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https://msp.org/gt/2004/8-2/b14.xhtml | #### Volume 8, issue 2 (2004)
Recent Issues
The Journal About the Journal Editorial Board Editorial Interests Subscriptions Submission Guidelines Submission Page Policies for Authors Ethics Statement ISSN (electronic): 1364-0380 ISSN (print): 1465-3060 Author Index To Appear Other MSP Journals
Invariants for Lagrangian tori
### Ronald Fintushel and Ronald J Stern
Geometry & Topology 8 (2004) 947–968
##### Bibliography
1 D Auroux, S K Donaldson, L Katzarkov, Luttinger surgery along Lagrangian tori and non-isotopy for singular symplectic plane curves, Math. Ann. 326 (2003) 185 MR1981618 2 Y Eliashberg, L Polterovich, New applications of Luttinger’s surgery, Comment. Math. Helv. 69 (1994) 512 MR1303225 3 T Etgü, B D Park, Non-isotopic symplectic tori in the same homology class, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 356 (2004) 3739 MR2055752 4 R Fintushel, R J Stern, Rational blowdowns of smooth 4–manifolds, J. Differential Geom. 46 (1997) 181 MR1484044 5 R Fintushel, R J Stern, Knots, links, and 4–manifolds, Invent. Math. 134 (1998) 363 MR1650308 6 R Fintushel, R J Stern, Nonsymplectic 4–manifolds with one basic class, Pacific J. Math. 194 (2000) 325 MR1760784 7 R Fintushel, R J Stern, Symplectic surfaces in a fixed homology class, J. Differential Geom. 52 (1999) 203 MR1758295 8 R Fintushel, R J Stern, Tori in symplectic 4–manifolds, from: "Proceedings of the Casson Fest", Geom. Topol. Monogr. 7, Geom. Topol. Publ., Coventry (2004) 311 MR2172489 9 R E Gompf, A new construction of symplectic manifolds, Ann. of Math. (2) 142 (1995) 527 MR1356781 10 M Hutchings, Y J Lee, Circle-valued Morse theory, Reidemeister torsion, and Seiberg–Witten invariants of 3–manifolds, Topology 38 (1999) 861 MR1679802 11 T Mark, Torsion, TQFT, and Seiberg–Witten invariants of 3–manifolds, Geom. Topol. 6 (2002) 27 MR1885588 12 G Meng, C H Taubes, SW = Milnor torsion, Math. Res. Lett. 3 (1996) 661 MR1418579 13 J W Morgan, T S Mrowka, Z Szabó, Product formulas along T3 for Seiberg–Witten invariants, Math. Res. Lett. 4 (1997) 915 MR1492130 14 J W Morgan, Z Szabó, C H Taubes, A product formula for the Seiberg–Witten invariants and the generalized Thom conjecture, J. Differential Geom. 44 (1996) 706 MR1438191 15 L Polterovich, New invariants of totally real embedded tori and a problem in Hamiltonian mechanics, from: "Methods of Qualitative Theory and Bifurcation Theory", Gorki (1988) 16 J R Stallings, Constructions of fibred knots and links, from: "Algebraic and geometric topology (Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif., 1976), Part 2", Proc. Sympos. Pure Math., XXXII, Amer. Math. Soc. (1978) 55 MR520522 17 C H Taubes, The Seiberg–Witten invariants and 4–manifolds with essential tori, Geom. Topol. 5 (2001) 441 MR1833751 18 V Turaev, Torsions of 3–dimensional manifolds, 208, Birkhäuser Verlag (2002) MR1958479 19 S Vidussi, Lagrangian surfaces in a fixed homology class : existence of knotted Lagrangian tori, J. Differential Geom. 74 (2006) 507 MR2269786 20 A Weinstein, Symplectic manifolds and their Lagrangian submanifolds, Advances in Math. 6 (1971) MR0286137 | 2022-06-25 19:04:46 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9009591937065125, "perplexity": 3326.2953583178096}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103036099.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220625190306-20220625220306-00286.warc.gz"} |
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/5134/why-cant-rust-form-without-water/5136 | # Why can't rust form without water?
Shouldn't iron oxide be able to form without water? It is just iron and oxygen. I don't really understand what the dot followed by the $\ce{H2O}$ means either. I was reading on wikipedia, but I have a rather terrible understanding of chemistry. What purpose does water serve in rust formation, and what does it mean for a molecule to be hydrated-how is that different then just being surrounded by water molecules?
We could explain it from an electrolytic point of view.
Iron has a certain tendency to dissolve in water according to the following equation:
$\ce{Fe (s) -> Fe^2+ (aq) + 2e^-}$
The release of electrons causes a small current to flow in the metal (Remember that metals conduct electricity). This turns the point where iron dissolves into an anode, and the region around this area becomes rich in electrons, a cathode. Now, we have to remember that water dissociates to small extents according to:
$\ce{H2O (l) <=> H^+ (aq) + OH^- (aq)}$
If it was an acid, the $\ce{H^+}$ would have quickly taken all the electrons liberated from the dissolution of iron earlier, but the concentration of hydrogen ions is not large enough in water, so that we get another reaction taking place at the cathode [The hydrogen ions actually 'gather up' near to the surface but cannot do anything, creating a thin protective layer of hydrogen ions around the cathode, but not strong enough to prevent further reaction]. This reaction involves oxygen and other water molecules:
$\ce{2H2O (l) + O2 (g) + 4e^- -> 4OH^- (aq)}$
Now this is the $\ce{OH^-}$ that reacts with the earlier liberated iron (or ferrous) ions:
$\ce{Fe^2+ (aq) + 2OH^- (aq)->Fe(OH)2 (aq)}$
Now more oxygen will react to oxidise the iron (II) hydroxide...
$\ce{Fe(OH)2 (aq) \xrightarrow[O] Fe(OH)3 (aq) \xrightarrow[O] Fe2O3 (s)}$
You probably can recognise the last product.
As the $\ce{Fe^2+}$ are consumed, more iron will get dissolved (Le Chatelier's Principle) and keep the whole process going.
Maybe a little picture to go along with this :)
• Note that water is not required if the temperature of the iron and oxygen are sufficiently high. I do not know the precise temperature, but from experience with welding I can say that noticeable amounts of orange-colored iron oxide begin to form as steel approaches its melting point, which is around 1370 degrees C (2500°F). This high-temperature oxidation in air, without water, is similar to what we usually call charring or burning. – Ralph Dratman Feb 21 '19 at 18:22
• @RalphDratman That sounds accurate. Heat basically prompts iron to react with oxygen, first giving FeO, and with more oxygen in the fray, Fe2O3 (rust). We could say that's the actual way that rust is formed, and water acts as catalyst (makes the same reaction possible with lower energy (heat) requirement. – Jerry Feb 21 '19 at 18:35
The dot means that the compound is a hydrate of the parent chemical; the parent compound forms a weakly-bonded structure with one or more water molecules per parent molecule, because either the hydrogen atoms of the water, or the partial positively-charged region of the water molecule caused by its "bent" molecular shape, is attracted to partially negative regions of the parent molecule. It's not a "full" traditional ionic bond but it works in somewhat of a similar way. In solid form, this mixture of the parent compound and water molecules forms a crystal structure like ice (it doesn't have to be a well-ordered crystal like you typically get with salts), with properties that differ from a form of the substance that has more, less or no water in its structure.
An everyday example of the difference between a dehydrated and hydrated compound is Portland cement, used in concrete. In its raw form, it's "dehydrated" calcium carbonate along with a few other components, made by heating limestone until the water is released from the rock's structure. The remaining solid forms a fine powder that can't hold much of a shape. Add the water back in while mixing concrete, and the water molecules are re-incorporated into a solid structure with the calcium carbonate to essentially reform a rock in the desired shape.
As far as why rust only forms in the presence of water, water's "polar" nature is at work here as well. Being a polar solvent, it has some affinity for electrons, which are easily given up by the iron as a transition metal, and are attracted to the hydrogen atoms in the water. If a hydrogen atom successfully "captures" an electron, it balances its own electric charge, and is "liberated" from the bond it has with the oxygen in the water molecule, instead pairing with another liberated hydrogen to form a diatomic gas. Now, this hydrogen gas molecule won't get far, because water usually has some "dissolved" oxygen gas in it, and there's more oxygen just beyond the water, waiting to re-oxidize this hydrogen gas back into water. The net result is a positively-charged iron atom (typically in the +2 or +3 oxidation states, having given up 2 or 3 electrons to the water, respectively), negatively-charged hydroxide ions ($\ce{OH-}$), and water. These form a mixture of iron hydroxides:
$$\ce{2(Fe - 2e^{-}) + 4(H_2O + e^+) + O_2 \\ \to 2Fe^{2+} + 4OH^- + 2H_2 + O_2 \\ \to 2Fe(OH)_2 + 2H_2O}\\$$ $$\ce{4(Fe - 3e^{-}) + 12(H_2O + e^+) + 3O_2 \\ \to 4Fe^{3+} + 12OH^- + 6H_2 + 3O_2 \\ \to 4Fe(OH)_3 + 6H_2O}$$
That second equation typically occurs "stepwise", as you'll notice that's quite a lot of electrons and ions floating around at once. Typically, iron(II) hydroxide is formed first, and the iron will then readily oxidize further to its +3 state, either taking on an additional hydroxide to form iron(III) hydroxide, or liberating a hydrogen that will oxidize to form water, resulting in the monohydrate of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide:
$$\ce{4(Fe(OH)2 - e^{-}) + 2H_2O + O_2 \to 4FeO(OH)*H_2O}$$
Iron(III) hydroxide will readily rearrange itself into much the same state (it's not so much decomposition, as the water stays weakly bonded to the oxide-hydroxide to form the monohydrate):
$$\ce{Fe(OH)3 \to FeO(OH)*H_2O}$$
Finally, two of these iron oxide-hydroxide molecules are generally considered to "share" an oxygen from one of the hydroxide ions between them, with the hydrogen instead bonding to the oxygen of the other hydroxide, reforming water as a hydrate (possibly with some of it being released):
$$\ce{2FeO(OH)*H_2O \to Fe_2O_3*xH_2O + yH_2O}$$
Various hydrate structures of this iron oxide exist, which result in different colors of the compound from dark brown to deep red to red-orange. Other oxides are also possible by more direct action of the oxygen on the iron itself, such as iron(II) oxide ($\ce{FeO}$). Heating rust releases the water and forces the iron oxides to rearrange, which can also produce the third oxide of iron, iron (II,III) oxide (known in mineral form as magnetite).
You'll notice that the water participates in the overall reaction without really being consumed by it to form the product; it's destroyed and then re-formed in equal amounts, creating intermediates in the process. As such, water is a catalyst for these reactions. You'll also hopefully notice that this "ideal" reaction chain is just one of the possibilities; "rust" is an ill-defined term in chemistry, with the everyday compound consisting of a mixture of various hydrates of the three iron oxides, all of which are produced depending on subtle localized differences in the temperature and ratios of water, oxygen and iron.
By definition, rust includes water in its structure. Its not rust if it doesn't contain water.
Rust is porous- it has holes so corrosion of iron keeps going a lot longer if it rusts rather it forms a straight oxide.
Iron forms oxides instantly which are more protective than rust- not a lot more. Hot iron in oxygen environments corrodes by forming iron oxide.
What purpose does water serve in rust formation?"
First, one should ask what is the temperature of the water and the source of the water? Cold from a faucet implying possible oxygen content along with say free $$\ce{Cl2}$$ or even $$\ce{NH2Cl}$$, or natural aerated waters containing transition metal salts (including those of $$\ce{Fe, Mn}$$, some $$\ce{Cu}$$, …), along with possibly gases other than $$\ce{O2}$$ like $$\ce{N2O}$$ from nitrate (present in well water) decomposition, or perhaps boiled distilled water without any dissolved gases or minerals. The composition of the iron alloy, I will ignore and assume pure $$\ce{Fe}$$, along with a pH range for the $$\ce{H2O}$$ of between 6 to 8.
I will attempt a brief depiction of the chemistry which could actually occur in a few scenarios to give a closer perspective of real world chemistry. For natural waters, as a starter, the chemistry described below is certainly relevant. However, with the distilled water in open air contact with submerged powdered iron, I will expect a comparatively much longer induction period till any rust is observed per the reactions outlined above. This is due to the underlying electrochemical nature of the corrosion process and no electrolyte (from dissolved salts, but instead awaiting dust particles) and no dissolved $$\ce{O2}$$ or an acid (source of $$\ce{H+}$$ could arrive via air containing $$\ce{CO2}$$). So iron rusting proceeds much faster in those cases containing dissolved oxygen, an acid source (free chlorine), and high mineral content (electrolyte).
There is also a possible direct action of water on iron via the following path without any oxygen presence:
\begin{align}\ce{2 [ H2O &<=> H+ + OH- ]}\\[1.3em] \ce{Fe + 2 OH- &-> Fe(OH)2 + 2 e-}\\[1.3em] \ce{2 [ H+ + e- &<=> H^. ]}\\[1.3em] \ce{H^. + H^. &-> H2}\end{align}
\begin{align}\text{Net:} &&\ce{Fe + 2 H2O -> Fe(OH)2 + H2}&&\end{align}
This could then be followed by the so called Schikorr reaction, which details the conversion of iron(II) hydroxide into the mixed oxide iron(II,III), also written as Fe3O4 (see Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schikorr_reaction ).
Interestingly, there is also a possible action on any formed ferrous in water containing $$\ce{N2O}$$ in the further presence of cupric (see Chemical Reduction of Nitrite and Nitrous Oxide by Ferrous Iron, by J. T. Moraghan and R. J. Buresh,in SSSAJ, Vol. 41 No. 1, p. 47–50, 1976.).
The reason for mentioning an acid source is due to the following reaction converting ferrous to ferric in the presence of oxygen:
$$\ce{4 Fe^{II} (aq) + 4 H+ + O2 -> 4 Fe^{III} + 2 H2O}$$
So, depending on various sources of the water, in addition to the mechanism with water and oxygen described above, the chemistry could be a bit more complex.
Water is the catalyst in the process of rusting, therefore you cannot get rust without water.
Taken from http://www.chemicalformula.org/rust:
The overall chemical equation for the formation of rust is
Iron + water + oxygen --> rust
$$\ce{4 Fe(s) + 6 H2O(l) + 3 O2(g) -> 4 Fe(OH)3(s)}$$
Iron(III) hydroxide, $\ce{Fe(OH)3}$ then dehydrates to produce $\ce{Fe2O3.nH2O(s)}$ or rust
• That doesn't help my understanding much-All you did was introduce a new word. – user1638 May 29 '13 at 5:36
• Let me put it this way - the reaction that causes rust requires iron, oxygen, and water. – Dustin L. May 29 '13 at 5:43
• The OP already knew that; the question was why. – KeithS May 29 '13 at 17:23
"Rust" can form without water, if by rust you mean an iron oxide. Fe2 O3 ( the red oxide) can form in air at ambient temperatures. The only example I know is fretting corrosion where the characteristic red powder forms around two rubbing steel/iron surfaces. Of course you can make all sorts of iron oxides at elevated temperatures. | 2020-09-26 12:01:23 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 15, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 2, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5276972055435181, "perplexity": 2041.2348357877502}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400241093.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926102645-20200926132645-00283.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/29137-finding-k-approximating-error-trapezoid-midpoint-rule.html | # Thread: Finding "K" - Approximating the Error with Trapezoid and Midpoint Rule
1. ## Finding "K" - Approximating the Error with Trapezoid and Midpoint Rule
Hello everyone. I'm trying to approximate the integral of cos(x^2) over the interval 0 to 1. I'm using the trapezoid and midpoint rule with 8 subintervals which is not a problem. However, I am to find the error bounds using the formulas given in the book and I am having trouble finding what "K" is. I need to find the second derivative of cos(x^2) and find the maximum value over the interval. I get the second derivative to be [(-4)*cos(x^2)*(x^2)] - [2sin(x^2)].
Over the interval 0 to 1, the maximum value of this equation I believe is 0, which would give me K = 0, but that can't be right because then the error bound would also be 0. Can someone please help me and tell me what I'm doing wrong to find K?
2. Originally Posted by thejabronisayz
Hello everyone. I'm trying to approximate the integral of cos(x^2) over the interval 0 to 1. I'm using the trapezoid and midpoint rule with 8 subintervals which is not a problem. However, I am to find the error bounds using the formulas given in the book and I am having trouble finding what "K" is. I need to find the second derivative of cos(x^2) and find the maximum value over the interval. I get the second derivative to be [(-4)*cos(x^2)*(x^2)] - [2sin(x^2)].
Over the interval 0 to 1, the maximum value of this equation I believe is 0, which would give me K = 0, but that can't be right because then the error bound would also be 0. Can someone please help me and tell me what I'm doing wrong to find K?
You need the maximum of |f''(x)| x in [0,1], not the maximum of f''(x).
RonL
3. thank you, that would make sense. It's just that my professor made it seem as though we needed to find the maximum value that the second derivative would produce, not the maximum value after taking the absolute value of the numbers in the interval. Thanks again | 2016-10-26 04:21:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8714361786842346, "perplexity": 136.92308957101662}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720615.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00040-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://madhavamathcompetition.com/tag/maths-olympiad-practice-problem/ | # Logic Problems for Pre-RMO and RMO practice
Problem 1:
Peter’s mom said: “All champions are good at math.” Peter says: “I am good at math. Therefore, I am champion!” Is his implication right or wrong?
Problem 2:
There are four cards on the table with the symbols A, B, 4, and 5 written on their visible sides. What is the minimum number of cards we must turn over to find out whether the following statement is true: “If an even number is written on one side of a card, then a vowel is written on the other side?”
Problem 3:
A sum of 15 cents was paid by two coins, and one of these coins was not a nickel. Find the values of the coins.
Problem 4:
Assume that the following statements are true:
(a) among people having TV sets there are some who are not mathematicians.
(b) non-mathematicians who swim in swimming pools every day do not have TV sets.
Can we claim that not all people having TV sets swim every day?
Problem 5:
During a trial in Wonderland the March Hare claimed that the cookies were stolen by Mad Hatter. Then, the Mad Hatter and the Dormouse gave testimonies which, for some reason, were not recorded. Later on in the trial, it was found out that the cookies were stolen by only one of these three defendants, and, moreover, only the guilty one gave true testimony. Who stole the cookies?
*****************************************************
More later,
Nalin Pithwa
# A gem of an inequality from USSR !!!
Problem:
The positive numbers a, b, c, A, B, C satisfy
$a+A=b+B=c+C=k$.
Prove that $aB+bC+cA \leq k^{2}$.
Solution:
Proving that $aB+bC+cA \leq k^{2}$ is equivalent to showing that
$aB+bC+cA = a(k-b)+b(k-c)+c(k-a) \leq k^{2}$
$\Longleftrightarrow k(a+b+c) \leq k^{2}+ab+bc+ca$
But this is equivalent to
$k^{2}-ka+bc \geq (b+c)(k-a) \Longleftrightarrow bc \geq (k-a)(b+c-k)$
If $b+c-k \leq 0$, then the above is obviously true. If not, then we have
$(k-b)(k-c) \geq 0 \Rightarrow bc \geq k(b+c-k) \geq (k-a)(b+c-k)$
and thus, our inequality holds.
More later,
Nalin Pithwa
# A cute problem on permutations and combinations
Here, is a problem on counting. Read it and crack it before you compare your solution with the one I present !!!
In a tennis tournament, there are $2n$ participants. In the first round of the tournament, each participant plays just once, so there are n games, each occupying a pair of players. Show that the pairing for the first round can be arranged in exactly
$1 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 9 \ldots(2n-1)$
different ways.
Solution.
Call the required number of pairings of $2n$ players $P_{n}$. If you are a participant, you can be matched with any one of the other $(2n-1)$ players. Once your antagonist is chosen, there remain
$(2n-2)=2(n-1)$
players who can be paired in $P_{n-1}$ ways. Hence,
$P_{n}=(2n-1)P_{n-1}$. | 2021-03-03 01:40:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 16, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5368594527244568, "perplexity": 1106.3407896806482}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178365186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303012222-20210303042222-00386.warc.gz"} |
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/246907/remove-the-header-in-the-table-of-contents | I am writing a maths book for A level students using the class book, and I am completely new to LaTeX, so please bear with me if this is trivial. I have written a simplified version of my code down here. When I execute it, there is a blank page with the fancy header with the horizontal bar. How can make the header blank? I think the whole CONTENTS and then CONTENTS again thing looks rather silly.
\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\title{First Year Pure Mathematics}
\author{Luke Collins and Sandro Grech}
\date{}
\fancypagestyle{front}{%
\fancyhf{}
\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage}
}
\fancypagestyle{main}{%
\fancyhf{}
\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage}
}
\fancypagestyle{plain}{%
\fancyhf{}
\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage}
}
\begin{document}
\pagenumbering{gobble}
\pagestyle{empty}
\maketitle
\pagestyle{front}
\frontmatter
\chapter{Preface}
text
\chapter{How to use this book}
text
\mainmatter
\tableofcontents
\pagestyle{main}
\chapter{Logical Foundation}
rest of book
\end{document}
• You can use \thispagestyle for specific page. in this case you can write \thispagestyle{empty} in the page that you want ... – juanuni May 25 '15 at 20:47
• Always use \cleardoublepage before changing \pagestyle (but \frontmatter and \mainmatter issue it). In my opinion the table of contents should be in the front matter, particularly if it uses the same page style as in the front matter. Also avoid \pagenumbering{gobble}, you'll regret it if you add hyperref; better removing the page number by applying a suitable page style. You may want to consider loading emptypage for making completely empty pages added by \cleardoublepage. – egreg May 25 '15 at 21:08
• I think this is basically a duplicate of the following: tex.stackexchange.com/questions/246505/… However, I'm not flagging as a duplicate because Werner's answer gives a lot of great information that the other thread doesn't. In other words, the question is a duplicate; but the answer adds a lot of value. – dgoodmaniii May 26 '15 at 3:02
This is actually due to an incorrect use of your timing in setting the \pagestyle.
Since the ToC is set under the front page style, and the main document should be processed under main, you should use
\chapter{Logical foundation}
\pagestyle{main}
rather than the other way around. That is, you chapter is first set (the heading; this actually includes a \cleardoublepage to start on an odd page under the book class), then you set the page style to be main.
In the hypothetical instance where you have a non-empty page style (header) as part of the ToC, you can issue the following to ensure a purely blank page (if it exists) at the end of the ToC:
\tableofcontents
\clearpage
\ifodd\value{page}\else
\thispagestyle{empty}
\fi
\clearpage makes sure you move to the next page where you then check whether you're on an odd/even page. If you're on an even page (the false clause when checking \ifodd\value{page}), then issue \thispagestyle{empty}.
The empty page style has no header or footer. Of course, you can create a new page style for such pages. The above is just an example of how to manage that.
This is works...
% REMOVE HEADER CONTENTS | 2020-08-13 11:59:08 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.606760561466217, "perplexity": 1200.3689794707034}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738982.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813103121-20200813133121-00257.warc.gz"} |
http://crypto.stackexchange.com/tags/algorithm-design/hot | # Tag Info
22
Most encryption is based heavily on number theory, most of it being abstract algebra. Calculus and trigonometry isn't heavily used. Additionally, other subjects should be understood well; specifically probability (including basic combinatorics), information theory, and asymptotic analysis of algorithms. There's also more math that's worth knowing to be a ...
18
17
People found MARS to be clunky and overly complex, leading to more effort for implementation and optimization, and also a less clear overall security picture. Assessments of "security" are, in fact, extremely subjective, because they rely on speculations about unknown future cryptanalytic attack, empiric traditions (e.g. "more rounds" = "more security"), ...
16
It's a good question. As pg1989 said, this is the basis behind stream ciphers, which are very fast in practice. I thought I'd quickly expand upon your statement that "the one-time pad is the perfect cipher and impossible to crack." This is true, in a sense, but it's worth pointing out that sometimes an attacker wants to do something simpler than "cracking" ...
13
The algorithm (now reasonably clear) is reminiscent of a block cipher in CFB mode, with $random$ as the IV (which can be public), $secret$ as the key, and MD5 used as keystream generator instead of the block cipher. Decryption works as in CFB: $$M_1 = C_1 \oplus \operatorname{MD5}( secret||random )$$ $$M_n = C_n \oplus \operatorname{MD5}( secret||C_{n-1} ... 12 Well, the exact reason for an IV varies a bit between different modes that use IV. At a high level, what the IV does is act as a randomizer, so that each encrypted message appears to be encrypted to a random pattern, even if those messages are similar. In general, IVs disguise when you encrypt the same message twice (and more generally, when two messages ... 11 If the key is: generated with an unpredictable truly random uniform generator (not a pseudo-random generator); as long as the data to encrypt; used for only one message ever; then this is the One-Time Pad model, and you can encrypt data by a simple bitwise XOR (no need for an explicit function, just XOR). Otherwise, there is no solution which resists ... 10 The really great thing about Diffie-Hellman is how light it is, network-wise: both parties send each other a single message; neither has to wait for the message from the peer before beginning to computing his own message. If you can tolerate something heavier, you can have a look at what @Paŭlo describes; with n participants, it requires n-1 messaging ... 10 The standard Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm (or family of algorithms) works in an cyclic group with generator g, and relies on$$ {y_A}^{x_B} = (g^{x_A})^{x_B} = (g^{x_B})^{x_A} = {y_B}^{x_A}, $$where y_A and y_B are publicly transmitted, while x_A and x_B remain private. With three parties, we still have$$((g^{x_A})^{x_B})^{x_C} = ...
10
Many cryptographic algorithms are expressed as iterative algorithms. E.g., when encrypting a message with a block cipher in CBC mode, each message "block" is first XORed with the previous encrypted block, and the result of the XOR is then encrypted. The first block has no "previous block" hence we must supply a conventional alternate "zero-th block" which we ...
10
The combination between addition modulo $2^{32}$ (not modulo $32 = 2^5$) - indicated by $\boxplus$ in the diagram - and XOR (i.e. bitwise addition modulo $2$) - indicated by $\oplus$ - makes the algorithm more non-linear. Each of them for itself is a linear operation, but over different groups (addition in $GF(2^{32})$ vs. addition in $Z/2^{32})$, and the ...
10
Sure. If you want a $b$-bit hash of the message $m$, then use the first $b$ bits of AES-CTR(SHA256($m$)). That'll do the trick. In other words, compute SHA256($m$) and treat the resulting 256-bit string as a 256-bit AES key. Next, use AES in counter mode (with this key) to generate an unending stream of pseudorandom bits. Take the first $b$ bits from ...
10
First, and I know this isn't exactly the answer you're seeking, but I'd mull over it for a while. Hopefully you have read Schneier's Memo to the Amateur Cipher Designer; it speaks the truth. In short, before you try to go the route of publishing your algorithm, here are some things you should consider: What makes your scheme compelling to study? Is it ...
9
On software platforms, bytewise adding will not be faster than bitwise XORing. It may be a bit slower, though, also this will be negligible with regards to the process which generated the stream (and, for that matter, will probably also be negligible with regards to the memory bandwidth). On hardware platforms (FPGA, dedicated ASIC), addition is slower than ...
9
Timing attacks rely on operations which do not always take the same time to execute, depending on the processed data. For instance, on a typical software platform (say, a PC) implementing SHA-256, all operations are 32-bit additions or rotations or bitwise combinations which take a constant time to execute, regardless of the actual operand values. SHA-256 is ...
8
There are some approaches. In many algorithms it for the security doesn't really matter what constant is used, as long as it is not too simple, like initialization vectors for hash functions. (And of course, we need to use always the same number.) Then mathematical constants like binary expansions of irrational numbers like $\sqrt{2}$ (or roots of other ...
8
If a block cipher is linear with respect to some field, then, given a few known plaintext-ciphertext pairs, it is possible to recover the key using a simple Gaussian elimination. This clearly contradicts the security properties one expects from a secure block cipher.
8
In general, each combination of a (secure) hash function for input with a (deterministic) pseudo random number generator for output will work here - one "state of the art" example is the one given by D.W. (using AES-CTR as PRNG and SHA-256 as hash). Another way is similar to what PBKDF-2 does to have output with the right length: hash the input (or a hash ...
8
It's not clear from your decryption what the algorithm is used for. But you should be aware that while at first glance it provides privacy : it's a weird mode CFB with md5 used as a block cipher ; it doesn't provide authenticity. A simple bit flip of the ciphertext will result in the corresponding bit being flipped in the plaintext and such a bit flip ...
7
First of all, I think I want to correct you at one point; in step 2, you aren't actually that interested in whether the operation is commutative, what you're actually interested in is that the operation is associative, that is, if $(a \oplus b) \oplus c = a \oplus (b \oplus c)$. In essence, your operator $\oplus$ in step 2 turns out to be a group operation. ...
7
Mostly yes: usual cryptographic operations, including hashes, are defined using operations on integers and bit vectors, not Floating Point Numbers. I think the main reason is that in cryptography, we need different computers (e.g. the one that hashes a file to protect its integrity, and the one that verifies the integrity) to get the exact same result, and ...
7
Vanilla textbook RSA does not include "padding and stuff", the term "textbook RSA" generally refers to simply encoding a plaintext message as an integer and raising it to an exponent. Implementing this is pretty easy, just follow the steps outlined on Wikipedia. You can easily translate those steps into some given programming language. Based on the rest of ...
6
In your construct: EncryptAB(K1||K2, PT) = EncryptA(K1, EncryptB(K2, PT)) it is easy to show that, as long as the keys K1 and K2 are independent, that this cannot be any less secure than the stronger of EncryptA and EncryptB. Here is a sketch of how this is shown; suppose that there is a chosen plaintext attack against EncryptAB; that is, the attacker ...
6
This is a case for public-key cryptography (in the form of digital signatures, or a key exchange algorithm). In the simplest case, the program (Alice) would know (embedded in the source or in a configuration file) a public key, and the user (Bob) would have the corresponding private key. Bob would then send the message which should be authenticated, and ...
6
I think that a stream cipher would be the natural progression from a Vinegère, (before moving onto a block cypher). ARC4 (also known as ArcFour, or RC4) would be my choice and there are good argument for that made by Arnold Reinhold over on http://ciphersaber.gurus.org/
6
A simple block cipher would be Threefish (p. 11-13). It's a bit more complicated than RC4 or RC5 yet doesn't drive you insane with seemingly random design choices. It is presumably secure and was designed by experts but has not yet been reviewed extensively, so it shouldn't be used in sensitive applications yet (consider it an exercise). You'll be able to ...
6
I guess that CRC is borrowed from the $32$-bit Frame Check Sequence in the 1988 edition of CCITT V.42, section 8.1.1.6.2, available here, which gives a mathematical definition (note: remove the obviously spurious $1$ after $x^{30}$ in the English edition). I prefer this alternate definition with some of the math on polynomial replaced by equivalent ...
6
As D.W. notes, you can use the output of any conventional hash function to key a stream cipher (or a block cipher in a streaming mode like CTR), and then take the output of the cipher as your digest. However, there has been a trend in modern hash function design to support arbitrary-length output directly, without the need for additional layers. For ...
6
EDIT: The following block of text (between the lines) was written as an answer to the original question, which did not explicitly state that the secret was used for any blocks after the initial one. Hmmm, I assume that the goal of this algorithm is to provide privacy; that is, to create an encrypted message, and someone that hears this encrypted message ...
6
Your question first calls for a remark, the XOR itself already is an instance of taking a modulo. Namely, XOR is just another name for addition modulo 2. As a consequence, using modulo n can be seen as a generalization of the XOR to larger sets. A simple example is Caesar's cipher which adds a key modulo 26 (the size of the alphabet). To come back to the ...
Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible | 2013-12-11 08:35:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5007632970809937, "perplexity": 999.8346740902698}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164033639/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133353-00039-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://study.com/academy/answer/two-waves-traveling-on-a-string-in-the-same-direction-both-have-a-frequency-of-92-hz-a-wavelength-of-0-19-m-and-an-amplitude-of-0-32-m-what-is-the-amplitude-of-the-resultant-wave-if-the-original-wa.html | # Two waves traveling on a string in the same direction both have a frequency of 92 Hz, a...
## Question:
Two waves traveling on a string in the same direction both have a frequency of 92 Hz, a wavelength of 0.19 m, and an amplitude of 0.32 m. What is the amplitude of the resultant wave if the original waves differ in phase by {eq}\frac{\pi }{3}{/eq} rad? What is the phase difference between the two waves if the amplitude of the resultant wave is 0.25 m?
## Interference of Waves
When two waves of same frequency F, same wavelength {eq}\lambda {/eq}, and having amplitude A of the form {eq}y_1 = A \sin ( \dfrac{ 2 \pi } { \lambda } x - \dfrac {2 \pi } { T } t ) {/eq} and {eq}y_2 = A \sin ( \dfrac { 2\pi } { \lambda } x - \dfrac{ 2 \pi } { T } t + \phi ) {/eq} travel in the same direction superimpose each other and create constructive and destructive interference. The term {eq}\phi {/eq} is the phase difference between the two waves. The resultant wave is of the form {eq}y = 2 A \cos ( \dfrac { \phi } { 2 } ) \sin ( \dfrac { 2 \pi } { \lambda } x - \dfrac { 2\pi } { T } t + \dfrac { \phi } { 2 } ) {/eq}. In this equation the cos part is the amplitude part and if the phase difference is zero we get the maximum amplitude as twice the amplitude of the interfering waves and minimum as of zero amplitude. The sin part is the phase part. When this part is maximum we get maximum intensity and when this part becomes minimum we get minimum intensity.
Given data
• Frequency of both the waves {eq}F = 92 \ Hz {/eq}
• Wavelength of both the waves {eq}\lambda = 0.19 \ m {/eq}
• Amplitude of each wave {eq}A = 0.32 \ m {/eq}
• Phase difference between the waves {eq}\phi = \dfrac { \pi } { 3 } \ rad {/eq}
Part a )
Angular frequency of the wave {eq}\omega = 2 \pi F \\ \omega = 2 \pi \times 92 \\ \omega = 184 \pi \ rad {/eq}
Wave number of the wave {eq}k = \dfrac { 2 \pi } { \lambda } \\ k = \dfrac { 2 \pi } { 0.19 } \\ k = 10.53 \pi \ / m {/eq}
Then the individual waves can be expressed as {eq}y_1 = 0.32 \sin ( 10.53 \pi x - 184 \pi t ) {/eq}
and the second wave {eq}y_2 = 0.32 \sin ( 10.53 \pi x - 184 \pi t + \dfrac { \phi } { 3 } ) {/eq}
The wave resulting from the superposition of the two can be written as {eq}y = 2\times 0.32 \cos ( \dfrac { \pi } { 6 } ) \sin ( 10.53 \pi x - 184 \pi t + \dfrac { \pi } { 6 } ) {/eq}
The maximum amplitude occurs when the phase part becomes equal to one.
The maximum amplitude {eq}y_m = 2 \times 0.32 \times \cos ( \dfrac { \pi } { 6 } ) \\ y_m = 0.554 \ m {/eq}
Part b)
It is given that the resultant amplitude {eq}y_{m1} = 0.25 \ m {/eq}
Let {eq}\phi_1 {/eq} be the phase difference between the waves.
Then the amplitude of the resultant wave can be expressed as {eq}y_{m1} = 2 \times A \cos ( \dfrac { \phi_1 } { 2 } ) \\ \cos ( \dfrac{ \phi_1 } { 2 } ) = \dfrac { y_{m1} } { 2 A } {/eq}
Therefore the phase difference between the waves {eq}\phi_1 = 2 \times \cos^{-1} ( \dfrac { y_{m1} } { 2 A } ) \\ \phi_1 = 2 \times \cos ^{-1} ( \dfrac { 0.25 } { 2 \times 0.32 } ) \\ \phi_1 = 2.34 \ rad \\ \phi_1 = 134 ^o {/eq} | 2020-04-04 06:34:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.99993896484375, "perplexity": 756.6423796933382}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370520039.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200404042338-20200404072338-00485.warc.gz"} |
https://ckrao.wordpress.com/2015/11/ | Chaitanya's Random Pages
November 30, 2015
Lowest highest scores in test matches in recent times
Filed under: cricket,sport — ckrao @ 10:46 am
The past week saw two low scoring test cricket matches between India and South Africa in Nagpur and Australia vs New Zealand in Adelaide. According to this link, only 3 times since the 1930s has a completed test match (i.e. with a result) had no player make 50 in any of the four innings. Here are some other matches since 1980 where the batting average for the match was at most that of the Nagpur test (14.9 runs per wicket). Some of them may ring familiar for cricket fans.
Also only 14 times since 1980 has the top score been less than 66 which was the highest score in Adelaide (one other in Australia when McGrath had match figures of 10/27!).
Here are stats highlights from the two matches:
Lowest top score in an Adelaide Test Cricket – ESPN Cricinfo
Ashwin’s records and lowest top scores Cricket – ESPN Cricinfo
November 25, 2015
An identity based on three numbers summing to zero
Filed under: mathematics — ckrao @ 11:06 am
Here is a nice identity which according to [1] appeared in a 1957 Chinese mathematics competition.
