
+Starkie Gardner
+southeast of the garden
+south side of the garden
+Reuben Townroe
+Aston Webb
+red brick and Portland stone
+720 feet
+an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame
+an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame
+Alfred Drury
+four
+Webb
+marble
+Queen Victoria
+south-west
+Henry Cole wing
+a new entrance building
+Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
+Spiral
+main silverware
+mosaic floors
+"FuturePlan"
+South Kensington
+Eva Jiin
+Kim Wilkie
+John Madejski Garden
+elliptical
+receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
+American Sweetgum
+2004
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+600,000
+RIBA drawings and Archives Collection
+700,000
+Andrea Palladio
+George Edmund Street
+over 330
+Andrea Palladio
+Andrea Palladio
+Bishopsgate
+Great Fire of London
+c1600
+Montal
+Alhambra
+over 19,000
+2006
+Ardabil Carpet
+Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Afghanistan
+1909
+60,000
+about 10,000
+6000
+1991
+Jawaharlal Nehru
+70,000
+China, Japan and Korea
+T. T. Tsui Gallery
+1991
+Ming and Qing dynasties
+Ando Cloisonné
+1986
+13th
+1550 to 1900
+bronze incense burner
+14th to the 19th century
+Himalayan kingdoms
+wood and bronze, scroll paintings and ritual objects
+mother-of-pearl
+ivory
+Duke of Milan Ludovico Sforza
+Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
+over 18,000 books
+1869
+1876
+Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
+Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
+12th to 16th centuries
+Joan of Arc, Rouen
+Lucas Horenbout, London
+Word and Image Department
+MODES
+Encoded Archival description (EAD)
+The Victoria and Albert Museum
+" search thecollections," but not everything is listed there.
+2007
+Factory Project
+Andy Warhol
+15,000
+to catalog everything
+British patrons
+Asia
+Gian Lorenzo Bernini
+Horace Walpole
+porcelain, cloth and desktop
+increase in tea drinking
+increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure
+John Ruskin
+mass production
+Arts andcrafts
+Trajan's Column
+cut in half
+Trajan's Column
+sculptures, friezes and tombs
+in a glass case
+1731
+Frederick II the Great
+1762
+1909
+East Asian pottery
+Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach
+Britain and Holland
+a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves
+16th and 17th centuries
+Germany and Switzerland
+4000 years
+6000
+Ancient Egypt
+René Lalique
+Louis Comfort Tiffany and mile Gallé
+1994
+Danny Lane
+2004
+Dale Chihuly
+13th
+over 10,000
+2,000
+Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione
+Paul Nash
+Paul Nash
+1,442
+Word and Image
+Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
+1913
+Harrods
+2002
+Vivienne Westwood
+178 Vivienne Westwood
+Costiff collection of 178 Vivienne Westwood costumes
+modern fashion
+between 1859 and 1865
+between 1859 and 1865
+French 18th-century art and furnishings
+1882
+£250,000
+1580
+Hans Vredeman de Vries
+c1750
+Germany
+Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames, and Gi Ponti
+6000
+Egypt
+1869
+154
+William and Judith Bollinger
+secular and sacred covering both Christian (Roman Catholic, Anglican and Greek Orthodox) and Jewish liturgical vessels and items
+1496–97
+nearly 8 tonnes
+Sir George Gilbert Scott
+over 10,000
+c1110
+gilt bronze
+St Thomas Becket
+c1180
+gilt copper
+5,100
+Bryan Davies
+Horniman Museum
+35
+2010
+1130
+650
+6800
+Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II
+Andrés Marzal De Sax
+1857
+233
+forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art'
+The Hay Wain
+British
+continental art 1600–1800
+Madame de Pompadour
+Carlo Crivelli's Virgin and Child
+Franois Boucher
+Eadweard Muybridge
+1887
+781
+images of different animals
+James Lafayette
+post-classical European sculpture
+22,000
+400 AD to 1914
+tomb and memorial, to portrait, allegorical, religious, mythical, statues for gardens including fountains, as well as architectural decorations
+National Galleries of Scotland
+Neptune and Triton
+Canova's The Three Graces
+Canova's The Three Graces
+Canova's The Three Graces, which the museum jointly owns with National Galleries of Scotland
+20
+the sculptor
+1914
+World War I
+St John the Baptist
+Nicholas Stone
+Nicholas Stone
+Nicholas Stone
+Nicholas Stone, Caius Gabriel Cibber, Grinling Gibbons, John Michael Rysbrack, Louis-Franois Roubiliac, Peter Scheemakers
+Dorothy and Michael Hintze
+2006
+theme, tomb sculpture, portraiture, garden sculpture and mythology
+Dorothy and Michael Hintze
+Tate Britain
+53,000
+all populated continents
+1st century AD
+western European
+by technique
+Cloth of St Gereon
+15th
+the Netherlands, depicting the hunting of various animals
+the hunting of various animals
+John Vanderbank
+late 14th-century
+William Morris
+1887
+Marion Dorn
+Serge Chermayeff
+Theatre Museum
+2009
+the UK's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the UK since Shakespeare's day
+Shakespeare
+research, exhibitions and other shows
+Conservation
+temperature and light
+Interventive treatment
+V&A Museum of Childhood
+"preventive" conservation this includes: performing surveys, assessments and providing advice on the handling of items, correct packaging, mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects
+Disney–ABC Television Group
+1957
+Columbus Avenue
+Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
+Disney Media Networks
+October 12, 1943
+radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network
+1948
+ESPN
+Capital Cities Communications
+over 232
+Citadel Broadcasting
+eight
+Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
+Citadel Broadcasting
+National Broadcasting Company
+NBC Blue and NBC Red
+major cities, and to test drama series
+drama series
+NBC Blue Network
+Mutual
+1938
+1940
+NBC Red Network
+NBC Blue
+Mark Woods
+NBC Blue Network
+Dillon
+David Sarnoff
+$7.5 million
+Life Savers
+October 12, 1943
+George B. Storer
+president and CEO of ABC
+June 30, 1951
+Magnetophon tape recorder
+Paul Whiteman
+The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street
+Bing Crosby
+public service
+$155 million
+ABC1
+October
+ABC International
+United States
+1959
+The arrival of satellite television
+Japan and Latin America
+As a result, ABC was forced to sell all of its interests in international networks, mainly in Japan and Latin America, in the 1970s.
+the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
+Beirut
+Mainichi Broadcasting System
+due to respective issues with technical problems and flight delays
+due to respective issues with technical problems and flight delays
+Peanuts
+Academy Awards, Emmy Awards
+1965
+Academy Awards
+A Charlie Brown Christmas
+1974
+Ryan Seacrest
+through 2016
+Dick Clark
+TLC
+General Hospital
+1975
+The Edge of Night
+The View and The Chew
+1963
+ESPN Sports
+2006
+at any time from 12 to 6:00 p.m. Eastern Time (9:00 a.m. Pacific)
+NBA Sunday Showcase
+The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments
+Frank Marx
+low-band VHF frequencies
+1947
+VHF
+108
+two
+the DuMont Television Network
+CBS and NBC
+the U.S. Supreme Court
+Paramount Pictures
+nine full-time
+CBS
+Prudential Insurance Company of America
+Leonard Goldenson
+William S. Paley
+June 6, 1951
+1952
+February 9, 1953
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc.
+Paramount Building at 1501 Broadway in Manhattan
+August 10, 1948
+October 1948
+Mount Wilson
+The Prospect Studios
+September 30, 1960
+1960s
+William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
+September 30, 1960
+1959
+NBC
+1985
+1985
+its circle logo
+Troika Design Group
+black-and-yellow
+"the dot"
+Pittard Sullivan
+2015
+We Love TV
+the production company vanity cards shown following the closing credits of most of its programs over seventeen years, now it have a different and adventure-type music ( with the drums of the network's four-note signature in the ending
+1993–94
+1995–96 season
+1983
+That Special Feeling
+1977
+black
+black
+Paul Rand
+Bauhaus
+Herbert Bayer
+1963–64 season
+ABC Radio
+October 19, 2005
+six
+2004
+Dancing with the Stars
+Anne Sweeney
+NASCAR
+2002
+Michael Eisner
+The bachelor (the elimination-style dating show's success led to a spinoff, The Bachelorette
+The Bachelorette
+Time Warner Cable
+ABC
+NBC
+May 1
+2000
+The WB
+The WB
+August 1999
+Meredith Vieira
+Buena Vista Television
+Meredith Vieira
+July 31, 1995
+ABC Inc
+Capital Cities to Knight Ridder
+Robert Iger
+Sports Night
+1965–66
+third
+Beating the odds: The Untold Story Behind the  rise of ABC
+May 1, 1953
+7 West 66th Street
+Baltimore
+Robert Kintner
+DuMont Television Network
+"ABC-DuMont"
+$5 million
+Paramount Pictures
+The Lone Ranger
+The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
+Cheyenne
+Sugarfoot
+Walt Disney
+Kings Row and Casablanca
+Roy
+$500,000
+1954
+anthology television programs that Disney would broadcast over the course of the next 50 years
+Allen Shaw
+Harold L. Neal
+"LOVE Radio"
+seven
+1969
+Duel
+1971
+$400,000–$450,000
+1970s
+CBS
+behavioral and demographic
+Monday Night Football
+2006
+NBC
+15%–16%
+1970
+1972
+Worldvision Enterprises
+cigarettes advertising from all television and radio networks
+January 2, 1971
+Henry Plitt
+Elton Rule
+1966
+Happy Days
+developing youth-oriented programming
+Paramount Pictures
+Fred Pierce
+Fred Silverman
+S.W.A.T
+November 3, 1975
+president of NBC's entertainment division
+Laverne & Shirley
+"jiggle TV"
+Alex Haley
+Aaron Spelling
+nine
+1976–77
+Soap
+Roone Arledge
+ABC Sports
+7 Lincoln Square
+June 1979
+June 1978
+Hugh Downs
+Barbara Walters
+MCA Inc
+ABC Cable News
+ABC News now
+WJRT-TV and WTVG
+WJRT-TV and WTVG
+The Writers Guild of America
+Duel
+Caris & Co
+ABC Entertainment Group
+ABC Entertainment Group
+Citadel Media
+iTunes
+2004
+2004
+Fridays
+Fridays
+1970
+Worldvision Enterprises
+Worldvision Enterprises
+Turner Broadcasting System
+Disney–ABC Domestic Television
+Buena Vista Television
+Buena Vista International Television
+Cinerama Productions/Palomar theatrical library
+WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
+eight
+235
+96.26%
+1946
+the seal of the Federal Communications Commission
+1957
+2011
+extreme makeover: Home Edition
+HD
+Litton's Weekend Aventure
+720p high definition
+1080i HD
+11
+720p high definition
+Body of Proof
+Happy Endings
+NBC
+Body of Proof
+All My Children and One Life to Live
+Prospect Park
+Hulu
+The Revolution
+18–49
+2004
+ABC
+The Goldbergs
+The Neighbors
+The Middle and Modern Family
+Dragon's Den
+Sundays
+Tim Allen
+Daniel Burke
+Thomas Murphy
+NewPD Blue
+Doogie Howser, M.D
+ten
+1993
+DiC Entertainment
+Time Warner Cable
+23.63%
+Chicago radio station WLS
+May 9, 1960
+John Bassett
+the company withdrawing from the project before the station's launch
+Wide World of Sports
+Edgar Scherick
+Edgar Scherick
+Sports Program, Inc.