If $x + y + z = 0$ then
$\displaystyle \left(\frac{x^2 + y^2 + z^2}{2} \right)\left(\frac{x^5 + y^5 + z^5}{5} \right) = \left(\frac{x^7 + y^7 + z^7}{7} \right).\quad \quad (1)$
An elegant proof of this avoids any lengthy expansions. Let $x$, $y$ and $z$ be roots of the cubic polynomial
\begin{aligned} (X-x)(X-y)(X-z) &= X^3 - (x+y+z)X^2 + (xy + yz + zx)X - xyz\\ &:= X^3 + aX + b.\quad \quad (2)\end{aligned}
Then
\begin{aligned} x^2 + y^2 + z^2 &= (x+y+z)^2 - 2(xy + yz + xz)\\ &= 0 -2a\\ &= -2a\quad\quad (3)\end{aligned}
and summing the relation $X^3 = -aX - b$ for each of $X=x, X=y$ and $X=z$, gives
\begin{aligned}x^3 + y^3 + z^3 &= -a(x + y + z) - 3b\\ &= -3b.\quad\quad (4)\end{aligned}
In a similar manner, $X^4 = -aX^2 - bX$ and so
\begin{aligned} x^4 + y^4 + z^4 &= -a(x^2 + y^2 + z^2) - b(x + y + z)\\ &= -a(-2a)\\ &= 2a^2.\quad \quad (5)\end{aligned}
Next, $X^5 = -aX^3 - bX^2$ and so
\begin{aligned} x^5 + y^5 + z^5 &= -a(x^3 + y^3 + z^3) - b(x^2 + y^2 + z^2)\\ &= -a(-3b) -b(-2a)\\ &= 5ab.\quad \quad (6)\end{aligned}
Finally, $X^7 = -aX^5 - bX^4$ and so
\begin{aligned} x^7 + y^7 + z^7 &= -a(x^5 + y^5 + z^5) - b(x^4 + y^4 + z^4)\\ &= -a(5ab) -b(2a^2)\\ &= -7a^2b.\quad \quad (7)\end{aligned}
We then combine (3), (6) and (7) to obtain (1). It seems that $x^n + y^n + z^n$ for higher values of $n$ are more complicated expressions in $a$ and latex $b$, so we don’t get as pretty a relation elsewhere.
Reference
[1] Răzvan Gelca and Titu Andreescu, Putnam and Beyond, Springer, 2007.
Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. | 2020-05-29 10:35:20 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 20, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9997343420982361, "perplexity": 2899.0141634054135}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347402885.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529085930-20200529115930-00515.warc.gz"} |
http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions?page=7&sort=newest&pagesize=30 | # All Questions
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If cryptanalysts today were to crack the original Enigma machine, how fast/ how easily could they do it? What methods would they use? The original cracking was significantly helped by operator ... | 2014-03-12 09:03:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9079248905181885, "perplexity": 2218.9584359194955}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021585790/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121305-00007-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://vm.udsu.ru/issues/archive/issue/2013-4-13 | +7 (3412) 91 60 92
## Archive of Issues
Russia Izhevsk; Yekaterinburg
Year
2013
Issue
4
Pages
132-145
Section Mathematics Title Turnpike processes of control systems on smooth manifolds Author(-s) Tonkov E.L.ab Affiliations Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciencesa, Udmurt State Universityb Abstract We consider the so-called standard control systems. These are systems of differential equations defined on smooth manifolds of finite dimension that are uniformly continuous and time-bound on the real axis and locally Lipschitz in the phase variables. In addition, we assume that the compact set is given, which defines geometric constraints on the admissible controls and moreover, the non-degeneracy condition holds. This condition means that for each point of the phase manifold and for all times there exists a control such that the value of vector field is contained in the Euclidean space that is tangent to the phase manifold at a given point. Using the modified method of the Lyapunov function and constructing omega-limit set of the corresponding dynamical system of shifts, we give propositions about the existence of admissible control processes that are bounded on the positive semiaxis, and the assertion of uniform local controllability of the corresponding turnpike process. Keywords turnpike processes, manifolds of finite dimension, uniform local controllability, omega-limit sets, Lyapunov functions UDC 515.163.1, 517.977.1 MSC 34A26, 34H05, 34A60 DOI 10.20537/vm130413 Received 30 November 2013 Language Russian Citation Tonkov E.L. Turnpike processes of control systems on smooth manifolds, Vestnik Udmurtskogo Universiteta. Matematika. Mekhanika. Komp'yuternye Nauki, 2013, issue 4, pp. 132-145. References Panasyuk A.I., Panasyuk V.I. Asimptoticheskaya magistral'naya optimizatsiya upravlyaemykh system (Asymptotic turnpike optimization of control systems), Minsk: Nauka i Tekhnika, 1986, 296 p. Anosov D.V. Lektsii po lineinoi algebre (Lectures on linear algebra), Moscow: Regular and Chaotic Dynamics, 1999, 105 p. Engelking R. General topology, Warsaw: PWN, 1977. Translated under the title Obshchaya topologiya, Moscow: Mir, 1986, 751 p. Dubrovin B.A., Novikov S.P., Fomenko A.T. Sovremennaya geometriya (Modern geometry - methods and applications), Moscow: URSS, 1986, 759 p. Agrachev A.A., Sachkov Yu.L. Control theory from the geometric viewpoint, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2004. Arnold V.I. Ordinary differential equations, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992. Bebutov M.V. Dynamical systems in the space of continuous function, Bull. Mat. Inst. Moscow State University, 1940, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 1-52. Panasenko E.A., Rodina L.I., Tonkov E.L. The space ${\rm clcv}($ $\mathbb{R}$$n$ $)$ with the Hausdorff-Bebutov metric and differential inclusions, Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics, 2011, vol. 275, suppl. 1, pp. 121-136. Skvortsov V.A. Borel set, Mathematical encyclopedia, Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1977, vol. 1, p. 535. Filippov A.F. Differential equations with discontinuous righthand sides, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988. Full text | 2021-07-28 09:48:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6417841911315918, "perplexity": 3530.090442353758}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153709.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728092200-20210728122200-00677.warc.gz"} |
http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E26665_01/tuxedo/docs11gr1/snmpadmin/4mgmtfrw.html | # Integrating Oracle SNMP Agent with a Management Framework
The following sections explain how to integrate the Oracle SNMP Agent into your management framework:
## Understanding the Oracle SNMP Agent MIB Files
Oracle SNMP Agent provides the following two SNMP MIB files. `bea.asn1` and `mib.txt`. The `bea.asn1` file is used by the SNMP network management framework to set up that portion of its local MIB (on the management station) required to manage Tuxedo applications. The `mib.txt` file, which is created from the `bea.asn1` file, is used by the Tuxedo SNMP agent (`tux_snmpd`) at startup to set up its local SNMP MIB on the managed node.
Note: Only the `bea.asn1` file is of interest in the discussions that follow.
## Using Oracle SNMP Agent with a Management Framework
To use Oracle SNMP Agent with your management framework, follow these steps:
1. Load the SNMP MIB for Oracle Tuxedo into the management framework.
2. The SNMP MIB defines the data types and access permissions for the various managed objects that can be accessed through Oracle SNMP Agent. It also defines the event notifications that can be generated by Oracle SNMP Agent. The MIB thus provides the management framework with information it requires to manage Oracle Tuxedo resources.
By default, the SNMP MIB file, `bea.asn1`, is installed in the `tux_prod_dir``/udataobj/snmp/etc` directory. The MIB file must be imported into the management database of your management framework. Some management frameworks refer to this process as loading a MIB. For a list of management frameworks tested with Oracle SNMP Agent, refer to the Oracle Tuxedo Release Notes.
3. Decide what kind of information you need to meet your system management goals.
4. For example, are there particular attributes of the resources you are managing that you want to monitor? Do you want to be notified when certain Oracle Tuxedo system events occur?
5. Configure the management framework response to incoming Oracle Tuxedo system events.
6. For details, see Integrating Oracle Tuxedo Event Notifications.
7. Configure polling or data collection rules on the manager for performance and fault management.
8. Periodic collection of values of pertinent objects is valuable for analysis of trends. This analysis is valuable for capacity planning and load-balancing. You can also use polling to generate alarms, which is useful for fault management.
9. Optional: Define the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator polling rules.
10. If you are using the Oracle SNMP agent as a SMUX subagent with the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator, you might want to off-load some threshold checking to the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator. The Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator generates enterprise-specific traps when the user-defined threshold is crossed. Off-loading checking of selective thresholds to the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator reduces the network bandwidth consumed by the management framework’s polling activities.
11. Set up and start the agents.
12. The procedure for setting up and starting the Oracle SNMP agent is described in Setting Up Oracle SNMP Agent on a Managed Node.
## Integrating Oracle Tuxedo Event Notifications
To integrate the Oracle Tuxedo system event traps with your management framework, follow these steps:
1. Make sure the Tuxedo EventBroker server (`TMSYSEVT`) is running for the domain being managed. For more information, see Setting Up Oracle SNMP Agent on a Managed Node.
2. Oracle SNMP Agent will not receive event notifications unless the EventBroker server (`TMSYSEVT`) is running. For information on the Tuxedo EventBroker server, see reference page TMSYSEVT(5) in Oracle Tuxedo File Formats, Data Descriptions, MIBs, and System Processes Reference.
3. Modify the `TRAP_HOST` entry in the Oracle SNMP Agent `beamgr.conf` configuration file to specify the location of the management machine that is to be the destination for traps generated by the agent. For more information, see Setting Up Oracle SNMP Agent on a Managed Node.
4. If you have not already done so, load the Oracle SNMP Agent `bea.asn1` MIB file into your management framework.
5. For example, on HP OpenView Network Node Manager, see the following display and do the following:
2. Figure 4-1 Selecting Load/Unload MIBs in HP OpenView
4. Specify the path to the Oracle SNMP Agent configuration file (`bea.asn1`). By default, this file is installed in:
5. `tux_prod_dir``\udataobj\snmp\etc\bea.asn1` (Windows)
`tux_prod_dir``/udataobj/snmp/etc/bea.asn1` (UNIX)
6. Select OK.
6. Configure the management framework to take the appropriate action in response to incoming Tuxedo SNMP traps.
7. You might want to change the way in which Tuxedo SNMP traps are displayed on your management console, or the actions that the management framework takes in response to specified events. For example, you might choose to ignore some routine informational notifications. For example, to view the event configuration on HP OpenView, do the following:
1. Select OptionsEvent Configuration.
2. Select the enterprise `tuxedo`.
3. Select an event type, such as `networkFlowTrap` in HP Open View.
4. Customize the management framework response to incoming events of that type. Select EditModify Event in OpenView, which invokes the Event Configuration window shown in the following display.
5. Figure 4-2 HP OpenView Event Configuration Window
You can modify the event configuration to ignore an event, or generate a pop-up notification or run a program or script when the event is received. You might also want to create a separate category for Tuxedo events, as shown in the preceding display.
### Retrieving or Modifying Object Values When Managing Multiple Domains
Monitoring of multiple Oracle Tuxedo domains is done by running a separate Tuxedo SNMP agent for each domain being monitored. These agents must be run as SMUX subagents under the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator.
When more than one Tuxedo SNMP agent is running as a SMUX subagent on a node, then SNMP manager Set or Get requests to an agent must be addressed using a community of the form:
`community``@``logical_agent_name`
For example:
`public@payrollagent`
In this example `payrollagent` is a logical agent name that identifies the agent to which the request is to be forwarded by the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator.
### Integrating Events Generated by Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator Polling
The Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator can be used to poll Oracle Tuxedo objects, or other managed resources. To integrate the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator threshold-checking activity with the management framework, perform the following steps:
1. Set up the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator polling rules.
2. A polling rule is defined by a `RULE_ACTION` entry in the Oracle SNMP Agent `beamgr.conf` configuration file.
3. Configure the management framework to recognize the events generated by the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator.
4. For example, in HP OpenView, you can add a new event type by doing the following:
1. Select Options Event Configuration.
2. Select `beaSystemDescr`.
3. Select Edit Add Event.
4. In the window that is invoked you would use the following as the event number:
`.1.3.6.1.4.1.140.1.1.0.``specific_trap_number`
5. Configure the management framework to respond appropriately to incoming Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator events.
For more information, see Using the Oracle SNMP Agent Integrator for Polling. | 2016-08-27 07:14:59 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8115880489349365, "perplexity": 9142.845630774242}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982298551.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823195818-00208-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/302921/indexing-slovenian-language?noredirect=1 | # Indexing slovenian language
I am in trouble. I would like to organise index by texindy for slovenian language, but reactions are highly unstable.
If I use …
\usepackage[texindy]{imakeidx}
\makeindex[intoc, columns=2, options= -s z.ind]{\fontsize{9pt}{2pt}\printindex}
z.ind=
Two days ago, all was OK, but now all is false again. Nothing happened, even if I recompile many times. All Slovenian special characters (ČŠŽĆ) go under the Symbols. I can’t find some correct and stable solution over the internet.
Does anybody have any idea how to deal with index for Slovenian? ... except my apologies in footnotes?
You have to pass Xindy the language you're going to need for collation of the particular index.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[slovene]{babel}
\usepackage{imakeidx}
\makeindex[program=texindy,options=-L slovenian -C utf8]
\begin{document}
A\index{Altamira}
B\index{Babbage}
Č\index{Čeh}
Ž\index{Žvanut}
\printindex
\end{document}
• Egreg, Thanks a lot :-) it work well, Miran – user102582 Apr 7 '16 at 15:43
• @user102582 You owe me a drink when I'll come to Slovenia, favorite destination for my Saturday bike tours. ;-) – egreg Apr 7 '16 at 16:28
• so you are somwhere near? Absolutely :-) – user102582 Apr 8 '16 at 13:20
• @user102582 If you have time, you can join us in the chat: chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/41/tex-latex-and-friends – egreg Apr 8 '16 at 13:38
Try to look at russian index
It works great for russian index, I've checked. I guess slovenian index will be ok too. | 2020-09-23 06:11:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2111855149269104, "perplexity": 6231.166107819776}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400209999.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923050545-20200923080545-00029.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/why-this-equation-cant-solve.423152/ | # Why this equation can't solve
I would like to solve equation with x=a-1*b but when I inverse matrix A . It is bad solution to solve (I use mathematica to solve it)(Attach matrix A in excel file).
I want to know why matrix A is bad solution when I inverse???????
If I want to solve this equation. How i can do?
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Related Precalculus Mathematics Homework Help News on Phys.org
Homework Helper
Is your matrix a square? If not - no inverse. (Although being square is not itself sufficient for an inverse to exist.)
x=(aT*a)-1*B
Homework Helper
Okay, for which item are you trying to solve.
$$x = a - 1b$$
That has nothing to do at all with your "solution" - your result doesn't follow from the equation.
hunt_mat
Homework Helper
Roger Penrose worked on the inverses on non-square matries before relativity.
Mark44
Mentor
Okay, for which item are you trying to solve.
$$x = a - 1b$$
That has nothing to do at all with your "solution" - your result doesn't follow from the equation.
I believe the OP meant x = A-1b.
Then he/she revised the above to this: x=(aT*a)-1*B,
which I believe means this: x = (ATA)-1b.
Homework Helper
I believe the OP meant x = A-1b.
Then he/she revised the above to this: x=(aT*a)-1*B,
which I believe means this: x = (ATA)-1b.
Aha - good catch. Of course, this means that the original equation is nowhere to be seen, so it remains impossible to see why this approach fails.
hotvette
Homework Helper
Need to pay attention to dimension. The matrix A has 35 rows and 20 columns (i.e. 35 x 20) and B has 35 rows (i.e. 35 x 1). ATA is a 20 x 20 matrix and so is (ATA)-1. Multiplying a 35 x 1 matrix by a 20 x 20 matrix isn't valid.
This smells like a least squares problem, which means the solution would be x = (ATA)-1 ATb.
HallsofIvy | 2020-07-09 15:58:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5341666340827942, "perplexity": 1409.6122654252404}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900335.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709131554-20200709161554-00461.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1039026/proving-equality-of-hermitian-matrix | # Proving Equality of Hermitian matrix
I need to show that the equality $\ A \mathbf u \cdot \mathbf v = \mathbf u \cdot A\mathbf v \$ holds true for all $\mathbf u, \mathbf v \in \mathbb{C^n}$ if and only if the matrix A is Hermitian
Proving <= direction
$\ A \mathbf u \cdot \mathbf v = A(\mathbf u \cdot \mathbf v)\$
= $\mathbf u \cdot \bar A \mathbf v$
I can't seem to get rid of the bar on the matrix (bar on the matrix A represents the complex conjugate). I'm not entirely sure how to use the fact that A is hermitian but I think if I am able to prove <= then I can go backwards to prove =>. Any help is appreciated.
• Do you mean the complex conjugate when you write a bar? Remember that you can write the inner product of vectors as $u \cdot v = u^*v$ where $*$ denotes the complex inner product. If you use this identity, then you should be able to prove the $\Leftarrow$ direction. Nov 26, 2014 at 1:28
• @Svinepels Yes, the bar is supposed to represent the complex conjugate. Sorry I'm not sure how I would use that identity, could you explain how I would go about doing that? Nov 26, 2014 at 1:43
The dot product on $\mathbb{C}^n$ us usually defined by $$\boldsymbol{u} \cdot \boldsymbol{v} = \sum_{i=1}^n u_i \overline{v_i},$$ but it is probably more convenient to write it in matrix notation: $$\boldsymbol{u} \cdot \boldsymbol{v} = \boldsymbol{u}^T \overline{\boldsymbol{v}}.$$ Then: \begin{align} A\boldsymbol{u} \cdot \boldsymbol{v} &= (A\boldsymbol{u})^T \overline{\boldsymbol{v}}\\ &= \boldsymbol{u}^T A^T \overline{\boldsymbol{v}}\\ &= \boldsymbol{u}^T \overline{A} \overline{\boldsymbol{v}}\\ &= \boldsymbol{u}^T \overline{A \boldsymbol{v}}\\ &= \boldsymbol{u} \cdot A\boldsymbol{v} \end{align} The second-third line uses the fact that $A$ is Hermitian, while the third-fourth line uses the fact that conjugation preserves addition and multiplication. | 2023-03-21 23:08:23 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9999120235443115, "perplexity": 250.62845492004496}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943747.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321225117-20230322015117-00763.warc.gz"} |
http://xxx.unizar.es/abs/quant-ph/0007066 | quant-ph
(what is this?)
# Title: Sources of quantum waves
Abstract: Due to the space and time dependence of the wave function in the time dependent Schroedinger equation, different boundary conditions are possible. The equation is usually solved as an initial value problem'', by fixing the value of the wave function in all space at a given instant. We compare this standard approach to "source boundary conditions'' that fix the wave at all times in a given region, in particular at a point in one dimension. In contrast to the well-known physical interpretation of the initial-value-problem approach, the interpretation of the source approach has remained unclear, since it introduces negative energy components, even for free motion'', and a time-dependent norm. This work provides physical meaning to the source method by finding the link with equivalent initial value problems.
Comments: 12 pages, 7 inlined figures; typos corrected Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Journal reference: J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 34 (2001) 4289 DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/34/20/303 Report number: EHU-FT/0007 Cite as: arXiv:quant-ph/0007066 (or arXiv:quant-ph/0007066v2 for this version)
## Submission history
From: Inigo L. Egusquiza [view email]
[v1] Wed, 19 Jul 2000 16:50:37 GMT (48kb)
[v2] Thu, 20 Jul 2000 11:07:59 GMT (48kb) | 2018-07-22 03:27:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.45494747161865234, "perplexity": 1510.8463837893783}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676593004.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722022235-20180722042235-00174.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/557be0d5e4b05cad71f0456d | ## unicwaan one year ago I need to find the domain and range, x and y intercepts, horizontal and vertical asymptotes. Can someone help me through it please?
1. anonymous
2. unicwaan
There should be a picture attached but it's: X^2 + x - 2 divided by x^2 - 3x - 4
3. anonymous
first thing, you should factor the num and denom of your function$f(x)=\frac{x^2+x-2}{x^2-3x-4}$have you tried to do so?
4. unicwaan
I did, the numerator factors into (x-1)(x+2) and the deniminator factors into (x-4)(x+1)
5. anonymous
very good, so what will be the domain considering the denom?
6. unicwaan
The domain would be all reals except x=4 and x=-1?
7. anonymous
quite right
8. anonymous
let's work on range of the function
9. unicwaan
alright
10. unicwaan
Is the range all reals?
11. anonymous
thats right, do you have a reasoning for that?
12. unicwaan
Well by the graph it extends infinitely up and down
13. unicwaan
and because quadratic functions' range will always be all reals
14. anonymous
that's right, but what if we don't know about the graph
15. anonymous
note that quadratics don't cover all reals|dw:1434182772266:dw|
16. unicwaan
Oh okay, then I do not a reasoning
17. unicwaan
do not have a reasoning*
18. anonymous
function is continuous on the interval (-1,4) and$\lim_{x \to -1^{+}} f(x)=\infty$$\lim_{x \to 4^{-}} f(x)=-\infty$therefore range is all of real numbers
19. anonymous
does that make sense?
20. unicwaan
So when you plugged in the ordered pair, the output was infinite basically?
21. anonymous
thats right
22. unicwaan
okay that makes sense
23. anonymous
for example$\lim_{x \to -1^{+}} f(x)=\frac{1 \times -2}{-5 \times 0^{+}}=\infty$
24. anonymous
ok what are x and y intercepts?
25. unicwaan
Alright so the y intercept = 1/2 because you plug in 0 for x to find y. The x intercept = -2,1 because they are the zeros of the numerator
26. anonymous
very right, thanks
27. anonymous
28. unicwaan
The horizontal asymptotes is 1 because the degree of each function are the same and therefore, must divide the leading coeeficients. The vertical asymptotes are y= -1,4 because they are the zeros of the denominator.
29. anonymous
right, you can put your words in mathematical phrases
30. anonymous
now you can graph your function
31. unicwaan
Okay so for the asympotes I put dotted lines to represent them, and then I plugged in points according to get this graph|dw:1434183896630:dw| Poor drawing but the basic jist of it :/
32. anonymous
we're done
33. unicwaan
Great! Thank you so much this really helped! :D
34. anonymous
no problem | 2016-10-24 07:06:50 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9285248517990112, "perplexity": 3186.9313071488623}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719542.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00538-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/4f2e0bf5e4b0571e9cbab68f | anonymous 4 years ago An object is thrown vertically upward and has a speed of 10 m/s when it reaches three fifths of its maximum height above the launch point. Determine its maximum height.
1. anonymous
i used the 2ad = V(inital)^2 - V^2 formula H = (1/5), a = -9.8, V^2 = 10m/s since intial V is 0 so i had 2(-9.8)d = 0^2 - 10^2 -19.6d = -100 => d= -100/-19.6 => d=5.10m after this i multiplied it by the reciprocal of 1/5 and got 25.5m i'm stuck on where i went wrong?
2. ash2326
We know $v^2-u^2=2as$ v= final velocity at max height is 0 u = u ( initial velocity) s= h (max height ) a=-9.8 m/s^2 so we get $-u^2=-2*9.8*h.............equation 1$ now at s= 3/5 h v= 10 m/s u= u m/s so from this we get $10^2-u^2=-2*9.8*\frac{3}{5}*h..........equation 2$ subtract equation 1 from 2 we get $10^2=-2*9.8*\frac{3}{5}h+2*9.8*h$ on simplifying we get $100=2*9.8*\frac{1}{5}*h$ so $h=\frac{100*5}{2*9.8}$ $h = 25.51 m$ so max height is 25.51 meters
3. ash2326
you are correct galactic
Find more explanations on OpenStudy | 2016-10-24 14:25:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7345814108848572, "perplexity": 1756.4735806935525}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719638.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00002-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/math/trigonometry/trigonometry-10th-edition/chapter-8-complex-numbers-polar-equations-and-parametric-equations-section-8-1-complex-numbers-8-1-exercises-page-357/7 | ## Trigonometry (10th Edition)
Published by Pearson
# Chapter 8 - Complex Numbers, Polar Equations, and Parametric Equations - Section 8.1 Complex Numbers - 8.1 Exercises: 7
real, complex
#### Work Step by Step
Since $7$ is a natural number and natural numbers are a subset of the set of real numbers, $7$ is a real number. Also, for a complex number $a + bi$, if $b = 0$, then $a + bi = a$, which is a real number. Thus, the set of real numbers is a subset of the set of complex numbers. Therefore, 7 can be identified as a complex number as well.
After you claim an answer you’ll have 24 hours to send in a draft. An editor will review the submission and either publish your submission or provide feedback. | 2018-07-23 02:25:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7880391478538513, "perplexity": 287.1420668441865}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594790.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20180723012644-20180723032644-00079.warc.gz"} |
https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths-formulas/covariance-formula/ | # Covariance Formula
The fields of mathematics and statistics offer a great many tools to help us in real life. One such tool is covariance, which is a statistical measure of the directional relationship between two variables. One may apply this concept of covariance to anything. Formulas that calculate covariance can give the prediction of how two stocks might perform relative to each other in the future. Applied to historical prices, covariance can definitely help to determine if stocks’ prices tend to move with or against each other. In this topic, the student will learn about the covariance formula and its example. Let us begin learning!
Table of content
## Covariance Formula
### What is Covariance?
In mathematics as well as in statistics, covariance is a measure of the relationship between two random variables in certain problems. This evaluates how much and to what extent the variables change together.
Therefore, it is essentially a measure of the variance between two given variables and also note that the variance of one variable equals the variance of the other variable.
This variance can take any positive or negative values. The values are interpreted as follows:
• Positive covariance: It indicates that two variables will tend to move in the same direction.
• Negative covariance: It indicates that two variables will tend to move in inverse directions.
### The formula for Covariance:
The covariance formula deals with the calculation of data points from the average value in a given data collection.
The covariance between two random variables X and Y can be calculated using the following formula as given below:
cov(x,y)=$$\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}(x_{i}-\bar{x})(y_{i}-\bar{y})}{N-1}$$
Where:
$$x_i$$ the values of the X-variable $$y_i$$ the values of the Y-variable $$\bar{x}$$ the mean (average) of the X-variable $$\bar{y}$$ the mean (average) of the Y-variable N the number of data points Cov (x,y) The covariance of x and y
In this formula, we can see that the covariance of the two variables x and y is equal to the sum of the products of the differences of each value and the mean of its variables and finally divided by one less than the total number of data points. The x and y with a bar on the represent the means of each variable.
## Solved Examples
Q.1: Compute the value of covariance i.e cov(x,y) for the given data set.
X 98 87 90 85 95 75 Y 15 12 10 10 16 7
Solution:
First, find the mean of each variable.
Thus,
$$\bar{x} = \frac{ (98+87+90+85+95+75)}{6}$$
i.e. $$\bar{x}$$= 88.33.
And, $$\bar{y} = \frac{ (15+12+10+10+16+7)}{6}$$
i.e. $$\bar{y} = 11.67$$
Now, we subtract each value from its respective mean and then multiply these new values together.
$$x-\bar{x}$$ $$y-\bar{y}$$ /((x-\bar{x}) (y-\bar{y})\) 98-88.33 =9.67 15-11.67 = 3.33 32.20 87-88.33= -1.33 12-11.67 = 0.33 -0.44 90-88.33 = 1.67 10-11.67 = -1.67 -2.79 85-88.33 = -3.33 10-11.67 = -1.67 5.56 95-88.33 = 6.67 16-11.67 = 4.33 28.88 75-88.33 = -13.33 7-11.67 = -4.67 62.25
The next step is to add all the products together, which is 125.66.
Now, divide the above value by (n-1) i.e by (6 – 1) i.e. 5.
Thus cov (x,y) = $$\frac{125.66}{5}$$
i.e cov (x,y) = 25.132
Therefore covariance of this set of data is 25.132. It is positive, so we can say that the two variables x and y will have a positive relationship.
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KUCKOO B
I get a different answer for first example.
I got Q1 as 20.5
median 23 and
Q3 26
Guest
Yashitha
Hi
Same
Guest
virat
yes | 2022-08-13 18:41:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5081437230110168, "perplexity": 942.827944984888}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00389.warc.gz"} |
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/337711/kernel-of-the-composition-of-operators/337873 | # Kernel of the composition of operators
Let $$X \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}$$, $$Y \subset \mathbb{R}^{m}$$, and $$Z \subset \mathbb{R}^{p}$$ be open subsets, and let $$K_P \in C_0^\infty(X \times Y)$$ and $$K_Q \in C_0^{\infty}(Y \times Z)$$. Then, $$K_P$$ and $$K_Q$$ define sequentially continuous linear mappings $$P:C_0^\infty(Y) \longrightarrow C_0^\infty(X)$$ and $$Q:C_0^{\infty}(Z) \longrightarrow C_0^{\infty}(Y)$$. Then, $$P \circ Q: C_0^\infty(Z) \longrightarrow C_0^\infty(X)$$ is a sequentially continuous linear mapping with kernel $$$$K_{P \circ Q}=\int_{Y}K_P(\cdot,y)K_{Q}(y,\cdot)dy. \tag{*}$$$$ Indeed, $$\begin{eqnarray*} \langle P \circ Q u,v \rangle_{\mathcal{D}'(X), \mathcal{D}(X)} &=& \langle K_P, v \otimes Qu \rangle_{\mathcal{D}'(X \times Y), \mathcal{D}(X) \otimes \mathcal{D}(Y)}\\&=& \int_{X \times Y} K_{P}(x,y)v(x)Qu(y)dx dy\\ &=& \int_{Y} Qu(y) \int_{X} K_P(x,y) v(x) dx dy\\ &=& \langle Qu, \int_{X} K_P(x,\cdot)v(x)dx \rangle_{\mathcal{D}'(Y), \mathcal{D}(Y)}\\ &=& \langle K_Q, \int_{X}K_P(x,\cdot)v(x)dx \otimes u \rangle_{\mathcal{D}'(Y \times Z), \mathcal{D}(Y) \otimes \mathcal{D}(Z)}\\ &=& \int_{Y \times Z} K_Q(y,z) \int_{X} K_P(x,y)v(x)dx u(z)dydz\\ &=& \int_{X \times Z} \int_{Y} K_{Q}(y,z)K_P(x,y)dyv(x)u(z)dxdz\\ &=& \langle \int_{Y}K_P(\cdot,y)K_Q(y,\cdot)dy, v \otimes u\rangle_{\mathcal{D}'(X \times Z), \mathcal{D}(X) \otimes \mathcal{D}(Z)}. \end{eqnarray*}$$
I would like to know what would be a generalization of $$(*)$$ for the kernel of the composition of operators with kernels in $$\mathcal{D}'(X \times Y)$$ and $$\mathcal{D}'(Y \times Z)$$. A priori it makes no sense to compose the operators generated by $$K_P$$ and $$K_Q$$ because they define operators (by the Schwartz Kernel Theorem) $$P: \mathcal{D}(Y) \longrightarrow \mathcal{D}'(X)$$ and $$Q: \mathcal{D}(Z) \longrightarrow \mathcal{D}'(Y)$$. So it may be necessary to impose some more conditions on the kernels (Maybe we should assume that $$\hbox{supp } K_P$$ and $$\hbox{supp } K_Q$$ are proper, in order to have properly supported operators). I also don't know if we can define the kernel as the integral, because in integrating we would have the product of two distributions.
Is there any book, article, that addresses this subject from a more general point of view (even if it is in the context of pseudodifferential operators)?
• In the case that the wavefront sets of two distributions are disjoint, they can be "pointwise multiplied". – paul garrett Aug 6 '19 at 3:42
• The reference for this kind of thing is Schwartz's sequel to his book on distributions, published as long articles in Ann. Inst. Fourier with "distributions vectorielles" in the title. A short account is in his ICM "Theorie des Noyaux" talk, look up "Volterra composition" and "semiregular kernels". Translation invariant kernels (convolution kernels) are easier to compose. – Abdelmalek Abdesselam Aug 6 '19 at 15:46
Following the Abdelmalek Abdesselam's suggestions I found the following result in J. J. Duistermaat's book Fourier Integral Operators (page 22). However, the proof is very succinct and I could not understand. I could not even understand why I can define $$\Delta^*$$ since the results for the existence of $$\Delta^*$$ require that the function be a difeomorphism or a submersion.
In the following theorem concerning continuous mappings $$A: C_0^\infty(Y) \longrightarrow \mathcal{D}'(X)$$ with distribution kernel $$K_A \in \mathcal{D}'(X \times Y)$$ it is conveniente to introduce the following notations. $$\begin{equation*} WF'(A)=\{((x,\xi),(y,\eta)) \in (T^*(X)\times T^*(Y)) \setminus 0: (x,y;\xi,-\eta) \in WF(K_A) \}, \end{equation*}$$ $$\begin{equation*} WF'_X(A)=\{ (x,\xi) \in T^*(X)\setminus 0: \exists y \in Y: (x,y;\xi,0) \in WF(K_A) \} \end{equation*}$$ $$\begin{equation*} WF'_Y(A)=\{ (y,\eta) \in T^*(Y)\setminus 0: \exists x \in X: (x,y;0,\eta) \in WF(K_A) \} \end{equation*}$$ If $$R_1 \subset U \times V$$, $$R_2 \subset V \times W$$ are relations then the composition $$R_1 \circ R_2 \subset U \times W$$ is defined by $$\begin{equation*} R_1 \circ R_2= \{(u,w) \in U \times W: \exists v \in V: (u,v) \in R_1 \hbox{ and } (v,w) \in R_2 \}. \end{equation*}$$
Theorem 1.3.7. Let $$X,Y,Z$$ be $$C^\infty$$ manifolds, $$A$$ and $$B$$ continuous linear mappings: $$C_0^\infty(Y) \longrightarrow \mathcal{D}'(X)$$ and $$C_0^\infty(Z) \longrightarrow \mathcal{D}'(Y)$$, respectively. If $$WF'_Y(A) \cap WF'_Y(B)= \emptyset$$ and the projection into $$X \times Z$$ from the diagonal is $$X \times Y \times Y \times Z$$ a proper mapping, then $$A \circ B$$ is a well-defined continuous linear mapping: $$C_0^\infty(Z) \longrightarrow \mathcal{D}'(X)$$. Moreover $$\hbox{supp} K_{A \circ B} \subset \hbox{supp} K_{A } \circ \hbox{supp} K_{B}$$ and $$\begin{equation*} WF'(A \circ B) \subset WF'(A) \circ WF'(B) \cup (WF'_X(A) \times O_{T^*(Z)}) \cup ( O_{T^*(X)} \times WF'_Z(B)). \end{equation*}$$ Proof: $$K_{A \circ B}= \pi_* \Delta^* (K_A \otimes K_B)$$, where $$\Delta: (x,y,z) \mapsto (x,y,y,z): X \times Y \times X \longrightarrow X \times Y \times Y \times Y \times Z$$ and $$\pi: (x,y,z) \mapsto (x,z): X \times Y \times Z \longrightarrow X \times Z$$. $$\blacksquare$$
$$\begin{eqnarray} \langle \pi_* \Delta^* (K_A \otimes K_B), v \otimes u \rangle_{\mathcal{D}'(X \times Z), \mathcal{D}(X)\otimes \mathcal{D}(Z) } &=& \langle \Delta^* (K_A \otimes K_B), \pi^*(v \otimes u) \rangle_{\mathcal{D}'(X \times Y \times Z), \mathcal{D}(X)\otimes \mathcal{D}(Y)\otimes\mathcal{D}(Z) }\\ &\vdots&\\ &=& \langle K_A, v \otimes Bu \rangle_{\mathcal{D}'(X \times Y), \mathcal{D}(X)\otimes \mathcal{D}(Y) }\\ &=& \langle A(B(u)), v \rangle_{\mathcal{D}'(X ), \mathcal{D}(X)}, \end{eqnarray}$$ but we would still have to ensure that $$Bu \in \mathcal{D}(Y)$$ and prove the other statements of the theorem.. | 2020-10-01 22:16:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 51, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8785400390625, "perplexity": 209.40787679728527}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402132335.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20201001210429-20201002000429-00295.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/506f03b2e4b088f3c14dfa9e | ## anonymous 3 years ago solve for x 132 = 1 over 2x + 2 (x - 9)
1. anonymous
$132 =\frac{ 1 }{ 2x + 2(x-9) }$
2. anonymous
$\frac{ 1 }{ 2 }$
3. anonymous
so how is the equation supposed to look like please clarify :)
4. anonymous
its 132 = 1/2x + 2 (x - 9 )
5. anonymous
132 = |dw:1349453073706:dw| x +2 ( x - 9 )
6. jiteshmeghwal9
$\LARGE{132=\frac{1}{2x}+2(x-9)}$
7. anonymous
Use parentheses when writing your equation. Otherwise there could be a number of different interpretations.$132 = \frac{1}{2}x + 2(x-9)$ could be written 132=(1/2)x+2(x-9) Or is it $132 = \frac{1}{2x} + 2(x-9)$?
8. anonymous
ah ok now I understand better. So first distribute 2 to x - 9 2x - 18 132 = 1/2x + 2x - 18 Then combine like terms which is 1/2x + 2x 132 = 2 1/2x - 18. Then add 18 to both sides. +18 +18 --------------------- 150 = 2 1/2x Then you divide. I got 60! Hope this helped!
9. anonymous
thanks | 2016-06-28 18:54:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7311416864395142, "perplexity": 2139.8890769301274}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=1305#pid12116 | Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Fundamentals » Chemistry in General » Chlorine Select A Forum Fundamentals » Chemistry in General » Organic Chemistry » Reagents and Apparatus Acquisition » Beginnings » Responsible Practices » Miscellaneous » The Wiki Special topics » Technochemistry » Energetic Materials » Biochemistry » Radiochemistry » Computational Models and Techniques » Prepublication Non-chemistry » Forum Matters » Legal and Societal Issues
Pages: 1 3 .. 9
Author: Subject: Chlorine
Organikum
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Chlorine
Dont say I am nuts, but I searched and found no thread dedicated to this useful compound.
Lets open the competition:
We want chlorine - dry - clean - and in serious amounts from all over the world freely available starting chemicals.
Extra bonus if no H2SO4 is needed for drying! And pleaze not the stoneold KmNO4/MnO2 recipes.....
New ways! Transmutation rulez!
[Edited on 4-15-2004 by Polverone]
Irgendwas is ja immer
DDTea
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Chlorine is easy and cheap to produce in the lab, but is not the easiest to dry without H2SO4. Normally, I would suggest NaCl + H2SO4 + KMnO4...but, we're talking innovation now.
Of course, you could simply add NaOCl to HCl...that's the way I've always generated Chlorine (my KMnO4 is too precious for this). Alternately, you could electrolyse HCl.
These would be the cheapest ways to actually produce Cl2, and any other way seems like it would be unnecessarily costly. Drying the gas is another issue.
BromicAcid
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In place of sodium hypochlorite I usually use calcium hypochlorite. Also I have made chlorine gas by the reaction of HCl(aq) with H2O2(aq). Too bad both of those methods produce chlorine contamainated with water. As does the electrolysis of salt water. You could always do electrolysis of a molten chloride but the temperatures would be unacceptable most of the time, on the plus side you really wouldn't have to worry about a water contaminate.
Shamelessly plugging my attempts at writing fiction: http://www.robvincent.org
Organikum
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molten chloride
The Cl2 produced this way is told be rather impure - this states at least my old chem-engineering book.
I read about electrolysis of NaCl saturated with conc. HCl. Anybody tried this?
All electrolytic methods suffer from the electrode problem: Who can afford platinium electrodes or platimium coated titanium electrodes, I not.
Graphite/coal works, but for how long do the electrodes stand the chlorine attack and how does this attack contaminate the Cl2?
HCl and H2O2: Concentrations, temperatures? Pleaze...?
Organikum
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trichloroisocyanuric acid
Any way to kick the chloride (dry preferrred) from this OTC compound? This would be nice - isocyanuric acid is a very useful compound and if this works one can get two goodies by one shot.....
(ok, the one goodie is a nastie goodie...)
unionised
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Deacon's reaction;
4 HCl+ O2 --> 2 Cl2 +2 H2O
Needs a hot catalyst IIRC.
Polverone
Now celebrating 18 years of madness
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Cl2 from TCCA
Not dry, unfortunately! But I stumbled across a patent some time ago - GB 1401120 - that stated chlorine gas could be produced by mixing trichloroisocyanuric acid with sodium chloride solution and then heating or simply reducing pressure over the solution. It would still need drying.
I mentioned in another thread that according to a journal article I read, dry Cl2 could be produced by heating dry calcium hypochlorite with cobalt salts (or cobalt/iron salts) as a catalyst.
Anhydrous CuCl2 will release dry Cl2 when heated (probably not useful on a very large scale).
[Edited on 7-1-2004 by Polverone]
Pyrovus
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Not completely on topic, but the method of heating the copper (II) salt also works to produce fluorine. According to Reference Book of Inorganic Chemistry (Wendell M Latimer, Joel H Hildebrand) "the cupric halides decompose according to the equation: 2 CuX2 -> 2CuX + X2. Cupric fluoride decomposes around 500°C, and the chloride and bromide at somewhat lower temperatures." Unfortunately the book doesn't say what at rate this reaction occurs, so it might not necessarily be terrible useful.
KABOOOM(pyrojustforfun)
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Quote: Cupric fluoride decomposes around 500°C, and the chloride and bromide at somewhat lower temperatures
but I'm pretty sure CuCl<sub>2</sub> decomposes @ 993°C!
Theoretic
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Decomposition of nitrogen trichloride...
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Bleaching powder is Ca(OCl)2. We had a big jar of Ca(OCl)2 that was used for swimming pools. That was over 20 years ago and I haven't seen any Ca(OCl)2 in stores that sell pool supplies in the last 20 years. The pool "chlorine" sold now is usually trichlorotriazinetrione.
Organikum
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bleaching powder
MERCK:
Improperly called " chloride of lime" or "calcium oxychloride". A relatively unstable chlorine carrier in solid form; a complex chemical compd of indefinite composition, presumably consisting of varying proportions of Ca(OCl)2 , CaCl2 , Ca(OH)2 and H2O in its molecular structure. Maximum available chlorine content approaches 39%. Commercial products usually range between 24% and 37% of available chlorine.
Available at every better sorted drugstore where I live.
Irgendwas is ja immer
Geomancer
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IIRC, bleaching powder has other crap in it, too. The 'net seems to think calcium chloride. I have a big jug of stuff in my basement that claims to be 68% hypochlorite. It's called "Shock It". I bought it a couple of years ago, but I think it should still be available in the US. I suspect the impurities are the hydroxide and chloride, but I'm not sure. It generates chlorine well enough, though. The same company makes an enhanced product with (I think) a 75% concentration.
Mumbles
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76% actually i believe. I've heard that the other 24%/32% was water in the hypochlorite's crystal structure. It wouldn't suprise me if there was Calcium Chloride and Hydroxide in it though. I am assuming it is made the same way that NaOCl(caustic soda with Chlorine bubbled in).
I know for a fact it's still available in the US. I saw it at the hardware store no more than 3 hours ago. It's made by HTH. "Shock-it" is the normal 68% and "Super Shock-it" is the enhanced one.
chloric1
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Hey Polverone
Quote: Originally posted by Polverone I mentioned in another thread that according to a journal article I read, dry Cl2 could be produced by heating dry calcium hypochlorite with cobalt salts (or cobalt/iron salts) as a catalyst. [Edited on 1-4-2004 by Polverone]
I have seen this before and I was wondering what conditions are necessary for the catalyst. Preparation,ratios, activation what type of substrate, if any, was the catalyst deposited on. I have a small amount of cobalt sulfate and I could precipitate Co(OH)3 with hypochlorite then warm to 300C to dry to oxide. Then I would soak in Ferric Nitrate with tarce nitric acid and roast it with a large propane torch. This would deposit ferric oxide on cobalt oxide. I could also use both nitates on diatamaceous earth and perform the same roasting. Calcium hypochlorite can be bought for $10-$15 for 5 pounds in spring and summer and I could use this easy method. Also, if you could list the reference.
THanks
In the theater of life its nice to know where the exit doors are located.
Polverone
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It was a homogeneous catalyst. There was no special preparation that I recall. I originally read it in an English translation of The Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR, and it was from an issue from the 1950s or early 1960s. Not very specific, I know! I shall try to locate the article again.
[Edited on 1-25-2004 by Polverone]
PGP Key and corresponding e-mail address
kryss
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Cl2 from TCCA
the beauty of using di-chloro- isocyanurates is that they generate Chlorine in Situ, avoiding all the hassle you get with handling Chlorine gas.So eg if its NCl3 your interested in making, you'd mix the DCI with a slightly ammonium salt, and hopefully get your product. IF you make up a solution of it in water over days it'll start smelling of chloramine as it reacts with ammonia in the air so can see no reason why this wouldnt work.
Theoretic
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There's no ammonia in air.
Organikum
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And TCCA is TRI-chloro-isocyanuric acid not DI-chloro btw.....
Organikum
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After doing some exoeriments with bleaching powder and HCl and H2SO4 for producing chlorine with very unsatisfying results btw. I changed to electrolysis of HCl - with even more dissatisfaction.
-> Rolling Stones: I can get no....
F**k!
The chlorine was meant to be used for organic chlorinations (toluene...) and also for anorganic uses (Sn -> SnCl4 etc.).
Anyways, chlorine produced by the above named ways works lousy - or not at all.
Huh?
Thats exactly what I thought.
After exploiting the hypothesis that all chemistry is a fraud - there are many good reasons to believe this, I started over with research and found out.....
.....found out that all above named ways produce chlorine admixed with oxygen/hydrogen. And at least in organic chlorinations already small amounts of oxygen will fuck up the reaction. Also in inorganic chemistry the impurities seem to be at least "unfavorable".
My next try is to make chlorine from the electrolysis of zinc-chloride (actually my first idea - how funny...) which is told to produce chlorine free from oxygen and hydrogen.
We will see.
And I will tell.
Remark: Also impure chlorine is not healthy at all! Cough, cough.......
Proteios
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pah.... lightweights!
before i turned professional.... by far the most fearsome Cl generator i made was.....
1/4 fill a wine making bottle (demijorn) with FeSO4 (cheap, freely available (by the kg!) from garden centres), gurgle common domestic bleach onto this (NaOCl soln). Cl comes off like the clappers. Get yourself a bung and some tubing, a little CaCl2 from drying and u got it made. Cl hardened all the tubing i ever got hold of as a kid. As for how it works..... meh.... never really did figure it out.... but the Fe II goes from green 2 brown..... so there something else going on other than the acidity of the Fe.
basically this outclasses any other Cl gerenator i ever made is the sheer volume of Cl that can be made, the convenience, and the controlability.
Happy hunting!
[Edited on 14-4-2004 by Proteios]
[Edited on 14-4-2004 by Proteios]
t_Pyro
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Proteios: The reaction you stated most probably is a redox reaction between Fe<sup>2+</sup> ions and Cl atoms in the +1 oxidation state. Fe<sup>2+</sup> is oxidised to Fe<sup>3+</sup>, and Cl<sup>+</sup> reduced to Cl. 2Cl->Cl<sub>2</sub>.
My choice of preparation of chlorine would be the electrolysis of concentrated NaCl solution, drying the Cl<sub>2</sub> by passing through a drying tower packed with fused calcium chloride, and collect the gas by the downward displacement of oil, or some other non-reactive liquid. The choice of oil would also be important: if it contains too many double bonds, you might end up chlorinating the oil. Maybe benzene could also be used instead...
Organikum
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I choose the ZnCl2 electrolysis as it produces quite pure Zn which is useful for me in other reactions and - last not least - NaCl electrolysis produces chlorine which is NOT free from oxygen/hydrogen. (after what I read on this subject).
The FeSO4 + bleach is nonsense.
The NaCl electrolysis would work but not for my purposes.
[Edited on 14-4-2004 by Organikum]
Organikum
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Bleaching powder + water + FeSO4:
Doesnt even SMELL like chlorine.
The same bleaching powder + water + H2SO4 produced an instant strong chlorine stench, as did HCl.
Dear Proteios, only teenagers call others "lightweights" and speak like "before I went professional" - those real in the know dont have to show off like this.
Have a nice day, be a little more careful in what you post in future - somebody might get hurt following your "tips".
Irgendwas is ja immer
Organikum
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Ok. Retried it with liquid bleach and some chlorine stench was produced this time. (from FeSO4 and bleach) but no serious amounts. I guess this is the most lousy way to produce impure chlorine known. There was no chlorine visibly evolved - ya know this green/yellow stuff.
Somehow I believe the iron might love to react with the chlorine - doesnt it?
Irgendwas is ja immer
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Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Fundamentals » Chemistry in General » Chlorine Select A Forum Fundamentals » Chemistry in General » Organic Chemistry » Reagents and Apparatus Acquisition » Beginnings » Responsible Practices » Miscellaneous » The Wiki Special topics » Technochemistry » Energetic Materials » Biochemistry » Radiochemistry » Computational Models and Techniques » Prepublication Non-chemistry » Forum Matters » Legal and Societal Issues | 2022-11-30 06:49:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29274874925613403, "perplexity": 12874.059933123324}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710733.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130060525-20221130090525-00078.warc.gz"} |
https://radar.inria.fr/report/2019/opis/uid49.html | EN FR
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## Section: New Results
### Proximal approaches for matrix optimization problems: Application to robust precision matrix estimation
Participants: Emilie Chouzenoux, Jean-Christophe Pesquet (Collaboration: Alessandro Benfenati, Universita di Milano)
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in mathematical models leading to the minimization, in a symmetric matrix space, of a Bregman divergence coupled with a regularization term. We address problems of this type within a general framework where the regularization term is split into two parts, one being a spectral function while the other is arbitrary. A Douglas–Rachford approach is proposed to address such problems, and a list of proximity operators is provided allowing us to consider various choices for the fit–to–data functional and for the regularization term. Based on our theoretical results, two novel approaches are proposed for the noisy graphical lasso problem, where a covariance or precision matrix has to be statistically estimated in presence of noise. The Douglas–Rachford approach directly applies to the estimation of the covariance matrix. When the precision matrix is sought, we solve a nonconvex optimization problem. More precisely, we propose a majorization–minimization approach building a sequence of convex surrogates and solving the inner optimization subproblems via the aforementioned Douglas–Rachford procedure. We establish conditions for the convergence of this iterative scheme. We illustrate the good numerical performance of the proposed approaches with respect to state–of–the–art approaches on synthetic and real-world datasets [4]. | 2023-03-21 00:55:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4237099289894104, "perplexity": 459.738856849662}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943589.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321002050-20230321032050-00376.warc.gz"} |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_space | # Hamming space
In statistics and coding theory, a Hamming space is usually the set of all $2^N$ binary strings of length N.[1][2] It is used in the theory of coding signals and transmission.
More generally, a Hamming space can be defined over any alphabet (set) Q as the set of words of a fixed length N with letters from Q.[3][4] If Q is a finite field, then a Hamming space over Q is an N-dimensional vector space over Q. In the typical, binary case, the field is thus GF(2) (also denoted by Z2).[3]
In coding theory, if Q has q elements, then any subset C (usually assumed of cardinality at least two) of the N-dimensional Hamming space over Q is called a q-ary code of length N; the elements of C are called codewords.[3][4] In the case where C is a linear subspace of its Hamming space, it is called a linear code.[3] A typical example of linear code is the Hamming code. Codes defined via a Hamming space necessarily have the same length for every codeword, so they are called block codes when it is necessary to distinguish them from variable-length codes that are defined by unique factorization on a monoid.
The Hamming distance endows a Hamming space with a metric, which is essential in defining basic notions of coding theory such as error detecting and error correcting codes.[3]
Hamming spaces over non-field alphabets have also been considered, especially over finite rings (most notably over Z4) giving rise to modules instead of vector spaces and ring-linear codes (identified with submodules) instead of linear codes. The typical metric used in this case the Lee distance. There exist a Gray isometry between $\mathbb{Z}_2^{2m}$ (i.e. GF(22m)) with the Hamming distance and $\mathbb{Z}_4^m$ (also denoted as GR(4,m)) with the Lee distance.[5][6][7]
## References
1. ^ Baylis, D. J. (1997), Error Correcting Codes: A Mathematical Introduction, Chapman Hall/CRC Mathematics Series 15, CRC Press, p. 62, ISBN 9780412786907
2. ^ Cohen, G.; Honkala, I.; Litsyn, S.; Lobstein, A. (1997), Covering Codes, North-Holland Mathematical Library 54, Elsevier, p. 1, ISBN 9780080530079
3. Derek J.S. Robinson (2003). An Introduction to Abstract Algebra. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-3-11-019816-4.
4. ^ a b Cohen et al., Covering Codes, p. 15
5. ^ Marcus Greferath (2009). "An Introduction to Ring-Linear Coding Theory". In Massimiliano Sala, Teo Mora, Ludovic Perret, Shojiro Sakata, Carlo Traverso. Gröbner Bases, Coding, and Cryptography. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-540-93806-4.
6. ^ http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php/Kerdock_and_Preparata_codes
7. ^ J.H. van Lint (1999). Introduction to Coding Theory (3rd ed.). Springer. Chapter 8: Codes over ℤ4. ISBN 978-3-540-64133-9. | 2015-12-02 03:19:49 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 3, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8176765441894531, "perplexity": 1434.6458487391856}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398525032.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205525-00211-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://forum.azimuthproject.org/plugin/ViewComment/16446 | Great! Here's a fun example.
Let \$$A\$$ be any set, and make it into a preorder by defining every element to be less than or equal to every other element. Do the same for some set \$$B\$$. Then any function \$$f : A \to B\$$ is monotone, because we have \$$f(a) \le f(a')\$$ no matter what \$$a,a' \in A\$$ are. Similarly any function \$$g : B \to A\$$ is monotone. And no matter what \$$f\$$ and \$$g\$$ are, \$$g\$$ will be be a right adjoint to \$$f\$$, since
$$f(a) \le b \textrm{ if and only if } a \le g(b)$$
(both are always true). Similarly, \$$g\$$ will always be a left adjoint to \$$f\$$.
This shows that when we make our preorders as far from posets as possible, right and left adjoints become ridiculously non-unique. | 2020-12-03 16:53:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.73626309633255, "perplexity": 1188.4714509215537}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141729522.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203155433-20201203185433-00175.warc.gz"} |
https://ajmaa.org/cgi-bin/find2.pl?string=Hechifa | The Australian Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications
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2: Paper Source PDF document
Paper's Title:
Some interesting properties of finite continuous Cesàro operators
Author(s):
Abdelouahab Mansour and Abderrazak Hechifa
Operator theory laboratory (LABTHOP),
Eloued University,
Algeria.
E-mail: [email protected]
Mathematics Department,
Faculty of Science,
Algeria.
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract:
A complex scalar λ is called an extended eigenvalue of a bounded linear operator T on a complex Banach space if there is a nonzero operator X such that TX = λ XT, the operator X is called extended eigenoperator of T corresponding to the extended eigenvalue λ.
In this paper we prove some properties of extended eigenvalue and extended eigenoperator for C1 on Lp([0,1]), where C1 is the Cesàro operator defined on the complex Banach spaces Lp([0 , 1]) for 1<p<∞ by the expression
Search and serve lasted 0 second(s). | 2021-05-14 00:31:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8588252067565918, "perplexity": 4498.567029327262}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989616.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513234920-20210514024920-00207.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-a-solution-to-the-differential-equation-dy-dx-y-2-x-2-y-x-1#287180 | # What is a solution to the differential equation dy/dx=y^2/x^2+y/x+1?
Jul 11, 2016
$y = x \tan \left(\ln x + C\right)$
#### Explanation:
This is a first order linear homogeneous equation. NB here homogeneous has its own meaning. it means that the equation can be written in form $y ' = f \left(x , y\right)$ and that $f \left(k x , k y\right) = f \left(x , y\right)$ for constant k.
so standard approach is to let $v = \frac{y}{x}$
so
$y = v \cdot x$
$y ' = v ' x + v$
thus, plugging this into the original.....
$v ' x + v = {v}^{2} + v + 1$
$v ' x = {v}^{2} + 1$
$\frac{v '}{{v}^{2} + 1} = \frac{1}{{v}^{2} + 1} \frac{\mathrm{dv}}{\mathrm{dx}} = \frac{1}{x}$
$\int \frac{\mathrm{dv}}{{v}^{2} + 1} = \int \frac{1}{x} \setminus \mathrm{dx}$
standard integral: ${\tan}^{- 1} v = \ln x + C$
${\tan}^{- 1} \left(\frac{y}{x}\right) = \ln x + C$
$\left(\frac{y}{x}\right) = \tan \left(\ln x + C\right)$
$y = x \tan \left(\ln x + C\right)$ | 2022-01-21 21:32:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 14, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.915690541267395, "perplexity": 472.5413471260066}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303709.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121192415-20220121222415-00341.warc.gz"} |
http://starlink.eao.hawaii.edu/devdocs/sun211.htx/sun211ss127.html | ### astMapPutElem$<$X$>$
Put a value into an element of a vector value in a KeyMap
#### Description:
This is a set of functions for storing a value in a single element of a vector value in a KeyMap. You should replace $<$X$>$ in the generic function name astMapPutElem$<$X$>$ by an appropriate 1-character type code (see the " Data Type Codes" section below for the code appropriate to each supported data type). The supplied value is converted from the data type indicated by $<$X$>$ to the data type of the KeyMap entry before being stored (an error is reported if it is not possible to convert the value to the required data type).
#### Synopsis
void astMapPutElem$<$X$>$( AstKeyMap $\ast$this, const char $\ast$key, int elem, $<$X$>$type value )
#### Parameters:
##### this
Pointer to the KeyMap.
##### key
The character string identifying the value to be retrieved. Trailing spaces are ignored. The supplied string is converted to upper case before use if the KeyCase attribute is currently set to zero.
##### elem
The index of the vector element to modify, starting at zero.
##### value
The value to store.
#### Applicability
##### KeyMap
If the " elem" index is outside the range of the vector, the length of the vector will be increased by one element and the supplied value will be stored at the end of the vector in the new element.
##### Table
If the " elem" index is outside the range of the vector, an error will be reported. The number of elements in each cell of a column is specified when the column is created using astAddColumn.
#### Notes:
• If the entry originally holds a scalar value, it will be treated like a vector entry of length 1.
• If the specified key cannot be found in the given KeyMap, or is found but has an undefined value, a new vector entry with the given name, and data type implied by $<$X$>$, is created and the supplied value is stored in its first entry.
#### Data Type Codes
To select the appropriate function, you should replace $<$X$>$ in the generic function name astMapPutElem$<$X$>$ with a 1-character data type code, so as to match the data type $<$X$>$type of the data you are processing, as follows:
• D: double
• F: float
• I: int
• C: " const" pointer to null terminated character string
• A: Pointer to AstObject
• P: Generic " void $\ast$" pointer
• S: short int
• B: Unsigned byte (i.e. char)
For example, astMapPutElemD would be used to put a " double" value, while astMapPutElemI would be used to put an " int" value, etc. For D or I, the supplied " value" parameter should be a double or int. For C, the supplied " value" parameter should be a pointer to a character string. For A, the supplied " value" parameter should be an AstObject pointer. | 2020-05-29 20:08:58 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 23, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.27308389544487, "perplexity": 2412.0591552286514}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347406365.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200529183529-20200529213529-00589.warc.gz"} |
http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Hubbert_curve | # All Science Fair Projects
## Science Fair Project Encyclopedia for Schools!
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# Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
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# Hubbert curve
The Hubbert curve, named after the geophysicist M. King Hubbert, is the derivative of the logistic curve.
An example of a Hubbert curve is:
$x = {e^{-t}\over(1+e^{-t})^2}={1\over2+2\cosh t}$
The Hubbert curve closely resembles the shape of, but is different from, the probability density function of the normal distribution. It was originally intended as a model of the rate of petroleum extraction. According to this model, the rate of production of oil is determined by the rate of new oil well discovery; a "Hubbert peak" in the oil extraction rate will thus be followed by a gradual decline of oil production, to nothing.
Note: for detailed discussion of petroleum exhaustion, please see the Hubbert peak article.
03-10-2013 05:06:04 | 2013-05-23 06:13:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 1, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6895016431808472, "perplexity": 4449.81395262232}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702900179/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111500-00074-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/4f24ce42e4b0a2a9c266b671 | ## anonymous 4 years ago How do I simplify this expression: √3 / √3 + √2? The answer is 3 - √6... how?
1. anonymous
is sqrt(2) in the denominator?
2. anonymous
no, there's no root 2 in the denominator
3. ash2326
$$\sqrt 3/( \sqrt 3+ \sqrt 2)$$ now multiply numerator and denominator by $$\sqrt 3- \sqrt 2$$ we have $$\sqrt 3/( \sqrt 3 + \sqrt 2) *( \sqrt 3 - \sqrt 2)/( \sqrt 3 - \sqrt 2)$$ we get $(3-2 \sqrt 6)/( 3-2)$ or $3-2\sqrt 6$
4. ash2326
sorry it'd be $3-\sqrt 6$
5. anonymous
why is it 3 - 2√6?
6. ash2326
ignore the 2 int the last two steps
7. ash2326
did you get??
8. anonymous
but why is it 3 - √6? Did you cancel something?
9. ash2326
when we multiplied $$\sqrt 3 -\sqrt 2$$ in the numerator and denominator , denominator became 1 . and numerator became $3-\sqrt 6$
10. anonymous
can you please show me? I'm still confused about what you just said.. so sorry D:
11. ash2326
|dw:1327812623013:dw|
12. anonymous
It's called multiplying by the conjugate to rationalize the denominator
13. anonymous
I have it on my textbook but it's kind of confusing..
14. anonymous
because (a-b)(a+b)=a^2-b^2. Thus you eliminate the square roots from the denominator
15. anonymous
ohh..
16. ash2326
|dw:1327812809044:dw|
17. ash2326
the numerator will become = 3- $$\sqrt 6$$ denominatorw will be = 3-2= 1
18. ash2326
millie did you get ??
19. anonymous
ohhh.. kind of, aww man.
20. anonymous
why did you square it?
21. ash2326
when ever denominator has the form $$\sqrt a\pm \sqrt b$$ multiply numerator and denominator by $$\sqrt a\mp \sqrt b$$
22. anonymous
ohh, so the opposite.. and then?
23. ash2326
we'd in the denominator $(\sqrt 3 + \sqrt 2)*( \sqrt 3 - \sqrt 2)$ so this is in the form of (a+b)*(a-b)= a^2-b^2 so it'll become $({\sqrt 3}^2 - {\sqrt 2}^2)$ which is 3-2= 1
24. anonymous
ohhh.. it's 3-2= 1? Not 3^2 - 2^2..?
25. ash2326
yeah , square of $$\sqrt a$$ = a
26. anonymous
square root of a number squared is the number itself
27. ash2326
milie you got it??
28. anonymous
yes I did! thank you!
29. ash2326
good :) | 2016-10-25 01:52:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9601458311080933, "perplexity": 6061.831947727716}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00057-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://matterofmath.com/number/multiplying-radicals/ | # Multiplying Radicals – The Complete Lesson with Recap
In this lesson, you will learn all about multiplying radicals and their different types.
Don’t worry if you don’t know what a radical is, you have probably seen them before! They are numbers containing the symbol, which is called the radical or root symbol.
Radicals are a tidy way to write numbers that have decimal expansions that go on endlessly, so you must be able to use them confidently.
Multiplying radicals is often better seen as simplifying a radical expression, which is rewriting it as simply as possible!
But first, let’s get comfortable with using the correct words.
Contents
## Parts of a Radical and Square Roots
The radicand, a+3, sits inside the radical symbol, . The radical symbol just helps you see clearly what’s going on!
A square root is a type of radical that you’re probably familiar with!
The exponent for a square root is left out – if you ever see a radical symbol without a number for its root, then it is a square root.
If you are not sure about how radicals work or want to brush up on it before tackling the multiplication, skip to the Recap section and come back here when you’re done.
If you prefer reading to watching videos, or want to do both, then here we go!
Now that you know what the different types and parts of radical expressions are and how to simplify them, you are ready to start multiplying them together!
There are two useful methods for multiplying radicals:
1. Radical Notation, for equations with the same exponents, like $$\left(\sqrt{2}\times\sqrt{6}\right)$$ or $$\left(\sqrt[5]{9}\times\sqrt[5]{12}\right)$$
2. Fractional exponents, for radicals with the same radicand, like $$\left(\sqrt[5]{387}^4\times\sqrt[3]{387}^6\right)$$ or $$\left(\sqrt{10}\times\sqrt[4]{10}^3\right)$$
### Method 1: Using Radical Notation
There are a few simple rules that help when multiplying one radical expression with another. We’ll go through them one at a time.
Rule 1: The radicands multiply together and stay inside the radical symbol.
$$\sqrt{5}\times\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{10}$$
$$\sqrt{8}\times\sqrt{2}=\sqrt{16}$$
But 16 is a nice, square number, so this can be simplified.
$$\sqrt{16}=4$$
Because 42 = 4 × 4 = 16.
Rule 2: Any numbers outside the radical symbol multiply together and stay outside the radical symbol.
$$3\sqrt{5}\times2\sqrt{2}=6\sqrt{10}$$
$$5\sqrt{8}\times2\sqrt{2}=10\sqrt{16}$$
Again, 16 is a square number, so this can also be simplified.
\eqalign{ 10\sqrt{16}&=10\times4\\ &=40 }
Rule 3: You must apply the radical to a number to take it outside the radicand.
See how that works for a square root? The a2 could be removed because its power was 2, the inverse of the root, but the power of b3 doesn’t match the root so it stays inside.
The same applies to cubes or any other order, for that matter.
In this case, a2 stays inside because it is not a cube number, while b3 was, so it can be brought out.
\eqalign{ \sqrt{50}&=\sqrt{25\times2}\\ &=\sqrt{25}\times\sqrt{2} }
And the square root of 25 is 5, because 52 = 5 × 5 = 25. So…
$$\sqrt{25}\times\sqrt{2}=5\sqrt{2}$$
This is as simple as this radical expression gets.
$$\sqrt[3]{108}=\sqrt[3]{27}\times\sqrt[3]{4}$$
The cube root of 27 is 3, because 33 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27.
$$\sqrt[3]{27}\times\sqrt[3]{4}=3\sqrt[3]{4}$$
### Method 2: Using Fractional Exponents
First off, what on earth is a fractional exponent?!
Fractional means a fraction shows it with a numerator on the top (multiplier) and a denominator on the bottom (divisor).
Exponent is another word for power, or index.
Put them together, and you have a fractional exponent – a handy way of showing a radical expression because it allows you to see the powers or roots as simple fractions.
The rule to know when using this method is one of the exponent product rules.
With this power-ful rule, you now have the keys to multiplying radicals of all sorts!
Here is a worked example.
### Which Method to Use When Multiplying Radicals?
Both methods will work either way once you understand what they do, but which one is easiest to use?
The answer is, whichever one you prefer.
However!! This quick check will give you the least work to do:
• If the exponents (roots/indices/powers) are the same, then the radical method is the simplest.
• If the radicands (bases) are the same, then the fractional exponent method is simplest
That’s all there is to it, now…
## How to Simplify Radical Expressions
Simplifying a radical is a must-do step for presenting your final answer. To not do this would be like showing 2/4 instead of 1/2.
It’s the reverse of the radical multiplication rule. Let’s try it out together.
75 is not a square number, so what can you do to simplify it?
75 can be factorized into 25 and 3, because 25 × 3 = 75. You may have spotted that 25 is a square number!
So, if we use the first rule of multiplying radicals in reverse:
$$\sqrt{75}=\sqrt{25}\times\sqrt{3}$$
$$\sqrt{3}$$ can’t be simplified, but $$\sqrt{25}=5$$ so $$\sqrt{75}$$ can be simplified to
$$\sqrt{75}=5\sqrt{3}$$
Let’s do one more together before you do it yourself, this time with cube roots.
First, we must look for a cube number that divides 250.
You can look up the cube numbers; the first few are 8, 27, 64, 125, 196,…
250 is divisible by 125, and 125 is a cube number. Perfect!
So, again using the first rule of multiplying radicals:
\eqalign{ \sqrt[3]{250}&=\sqrt[3]{125\times2}\\ &=\sqrt[3]{125}\times\sqrt[3]{2} }
Now $$\sqrt[3]{125}=5$$ and $$\sqrt[3]{2}$$ can’t be simplified, so:
$$\sqrt[3]{125}\times\sqrt[3]{2}=5\sqrt[3]{2}$$
To spot square factors that can help simplify radicals, use our list of factors for all numbers up to 100.
## Recap
The answer is: look at the square root of any number other than a square number, like 7.
$$\sqrt{7}=2.64575131\ldots$$
That decimal number goes on… and on… and on… FOREVER!
Numbers like $$\sqrt{7}$$ are known as surds if they use the radical notation, or irrational numbers otherwise. The root or radical symbol helps us write them easily, so that equations aren’t full of decimal numbers.
### Square Roots
If a is a positive number, a square root of a is a number that gives a when squared, or multiplied by itself. Just like this:
$$\sqrt{25}=5$$
Because 5 multiplied by itself is 25.
What happens if you square a square root?
$$\left(\sqrt{5}\right)^2=\left(5^\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)^2$$
And when squaring this, it’s the same as multiplying the exponent by 2:
$$\left(5^\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)^2=5^\left(\frac{2}{2}\right)=5^1$$
So, the square root does the opposite of squaring a number.
Impress your teacher by telling them that a square root is the inverse of a square function. Just make sure you can explain what that means!
### Cube Roots and More
A cube root asks, “What number would multiply with itself 3 times to make the radicand?”
It looks like this:
As you can see, the answer for the cube root of 8 is 2, because
23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
A 4th root looks like $$\sqrt[4]{16}$$
It asks, “What number would multiply with itself 4 times to make the radicand?”
The answer to $$\sqrt[4]{16}$$ is 2, because 24=2×2×2×2=16
Now go learn what you came here for in the first place. Head back to the “how-to” section on Multiplying Radicals
## To Sum Up (Pun Intended)
The radical symbol is another way of writing a fractional exponent a12
Radicals with root x ask the question: “What would multiply itself x number of times to make the radicand.”
To simplify a radical expression, look for a number that divides the radicand. Use our table of factors and multiples to help with this. | 2023-03-28 02:59:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7901727557182312, "perplexity": 678.2135558547376}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948756.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328011555-20230328041555-00397.warc.gz"} |
https://paperswithcode.com/task/graph-construction | Browse > Graphs > graph construction
# graph construction Edit
26 papers with code · Graphs
No evaluation results yet. Help compare methods by submit evaluation metrics.
# DyNet: The Dynamic Neural Network Toolkit
15 Jan 2017clab/cnn
In the static declaration strategy that is used in toolkits like Theano, CNTK, and TensorFlow, the user first defines a computation graph (a symbolic representation of the computation), and then examples are fed into an engine that executes this computation and computes its derivatives.
3,047
# Visualizing Large-scale and High-dimensional Data
1 Feb 2016lferry007/LargeVis
We propose the LargeVis, a technique that first constructs an accurately approximated K-nearest neighbor graph from the data and then layouts the graph in the low-dimensional space.
561
# EFANNA : An Extremely Fast Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search Algorithm Based on kNN Graph
23 Sep 2016ZJULearning/nsg
In this paper, we propose EFANNA, an extremely fast approximate nearest neighbor search algorithm based on $k$NN Graph.
377
# COMET: Commonsense Transformers for Automatic Knowledge Graph Construction
We present the first comprehensive study on automatic knowledge base construction for two prevalent commonsense knowledge graphs: ATOMIC (Sap et al., 2019) and ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2017).
263
# Skeleton-Based Action Recognition with Multi-Stream Adaptive Graph Convolutional Networks
15 Dec 2019lshiwjx/2s-AGCN
Second, the second-order information of the skeleton data, i. e., the length and orientation of the bones, is rarely investigated, which is naturally more informative and discriminative for the human action recognition.
230
# Two-Stream Adaptive Graph Convolutional Networks for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition
In addition, the second-order information (the lengths and directions of bones) of the skeleton data, which is naturally more informative and discriminative for action recognition, is rarely investigated in existing methods.
230
# LEARNING TO PROPAGATE LABELS: TRANSDUCTIVE PROPAGATION NETWORK FOR FEW-SHOT LEARNING
The goal of few-shot learning is to learn a classifier that generalizes well even when trained with a limited number of training instances per class.
195
# Towards Dynamic Computation Graphs via Sparse Latent Structure
Deep NLP models benefit from underlying structures in the data---e. g., parse trees---typically extracted using off-the-shelf parsers.
93
# Deep Relational Reasoning Graph Network for Arbitrary Shape Text Detection
17 Mar 2020GXYM/DRRG
In this paper, we propose a novel unified relational reasoning graph network for arbitrary shape text detection.
53
# Multi-Task Identification of Entities, Relations, and Coreference for Scientific Knowledge Graph Construction
We introduce a multi-task setup of identifying and classifying entities, relations, and coreference clusters in scientific articles.
51 | 2020-04-06 09:37:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.48706233501434326, "perplexity": 5946.544629434043}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371620338.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406070848-20200406101348-00136.warc.gz"} |
https://www.sarthaks.com/913863/the-sides-equilateral-triangle-increasing-rate-the-rate-which-the-area-increases-when-side | # The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. The rate at which the area increases, when side is 10 cm is:
1.4k views
closed
The sides of an equilateral triangle are increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. The rate at which the area increases, when side is 10 cm is:
A. 10 cm2/s
B. √3 cm2/s
C. 10√3 cm2/s
D. 10/3 cm2/s
+1 vote
by (50.8k points)
selected
Let the side of the equilateral triangle be x cm, then the area of the equilateral triangle is
So as per the question rate of side increasing at instant of time t is dx/dt = 2 cm/sec
Now differentiating area with respect to time t, we get
Now substituting the given value of dx/dt, we get
Hence, the rate at which the area increases, when side is 10 cm is 10√3 cm2/s.
So the correct option is option C. | 2022-09-26 07:03:44 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8951920866966248, "perplexity": 526.065614990486}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334802.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220926051040-20220926081040-00283.warc.gz"} |
https://www.jobilize.com/course/section/experiment-design-computational-experiment-of-ffast-by-openstax?qcr=www.quizover.com | # 0.4 Computational experiment of ffast
Page 1 / 1
## Experiment design
We wanted to determine the most computationally efficient demodulation method for the digital multitone scheme. In our experiment, we compared the operation counts of an optimized FFT meta algorithm, a partial DFT computation (the DFT computed only for the nonzero coefficients), and FFAST in demodulating various message signals. We chose these demodulation methods because they are currently the most efficient methods for DMT demodulation. The experiments were run using MATLAB 2014a. We chose to run our experiment in MATLAB for its rapid prototyping environment.