+American Broadcasting Companies
+The dating Game
+The Newlywed Game
+7 West 66th Street
+90%
+Dynasty
+Mork & Mindy
+Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
+Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
+Getty Oil
+The Entertainment Channel
+Arts & Entertainment Television
+Daniel B. Burke
+chairman and CEO
+$465 million
+Funniest Home videos
+Home Improvement
+General Hospital
+The View and The Chew
+5:00 to 8:00 a.m. weekdays
+Jimmy Kimmel Live
+New Jersey, Rhode Island and Delaware
+WBMA-LD
+a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station
+WLQP-LP
+ABCcircle Films
+ABC Studios
+ABC Television Center
+ABC Television Center, East
+Times Square Studios
+Good Morning America and Nightline
+Peter Jennings Way
+World News Tonight
+ABC on  demand
+Hulu
+July 6, 2009
+27%
+the day after their original broadcast
+eight
+fast forwarding of accessed content
+January 7, 2014
+LoyalKaspar
+four
+ABC Modern
+ESPN
+14
+14
+All-Channel Receiver Act
+UHF
+Youngstown
+five times
+WTRF-TV
+1960s
+Walt Disney Presents
+Desilu Productions
+rejected the show because of its use of violence
+April 1959
+ABC Sunday Night Movie
+$15.5 million
+Hanna-Barbera
+The Jetsons
+April 1, 1963
+ICT to ABC management
+Donald F. Turner
+Department of Justice
+January 1, 1968
+Capital Cities Communications
+$3.5 billion
+Warren Buffett
+E. W. Scripps Company
+12 television stations
+September 5, 1985
+Capital Cities/ABC, Inc
+president of ABC's broadcasting division
+Michael P. Millardi
+Roone Arledge
+Laverne & Shirley
+Laverne & Shirley
+Big Three networks
+The Love Boat
+comedies and family-oriented
+" Thank Goodness It's  Fun"
+Thank Goodness It's  Fun
+Miller-Boyett Productions
+Warner Bros
+seven
+ABC Motion Pictures
+Ralph Nelson
+1985
+Redwood City, California
+westerns and detective series
+500%
+between 10% and 18%
+Ollie Treiz
+Dick Clark
+counterprogramming
+Zorro
+Life
+detective shows
+WATCH ABC
+New York City O&O WBC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
+Hearst Television
+WatchESPN
+The Sinclair Broadcast Group
+WBMA-LD (the largest low-power "Big Four" affiliate by market size
+E. W. Scripps Company
+28
+15
+Start Here
+Troika
+entertainment
+entertainment
+WTS-TV and WWSB
+KMBC-TV and KQTV
+WZZM and WoTV
+WTSP
+Mongol Empire
+Mongol invasions
+Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
+the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China
+raids or invasions of the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
+gedei Khan
+1227
+Mongol Empire
+his sons and grandsons
+Mongolia
+Keraite tribe
+Yesgei
+1162
+a Tatar chieftain
+Temlen
+Hasar, Hachiun, and Temge
+Brte
+Khongirad
+Dai Setsen
+Khasar
+Temujin's mother Hoelun
+Khasar
+during one hunting excursion
+his father's former allies
+to escape from the ger (yurt) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice
+Jelme and Bo'orchu
+Jelme and Bo'orchu
+a river crevice
+arranged marriages
+Hoelun
+Chinese dynasties
+the need for alliances
+Brte of the Onggirat tribe
+Merkits
+Jamukha
+Jochi
+1185–1226
+three
+Chagatai
+1189
+Chagatai
+at least six
+Toghrul
+the Merkits
+the Jadaran
+20,000
+Jamukha
+Mongolian aristocracy
+Kokochu
+1186
+Battle of Dalan Balzhut
+Qara Khitai
+Yassa code
+civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils
+orphans
+stronger with each victory
+Jochi
+Jamukha
+Jamukha
+Keraite tribe
+Naimans
+1201
+universal ruler
+Subutai
+1206
+funeral and reunion
+he did not want disloyal men in his army
+this form of death
+spilling blood
+Chinese
+Jamukha
+Khasar
+military strategies
+Wang Khan
+1206
+Khuruldai
+Khagan
+Temjin
+Khuruldai
+Jin dynasty
+Genghis Khan
+1215
+Kaifeng
+gedei Khan
+Genghis Khan
+Liao dynasty
+20,000
+Jebe
+The Arrow
+internal revolt
+west of Kashgar
+Lake Balkhash
+Lake Balkhash
+a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south
+Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
+Inalchuq
+all the men shaved and the Muslim
+100,000
+Silk Road
+Tien Shan mountains
+three
+the southeast part of Khwarzemia
+Jochi
+Samarkand
+seized the town of Otrar
+Otrar
+molten silver
+a unified defense
+Subutai and Jebe
+Samarkand fell
+Bukhara
+a river
+captured enemies
+supposedly reneged
+pyramids of severed heads
+opened the gates to the Mongols
+Turkish defenders
+artisans and craftsmen
+the flail of God
+Genghis Khan
+1220
+Genghis Khan
+Armenia and Azerbaijan
+Battle of Kalka River
+Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev
+Genghis Khan
+Genghis Khan
+Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde
+1225
+Samarkand
+1226
+autumn
+Mongols
+Yellow River
+a line of five stars
+Ning Hia
+Ma Jianlong
+arrows
+Liupanshan
+ordered the entire imperial family to be executed
+Jochi
+Chagatai
+Khwarezmid Empire
+gedei
+Chagatai and Jochi
+Chagatai
+youngest and in the Mongol culture
+gedei
+1226
+Khorasan
+Urgench
+Genghis Khan
+it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan
+Western Xia
+fell from his horse while hunting and died
+an arrow wound
+Western Xia
+Oirads
+Mausoleum
+Mongolia
+Onon River
+Genghis Khan Mausoleum
+Lord's Enclosure
+Dongshan Dafo Dian
+'Lord's Enclosure' (Mongolian: Edsen Khoroo) in Mongolia
+early 1954
+Red Guards
+October 6, 2004
+long-lost
+Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
+horses
+Genghis Khan
+Yassa
+a civilian and military code
+Genghis Khan
+Genghis Khan
+religious tolerance
+Ong Khan
+a personal concept
+Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
+Tregene Khatun
+Pax Mongolica
+Chinese
+a civil state under the Great Yassa
+Chu'Tsai
+they were nomads
+Jin dynasty
+Genghis
+Muqali, Jebe and Subutai
+Karakorum
+Muqali
+Subutai and Jebe
+unwavering loyalty
+certain rivers
+to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities
+defended position for ambush and counterattack
+feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack
+Caspian Sea
+Caspian Sea
+Genghis Khan
+1279
+Silk Road
+Turkey
+tolerant
+increased
+1990s
+his role in uniting warring tribes
+father of the Mongols
+butchery
+"Genghis Khan's children"
+Chinggis Khaan International Airport
+Genghis Khan
+Chinggis Khaan International Airport
+to avoid trivialization
+Ulaanbaatar
+Ikh Zasag
+illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Ikh Zasag
+the Inner Mongolia region
+5 million
+Kublai Khan
+Yuan dynasty
+conquest and established the Yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China
+Iran
+three-fourths
+10 to 15 million
+Hulagu Khan
+Mamluks of Egypt
+Ghazan Khan
+1237
+Novgorod and Pskov
+Timur
+Genghis Khan
+Nishapur
+Turkic
+Lake Baikal
+"right", "just", or "true"
+"Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis"
+Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis"
+Chinghis Khaan
+in variety of ways in different languages
+Chinese as simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Timzhn
+Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
+spelled in variety of ways in different languages
+pharma
+tobacco and patent medicines
+sorcery or even poison
+outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
+many other herbs
+healthcare professionals
+quality use of medicines
+opimisation of a drug treatment
+an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
+a particular drug, and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body
+other senior pharmacy technicians
+General Pharmaceutical Council
+the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals
+health care professional
+manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
+writing a five volume book
+De Materia Medica
+materia medica
+Diocles of Carystus
+Pedanius Dioscorides
+fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected
+Taih Code (701) and re-stated in the Yr Code (718)
+the Meiji Restoration
+ranked positions
+Imperial household
+Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
+Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
+Baghdad and Cairo
+15th century
+Church of Santa Maria Novella
+a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerdà
+old prescription books and antique drugs
+1221
+pharmacy legislation
+automation
+automation
+patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
+compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
+hospitals
+various disciplines of pharmacy
+effectiveness of treatment regimens
+clinical
+within the priores of the hospital
+unit-dose
+high risk preparations and some other compounding functions
+The high cost of medications and drug-related technology
+a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting
+direct patient care services
+the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics
+physicians and other healthcare professionals
+patient care rounds drug product selection
+physicians and other healthcare professionals
+potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan
+an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
+drug choice,medication, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
+potential drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan
+full independent prescribing authority
+North Carolina and New Mexico
+2011
+Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
+Virginia, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
+medication regimen review
+ Nurs homes
+Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
+many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
+employ advisor pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
+about the year 2000
+brick-and-mortar community pharmacies
+online pharmacies
+to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
+the method by which the medications are requested and received
+to avoid the "inc ease" of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
+those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medication
+potentially dangerous
+sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
+sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
+a legitimate medical purpose
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
+a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+ensure that the prescription is valid
+individual state laws
+Vicodin
+reduce consumer costs
+Canada
+international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
+no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription
+legalize importation of medications from Canada and other countries
+pharmacy practice science and applied information science
+information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
+major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
+information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
+quickly
+19 of 28 newly FDA approved medications
+19
+chronic and complex disease states
+high cost injectable, oral, infused, or inhaled medications
+lab monitoring, adherence counseling, and assist patients with cost-containment strategies
+separately from physicians
+pharmacists
+American Medical Association
+7 to 10 percent
+supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public
+United Kingdom
+rural areas in the United Kingdom
+1.6 kilometres
+1.6 kilometres
+high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
+the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
+high risk
+directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects
+directly conflicts
+more integral within the health care system
+their patient care skills
+clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
+the thorough analysis of all medication (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual
+increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
+Alberta and British Columbia
+Australian Government
+medicine use review
+pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
+Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm. D.) degree
+mortar and pestle
+show globe
+Netherlands
+Germany, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and India
+France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy, Spain, and India
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+disease
+the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+neuroimmune system
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+disease
+the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+disease
+pathogens
+neuroimmune system
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+pathogens
+innate immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+cell-mediated immunity
+pathogens
+rapidly evolve and adapt
+rudimentary
+eukaryotes
+creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen
+bacteriophage
+defensins
+vaccination
+Jawed vertebrates
+autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
+when the immune system is less active than normal
+genetic disease
+recurring and life-threatening infections
+Hashimoto's thyroiditis
+Immunodeficiency
+autoimmunity
+Immunology
+HIV/AIDS
+plague of Athens
+scorpion
+Louis Pasteur
+Walter Reed
+Robert Koch
+microorganisms
+yellow fever
+430 BC
+retained after the pathogen has been eliminated
+immune system
+improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated
+Innate
+adaptive immune system
+an immunological memory
+physical barriers
+self and non-self molecules
+self molecules
+non-self molecules
+antigens
+specific immune receptors
+pattern recognition receptors
+innate immune system
+microorganisms
+pathogens
+the exoskeleton
+skin
+coughing and sneezing
+mucus
+tears and urine
+-defensins
+lysozyme and phospholipase A2
+defensins and zinc
+gastric acid and proteases
+menarche
+commensal flora
+fungi
+lactobacilli
+biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space
+Inflammation
+increased blood flow into tissue
+cytokines
+prostaglandins
+interleukins
+Phagocytosis
+cytokines
+a phagosome
+a phagolysosome
+acquiring nutrients
+Neutrophils and macrophages
+Neutrophils
+50% to 60%
+chemotaxis
+interleukin 1
+Leukocytes
+Leukocytes
+adaptive immune system
+macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
+Dendritic cells
+neuronal dendrites
+T cells
+T cells
+missing self
+Natural killer cells
+MHC I
+killer cell immunoglobulin receptors
+early vertebrates
+antigen presentation
+pathogen-infected cells
+killer T cell and the helper T cell
+regulatory T cells
+Class I MHC molecules
+Class II MHC molecules
+ T cells
+sub-group
+CD8
+T cell receptor
+granulysin
+perforin
+CD4
+200–300
+200–300
+cytokines
+CD40
+helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
+T cell receptor
+CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T cells
+receptor diversity
+V9/V2 T cells
+B
+proteolysis
+lymphokines
+long-lived memory cells
+a strong response
+passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
+each specific pathogen encountered
+microbes
+IgG
+Breast milk or colostrum
+IgG
+immunomodulators
+adaptive and innate immune responses
+lupus erythematosus
+immunosuppressive
+NFIL3
+heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
+sleep deprivation
+progressive decline in hormone levels with age
+cholecalciferol
+hormones
+cholecalciferol
+killer T cells
+MHC class I molecules
+viral
+antibodies
+phagocytic
+Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs
+rapid apoptosis
+Systemic acquired resistance
+RNA silencing mechanisms
+autoimmune disorders
+self and non-self
+the thymus and bone marrow
+self
+Immunodeficiencies
+young and the elderly
+50 years
+obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
+malnutrition
+vaccination
+immunization
+an antigen from a pathogen
+natural specificity
+enzymes
+type III secretion system
+a hollow tube
+elude host immune responses
+Frank Burnet
+pathogens, an allograft) trigger a destructive immune response
+histocompatibility
+Niels Jerne
+Glucocorticoids
+cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
+methotrexate or azathioprine
+cyclosporin
+cytototoxic natural killer cells and CTLs
+cortisol and catecholamines
+melatonin
+free radical production
+a vitamin D receptor
+steroid hormone calcitriol
+symbiotic
+CYT27B1
+dendritic cells
+pattern recognition receptors
+defensins
+phagocytic cells
+RNA interference
+immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
+lamprey and hagfish
+Variable lymphocyte receptors
+adaptive
+lymphocytes
+restriction modification system
+viral pathogens
+CRISPR
+"cellular" and "humoral"
+Elie Metchnikoff
+phagocytes
+Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
+soluble components
+cancers
+MHC class I molecules
+cytokine TGF-
+macrophages and lymphocytes
+Hypersensitivity
+four
+type I hypersensitivity
+IgE
+cytotoxic
+intracellular pathogenesis
+bacterium Salmonella
+Plasmodium falciparum
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+surface proteins
+antigenic variation
+HIV
+HIV
+antigens
+immune surveillance
+human papillomavirus
+tyrosinase
+melanocytes
+melanocytes
+>500 Da
+hydrophilic
+Immunoproteomics
+B cells
+immunoinformatics
+leptin
+APCs
+Th1
+Th1
+carbohydrates
+disrupting their plasma membrane
+signal amplification
+catalytic
+Civil disobedience
+American Civil Rights Movement
+Singing Revolution
+Ukraine
+Georgia
+Egyptians
+Egyptians
+rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws
+what they deem to be unfair laws
+American Civil Rights Movement
+Antigone
+former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon
+Oedipus
+Antigone
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+Antigone
+King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon
+former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon
+former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+one of the daughters of former King of Thebes, Oedipus, defies Creon, the current King of Thebes, who is trying to stop her from giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+Percy Shelley
+nonviolent
+Satyagraha
+a free India
+Henry David Thoreau
+Percy Shelley
+nonviolent protest
+nonviolent protest
+Civil Disobedience
+Henry David Thoreau
+muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, youthile delinquents and political assassins
+Marshall Cohen
+ambiguity
+utterly debased
+become utterly debased
+Marshall Cohen
+always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased
+Marshall Cohen
+the term "civil disobedience" has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times, become utterly debased.