While we were interested in comparing the computational efficiency of these algorithms, we chose to record operation counts rather than run times. Run times are unreliable metrics on machines with multitasking operating systems, especially when using highly optimized programs like MATLAB. We chose to count complex additions and multiplications as one operation each. We did not count conditional statements as operations because in most general processors, they only require a single cycle. We counted complex exponentials and trigonometric functions as one operation because they may be implemented using lookup tables.
## Meta-fft algorithm implementation
The two main goals for our implementation of the optimized FFT meta algorithm were to i) create an algorithm that performs without the need to zero-pad the signal and ii) allows us to count operations. Well-behaved signal lengths in our implementation of the algorithm have the form of $N={n}_{0}{n}_{1}{n}_{2}$ , where ${n}_{i}$ are coprimes. To exploit this structure, the optimized FFT meta algorithm, implemented in meta_fft.m , uses a self-sorting mixed-radix complex FFT [link] . For sub-transforms of length $2\le N\le 6$ , short-length Winograd transforms are applied to conserve operation count. All other transforms are computed using Rader's FFT algorithm [link] .
## Ffast implementation
The FFAST algorithm implementation requires the signal itself, the length of the signal, and a vector of the downsampling coefficients.
The FFAST algorithm was implemented in two files. The first file, ffast_front_end.m , downsamples the signal by each of the coprimes and feeds shifted and unshifted versions of the downsampling to the meta_fft.m file, to get operation counts and the relevant FFTs. Once the relevant DFT pairs are generated, ffast_front_end.m calls the back end of the algorithm.
The second file, peeling_decoder.m , implements the peeling module of FFAST to backsolve the bipartite graph. The program will return a flag if the algorithm encounters no singletons at a stage where it has not been fully solved.
## Numerical results
In our first experiment, we varied the signal length N and observed the operation counts required for the optimized FFT meta algorithm, the partial DFT, and FFAST. We constructed each signal in the Fourier domain by randomly selecting $k$ values from the set of integers $\left\{1,\cdots ,N\right\}$ and setting the corresponding DFT coefficients to $\frac{k}{2}$ . For each signal, we put $k={N}^{1/3}$ , which is the greatest allowed sparsity in our scheme. The choice of $k$ and values of the $k$ nonzero DFT coefficients are consistent with the DMT scheme. We used MATLAB's library function ifft() to compute the corresponding signal and counted the number of operations it took each algorithm to compute the DFT. We observed that the operation count required for FFAST was usually an order of magnitude less that the operation counts required for both the meta FFT algorithm and the partial DFT. See Fig [link] for the results of the first experiment.
In our second experiment, we varied the signal sparsity $k$ and observed the operation count required for the optimized FFT meta algorithm, the partial DFT, and FFAST. For this experiment, signal length $N=8740$ and the signals were constructed in the Fourier domain, as before. We observed an $80%$ computational decrease from the optimized FFT to FFAST for all $k<{N}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ . However, for $k>{N}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ , we observed signals for which FFAST did not converge. See Fig [link] for the results of the second experiment.
Note that the operation count for the partial DFT is less than the operation count for FFAST for $k<8$ ; this is somewhat misleading because the way that the partial DFT is computed is slightly optimistic. The partial DFT computes only the nonzero coefficients, which are known a priori in this experiment. In the general framework of DMT, one would need to compute all possibly nonzero DFT coefficients, resulting in an operation count higher than that of FFAST.
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Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers! | 2019-12-14 02:33:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 15, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6205484867095947, "perplexity": 1878.2763170008686}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540579703.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214014220-20191214042220-00255.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/truth-table-implication-and-equivalence.699530/ | # Truth table, implication and equivalence
1. Jul 1, 2013
### bobby2k
Hello, I have some questions about the truth tables for impliocation and equivalence.
for implication we have:
p | q | p=> q
T | T | T
T | F | F
F | T | T
F | F | T
Here I do not understand the last two lines, how can we say that p implies q when p is false, and q is either true or false, if we only know that p is false and q is true, shouldn't p=> be unknown instead of T?
The same for p is false and q is false?, shouldn't p=>q then be unknown.
I have the same problem for equivalence:
p | q | p<=> q
T | T | T
T | F | F
F | T | F
F | F | T
Here I only have the problem with the last line when both p and q are false. How can we then say that p implies q?
2. Jul 1, 2013
### MarneMath
You have to move away from the English language idea of "implies" and into a more general mathematical view of it. In fact, it would behoove you to realize that "P implies Q" is just a convenient way of saying P -> Q, which to many people tends to imply that you can deduce Q from P, which as you can see isn't always true.
The idea that if given a false statement and a true or false conclusion, then the conclusion doesn't matter, because the statement is false. Think of it like a contract. If you run a mile, then I'll give you water. What if you ran half mile and I gave you water? What if you ran half a mile and I don't give you water? Well, I didn't lie, because my conclusion was only guaranteed when you fulfilled your obligation, so therefore no matter the case, I did a 'truthful' thing.
3. Jul 1, 2013
### bobby2k
Thank you, I think I understand it now.
I have another question though. I think I used the wrong arrows, for what I was supposed to explain I should have use -> and <-> instead of => and <=>. Is there any easy way to explain the difference of these two kinds of implications?
Is it correct to use the implication a>0 -> "a is positive" or a >0 => "a is positive"
4. Jul 2, 2013
5. Jul 3, 2013
### MLP
Implication and Equivalence
Quine has called this an unfortunate choice of terminology dating back at least to Russell of calling the statement connective '$\supset$' or '→' "implication". This invites confusion with the notion of "logical implication" which is the relationship between formulas A and B when it is not possible for A to be true and B false.
Similarly, by calling the sentence connective '$\leftrightarrow$' or '$\equiv$' "equivalence" we invite confusion with the notion of "logical equivalence" which is the relationship between formulas A and B when A logically implies B and B logically implies A.
Sometimes the symbol '$\Rightarrow$' is used for logical implication and the symbol '$\Leftrightarrow$' is used for logical equivalence. Notice, however, that in this case these symbols belong not to the object language (sentential calculus, predicate calculus, etc.) but to the meta-langauge. Logical implication and logical equivalence are relationships between formulas not sentence connectives.
Using '$\Rightarrow$' for logical implication and '$\Leftrightarrow$' for logical equivalence, we can capture their relationship with '→' and '$\leftrightarrow$' as follows:
A $\Rightarrow$ B if and only if 'A → B' is logically true.
A $\Leftrightarrow$ B if and only if 'A $\leftrightarrow$ B' is logically true.
Last edited: Jul 3, 2013 | 2017-12-18 20:51:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7902998328208923, "perplexity": 516.763535922553}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948623785.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218200208-20171218222208-00024.warc.gz"} |
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42005-022-01061-4?error=cookies_not_supported&code=5388d9a0-47fe-4b1f-8139-8afb433be34b | ## Introduction
A universal question in strongly correlated electron materials is how the salient degrees of freedom are microscopically coupled to stabilize novel quantum states. Unconventional superconductivity in cuprate materials is a model example, where it is thought that the macroscopic coherent quantum state arises from intertwined charge (CDW) and spin-density wave (SDW) fluctuations1,2,3,4,5. A variety of experimental results alongside theoretical Hubbard model calculations show that the ground state energies of static CDW, SDW orders and unconventional superconductivity are nearly degenerate1,2,6,7,8,9. However, it remains unclear how charge and spin degrees of freedom are coupled to enable high-temperature superconductivity in distinct cuprate materials.
An effective way to tune the subtle balance among the different ground states is the inclusion of holes into the copper-oxygen (Cu-O) layers, which has notably established that the density-wave orders are most stable when the number of holes per Cu site p = 1/8. Interestingly, this is observed concomitant with a suppression of superconductivity. In addition, in YBa$${}_{2}$$Cu$${}_{3}$$O$${}_{7-y}$$, for instance, static CDW and SDW orders seem not to coexist10,11. This is in striking contrast with La-based cuprates where the static density-wave orders not only coexist but also show signatures of coupling1,2,9. Yet the two order parameters reveal very different dependencies on temperature and hole-doping. In La$${}_{2-x}$$Sr$${}_{x}$$CuO$${}_{4}$$ (LSCO) with x=p = 1/8 the SDW order is strongest revealing an onset temperature comparable to that of superconductivity, $${\rm {i}}.{\rm {e}}.$$ $${T}_{c}\approx$$ 27 K12, but short-range CDW order persists to temperatures above 100 K3. Similarly, while density-wave fluctuations exist over a broad hole-doping range in LSCO3,13, SDW and CDW orders coexist only for $$\sim$$0.1 $$<$$$$x <$$ $$\sim$$0.135 questioning whether they vanish in a common quantum critical point3,14,15,16,17,18. Summarizing, this raises the question how SDW and CDW orders are microscopically coupled, and how their fluctuations give rise to unconventional superconductivity.
To address this issue for La$${}_{1.88}$$Sr$${}_{0.12}$$CuO$${}_{4}$$, we leverage uniaxial pressure applied along the Cu-O bond direction as a newly-established extrinsic tuning parameter. Here recent x-ray experiments19 have demonstrated that one of the CDW domains can be suppressed through uniaxial strain. For the case of truly coupled CDW and SDW orders, we similarly expect to observe that uniaxial pressure generates a single-domain stripe SDW order (see Fig. 1). Using elastic neutron scattering with superior beam-focusing, we confirm this hypothesis and demonstrate that charge and spin orders respond to uniaxial pressure in the same manner. These results attest that adequate theories for high-temperature superconductivity must account for charge and spin degrees of freedom via uniaxial charge-spin fluctuations.
## Results
The outstanding experimental challenge of our study is that sufficiently high strains may only be achieved for tiny single crystals with well-defined shapes and small surface cross-sections perpendicular to the direction of the applied pressure. Such crystals of a few mg weight are typically not suitable for neutron experiments required to unambiguously probe weak SDW order. Crucially, the scattered neutron intensity scales linearly with the crystal mass while uniaxial pressure cells generally increase background scattering, resulting in an overall insufficient signal-to-noise ratio.
To overcome this challenge, we designed a neutron study that combines three major technical advances. Firstly, we exploit new developments in neutron-ray-tracing simulations, where the Union components of the McStas suite20 only since recently take into account background scattering processes resulting from advanced sample environments such as cryostats and pressure cells. This, in turn, allowed us to optimize the signal-to-background ratio (see Supplementary Information (SI) Note 2) and demonstrate that irrespective of geometrical and instrumental details, neutrons of longer wavelengths are advantageous in terms of signal-to-noise ratio. Secondly, armed with this knowledge, we leveraged the unique focusing capabilities of the adaptive virtual source and double focusing silicon (Si(111)) monochromator at the ThALES cold neutron triple-axis spectrometer at the Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France to probe the weak SDW order in a 55 mg LSCO $$x$$ = 0.12 single crystal21,22,23. Finally, this strongly reduced sample size (for comparison, a 1.06 g sample from the same batch was used for ambient pressure measurements. See Methods section), enabled the use of a scaled-up version of a uniaxial pressure cell, which we recently developed for x-ray studies of CDW order19,24, without compromising uniaxial pressure application (see Fig. 1b). We note that the exquisite focusing capability of ThALES not only strongly increased the flux on the tiny sample but equally importantly reduced background scattering, allowing for a vastly improved signal-to-noise ratio (further details are given in the Methods section and in the SI Note 3).
Figure 2 shows the peaks characteristic of the SDW order in La$${}_{1.88}$$Sr$${}_{0.12}$$CuO$${}_{4}$$ at ambient pressure and a temperature $$T$$ = 2 K (additional scans are plotted in SI Note 5) as probed by our experiment on the 1.06 g sample. The measured count rates are shown normalized to the sample mass to facilitate a later comparison with results obtained with the pressure cell. Within the high-temperature tetragonal unit cell notation SDW order in La-based cuprates manifests as peaks at incommensurate wavevectors $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}^{{{{{\rm{a}}}}}}$$ = (0.5 $$\pm$$ $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$, 0.5, 0) and $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}^{{{{{\rm{b}}}}}}$$ = (0.5, 0.5 $$\pm$$ $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$, 0) in reciprocal lattice units (rlu). The peaks may be interpreted as the signature of either two orthogonal magnetic domains in the well-known stripe model1,2,6,25,26,27,28,29 shown in Fig. 1a, or to two phase-related wavevectors describing a single-domain multi-Q magnetic order, which is consistent with the interpretation of earlier experimental results28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39. The incommensurability $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$ is doping dependent with $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}\approx 0.12$$ rlu around $$x$$ = 1/81,1,. Our measurements unambiguously show that magnetic intensity is present at both wavevectors $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}^{{{{{\rm{a}}}}}}$$ and $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}^{{{{{\rm{b}}}}}}$$. The data were fitted with a Gaussian line shape on a sloping background, revealing an average incommensuration $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$ = 0.118(4) rlu and an in-plane correlation length $${\xi }_{a}\,=\,(a/\pi )$$$${\rm {FWHM}}$$$${}^{-1}$$ = 67(9) Å, where FWHM is the full-width at half-maximum. These results are in agreement with earlier reports on La$${}_{1.88}$$Sr$${}_{0.12}$$CuO$${}_{4}$$12,40. We also observe a small perpendicular incommensuration (0.007(2) rlu shown in SI Note 5), which is often referred to as $$Y$$-shift and is hypothesised to arise through pinning to orthorhombic distortions40,41,42.
To probe the response of SDW order in La$${}_{1.88}$$Sr$${}_{0.12}$$CuO$${}_{4}$$ to uniaxial pressure, we applied compressive strain $${\varepsilon }_{a}$$ $$\approx$$ 0.02% (see Methods section) along the $$a$$-axis (Cu-O bond direction) of the 55 mg La$${}_{1.88}$$Sr$${}_{0.12}$$CuO$${}_{4}$$ sample (cf. Figure 1). In Fig. 3, we display reciprocal space scans across the two wavevectors at $$T$$ = 2 and 40 K. The high temperature data were measured above the SDW onset temperature of $${T}_{N}$$ $$\approx$$ 25 K (see Fig. 4a, b), and used as background calibration assuming a sloping behavior. The high counting statistics enabled by our setup, allowed us to observe a magnetic signal down to approximately 2% above the background (see SI Note 6). At this level of discrimination no magnetic Bragg peak is observed at $$T$$ = 2 K around (−0.5 + $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$, 0.5, 0) or other symmetry equivalent reflections of $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}^{{{{{{\rm{a}}}}}}}$$ (see SI Note 6). In strong contrast, a clear magnetic signal was found at $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}^{{{{{{\rm{b}}}}}}}$$ (see Figs. 3 and SI Note 6). We fitted the roughly 8% strong signal at (−0.5, 0.5 - $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$, 0) with a Gaussian lineshape over the fixed high-temperature background. The fit yields $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$ = 0.118(2) rlu and $${\xi }_{b}$$ = 66(13) Å, matching the ambient pressure results. We note that a slight 0.005(1) rlu Y-shift persists under strain (see SI Note 6) and that no evidence for a pressure-induced shift in $${T}_{N}$$ is detected (see Fig. 4a, b).
For a quantitative comparison of the data obtained at ambient conditions and under $$a$$-axis strain, the background contributions from the scans shown in Figs. 2 and 3 were substracted. The resulting background-corrected data are displayed in Fig. 4c–f. The peaks associated with Q$${\,}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}^{{{{{{\rm{a}}}}}}}$$ and Q$${\,}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}^{{{{{{\rm{b}}}}}}}$$ feature integrated intensities $${I}_{{{{{{\rm{int}}}}}}}$$ = 0.030(3) and 0.015(3) cts$$\cdot$$rlu/(s$$\cdot$$g) at ambient pressure, respectively. By contrast, under uniaxial strain conditions only Q$${\,}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}^{{{{{{\rm{b}}}}}}}$$ carries a finite integrated intensity of $${I}_{{{{{{\rm{int}}}}}}}$$ = 0.07(1) cts$$\cdot$$rlu/(s$$\cdot$$g). Alongside our finding that strain has no effect on the SDW ordering vector, correlation length or onset temperature, this demonstrates that uniaxial pressure along the Cu-O bond direction leads to a dramatic redistribution of magnetic peak intensity. This observation allows us to gain insight into the magnetic structure. While extrinsic tuning parameters may modify the population of magnetic domains by breaking the symmetry on a macroscopic scale, they are not expected to differently affect the coexisting wavevectors in multi-Q structures43,44. Thus, our results provide direct experimental evidence for a single-$${\bf {Q}}$$ magnetic structure in LSCO, and that application of pressure along one of the Cu-O directions favors the domain characterized by a propagation vector along the perpendicular Cu-O direction. We note that this effectively rules out spin-vortex checkerboard structures and any other multi-Q single-domain structures proposed earlier29,30,31,32,33,35,37,39.
## Discussion
Our observation that the application of uniaxial strain causes domain repopulation reflected in the peak intensity without altering the other characteristics of the magnetic order, demonstrates that SDW and CDW order in La$${}_{1.88}$$Sr$${}_{0.12}$$CuO$${}_{4}$$ can be tuned by uniaxial pressure in an identical manner. Recent x-ray scattering results have shown that small uniaxial strain along the Cu-O bond direction also yields a suppression of the intensity of the CDW ordering vector along the direction of the applied pressure, and that its intensity is recovered upon strain release19. Together with our neutron scattering study these results strongly suggest an intertwined CDW and SDW order. Notably, this provides evidence for a charge-spin stripe arrangement (see Fig. 1a) as the fundamental density-wave state of LSCO. Theoretically, a direct coupling between static charge and spin order is supported by a microscopic mechanism in the strong coupling limit, where stripe order arises from local correlations1,7,8,45,46. In this picture holes are located at the antiphase SDW domain boundaries (see Fig. 1a) to minimize their kinetic energy, therefore establishing the relationship $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{CDW}}}}}}}$$ = 2$${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$ between the incommensurations of the two orders. As the direct space picture naturally connects charge and spin order, uniaxial pressure must induce a single-domain state where populated charge and spin domains are oriented along the same direction. Our observations are harder to reconcile with a weak coupling picture where the electronic order arises from Fermi surface nesting instabilities47,48. In this case, uniaxial pressure affects the Fermi surface topology, which would need to act similarly at $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$ and $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{{\rm{CDW}}}}}}}$$ to account for a unidirectional charge and spin domain states. To explain the observation that only one ordering vector survives the pressure application, significant and peculiar anisotropic Fermi-surface distortions would be required. In contrast to our observations, one would also expect subtle shifts of the ordering wavevectors in such a scenario.
Our observation of single-Q charge-spin stripe order in La-based cuprates also adds to the discussion on the interplay between density-wave orders and unconventional superconductivity. Several theories attest the intertwined coupling between superconductivity and density-wave order to the emergence of a spatially-modulated superconducting order parameter that makes up for a sizable fraction of the superconducting condensate1,2,3. This putative pair-density wave (PDW) phase is thought to change sign within the spin stripes to cope with magnetic long-range order. Because both the SDW order probed here, and the CDW order explored by our previous x-ray scattering study19 is not altered by uniaxial pressure along the Cu-O bond direction, this suggests that any PDW order will also involve uniaxial stripes. Notably, that the magnetic correlation length and SDW onset temperature, as well as the coupling between CDW order and superconductivity remain unchanged by uniaxial pressure application, suggests that in LSCO charge-spin stripe order and unconventional superconductivity are deeply intertwined. Interestingly, for La$${}_{2-x}$$Ba$${}_{x}$$CuO$${}_{4}$$ (LBCO) a different behavior has been observed when uniaxial pressure is applied along an in-plane axis close to the Cu-Cu bond direction, demonstrating direct competition between superconductivity and magnetic order49,50. Thus, further uniaxial pressure studies on LSCO and LBCO along different crystal directions will be crucial to gain new insight into the coupling between stripe order and unconventional superconductivity.
In addition, we note that despite these differences, short-ranged charge fluctuations often exist over a wider temperature and doping range than spin order in La-based cuprates3,14,15,16,17,18. This suggests that the charge degrees of freedom are responsible for the primary fluctuations that drive the coupled charge-spin state at low temperature. Our results add further constraints to the intertwined ground state of this strongly correlated material class. They attest that adequate theories for high-temperature superconductivity must account for charge and spin degrees of freedom via uniaxial charge-spin fluctuations. Future experiments directly assessing the spin fluctuations under uniaxial pressure may be a fruitful way forward to gain a deeper understanding of the pairing mechanism behind high-temperature superconductivity.
Beyond the cuprates, the exact nature of the intimate coupling among various electronic degrees of freedom is crucial to the understanding of all strongly-correlated electron materials51,52,53. Our study establishes that the latest-generation neutron instrumentation allows us to explore the effects of uniaxial pressure — a particularly clean and useful tuning parameter — on spin order with weak order parameters. This advancement will be key in improving our understanding of a large range of electronic ground states. Notably, the study of coupled PDW and SDW order in heavy-fermion superconductors54,55, coupling of ferroelectric and magnetic domains in multiferroics53, spin, charge and lattice coupling in electronic nematic states56,57,58, or the identification of topologically non-trivial multi-Q spin textures59 will benefit from this capability.
## Methods
### Sample preparation and characterization
A high quality LSCO $$x$$ = 0.12 crystal was grown by the travelling solvent floating zone technique. Standard magnetization measurements revealed a superconducting transition temperature $${T}_{c}$$ = 27 K (cf. SI Note 1). The magnetic response was checked using muon spin rotation (MuSR) at the GPS beamline of the S$$\mu$$S muon source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland (see SI Note 1). These measurements showed that the magnetically ordered state inside the superconducting phase is in line with the earlier studies on LSCO12,60.
After confirming the rod’s surface crystallinity by x-ray Laue diffraction, two samples of masses $$m$$ = 1.060 and 0.055 g were oriented and cut using a tungsten wire saw. The latter sample dedicated to fit into the uniaxial pressure cell had a cuboid shape of dimensions 3.17(5)x1.35(5)x1.83(5) mm$${}^{3}$$ along the axes of the high-temperature tetragonal unit cell. The tetragonal notation (see SI Note 1 for details) with $$a\,=\,b$$ = 3.759 Å and $$c$$ = 13.2 Å refined at $$T$$ = 2 K on ThALES is employed throughout the manuscript. Here the SDW wavevector $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$ is shifted by $${\bf {q}}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$ = ($${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$, 0, 0) and (0, $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$, 0) away from the antiferromagnetic wavevector $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{{\rm{AF}}}}}}}$$ = (1/2, 1/2, 0). The charge order peaks at $${\bf {Q}}_{{{{{{\rm{CDW}}}}}}}$$ are offset by $${\bf {q}}_{{{{{{\rm{CDW}}}}}}}$$ = (2$${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$, 0, 0) and (0, 2$${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$, 0) with respect to structural Bragg peaks, yielding $${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{CDW}}}}}}}$$ = 2$${\delta }_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}$$.
The bulk crystallinity of the two samples was checked using the triple-axis alignment station IN3, the neutron Laue diffractometer Orient Express and finally determined on the cold neutron spectrometer ThALES at the Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France. These data revealed that the small 55 mg sample was single crystalline within our resolution. The larger 1.06 g was composed of two crystallites shifted by 1.5 degrees with a relative intensity of 5:1 that was determined at $$T$$ = 2 K (see SI Note 4).
A strain cell similar to those used in recent x-ray diffraction studies19,24 was adapted to fit the cryostat dimensions of the ThALES instrument (see also Fig. 1b). We note that other neutron scattering experiments under uniaxial pressure have been performed in earlier pioneering studies61,62,63,64. The small ordered moment in La1.88Sr0.12CuO465 required us to construct a strain cell made of high purity aluminium with an open geometry to minimize background contributions. Uniaxial pressure was applied at room temperature along the $$a$$-axis using an M3 aluminium screw that was rotated by 60$${}^{\circ }$$. Following the calibration from ref. 19. this amounts to a compressive strain of $${\varepsilon }_{a}\,=\,\Delta a/a$$ $$\approx$$ 0.02%.
### Neutron scattering at ThALES
The neutron scattering experiment was performed at the high-flux cold neutron spectrometer ThALES at the Institut Laue-Langevin. ThALES is uniquely suited for the purpose of our experiment since its double-focusing silicon (Si(111)) monochromator allows aggressive focusing of the incident neutron at the sample position21,22,23. This was essential to minimize parasitic scattering from the strain cell while maximizing the signal from the sample. A sketch of the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 1b. We used $${k}_{i}={k}_{f}=1.55$$ Å$${}^{-1}$$ neutrons, which were cleaned from higher order contaminations via a velocity selector before the silicon monochromator and a cooled Be-filter before a double-focusing pyrolytic graphite (PG(002)) analyzer that was used to further reduce the background. The instrument was used in a $$W$$-configuration to minimize the extent of the instrumental resolution ellipsoid. The scattered neutrons were detected with a standard one-inch $${}^{3}$$He detector. The samples were aligned perpendicular to the (0, 0, 1) axis to access both SDW domains in the horizontal scattering plane. We improved the signal-to-noise ratio for the strain sample by optimizing the position and opening (8 mm) of the virtual slit, which is located between the velocity selector and the monochromator (see SI Note 3). Further improvements of the signal-to-noise ratio were gained through tight slit openings before (8 mm horizontal, 15 mm vertical) and after (10.5 mm horizontal, 13 mm vertical) the sample.
The temperature dependencies of the Q$${\,}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}^{{{{{{\rm{a}}}}}}}$$ and Q$${\,}_{{{{{{\rm{SDW}}}}}}}^{{{{{{\rm{b}}}}}}}$$ peaks shown in Fig. 4a, b were measured on the optimized peak positions, i.e. at $$\bf Q$$ = (-0.387, 0.512, 0) and (-0.504, 0.382, 0), respectively. Additional reciprocal lattice scans on the 1.06 g sample were taken at intermediate temperatures to confirm the validity of the temperature dependent peak intensity measurement. Additional temperature dependent background data on the 55 mg sample were measured at $$\bf Q$$ = (-0.504, 0.347, 0) and (-0.504, 0.417, 0). | 2023-03-24 14:13:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6351781487464905, "perplexity": 2443.42427562466}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945282.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324113500-20230324143500-00234.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/102079-finding-limit-algebraically.html | # Thread: Finding a limit algebraically
1. ## Finding a limit algebraically
lim as x approaches square root of 3. ((square root x^2+1) - 2)/(x - square root 3)
hopefully that equation makes sense, I don't know how to make all the symbols &such..
lim as x approaches square root of 3. ((square root x^2+1) - 2)/(x - square root 3)
hopefully that equation makes sense, I don't know how to make all the symbols &such..
Rationalize the denomiator by multiplying both Num. and Den. by the conjugate of the Num.
Ie Multiply by $(\sqrt{x^2+1}+2)$ and see where that takes you
3. ok, i got (4 square root 3)/((square root 3) - 3)
that doesn't seem right.. did i do something wrong, or does it reduce more?? i tried taking the limit using my ti-89 &it said square root 3 over 2.. but i've got to show all my work.. thanks for your reply!
ok, i got (4 square root 3)/((square root 3) - 3)
that doesn't seem right.. did i do something wrong, or does it reduce more?? i tried taking the limit using my ti-89 &it said square root 3 over 2.. but i've got to show all my work.. thanks for your reply!
I apologize. I've updated my last post. Sorry.
5. wouldn't you get "undefined" if you did it that way?
wouldn't you get "undefined" if you did it that way?
Im sorry, for some reason my brain isn't working right right now. Here's the solution.
1.Multiply by the conjugate of the Num and simplify. Then multiply by the conjugate of the Dem. and simplify.
$\lim_{x\to\sqrt{3}}\frac{\sqrt{x^2+1}-2}{x-\sqrt{3}}=\lim_{x\to\sqrt{3}}\frac{(\sqrt{x^2+1}-2)(\sqrt{x^2+1}+2)}{(x-\sqrt{3})(\sqrt{x^2+1}+2)}$
$=\lim_{x\to\sqrt{3}}\frac{(x^2-3)(x+\sqrt{3})}{(x-\sqrt{3})(\sqrt{x^2+1}+2)(x+\sqrt{3})}=\lim_{x\to\ sqrt{3}}\frac{(x^2-3)(x+\sqrt{3})}{(x^2-3)(\sqrt{x^2+1}+2)}$
Can you see?
7. how did you get to x^2-3 ? Since the 1 is under the radical?
how did you get to x^2-3 ? Since the 1 is under the radical?
Because
$[(\sqrt{x^2+1})-2][(\sqrt{x^2+1})+2]=$ $(\sqrt{x^2+1})^2-2\sqrt{x^2+1}+2\sqrt{x^2+1}-4=x^2+1-4=x^2-3$
9. ok sorry, it just seems like the radical disappeared?
anyway.. don't you still get a zero in the denominator??
10. ok, nevermind i see it.. just still confused about the radical going away, but that's alright.. thank you VERY much!
The radical dissapears because $(\sqrt{x^2+1})^2=x^2+1$. Inverse processes, ya know?
No because the $(x^2-3)'s$ cancel leaving
$\lim_{x\to\sqrt{3}}\frac{x+\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{x^2+1}+ 2}=\frac{\sqrt{3}+\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{\sqrt{3}^2+2}+1}$ $=\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{3+1}+2}=\frac{2\sqrt{3}}{4 }=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$ | 2016-10-23 22:51:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 9, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9077368974685669, "perplexity": 1637.7307679333571}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719437.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00103-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://gitlab.met.fu-berlin.de/Rpackages/idf_package/-/blame/7b78ee3a8fbf062be776f1454f50657db463abc0/man/IDF.agg.Rd | IDF.agg.Rd 2.67 KB
Christoph Ritschel committed Jan 22, 2018 1 % Generated by roxygen2: do not edit by hand Rust Henning committed Feb 03, 2016 2 3 4 % Please edit documentation in R/IDF.R \name{IDF.agg} \alias{IDF.agg} 5 \title{Aggregation and annual maxima for chosen durations} Rust Henning committed Feb 03, 2016 6 \usage{ Laura Mack committed Jul 30, 2020 7 8 9 10 11 IDF.agg( data, ds, na.accept = 0, which.stations = NULL, Jana Ulrich committed Oct 06, 2020 12 which.mon = list(0:11), Laura Mack committed Jul 30, 2020 13 names = c("date", "RR"), Jana Ulrich committed Jan 13, 2021 14 cl = 1 Laura Mack committed Jul 30, 2020 15 ) Rust Henning committed Feb 03, 2016 16 17 } \arguments{ 18 \item{data}{list of data.frames containing time series for every station. Laura Mack committed Jul 30, 2020 19 The data.frame must have the columns 'date' and 'RR' unless other names 20 21 are specified in the parameter names. The column 'date' must contain strings with standard date format.} Rust Henning committed Feb 03, 2016 22 Jana Ulrich committed Jan 13, 2021 23 \item{ds}{numeric vector of aggregation durations in hours. 24 (Must be multiples of time resolution at all stations.)} Christoph Ritschel committed Jan 22, 2018 25 26 27 \item{na.accept}{numeric in [0,1) giving maximum percentage of missing values for which block max. should still be calculated.} Jana Ulrich committed May 10, 2019 28 29 30 \item{which.stations}{optional, subset of stations. Either numeric vector or character vector containing names of elements in data. If not given, all elements in data will be used.} Christoph Ritschel committed Jan 22, 2018 31 Laura Mack committed Nov 22, 2020 32 \item{which.mon}{optional, subset of months (as list containing values from 0 to 11) of which to calculate the annual maxima from.} Christoph Ritschel committed Jan 22, 2018 33 34 \item{names}{optional, character vector of length 2, containing the names of the columns to be used.} Christoph Ritschel committed Jan 22, 2018 35 Jana Ulrich committed Jan 13, 2021 36 \item{cl}{optional, number of cores to be used from \code{\link[parallel]{parLapply}} for parallel computing.} 37 38 } \value{ Jana Ulrich committed Nov 24, 2020 39 40 data.frame containing the annual intensity maxima [mm/h] in $xdat, the corresponding duration in $ds, the $year and month ($mon) in which the maxima occured 41 and the station id or name in \$station. Rust Henning committed Feb 03, 2016 42 43 } \description{ 44 45 46 47 48 49 Aggregates several time series for chosen durations and finds annual maxima (either for the whole year or chosen months). Returns data.frame that can be used for the function \code{\link{gev.d.fit}}. } \details{ If data contains stations with different time resolutions that need to be aggregated at Laura Mack committed Jul 30, 2020 50 51 different durations, IDF.agg needs to be run separately for the different groups of stations. Afterwards the results can be joint together using rbind. Rust Henning committed Feb 03, 2016 52 } Christoph Ritschel committed Jan 22, 2018 53 \examples{ 54 55 56 57 dates <- as.Date("2019-01-01")+0:729 x <- rgamma(n = 730, shape = 0.4, rate = 0.5) df <- data.frame(date=dates,RR=x) Jana Ulrich committed Nov 24, 2020 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 # get annual maxima IDF.agg(list('Sample'= df),ds=c(24,48),na.accept = 0.01) ## xdat ds year mon station ## 0.2853811 24 2019 0:11 Sample ## 0.5673122 24 2020 0:11 Sample ## 0.1598448 48 2019 0:11 Sample ## 0.3112713 48 2020 0:11 Sample # get monthly maxima for each month of june, july and august IDF.agg(list('Sample'=df),ds=c(24,48),na.accept = 0.01,which.mon = list(5,6,7)) # get maxima for time range from june to august IDF.agg(list('Sample'=df),ds=c(24,48),na.accept = 0.01,which.mon = list(5:7)) Rust Henning committed Feb 03, 2016 73 } 74 75 \seealso{ \code{\link{pgev.d}} Rust Henning committed Feb 03, 2016 76 } | 2022-10-07 22:29:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5572386384010315, "perplexity": 7022.189768981437}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030338280.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20221007210452-20221008000452-00439.warc.gz"} |
http://hal.in2p3.fr/view_by_stamp.php?label=APC&langue=fr&action_todo=view&id=in2p3-00025291&version=1 | 158 articles – 1993 Notices [english version]
HAL : in2p3-00025291, version 1
arXiv : astro-ph/0506128
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics (JETP) / Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki 106 (2008) 1061-1082
GZK Photons as Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
(2008)
We calculate the flux of "GZK-photons", namely the flux of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) consisting of photons produced by extragalactic nucleons through the resonant photoproduction of pions, the so called GZK effect. We show that, for primary nucleons, the GZK photon fraction of the total UHECR flux is between $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-2}$ above $10^{19}$ eV and up to 0.6 above $10^{20}$ eV. The GZK photon flux depends on the assumed UHECR spectrum, slope of the nucleon flux at the source, distribution of sources and intervening backgrounds. Detection of this photon flux would open the way for UHECR gamma-ray astronomy. Detection of a larger photon flux would imply the emission of photons at the source or new physics. We compare the photon fractions expected for GZK photons and the minimal predicted by Top-Down models. We find that the photon fraction at $10^{20}$ eV is a crucial test for Top-Down models.
équipe(s) de recherche : APC - THEORIE
Thème(s) : Physique/Astrophysique/Cosmologie et astrophysique extra-galactiquePlanète et Univers/Astrophysique/Cosmologie et astrophysique extra-galactique
Lien vers le texte intégral : http://fr.arXiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0506128
in2p3-00025291, version 1 http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00025291 oai:hal.in2p3.fr:in2p3-00025291 Contributeur : Simone Lantz <> Soumis le : Mercredi 4 Janvier 2006, 15:38:53 Dernière modification le : Lundi 2 Juillet 2012, 18:18:11 | 2014-08-23 07:41:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8185010552406311, "perplexity": 4104.577311006752}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500825341.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021345-00282-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://docs.qinfer.org/en/v1.0b4/apiref/gpu_models.html | # GPU-Accelerated Models¶
## Introduction¶
These models demonstrate using GPU acceleration with PyOpenCL to efficiently perform likelihood calls.
## AcceleratedPrecessionModel - GPU model for a single qubit Larmor precession¶
class qinfer.AcceleratedPrecessionModel(context=None)[source]
Bases: qinfer.abstract_model.Model
Reimplementation of qinfer.test_models.SimplePrecessionModel, using OpenCL to accelerate computation.
n_modelparams
expparams_dtype
is_n_outcomes_constant
Returns True if and only if the number of outcomes for each experiment is independent of the experiment being performed.
This property is assumed by inference engines to be constant for the lifetime of a Model instance.
static are_models_valid(modelparams)[source]
n_outcomes(expparams)[source]
Returns an array of dtype uint describing the number of outcomes for each experiment specified by expparams.
Parameters: expparams (numpy.ndarray) – Array of experimental parameters. This array must be of dtype agreeing with the expparams_dtype property.
likelihood(outcomes, modelparams, expparams)[source] | 2019-04-23 12:25:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2671028673648834, "perplexity": 5074.670269912294}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578602767.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423114901-20190423140901-00154.warc.gz"} |
https://lobste.rs/threads/zeebo | 1.
Man, there’s so many people that don’t read anything.
I currently fill the role of IT and it’s absolutely bonkers the stuff people get stuck on. It’s so basic, and the screen is telling you what’s wrong, but people aren’t even parsing it.
1.
The irony here is that the article claims that people actually do spend a significant amount of their time reading compiler errors.
1.
The bonus irony is that it’s discussing a paper that, guess what, no one will read! Because it links to a paywalled version of it instead of the author’s copy available freely on their web site: https://people.engr.ncsu.edu/ermurph3/papers/icse17.pdf
1. 10
Minimal Version Selection itself is fine, in my experience neither better nor worse than what I guess is the de facto standard of… Maximal {Patch, Major} Version Selection? It biases for churn reduction during upgrades, maybe, which at least for me doesn’t have much net impact on anything.
But a lot of the ancillary behaviors and decisions that come with MVS as expressed in Go modules are enormously frustrating — I would go so far as to say fundamentally incompatible with the vast majority of dependency management workflows used by real human beings. As an example, in modules, it is effectively not possible to constrain the minor or patch versions of a dependency. You express module v1.2.3 but if another dependency in your dep graph wants module v1.4.4 you’ll get v1.4.4. There is no way to express v1.2.x or v1.2.3+. You can abuse the require directive to lock to a single specific version, but that constraint isn’t transitive. And module authors can retract specific versions, but that power is not granted to consumers.
edit: for more of my thoughts on this exciting topic see Semantic Import Versioning is unsound
1. 5
I would go so far as to say fundamentally incompatible with the vast majority of dependency management workflows used by real human beings.
I hope that this post with the experience reports of many real human beings claiming that it works well for them will help you reconsider this opinion. Perhaps it’s not as much of a vast majority as you think it is.
1. 3
None of the experience reports really speak to the points I raise. Maybe that’s your point.
2. 2
The position of the Go team is (was?) that packages with the same import path must be backwards compatible. I guess their point is that 1.4.4 should be compatible with 1.2.3, but that’s not how the rest of the software world has worked in the past decade. It’s a big if, but if all the go programmers agree, it works.
1. 6
That’s not (only?) the position of the Go team, it’s a requirement of semantic versioning. People fuck it up all the time but that’s the definition. One way to look at the problem with modules is that they assume nobody will fuck it up. Modules assumes all software authors treat major version API compatibility as a sacrosanct and inviolable property, and therefore provides no affordances to help software consumers deal the fuckups that inevitably occur. If one of your dependencies broke an API in a patch version bump, well, use a better different dependency, obviously!
Ivory Tower stuff, more or less. And in many ways Go is absolutely an Ivory Tower language! It tells you the right way to do things and if you don’t agree then too bad. But the difference is that if you don’t like the “I know better than you” decisions that Go the language made, you can pick another language. But if you don’t like the “I know better than you” decisions that modules made, you can’t pick another package management tool. Modules has a monopoly on the space. That means it doesn’t have the right to make the same kind of normative assumptions and assertions that the language itself makes. It has to meet users where they are. But the authors don’t understand this.
1. 3
Semantic versioning is, unfortunately, incompatible with graceful deprecation. Consider the following example:
• A is the version you’re using.
• B introduces a new API and deprecates an old one
• C removes the deprecated API.
In SemVer, these thing would be numbered something like 1.0, 1.1, 2.0. The jump from 1.1 to 2.0 is a breaking change because the old API went away at that point. If you paid attention to deprecation warnings when you upgraded to 1.1 and fixed them then the 1.1 -> 2.0 transition is not a breaking change though and SemVer has no way of expressing this with a single exported version and this leads to complex constraints on the import version (in this three-version case, the requirement is >=1.1, <3.0). A lot of these things would be simpler if APIs, not packages, were versioned and the package advertised the range of the API that it advertised. Then you’d see:
• A is the 1.0 API
• B supports the 1.0 API and the 2.0 API
• C supports the 2.0 API
As a consumer, I’d just specify that I need the 1.0 API until I’ve migrated my code and then that I need the 2.0 API.
1. 1
One way to look at the problem with modules is that they assume nobody will fuck it up.
So does everyone else in the world who builds with ^version and no lock file, except for them, the breakage happened when the author of their dependency published a new version rather than when they themselves performed a conscious action to alter dependencies in some way.
1. 3
Yeah but in most package management systems you can pin specific versions.
2. 1
[…] and therefore provides no affordances to help software consumers […]
If one of your dependencies broke an API in a patch version bump, well, use a better different dependency, obviously!
You can use an exclude directive to remove the breaking version from consideration. If upstream delays fixing the breaking change, you can fork the last good version and use a replace directive to substitute your own patched module in place of the old module.
It’s hard to imagine this hypothetical happening, however (and please correct me if I’m wrong). MVS selects the maximum of minimum required versions. If some module called “broken” patches and the new version breaks your own software, there is no way for that update to propagate to your software unless both 1) a different dependency of your module called “dep” decides to start requiring the new version of “broken” and 2) you update your dependencies to require the updated version of “dep”. (1) Implies that “dep” truly requires the patch (that broke your code), and (2) implies that you truly require the new features in module “dep”. By transitivity… there is no conceivable way to fix the problem without patching it yourself and replacing.
There’s actually a whole paragraph on this topic of “high fidelity” in Russ Cox’s original blog post about the version selection algorithm.
1. 2
You can use an exclude directive to remove the breaking version from consideration.
I meant “broke an API” in the “API compatibility” sense, not in the “wrote a bug” sense. That kind of broken carries forward.
2. 1
So your article states: “It’s a contract with its consumers, understood by default to be supported and maintained indefinitely.”
I don’t think this follows from anything you have written or anything I have read about SIV. The way SIV works sounds to me like if you want to deprecate features from your library you should provide a reasonable deprecation policy which includes a time period for which you will provide bug-fixes for the old major version and a time period for which you will backport security-fixes for the old major version at which point you stop supporting that version since you’ve done the best you could to get old users moved to a new version. This to me seems like a lot of major software (not written in the past 5 years) basically works.
“At Google, package consumers expect their dependencies to be automatically updated with e.g. security fixes, or updated to work with new e.g. infrastructural requirements, without their active intervention.”
I expect this to happen on my linux desktop too. I don’t see a difference in expectations there.
“Stability is so highly valued, in fact, that package authors are expected to proactively audit and PR their consumers’ code to prevent any observable change in behavior.”
I think if you feel like writing a library/module/dependency then this is the kind of mindset you are obliged to take. Anything short of this kind of approach to writing a library/module/dependency is irresponsible and makes you unqualified to write libraries, modules or dependencies. This, to me, seems to have been the mindset for a long time in software until languages came along with language package managers and version pinning in the last few years. And I don’t think that this has been a positive change for anyone involved.
“As I understand it, even issues caused by a dependency upgrade are considered the fault of the dependency, for inadequate risk analysis, rather than the fault of the consumer, for inadequate testing before upgrading to a new version.”
And I agree with this wholeheartedly, in fact this is the mindset used by users of linux distributions and distribution maintainers.
“Modules’ extraordinary bias toward consumer stability may be ideal for the software ecosystem within Google, but it’s inapproriate for software ecosystems in general.”
I think it’s not inappropriate, it’s totally appropriate. I just think that modern software ecosystems have gotten lazy because it’s easier than doing it right (which is what google seems to be advocating for a return to).
I should say, I don’t disagree with the point you make that intrinsically linking the major version to the package name is a good idea. Go should definitely NOT do that for the reasons you outlined. It would also be an easy indicator for me when picking a project to use in my codebase: Is the codebase on major version 156? Yes? Then I probably don’t want to touch it because the developers are not taking the responsibility of maintaining a dependency very seriously.
People who want to play in the sandpit of version pinning and ridiculously high major version numbers because they think software development is an area where no thought or effort should be put into backwards compatibility should be welcome to use whatever language they want to without being artificially limited.
Now, conversely, I would say, there seems like an obvious solution to this problem too. If you want to use semver while keeping to the golang rules, why not just encode the real semver version within the go version: “0.015600310001”. Sure, it’s not exactly so human readable, but it seems to encode the right information and you just need to pretty print it.
“Additionally, policies that bias for consumer stability rely on a set of structural assumptions that may exist in a closed system like Google, but simply don’t exist in an open software ecosystem in general.”
I will take things back to the world of linux distributions where these policies actually do seem to exist.
“A bias towards consumers necessarily implies some kind of bias against authors.”
Yes, and this is a good thing. Being an author of a dependency is a very big responsibility and a lot of modern build systems and language package managers fail to make that very clear
“But API compatibility isn’t and can’t be precisely defined, nor can it even be discovered, in the P=NP sense.”
This is true, but in reality there’s a pretty big gulf between best effort approaches to API compatibility (see: linux kernel) and zero effort approaches to API compatibility (see: a lot of modern projects in modern languages).
“Consequently, SIV’s model of versioning is precisely backwards.”
Actually it would be semver’s fault not SIV’s surely.
“Finally, this bias simply doesn’t reflect the reality of software development in the large. Package authors increment major versions as necessary, consumers update their version pins accordingly, and everyone has an intuitive understanding of the implications, their risk, and how to manage that risk. The notion that substantial version upgrades should be trivial or even automated by tooling is unheard of.”
Maybe today this is the case, but I am pretty sure this is only a recent development. Google isn’t asking you to do something new, google is asking you to do something old.
“Modules and SIV represent a normative argument: that, at least to some degree, we’re all doing it wrong, and that we should change our behavior.”
You’re all doing it wrong and you should change your behavior.
“The only explicit benefit to users is that they can have different versions of the “same” module in their compilation unit.”
You can achieve this without SIV, SIV to me actually seems like just a neat hack to avoid having to achieve this without SIV.
In any case, I think I’ve made my point mostly and at this point I would be repeating myself.
I wonder what you think.
1. 1
People who want to play in the sandpit of version pinning and ridiculously high major version numbers because they think software development…
…is a means and not an end are the norm, not the exception. And the fact that people work this way is absolutely not because they’re lazy, it’s because it’s the rational choice given their conditions, the things they’re (correctly!) trying to optimize for, and the (correct!) risk analysis they’ve done on all the variables at play.
I appreciate your stance but it reflects an Ivory Tower approach to software development workflows (forgive the term) which is generally both infeasible and actually incorrect in the world of market-driven organizations. That’s the context I speak from and the unambiguous position I’ve come to after close to 20 years’ experience in the space, working myself in a wide spectrum of companies and consulting in exactly these topics for ~100 orgs at this point.
Google has to work this way because their codebase is so pathological they have no other choice. Many small orgs, or orgs decoupled from typical market dynamics, can work this way because they have the wiggle room, so to speak. They are the exceptions.
1. 1
the things they’re (correctly!) trying to optimize for, and the (correct!) risk analysis they’ve done on all the variables at play
Disagree.
At least don’t call the majority of software developers “engineers” if you’re going to go this way.
The fact that this is considered an engineering discipline with such low standards is really an insult to actual engineering disciplines. I can totally see how certain things don’t need to be that rigorous, but really, seriously, what is happening is not par for the course.
The fact that everyone including end users has become used to the pathological complacency of modern software development is really seriously ridiculous and not an excuse to continue down this path. I would go so far to say that it’s basically unethical to keep pretending like nothing matters more than making something which only just barely works within some not even that optimal constraints for the least amount of money. It’s a race to the bottom, and it won’t end well. It’s certainly not sustainable.
I appreciate your stance but it reflects an Ivory Tower approach to software development workflows (forgive the term) which is generally both infeasible and actually incorrect in the world of market-driven organizations. That’s the context I speak from and the unambiguous position I’ve come to after close to 20 years’ experience in the space, working myself in a wide spectrum of companies and consulting in exactly these topics for ~100 orgs at this point.
It’s incorrect in the world of market-driver organizations only because there’s a massive gap between the technical ability of the consumers of these technologies and the producers, so much so that it’s infeasible to expect a consumer of these technologies to be able to see them for the trash they are. But I think that this is not “correct” it’s just “exploitative”. Exploitative of the lack of technical skill and understanding of the average consumer of these technologies.
I don’t think the “correct” response is “do it because everyone else is”. It certainly seems unethical to me.
That being said, you are talking about this from a business point of view not an open source point of view. At least until open source got hijacked by big companies, it used to be about small scale development by dedicated developers interested in making things good for the sake of being good and not for the sake of a bottom line. This is why for the most part my linux system can “just update” and continue working, because dedicated volunteers ensure it works.
Certainly I don’t expect companies to care about this kind of thing. But if you’re talking about solely the core open source world, “it’s infeasible in this market” isn’t really an argument.
Google has to work this way because their codebase is so pathological they have no other choice. Many small orgs, or orgs decoupled from typical market dynamics, can work this way because they have the wiggle room, so to speak. They are the exceptions.
I honestly don’t like or care about google or know how they work internally. I also don’t like go’s absolutely inane idea that it’s sensible to “depend” on a github hosted module and download it during a build. There’s lots of things wrong with google and go but I think that this versioning approach has been a breath of fresh air which suggests that maybe just maybe things may be changing for the better. I would never have imagined google (one of the worst companies for racing to the bottom) to be the company to propose this idea but it’s not a bad idea.
1. 2
The fact that everyone including end users has become used to the pathological complacency of modern software development is…
…reality. I appreciate your stance, but it’s unrealistic.
1. 26
This post talks about the downsides but does not acknowledge the underlying problem that is being corrected, namely that “go get” today does two completely different things: (1) add or update dependencies of a program, and (2) install binaries.
Nearly all the time, you only mean to do one of these things, not both. If you get in the habit of using “go get” to update your dependencies, you might run a command like “go get path/…” and be surprised when it installs “path/internal/ls” to your $HOME/bin directory. We have had people claim that’s a security issue, and whether that’s true or not, it’s certainly a usability issue. In this example, you only want the dependency change and are getting the install as an unwanted side-effect. After the transition, the rule will be simple: “go get only changes your dependency versions”. On the other hand, we have commands in READMEs that say things like “go get -u rsc.io/2fa”. Today that means to fetch the latest version of rsc.io/2fa, then upgrade all its dependencies, recursively, producing a build configuration that may never have been tested, and then build the binary and install it. In this example, you only want the install and are getting the “update dependencies” as an unwanted side effect. If instead you use “go install rsc.io/2fa@latest” (which works today in Go 1.16), you get the latest tagged version of rsc.io/2fa, using exactly the dependency versions it declares and was tested with, which is what you really want when you are trying to install a binary. We didn’t just make a gratuitous change to the way the command is spelled: we fixed the semantics too. The double meaning of “go get” was introduced in GOPATH mode many years ago. It is my fault, and all I can say is that it seemed like a good idea at the time, especially in the essentially unversioned context of GOPATH-based development. But it’s a mistake, and it is a big enough mistake to correct for the next million users of Go. The post claims this is an abrupt deprecation schedule, but the change was announced in the Go 1.16 release notes and will take effect in Go 1.18. Once Go 1.17 is released, the two supported versions of Go will be Go 1.16 and Go 1.17, meaning all supported Go versions will know what “go install path@version” means, making it time to start nudging people over to using it with prints from the go command. This two-cycle deprecation schedule, where we make sure that we don’t encourage transition work until all supported versions of Go (the last two) support the new behavior, is our standard procedure for this. I suspect that Go 1.18 will keep the warning print, so you’d actually get two releases of warning prints as well. We try very hard not to make breaking changes in tool behavior. This one is necessary, and we’ve done everything we can to make sure it is a smooth transition. The new behavior should be obvious - the tool tells you what is going on and what you need to do differently - and easy to learn. 1. 2 I know it’s too late to change anything now, but in retrospect, would it have been better to leave go get in the old GOPATH world and introduce the module version of go get under a different name? 1. 1 A quick note: “go get” does three things today, not two. The third is that it clones the version control repository for some Go package or module (into$GOPATH/src). In the process of doing this, it reaches through vanity import paths and works out the correct VCS system and clone path to use. As far as I know, in the non-GOPATH world there is currently no way to do this yourself, either for programs or for other packages. It would be nice at the very least to have a command that resolved through vanity import paths to tell you the underlying thing to clone, and with what.
(Cloning this way also locks you to the current location of the repository. One advantage of vanity import paths is that people can change them, and have, and you will automatically pick up that change.)
The other thing that is not possible in the non-GOPATH world is to install the very latest VCS version of a program (at least in any convenient way). As noted, the @latest syntax is the latest tagged version, not the latest VCS version. This means that if you want to have someone test your very latest development version, you need to either tag it or tell them to clone the repo and build it themselves; you can’t give them a simple, generic ‘go install …@…’ command to do it. (You can give them a VCS version, but there are various problems with this.)
1. 1
The other thing that is not possible in the non-GOPATH world is to install the very latest VCS version of a program (at least in any convenient way).
You can use “go install …@branchname” to get the latest commit for whatever branch.
1. 1
Oh oops, that’s my mistake. I missed that in the Version queries section of the specification.
(If reaching for the specification strikes people as odd, I can only plead that I couldn’t readily find documentation of this in the “go” help and “go help modules” did point me to the specification.)
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Does it mean that the promise to not break API doesn’t extend to CLI? https://golang.org/doc/go1compat#expectations
Keeping things stable is what makes the success of Go.
1. 7
Indeed, the final section of that page you linked says that tools are exempt. I can’t think of any previous examples that broke the tooling as much as this will, though.
1. 6
It seems short-sighted.
go get is invoked by a ton of other programs. For example, VSCode plugins love to run it to install missing developer tools. It’s effectively an API, but that’s going through the CLI instead of accessing a Go API directly.
1. 8
There’s been loads of subtle breakage and changes in the Go tooling ever since modules were introduced. It rather sucks, but it’s better than the alternative of keeping it full of all sorts of legacy behaviour where commands do something different depending on the environment and/or which directory you’re in, which is super-confusing.
It’s easy to say it’s “short-sighted”, but all options suck – they just suck in different ways.
2. 0
I’ve been listening to the gotime podcast. Go get is a feature to people new to programming – not a bug.
1. 6
I wish this included some explanation of why these are useful or explanations of why they are. Like, why use zerolog over logrus/zap/whatever? Why use gorilla/mux over gin or go-chi or the standard library? Why have that overly-complex unique code thing to determine where a logged error is thrown instead of making sure your errors have stack traces?
1. 4
I’m not the author of the post, but I can try to answer some questions:
Like, why use zerolog over logrus/zap/whatever?
zerolog and zap is what the author of logrus admit he would write if he wrote logrus/v2. zerolog claims to be a “better” version of zap (there are claims of performance improvement on other people’s computers)
Why use gorilla/mux over gin or go-chi or the standard library?
gorilla/mux is much lightweight as opposed to gin which has renderers, etc… Also, there are claims of very high performance on other people’s computers. With gorlla/mux you can plug your own json de-/serialization library which is faster than gin’s.
Why have that overly-complex unique code thing to determine where a logged error is thrown instead of making sure your errors have stack traces?
¯\(ツ)/¯ No idea… The unique code approach feels very hacky and brittle to me.
1. 3
I would even suggest “httprouter” as a more lightweight alternative to gorilla/mux.
1. 2
Most “higher level” Go routers are probably based on it anyways.
2. 1
We use unique logging codes for our logs, and it makes it easier to locate a particular statement in either the logs, or the source code. Now, we generate the unique code by hand, but it’s not a horrendous issue for us (we have a separate document that records each logging statement).
3. 1
I’d be curious to know the best practices for annotating errors with stack traces. Any good library suggestions?
1. 3
github.com/pkg/errors has some nice helpers, as described in its documentation. The issue is that it requires changing your code to using errors.Errorf() instead of fmt.Errorf().
1. 3
Also, errors.Wrapf is very useful when handling errors from packages which don’t use errors.
1. 2
You can wrap errors using fmt.Errorf() and the %w verb, and then later deal with them using errors.Is() or errors.As() and friends.
1. 1
That doesn’t give you stack traces though, correct?
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YES. This is probably my biggest issue with supporting production Go code. Errors are still too hard to locate.
1. 1
I personally use this to manage all that. If you use the errors.Wrap() function to wrap errors, it’ll add stack traces. And if you want to make a new error, the errors.New() function will also add a stack track where it was called. Then when you’re logging the error make sure it’s being logged in a way that will not just print the message. Most loggers should have a way to do that (I know zerolog and logrus do).
1. 1
Shameless plug for my errors library: https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/zeebo/errs/v2
• captures stack traces, but only once even if wrapped multiple times
• plays nicely with standard library errors package with errors.Is and errors.As
• has a “tag” feature to let you associate and query tags with errors
• helper to keep track of groups of errors
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I am confused how the presented scheme is anything close to tracing. The first step is
The plaintext that is to be traced is submitted along with RF, NF and context.
But NF is a 256bit random nonce that no one other than the sender and recipient have access to. You may be able to guess a plaintext, but there’s no way you can guess that.
Additionally, it seems to me that if you have access to an oracle that can say if a given ciphertext is equal to some plaintext, you have broken ciphertext indistinguishability, a property that is very important to confidentiality (“Indistinguishability is an important property for maintaining the confidentiality of encrypted communications.”)
1. 1
There would be a step where the reveal of this nonce would be compelled, similarly to how message franking implements such a step in its current form. The idea is that you can just substitute the rationale for this step from “abuse reporting” to “message tracing”.
1. 2
How is compelling the reveal of the nonce any different from compelling the reveal of the plaintext? They’re stored next to each other and the only parties that have the nonce are the same parties that have the plaintext. The difference between “abuse reporting” and “message tracing” is which party is performing the action, and that makes all the difference.
1. 2
As far as I understand, the nonce serves to validate the initial HMAC, which serves as a pre-commitment to the authenticity of the message within its original context.
1. 8
This is interesting and I am prolly going to use it in our services. Could you talk more about the underlying protocol?
So we rewrote gRPC and migrated our live network. DRPC is a drop-in replacement that handles everything we needed from gRPC
and
It’s worth pointing out that DRPC is not the same protocol as gRPC, and DRPC clients cannot speak to gRPC servers and vice versa.
How it is a drop in replacement if both client and server needs to be changed
1. 15
This is interesting and I am prolly going to use it in our services. Could you talk more about the underlying protocol?
The wire format used is defined here.
Logically, a sequence of Packets are sent back and forth over the wire. Each Packet has a enumerated kind, a message id (to order messages within a stream), a stream id (to identify which stream), and a payload. To bound the payload size, Packets are split into Frames which are marshaled and sent.
A marshaled Frames has a single header byte, the varint encoded stream and message ids, a varint encoded length, and that many bytes of payload. The header byte contains the kind, if it is the last frame for a Packet, and a control bit reserved for future use (the implementation currently ignores any frame with that bit set).
Because there’s no multiplexing at this layer, the reader can assume the Frames come in contiguously with non-decreasing ids, limiting the amount of memory and buffer space required to a single Packet. The Frame writing code is as simple as appending some varints, and the reading code is about 20 lines, neither of which have any code paths that can panic.
How it is a drop in replacement if both client and server needs to be changed
There’s a drpcmigrate package that has some helpers to let you serve both DRPC and gRPC clients on the same port by having the DRPC clients send a header that does not collide with anything. You first migrate the servers to do both, and can then migrate the clients.
The drop in replacement part refers to the generated code being source code API compatible in the sense that you can register any gRPC server implementation with the DRPC libraries with no changes required. The semantics of the streams and stuff are designed to match.
Sorry if this was unclear. There’s multiple dimensions of compatibility and it’s hard to clearly talk about them.
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(not the one who asked). Thank you for the comment. Do you plan to document the protocol somewhere (other than code)? It seems to me a RPC protocol needs a healthy ecosystem of implementations in many languages to be viable long term :-)
(edit: I mean document it cleanly, with request/reply behavior, and talk about the various transports that are supported.)
1. 6
You are absolutely right that having good documentation is essential, and I’ve created a github issue to start to keep track of the most important bits I can think of off the top of my head. To be honest, I’ve always struggled a bit with documentation, but I’m trying to work on it. In fact, the current CI system will fail if any exported symbols do not have a doc string. :) Thanks for bringing this up.
2. 2
Thanks for the explanation! Are there any plans for writing Python client/server?
1. 4
I do hope to get more languages supported. I created an issue to add Python support. I don’t currently deal with any Python code, so help will probably be needed to make sure it “fits” correctly with existing codebases.
1. 1
I have started looking into the drpcwire code, I will wait for the documentation. Meanwhile, is there any place, like IRC, Discord where drpc/storj developers hang out? The Python issue is tagged help-wanted, so, can I be of any help?
1. 3
The worst part of gRPC is its crappy protobuf notation. This tool doesn’t address anything about that.
I’m wondering why I got banned when I tried to promote another RPC tool with a throwaway account.
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I’m wondering why I got banned when I tried to promote another RPC tool with a throwaway account.
Sockpuppeting on Lobsters is heavily frowned upon.
1. 13
promote … with a throwaway account.
That. Don’t use throwaway accounts and shill projects.
1. 4
Do you mean the service definitions being .proto files? If so, DRPC has a very modular design, and all of the functionality is implemented by referring to only the interfaces defined in the main module. Because of that, you can effectively manually write out the code generated glue, or generate it in some other way. Here’s an example of that: https://play.golang.org/p/JQcS2A9S8QX
1. 1
I’m wondering why I got banned when I tried to promote another RPC tool with a throwaway account.
Which tool were you trying to promote?
1. 6
He got banned again so we may never know
1. 13
Who thinks it’s a good idea to tell everybody they’re a spammer?
1. 2
Growth hackers.
2. 4
1. 4
You can check the moderation log for timestamp 2021-04-17 12:40 -0500
1. 1
click through to their username, which includes a ban reason.
1. 8
I haven’t read rsc’s critique of the article yet, but while reading the tables I’m thinking, why are they comparing different CockroachDB versions? Surely, if the point was to find bloat over time due to changes in Go, one would want to look at the same program across Go versions?
1. 25
I took the time to do my best to compile an older and a newer version of the code with many different Go versions and here’s what I got:
v1.0 v20.2.0
1.8 58,099,688 n/a
1.9 57,897,616 314,191,032
1.10 57,722,520 313,669,616
1.11 48,961,712 233,170,304
1.12 52,440,168 236,192,600
1.13 50,844,048 214,373,144
1.14 50,527,320 212,699,656
1.15 47,910,360 201,391,416
1.16 47,317,624 205,018,136
I couldn’t compile v20.2.0 on go1.8 because of the large use of type aliases that would take a very long time to remove. I already had to make some other smaller changes or backports of standard library code to have it compile, and type aliases crossed the line for me.
The overall binary size has decreased by 20% to 33% which means that all of this “dark code” is just their inability to understand their binary, and all of the growth is due to their code base.
I noticed in the process of getting these numbers that an awful lot of C/C++ compiling and javascript webpacking was going on. It turns out, there’s about 7M of javascript embedded in the Go binary, as well as these archives linked in:
librocksdb.a 69M
libcryptopp.a 28M
libprotobuf.a 22M
libgssapi_krb5.a 3.9M
ibroachccl.a 2.3M
libgeos.so 2.3M
libproj.a 2.2M
libsnappy.a 168K
I have no idea how much they make up of the resulting binary, but I’d be surprised if it was negligible.
1. 8
Thank you!
2. 2
Most likely the current version doesn’t build with old Go. Probably there exists an older version that builds across all Go versions, but then the numbers wouldn’t be as “impressive” :-P
1. 2
Yes this is the usual reason. When I benchmarked how Rust compilation speed changed over the years, it was tricky to find a library that compiled down to Rust 1.0. I ended up using an old version of library to parse URL.
1. 53
1. A minor issue, but the Go program has a data race. The i loop variable is captured in the spawned goroutines while it is mutated by the outer loop. Fixing it doesn’t change the results of the program. It’s also immediately caught when built with the -race flag. Rust being data race free by construction is a super power.
2. Changing the amount of spawned goroutines/threads to 50,000 has a noticeable difference between the two on my machine. The Go program still completes in a timely fashion with ~5x the rss and no negative impacts on the rest of my system:
real 11.25s
user 41.49s
sys 0.70s
but the Rust version immediately causes my system to come to a crawl. UIs stop responding, audio starts stuttering, and eventually it crashes:
thread 'main' panicked at 'failed to spawn thread: Os { code: 11, kind: WouldBlock, message: "Resource temporarily unavailable" }', src/libcore/result.rs:1189:5
note: run with RUST_BACKTRACE=1 environment variable to display a backtrace.
Command exited with non-zero status 101
real 16.39s
user 23.76s
sys 98.50s
So while it may not be significantly lighter than threads as far as this one measure is concerned, there is definitely some resource that threads are taking up that goroutines are not. I checked on some production monitoring systems to see how many active goroutines they had, and they were sitting comfortably in the 20-30k area. I wonder if they were using threads how they would fare.
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Rust being data race free by construction is a super power.
Well, it also necessarily prohibits entire classes of useful and productive patterns… it was a design decision, with pros and cons, but certainly not strictly better.
1. 4
Strong plus +1. I wish, for application development, it was possible to remove lifetimes, borrow-checker and manual memory management (which are not that useful for this domain) and to keep only fearless concurrency (which is useful even (more so?) in high-level languages). Alas, it seems that Rust’s thread-safety banana is tightly attached to the rest of the jungle.
1. 7
FWIW. Ponylang has exactly this:
• no lifetimes, data is either known statically via simple escape analysis or traced at runtime
• no borrow checker, although it does have a stricter reference capability system
• no manual memory management: uses a deterministically invoked (excluding shared, send data) Mark-and-no-sweep GC
• has the equivalent Send and Sync traits in its reference capability system which provide the same static guarantees
As with everything though it has its own trade offs; Whether that be in its ref-cap system, lack of explicit control in the system, etc.
2. 4
To prevent that Rust error, I believe you need to change vm.max_map_count: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/78497#issuecomment-730055721
1. 4
That seems to me like the kind of thing Rust should do to some extent on its own!
2. 3
I’d be interested to see how many threads ended up scheduled with the Go example. My guess is not many al all: IIRC the compiler recognizes those sleeps as a safe place to yield control from the goroutines. So I suspect you end up packing them densely on to threads.
1. 25
I think threads are better than a lot of people think, but in this case the measurement strikes me as a bit naive. Go very likely consumes more memory than strictly needed because of the GC overhead. The actual memory occupied by goroutines could be less than half the memory used in total, but here we only see goroutine overhead + GC overhead without a way of separating them.
1. 8
What overhead specifically? Stack maps for GC?
The benchmark doesn’t seem to have many heap objects, and I thought Go used a conservative/imprecise GC anyway so objects don’t have GC space overhead (mark bits, etc.). Although I think the GC changed many times and I haven’t followed all the changes.
1. 7
The GC has been fully precise since Go 1.4.
1. 6
OK that’s what I suspected, but as far as I can tell it’s a moot point because the benchmark doesn’t have enough GC’d objects for it to matter. Happy to be corrected.
2. 5
I think when people speak of GC overhead they’re not talking about the per-object overhead of tracking data. Rather, the total amount of memory space one needs to set aside to cover both memory actually in use, and memory no longer in use but not yet collected: garbage. This can often be quite a lot larger than the working set, especially if there is a lot of churn.
1. 3
Where does that exist in the benchmark?
I see that each goroutine calculates a hash and calls time.Sleep(). I don’t see any garbage (or at least not enough to know what the grandparent comment is talking about)
1. 1
The space can be reserved for future collections anyway. It’s well known that GCs require more space than strictly needed for alive objects.
1. 8
This was an interesting article, it breaks down the issues with net.IP well, and describes the path to the current solution well.
But.
This isn’t a difficult problem. Don’t waste a ton of space, don’t allocate everywhere, make it possible to make the type a key in the language’s standard map implementation. In C++, this would’ve been easy. In Rust, this would’ve been easy. In C, this would’ve been easy (assuming you’re using some kind of halfway decent map abstraction). It doesn’t speak well of Go’s aspiration to be a systems programming language that doing this easy task in Go requires a bunch of ugly hacks and a separate package to make a string deduplicator which uses uintptrs to fool the garbage collector and relies on finalizers to clean up. I can’t help but think that this would’ve been a very straightforward problem to solve in Rust with traits or C++ with operator overloading or even Java with its Comparable generic interface.
That’s not to say that the resulting netaddr.IP type is bad, it seems like basically the best possible implementation in Go. But there are clearly some severe limitations in the Go language to make it necessary.
1. 11
Almost all of the complexity that happened here is related to the ipv6 zone string combined with fitting the value in 24 bytes. Given that a pointer is 8 bytes and an ipv6 address is 16 bytes, you must use only a single pointer for the zone. Then, having amortized zero allocations with no space leaks for the zone portion, some form of interning with automatic cleanup is required.
If this is as easy as you claim in C/C++/Rust/whatever real systems language you want, can you provide a code snippet implementing it? I’d be happy to audit to see if it does meet the same (or better!) constraints.
1. 6
Here’s a C++ version: https://godbolt.org/z/E3WGPb - see the bottom for a usage example.
Now, C++ is a terrible language in many ways. It makes everything look super complicated, and there’s a lot of seemingly unnecessary code there, but almost all of that stems from having to make my own RAII type, which includes writing the default constructor, the move constructor, the copy constructor, the destructor, the move operator= and the copy operator=. That complexity is just par for the course in C++.
One advantage of the netaddr.IP type is that it doesn’t allocate for every zone, just for every new zone, thanks to the “intern” system. My code will allocate space for the zone for every IPv6 address with a zone. One could definitely implement a “zone cache” system for my IPZone type though, maybe using a shared_ptr instead of a raw pointer for refcounting. One would have to look at usage patterns to see whether the extra complexity and potential memory/CPU overhead would be worth it or if zones are so infrequently used that it doesn’t matter. At least you have the choice in C++ though (and it wouldn’t rely on finalizers and fooling the GC).
1. 7
They also had the choice to just make a copy of every string when parsing and avoid all of the “ugly hacks”. Additionally, a shared_ptr is 16 bytes, so you’d have to figure out some other way to pack that in to the IPAddress without allocations. So far, I don’t think you’ve created an equivalent type without any “ugly hacks”. Would you like to try again?
1. 6
I don’t think they had the choice to just copy the zone strings? My reading of the article was that the intern system was 100% a result of the constraint that A) IP addresses with no zone should be no bigger than 24 bytes and B) it should be possible to use IP addresses as keys. I didn’t see concern over the memory usage of an IP address’s zone string. Whether that’s important or not depends on whether zones are used frequently or almost never.
It’s obviously hard to write a type when the requirements are hypothetical and there’s no data. But here’s a version with a zone string cache: https://godbolt.org/z/P9MWvf. Here, the zone is a uint64_t on the IP address, where 0 represents an IPv4 address, 1 represents an IPv6 address with no zone, and any other number refers to some refcounted zone kept in that IPZoneCache class. This is the “zone mapping table” solution mentioned in the article, but it works properly because the IPAddress class’s destructor decrements the reference count.
1. 7
I don’t think they had the choice to just copy the zone strings? My reading of the article was that the intern system was 100% a result of the constraint that A) IP addresses with no zone should be no bigger than 24 bytes and B) it should be possible to use IP addresses as keys.
Indeed, interning is required by the 24 byte limit. That Interning avoids copies seems to be a secondary benefit meeting the “allocation free” goal. It was a mistake to imply that copying would allow a 24 byte representation and that interning was only to reduce allocations.
That said, your first solution gets away with avoiding interning because it uses C style (null terminated) strings so the reference only takes up a single pointer. Somehow, I don’t think that people would be happier if Go allowed or used C style strings, though, and some might consider using them an “ugly hack”.
I didn’t see concern over the memory usage of an IP address’s zone string. Whether that’s important or not depends on whether zones are used frequently or almost never.
One of the design criteria in the article was “allocation free”.
It’s obviously hard to write a type when the requirements are hypothetical and there’s no data. But here’s a version with a zone string cache: https://godbolt.org/z/P9MWvf.
Great! From what I can tell, this does indeed solve the problem. I appreciate you taking the time to write these samples up.
I have a couple of points to make about your C++ version and some hypothetical C or Rust versions as compared to the Go version, though.
1. It took your C++ code approximately 60 lines to create the ref-counted cache for interning. Similarly, stripping comments and reducing the intern package they wrote to a similar feature set also brings it to around 60 lines. Since it’s not more code, I assume the objection is to the kind of code that is written? If so, I can see that the C++ code you provided looks very much like straightforward C++ code whereas the Go intern package is very much not. That said, the authors of the intern package often work on the Go runtime where these sorts of tricks are more common.
2. In a hypothetical C solution that mirrors your C++ solution, it would need a hash-map library (as you stated). Would you not consider it an ugly hack to have to write one of those every time? Would that push the bar for implementing it C from “easy” towards “difficult”? Why should the Go solution not be afforded the same courtesy under the (now valid) assumption that an intern library exists?
3. I’ll note that when other languages gain a library that increases the capabilities, even if that library does unsafe hacks, it’s often viewed as a positive sign that the language is powerful enough to express the concept. Why not in this case?
4. In a hypothetical Rust solution, the internal representation (I think. Please correct me if I’m wrong) can’t use the enum feature because the tag would push the size limits past 24 bytes. Assuming that’s true, would you consider it an ugly hack to hand-roll your own union type, perhaps using unsafe, to get the same data size layout?
5. All of these languages would trivially solve the problem easily and idiomatically if the size was allowed to be 32 bytes and allocations were allowed (this is take 2 in the blog post). Similarly, I think they all have to overcome significant and non-obvious challenges to hit 24 bytes with no allocations as they did.
Anyway, I want to thank you for engaging and writing some code to demonstrate the type in C++. That’s effort you don’t usually get on the internet. This conversation has caused me to update my beliefs to agree more with adding interning or weak references to the language/standard library. Hopefully my arguments have been as useful to you.
2. 4
I agree—if Go is a systems language. But I don’t think it ever was supposed to be. Or if it was, it’s (in my opinion) really bad at it. Definitely worse than even something like C#, for exactly the reasons you’re highlighting.
I think Go was more originally designed to be a much faster language than Python (or perhaps Java), specifically for Google’s needs, and thus designed to compete with those for high-performance servers. And it’s fine at that. And I’ve thought about solving this kind of issue in those languages, too, using things like array in Python for example.