+LeGrande
+"the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult, if not impossible.
+extremely difficult, if not impossible
+semantical
+no more (or no less) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have."
+LeGrande
+voluminous
+the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical Niceties
+lawful
+student
+civil disobedience
+public agencies
+pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+if the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen
+constitutional impasse in which two public agencies, especially two equally sovereign branches of government, conflict
+citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+pertaining to a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+head of government
+citizen
+head of government
+Thoreau
+confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay
+The individual is the final judge of right and wrong
+hand hits the wood
+a man chose to be an agent of injustice
+The individual
+individuals
+hand hits the wood
+hand hits the wood
+powerful but it is not necessarily right
+governmental entities
+trade unions, banks, and private universities
+governmental entities
+breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments
+Brownlee
+breaches of law
+civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities
+governmental entities
+civil disobedience
+covert lawbreaking
+disobey rules that conflict with morality
+Book of Exodus
+Shiphrah and Puah
+publicly announced
+rules that conflict with morality
+assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
+Book of Exodus
+Book of Exodus
+non-violent
+Black's Law Dictionary
+rebellion
+tolerance
+destructive
+refusal to submit to arrest
+force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest
+one cannot justify a civil disobedients' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest
+to preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience
+Revolutionary civil disobedience
+Hungarians
+Ferenc Dek
+Ferenc Dek
+change cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc
+Non-revolutionary
+to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue
+to render certain laws ineffective, to cause their repeal, or to exert pressure to get one's political wishes on some other issue
+Non-revolutionary
+Hungarians
+Roman Empire
+gathered in the streets
+arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days, weeks and months after it happened
+rose to higher political office
+after the end of the Mexican War
+Roman Empire
+refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met
+refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met
+jail solidarity
+at the time of his arrest, was not yet a well-known author
+illegal acts
+propaganda
+Voice in the Wilderness
+738 days
+600-year-old
+illegal acts
+proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and Voice in the Wilderness
+a harassment
+a harassment and, at least to the bystander, somewhat inane
+Julia Butterfly Hill
+allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, "Wise up or die."
+"Wise up or die."
+forbidden speech
+1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
+1978
+pure speech
+criminalized behavior
+expressing defiance
+engageing in the forbidden speech
+distributed denial-of-service attacks
+padlocked the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
+GCSB Waihopai
+limited coercion
+coercive
+illegal boycotts
+conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue, nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table."
+to engage in moral dialogue
+by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue
+criminal
+whether or not to talk to police officers
+a suspect's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose
+a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications, or due to a fear of seeming rude
+due to a fear of seeming rude
+accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
+their belief in the validity of the social contract
+existence of government still don't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government, or don't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted
+anarchists
+a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
+whether or not to plead guilty
+to submit to the punishment prescribed by law
+it is a civil disobedient who pleads guilty is essentially stating, " Yes, I committed the act of which you accuse me."
+a compromise between the two
+Civil Disobedience Training
+the Nye County seat of Tonopah, Nevada
+volunteered to defend the arrested persons
+a pre-arranged announced time, one at a time they stepped across the "line" and were immediately arrested
+nolo contendere
+suspended sentences
+a way of continuing their protest
+remaining in jail, or by evading it
+the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way, whether it is done by remaining in jail, or by evading it
+part of a rule connected with civil disobedience
+plea borrow
+to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time
+solidarity
+a plea biggest plea, pleading guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time
+Mohandas Gandhi
+make a defiant speech, or a speech explaining their actions, in allocution
+lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions
+lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions
+lack of remorse, an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions, and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions
+defiant speech
+win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine
+win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine
+seek jury nullification
+Vietnam War era
+seek jury nullification prerogative
+attribution
+denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction
+breaking the law for self-gratification
+denying having committed the crime, or by fleeing the jurisdiction, is generally viewed as not civil disobedient
+denying having committed the crime
+Indirect civil disobedience
+breaking that law
+Vietnam War
+necessity defense
+many of them have escaped prosecution because "prosecutors have reasoned (correctly) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence."
+achieveing crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
+the objector has no right not to be punished
+Leonard Hubert Hoffmann
+utilitarian grounds
+Construction
+manufacturing
+six to nine percent
+design, and financing
+a known client
+An architect
+An architect
+effective planning
+megaprojects
+design and execution of the job
+buildings, infrastructure and industrial
+residential and non-residential
+heavy/highway
+Infrastructure
+Industrial
+a trade magazine
+ENR
+2014
+transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
+building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
+construction service firms
+The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System
+firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct responsibility for completion of the construction project
+Building construction
+small renovations
+the owner of the property
+structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
+make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight
+local building authority regulations and codes of practice
+brick versus stone, versus timber
+waste
+cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses
+3D printing technology
+20 hours
+2014
+2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
+to integrate those ppapers with the other parts
+designs into reality
+property owner
+a quantity surveyor
+the most cost efficient bidder
+previously separated specialties
+separate companies
+one-stop shopping
+design build
+design-build, partnering and construction management
+architects, interior  designer, engineers and constructors
+establishing relationships with other necessary participants
+preventable financial problems
+builders ask for too little money to complete the project
+when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
+Fraud
+M loan bankers, accountants, and cost engineers
+the  loan banker
+Accountants
+identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
+Cost engineers and estimators
+zoning and building code requirements
+the owner
+Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions
+a matter of custom or expectation, such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district
+An attorney
+A construction project
+A contract
+a delay costs money
+that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
+poorly drafted contracts
+relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project
+aka private finance initiatives
+Public-Private Partnering
+co-operation
+architect or engineer
+architect or engineer acts as the project coordination
+architect's client and the main contractor
+the main contractor
+building is ready to occupy
+The owner
+D&B contractors
+The owner
+a consortium of several contractors
+design phase 2
+contractors
+damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
+electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
+municipal building i inspects
+an occupancy permit
+$960 billion
+$680 billion
+667,000
+fewer than 10
+approximately 828,000
+£42,090
+£26,719
+US/Canada
+Construction
+fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers
+electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
+Proper safety equipment
+independent schools
+academic scholarship
+public (government) funding
+to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition
+$45,000
+'tuition-free' schools
+Australia
+North America
+lower sixth
+upper sixth
+prep schools
+peer tuitions
+the best teachers
+Roman Catholic
+Orthodox Christians
+private education
+expulsion
+a compulsory blazer
+more expensive
+Presbyterian Church
+St Aloysius' College
+St Gregory's College, Campbelltown
+St Ursula's College
+Article 7
+Gleichschaltung
+11.1%
+11.1%
+11.1%
+Sonderungsverbot
+insolvent
+very low
+vocational schools
+vocational schools
+by charging their students tuition fees
+secondary or post-secondary (non-tertiary) schools
+independent schools
+CBSE
+30
+union government
+societies
+India
+Annual Status of Education Report
+assesses learning levels in rural India, has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools
+English
+scoil phrobhideach
+The average fee is around €5,000 annually
+€5,000
+Society of Jesus
+€25,000 per year
+1957
+Chinese
+English- medium schools
+National School system
+60
+'aided' schools
+fully funded by private parties
+Kathmandu
+The medium of education is English, but as a compulsory subject, Nepali and/or the state's official language is also taught
+the state's official language
+88
+28,000
+2.7%
+Catholic
+Auckland
+King's College
+Wellington
+Presbyterian
+Christchurch
+Society of St Pius X
+7.5%
+32%
+80%
+August 1992
+natural science
+The Education Service Contracting scheme
+The Tuition Fee Supplement
+Private Education Student Financial Assistance
+South African Schools Act of 1996
+1996
+private schools and schools which are privately governed[clarification needed]
+traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed
+early nineteenth century
+not private schools, as they are state-controlled
+better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
+formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools
+Over 10%
+700
+700
+The Knowledge School
+Kunskapskolan
+13 years old
+pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools
+9
+13
+£3,000 to £21,000
+Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
+College Preparatory
+South
+white
+African-American
+religious organizations
+Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
+Blaine Amendments
+charter status
+Massachusetts
+1852
+1972
+268 U.S. 510
+McCrary
+$40,000
+$50,000
+Groton School
+not
+John Harvard
+1977
+James Bryant Conant
+Association of American Universities
+Charles W. Eliot
+Harvard Library
+79
+18 million
+eight
+150
+Harvard Yard
+$37.6 billion
+Charles River
+eleven
+Harvard Yard
+1636
+Harvard Corporation
+1638
+1639
+1650
+Puritan
+English
+It was never affiliated with any particular denomination
+1804
+Samuel Webber
+1805
+Louis Agassiz
+intuition
+Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
+Charles W. Eliot
+Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions
+William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
+James Bryant Conant
+higher education
+1945
+segregated
+1977
+higher education
+about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest
+twelve
+south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River
+half a mile northwest
+a 358-acre
+John W. Weeks Bridge
+Longwood Medical and Academic Area
+fifty percent
+new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram
+enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space which will also be publicly accessible
+2,400
+7,200
+14,000
+1875
+1858
+$32 billion
+30%
+$1.2 billion Allston Science Complex
+$4.093 million
+$159 million
+late 1980s
+Duke Kent-Brown
+$230 million
+5.3%
+2007
+the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities
+2016
+seven
+eight
+The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
+early September and ending in mid-May
+four half-courses
+degrees summa cum laude
+60%
+$38,000
+$57,000
+nothing
+$414 million
+88%
+Widener Library
+Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
+Pusey Library
+18 million
+three
+Western art from the Middle Ages
+Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
+2003
+2011
+second most commonly named "dream college"
+42
+Yale University
+every two years
+1903
+1903
+1906 season
+Yale football team
+Malkin Athletic Center
+Malkin Athletic Center
+three
+23 years
+Thames River
+Cornell
+2003
+General Ban Ki-moon
+Juan Manuel Santos
+José Mara Figueres
+Antonis Samaras
+Conan O'Brien
+Leonard Bernstein
+Yo Yo Ma
+W. E. B. Du Bois
+Shing-Tung Yau
+Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
+Stephen Greenblatt
+Jacksonville
+1,345,596
+12th
+Duval County
+1968
+St. Johns River
+about 340 miles (550 km) north of Miami
+Fort Caroline
+Timucua
+Andrew Jackson
+third largest
+golf
+two
+"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
+thousands
+University of North Florida team
+University of North Florida
+the historical era
+Ossachite
+Jean Ribault
+France
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+San Mateo
+St. Johns River
+the American Revolutionary War
+constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia
+the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka
+Britain
+February 9, 1832
+hogs and cattle being shipped from Florida
+The Skirmish of the Brick Church
+Battle of Cedar Creek
+a Confederate cavalry confronted a Union expedition resulting in the Battle of Cedar Creek
+1864
+Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
+Grover Cleveland
+yellow fever outbreaks
+Florida East Coast Railway
+railroad
+Spanish moss
+over 2,000
+declare martial law
+Great Fire of 1901
+New York–based filmmakers
+Jacksonville Silent Film Museum at Norman Studios
+"Winter Film Capital of the World"
+New York–based filmmakers were attracted to Jacksonville's warm climate, exotic locations, excellent rail access, and cheap labor
+construction of highways
+55.1%
+white flight
+Mayor W. Haydon Burns
+World War II
+education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits
+unincorporated suburbs
+funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits
+outside the city limits
+through the traditional old boy network
+11
+Jacksonville Consolidation
+Lower taxes
+a consolidation referendum was held in 1967, voters approved the plan
+Hans Tanzler
+Consolidated City of Jacksonville
+$2.25 billion
+$2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements, environmental preservation, targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities
+86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2)
+St. Johns River
+St. Johns River
+13.34%
+Baldwin
+Barnett Center
+Barnett Center
+617 ft (188 m)
+28
+37-story
+humid subtropical
+May through September
+humid subtropical climate
+city sees very little cold weather
+104 °F
+thunderstorms
+extremely high humidity
+July 11, 1879
+Hurricane Dora
+110 mph (180 km/h)
+Tropical Storm Beryl
+Saffir-Simpson Scale
+1964
+Arab
+821,784
+tenth-largest
+Filipino
+7.9%
+23.9%
+23.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
+94.1 males
+40%
+3.5 billion
+$759,900
+there are more poor people in the United States and Western Europe than in China (due to a greater tendency to take on debts)
+the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession
+40%
+financial assets
+$41 trillion
+more than half
+greater tendency to take on debts
+400
+New York Times
+wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start"
+gave more wealth than half of all Americans combined
+wealth
+New York Times