So I agree Go isn’t a good systems language, but I think that was a bit of retcon. It’s a compiled high-level language that could replace Python usage at Google. It’s not competing with Rust, C, Zig, etc.
1. 3
Ok, I can buy that. IIRC, it was originally promoted as a systems language, but it seems like they’ve gone away from that branding as well. There’s a lot of value to something like “a really fast, natively compiled Python”.
But even then, this article seems to demonstrate a pretty big limitation. Something as simple as using a custom IP address type as the key in a map, ignoring everything performance-related, seems extremely difficult. How would you write an IP address struct which stores an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address with an optional zone, which can be used a the key in a map, even ignoring memory usage and performance? Because that would be easy in Python too; just implement __hash__ and __eq__.
This is a problem which isn’t just related to Go’s positioning, be it a “systems language” or a “faster python”. Near the bottom we have C, where an IP address -> whatever map is about as difficult as any other kind of map. Slightly above, we have C++ and Rust, where the built-in types let you use your IP address class/struct as a key with no performance penalty, since you stamp out a purpose-built “IP address to whatever” map using templates. Above that again, we have Java and C#, which also makes it easy, though at a performance cost due to virtual calls (because genetics aren’t templates), though maybe the JIT optimises out the virtual call, who knows. Near the top, we have Python which makes it arguably even more straightforward than Java thanks to duck typing.
Basically, unless you put Go at the very bottom of the stack alongside C, this should be an easy task regardless of where you consider Go to fit in.
1. 3
IIRC, it was originally promoted as a systems language, but it seems like they’ve gone away from that branding as well.
I believe you’re correct about how Google promoted it. I just remember looking at it, thinking “this is absolutely not a systems language; it’s Limbo (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbo_(programming_language), but honestly kind of worse, and without the interesting runtime,” and continuing to not use it. So I’m not sure the team itself actually thought they were doing a systems language.
But even then, this article seems to demonstrate a pretty big limitation. Something as simple as using a custom IP address type as the key in a map, ignoring everything performance-related, seems extremely difficult.
I completely agree, but that’s changing the discussion to whether Go is a good language, period. And since I mostly see that devolving into a flame war, I’m just going to just say that I think you have a lot of company, and also that clearly lots of people love the language despite any warts it has.
1. 2
I completely agree, but that’s changing the discussion to whether Go is a good language, period. And since I mostly see that devolving into a flame war, I’m just going to just say that I think you have a lot of company, and also that clearly lots of people love the language despite any warts it has.
My relationship with the language is… Complicated. I often enjoy it, I use it for work, and when I just want to write a small tool (such as when I wrote a process tree viewer) it’s generally my go-to “scripting” language these days. But I hate how the module system puts URLs to random git hosting websites in my source code, there’s a lot of things I dislike about the tooling, and the inability write a datastructure which acts like the built-in datastructures and the inability to write a type which works with the built-in datastructures are both super annoying issues which none of the other languages I use have. I’m hoping Go 2 will fix some of the bigger problems, and I’m always worried about which directions the corporate management at Google will take the language or its tooling/infrastructure.
But you’re right, this is tantamount to flamewar bait so I’ll stop now.
1. 12
It’s nice to bring some nuance to the discussion: some languages and ecosystems have it worse than others.
To add some more nuance, here’s a tradeoff about the “throw it in an executor” solution that I rarely see discussed. How many threads do you create?
Well, first, you can either have it be bounded or unbounded. Unbounded seems obviously problematic because the whole point of async code is to avoid the heaviness one thread per task, and you may end up hitting that worst case.
But bounded has a less obvious issue in that it effectively becomes a semaphore. Imaging having two sync tasks, A and B where the result of B ends up unblocking A (think mutex) and a thread pool of size 1. If you attempt to throw both on a thread pool, and A ends up scheduled and B doesn’t, you get a deadlock.
You don’t even need dependencies between tasks, either. If you have an async task that dispatches a sync task that dispatches an async task that dispatches a sync task, and your threadpool doesn’t have enough room, you can hit it again. Switching between the worlds still comes with edge cases.
This may seem rare and it probably is, especially for threadpools of any appreciable size, but I’ve hit it in production before (on Twisted Python). It was a relief when I stopped having to think about these issues entirely.
1. 3
Imaging having two sync tasks, A and B where the result of B ends up unblocking A (think mutex)
Isn’t this an antipattern for async in general? Typically you’d either a) make sure to release the mutex before yielding, or b) change he interaction to “B notifies A”, right?
1. 4
Changing the interaction to “B notifies A” doesn’t fix anything because presumably A waits until it is notified, taking up a threadpool slot, making it so that B can never notify A. Additionally, it’s not always obvious when one sync task depends on another, especially if you allow your sync tasks to block on the result of an async task. In my experience, that sort of thing happens when you have to bolt the two worlds together.
1. 2
It’s a general problem. It can happen whenever you have a threadpool, no matter whether it’s sync or async.
2. 3
But bounded has a less obvious issue in that it effectively becomes a semaphore. Imaging having two sync tasks, A and B where the result of B ends up unblocking A (think mutex) and a thread pool of size 1. If you attempt to throw both on a thread pool, and A ends up scheduled and B doesn’t, you get a deadlock.
Thread-based work scheduling can, imo, be just as complicated as async scheduling. The biggest difference is that async scheduling makes you pay the cost in code complexity (through function coloring, concurrency runtimes, etc) while thread-based scheduling makes you pay the cost in operational and architectural complexity (by deciding how many thread pools to have, which tasks should run on which pools, how large each pool should be, how long we should wait to retry to grab a thread from the pool, etc, etc). While shifting the complexity to operational and architectural complexity might seem to shift the work up to operators or some dedicate operationalizing phase, in practice the context lost by lifting decisions up to this level can make tradeoffs for pools and tasks non-obvious, making it harder to make good decisions. Also, as workloads change over time, new thread pools may need to be created and these new pools necessitate rebalancing of other pools, which requires a lot of churn. Async has none of these drawbacks (though to be clear, it has its own unique drawbacks.)
1. 8
I’ve never designed a system like this or worked on a system designed like this before. I’ve never had one task depend on the value of another task while both tasks were scheduled simultaneously.
Here’s perhaps a not-unreasonable scenario: imagine a cache with an API to retrieve some value for a key if it exists and otherwise compute, store, and return it. The cache exports an async API and the callback it runs to compute the value ends up dispatching a sync task to a threadpool (maybe it’s a database query using a sync library). We want the cache to be able to be accessed from multiple threads, so it is wrapped in a sync mutex.
Now imagine that an async task tries to use the cache that is backed by a threadpool of size 1. The task disaptches a thread which acquires the sync mutex, calls to get some value (waiting however on the returned future), and assuming it doesn’t exist, the cache blocks forever because it cannot dispatch the task to produce the value. The size of 1 isn’t special: this can happen with any bounded size thread pool under enough concurrent load.
One may object to the sync mutex, but you can have the same issue if the cache is recursive in the sense that producing a value may depend on the cache populating other values. I don’t think that’s very far fetched either. Alternatively, the cache may be a library used as a component of a sync object that is expected to be used concurrently and that is the part that contains the mutex.
In my experience, the problem is surprisingly easy to accidentally introduce when you have a code base that frequently mixes async and sync code dispatching to each other. Once I started really looking for it, I found many places where it could have happened in the (admittedly very wacky) code base.
1. 3
Fair enough that is a situation that can arise. Those situations I would probably reach for either adding an expiry to my threaded tasks or separating thread pools for DB or cache threads from general application threads. (Perhaps an R/W Lock would help over a regular mutex, but I realize that’s orthogonal to the problem at hand here and probably a pedagogical simplification.) The reality is that mixing sync and async code can be pretty fraught if you’re not careful.
2. 2
I have seen similar scenarios without a user visible mutex: you get deadlocks if a thread on a bounded thread pool waits for another task scheduled on the same thread pool
Of course, there are remedies, e.g. never schedule subtasks on the same thread pool. Timeouts help but still lead to abysmall behavior under load because your threads just idle around until the timeout triggers.
1. 1
Note that you can also run async Rust functions with zero (extra) threads, by polling it on your current thread. A threadpool is not a requirement.
1. 3
Isn’t that equivalent to either a threadpool of size 1 or going back to epoll style event loops? If it’s the former, you haven’t gained anything, and if it’s the latter, you’ve thrown out the benefits of the async keyword.
1. 3
Async has always been a syntax sugar for epoll-style event loops. Number of threads has nothing to do with it, e.g. tokio can switch between single and multi-threaded execution, but so can nginx.
Async gives you higher-level composability of futures, and the ease of writing imperative-like code to build state machines.
1. 29
One thing I don’t think I’m ever going to get is how much Go does in comments. In my mind, comments are a way to communicate something to other humans, or, sometimes, a way to communicate something to some external tool (such as a documentation generator). However, in Go, you configure whether the file should be built in comments, you write C code in comments with CGo, you write shell commands for code generation in comments, and, with 1.16, you embed data into your binary using comments.
I’m all for a kind of extensible meta language; a way to have commands in the code which the compiler proper will skip, but which official tooling might interpret. Something like a #pragma. But… in my mind, the official language toolchain shouldn’t extensively parse my comments.
On the positive side though, I think what embed does is really cool. More languages should have a way to embed arbitrary data into the binary (without hacks).
1. 17
If it helps, you can consider the string //go: to be equivalent to the string #pragma and not think of it as a comment. Reusing the comment syntax has the advantage that parsers/formatters don’t have to worry about parsing anything other than comments. Much like how a shebang (#!/usr/bin/env bash) happens to be a comment in a bunch of scripting languages.
1. 17
Yea, if it was only that, I wouldn’t have been too worried. However, you also have a case where a comment changes the semantics of the following import after the comment. The whole thing seems like a giant hack to me; like “changing the grammar is too much work, so we’ll just make the tooling parse your comments so we don’t have to change the compiler”. I’m not saying that’s how the process is; I’m saying that’s how it feels as an observer.
I would’ve probably done something like C, where lines starting with # are obviously going to be interpreted differently from other lines. The compiler could ignore all lines starting with #, so that the tooling could add new directives in a backwards-compatible way, and parsers/formatters could largely ignore them. It just would’ve been a structured thing instead of essentially parsing prose.
1. 10
The whole thing seems like a giant hack to me; like “changing the grammar is too much work, so we’ll just (…)
This is how I feel about imports as strings. I see no good reason why we need quotation marks around the import paths in Go, it should be obvious for a parser how to deal with a path there. In general the Go syntax is… inconsistent at best.
1. 3
I see no good reason why we need quotation marks around the import paths in Go
This is a guess, but it may be to make plumbing easier in Plan 9/Acme. Syntax like <something> and "something" is easier to match than just something.
1. 1
I think the comment you’re replying to is arguing that it’s not just "something" vs. something, but import "something" vs. import something.
1. 3
Yeah, I know, but multiple imports still need quotation marks to be plumbable:
import (
"path/to/package1"
"path/to/package2"
)
works, whereas
import (
path/to/package1
path/to/package2
)
wouldn’t.
1. 2
Not sure why that would be the case. the plumber gets the whole string either way, expanded out to the surrounding whitespace if there’s no selection.
1. 4
But the plumber has to know somehow that it is a Go import path. The quotation mark syntax in Go (and C) makes that clear.
For example, should test, without quotes, really be treated as a Go/C import path? Wouldn’t that be too broad a rule?
1. 1
The plumber also gets a bunch of context, like the place you plumbed from. It should use that.
2. 3
I thought the same at first, but it’s simpler for the lexer/tokenizer to not have to know what mode it’s in. It’ll (presumably) just output a STRING token, and it’s only the parser that has to know that it’s in an import directive. Go is partly about keeping parsing (and lexing) simple and fast.
3. 6
It’s not my most favourite syntax either, but using #pragma or //go: seems like a really minor issue. I’m not sure what the motivation was for choosing //go: over # or #pragma.
a case where a comment changes the semantics of the following import after the comment
I assume you mean package foo // import "bar" type comments? That one, in particular, was a mistake IMO. But also kind of obsoleted by modules, and not really related to //go: directives.
1. 1
I don’t know what package foo // import "bar" does. Could you elaborate on it?
I was talking mostly about CGo, where you have a giant comment with a mix of C code and #cgo pseudo-directives followed by a line with import "C", where the comment (minus the #cgo lines) is compiled by a C compiler and linked with the binary.
1. 3
It enforces that the package is imported as bar; often used for “vanity paths”; e.g. lobste.rs/mypkg instead of github.com/lobsters/mypkg. This prevents some problem where one dependency might use the lobste.rs path, and the other the github.com path. It’s a bit of a hack, and you can do the same with a go.mod file now.
cgo is kind of a tricky beast, yeah; but also fairly rare. And since you can write any C code in that comment, I’m also not sure how else to do it? Overall, it seems to work fairly well and in the grand scheme of things, it seems like a fairly minor issue to me.
2. 37
But it’s a great way to pretend that it’s a small language with few reserved words.
1. 7
Even with the comment syntax, Go has fewer reserved words than C.
1. 7
While I agree with your comment, it’s a non sequitur. Having fewer reserved words and being a smaller language are two different things. LISP has 0 reserved words, therefore it must be the smallest language, right?
1. 4
Go is still a small language.
2. 3
This is the long-standing rationale for not having comments in JSON, and I think it stands the test of time (and complaints of programmers).
1. 16
This was just paternalistic nonsense on Crockford’s part. While I don’t really understand the Go author’s decision to use comments for pragmas, I would never in my life give up all comments to put a stop to it. An absolute textbook example of cutting off one’s nose to spite one’s face.
1. 16
I think it makes perfect sense for JSON’s intended usage as a data interchange format with good interoperability between all sorts of different environments. Extensions have made this much harder than it needs to be on more than a few occasions in the past.
Now, if you want to use JSON for your config files then sure, it’s annoying. But that wasn’t the intended usage. If you’re driving a square peg through a round hole then you shouldn’t really complain about the peg shape but get a different peg instead.
1. 7
I still don’t buy it. If we’re considering the intended usage, one of the goals that gets thrown around is that it is “easy for humans to read and write” – just as long as they never need to convey something to another human being in the form of a comment!
There are so many other under-specified parts of JSON, like what to do with large integers, or what happens when a document contains duplicate keys. It is extremely frustrating that comments were intentionally and unnecessarily stripped out, while the hard problems were apparently just ignored.
1. 8
HTTP or SMTP are easy for humans to read and write, and don’t have comments either because in the intended usage space it’s not really needed. Like those data formats, JSON is primarily intended to send text from one program to the other, and the “easy for humans to read and write” is more as a debugging and testing aid than anything else.
There are so many other under-specified parts of JSON, like what to do with large integers, or what happens when a document contains duplicate keys. It is extremely frustrating that comments were intentionally and unnecessarily stripped out, while the hard problems were apparently just ignored.
Sure, it could be improved, maybe, but as you mention these are not easy things to define in a compatible way since different languages deal with these things in different ways. But I don’t think that’s a good reason to introduce more interoperability issues.
2. 2
The comment syntax is mainly used together with cgo. Including a header instead of inlining C makes it feel less hacky and allows for syntax highlighting of the C code for a larger range of editors: // #include "project.h".
1. 2
IIRC there was discussion of adding pragma syntax, but it was decided that it’s not worth it to add yet another syntax, since there already existed comment-based pragmas that would have to be kept because of the go 1 compat promise.
1. 6
(Reading the proposal) I am not convinced by type lists as proposed, they seem un-moduloar.
Summary: The bounds on type parameters are “constraints”, which are an extension of existing interface types (which describe a set of methods that the object should have). This makes it easy to declare that values of a parameter type must have a certain method. However, we may also want to use operators / multimethods on those values, and interface types are not expressive enough to specify this. The solution in the Generics proposal is type lists, basically you can define a constraint with a hardcoded list of allowed “underlying types” for your values (in addition to interface constraints).
For example to say “x < y should be supported on values of my type parameter”, the proposal suggests to define the following constraint:
// Ordered is a type constraint that matches any ordered type.
// An ordered type is one that supports the <, <=, >, and >= operators.
type Ordered interface {
type int, int8, int16, int32, int64,
uint, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64, uintptr,
float32, float64,
string
}
I think this is un-modular. This means the standard library will contain a single, authoritative list of all types that can use the comparison operator in generic code. Maybe it’s okay for numeric comparison, but in general this approach sounds like it will add a lot of friction. You want to allow library authors to introduce concepts, and then library users to introduce their own user-defined types satisfying these concepts (as interface types allow for methods as opposed to operators); but this design forces library authors to decide in advance of a fixed list of admitted types.
If you compare with Haskell type classes or Rust traits or Scala implicits, in those languages it is easy to express that comparison operators for a type should be available. In Haskell for example Ord a is a constraint that basically requires that an operator (<) :: a -> a -> Bool is available, and usage of x < y under an explicit Ord a constraint will correctly infer that this is the operator we mean. In other words, a constraint on a type a come with operations that mention a, in more flexible ways than just “I want values at a to have this method”. Ord a is an example of constraint allowing to use a binary operators, but for example Default a is a constraint with that provides a default value of type a (default :: a), so here there is no value of a to call the operation on, a is the output of the overloaded operation default.
1. 0
You want to allow library authors to introduce concepts, and then library users to introduce their own user-defined types satisfying these concepts (as interface types allow for methods as opposed to operators); but this design forces library authors to decide in advance of a fixed list of admitted types.
I don’t think this is true - the example you give is special, because the standard library knows only those types can be comparable, since there’s no operator overloading.
Can you give an example of your issue without using that special case? My understanding is that library authors can define a type constraint that uses an interface, and downstream can then just implement that interface.
Eg.
interface Comparable {
CompareTo(other Comparable) int
}
func SomeAlgo[T Comparable](input []T) {
..
}
1. 2
As I said: it depends on how your concepts can be formulated. If they fit the mold of interfaces (they are about methods that you can call on the values of the parametrized type), then this works well. But when they don’t, it does not. Binary methods / multi-parameter functions like “compare” are not easily presented as interfaces.
In your example, nothing tells you that the two elements to be compared have to be of the same type, while you get this assurance for free with a signature such as (<) :: a -> a -> Bool (it says that the operator < takes two a and returns a Bool). In practice the CompareTo function for a user-defined type will do a type check and fail if the argument does not have the same type, but you can still easily mix things up, pass an argument of the wrong type to a CompareTo method, and get no warning that things are wrong. This is precisely the sort of imprecision that people are trying to solve by adding genericcs in the first place.
1. 1
As I said: it depends on how your concepts can be formulated. If they fit the mold of interfaces (they are about methods that you can call on the values of the parametrized type), then this works well. But when they don’t, it does not.
“Methods that you can call on values” is the only way to express concepts in Go. So I don’t think this is really a restriction. Or, at least, not a new restriction. I understand why some people would feel encumbered by this lack of expressivity — I do too, sometimes — but it’s an important part of what keeps Go so simple.
1. 2
This restriction was apparently problematic enough to the authors of the proposal that it’s their third version trying to devise mechanisms to avoid it (two previous versions used “contracts” presented under different forms). In my top comment, I am making the point that the mechanism they currently propose to work-around the restriction, namely “type lists”, is un-modular and may turn out to cause friction in practice, because it assumes that the person who defines a generic bound knows about all potential users of the bound (technically, this is often called a “closed-world assumptIon”).
(The previous reply made the point that the example is specific to a hardcoded operator of the standard library, so this is fine. I think that if the mechanism was only meant to apply in a couple hardcoded cases, it could be hidden underneath a few predeclared “primitive contracts” (such as comparable, compiler-defined without showing the definition) and not exposed to users. If it is exposed to users, it is probably because there are intended uses in user-libraries.)
1. 2
I believe type lists only exist to allow generic functions to specify which built-in language syntactic forms are allowed on the generic types. The reason why comparable is compiler defined is because it’s impossible to actually define with type lists. Equality (== and !=) is indeed an open set of underlying types (namely, some struct types). Every other built-in bit of syntax does follow the closed-world assumption: there is a finite list of underlying types that support <, for example. I cannot, at least, think of any reason to use type lists except to allow support for things like indexing, range, operators, etc.
I think the reason why they did not define a set of built in primitive contracts is because there’s something of an explosion of possibilities and required names. Here’s a table I made of the different ways a type can be used and what underlying types support them (that I make no claims about being fully correct or exhaustive, it was just a quick attempt):
operation underlying types
-------------- ----------------
<, >, <=, >= [u]int?, string, float?
==, != [u]int?, string, float?, complex?, some structs
+ [u]int?, string, float?, complex?
-, *, / [u]int?, float?, complex?
|, ^, %, &, &^ [u]int?
<<, >> [u]int? but right hand side must be uint?
&&, ||, ! bool
x <- y chan T, chan<- T
<-x chan T, <-chan T
x[n] [n]T, *[n]T, []T, map[K]V, string
x[a:b] [n]T, *[n]T, []T, string
x[a:b:c] [n]T, *[n]T, []T
range [n]T, *[n]T, []T, map[K]V, string, chan T, <-chan T
T{} [n]T, []T, map[K]V, structs
builtins underlying types
--------------- ----------------
len(x) [n]T, *[n]T, []T, map[K]V, chan T, <-chan T, chan<- T, string
cap(x) [n]T, *[n]T, []T, chan T, <-chan T, chan<- T
make(T) map[K]V, chan T, <-chan T, chan<- T
make(T, n) map[K]V, chan T, <-chan T, chan<- T, []T
make(T, n, m) []T
delete(m, k) map[K]V
other special cases why
------------------- ---
append(t []T, ts ...T) but if T is byte, then ts can be a string
copy(d, s []T) but if T is byte, then s can be a string
complex(a, b) float? and outputs complex?
real(a), imag(a) complex? and outputs float?
I hope that demonstrates some of the complexity of attempting to come up with a taxonomy of the allowed syntactic forms and why it might be reasonable to just leave that up to the users, especially when it is, indeed, a closed world except for equality. If I recall, the idea of defining builtin contracts was brought up many times during the design iteration, and it always failed when working out the specific details.
All that said, I find type lists to be particularly inelegant, and my least favorite aspect of the design. I hope something else is found to solve the problem: The desire to explicitly specify what syntax you are allowed to use on generic types so that you cannot silently break users of your generic function during a refactoring. For example, changing a usage of T{} to make(T) isn’t always valid for every T.
Also, as you noted, the example above that gave a non-type safe compare interface and function using it. The type safe version would be
type Comparable[T any] interface {
CompareTo(T) int
}
func SomeAlgo[T Comparable[T]](input []T) {
..
}
which requires methods of signature like
func (m MyType) CompareTo(n MyType) int { ... }
to satisfy the interface.
1. 1
1. 1
Your example defines an interface ComparableWith[T] of things that can be compared with T (I made a slight renaming to clarify my question). Is it possible in Go to express the interface of “being comparable to oneself”? I can always use [T ComparableWith[T]] to express the same bound, but it would be nice to be able to write
type Comparable interface {
CompareTo(Self) int
}
fun SomeAlgo[T Comparable](input []T) { ... }
I’m not aware of a way to express those “self types” in Go (and I can’t find them in the specification), but I’m not a Go expert so I thought I would ask.
1. 1
There is no “self type” currently in the language and I don’t believe anything like that exists in the current proposal, so I do not believe so.
1. 2
In this specific case, I believe the model only fails if you pick the constants appropriately: spawn more goroutines than buffered slots. But that’s basically the bug in the first place, so it leaves me with the feeling that it helps you find the bug if you know what the bug is already. That said, I can see how writing the model might help focus the author on the choice of constants and help them discover the bug.
I’d be interested to hear the authors thoughts on that. Does that feeling sound fair? Are there tools that would find choices for the constants that fail for you?
1. 6
In this case I modeled it to closely match the code, but normally you’d design the spec so that it “sweeps” through a space of possible initial values. It’d look something like
variables
Routines \in {1..x: x \in 1..MaxRoutines};
NumTokens \in 1..MaxTokens;
channels = [limitCh |-> 0, found |-> {}];
buffered = [limitCh |-> NumTokens];
initialized = [w \in Routines |-> FALSE];
Then it would try 1 routine and 1 token, 1 routine and 2 tokens, etc.
1. 1
Here I believe the NumRoutines constant exists to ensure the model is bounded– TLC will check every number of potential goroutines from 1 to whatever NumRoutines ends up being. In addition, there are actually only two buffered channels to begin with (“limitCh” and “found”). As long as NumRoutines >= 3, then, TLA will find this issue.
In my experience writing the model helps you better understand the problem and thus pick appropriate constants (as you mentioned). But even if it didn’t, it wouldn’t be unreasonable with this spec to plug in 10 for NumRoutines and see what happens.
With TLA+ models I find that I wind up with an emotion similar to writing untested code: if it 100% works the first time I get immediately suspicious and start poking at things until they break as a means to convince myself it was actually working.
1. 1
In addition, there are actually only two buffered channels to begin with (“limitCh” and “found”). As long as NumRoutines >= 3, then, TLA will find this issue.
I disagree. Found is unbuffered, and limitCh is buffered. I believe it will only find the bug if NumRoutines >= the buffer size of limitCh.
1. 1
Oh beans, in my pre-meeting rush I misread the spec. Which is definitely a separate problem!
So it looks like limitCh has a buffer the size of NumTokens and you’d want to ensure you pick NumRoutines > NumTokens during one of the runs, right? I’m not sure there’s a tool that checks your work there.
2. 1
Here I believe the NumRoutines constant exists to ensure the model is bounded– TLC will check every number of potential goroutines from 1 to whatever NumRoutines ends up being. In addition, there are actually only two buffered channels to begin with (“limitCh” and “found”). As long as NumRoutines >= 3, then, TLA will find this issue.
While that’s best practice, here I fixed the number of routines at NumRoutines for simplicity. It will find also find a bug with 2 routines and 1 token.
1. 21
This is hands down the best article I have ever read on NAT traversal. I’ve spent years of my life dealing with all of the fun issues that come up (for example, some UPnP implementations care about the Case-Sensitivity of the headers sent in the faux-HTTP request, and they don’t all agree!), and I still learned things reading it.
1. 10
Thank you! In return, I’ve just learned that some UPnP implementations care about header case. Thanks, I hate it!
But seriously, that’s great intel and TIL :). If you have references for what empirical behaviors you discovered, I’m interested!
1. 5
I don’t have any references, but I can say that I’ve also seen:
1. Routers may or may not like SOAPAction header value double quoted.
2. Routers may reject have multiple mappings to the same internal port, even with distinct destination IPs. For example, if you have a mapping for external port 8080 to internal address 192.168.1.100:7070, it will reject adding a mapping for external port 8181 to internal address 192.168.1.200:7070 because the internal port “collides”.
I think that’s all I can remember, and I don’t remember any data about how often these things occurred. Consumer routers are amazing creatures.
1. 5
Amazing creatures indeed. Thanks for the tips! So far, it seems that, thankfully, most routers these days that offer UPnP IGD also offer NAT-PMP or PCP. UPnP does grab a teeny bit more of the long tail, but you can sort of get away with ignoring UPnP in a lot of cases.
1. 5
Been waiting for this release, very nice! Hope binary sizes keep shrinking.
1. 2
Provided they don’t become absurd, why do you care about binary sizes?
1. 3
I’ve got some pretty slow internet - this morning I was downloading terraform 0.13 at ~70kb/s, haha. Granted, it’s a particularly large example.
Go hello world is ~10 MB. I understand there’s a lot of runtime packed in there (or something else? Go binaries compress particularly well, so there’s not a lot of entropy somewhere), but for some perspective I’ll beat the dead horse and say statically including musl libc weighs ~1 MB at most. So, it would be pretty cool to have like, 5 MB go hello world. I’d guess the go linker could be more smart, I never actually bothered to look at what’s taking up space.
In the end, it’s not really an issue for me personally. Definitely being idealistic here. I’d guess the engineering effort involved would just not be worth it, at least not to Google.
1. 1
10MB seemed outrageous to me, so I checked. Using
package main
import "fmt"
func main() { fmt.Println("Hello, world!") }
the binary output is 2MB for both 1.14 and 1.15. So I guess it’s pretty cool?
Also, since this release does shrink binary sizes, it shows that people are spending the engineering effort involved to shrink them.
1. 2
Ah sorry, I didn’t actually bother to verify my poor memory there. Thanks.
2. 1
Yes. I wish there was something like Go that could produce relly tiny ELF files.
1. 3
Does tinygo help?
1. 2
Have you looked at upx? Shrinks my Go binary by 50%.
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mikeperham staff 5910544 Aug 12 12:32 faktory
-rwxr-xr-x 1 mikeperham staff 11506756 Aug 12 12:32 faktory-big
https://upx.github.io
1. 3
It helps, but I’m thinking that an “hello world” ELF file making one system call to print the message and one to exit the program should take less than two kilobytes, not close to two megabytes (or more).
What is the Go compiler storing in a “hello world” executable to make it that large, and more importantly: why are unused bytes not automatically removed?
1. 3
Compared to C, there’s the addition of a garbage collector and a unicode database, at minimum.
1. 1
1. 2
Can you provide a list of all of the locations for all of the unicode databases on every one of these systems: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/master/src/go/build/syslist.go#L10
Additionally, provide the methods of interfacing with them, what their differences are, and what their commonalities are? Please be sure to do that for every version of Go for the last 10 years.
Too much work? I agree.
1. 1
Not one designed for fast in-memory access using, say, a paged array data structure. You really don’t want to parse and convert the UnicodeData.txt files provided by the unicode consortium into a reasonable query structure every time you start a binary that does text processing.
2. 1
You want Rust? Go always includes a managed runtime for GC, et al.
1. 1
No, I get that Go and Rust aims for different things, but I don’t understand why the runtime is included if it’s not being used.
1. 2
Because for any non-trivial program, the runtime will be included. Why care about optimizing binary size of a program that is useless?
1. 1
Embedded platforms often require small sizes. And I would love to use Go for writing a 4k demoscene demo, if it had been possible.
Regardless of the above, why include unused bytes in the first place?
1. 2
Because there’s engineering effort involved both in initial implementation and long term maintenance. Approximately zero programs would benefit from that engineering effort.
1. 1
I agree that there is effort required to implement it in the first place, but fewer bytes emitted usually results in a lower maintenance cost. That’s my intuition, at least.
All it takes is one dedicated developer that decides to send a pull request.
1. 2
I think you are misestimating multiple things.
1. The set of useful programs that do not use the runtime. You cannot allocate, use goroutines, use channels, use maps, use interfaces, or large portions of the reflect library, just to get started.
2. The effort involved to make the runtime removed from the small programs that don’t use it. The dead code elimination required is a non-trivial problem due to things like package initialization, generating tracebacks on crashes, etc.
3. The ongoing effort involved in maintaining that code. It would have to remain under test, work on all of the environments that support it, etc. That the compiler outputs less bytes in some specialized programs that can basically only add numbers does not imply that there would be less things to maintain going forward.
There is no calculus that makes this a useful optimization. The developers consistently have been putting in large efforts (like rewriting the linker, for example) to get even marginal (1-5%) reductions in binary size. Not every idea is a good one.
2. 1
should take less than two kilobytes
Compiled a simple “hello world” in both C and Go to static binaries and stripped them.
-rwxr-xr-x 1 rjp rjp 715912 Aug 14 08:42 hw-c
-rw-r--r-- 1 rjp rjp 97 Aug 14 08:41 hw.c
-rwxr-xr-x 1 rjp rjp 849976 Aug 14 08:42 hw-go
-rw-r--r-- 1 rjp rjp 52 Aug 14 08:41 hw.go
This is GCC 10.1.0, Go 1.14.6 on Linux 5.7.5-arch1-1, x86_64.
If I upx them, I get
-rwxr-xr-x 1 rjp rjp 283608 Aug 14 08:42 hw-c
-rwxr-xr-x 1 rjp rjp 346748 Aug 14 08:42 hw-go
1. 1
Yes, I dont get why those has to be that large either. Very few assembly instructions are needed.
1. 1
I believe
var _ I = (*A)(nil)
would save you an alloc all together.
1. 2
While that is theoretically correct, it turns out that
var _ I = new(A)
is compiled away, so there is no alloc to remove.
1. 1
But is it Turing complete?
I’ll see myself out. | 2021-09-24 03:09:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2903740704059601, "perplexity": 1865.138624351436}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057496.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20210924020020-20210924050020-00156.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/111258/1-otimes-arccos-frac13-is-not-zero-in-mathbbr-otimes-mathbbq | # $1\otimes \arccos \frac{1}{3}$ is not zero in $\mathbb{R}{\otimes}_{\mathbb{Q}}(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q})$
How to prove that the element $1\otimes \arccos\frac{1}{3}\in\mathbb{R}{\otimes}_{\mathbb{Q}}(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q})$ isn't equal to zero?
I know why $$\arccos\frac{1}{3}\neq \frac{m}{n}\pi,$$ where $m\in\mathbb{Z}$ and $n\in\mathbb{N}$.
So, am I right that sufficiently state on $\mathbb{R}{\otimes}_{\mathbb{Q}}(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q})$ (on decomposable elements) equivalence relation $$x\otimes y \sim x\otimes z \Leftrightarrow (y-z)\in\mathbb{Q}?$$
Thanks.
-
Could you rephrase your last sentence? I don't understand the English grammar. – William DeMeo Feb 20 '12 at 11:25
Oops, I mean the 2nd-to-last sentence. The sentence "Thanks." is fine. :) – William DeMeo Feb 20 '12 at 11:27
The hypothesis that $\arccos\frac{1}{3}\neq \frac{m}{n}\pi$ is irrelevant. What counts is that $\arccos\frac{1}{3}\notin \mathbb Q$.
Choose a basis $(r_i)_{i\in I}$ of $\mathbb R$ over $\mathbb Q$ with $0\in I$ and $x_0=1$.
Every $\xi \in \mathbb{R}{\otimes}_{\mathbb{Q}}(\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Q})$ can be written uniquely as $\xi=\Sigma x_i\otimes \bar y_i$ and in particular $$1\otimes \bar y_i=0 \iff \bar y_i=0 \in \mathbb R/\mathbb{Q}\iff y_i\in \mathbb Q$$
which proves that $1\otimes \overline {\arccos\frac{1}{3}}\neq 0$
-
$@$Georges: I was about to type out a similar answer, but I was stymied at giving a reference for the irrationality of $\arccos \frac{1}{3}$. Do you know of one? – Pete L. Clark Feb 20 '12 at 13:09
@Pete: This has been asked and answered in a separate question. – joriki Feb 20 '12 at 14:30
Thanks a lot to Pete: he was absolutely right to raise the issue. Indeed I didn't know a reference for the irrationality of $\arccos\frac{1}{3}$ and I am extremely grateful to @joriki for providing one. – Georges Elencwajg Feb 20 '12 at 14:38
@Pierre-Yves: If you don't mind my asking, what was wrong with your original post? I remember reading it and thinking to myself "yes, that makes sense", then running off to class. – Jason DeVito Feb 20 '12 at 15:03
@joriki: thanks. – Pete L. Clark Feb 20 '12 at 15:19
WARNING!!! As explained in Georges's comment, the argument below is completely wrong. After having read this comment I deleted the answer, but Jason asked me very kindly what precisely was incorrect. So I decided to undelete it, hoping that it will serve as an example of what one should not do. (I hope the warning is conspicuous enough. If it isn't, please let me know.)
Hint. The tensor $1\otimes a\in\mathbb R\otimes_\mathbb Q\mathbb R/\mathbb Q$ is nonzero if and only if $a$ is irrational.
Proof: The natural $\mathbb Q$-bilinear map $f$ from $\mathbb R\times\mathbb R/\mathbb Q$ to $\mathbb R/\mathbb Q$ sends $(1,a)$ to $a$.
(The map $f$ is defined, with obvious notation, by $f(x,\overline y)=\overline{xy}$.)
Edit. More generally, the argument shows this. Let $A$ be a subring of $B$. Then $1\otimes\overline b$ is zero in $B\otimes_AB/A$ if an only if $b$ is in $A$. (We assume that $B$ is commutative.)
-
Dear Pierre-Yves, I'm afraid the map $f$ is not well defined. Indeed, it would lead to $f(\pi,\bar 0)=\bar 0=f(\pi,\bar 1)=\overline {\pi}\neq \bar 0$ – Georges Elencwajg Feb 20 '12 at 14:25
That really is a subtle error! Thank you again for undeleting it. – Jason DeVito Feb 20 '12 at 15:22 | 2015-05-29 18:47:12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9098820686340332, "perplexity": 477.37554402738306}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207930259.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113210-00024-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/evidence-for-3-quarks-in-protons.285087/ | # Evidence for 3 quarks in protons
1. Jan 15, 2009
### hkyriazi
I'm curious about the nature of the evidence for three quarks -- two up and one down -- in the proton. I assume the data is derived from high energy scattering experiments, and looking at the angles and momenta of the scattered particles. But I don't see how, from such experiments, one can say there are two ups and one down, rather than their simply existing in a ratio of 2:1. In other words, might there be six quarks rather than three (four up, two down)? Is the determination of three based more on theoretical arguments, rather than experimental data?
2. Jan 15, 2009
### Sideways
Yours is a non-trivial question, indeed.
Early scattering experiments at SLAC and CERN did reveal that there was a substructure of protons; these constituents were called "partons". Many physicists over the decades that followed asked the exact same question you did, whether or not these "partons" were indeed the same thing as the "quarks" of Gell-Mann's Eightfold Way.