+Inherited wealth
+60 percent
+Institute for Policy Studies
+Neoclassical economics
+productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+inequality
+inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+value added by different classifications of workers
+wages and profits
+worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
+productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+The substitution of capital equipment for labor
+rising levels of property income
+increases the organic composition of capital
+relatively stagnant wages
+labor inputs
+under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits
+Marxian analysis
+productivity of each worker
+relatively stagnant wages
+workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer
+law of supply and demand
+a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers
+offering a higher wage the best of their labor
+price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker
+workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer
+prices
+wages
+markets
+high levels of inequality
+Competition amongst employers
+high supply
+high demand
+collective balloting, political influence, or corruption
+Professional and labor organizations
+high supply
+competition between workers
+due to the nature of the job
+few able or willing workers
+employers for employees
+higher economic inequality
+achievement-oriented motivations
+survival needs
+opportunity-based
+opportunity-based
+higher economic inequality
+necessity rather than opportunity
+Necessity-based
+achievement-oriented
+more positive
+progressive tax
+the level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax progressivity
+progressive tax system
+tax rate
+level of the top tax rate
+steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
+Gini index
+increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality
+education
+lower incomes
+poor
+a lack of education
+variation in individuals' access to education
+high wages
+lower wages
+lower incomes
+education raises incomes and promotes growth
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+economists
+2014
+2008- 2009 recession
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+1910–1940
+a decrease in the price of skilled labor
+a decrease in the price of skilled labor
+a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers
+a period of compression
+1910–1940
+a decrease in the price of skilled labor
+a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees
+Education
+gender inequality in education
+Anglo-American liberal policies
+European
+little
+Anglo-American liberal policies
+economic inequality
+social exclusion
+CEPR
+little support
+lower
+Scandinavia
+high inequality
+decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization
+decline of organized labor
+Sociologist
+University of Washington
+decline of organized labor
+high rates
+weak labor movements and vice-versa
+reduced wages as a result of the competition
+reduced wages as a result of the competition
+trade liberalisation
+low-skilled jobs
+a domestic scale
+low-skilled workers
+trade liberalisation
+technological innovation
+machine labor in wealthier nations
+53%
+-40%
+53% in Botswana to -40% in Bahrain
+males
+ gender
+males
+women
+Thomas Sowell
+a difference in earnings between women and men
+social welfare programs
+lower levels
+it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income
+various possible redistribution mechanisms
+Economist
+levels of economic inequality
+more capital
+more wealth and income
+social welfare programs
+High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter
+1910 to 1940 and thereafter
+service sector
+service sector
+Kuznets
+Kuznets curve
+very weak
+income inequality will eventually decrease given time
+in effect
+Wealth concentration
+to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth
+wealth condensation
+wealth condensation
+in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities
+those who already hold wealth
+wealth condensation
+Thomas Piketty
+higher returns
+market forces
+Economist
+rare and desired skills
+political power
+rent-seeking
+inequality researchers
+human capital is neglected
+life expectancy
+economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption
+lower
+2013
+rising inequality
+negative
+social dislocation
+economic
+British
+lower rates of social goods
+lower
+23
+social goods
+better health and longer lives
+poorer countries
+life expectancy
+Americans
+income was more equally distributed
+income inequality
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+nine
+countries with bigger income inequalities
+greater equality
+inequality
+homicides
+fifty
+differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state
+tenfold
+economic inequality is problematic
+distributive efficiency
+great deal of utility
+decreases
+higher aggregate utility
+income
+the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality
+2001
+Thomas B. Edsall
+journalist
+Central Banking economist
+systematic economic inequalities
+Financial crisis of 2007–08
+easier credit to the lower and middle income earners
+fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation
+inequality in wealth and income
+inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells
+declines over the medium term
+higher GDP growth
+The poor and the middle class
+increasing inequality harms economic growth
+economic growth
+subsequent long-run economic growth
+it is a waste of resources
+inequality-associated effects
+evidence
+by limiting aggregate demand
+global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand
+increasing importance of human capital in development
+widespread education
+1993
+long lasting detrimental effect
+the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
+redistributive taxation
+politically and socially unstable
+reduce growth in relatively poor countries
+reduce growth in relatively poor countries
+growth and investment
+Harvard economist
+between 1960 and 2000
+Kuznets curve hypothesis
+first increases
+Thomas Piketty
+Economist
+wars and "violent economic and political shocks"
+1970s
+reduced consumer demand
+risen with increased income inequality
+several years
+more equality in the income distribution
+special efforts
+the existing level of inequality
+the same reduction
+United Nations
+reducing poverty
+much land and housing
+through various associations and other arrangements
+extra-legal
+200
+government land
+affordable housing
+quality lease units
+higher quality housing increased
+landlords
+ad valorem property tax policy
+by everyone
+their finances
+aspirational consumption
+taking on debt
+even greater inequality and potential economic instability
+environmental degradation
+multiplier
+this as well
+population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level
+private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners
+a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income
+income in the form of a wage or salary
+so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product
+reflective
+Robert Nozick
+taxation
+force
+forceful taking of property
+when they improve society as a whole
+capability deprivation
+end itself
+to pursue valued goals
+to pursue valued goals
+the ability to pursue valued goals
+deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise
+earn as much as a healthy young man
+gender roles and customs
+fear of their lives
+a better relevant income
+the BBC
+1963
+a British science-fiction television programme
+a blue British police box
+science-fiction
+1963 to 1989
+Russell T Davies
+K-9 and Company (1981)
+BBC Wales
+Russell T Davies
+Twelve
+Peter Capaldi
+"The Time of the Doctor"
+the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species
+the character of the Doctor takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality, which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species
+Gallifrey
+Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
+"chameleon circuit"
+chameleon circuit
+a blue British Police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
+rarely
+Master
+regenerate
+humans
+Time Lord
+17:16:20
+Newman and Wilson
+the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
+Terry Nation
+25 minutes
+26
+Jonathan Powell
+More than 30 Years in the TARDIS
+the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990
+BBC 1
+broadcast on the Fox Network in 1996 as a co-production between Fox, Universal Pictures, the BBC and BBC Worldwide
+Philip Segal
+Fox Network
+9.1 million
+the UK
+"Rose"
+2005
+2009
+Chris Chibnall
+Christmas Day specials
+1963–1989
+1963–1989 series
+2005
+Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
+Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
+30 November 1963
+ten minutes
+ten minutes
+30 November 1963
+assassination
+"Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind") the sleep"
+Museum of the Moving Image
+Museum of the Moving Image
+Digital Spy
+Digital Spy
+Doctor Who
+3%
+Philip Howard
+violence of Dr Who, sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare, with the more realistic violence of other television series
+The Times newspaper
+TARDIS
+become firmly linked to the show in the public's consciousness
+applied for a trade mark to use the TARDIS' blue police box design in merchandising associated with Doctor Who
+Metropolitan Police Authority
+2002
+26
+23 November 1963
+12
+The Master
+Black Guardian Trilogy
+2005
+13 45-minute
+Christmas Day
+Journey's End
+2010
+826
+25-minute
+eight
+one of 72 minutes
+2009
+William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
+97
+3, 4, & 5,
+1978
+Between about 1964 and 1973, large amounts of older material stored in the BBC's various video tape and film libraries were either destroyed,[note 3] wiped, or suffered from poor storage which led to severe deterioration
+by private individuals who acquired them by various means
+fans
+"Mission to theunknown"
+8 mm cine film
+from home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
+BBC on VHS
+Cosgrove Hall
+1968
+Theta-Sigma
+November 2006
+Second Doctor
+until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration however
+William Hartnell's poor health
+"regeneration" was not initially conceived of until the Doctor's third on-screen regeneration however
+"change of appearance"
+12
+13
+The Time of the Doctor
+The deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead and the 1996 TV film would later establish that a Time Lord can only regenerate 12 times, for a total of 13 incarnations
+1996
+John Hurt
+The Day of the Doctor
+Michael Jayston
+The  trial of a Time Lord
+McGann and Eccleston
+The Name of the Doctor
+The Three Doctors
+Peter Davison
+The Space Museum
+The Day of the Doctor
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+Zagreus
+Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy and Paul McGann
+Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy
+2003
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Brain of Morbius
+"Fourth"
+The Time of the Doctor
+1983
+An Unearthly Child
+An Unearthly Child
+2005
+destroyed
+"Smith and Jones"
+human, or humanoid aliens
+The deadly Assassin
+The deadly Assassin
+Romana (Mary Tamm and Lalla Ward), a Time Lady; Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen), a Time Lady; Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) and Jo Grant (Katy Manning) and Jo Grant (Katy
+Romana
+female
+Rose Todd (Billie Piper), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), and Jack Harkness (John Barrowman)
+Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill)
+Pearl Mackie
+Catherine Tate
+Russell T Davies
+2005
+Cybermen
+3, the Sontarans and Davros
+Zygons
+Dalek race
+Skaro
+a hand, and a directed-energy weapon
+Davros
+their eyestalk
+The Master
+"Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes"
+Doctor Who
+archenemy
+Roger Delgado
+Derek Jacobi
+"Utopia"
+2014
+"Missy"
+Michelle Gomez
+Ron Grainer
+BBC Radiophonic Workshop
+musique concrte techniques
+17 (1979–80)
+"Did I write that?"
+Peter Howell
+John Debney
+Seventh
+John Debney
+Christmas episode "The Christmas Invasion"
+"Voyage of the Damned"
+Classic FM's Hall of Fame
+"Voyage of the Damned"
+228
+The Day of the Doctor
+Jon Pertwee
+Jon Pertwee
+24
+The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu
+The Timelords
+Dudley Simpson
+planet of Giants
+1960s and 1970s
+planet of Giants
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+BBC National Orchestra of Wales
+David Tennant
+27 July 2008
+Music of the Spheres
+Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+Six
+series 5
+The Next Doctor to End of Time Part 2
+A Christmas Carol
+8 November 2010
+The Day of the Doctor
+Twelfth Doctor
+current Doctor Who logo
+The logo from 1973–80
+The Day of the Doctor
+the assassination of John F. Kennedy
+BBC's mainstream BBC One channel
+1970s
+1964–1965
+BBC One
+late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was, according to the BBC Board of Control
+late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was, according to the BBC Board of Control
+BBC Board of Control
+show at the time
+2005
+The Five Doctors
+New Zealand
+CITV in Edmonton, Canada
+15
+23 November
+Broadcasting Corporation
+The Five Doctors
+SyFy
+weekly screenings of all available classic episodes
+ABC1
+1976
+The Three Doctors
+Space
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+Judith Merril
+Christopher Eccleston
+The Christmas Invasion
+The Christmas Invasion
+9 October 2006
+CFL double header
+United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
+Eight original series
+Doctor Who (The Infinite Quest)
+Spearhead
+2009
+Trevor Martin
+Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
+The Curse of the Daleks
+Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Sevenkeys to Doomsday
+Pertwee
+Torchwood
+18 October 2006
+2008
+Children of Earth
+The series was predominantly set in the United States, though Wales remained part of the show's setting
+Elisabeth Sladen
+24 September 2007
+2009
+2010
+death of Elisabeth Sladen
+dimensions in Time
+dimensions in Time was produced for Children in Need
+EastEnders
+glasses with one darkened lens
+Pulfrich effect
+Curse of Fatal Death
+four segments
+Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
+Richard E. Grant
+head writer and executive producer
+The Next Generation ("The Neutral Zone")
+Blue Harvest
+Queer as Folk
+Oliver
+Brisingr and High Wizardry
+The Chase
+21-minute
+The Chase
+1966
+Slipback
+Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
+Destiny of the Doctor
+Big finish Productions
+1999
+2012
+1991
+from the mid-sixties through to the present day
+since 1979
+Panini
+BBC Books
+early 1960s
+BBC Television
+producers of the show
+the BBC
+2006
+2005–2010
+2011
+Matt Smith
+BAFTA Television Award
+Guinness World Records
+its 50th anniversary special
+electronic music
+2013
+Peabody Awards
+1975
+"Auntie Awards"
+third
+SSX magazine
+third
+BAFTA Cymru Awards
+five
+25
+2009
+Mind Award
+six
+over 200
+over 200
+Matt Smith
+"The Waters of Mars"
+Spike Milligan
+Jon Culshaw
+soap sponge
+Doctor Who fandom
+BBC dead Ringers series
+private research
+1890
+seven
+four
+approximately 5,000
+academic disciplines
+Chicago's physics department
+Stagg Field
+University of Chicago Press
+2020
+American Baptist Education Society
+John D. Rockefeller
+William Rainey Harper
+1891
+1892
+John D. Rockefeller
+Silas B. Cobb
+Cobb Lecture Hall
+$100,000
+Charles L. Hutchinson
+Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois
+1896
+confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years
+University of Chicago professors
+1910
+Robert Maynard Hutchins
+Common Core
+in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics
+24-year
+1929
+1950s
+increasing crime and poverty
+after their second year
+Hyde Park
+allowed very young students to attend college
+1962
+the university's off-campus lease policies
+1967
+two
+social and political action
+mid-2000s
+Milton Friedman Institute
+around $200 million
+Chicago Theological Seminary
+David G. Booth
+the Main Quadrangles
+six
+Cobb, Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, Holabird & Roche
+Magdalen Tower
+Christ Church Hall
+1940s
+Eero Saarinen
+School of Social Service Administration
+Harris School of Public Policy Studies
+2003
+Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
+Renmin University's campus in Haidian District
+2010
+Renmin University's campus in Haidian District
+2015
+a board of trustees
+50
+fourteen
+Andrew Alper
+Daniel Diermeier
+The Higher learning Commission
+four
+seven
+50
+28
+five divisions
+New Collegiate Division
+Common Core
+17
+rigorous, intense
+Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago – it is UChicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience."