This question has been largely resolved due to ever-more accurate scattering experiments, but the answer is not that simple. It turns out that, depending on the scattering energy, you "see" not only the three quarks, but the products of gluons and quark-antiquark pairs exchanged between the quarks.
That's all I have time to say for now, but a basic answer is "yes", experiment corroborates the basic 3-quark model (though things are a bit more tricky...)
3. Jan 15, 2009
### clem
The original argument for three quarks in baryons was the fact that this produced the stable spin 1/2 baryon octet and the lowest spin 3/2 baryon decuplet resonances. More quarks would lead to many more unobserved states.
4. Jan 15, 2009
### humanino
5. Jan 15, 2009
### hkyriazi
Thanks, Sideways, Clem, and Humanino. Sideways' response was most suited to my level of (in)expertise, but I got something out of them all. (Clem's comment that six quarks would lead to more states than observed was enlightening.) I'll check out the "parton" ideas, and Gell-Mann's Eightfold Way. (The Nobel Lecture was over my head.)
6. Jan 15, 2009
### humanino
It should be emphasized that Clem correctly said "the original idea" for SU(3) color. One can study the possible representations of the groups that are compatible with the observed symmetry patterns in the spectrum, and come up with SU(3) flavor for u, d and s. Then, from here, one has to postulate a SU(3) color group for the observed states like $\Delta^{++}$. But this still calls confirmation.
The physical argument is given in page 734
allows us to distinguish between quarks and antiquarks. By the same token, the Adler sum rule gives you the difference between the net number of u and d quarks. | 2016-10-25 15:47:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7248339056968689, "perplexity": 1174.9280342251704}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720154.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00200-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.anekdoty.pro/site/wkf665.php?tag=length-of-an-ant-in-mm | length of an ant in mm
I owned one and worked in several Pest Control service companies. In the majority of cases, bed bugs are smaller than ants but do remember that it surely does depend on the type of the ant. All Rights Reserved. The average length to an ant is 7 mm. So even with the ants of the same species, there can be discrepancies regarding their size. As an Amazon Associate, this site earns from qualifying purchases. c. $20 This ant was discovered in fossilized remains in Wyoming, USA. Related: How Big Are Bed Bugs? However, do bear in mind that the termites are, in most cases, a litter bigger than some ants, their size is usually around 6-10 mm (0.23 – 0.4 in) in length. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. An ANT is about 1cm and the park is 100,000 cm So comparing the lengths, the length of the ant divided by the klength f the park is: 1 cm ÷ 100,000 cm = 0.00001 Length of an ant? The size of the ant depends not only on the species but also on the type of a particular ant. That’s a lot! Other ants pay a lot of attention to her. These ants often have a faint blue iridescence. Myrmecia, bulldog ant, is the biggest known ant with a recorded length of 1.6 inches. Army ant queens do not have wings and have an enlarged gaster size. Then keep on reading as we have prepared for you an in-depth informational guide about different ant sizes with a table comparison. If an ant moves 30 mm in 72 s how fast is it moving? (2013)., Size and shape in the evolution of ant worker morphology, Federal University of Parana, Schmidt, Anna & Linksvayer, Timothy & Boomsma, Jacobus & Pedersen, Jes. What year did Halloween fall on a Saturday? One of the main reasons why you might want to know the exact size of different ant species is because you want to be able to compare the size of the ants with other insects. It can reach 6 to 9 mm (0.23 – 0.35 in) in length. By the way, the size of the colony can change when a new season comes. It is relatively easy to identify the queen of the colony. What is the world's biggest ant called? The size of the colony will affect the way the ants defend their nests, how they mate, and even how they look like. The queen has a longer lifespan, and, in most cases, it is much bigger than the other members of the ant colony. The adults are usually 9.7 to 11 mm (0.38 – 0.43 in) in length. You should also read our in-depth guide about the most popular types of ants in the USA. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? Affiliate Disclosure Also, the wings of the termite are longer than their actual body. The truth is that these insects range in size a lot, you can find really tiny ants that are just 0.75 mm (0.03 inches) long and also ‘giant’ insects that grow up to 52 mm (2 inches). Of course, every type of ant has its own characteristics, for example, the size of the body. The queens from the carpenter ants can grow up to 20 mm (0.78 in). These light brown or yellow ants are usually from 1.5 to 2.2 mm (0.06 – 0.086 in) long. For example, during summer, there might be around 300 workers per queen, while in winter the number will increase to 2.000 workers per queen! 1 See answer wendylmatti is waiting for your help. These insects can grow up to 8 mm (0.3 in). How long will the footprints on the moon last? What is the world's biggest ant called? That’s exactly why they got such a weird name. The colonies usually have an egg-laying queen, sterile females that act as workers or soldiers, and winged sexual females and males. What Is All The Braille Pokemon emerald And Ruby? Their workers don’t have any physical differentiations. a. How many times do a clock's hands overlap in a day? b. Winged swarmers can grow up to 18 mm (0.70 in). Cow ant, or red velvet ant, is actually a parasitoid wasp. Are you ready to find out which ant species is the smallest or the biggest one out there? $$\frac{3n+3}{5}$$=$$\frac{5n-1}{9}$$, Which equation shows y=34x−52 in standard form? However, ant pupae can be as large (or, sometimes, even larger) than worker ants of the colony. What food was Thomas Jefferson the first president to eat? Supercolonies form when there are quite a few different ant colonies sharing a single large area. It is very hard to say what is the average size of an ant as there are so many different species. We may also earn small commissions on purchases from other retail websites. A crazy ant worker can be anywhere between 2.3 and 3 mm (0.09 – 0.11) long. wendylmatti is waiting for your help. What is a expanded notation? An ant colony is a rather complicated structure that consists of various groups of ants each of which has its own distinctive functions. Usually, the queen is about 8 mm (0.3 in) long. Winged ants, for example, can easily get mistaken for termites. Termites and ants certainly do share some similarities. Length of an ant in cm units and mm units? During your life, you will, most likely, encounter a variety of different ant types and all of them will be of different sizes. Thank you in advance! A few ants living in a twig can be a colony and then there are also gigantic supercolonies with millions of insects. The average length to an ant is 7 mm. Until the year 2000, for example, the largest supercolony contained around 306 million worker ants and 1 million queens! These giant ants are native to Australia. Worker ants are around 1.3 – 1.5 mm (0.05 – 0.059 in) long. However, we can take carpenter ants for an example as they are one of the most common types of ants, their size can range from 6 mm to 12 mm (15/64″–15/32“) in length. It looks like the largest ant species prefer to live in warm countries. In this article, we took a look at the ant size chart and learned some interesting facts about different species of ants regarding their size. The eggs might look like small white dots, that is how small the things are. The heartier soldiers, however, can be between 9 and 14 mm (0.35 – 0.55 in) in length. This site is using cookies under cookie policy. By the way, the worker’s head capsule is usually at least 1.6 mm (0.06 in) in size. Size of Different Types of Ants: Most Popular Ants, How Do Ants Compare in Size with Similarly Looking Pests. Length of an ant in cm units and mm units? These ants with a light yellow body are tiny, only about 2 mm (0.07 in) long. Unlike a lot of other ant species, panda ants don’t have queens, workers, and drones. 8. 0.4167 mm/s, or 64.96 ft/hr The size of these insects can range between 6 and 12 mm (0.2 – 0.47 in). Queen–worker caste ratio depends on colony size in the pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis), How to Get Rid of Harvester Ants: A Complete Guide, How Long Do Ants Live | Ant Lifespan: Information and Facts, 3 mm (soldiers 9 – 14 mm) | 0.1 in (0.35 – 0.55 in). The workers are small, only about 3 mm (0.1 in) long. Garden ants, also known as common ants, their length is from 3 to 5 mm (0.1 – 0.2 in). Add your answer and earn points. Some of them are really big, even up to a few centimeters. Pavement ants are, in most cases, between 2.75 and 3.2 mm (0.1 – 0.12 in) in length. I love that this is in the ant category. Why is Charlie having so much difficultly talking to Miss Kinnian and other people? -$2 I’m Thomas Matthews, the guy behind Pest Samurai. The average length to an ant is 7 mm. Will give 30 points! Did you know that there are over 12000+ known ant species on our planet? This ant was the size of a hummingbird! -$99 I’m here with my team writing about best pest control practices. They are usually between 2 and 3 mm (0.078 – 0.1 in) long. 4x−3y=10 A Helpful Size and Identification Guide. Which integer represents the total decrease? However, we can take carpenter ants for an example as they are one of the most common types of ants, their size can range from 6 mm to 12 mm (15/64″–15/32“) in length. Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. Size and shape in the evolution of ant worker morphology. Queen–worker caste ratio depends on colony size in the pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis), Department of Biology, Centre for Social Evolution, University of Copenhagen, Shetlar D., Bloetscher B., Andon J., Ants In and Around the Home, Ohio State University. Do you gain or lose an hour of sleep in fall in Daylight Saving Time? What impact does terrorism and cyber crimes have on the fourth amendment? Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? d.$99, This is algebra So, let’s start! The truth is that the largest ant ever discovered lived almost 50 million years ago. These gigantic ants have big eyes and can grow up to 40 mm (1.57 in). Ant eggs are tiny and don’t really depend on the species. Adult carpenter ants can be between 6 to 12 mm (0.236 – 0.47 in) in length. It is very hard to say what is the average size of an ant as there are so many different species. The length of these insects can range from 2.5 to 15 mm (0.098 – 0.59 in). Yes ants do produce ants to continue the family. I have become obsessed with pest control. What is the timing order of an 1985 Plymouth horizon? Workers and queens, for example, have different sizes. For more content about ants and other pests please continue following our site! In general, the size of the worker fire ants ranges from 2 to 6 mm (0.078 – 0.236 in). What is the rhythmic pattern of bahay kubo? The Nile's length is 673,350,000 centimeters. This guide can help you in identifying what type of ant has infested your household. These queens can live for 7 years and are usually around 6 mm (0.2 in) in length. The size of the ant can range between 0.75 to 52 mm (1/32″–2.0“). The size of the ant can range between 0.75 to 52 mm (1/32″–2.0“). There are tiny ants that are very hard to see and really big ants that can even scare some of us. Now you are a real ant expert! 3x−4y=−10 An adult leafcutter ant is usually around 10 mm (0.39 in) long. For example, bullet ants that are also really big and can be found in Brazil, Nicaragua, and some other places with a rainforest climate. 4x−3y=−10 Now let’s see what is the size of some of the most popular ants in the USA. African ants are usually bright in color. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. To find out more about me and my team visit about Pest Samurai page. When did organ music become associated with baseball? The eastern velvet ant is the largest species in the group and can grow up to 19 mm (0.74 in). (2011). 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Is 7 mm it looks like the largest ant ever discovered lived almost 50 million years ago,! To a few different ant sizes with a recorded length of the ant category the colony ants ranges from to! Mm ( 0.1 in ) long 0.2 in ) even larger ) than worker ants and people! Longest reigning WWE Champion of all Time wings of the ant depends not only on type. Is that the largest supercolony contained around 306 million worker ants of most... Years and are usually from 1.5 to 2.2 mm ( 0.1 – 0.2 in ) in.. Out which ant species is the average length to an ant in cm units and mm units usually! Infested your household things are fall in Daylight Saving Time and 7 mm ( –. A single large area these light brown or yellow ants are, in cases. The longest reigning WWE Champion of all Time and cyber crimes have on the of!
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How Long Is Military School, Is Len Dawson Still Alive, Minecraft Fermented Spider Eye, Is Jed Short For Josiah, How Many Calories In Homemade Spring Rolls, What Is The Fastest Jet Ski, Johnny Crawford Wife, Gallant Stem Cell Net Worth, Aice Us History Paper 2, Bolt On Trike Kit, Lanc Remastered Invalid Mac Address, | 2022-10-05 03:09:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2411981076002121, "perplexity": 3534.339193813041}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337531.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005011205-20221005041205-00291.warc.gz"} |
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/integral-calculus/volume-using-calculus-ic/disk-method-ic/v/generalizing-disc-method-around-x-axis | 0 energy points
# Generalizing disk method around x-axis
Generalizing what we did in the last video for f(x) to get the "formula" for using the disk method around the x-axis. Created by Sal Khan. | 2016-10-24 23:53:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 8, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.27104246616363525, "perplexity": 1999.6072559296792}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719815.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00425-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=69598 | # Momentum combination
P: 142 1.)Let us assume that the blocks are in motion, and the x-components of their momenta at a certain moment are $$p_1$$ and $$p_2$$, respectively. (there's a pic attached) Find the x-component of the velocity of the center of mass at that moment. Express your answer in terms of $$m_1,m_2,p_1, p_2$$ my answer is $$v_{cm} = \frac{m_1*p_1+m_2*p_2}{m_1+m_2}$$ but it's incorrect and i dont understand why. i think p stands for point particle. also, i have one more quick quesiton: 2.)Suppose that $$v_{cm} = 0$$. Therefore, the following must be true A.) $$p_1 = p_2$$ B.) $$v_1 = v_2$$ c.) m1 = m2 d.) none of the above for this one, i think that if it's equal to zero, both masses should be equal, is this correct? Attached Thumbnails | 2014-07-23 14:16:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6133114099502563, "perplexity": 272.0167326576923}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997878518.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025758-00229-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://community.wolfram.com/groups/-/m/t/1314197 | [✓] Calculate the following mathematical expression in W|A?
Posted 10 months ago
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4 Replies
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2 Total Likes
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Hello, I am a new user and this is my first post; I'm from Italy (sorry for bad English); I have difficulty in put this data into the online calculator This is my input data (2a-(√4(a)^2)^1/3)/(√2a-(√2a)^(1/3) I haven't understood yet how to modify the syntaxIs there someone who could help me??? Thanks!!!
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Posted 10 months ago
Hi,try this:http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=(2a-(4a%5E2)%5E1%2F3)%2F(Sqrt(2a)-(2a)%5E(1%2F3))Cheers,Marco
Posted 10 months ago
This is awesome! Thanks!!!
Hi,there is not bug in the Wolfram|Alpha. But your expected result is not a general result; i.e you make additional assumptions. If you assume that a is a real number that is positive then the term simplifies to yours. But if a<0 for example Wolfram|Alpha's solution is more appropriate. If you go to one of the (free) cloud products (not Wolfram|alpha) and type in: FullSimplify[(2 a - (4 a^2)^(1/3))/(Sqrt[2 a] - (2 a)^(1/3)), Assumptions -> a \[Element] Reals && a > 0 ] you will get the result you expect. For example: Simplify[2^(1/3) a^(1/3) + Sqrt[2] Sqrt[a] == (2 a - (4 a^2)^(1/3))/(Sqrt[2 a] - (2 a)^(1/3)),Assumptions -> a \[Element] Reals && a > 0 ] evaluates to True, whereas Simplify[2^(1/3) a^(1/3) + Sqrt[2] Sqrt[a] == (2 a - (4 a^2)^(1/3))/(Sqrt[2 a] - (2 a)^(1/3))] evaluates to (a^(2/3) - (a^2)^(1/3))/((-1 + 2^(1/6) a^(1/6)) a^(1/6)) == 0 Cheers,Marco | 2019-01-17 00:40:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47212061285972595, "perplexity": 2742.840577666731}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583658662.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190117000104-20190117022104-00181.warc.gz"} |
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/458128/problem-with-font-math-operator | # Problem with font math operator
this is my first time here because I need a help about main font and math font.
When I use the standard font, there isn't problem, but, when I change the main font, for example "Gill Sans MT", the font of the operators change with the main font. I search on this site a solution without success.
Is there something to force the default math font for the operators?
This is a sample code:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont{Gill Sans MT}
\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
\usepackage{mathtools}
\begin{document}
un po' di testo...
\vspace{2em}
$\sin\alpha$ $sin\,\alpha$ $\mathrm{sin}\,\alpha$
\vspace{2em}
un po' di testo
\end{document}
And this is the result:
Thanks for the future help
• Welcome to TeX SX! Simply load fontspec with the no-math option. – Bernard Nov 3 '18 at 1:45 | 2019-12-08 04:52:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9558345079421997, "perplexity": 4569.999962968026}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540506459.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20191208044407-20191208072407-00399.warc.gz"} |
https://chiselapp.com/user/sgolovan/repository/tclxmpp/hexdump?name=7bd3cfc15d91949581d8b50f5719337120868558 | # TclXMPP
Hex Artifact Content
## Artifact 7bd3cfc15d91949581d8b50f5719337120868558:
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12f10 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 /span></code></t
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12f40 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 d class="ln"></t
12f50 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 d><td class="sf3
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12f80 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
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12fa0 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 p;</span><span c
12fb0 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c lass="sf11b2"> <
12fc0 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
12fd0 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 s="sf11b2"> 
12fe0 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c ;</span><span cl
12ff0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 73 65 74 3c ass="sf3b2">set<
13000 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
13010 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 s="sf11b2"> </sp
13020 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
13030 73 66 38 62 32 22 3e 73 74 61 74 65 3c 2f 73 70 sf8b2">state</sp
13040 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
13050 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 28 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e sf11b2">(</span>
13060 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 <span class="sf3
13070 62 32 22 3e 73 74 61 74 75 73 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e b2">status</span
13080 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
13090 31 31 62 32 22 3e 29 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 11b2">)</span><s
130a0 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
130b0 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 2"> </span><span
130c0 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 64 class="sf3b2">d
130d0 69 73 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 3c 2f 73 70 61 isconnected</spa
130e0 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a n></code></td>..
130f0 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c <td class="ln"><
13100 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 /td><td class="s
13110 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 f3b2"><code><spa
13120 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 n class="sf11b2"
13130 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 > </span><span c
13140 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e lass="sf11b2">&n
13150 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e bsp;</span><span
13160 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e class="sf11b2">
13170 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c </span><span cl
13180 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 ass="sf11b2">&nb
13190 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 sp;</span><span
131a0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 73 65 class="sf3b2">se
131b0 74 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c t</span><span cl
131c0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f ass="sf11b2"> </
131d0 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
131e0 3d 22 73 66 38 62 32 22 3e 73 74 61 74 65 3c 2f ="sf8b2">state</
131f0 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
13200 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 28 3c 2f 73 70 61 ="sf11b2">(</spa
13210 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
13220 66 33 62 32 22 3e 73 74 61 74 75 73 3c 2f 73 70 f3b2">status</sp
13230 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
13240 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 29 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e sf11b2">)</span>
13250 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
13260 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 1b2"> </span><sp
13270 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 an class="sf3b2"
13280 3e 64 69 73 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 3c 2f 73 >disconnected</s
13290 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e pan></code></td>
132a0 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c ..</tr>..<tr val
132b0 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 ign="top">..<td
132c0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e class="ln"></td>
132d0 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 <td class="sf3b2
132e0 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f "><code> </
132f0 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 code></td>..<td
13300 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e class="ln"></td>
13310 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 <td class="sf3b2
13320 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f "><code> </
13330 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 code></td>..</tr
13340 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 >..<tr valign="t
13350 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d op">..<td class=
13360 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c "ln"></td><td cl
13370 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 ass="sf3b2"><cod
13380 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 e><span class="s
13390 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2"> </span><
133a0 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
133b0 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e b2"> </span
133c0 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
133d0 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 11b2"> </span><s
133e0 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
133f0 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 2"> </span>
13400 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 <span class="sf9
13410 62 32 22 3e 23 20 41 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 b2"># A sequence
13420 20 6f 66 20 49 51 20 69 64 73 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e of IQ ids</span
13430 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c ></code></td>..<
13440 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f td class="ln"></
13450 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 td><td class="sf
13460 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 3b2"><code><span
13470 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e class="sf11b2">
13480 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c </span><span cl
13490 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 ass="sf11b2">&nb
134a0 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 sp;</span><span
134b0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 class="sf11b2">
134c0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
134d0 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 ss="sf11b2">&nbs
134e0 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 p;</span><span c
134f0 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 41 lass="sf9b2"># A
13500 20 73 65 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 6f 66 20 49 51 20 sequence of IQ
13510 69 64 73 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 ids</span></code
13520 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c ></td>..</tr>..<
13530 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e tr valign="top">
13540 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 ..<td class="ln"
13550 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d ></td><td class=
13560 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 "sf3b2"><code><s
13570 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
13580 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 2"> </span><span
13590 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e class="sf11b2">
135a0 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 </span><sp
135b0 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
135c0 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 "> </span><span
135d0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 class="sf11b2">&
135e0 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 nbsp;</span><spa
135f0 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e n class="sf3b2">
13600 73 65 74 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 set</span><span
13610 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 class="sf11b2">
13620 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
13630 73 73 3d 22 73 66 38 62 32 22 3e 73 74 61 74 65 ss="sf8b2">state
13640 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
13650 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 28 3c 2f 73 ss="sf11b2">(</s
13660 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
13670 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 69 64 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e "sf3b2">id</span
13680 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
13690 31 31 62 32 22 3e 29 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 11b2">)</span><s
136a0 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
136b0 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 2"> </span><span
136c0 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 30 62 32 22 3e class="sf10b2">
136d0 30 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 0</span></code><
136e0 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d /td>..<td class=
136f0 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c "ln"></td><td cl
13700 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 ass="sf3b2"><cod
13710 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 e><span class="s
13720 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2"> </span><
13730 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
13740 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e b2"> </span
13750 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
13760 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 11b2"> </span><s
13770 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
13780 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 2"> </span>
13790 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 <span class="sf3
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137b0 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
137c0 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 2"> </span><span
137d0 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 38 62 32 22 3e 73 class="sf8b2">s
137e0 74 61 74 65 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e tate</span><span
137f0 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e class="sf11b2">
13800 28 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c (</span><span cl
13810 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 69 64 3c 2f ass="sf3b2">id</
13820 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
13830 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 29 3c 2f 73 70 61 ="sf11b2">)</spa
13840 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
13850 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2"> </span><
13860 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 30 span class="sf10
13870 62 32 22 3e 30 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f b2">0</span></co
13880 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d de></td>..</tr>.
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138c0 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e s="sf3b2"><code>
138d0 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 </code></t
138e0 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c d>..<td class="l
138f0 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 n"></td><td clas
13900 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e s="sf3b2"><code>
13910 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 </code></t
13920 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 d>..</tr>..<tr v
13930 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 align="top">..<t
13940 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 d class="ln"></t
13950 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 d><td class="sf3
13960 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 b2"><code><span
13970 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 class="sf11b2">
13980 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
13990 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 ss="sf11b2">&nbs
139a0 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 p;</span><span c
139b0 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c lass="sf11b2"> <
139c0 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
139d0 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 s="sf11b2"> 
139e0 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c ;</span><span cl
139f0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 61 72 72 61 ass="sf3b2">arra
13a00 79 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c y</span><span cl
13a10 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f ass="sf11b2"> </
13a20 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
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13a40 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
13a50 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e sf11b2"> </span>
13a60 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 <span class="sf3
13a70 62 32 22 3e 73 74 61 74 65 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e b2">state</span>
13a80 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
13a90 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 1b2"> </span><sp
13aa0 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
13ab0 22 3e 5b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 ">[</span><span
13ac0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 61 72 class="sf3b2">ar
13ad0 72 61 79 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 ray</span><span
13ae0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 class="sf11b2">
13af0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
13b00 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 67 65 74 3c 2f ss="sf3b2">get</
13b10 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
13b20 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 ="sf11b2"> </spa
13b30 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
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13b50 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
13b60 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 5d 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2">]</span><
13b70 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 /code></td>..<td
13b80 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 class="ln"></td
13b90 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 ><td class="sf3b
13ba0 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 2"><code><span c
13bb0 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c lass="sf11b2"> <
13bc0 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
13bd0 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 s="sf11b2"> 
13be0 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c ;</span><span cl
13bf0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f ass="sf11b2"> </
13c00 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
13c10 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b ="sf11b2">
13c20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
13c30 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 61 72 72 61 79 ss="sf3b2">array
13c40 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
13c50 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 ss="sf11b2"> </s
13c60 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
13c70 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 73 65 74 3c 2f 73 70 61 "sf3b2">set</spa
13c80 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
13c90 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2"> </span><
13ca0 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 span class="sf3b
13cb0 32 22 3e 73 74 61 74 65 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2">state</span><
13cc0 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
13cd0 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 b2"> </span><spa
13ce0 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 n class="sf11b2"
13cf0 3e 5b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 >[</span><span c
13d00 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 61 72 72 lass="sf3b2">arr
13d10 61 79 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 ay</span><span c
13d20 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c lass="sf11b2"> <
13d30 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
13d40 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 67 65 74 3c 2f 73 s="sf3b2">get</s
13d50 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
13d60 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e "sf11b2"> </span
13d70 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
13d80 33 62 32 22 3e 61 74 74 72 73 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3b2">attrs</span
13d90 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
13da0 31 31 62 32 22 3e 5d 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 11b2">]</span></
13db0 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 code></td>..</tr
13dc0 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 >..<tr valign="t
13dd0 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d op">..<td class=
13de0 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c "ln"></td><td cl
13df0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 ass="sf3b2"><cod
13e00 65 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c e> </code><
13e10 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d /td>..<td class=
13e20 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c "ln"></td><td cl
13e30 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 ass="sf3b2"><cod
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21370 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
21380 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 1b2"> </spa
21390 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
213a0 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2"> </span><
213b0 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
213c0 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e b2"> </span
213d0 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
213e0 33 62 32 22 3e 72 65 74 75 72 6e 3c 2f 73 70 61 3b2">return</spa
213f0 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a n></code></td>..
21400 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 </tr>..<tr valig
21410 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c n="top">..<td cl
21420 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 ass="ln"></td><t
21430 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e d class="sf3b2">
21440 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 <code><span clas
21450 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 7d 3c 2f 73 70 s="sf11b2">}</sp
21460 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d an></code></td>.
21470 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e .<td class="ln">
21480 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 </td><td class="
21490 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 sf3b2"><code><sp
214a0 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
214b0 22 3e 7d 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 ">}</span></code
214c0 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c ></td>..</tr>..<
214d0 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e tr valign="top">
214e0 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 ..<td class="ln"
214f0 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d ></td><td class=
21500 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 26 6e "sf3b2"><code>&n
21510 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e bsp;</code></td>
21520 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 ..<td class="ln"
21530 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d ></td><td class=
21540 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 26 6e "sf3b2"><code>&n
21550 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e bsp;</code></td>
21560 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c ..</tr>..<tr val
21570 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 ign="top">..<td
21580 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e class="ln"></td>
21590 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 <td class="sf3b2
215a0 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c "><code><span cl
215b0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 3a 3a ass="sf9b2"># ::
215c0 78 6d 70 70 3a 3a 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 2d 2d xmpp::connect --
215d0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f </span></code></
215e0 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 td>..<td class="
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21610 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
21620 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 3a 3a 78 6d 70 70 3a 3a 63 9b2"># ::xmpp::c
21630 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 2d 2d 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e onnect --</span>
21640 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f </code></td>..</
21650 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d tr>..<tr valign=
21660 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 "top">..<td clas
21670 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 s="ln"></td><td
21680 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 class="sf3b2"><c
21690 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d ode><span class=
216a0 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e "sf9b2">#</span>
216b0 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 </code></td>..<t
216c0 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 d class="ln"></t
216d0 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 d><td class="sf3
216e0 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 b2"><code><span
216f0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 3c class="sf9b2">#<
21700 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 /span></code></t
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21730 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 d class="ln"></t
21740 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 d><td class="sf3
21750 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 b2"><code><span
21760 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 class="sf9b2">#
21770 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e &n
21780 62 73 70 3b 20 43 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 74 6f 20 bsp; Connect to
21790 58 4d 50 50 20 73 65 72 76 65 72 2e 3c 2f 73 70 XMPP server.</sp
217a0 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d an></code></td>.
217b0 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e .<td class="ln">
217c0 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 </td><td class="
217d0 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 sf3b2"><code><sp
217e0 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 an class="sf9b2"
217f0 3e 23 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b >#
21800 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 43 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 Connect
21810 74 6f 20 58 4d 50 50 20 73 65 72 76 65 72 2e 3c to XMPP server.<
21820 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 /span></code></t
21830 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 d>..</tr>..<tr v
21840 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 align="top">..<t
21850 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 d class="ln"></t
21860 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 d><td class="sf3
21870 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 b2"><code><span
21880 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 3c class="sf9b2">#<
21890 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 /span></code></t
218a0 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c d>..<td class="l
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218c0 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e s="sf3b2"><code>
218d0 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 <span class="sf9
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218f0 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d de></td>..</tr>.
21900 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 .<tr valign="top
21910 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c ">..<td class="l
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21930 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e s="sf3b2"><code>
21940 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 <span class="sf9
21950 62 32 22 3e 23 20 41 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 3a b2"># Arguments:
21960 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f </span></code></
21970 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 td>..<td class="
21980 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 ln"></td><td cla
21990 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 ss="sf3b2"><code
219a0 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
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219c0 3a 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c :</span></code><
219d0 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 /td>..</tr>..<tr
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219f0 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c <td class="ln"><
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21a20 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e n class="sf9b2">
21a30 23 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 #
21a40 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 78 6c 69 62 20 26 6e 62 73 xlib &nbs
21a50 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b p;
21a60 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 &
21a70 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 nbsp; &nb
21a80 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 sp;  
21a90 3b 58 4d 50 50 20 74 6f 6b 65 6e 2e 3c 2f 73 70 ;XMPP token.</sp
21aa0 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d an></code></td>.
21ab0 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e .<td class="ln">
21ac0 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 </td><td class="
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21ae0 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 an class="sf9b2"
21af0 3e 23 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b >#
21b00 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 78 6c 69 62 20 26 6e 62 xlib &nb
21b10 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 sp;  
21b20 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 ;
21b30 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e &n
21b40 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 bsp; &nbs
21b50 70 3b 58 4d 50 50 20 74 6f 6b 65 6e 2e 3c 2f 73 p;XMPP token.</s
21b60 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e pan></code></td>
21b70 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c ..</tr>..<tr val
21b80 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 ign="top">..<td
21b90 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e class="ln"></td>
21ba0 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 <td class="sf3b2
21bb0 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c "><code><span cl
21bc0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 26 6e ass="sf9b2"># &n
21bd0 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 bsp; &nbs
21be0 70 3b 20 68 6f 73 74 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 p; host &
21bf0 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 nbsp; &nb
21c00 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 sp;  
21c10 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 ;
21c20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 28 6f 70 (op
21c30 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 2c 20 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 73 tional, defaults
21c40 20 74 6f 20 22 6c 6f 63 61 6c 68 6f 73 74 22 29 to "localhost")
21c50 20 53 65 72 76 65 72 20 6e 61 6d 65 3c 2f 73 70 Server name</sp
21c60 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d an></code></td>.
21c70 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e .<td class="ln">
21c80 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 </td><td class="
21c90 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 sf3b2"><code><sp
21ca0 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 an class="sf9b2"
21cb0 3e 23 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b >#
21cc0 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 68 6f 73 74 20 26 6e 62 host &nb
21cd0 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 sp;  
21ce0 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 ;
21cf0 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e &n
21d00 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 bsp; &nbs
21d10 70 3b 28 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e 61 6c 2c 20 64 65 66 p;(optional, def
21d20 61 75 6c 74 73 20 74 6f 20 22 6c 6f 63 61 6c 68 aults to "localh
21d30 6f 73 74 22 29 20 53 65 72 76 65 72 20 6e 61 6d ost") Server nam
21d40 65 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c e</span></code><
21d50 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 /td>..</tr>..<tr
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21d70 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c <td class="ln"><
21d80 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 /td><td class="s
21d90 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 f3b2"><code><spa
21da0 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e n class="sf9b2">
21db0 23 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 #
21dc0 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e &n
21dd0 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 bsp; &nbs
21de0 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b p;
21df0 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 &
21e00 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 nbsp; &nb
21e10 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 74 6f 20 63 6f sp; to co
21e20 6e 6e 65 63 74 2e 20 49 74 20 69 73 6e 27 74 20 nnect. It isn't
21e30 75 73 65 64 20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 72 61 6e 73 70 used when transp
21e40 6f 72 74 20 69 73 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 ort is</span></c
21e50 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 ode></td>..<td c
21e60 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c lass="ln"></td><
21e70 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 td class="sf3b2"
21e80 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 ><code><span cla
21e90 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 26 6e 62 ss="sf9b2"># &nb
21ea0 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 sp;  
21eb0 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 ;
21ec0 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e &n
21ed0 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 bsp; &nbs
21ee0 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b p;
21ef0 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 &
21f00 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 nbsp; to connect
21f10 2e 20 49 74 20 69 73 6e 27 74 20 75 73 65 64 20 . It isn't used
21f20 77 68 65 6e 20 74 72 61 6e 73 70 6f 72 74 20 69 when transport i
21f30 73 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c s</span></code><
21f40 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 /td>..</tr>..<tr
21f50 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a valign="top">..
21f60 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c <td class="ln"><
21f70 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 /td><td class="s
21f80 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 f3b2"><code><spa
21f90 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e n class="sf9b2">
21fa0 23 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 #
21fb0 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e &n
21fc0 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 bsp; &nbs
21fd0 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b p;
21fe0 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 &
21ff0 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 nbsp; &nb
22000 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 22 70 6f 6c 6c sp; "poll
22010 22 2e 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e ".</span></code>
22020 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 </td>..<td class
22030 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 ="ln"></td><td c
22040 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f lass="sf3b2"><co
22050 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 de><span class="
22060 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 sf9b2">#
22070 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e &n
22080 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 bsp; &nbs
22090 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b p;
220a0 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 &
220b0 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 nbsp; &nb
220c0 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 sp;  
220d0 3b 20 22 70 6f 6c 6c 22 2e 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e ; "poll".</span>
220e0 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f </code></td>..</
220f0 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d tr>..<tr valign=
22100 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 "top">..<td clas
22110 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 s="ln"></td><td
22120 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 class="sf3b2"><c
22130 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d ode><span class=
22140 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b "sf9b2">#
22150 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 70 p
22160 6f 72 74 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 ort  
22170 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 ;
22180 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e &n
22190 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 bsp; &nbs
221a0 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 28 6f 70 74 69 6f 6e p; (option
221b0 61 6c 2c 20 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 73 20 74 6f 20 al, defaults to
221c0 35 32 32 32 29 20 50 6f 72 74 20 74 6f 20 63 6f 5222) Port to co
221d0 6e 6e 65 63 74 2e 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 nnect.</span></c
221e0 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 ode></td>..<td c
221f0 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c lass="ln"></td><
22200 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 td class="sf3b2"
22210 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 ><code><span cla
22220 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 26 6e 62 ss="sf9b2"># &nb
22230 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 sp;  
22240 3b 20 70 6f 72 74 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e ; port &n
22250 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 bsp; &nbs
22260 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b p;
22270 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 &
22280 6e 62 73 70 3b 20 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 28 6f 70 74 nbsp; (opt
22290 69 6f 6e 61 6c 2c 20 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 73 20 ional, defaults
222a0 74 6f 20 35 32 32 32 29 20 50 6f 72 74 20 74 6f to 5222) Port to
222b0 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 2e 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e connect.</span>
222c0 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f </code></td>..</
222d0 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d tr>..<tr valign=
222e0 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 "top">..<td clas
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252e0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
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25320 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
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25390 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
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253b0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
253c0 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 ss="sf11b2"> </s
253d0 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
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25430 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
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25450 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
25460 22 3e 21 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 ">!</span><span
25470 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 5b class="sf11b2">[
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254c0 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
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25500 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
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25520 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 38 62 span class="sf8b
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25570 73 74 61 74 75 73 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 status</span><sp
25580 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
25590 22 3e 29 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 ">)</span><span
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255b0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
255c0 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 64 69 73 63 6f ss="sf3b2">disco
255d0 6e 6e 65 63 74 65 64 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 nnected</span><s
255e0 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
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25600 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e class="sf11b2">
25610 7d 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c }</span><span cl
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25630 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
25640 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 7b 3c 2f 73 70 61 ="sf11b2">{</spa
25650 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a n></code></td>..
25660 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 </tr>..<tr valig
25670 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c n="top">..<td cl
25680 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 ass="ln"></td><t
25690 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e d class="sf3b2">
256a0 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 <code><span clas
256b0 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 s="sf11b2"> </sp
256c0 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
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256e0 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
256f0 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 ="sf11b2"> </spa
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25720 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
25730 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e "sf11b2"> </span
25740 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
25750 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 11b2"> </sp
25760 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
25770 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e sf11b2"> </span>
25780 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
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257d0 65 64 44 69 73 63 6f 6e 6e 65 63 74 20 6f 72 20 edDisconnect or
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257f0 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c ></code></td>..<
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25840 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c </span><span cl
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25860 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 sp;</span><span
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258b0 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c lass="sf11b2"> <
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258d0 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 s="sf11b2"> 
258e0 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c ;</span><span cl
258f0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f ass="sf11b2"> </
25900 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
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25920 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
25930 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 54 4f 44 ss="sf9b2"># TOD
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25a40 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c ;</span><span cl
25a50 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f ass="sf11b2"> </
25a60 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
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25a80 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
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25b00 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c </span><span cl
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25b50 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 ..<td class="ln"
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25bb0 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 </span><sp
25bc0 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
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25c50 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c </span><span cl
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25c70 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 sp;</span><span
25c80 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 64 69 class="sf3b2">di
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25cd0 3e 24 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 >\$</span><span c
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25d20 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c <td class="ln"><
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25d60 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 > </span><span c
25d70 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e lass="sf11b2">&n
25d80 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e bsp;</span><span
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25da0 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c </span><span cl
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25dc0 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 sp;</span><span
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25df0 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 td>..<td class="
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25e20 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
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25e80 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
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25fc0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
25fd0 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 ss="sf11b2">&nbs
25fe0 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 p;</span><span c
25ff0 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c lass="sf11b2"> <
26000 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
26010 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 s="sf11b2"> 
26020 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c ;</span><span cl
26030 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 73 65 74 3c ass="sf3b2">set<
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26050 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 s="sf11b2"> </sp
26060 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
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26090 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 ss="sf11b2"> </s
260a0 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
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260c0 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a n></code></td>..