+University of Chicago Laboratory Schools
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+four
+a program called the Council on Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and Humanities
+University of Chicago campus
+six
+9.8 million
+Regenstein Library
+2011
+1.3 million
+12
+113
+Oriental Institute
+Fermilab
+Sunspot, New Mexico
+shaping ideas about the free market
+Chicago Pile-1
+Miller–Urey experiment
+1953
+1933
+2000
+2000
+2002
+Several thousand major and non-major
+5,792
+3,468
+5,984
+5,792
+international students
+University Athletic Association
+NCAA's Division III
+Big Ten Conference
+Jay Berwanger
+University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football
+400
+Recognized Student Organizations
+University of Chicago College Bowl Team
+Doc Films
+off-off Campus
+graduate and undergraduate students
+an Executive Committee
+two
+$2 million
+fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the University of Chicago Interfraternity Council
+seven
+Alpha Phi Omega
+Four
+ten
+May
+1987
+Festival of the Arts
+Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
+Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
+Satya Nadella
+Satya Nadella
+Larry Ellison
+Larry Ellison
+James O. McKinsey
+Saul Alinsky
+Saul Alinsky
+Robert Bork
+Marek Belka
+Eliot Ness
+Allan Bloom
+Kurt Vonnegut
+Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature Richard Rorty
+Studs Terkel
+Stanford University Professor of Comparative Literature Richard Rorty
+Philip Glass
+Katherine Dunham
+Halo
+Carl Van Vechten
+Mike Nichols
+Carl Sagan
+John M. Grunsfeld
+David Swift
+John B. Goodenough
+Clair Cameron Patterson
+Milton Friedman
+Margaret Thatcher
+Paul Samuelson
+Eugene Fama
+David Graeber and Donald Johanson
+Samuel Reshevsky
+White House Coordination of Security Planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington
+A. A. Michelson
+Arthur H. Compton
+Arthur H. Compton
+Edward Teller
+Maria Goeppert-Mayer
+James Henry Breasted
+Alberto Caldern
+Ted Fujita
+Glenn T. Seaborg
+Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
+Raghuram Rajan
+Goldman Sachs
+David Bevington
+John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
+Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
+Yun Cho
+Great Yuan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+1271
+Mongol Empire
+Ming dynasty
+Ming dynasty
+Genghis Khan
+1271
+Kublai Khan
+Mongol dynasty
+Great Yuan Great Mongol State
+Great Khan
+Mongol and Turkic tribes
+1206
+gedei Khan
+1251
+third son
+Jin
+Khitan Xiao Zhala
+Khitan
+10,000
+3
+Han Chinese
+Jin dynasty
+between Han and Jurchen
+Shi Bingzhi
+Song dynasty
+Mngke Khan
+southern China
+1259
+Ariq Bke
+Zhongtong
+Ogedei
+south
+Wonjong
+a Mongol tributary state
+1262
+preserving Mongol interests in China
+Imperial Secretariat
+Han Chinese
+three
+salt and iron
+Karakorum
+Khanbaliq
+1264
+Zhongdu
+Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
+commercial, scientific, and cultural
+Mongol peace
+southern China to Daidu
+southern China to Daidu
+Marco Polo
+the Song Emperor to Quzhou
+1115–1234
+1115–1234
+Kong Duancao
+30,000
+northern China
+between 1268 and 1273
+the rich Yangzi River basin
+Hangzhou
+bringing an end to the Song dynasty
+1279
+military expeditions
+Vietnam i Vit
+Battle of Bch ng (1288)
+1288
+1253
+Zhenjin
+1285
+Emperor Chengzong
+1294 to 1307
+Buyantu Khan
+discontent
+Li Meng
+Department of State Affairs
+1313
+Emperor Gegeen Khan
+1323
+Baiju
+the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan
+five
+Shangdu
+War of the Two Capitals
+four days
+El Temr
+Tugh Temr
+cultural contribution
+Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+spring of 1329
+Jingshi Dadian
+Buddhism
+1332
+Emperor Ningzong
+13-year-old
+nine
+Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties
+struggle, famine, and bitterness among the populace
+China was torn by dissension and unrest
+both the army and the populace
+the country without interference
+administration
+late 1340s
+Red Turban Rebellion
+fear of betrayal
+the Red Turban rebels
+1368–1644
+the Ilkhanate
+The Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
+the Ilkhanate
+carrots, turnips, new varieties of Lemons, eggplants, and melons
+Western
+Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
+Taoism
+Confucian governmental practices
+travel literature, Cartography, geography, and scientific education
+Venetian Marco Polo
+Cambaluc
+Travels of Marco Polo
+Travels of Marco Polo
+Great Wall of China, tea houses, which would have been a prominent sight since Europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture, as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the Great Khan
+Guo Shoujing
+365.2425 days
+to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year
+Beijing
+sorghum
+non-native Chinese people
+Eternal Heaven
+Song dynasty
+Song dynasty
+a period of foreign domination
+Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
+Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
+Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
+traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices
+traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices
+the Privy Council
+since the Sui and Tang dynasties
+Mongols and Semuren
+Mongols and Semuren
+1269
+Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
+most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese, but they could generally converse well in the language
+Tugh Temur
+Emperor Wenzong
+1290
+1291
+harvests of their Chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty
+poetry, painting, and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical Chinese art
+painting, poetry, and calligraphy
+Song dynasty
+the qu, which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous Yuan poets
+the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form
+Yuan dynasty
+Buddhism
+Tibetan Buddhism
+the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (Xuanzheng Yuan)
+Sakya
+1249–1314
+1249–1314
+modern matrices
+polynomial algebra
+1303
+applied mathematics
+cubic interpolation formula
+Shoushi Li
+the Shoushi Li () or Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
+1281
+non-Mongol physicians
+herbal
+herbal remedies
+Imperial Academy of Medicine
+because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
+four
+intellectual foundation
+to other parts of the empire
+acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs
+1277–1347
+Western medicine was also practiced in China by the Nestorian Christians of the Yuan court, where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or Muslim medicine
+Nestorian physician Jesus the Interpreter
+1263
+humoral system
+yin-yang and wuxing philosophy
+through Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
+Wang Zhen
+12th century
+Tregene Khatun
+1273
+chao
+bark of mulberry trees
+1275
+woodblocks
+1294
+patrimonial feudalism
+Mongolian patrimonial feudalism
+various allied groups from Central Asia and the western end of the empire
+due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic Chinese under their rule
+Ilkhanate
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Central Asian areas like Besh Indonesiaq, Almaliq, and Samarqand by the Mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers
+artisans and farmers
+a Qara-Khitay (Khitan)
+Halal slaughter and other Islamic practices like circumcision, as well as Kosher butchering for Jews, forcing them to eat food the Mongol way
+circumcision
+Zhu Yuanzhang
+thanks
+Yuan dynasty
+Frederick W. Mote
+the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth
+rich and well socially standing Chinese while there were less rich Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and Semu than there were Mongol and
+Semu
+Northern Chinese
+Southern Chinese
+southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in
+because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in
+private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
+the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan
+Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
+Korean King
+the Uighur King of Qocho was ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
+The Central Region
+Central Secretariat
+Khanbaliq
+Beijing
+Zhongshu Sheng
+Nairobi
+East African Community
+Nairobi
+Tanzania
+45 million
+warm and humid tropical
+cooler
+Mount Kenya
+Somalia and Ethiopia
+safaris
+since the Lower Paleolithic period
+By the first millennium AD
+Bantu and Nilotic populations
+19th century
+December 1963
+Mount Kenya
+Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
+"God's resting place"
+Kenia and Kegnia
+a correct African pronunciation /knj/
+Joseph Thompsons
+1862
+Big Five
+lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
+Kenya and in the Masai Mara
+between June and September
+2,900 kilometres (1,802 mi) from the Serengeti in neighbouring Tanzania to the Masai Mara in Kenya
+more than 20 million years ago
+Pleistocene epoch
+Richard Leakey
+1.6-million-year-old fossil
+Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
+The Swahili
+Mombasa
+Duarte Barbosa
+Kenyan Coast
+City of Malindi
+14th century
+August 1914
+German East Africa
+Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
+effective guerrrilla warfare campaign
+Northern Rhodesia
+central highlands
+itinerant farmers
+banned the growing of coffee
+80,000
+15 January 1954
+a better understanding of the Mau Mau command structure
+24 April 1954
+4,686
+Swynnerton Plan
+1957
+Jomo Kenyatta
+12 December 1963
+1963
+Republic of Kenya
+queuing
+widespread agitation for constitutional reform
+Daniel arap Moi
+presidential representative democratic republic
+head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system
+the government
+The Judiciary
+Judiciary
+Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index
+prevalence of public sector corruption
+137th out of 176 total countries in the CPI
+establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-corruption Commission (EACC)
+Party of National Unity
+the main opposition party
+Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later
+Odinga
+programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future
+the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
+Evangelical Lutheran Church
+election riots
+28 February 2008
+become Kenya's second Prime Minister
+both PNU and ODM camps
+each party's strength in Parliament
+until the end of the current Parliament
+co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the Government
+Annan and his UN-backed panel and African Union chairman Jakaya Kikwete
+Nairobi's Harambee House
+29 February 2008
+share power equally
+would eliminate the position of Prime Minister
+4 August 2010
+delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights
+27 August 2010
+the Second Republic
+December 2014
+it infringed on democratic freedoms
+President Uhuru Kenyatta
+it infringed on democratic freedoms
+governments of the United States, Britain, Germany and France
+US President Barack Obama chose not to visit the country during his mid 2013 African trip
+US President Barack Obama
+China
+July 2015
+peacekeeping missions
+violence that subsequently engulfed the country
+human rights violations
+Kenya’s armed forces
+Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”
+credible claims of corruption were made
+wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
+Human Development Index
+Kenya
+$1.25
+a frontier market
+rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity
+food security
+Industry and manufacturing
+75%
+61%
+tourism
+tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange
+coastal beaches and the game reserves
+Germany and the United Kingdom
+24%
+tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
+Agriculture
+sharp weather-related
+International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
+by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
+by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
+helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa
+local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa
+Africa
+Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
+semi-arid savanna
+53%
+Kenyans
+Kenya
+14%
+Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
+small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
+Kenya's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the US Government's African growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)
+2000
+hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River
+upper Tana River
+1997
+Turkana
+10 billion
+Exploration
+20% to 25%
+$474 million
+foreign direct investment
+gain support from China for a planned $2.5 billion railway from the southern Kenyan port of Mombasa to neighboring Uganda
+China
+environmental and social problems
+an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers
+an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030
+National Climate Change Action Plan
+an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the Asian Economic Tigers by the year 2030
+climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue
+agriculture
+30%
+9–18
+poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
+English
+English and Swahili
+commerce, schooling and government
+Kenyan English
+Christian
+Orthodox Christians
+3 million
+Nairobi
+2.4%
+Sixty percent
+Christian
+300,000
+Nurses
+the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
+65,000
+7,000
+Diseases of poverty
+Half
+pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
+HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition
+15 million
+British colonists
+12 December 1963
+Ominde Commission
+introduce changes that would reflect the nation's sovereignty
+7–4–3 system
+look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
+changed to an 8–4–4 system
+8–4–4 system
+1992
+January 1985
+vocational subjects
+the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels
+January 2003
+70%
+six years
+Basic formal education starts at age six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school
+free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring, carpentry, motor vehicle repair
+join a polytechnic or other technical college
+85%
+three to five
+admission to Standard One (First grade)
+those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
+a national examination
+Kenya National Library Service
+establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
+a peoples university
+it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
+cricket, rallying, football, Rugby union and boxing
+its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics
+Kenyan athletes
+Morocco and Ethiopia
+several
+several medals
+IAAF Golden League jackpot
+defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar
+economic or financial factors
+volleyball
+Cricket
+2003
+Rakep Patel
+March 2007
+Safari Rally
+one of the toughest rallies in the world
+Bjrn Waldegrd, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
+three
+10 o'clock
+tea or porridge with bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
+Ugali with vegetables, sour milk, meat, fish or any other stew
+World Meteorological Organization
+World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
+greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference with the climate system"
+United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
+Resolution 43/53
+Korean economist Hoesung Lee
+Korean
+Ismail El Gizouli
+Rajendra K. Pachauri
+February 2015
+representatives appointed by governments and organizations
+322
+Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations
+Plenary sessions
+1989
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
+Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
+the IPCC Trust Fund
+carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
+published sources
+non-peer-reviewed sources
+model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
+two
+ten to fifteen
+two "coordinating lead authors", ten to fifteen "lead authors"
+The coordinating lead authors
+the Working Group chairs
+substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations
+additional warming of the Earth's surface
+over half
+"business as usual" (BAU) scenario
+0.3 to 0.6 °C
+2001
+16
+Science
+at least 90%
+between 1.4 and 5.8 °C above 1990 levels
+Richard Lindzen
+does not faithfully summarize the full PGI report
+John Houghton
+co-chair
+scientific evidence
+The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports
+2011
+2011
+the Special Report on Renewable Energy sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SREX)
+Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas  inventies Programme
+default emission factors
+fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
+WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council
+the date is incorrect
+poor application of well-established IPCC procedures
+an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
+ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
+chairman
+direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
+co-chair
+"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
+"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
+1999
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+hockey stick graph
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+between 1000 and 1900
+Fred Singer
+Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C
+18 July 2000
+Commerce, Science and Transportation
+Joe Barton
+Ed Whitfield
+23 June 2005
+Sherwood Boehlert
+Sherwood Boehlert
+2007
+2007
+Ten
+divergence
+Ten
+1 February 2007
+The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations
+The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations
+The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations
+overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels
+0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm]
+0.5–1.4 m [50–140 cm]
+2001
+a long-time participant
+Science Magazine
+IPCC consensus
+Montreal Protocol
+Climate Change
+states and governments
+Sheldon Ungar
+varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts
+regional burden sharing conflicts
+UK government
+scientific papers
+significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
+science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science
+five
+Nature
+to dumping it in favor of a small permanent body, or even turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated "living" Wikipedia-IPCC
+the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes
+conduct photosynthesis
+energy-storage molecules
+energy-storage molecules ATP
+Calvin cycle
+1
+circulate and are moved around within plant cells, and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce
+environmental factors
+contain their own DNA
+photoynthetic cyanobacterium
+cannot be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division
+plant cell
+Russian
+Russian biologist
+1905
+Andreas Schimper
+thylakoids within
+hemispherical phycobilisomes
+they have two cell membranes
+peptidoglycan
+blue-green algae
+early eukaryotic
+around a billion years ago
+The two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes
+phagosomal
+lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
+almost the same thing as chloroplast
+three
+chloroplast lineage
+primary plastids
+green chloroplast lineage
+alga Cyanophyte chloroplast group
+glaucophyte
+glaucophyte chloroplasts
+a carboxysome
+icosahedral structure
+chlorophyll a and phycobilins
+phycobilisomes
+phycoerytherin pigment
+catch more sunlight in deep water
+starch
+lost their phycobilisomes
+accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
+lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane
+use in chloroplast division
+chlorophyll b
+double membrane
+additional membranes outside of the original two
+additional membranes outside of the original two
+additional membranes outside of the original two
+chloroplast
+a pyrenoid and thylakoids
+common flagellated protists
+stacked in groups of three
+Starch
+endosymbiont
+pyrenoid
+pyrenoid and thylakoids
+pyrenoid
+granules
+in stacks of two
+helicosproidia
+chromalveolates
+malaria parasite
+apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
+amylopectin starch granules
+fatty acids
+apicomplexan-related diseases
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
+all photosynthetic function
+four
+Peridinin
+any other group of chloroplasts
+triplet-stacked
+red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
+fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
+fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
+four
+a six membraned chloroplast
+a cryptophyte
+a kleptoplast—if so, Dinophysis species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones
+a kleptoplast
+a two-membraned chloroplast
+heterokontophyte
+a diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
+up to five
+entire diatom endosymbiont
+granules in the dinophyte host's cytoplasm
+dinophyte nucleus
+Lepidodinium
+original peridinin chloroplast
+a green algal derived chloroplast
+chloroplast
+first set of endosymbiotic events
+photoynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
+about a million
+850
+three million
+ctDNA
+ctDNA
+1962
+1986
+two Japanese research teams
+cyanobacteria
+chloroplast DNAs
+stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
+via electron microscopy since the 1970s
+two
+a theta intermediary form
+double displacement loop
+double displacement loop
+replication forks were most likely present and the direction that they initially opened (the highest gradient is most likely nearest the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time)
+single stranded
+actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination
+through homologous recombination
+circular chromosomes
+bacteriophage T4
+linear
+linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4
+via a D loop mechanism
+Endosymbiotic gene transfer
+the lost chloroplast's existence
+red algal derived chloroplast
+a red algal derived chloroplast
+nonfunctional pseudogenes
+around half
+participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
+cell membrane
+a ribosome in the cytosol
+a ribosome in the cytosol
+helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
+keeping it from folding prematurely
+lens-shaped
+5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick
+1–3 μm
+chloroplast shapes are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick
+a cup
+double membrane
+the product of the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
+homologous
+mitochondrial double membrane
+to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy
+generate ATP energy
+the internal thylakoid system
+the inner chloroplast membrane
+Stromules
+chloroplast membranes
+to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
+1962
+chloroplasts of C4 plants
+C4 plants
+chloroplast peripheral reticulum
+increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm
+the thylakoids and intermembrane space
+to synthe size a small fraction of their proteins
+two-thirds
+two-thirds
+motifs
+essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
+plastoglobulus
+spherical bubbles
+spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across
+45–60 nanometers
+lipid monolayer
+a thylakoid
+the thylakoid network
+attached directly to their parent thylakoid
+In old or stressed chloroplasts
+higher plants
+spherical and highly refractive bodies
+spherical and highly refractive bodies
+starch accumulation
+spherical and highly refractive bodies
+helical thylakoid model
+helical thylakoid model
+two to a hundred thylakoids
+10–20
+helicoid stromal thylakoids
+light energy
+light energy
+energize electrons
+to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+a dam turbine
+two
+stromal thylakoids, which are arranged in grana, and stromal thylakoids, which are in contact with the stroma
+helicoid sheets that spiral around grana
+pancake-shaped circular disks
+300–600 nanometers
+thirty
+transfer and dissipate excess energy
+leaves of some land plants change color
+bright red-orange
+orange-red zeaxanthin
+a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria
+red algae red
+one of the pigments that makes many red algae red
+a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria
+40 nanometers
+an enzyme called rubisco
+a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen, so at high oxygen concentrations
+the end result of ATP energy being wasted and CO2 being produced
+Calvin cycle
+ATP energy
+light reactions
+rubisco
+light reactions
+a four-carbon compound
+photosynthesis
+All green parts
+chlorophyll
+parenchyma cells
+collenchyma tissue
+A plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell
+stems
+the leaves
+8–15
+half a million chloroplasts
+mesophyll
+low-light conditions
+along the plant cell's cell wall
+photooxidative damage
+they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
+Mitochondria
+two
+infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
+infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
+stimulate both responses by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
+reactive oxygen species
+salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
+After detecting stress in a cell
+cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules, so they probably don't leave the chloroplast
+signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
+photosynthesis
+photosynthesis
+food
+the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle
+the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle
+use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy
+into the thylakoid space
+The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient
+adenosine triphosphate
+synthesized there, in position to be used in the dark reactions
+NADP+
+cyclic photophosphorylation
+C4 plants
+more ATP than NADPH
+Calvin cycle
+unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules
+3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA
+one out of every six
+glucose monomers
+high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
+distorting the grana and thylakoids
+Waterlogged roots
+photosynthesis-depression factor
+cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well
+when the oxygen concentration is too high
+reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis
+up to half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
+distinct chloroplast dimorphism
+in their stroma
+cysteine and methionine
+crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
+whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the p path or if it happens in the cytosol
+Chloroplasts
+undifferentiated proplastids
+an adult plant's apical meristems
+formation of starch-storing amyloplasts
+Gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts
+a plastid that lack chlorophyll
+a lattice of tubes in their stroma
+yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked
+Gymnosperms
+chromoplasts
+pigment-filled plastids
+chloroplasts
+chloroplasts
+chloroplasts
+filaments
+ assembl into filaments, and with the help of a protein ARC6, form a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma
+a structure called a Z-ring within the chloroplast's stroma
+within the chloroplast's stroma
+The Min system
+two plastid-dividing rings
+two
+5 nanometers
+6.4 nanometers
+chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast's intermembrane space
+exposure to bright white light
+white light
+large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts
+white light
+because, in most flowering plants, chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent, transgenes in these plastids cannot be disseminated by pollen
+environmental risks
+3 in 1,000,000
+biologically contained
+a composite number
+composite number
+arithmetic
+primes that is unique up to ordering
+because one can include arbitrarily many ices that is unique up to ordering
+primality
+trial division
+Algorithms
+Algorithms
+22,338,618 decimal digits
+infinitely many
+Euclid
+statistical behaviour
+the end of the 19th century
+end of the 19th century
+Goldbach's conjecture
+twin prime conjecture
+algebraic aspects
+public-key cryptography
+prime elements
+2
+1, 2, and n
+the term odd prime
+9
+all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1, 3, 7, or 9
+1
+Christian Goldbach
+Christian Goldbach
+10,006,721
+a prime number
+Eratosthenes
+1 were considered a prime
+the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function
+the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of Euler's totient function
+eliminate all multiples of 1
+Rhind papyrus
+Ancient Greeks
+Euclid's Elements
+Euclid
+compute primes
+1640
+Euler
+22n + 1
+2p − 1
+n = 4 (or 216 + 1
+trial division
+a complete list of primes up to is known
+1
+three divisions
+square root of n
+two
+Monte Carlo
+Monte Carlo
+deterministic
+1/(-p)n
+Fermat primality test
+the fact (Fermat's little theorem) that npn (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number
+composite numbers
+nb (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number
+nb (mod p) for any n if p is a prime number
+2p + 1
+2p − 1
+Lucas–Lehmer
+Sophie Germain primes
+Sophie Germain primes
+distributed computing
+2009
+US$100,000
+Electronic Frontier Foundation
+[ 256kn + 1, 256k(n + 1 − 1]
+floor function
+Chebyshev
+3
+there always exists at least one prime number p
+Wilson's theorem
+their greatest common divisor is one
+Dirichlet
+1/6
+a = 3, 6, or 9 contain at most one prime number
+1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8) there are infinitely many prime numbers
+The zeta function
+(1)
+diverges
+exceeds any given number
+algebraic number theory
+1859
+−2, −4,...
+random noise
+square root of x
+asymptotic
+Goldbach's conjecture
+1912
+all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017
+Vinogradov
+Vinogradov
+Polignac's conjecture
+2
+Polignac's conjecture
+n2 + 1
+Brocard's conjecture
+number theory
+G. H. Hardy
+1970s
+pseudorandom number generators
+pseudorandom
+recurring decimal
+recurring decimal
+p − 1
+p − 1
+fraction 1/p
+Diffie–Hellman key exchange
+Diffie–Hellman key exchange
+512
+modular
+512
+cicadas of the genus Magicicada
+grubs underground
+17 years
+the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on Magicicadas
+up to 2% higher
+minimality or indecomposability
+smallest subfield
+as a connected sum of prime knots
+a second
+knot sum of two nontrivial knots
+prime elements and irreducible elements
+Prime numbers
+an algebraic structure where addition, subtraction and multiplication
+given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y
+if it is not a unit
+arithmetic
+Gaussian integers Z[i]
+a + bi
+arbitrary integers
+4k + 1
+ring theory
+Prime
+algebraic
+arithmetic generalizes
+Noetherian
+Prime ideals
+when lifted to an extension field
+integers
+solvability of quadratic equations
+smaller
+completed (or local) fields
+p-adic norm
+local- global principle
+Olivier Messiaen
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+third étude
+the movements of nature, movements of free and unequal durations
+Swiss canton of Graubnden
+North Sea in the Netherlands
+Cologne
+Cologne
+more than 1,050,000 people
+a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubnden
+Netherlands
+more than 1,050,000 people
+Gaulish name Rnos
+Rnos
+Gaulish name as *Rnaz
+1st century BC
+Gaulish name Rnos
+Rhin
+Rhijn
+"Rnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rn, Old High German Rn, Old High German Rn, Old High German Rn, Old High German Rn, Old High German Rn, Old High German Rn, Old High German
+Rhijn
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+1939
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively
+canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+1939
+Old Rhine Bridge at Constance
+The river length is significantly shortened from the river's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century
+Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine is more difficult to measure objectively
+north
+86 km
+Rhine Valley
+Near Sargans
+the West and Liechtenstein
+near Chur
+86 km
+599 m to 396 m
+Rhine Valley
+Switzerland
+Lake Constance
+Alter Rhein ("Old Rhine")
+a modern canalized section
+Isel
+Lake Constance
+Lake Constance
+Alter Rhein
+Alter Rhein
+small islands
+the singular is pronounced "Isel"
+near Diepoldsau
+Fuach
+to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta
+parallel to the canalized Rhine into the lake
+the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake
+Fuach
+to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western Rhine Delta
+near Diepoldsau
+Dornbirner Ach
+continuous input of sediment
+three
+lower lake
+Seerhein
+Swiss-Austrian border
+upper lake
+three
+Austria near the Alps
+the Obersee
+the south following the Swiss-Austrian border
+Baden-Wrttemberg
+greater density of cold water
+Lake berlingen
+near the surface
+The flow reappears on the surface at the northern (German) shore of the lake, off the island of Lindau
+Lindau
+the Rheinrinne ("Rhine Gutter") and Seerhein
+Mainau
+Mainau
+Rhine Gutter
+the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake
+westward
+the river Aare
+4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn
+Finsteraarhorn
+Basel
+westward
+the river Aare
+4,274 m (14,022 ft) summit of Finsteraarhorn
+Finsteraarhorn
+the German-Swiss border from Lake Constance
+Basel
+"Rhine knee"
+Central Bridge
+300 km
+about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide
+Basel
+"Rhine knee"
+North
+High Rhine ends
+Central Bridge
+19th Century
+increased
+fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+large compensation pools
+Upper Rhine
+19th Century
+increased
+fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+the Main
+300 m3s (11,000 cu ft/s)
+The Rhine
+the Moselle
+400 m (1,300 ft)
+Germany
+Germany
+the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle
+France
+2,290 m3s (81,000 cu ft/s)
+Middle Rhine
+the Middle Rhine Gorge
+erosion
+the Romantic Rhine
+Middle Rhine
+the Rhine Gorge
+Romantic Rhine
+the Romantic Rhine
+70 m3s (2,500 cu ft/s)
+Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+drinking water
+Lower Rhine
+a major source of water pollution
+Lower Rhine
+Switzerland
+Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+tourism
+Rdesheim am Rhein
+Lorelei
+Middle Rhine Valley
+tourism
+UNESCO World Heritage Site
+Rdesheim
+Lorelei
+Lorelei
+Duisburg
+Wesel-Datteln Canal
+Lippe
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m wide river
+The Lower Rhine
+Rhine-Ruhr
+Duisburg
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m wide river
+the Meuse
+Rijn
+Two thirds
+farther west
+farther west, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch)
+the Meuse, through the Waal and then, via the Merwede and Nieuwe Merwede (De Biesbosch) merging with the Meuse
+Oude Maas
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+Nederrijn
+Lek
+the Noord River into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+Nederrijn
+one ninth
+Lek
+Wijk bij Duurstede
+Rijn
+draining the surrounding land and polders
+Kromme Rijn
+Kromme Rijn
+sluice
+Rhine-Meuse Delta
+near Millingen aan de Rijn
+Rhine-Meuse Delta
+Nederrijn at Angeren
+three
+Waal
+Old Meuse
+the Rip
+St. Elizabeth's flood
+1401
+Merwede-Oude Maas
+1421 to 1904
+an archipelago-like estuary
+drainage channels
+The construction of Delta Works
+dammed
+the second half of the 20th Century
+tidal delta
+tidal currents
+strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea
+Zaltbommel
+Tethys sea
+Jurassic Period
+Mediterranean geography
+Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era
+Iberia
+N–S
+Upper Rhine Graben
+the Miocene
+Danube
+Through stream capture
+Pliocene period
+the Vosges Mountains, including the Mosel, the Main and the Neckar
+Ice Ages
+six
+120 m (390 ft)
+northwest
+offshore of Brest, France and rivers
+from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP)
+Pleistocene (~11,600 BP)
+lower
+120 m (390 ft)
+dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today
+a glacier
+A tundra
+ca. 22,000–14,000 yr BP
+ice-sheets
+loess
+22,000 years ago
+thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring
+the Rhine
+13,000 BP
+9000 BP
+7500 yr ago
+Since 7500 yr ago, a situation with tides and currents, very similar to present has existed
+7000 years
+due to ongoing tectonic subsidence
+1–3 cm
+(~11,700 years ago)
+(~8,000 years ago)
+Late-Glacial valley
+Netherlands
+Since ~3000 yr BP
+flooding and sedimentation
+strongly increased
+11–13th century AD
+approximately 80
+North Sea
+North Sea
+the north and enters the IJsselmeer
+IJsselmeer
+three
+1st century BC
+Germania
+6th century BC
+Herodotus
+AD 14
+upper Danube
+until the empire fell
+Alsace-Lorraine
+The southern part
+eight
+Germania Inferior
+town of the Ubii
+whether a state or threat of war existed
+town of the Ubii
+the Migration period
+kingdoms of Francia
+dragons rock
+Siegfried
+Kriemhild
+6th century
+10th century
+Lower Lorraine
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+1469
+the Peace of Westphalia
+Establishing "natural borders"
+Napoleon
+1806
+1840
+At the end of World War I
+1930
+German army
+Adolf Hitler's rise to power
+1936
+Arnhem
+a formidable natural obstacle
+September 1944
+Ludendorff Bridge
+Seven Days to the River Rhine
+1,230 kilometres
+German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon
+it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications
+the German encyclopedia Knaurs Lexikon
+Until 1932 the generally accepted length of the Rhine was 1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
+1998
+Scotland Act 1998
+the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
+Westminster
+Westminster
+the lack of a Parliament of Scotland
+three
+due to the outbreak of the First World War
+late 1960s
+the establishment of a directly elected Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs
+North Sea
+Scotland's oil
+1974
+not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
+1978
+Edinburgh
+at least 40%
+51.6%
+Scottish devolution referendum
+32.9%
+Scottish Parliament
+Conservative Party
+1989
+the Convention
+Holyrood area of Edinburgh
+Enric Miralles
+Spanish
+leaf-shaped
+Queen Elizabeth II
+the meeting of the Church's General Assembly
+General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
+the Assembly Hall, which is part of the School of Divinity of the University of Edinburgh
+University of Aberdeen
+the former Strathclyde Regional Council
+City of Edinburgh Council
+Lothian Regional Council on George IV Bridge
+demolished
+Parliament Square, High Street and George IV Bridge
+the main hall
+one MSP
+Tricia Marwick
+secret ballot of the 129 MSPs
+129
+Presiding Officer
+Presiding Officer
+the Parliamentary Bureau
+five or more seats
+The Presiding Officer
+the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members
+desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members
+131
+2
+vote
+Scottish rivers
+silver and inlaid with gold panned from Scottish rivers
+the Queen
+Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
+a glass case suspended from the lid
+April and October
+thedebateing chamber usually take place on Wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm
+the public
+free
+Official Report
+Wednesdays
+up to four minutes
+Presiding Officer
+religious beliefs
+make direct representations
+The Presiding Officer
+who speaks in chamberdebatees and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
+different viewpoints and political parties
+ministers or party leaders
+Gaelic
+5 pm
+" decision Time"
+vote
+by means of electronic consoles
+the outcome of each division is known in seconds
+outcome of most votes
+political parties
+Parties entrust some MSPs
+moral
+MSPs do not tend to vote against such instructions
+after  decision Time
+may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time
+45 minutes
+other members normally contribute to the debate
+department the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate
+committee
+stronger
+there is no revising chamber
+The principal role of committees in the Scottish Parliament
+other locations
+Mandatory Committees
+balance of parties across Parliament
+their functions
+Mandatory Committees
+fourth session
+at the beginning of each parliamentary session
+one
+Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment
+Economy, Energy and Tourism
+A further type of committee
+large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property
+an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government
+Private Bill Committees
+The Scotland Act
+Queen Elizabeth II
+devolved competencies
+Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
+The Scottish Parliament
+Scottish Parliament
+Scottish Parliament
+ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound
+up to 3 pence in the pound
+2012 Act
+matters that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster (and where Ministerial functions usually lie with UK Government ministers)
+The Scottish Parliament
+The Scottish Parliament
+National Lottery
+Bills
+the Scottish Government
+a private member
+an outside proposer
+in a number of stages
+the first, or introductory stage of the bill
+documents – Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it
+whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
+in the relevant committee or committees
+Stage 2
+Stage 3
+two parts
+a final vote
+wrecking amendments
+After a general debate on the final form of the bill
+the Monarch
+the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent
+4-week period
+the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
+The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament
+The party, or parties
+any member
+First Minister
+the elected MSPs
+the Sovereign
+May every four years
+May
+the Monarch
+supplant
+28
+Several procedures
+Parliament upon which MSPs are invited to question
+a statement to the chamber setting out the Government's legislative programme
+issues related to the substance of the statement
+Parliamentary time
+a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m
+any member of the Scottish Government
+issues under their jurisdiction
+four
+73 is elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as "Constituency MSPs"
+2005
+one
+their dispersed population and distance from the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh
+55,000
+proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method
+d'Hondt method
+quotient
+constituency seats
+the party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat, which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat
+a number of qualifications
+1981
+18
+police and the armed forces
+Mental Health ( Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
+Scottish Parliament
+Labour
+151 votes
+eight
+Scottish independence
+David Mc Letchie
+Edinburgh Pentlands
+five seats
+Annabel Goldie
+Cameron
+A procedural consequence
+domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
+West Lothian question
+Conservative
+England
+Political Islam
+Islamic values
+reordering of government and society in accordance with the Shari'a
+two poles
+revolution or invasion
+democratic process
+Palestine
+abolish the state of Israel
+democracy
+a religious basis
+"guardians of the tradition" (Salafis, such as those in the Wahhabi movement) and the "vanguard of change and Islamic reform" centered around the Muslim Brotherhood.
+Sunni pan-Islamism
+"sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions," and rejection of Shia Islam
+democracy
+to maintain their legitimacy
+political
+Islam
+Fred Halliday, John Esposito and Muslim intellectuals like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi
+illiberal Islamic regimes
+religion from politics
+Islamism
+Americans
+a historical fluke of the "short-lived era of the heyday of secular Arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970"
+between 1945 and 1970
+quietist/non-political Islam
+dangerous enemies
+1970s
+experience, ideology, and weapons
+mujahideen Muslim Afghanistan enemies
+bulwarks
+experience, ideology, and weapons
+Anwar Sadat
+peace
+peace with Israel
+1975
+assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in Egypt in the 1990s
+the strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism
+Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way," but "hate them for their religion
+all the horrible wars
+infidels
+Saudi-interpretation
+Islamist
+incompetent
+housing assistance
+rhetoric
+to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands, legal assistance, sports facilities, and women's groups
+law and philosophy
+All India Muslim League
+Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress
+1908
+The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
+secularism and secular nationalism
+crowd out
+the shedding of nationalist differences
+1930
+Pakistan movement
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+1941
+the Jamaat-e-Islami party
+in a modern context
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+the Jamaat-e-Islami party
+in a modern context
+Sharia
+an Islamic state
+unity of God
+Iranian Revolution
+educational process or da'wah
+1928
+Ismailiyah, Egypt
+Hassan al Banna
+the Qur'an
+imperialist
+violence
+1949
+Egypt's premier Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+1948
+Gamal Abdul Nasser
+one of the most influential movements
+75%
+semi-legal
+field candidates
+Mohamed Morsi
+a pivotal event in the Arab Muslim world
+a pivotal event
+the ruling regimes
+decline
+Ba'athism
+ideological
+Ali Shariati
+Sunni Islamic thinkers
+Prophet Mohammad
+conspiracy against Islam
+The Islamic Republic
+Shia terrorist groups
+economic
+2006
+President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
+the Soviet Union
+an Islamic rebellion
+send aid
+marginal
+16,000 to 35,000
+radicalize the Islamist movement
+Saddam Hussein
+Islamist groups
+Saudi monarchy
+the west
+conservative Muslims
+those domestic Islamists who attacked it (bin Laden being a prime example)
+in the kingdom
+Algeria and Osama bin Laden's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack
+Osama bin Laden
+Qutb
+1966
+Brotherhood
+Milestones, a.k.a. Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq
+1970s
+Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization
+1981
+Muslim states, leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
+Muslim states
+Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
+Islamic order
+Major General Raouf Khayrat
+2003
+unsuccessful
+political figures
+quiescent
+Brotherhood
+destruction of Israel
+alcohol
+Palestine
+Hamas
+542
+majority of the seats
+2007
+driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
+Islamist regime
+Hassan al-Turabi
+National Islamic Front
+with money from foreign Islamist banking systems
+the university and military academy
+1985
+with the help of the military
+sharia law
+Osama bin Laden
+American attack on Iraq
+staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young Algerian men
+1989
+Algeria
+Front Islamique de Salut
+military coup d'état
+justice and prosperity
+destructive
+1992
+political and tribal warlords
+roughly 80%
+Deobandi movement
+Pakistan
+Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
+Sharia
+Wahhabism
+July 1977
+alcohol and nightclubs
+Islamism
+seizing power
+1988
+Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
+Sunni Arabs
+ten million
+international recognition
+a caliphate
+2004
+March 2003
+failure to consult and "notorious intransigence"
+March 2011
+a terrorist organisation
+a different view
+7th century
+1924
+true Islamic system
+disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers" working through Turkish modernist Mustafa Kemal Atatrk
+armed jihad
+does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system
+Muslim public opinion
+Egypt
+terrorist groups
+over 900,000
+strong Islamist
+2007
+Londonistan
+incitement to terrorism
+since 2001
+State Department
+Christian Whiton
+Defense Secretary
+undermining the communist ideology
+Latin
+Western
+Western
+technologies and ideas
+influence through diplomacy or military force
+Formal imperialism
+diplomacy or military force
+powerful form of dominance
+uneven trade agreements forcefully
+full-fledged
+aggressiveness
+technological superiority
+Informal rule
+distinction of an empire
+world systems theory
+Russian leader Lenin
+empires
+monopoly capitalism
+colonialism
+political focus
+ideological
+Ottoman
+metropolitan center ruling a distant territory
+Imperialism and colonialism
+taking physical control of another
+conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance
+the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war
+colonialism's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquered indigenous populations
+defense and justification of empire-building
+imperialism
+the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed
+Social Darwinism
+whiteness
+Germany
+Britain
+Political
+necessary for a state’s survival
+great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries
+environmental determinism
+tropics
+Orientalism
+uncivilized people
+the superior and the norm
+Terra nullius
+eighteenth century
+British Empire
+Aboriginal
+empty land
+imaginative geography
+irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West
+irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West
+a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social, cultural, political, and economic control
+irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive West
+analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the "scramble for Africa"
+imperial and colonial powers
+denote unknown or unexpulous territory
+the role of nineteenth-century maps during the "scramble for Africa"
+imperial and colonial powers
+pre-Columbian era
+Genghis Khan
+number in the dozens
+Oyo Empire, Asante Union, Luba Empire, Lunda Empire, and Mutapa Empire
+the Ethiopian Empire, Oyo Empire, Lunda Empire, Lunda Empire, and Mutapa Empire
+soft power
+soft power
+Dallas
+the benefits and luxuries of Roman culture and lifestyle, with the aim that they would then become willing participants
+influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and un authorised satellite dishes
+around 1700
+colonizing, influencing, and annexing other parts of the world
+thousands
+around 1700
+Open Door Policy
+1919–1980
+1920–1999
+historians
+the world's economy
+imperial powers
+economic growth
+mid-18th century
+economic growth
+the political weakness of the Mughal state
+communication
+deadly explosives
+machine gun
+arrows, swords, and leather shields
+Southern Africa
+British
+late 1870s
+political self-interest, and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed
+to constantly expand investment, material resources and manpower
+aristocracy
+1950s
+1872–1967
+domestic social reforms
+domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation
+concept environmental determinism
+the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination
+"less civilized"
+Africa
+orientalism and tropicality
+geographic scholars
+Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic
+guidance and intervention from the European empire
+orientalism
+colonizing empires
+sixteenth century
+1599
+Queen Elizabeth
+political activity caused exploitation of the East India Company causing the plundering of the local economy
+Portuguese
+1830
+after 1850
+Catholicism
+North and West Africa
+after 1850
+civilize the inferior
+full citizenship rights
+France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies
+Christianity and French culture
+Algeria
+the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate France
+anti-colonial movements
+Algeria
+Algeria
+1960
+Scandinavia and northern Europe
+southern Europe (west of and including Italy) was complete, excluding only Muslim Iberia
+the middle period of classical antiquity
+southern Europe
+Western Roman Empire
+late 19th century
+1862–90
+After Prussia unified the other states into the second German Empire after the Franco-German War
+Napoleon
+European bureaucratic system would not work well in the tropics and the diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract Germany from its central interest, Europe itself
+South Pacific
+German prestige
+1883–84
+German New Guinea
+Hamburg merchants and traders
+Japan took part of Sakhalin Island from Russia
+1894
+Thailand
+Manchuria
+The Soviet Union
+1923
+Lenin
+Eastern Europe
+Bolshevik leaders
+the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution
+Lenin
+Mao Zedong
+Nikita Khrushchev
+socialism
+mercantilism
+1776
+free trade
+1820
+1815
+British Empire
+pseudo-sciences
+Lord Cromer, Lord Curzon, General Kitchner, Lord Milner
+Middle East
+expressed its opposition to Imperialism, at least in a form distinct from its own Manifest Destiny
+Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism in Central America
+deaths of many Filipinos
+Philippines
+"racket"
+Bowman
+1917
+President Wilson
+would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world' which was to be characterized by geographical order
+Wilson's geographer
+internal strife
+indigenous peoples
+12 to 15 million
+Orient
+1299 to 1923
+Suleiman the Magnificent
+32
+North Africa
+16th and 17th centuries
+Istanbul
+Germany
+creation of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states
+Germany
+United Methodist Church
+a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
+1968
+the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
+decidedly Wesleyan
+The United Methodist Church
+80 million
+mainline Protestant denomination
+3.6%
+mid-18th century
+Church of England
+being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their Bible study, opinions and disciplined lifestyle
+1735
+American Indians
+American Indians
+salvation by God's grace
+the American Revolution decisively
+1784
+Thomas Coke
+Methodist Episcopal Church
+Methodist Episcopal Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+1767
+Dock Street
+1784
+Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
+St. George's Church
+1784
+1830
+having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
+1844
+because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
+April 23, 1968
+Thy Church
+Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
+the holy catholic (or universal) church
+The Book of Discipline
+all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible
+a result of the American Revolution
+Dr. Thomas Coke
+Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat
+1968
+John Wesley and Charles Wesley
+Albert C. Outler
+Albert C. Outler
+Prevenient grace
+Prevenient grace
+grace that "goes before" us, is given to all people
+sin
+God pardons the believer of sin
+The justifying grace
+conversion
+conversion
+New birth
+grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection
+Sanctifying Grace
+a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength
+Christian Perfection
+Wesleyan theology
+The United Methodist Church
+UMC
+The Book of Discipline
+2008
+pro-choice
+Religious Coalition for Reproductive choice
+The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women
+all women
+the mother
+the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS)
+2012
+Paul T. Stallsworth
+temperance
+2011 and 2012
+The Use of Money
+unfermented grape juice
+capital
+John 8:7
+Matthew 1:38-39
+General Conference
+same-sex
+1999
+2016
+the connectional Table
+LGBT
+same-gender marriages with resolutions
+1987
+2005
+Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
+conscription
+military action
+all war, or any particular war
+Christ's message and teachings
+national foreign policy
+general and complete disarmament
+Sexual Ethics Task Force of The United Methodist Church
+violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
+girls and women
+IVF
+stem cells
+research
+Sunday Service of the Methodists
+When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
+The Book of Common Prayer
+Africa
+Book of Common Prayer
+anointing with oil
+Methodist institutions
+William Booth
+John Wesley
+The United Methodist Church
+General Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+General Conference
+every four years
+five
+seven
+to elect and appoint bishops
+bishops
+Episcopal Areas
+the Mission Council
+church bishops
+36
+The decision generated controversy in light of Bush's support of the Iraq War which the church bishops have criticized
+Southern Methodist University
+nine
+Judicial Council
+nine
+twice
+twice a year at various locations throughout the world
+The Annual Conference
+the geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
+Annual Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+three members
+at least three members
+The church conference
+The church conference
+one hundred
+three hundred sixty
+International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
+John Wesley
+pastors
+Annual Conference Order of Deacons
+Annual Conference Order of Deacons
+Annual Conference Cabinet
+one year at a time, it is most common for an appointment to be continued for multiple years
+the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
+Elders
+the Word of God
+2–3 years
+District Superintendents
+2–3 years
+Deacons
+Deacons
+sacramental authority
+1996
+provisional elder/deacon
+the ordination order of transitional deacon
+Licensed Local Pastor
+The licensed local pastor
+five-year
+Associate membership
+Baptized Members
+through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
+transfer from another Christian denomination
+Baptism
+confirmation and membership preparation classes, students learn about Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith in Christ.
+The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church
+Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
+lay servants
+must be recommended by their pastor and Church Council or Charge Conference
+Each year
+complete the basic course for lay servant
+The United Methodist Church
+observer
+the "focusring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity."
+2000
+May 2012
+1985
+11 million
+11 million
+8 million
+8 million
+Texas
+11.4 million
+11.4 million
+3.5 million
+Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
+the World Methodist Council
+July 18, 2006
+1754–1763
+colonies of British America and New France
+60,000
+2 million
+Virginia in the South to Nova Scotia in the North
+with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers
+May 1754
+1755
+a disaster
+a combination of poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
+Fort Beauséjour
+Fort Beauséjour
+William Pitt
+British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
+New France
+Sainte Foy in Quebec
+French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River
+French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River
+Spain's loss to Britain of Florida (Spain had ceded this to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana, Cuba)
+1740s
+British colonists named the second war in King George's reign after their opponents
+a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain
+Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire
+1760
+six years
+1760
+Battle of Jumonville Glen
+75,000
+Illinois Country
+St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds
+20 to 1
+French 20 to 1
+coast
+native tribes
+Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
+Upstate New York and the Ohio Country
+Iroquois rule
+Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw
+tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region
+Iroquois Six Nations
+no French regular army troops were stationed in North America
+no French regular army troops
+New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine
+200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
+200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
+informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave
+they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
+Pickawillany
+Céloron threatened "Old Briton" with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British
+severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British
+very badly disposed towards the French
+a brisk trade in European colonial captives from either side
+forceful, stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
+1749
+Ohio Company of Virginia
+Christopher Gist
+Ohio Company of Virginia
+Monongahela River
+King George's War
+signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
+conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies
+turned over to a commission to resolve
+Marquis de la Jonquire
+300
+punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
+capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the Miami nation
+Paul Marin de la Malgue
+Fort Presque Isle
+Fort Le Boeuf
+to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
+Fort Le Boeuf
+a colonel of the Iroquois
+Warraghiggey
+Warraghiggey
+Mohawk Chief Hendrick
+Ohio Company
+Major George Washington
+Jacob Van Braam
+December 12
+Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
+Dinwiddie
+"As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think themselves obliged to obey it."
+France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British, since René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier
+additional French forces under Claude-Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecur
+1754
+Fort Duquesne
+continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with the Mingo leader
+Battle of Jumonville Glen
+acting to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people
+dislodge the French
+February 1755
+dispatched six regiments to New France
+blockade French ports
+Albany Congress
+formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians
+a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians
+formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians
+Braddock
+a disaster
+500
+American Revolutionary War, Washington and Thomas Gage
+Shirley and Johnson
+logistical difficulties
+Fort Niagara
+garrisons
+Marquis de Vaudreuil
+sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric
+Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
+Fort William Henry
+Ticonderoga Point
+Colonel Monckton
+ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area
+Petitcodiac and St. John rivers, and le Saint-Jean
+William Shirley
+Albany
+Niagara, Crown Point and Duquesne
+the Maine district
+Major General James Abercrombie
+Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
+May 18, 1756
+Scouts
+the forts Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry
+45,000 pounds
+campaigns on Lake Ontario
+Abercrombie
+Ticonderoga
+Oswego
+disposition of prisoners' personal effects
+an attack on New France's capital, Quebec
+distract Montcalm
+William Pitt
+returned to New York
+French irregular forces
+Lake George
+attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves
+poor harvest in 1757, a difficult winter, and the allegedly corrupt machinations of Franois Bigot
+the allegedly corrupt machinations of Franois Bigot
+St. Lawrence
+The British failures in North America
+Loudoun
+three major offensive actions
+Two
+3,600
+3,600
+destroyed Fort Frontenac
+decisively defeated Abercrombie's force of 18,000 regulars, militia and Native American allies outside the fort the French called Carillon
+an invasion of Britain
+the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay
+Lagos and Quiberon Bay
+James Wolfe
+cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
+Battle of Sainte-Foy
+Battle of the Restigouche
+Governor Vaudreuil
+medical treatment for the sick and wound French soldiers and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war
+Governor Vaudreuil
+10 February 1763
+15 February 1763
+either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique
+The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which had been occupied by the British
+approximately 80,000
+1755
+North American provinces
+New Orleans
+King George III
+the division and administration of the newly conquered territory
+Appalachian Mountains
+the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the British
+legal and illegal settlement
+1769
+Spanish
+disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to British expansion
+force
+A fundamental error
+Sir Isaac Newton
+nearly three hundred years
+Einstein
+Standard Model
+gauge bosons
+electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational
+electromagnetic
+a more fundamental electroweak interaction
+Aristotle
+Aristotelian cosmology
+four
+on the ground
+unnatural
+until the 17th century work of Galileo Galilei
+Galileo Galilei
+an innate force of impetus
+Galileo
+a force
+Newton
+lack of net force
+Aristotelian
+First Law
+the same in every inertial frame of reference
+the laws of physics
+a curving parabolic path
+inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down
+Inertia
+inertia
+rotational inertia
+Albert Einstein
+weightlessness
+equivalence
+Newton's Second Law
+kinematic
+General relativity
+coherent
+relative
+Newton's Third Law
+The third law
+unidirectional force
+F and −F are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
+the center of mass
+closed system
+mass of the system
+an intuitive understanding
+precise operational definitions
+Newtonian mechanics
+fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by Newtonian mechanics
+vector quantities
+forces follow a different set of mathematical rules
+Associating forces with vectors
+ambiguous
+it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be
+static equilibrium
+magnitude and direction
+net force
+their respective lines of application
+parallelogram rule of vector addition
+independent components
+two
+yields the original force
+orthogonal components
+three-dimensional
+the applied force is opposed by static friction
+static friction
+the applied force
+increases or decreases in response to the applied force
+simple devices
+spring reaction force
+the object's weight
+millennia
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+rest
+Aristotle
+at a constant velocity
+at a constant velocity
+A simple case of dynamic equilibrium
+kinetic friction force
+kinetic friction
+Aristotle
+Schrdinger equation
+Newtonian equations
+classical position variables
+a measurement are now sometimes "quantized"
+force
+the "spin"
+Pauli
+the spin
+symmetric
+symmetric
+a mathematical
+force
+conservation of momentum
+Feynman diagrams
+a straight line (see world line) traveling through time, which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram
+four fundamental interactions
+strong and weak forces
+electromagnetic force
+masses
+Pauli exclusion principle
+Isaac Newton
+20th century
+ combin all four fundamental interactions
+string theory
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object
+sea level
+force of gravity
+in different ways at larger distances
+the same force of gravity
+the mass of the attracting body
+the mass () and the radius ()
+a dimensional constant
+Henry Cavendish
+1798
+Newton
+Mercury
+Vulcan
+Newton's Theory of Gravity
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+general relativity
+the straight line path
+gravitational force
+global
+a rule of vector multiplication called Lorentz's Law
+unified electromagnetic force
+Lorentz's Law
+the electric field
+James Clerk Maxwell
+1864
+20
+4
+Maxwell
+electromagnetic theory
+quantum mechanics
+quantum electrodynamics
+photons
+quantum electrodynamics
+the electromagnetic force
+the Pauli exclusion principle
+energy
+structural force
+the electromagnetic force
+the Pauli exclusion principle
+energy
+structural force
+elementary particles
+a residual of the force
+nuclear force
+as gluons
+color confinement
+weak force
+weak force
+weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons
+1013
+1015 kelvins
+The normal force
+Pauli repulsion
+fermionic nature of electrons
+The normal force
+ideal strings that are massless, frictionless, unbreakable, and unstretchable
+movable pulleys
+instantaneously in action-reaction pairs
+conservation of mechanical energy
+a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load
+idealized point particles
+forces affect idealized point particles
+extended fluids
+extended structure
+extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object
+The stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains
+the stress-tensor
+pressure terms
+formalism
+rotation
+ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque
+an analogous equation
+the radial
+perpendicular
+radial (cen tripetal) force
+radial
+the tangential force
+kinetic
+mechanical energy
+the net mechanical energy
+difference in potential energy
+an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the elevation of an area
+forces as being due to gradient of potentials
+due to gradient of potentials
+a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector
+Nonconservative
+statistical mechanics
+nonconservative forces
+nonconservative forces
+Second law
+ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases
+kilopond
+kilopond
+mug or hyl
+kip
+kilogram-force
\ No newline at end of file