260d0 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c <td class="ln"><
260e0 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 /td><td class="s
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26110 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 > </span><span c
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26130 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e bsp;</span><span
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26150 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c </span><span cl
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26170 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 sp;</span><span
26180 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 73 65 class="sf3b2">se
26190 74 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c t</span><span cl
261a0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f ass="sf11b2"> </
261b0 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
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2bd90 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 24 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e sf11b2">\$</span>
2bda0 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 <span class="sf3
2bdb0 62 32 22 3e 78 6c 69 62 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c b2">xlib</span><
2bdc0 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
2bdd0 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 b2"> </span><spa
2bde0 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 30 62 32 22 n class="sf10b2"
2bdf0 3e 32 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 >2</span><span c
2be00 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c lass="sf11b2"> <
2be10 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
2be20 73 3d 22 73 66 31 32 62 32 22 3e 22 24 68 6f 73 s="sf12b2">"\$hos
2be30 74 20 24 70 6f 72 74 20 24 74 72 61 6e 73 70 6f t \$port \$transpo
2be40 72 74 22 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b rt"</span>
2be50 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f </code></td>..</
2be60 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d tr>..<tr valign=
2be70 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 "top">..<td clas
2be80 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 s="ln"></td><td
2be90 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 class="sf3b2"><c
2bea0 6f 64 65 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 ode> </code
2beb0 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 ></td>..<td clas
2bec0 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 s="ln"></td><td
2bed0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 class="sf3b2"><c
2bee0 6f 64 65 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 ode> </code
2bef0 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c ></td>..</tr>..<
2bf00 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e tr valign="top">
2bf10 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 ..<td class="ln"
2bf20 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d ></td><td class=
2bf30 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 "sf3b2"><code><s
2bf40 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
2bf50 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 2"> </span><span
2bf60 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e class="sf11b2">
2bf70 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 </span><sp
2bf80 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
2bf90 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 "> </span><span
2bfa0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 class="sf11b2">&
2bfb0 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 nbsp;</span><spa
2bfc0 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 37 62 32 22 3e n class="sf7b2">
2bfd0 69 66 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 if</span><span c
2bfe0 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c lass="sf11b2"> <
2bff0 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
2c000 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 7b 3c 2f 73 70 s="sf11b2">{</sp
2c010 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
2c020 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 21 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e sf11b2">!</span>
2c030 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
2c040 31 62 32 22 3e 5b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 1b2">[</span><sp
2c050 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 an class="sf3b2"
2c060 3e 69 6e 66 6f 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 >info</span><spa
2c070 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 n class="sf11b2"
2c080 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 > </span><span c
2c090 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 65 78 69 lass="sf3b2">exi
2c0a0 73 74 73 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 sts</span><span
2c0b0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 class="sf11b2">
2c0c0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
2c0d0 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 63 6d 64 3c 2f ss="sf3b2">cmd</
2c0e0 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
2c0f0 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 5d 3c 2f 73 70 61 ="sf11b2">]</spa
2c100 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
2c110 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 7d 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2">}</span><
2c120 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
2c130 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 b2"> </span><spa
2c140 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 n class="sf11b2"
2c150 3e 7b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e >{</span></code>
2c160 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 </td>..<td class
2c170 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 ="ln"></td><td c
2c180 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f lass="sf3b2"><co
2c190 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 de><span class="
2c1a0 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e sf11b2"> </span>
2c1b0 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
2c1c0 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 1b2"> </spa
2c1d0 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
2c1e0 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2"> </span><
2c1f0 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
2c200 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e b2"> </span
2c210 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
2c220 37 62 32 22 3e 69 66 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 7b2">if</span><s
2c230 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
2c240 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 2"> </span><span
2c250 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e class="sf11b2">
2c260 7b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c {</span><span cl
2c270 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 21 3c 2f ass="sf11b2">!</
2c280 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
2c290 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 5b 3c 2f 73 70 61 ="sf11b2">[</spa
2c2a0 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
2c2b0 66 33 62 32 22 3e 69 6e 66 6f 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e f3b2">info</span
2c2c0 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
2c2d0 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 11b2"> </span><s
2c2e0 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 pan class="sf3b2
2c2f0 22 3e 65 78 69 73 74 73 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c ">exists</span><
2c300 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
2c310 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 b2"> </span><spa
2c320 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e n class="sf3b2">
2c330 63 6d 64 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 cmd</span><span
2c340 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 5d class="sf11b2">]
2c350 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
2c360 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 7d 3c 2f 73 ss="sf11b2">}</s
2c370 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
2c380 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e "sf11b2"> </span
2c390 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
2c3a0 31 31 62 32 22 3e 7b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 11b2">{</span></
2c3b0 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 code></td>..</tr
2c3c0 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 >..<tr valign="t
2c3d0 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d op">..<td class=
2c3e0 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c "ln"></td><td cl
2c3f0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 ass="sf3b2"><cod
2c400 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 e><span class="s
2c410 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2"> </span><
2c420 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
2c430 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e b2"> </span
2c440 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
2c450 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 11b2"> </span><s
2c460 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
2c470 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 2"> </span>
2c480 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
2c490 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 1b2"> </span><sp
2c4a0 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
2c4b0 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c "> </span><
2c4c0 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
2c4d0 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 b2"> </span><spa
2c4e0 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 n class="sf11b2"
2c4f0 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 > </span><s
2c500 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 32 pan class="sf9b2
2c510 22 3e 23 20 54 4f 44 4f 3a 20 41 6c 6c 6f 77 20 "># TODO: Allow
2c520 61 62 6f 72 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 69 6e 20 73 79 6e abortions in syn
2c530 63 68 72 6f 6e 6f 75 73 20 6d 6f 64 65 20 74 6f chronous mode to
2c540 6f 2e 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e o.</span></code>
2c550 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 </td>..<td class
2c560 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 ="ln"></td><td c
2c570 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f lass="sf3b2"><co
2c580 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 de><span class="
2c590 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e sf11b2"> </span>
2c5a0 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
2c5b0 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 1b2"> </spa
2c5c0 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
2c5d0 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c f11b2"> </span><
2c5e0 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
2c5f0 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e b2"> </span
2c600 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
2c610 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 11b2"> </span><s
2c620 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
2c630 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 2"> </span>
2c640 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
2c650 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 1b2"> </span><sp
2c660 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
2c670 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c "> </span><
2c680 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 39 62 span class="sf9b
2c690 32 22 3e 23 20 54 4f 44 4f 3a 20 41 6c 6c 6f 77 2"># TODO: Allow
2c6a0 20 61 62 6f 72 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 69 6e 20 73 79 abortions in sy
2c6b0 6e 63 68 72 6f 6e 6f 75 73 20 6d 6f 64 65 20 74 nchronous mode t
2c6c0 6f 6f 2e 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 oo.</span></code
2c6d0 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c ></td>..</tr>..<
2c6e0 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e tr valign="top">
2c6f0 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 ..<td class="ln"
2c700 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d ></td><td class=
2c710 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 26 6e "sf3b2"><code>&n
2c720 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e bsp;</code></td>
2c730 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 ..<td class="ln"
2c740 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d ></td><td class=
2c750 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 26 6e "sf3b2"><code>&n
2c760 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e bsp;</code></td>
2c770 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c ..</tr>..<tr val
2c780 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 ign="top">..<td
2c790 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e class="ln"></td>
2c7a0 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 <td class="sf3b2
2c7b0 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c "><code><span cl
2c7c0 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f ass="sf11b2"> </
2c7d0 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
2c7e0 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b ="sf11b2">
2c7f0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
2c800 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 ss="sf11b2"> </s
2c810 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
2c820 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c "sf11b2"> <
2c830 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
2c840 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 s="sf11b2"> </sp
2c850 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
2c860 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f sf11b2"> </
2c870 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
2c880 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 ="sf11b2"> </spa
2c890 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
2c8a0 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 f11b2"> </s
2c8b0 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
2c8c0 22 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 50 72 6f 70 61 67 "sf9b2"># Propag
2c8d0 61 74 65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 28 69 66 20 61 6e ate error (if an
2c8e0 79 29 20 75 70 2e 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 y) up.</span></c
2c8f0 6f 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 ode></td>..<td c
2c900 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c lass="ln"></td><
2c910 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 td class="sf3b2"
2c920 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 ><code><span cla
2c930 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 ss="sf11b2"> </s
2c940 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
2c950 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c "sf11b2"> <
2c960 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 /span><span clas
2c970 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 s="sf11b2"> </sp
2c980 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
2c990 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f sf11b2"> </
2c9a0 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 span><span class
2c9b0 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 ="sf11b2"> </spa
2c9c0 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 n><span class="s
2c9d0 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 f11b2"> </s
2c9e0 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
2c9f0 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e "sf11b2"> </span
2ca00 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 ><span class="sf
2ca10 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 11b2"> </sp
2ca20 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 an><span class="
2ca30 73 66 39 62 32 22 3e 23 20 50 72 6f 70 61 67 61 sf9b2"># Propaga
2ca40 74 65 20 65 72 72 6f 72 20 28 69 66 20 61 6e 79 te error (if any
2ca50 29 20 75 70 2e 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 2f 63 6f ) up.</span></co
2ca60 64 65 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 0d 0a 3c 2f 74 72 3e 0d de></td>..</tr>.
2ca70 0a 3c 74 72 20 76 61 6c 69 67 6e 3d 22 74 6f 70 .<tr valign="top
2ca80 22 3e 0d 0a 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 6c ">..<td class="l
2ca90 6e 22 3e 3c 2f 74 64 3e 3c 74 64 20 63 6c 61 73 n"></td><td clas
2caa0 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 3c 63 6f 64 65 3e s="sf3b2"><code>
2cab0 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 <span class="sf1
2cac0 31 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 1b2"> </span><sp
2cad0 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
2cae0 22 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c "> </span><
2caf0 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 span class="sf11
2cb00 62 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 b2"> </span><spa
2cb10 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 n class="sf11b2"
2cb20 3e 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 > </span><s
2cb30 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 pan class="sf11b
2cb40 32 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 2"> </span><span
2cb50 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e class="sf11b2">
2cb60 26 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 </span><sp
2cb70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 an class="sf11b2
2cb80 22 3e 20 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 "> </span><span
2cb90 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 26 class="sf11b2">&
2cba0 6e 62 73 70 3b 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 nbsp;</span><spa
2cbb0 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e n class="sf3b2">
2cbc0 73 65 74 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 set</span><span
2cbd0 63 6c 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 20 class="sf11b2">
2cbe0 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
2cbf0 73 73 3d 22 73 66 38 62 32 22 3e 73 74 61 74 65 ss="sf8b2">state
2cc00 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 </span><span cla
2cc10 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 28 3c 2f 73 ss="sf11b2">(</s
2cc20 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c 61 73 73 3d pan><span class=
2cc30 22 73 66 33 62 32 22 3e 74 72 61 6e 73 70 6f 72 "sf3b2">transpor
2cc40 74 3c 2f 73 70 61 6e 3e 3c 73 70 61 6e 20 63 6c t</span><span cl
2cc50 61 73 73 3d 22 73 66 31 31 62 32 22 3e 29 3c 2f ass="sf11b2">)</
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https://www.biostars.org/p/386954/ | Any strategy to find out the reason of having unusual Coefficient of Variation (CV) for gene expression data?
0
0
Entering edit mode
2.4 years ago
Hi:
I have Affymetrix gene level expression matrix (genes in the rows and sample ID on the columns), and I tried to quantify the variation of the expressed genes by using coefficient of variation (CV) method. However, I found a pretty unusual value of CV when I made a plot and realized something wrong in gene expression data. Here is what I did in R for computing CV:
SD <- apply(eset_HTA20,1, sd)
CV <- base::sqrt(exp(SD^2)-1)
but I tried to see the value range of CV, I found something strange:
> summary(CV)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
0.04753 0.12946 0.16494 0.20181 0.22925 15.00777
apparently, max(CV) should be less than or equal to 1, but I got 15.00777, which means that something wrong with gene expression data. The gene expression data was already preprocessed (normalized, done with background correction). I don't where this problem comes from.
why I use CV:
I used CV to measure the variation of genes which are expressed and want to keep the genes which show high variation, but the value range of CV is not reasonable here.
How can I track down this problem? why I have CV value with more than one? how can I correct this irregularity? any strategy? any idea to fix the potential problem here?
microarray gene-expression CV error • 1.3k views
1
Entering edit mode
The Coefficient of Variation is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean (See Wikipedia).
Thus
M <- apply(eset_HTA20, 1, mean)
SD <- apply(eset_HTA20, 1, sd)
CV <- SD/M
I don't really understand what is going to in the code you quote, other than it looks like someone is trying to get the SD on the original scale (i.e. not the log scale).
If your expression data were approximately normally distributed, then you would not expect to have a CV greater than 1, because that would imply that 60% of your data was <0. ( which would be extrememly low signal on a microarray). This is assuming your data is on a log scale. Otherwise, the data is definately not normally distributed and all bets are off.
0
Entering edit mode
Apparently it can be greater than 1. Can you prove any mathematical restrictions for the CV you computed? The distribution, however, seems not normal
0
Entering edit mode
I am not sure my understanding is correct, as far as I know, the value of CV should be (0,1), please correct me if I am wrong. how people from computational biology use and interpret CV in the genomic analysis? Do you have any concrete idea?
Can you prove any mathematical restrictions for the CV you computed?
I just checked max and min value in gene expression data:
> max(expr_mat)
[1] 14.28363
> min(expr_mat)
[1] 0.9365626
I just used CV formula in R and do raw computation. I am open to hearing your suggestion. Thanks
0
Entering edit mode
> a <- rnorm(1000,0,10)
> sqrt(exp(sd(a)^2)-1)
[1] 1.433914e+23
0
Entering edit mode
Could you elaborate your point about to make here? How can I correctly apply CV for gene filtering?
Plus, any better idea to see the distribution of gene expression data? I used PCA, boxplot, tried also density plot from limma, couldn't have a better picture of the gene expression data here. Any guide or possible idea from you?
0
Entering edit mode
Did you try a histogram of the CV you computed? My point above was that CV is not restricted by 1.
0
Entering edit mode
yes, I did, I tried barplot which kinda makes sense to me. here is the
1
Entering edit mode
Please see How to add images to a Biostars post to add your images properly. You need the direct link to the image, not the link to the webpage that has the image embedded (which is what you have used here).
I've fixed it for you this time.
0
Entering edit mode
how many replicates do you have?
0
Entering edit mode
I have Affymetrix gene-level expression data matrix (32830 of genes, 735 of samples )(a.k.a, patients). Do you have any idea on this problem? any better strategy to quantify the variation of genes that expressed for the sake for gene filtering?
1
Entering edit mode
Isn’t cv=sd /mean? Where did your equation come from?
0
Entering edit mode
I learned it from this thread.
0
Entering edit mode
I want to confirm one important thing; the upper bound of CV is always restricted between (0,1), or can be greater than one? How CV works in Affymetrix microarray data? can you point me out if I am wrong?
0
Entering edit mode
It’s just the sd/mean - it could be anything. I think you should use that equation unless your data has been normalized and transformed.
0
Entering edit mode
so the value of CV is not restricted with (0,1), could you confirm that?
1
Entering edit mode
Yes the coefficient of variation can take any positive value. As explained before, by definition, the coefficient of variation is the ratio standard deviation divided by mean of the sample. It is a descriptive statistics and because it is unit free it can allow comparison of variability between variables on different scales/units. However, in principle, it should only be applied to variables with all positive values which precludes its use for log data with a mixture of positive and negative values.
0
Entering edit mode
Is there any solution to calculate "cv" for the expression matrix with negative value? | 2021-12-01 22:40:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5908859372138977, "perplexity": 1250.1066908181763}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360951.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201203843-20211201233843-00304.warc.gz"} |
http://video.ias.edu/csdm/dvir | ## Rank Bounds for Design Matrices with Applications to Combinatorial Geometry and Locally Correctable Codes
Zeev Dvir
October 19, 2010 - 10:30am
A (q,k,t)-design matrix is an m x n matrix whose pattern of zeros/non-zeros satisfies the following design-like condition: each row has at most q non-zeros, each column has at least k non-zeros and the supports of every two columns intersect in at most t rows. We prove that for \$m\geq n\$, the rank of any \$(q,k,t)\$-design matrix over a field of characteristic zero (or sufficiently large finite characteristic) is at least n - (qtn/2k)^2 .
Using this result we derive the following applications:
(1) Impossibility results for 2-query LCCs over large fields: A 2-query locally correctable code (LCC) is an error correcting code in which every codeword coordinate can be recovered, probabilistically, by reading at most two other code positions. Such codes have numerous applications and constructions (with exponential encoding length) are known over finite fields of small characteristic. We show that infinite families of such linear 2-query LCCs DO NOT EXIST over fields of characteristic zero or large characteristic regardless of the encoding length.
(2) Generalization of known results in combinatorial geometry: We prove a quantitative analog of the Sylvester-Gallai theorem: Let v_1,...,v_m be a set of points in C^d such that for every i in [m] there exists at least delta*m values of j in [m] such that the line through v_i,v_j contains a third point in the set. We show that the dimension of { v_1,...,v_m } is at most O(1/delta^2). We also provide a quantitative variant and a three-color variant of the Motzkin-Rabin theorem (which is a colored version of the Sylvester-Gallai theorem).
Joint work with Boaz Barak, Avi Wigderson and Amir Yehudayoff.
Hi-Res512.15 MB
Lo-Res279.65 MB | 2013-05-24 17:27:58 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8018215298652649, "perplexity": 1014.1761696379833}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704818711/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516114658-00057-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.zbmath.org/?q=an%3A1366.18004 | ## Categories of fuzzy preorders, approximation operators and Alexandrov topologies.(English)Zbl 1366.18004
Summary: In this paper, we investigate categories of fuzzy preorders, approximating operators and Alexandrov topologies in complete residuated lattices. In fact, categories of fuzzy preorders, approximating operators and Alexandrov topologies are isomorphic. We give their examples.
### MSC:
18B35 Preorders, orders, domains and lattices (viewed as categories) 18B30 Categories of topological spaces and continuous mappings (MSC2010)
Full Text:
### References:
[1] Bělohlávek, Fuzzy Relational Systems (2002) [2] Eļkins, Variable-range approximate systems induced by many-valued L-relations, Communication in computers and information sciences 444 pp 41– (2014) [3] Hájek, Metamathematices of Fuzzy Logic (1998) [4] Han, On approximate-type systems generated by L-relations, Information Sciences 281 pp 8– (2014) · Zbl 1461.03052 [5] Höhle, Non-classical Logic and Their Applications to Fuzzy Subsets (1995) [6] Höhle, Mathematics of Fuzzy Sets: Logic, Topology, and Measure Theory, The Handbooks of Fuzzy Sets Series 3 (1999) [7] Jinming, I-fuzzy Alexandrov topologies and specialization orders, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 158 pp 2359– (2007) · Zbl 1136.54002 [8] Kim, Alexandrov L-topologies, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 93 (2) pp 165– (2014) · Zbl 1337.03080 [9] Kim, Join preserving maps, fuzzy preorders and Alexandrov fuzzy topologies, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 92 (5) pp 703– (2014) [10] Kim, Join-meet preserving maps and Alexandrov fuzzy topologies, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 28 pp 457– (2015) [11] Kim, Join-meet preserving maps and fuzzy preorders, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 28 pp 1089– (2015) [12] Kim, L-approximation spaces and-fuzzy quasi-uniform spaces, Information Sciences 179 pp 2028– (2009) · Zbl 1191.68656 [13] Kortelainen, On relation between modified sets, topological spaces and rough sets, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 61 pp 91– (1994) · Zbl 0828.04002 [14] Lai, Fuzzy preorder and fuzzy topology, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 157 pp 1865– (2006) · Zbl 1118.54008 [15] Lai, Concept lattices of fuzzy contexts: Formal concept analysis vs. rough set theory, Int J Approx Reasoning 50 pp 695– (2009) · Zbl 1191.68658 [16] Pawlak, Rough sets, Int J Comput Inf Sci 11 pp 341– (1982) · Zbl 0501.68053 [17] Pawlak, Rough probability, Bull Pol Acad Sci Math 32 pp 607– (1984) [18] Qin, On the topological properties of fuzzy rough sets, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 151 pp 601– (2005) · Zbl 1070.54006 [19] Qin, Generalizied rough sets bases on reflexive and transitive relations, Information Sciences 178 pp 4143– (2008) · Zbl 1153.03316 [20] Qiu, Automata theory bases on complete residuated lattice-valued logic, Science in China (Series F) 44 pp 419– (2001) [21] Radzikowska, A comparative study of fuzzy rough sets, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 126 pp 137– (2002) · Zbl 1004.03043 [22] She, An axiomatic approach of fuzzy rough sets based on residuated lattices, Computers and Mathematics with Applications 58 pp 189– (2009) · Zbl 1189.03059 [23] Šostak, Towards the theory of M-approximate systems: Fundamentals and examples, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 161 pp 2440– (2010) · Zbl 1222.54008 [24] Šostak, Proceedings of ICTA2011 pp 265– (2012) [25] Srivastava, On relationships among fuzzy approximation operators, fuzzy topology, and fuzzy automata, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 138 pp 197– (2003) · Zbl 1043.54004 [26] Stamenković, Reduction of fuzzy automata by means of fuzzy quasi-orders, Information Sciences 178 pp 168– (2014) · Zbl 1341.68111 [27] Tiwari, Fuzzy rough sets, fuzzy preorders and fuzzy topologies, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 210 pp 63– (2013) · Zbl 1260.54024 [28] Ward, Residuated lattices, Trans Amer Math Soc 45 pp 335– (1939) · JFM 65.0084.01 [29] Zhang, Continuity in quantitive domains, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 154 pp 118– (2005) · Zbl 1080.06007 [30] Zhang, Fuzzy complete lattices, Fuzzy Sets and Systems 160 pp 2275– (2009) · Zbl 1183.06004 [31] Ma, Topological and lattice structures of L-fuzzy rough set determined by lower and upper sets, Information Sciences 218 pp 194– (2013) · Zbl 1293.03025
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching. | 2022-06-27 15:23:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8107053637504578, "perplexity": 9538.058231057918}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103334753.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627134424-20220627164424-00510.warc.gz"} |
http://openstudy.com/updates/558c752ae4b075714118e155 | ## anonymous one year ago Write the sum using summation notation, assuming the suggested pattern continues. -9 - 3 + 3 + 9 + ... + 81
1. anonymous
@surjithayer
2. anonymous
it is an A.P. a=-9 d=-3-(-9)=-3+9=6 find n by the the formula $l=a+(n-1)d$ can you find n l=81
3. anonymous
are you here?
4. anonymous
5. anonymous
these are answer options find n
6. anonymous
i did A @surjithayer
7. anonymous
i want to know how? can you show me ?
8. anonymous
@surjithayer i guessed im sry i suck at math
9. anonymous
ok.
10. anonymous
81=-9+(n-1)*6 81+9=(n-1)6 $\frac{ 90 }{ 6 }=n-1$ n-1=15 n=15+1=16
11. anonymous
you got it.
12. anonymous
but on all of them n=0
13. anonymous
wait is it d?
14. anonymous
that means there are 16 terms for n=0,1,2,...,15
15. anonymous
here for A ,n=0 a1=-9 a2=-9+6*1=-3 a3=-9+6*2=3 ..... a16=-9+6*15=81
16. anonymous
I said A in the first place @surjithayer
17. anonymous
A is correct. as i have shown.
18. dan815
would you like to see how sum of arithmetic series formula comes
19. anonymous
could u show me on this one? Write the sum using summation notation, assuming the suggested pattern continues. 5 - 15 + 45 - 135 + ...
20. anonymous
it is a G.P. can you find r?
21. anonymous
what is gp, i need it in summation notation
22. anonymous
gp means geometric progression
23. anonymous
for that you have to find r(common ratio)
24. anonymous
$r=\frac{ t _{n} }{ t _{n-1} }$ to be precise 2nd term/1st term
25. anonymous
@surjithayer what one did u get as the answer
26. anonymous
$r=\frac{ 45 }{ -15 }=?$
27. anonymous
$r=\frac{ -15 }{ 5 }=\frac{ 45 }{ -15 }=?$
28. anonymous
@surjithayer its b right?
29. anonymous
r=-3 B is correct. | 2017-01-24 20:03:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9110032320022583, "perplexity": 9763.027532856977}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285244.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00198-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/4992/ | # Ti-V-Mn based metal hydrides for hydrogen storage and compression applications
Pickering, Lydia (2014). Ti-V-Mn based metal hydrides for hydrogen storage and compression applications. University of Birmingham. Ph.D.
Preview
Pickering14PhD.pdf
PDF - Redacted Version
## Abstract
The overall aim of this work was to investigate the synthesis of Laves phase-related BCC solid solution Ti V Mn based alloys for use in hydrogen storage and hydrogen compression applications. In particular, for Ti0.5V0.5Mn-based alloys, the effect of composition, microstructure, and crystallography on the hydrogen sorption properties, were investigated.
After investigating seven novel compositions based on Ti-V-Mn, (i.e. Ti$$_{0.5}$$V$$_{0.4}$$TM$$_{0.1}$$Mn, where TM = Nb, Cr, Mo, Ta and Ti$$_{0.5}$$V$$_{0.5-x}$$Nb$$_x$$Mn, where x = 0.05, 0.2 and 0.5) it was found that small amounts (0.05 - 0.1 at%) of Nb substituted for V resulted in smaller hysteresis between absorption and desorption as well as higher hydrogen dissociation pressures. This finding led to the successful development of a two-stage metal hydride compressor utilising one of the novel composition (Nb = 0.05), which is capable of pressurising a cylinder up to 650 bar from an input pressure of less than 10 bar at 0.5 g H$$_2$$/min
In summary, these findings confirm that it is possible to tailor the plateau pressure and enthalpy of a metal hydride system formed by alloying Ti-V-Mn with other transition metals.
Type of Work: Thesis (Doctorates > Ph.D.)
Award Type: Doctorates > Ph.D.
Supervisor(s):
Supervisor(s)EmailORCID
Book, DavidUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Bevan, AlexUNSPECIFIEDUNSPECIFIED
Licence:
College/Faculty: Colleges (2008 onwards) > College of Engineering & Physical Sciences
School or Department: School of Metallurgy and Materials
Funders: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Subjects: Q Science > Q Science (General)
URI: http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/4992
### Actions
Request a Correction View Item | 2022-06-28 00:53:33 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47667205333709717, "perplexity": 8492.212338490515}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103344783.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627225823-20220628015823-00606.warc.gz"} |
https://akobytbohatymekic.firebaseapp.com/30485/37330.html | In theoretical physics, general covariance, also known as diffeomorphism covariance or general invariance, consists of the invariance of the form of physical laws under arbitrary differentiable coordinate transformations.
Covariation definition is - correlated variation of two or more variables. Jun 21, 2009 · Homework Statement The problem concerns how to transform a covariant differentiation. Using this formula for covariant differentiation and demanding that it is a (1,1) tensor: \ abla_cX^a=\\partial_cX^a+\\Gamma^a_{bc}X^b it should be proven that \\Gamma'^a_{bc}= Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.
Using this formula for covariant differentiation and demanding that it is a (1,1) tensor: \ abla_cX^a=\\partial_cX^a+\\Gamma^a_{bc}X^b it should be proven that \\Gamma'^a_{bc}= Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Mar 04, 2020 · Covariance is a measure of the degree to which returns on two risky assets move in tandem. A positive covariance means that asset returns move together, while a negative covariance means returns ti, kteří s kovem dělají, práci s kovem milují nebo se o ni alespoň zajímají. Feb 21, 2008 · Homework Statement Help!
## One can motivate the covariant differentiation using only vector calculus. It works for an oversimplified case though (but since the OP doesn't accept either the definition via Ehresmann connection nor the vector bundle definition, may be it's justified.)
The connection is chosen so that the covariant derivative of the metric is zero. The vanishing covariant metric derivative is not a consequence of using "any" connection, it's a condition that allows us to choose a specific connection $\Gamma^{\sigma}_{\mu \beta}$. YouTube kanály Gameball. Již od dětství Kovy s kamarádem Tomášem natáčel různá videa.
### - [Voiceover] So, let's say I have some multi-variable function like F of XY. So, they'll have a two variable input, is equal to, I don't know, X squared times Y, plus sin(Y).
See full list on corporatefinanceinstitute.com Barrett O'Neill, in Elementary Differential Geometry (Second Edition), 2006. 3.3 Example. The covariant derivative of R 2.The natural frame field U 1, U 2 has w 12 = 0. Thus, for a vector field W = f 1 U 1 + f 2 U 2, the covariant derivative formula (Lemma 3.1) reduces to jmenuji se Dominik Kovařík a obchoduji akcie, komodity, akciové indexy a měny s opcemi od roku 2008. Nejsem žádný guru! Jen s vámi sdílím, co mi v Tradingu a investování funguje i The derivative of a function describes the function's instantaneous rate of change at a certain point. Another common interpretation is that the derivative gives us the slope of the line tangent to the function's graph at that point.
By using the linearity property of expectations, this can be simplified to the expected value I'm having some trouble understanding the covariant derivative as a directional derivative for tensors. The way the covariant derivative was presented to me was by first showing that a vector field can provide a directional derivative for smooth functions on a manifold. In theoretical physics, general covariance, also known as diffeomorphism covariance or general invariance, consists of the invariance of the form of physical laws under arbitrary differentiable coordinate transformations. Covariance is the measure of changes between two random variables in statistics. Learn about its types and how it differs from correlation along with formulas and the solved example here at BYJU'S. In physics, a covariant transformation is a rule that specifies how certain entities, such as vectors or tensors, change under a change of basis.The transformation that describes the new basis vectors as a linear combination of the old basis vectors is defined as a covariant transformation.
Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Mar 04, 2020 · Covariance is a measure of the degree to which returns on two risky assets move in tandem. A positive covariance means that asset returns move together, while a negative covariance means returns ti, kteří s kovem dělají, práci s kovem milují nebo se o ni alespoň zajímají. Feb 21, 2008 · Homework Statement Help! I wish to prove the following important statements: (1) The presence of Christoffel symbols in the covariant derivative of a tensor assures that this covariant derivative can transform like a tensor.
It works for an oversimplified case though (but since the OP doesn't accept either the definition via Ehresmann connection nor the vector bundle definition, may be it's justified.) Many text books on differential geometry motivate covariant derivative more or less by saying that if you have a vector field along a curve on a manifold (that is a curve $\gamma(t)$ and an assignm Metric compatible. In the coordinate-specific section of this article, it is stated "By the way, this particular expression is equal to zero, because the covariant derivative of a function solely of the metric is always zero.". Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Oct 10, 2019 · We can calculate the covariance between two asset returns given the joint probability distribution. Consider the following example: Example.
But you, a researcher and data analyst, don't need to be able to do all those complicated processes to your matrices. You do need to understand what a matrix is, be able to follow the notation, and understand a few simple matrix processes, like multiplication of a matrix by a constant. The thing to keep in mind when it all gets overwhelming is a matrix is just a table. That's it.
In physics, a covariant transformation is a rule that specifies how certain entities, such as vectors or tensors, change under a change of basis.The transformation that describes the new basis vectors as a linear combination of the old basis vectors is defined as a covariant transformation.
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### Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.
See full list on educba.com What does it mean to take the derivative of a function whose input lives in multiple dimensions? What about when its output is a vector? Here we go over many different ways to extend the idea of a derivative to higher dimensions, including partial derivatives , directional derivatives, the gradient, vector derivatives, divergence, curl, etc. But you, a researcher and data analyst, don't need to be able to do all those complicated processes to your matrices. | 2023-02-01 13:03:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5657156705856323, "perplexity": 1201.741975107219}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499934.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201112816-20230201142816-00062.warc.gz"} |
http://www.alecjacobson.com/weblog/?tag=hypot | ## Posts Tagged ‘hypot’
### How does matlab’s hypot function work?
Saturday, January 7th, 2017
The hypot function in matlab purports to be more numerically stable at computing the hypotenuse of a (right-)triangle in 2D. The example the help hypot gives is:
a = 3*[1e300 1e-300];
b = 4*[1e300 1e-300];
c1 = sqrt(a.^2 + b.^2)
c2 = hypot(a,b)
where you see as output:
c1 =
Inf 0
and
c2 =
5e+300 5e-300
this is a compiled built-in function so you can’t just open hypot to find out what its doing. It might just be pre-dividing by the maximum absolute value. There’s probably a better reference for this, but I found it in: “Vector length and normalization difficulties” by Mike Day.
Continuing this example:
m = max(abs([a;b]))
c3 = m.*sqrt((a./m).^2 + (b./m).^2)
produces
c3 =
5e+300 5e-300
While matlab’s hypot only accepts two inputs, pre-dividing by the maximum obviously extends to any dimension. | 2017-01-16 15:00:17 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19569386541843414, "perplexity": 7635.458077244072}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279189.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00043-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/121183/a-question-about-approximation-of-real-analytic-functions | # A question about approximation of Real analytic functions
Define $B$ to be the set of functions $f:[0,1]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ for which there exists a dense set $C\subset [0,1]$ of computables numbers and an algorithm $F$ such that for any $x_0\in C,$ in the input $(f,x_0),$ $F$ return $(a_0,a_1,a_2,\ldots),$ where $a_n$ is the $n$th Taylor coefficient of $f$ around $x_0$ and for any $n,$ $a_n$ is a computable number.
Is it true that for any metric $d$ (non trivial) on the set of real analytic functions on $[0,1]$, any $f$ in this set and any $\epsilon>0$ there exists a $g\in B$ with $d(f,g)<\epsilon?$
-
Since you changed the nature of your question, from "does there exists a topology such that [...] is not true" to "is it true that for any distance [...] is true", I must remove my first answer. – Loïc Teyssier Feb 8 '13 at 14:08
The question is as unclear as ever. First, it is totally unclear what kind of formulas are allowed. What is worse is that there are only countably many computable numbers, but continuum many points of $[0,1]$. It follows easily that regardless of what $F$ is, the Taylor series for an analytic function can have computable coefficients around every $x_0\in[0,1]$ only if $f$ is constant. – Emil Jeřábek Feb 8 '13 at 15:33
I edited it again. Many thanks because of your comments. – Umberto Feb 8 '13 at 16:33
How is the algorithm supposed to get $f$ as an input? – Emil Jeřábek Feb 8 '13 at 16:58
This is another question I had (see How are enconded the real analytic functions). – Umberto Feb 8 '13 at 17:53
Considering the subset $C$ of power series $f(x):=\sum_{n=0}^\infty{a_{n}x^n}$ where the sequence $(a_n)_n$ is bounded (thus the series is convergent). Then $C$ can be equipped with the normed topology given by $\|f\|:=\sup_{n}|a_n|$. In that case the subspace consisting in all real polynomials is not dense in $C$, since e.g. $f(x):=\frac{1}{1-x}$ is not in the adherence of the polynomials for this topology.
but for $f\in C,$ $f(1)$ is not well defined. I do not want in $A$ to be maps with singularities in $[0,1].$ – Umberto Feb 8 '13 at 13:25
Ok, consider $\frac{1}{1+x^2}$ if it suits you better, that is not the point. The point is that there do exist "natural" topologies for which "intuitive" approximation schemes do not hold. I believe this was your question, right? – Loïc Teyssier Feb 8 '13 at 13:28
But $1/(1+x^2)\in B,$ because we can find an explicit formula for the Taylor coefficients. – Umberto Feb 8 '13 at 13:36
I really don't understand what you mean by a metric that "consider all the coordinates". Anyway, my example is clear enough I think, and it does not "consider all the coordinates" since $x$ does not appear in the definition of the norm (was that what you meant??). That being said, if you don't want singularities in the closure of your interval, then apply a scaling $x\mapsto{x/2}$ to all elements of $C$, this does not change the argument I presented above. And, again, your set $B$ is not defined correctly! – Loïc Teyssier Feb 8 '13 at 13:41 | 2015-07-03 06:22:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9554239511489868, "perplexity": 223.35044207674522}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095775.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00121-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/243920/any-way-to-use-set-and-or-setdelayed-to-index-a-set-of-fit-functions | # Any way to use Set and/or SetDelayed to index a set of Fit functions?
I was a bit curious if anyone knows of any compact way to use Set and/or SetDelayed if we want to, say, generate Fit functions and index them as well.
To demonstrate what I had in mind, consider the following data set for a minimal working example:
data = { {{1, 2}, {2, 4}, {3, 6}} , {{1, 1}, {2, 2}, {3, 3}} };
Now it's apparent that fitting data[[1]] and data[[2]] should provide the functions f[x]=2x and f[x]=x, respectively. But I was hoping to combine Set (=) and/or SetDelayed (:=) in the simplest manner, so that I may define a single compact function that can provide both the fit functions and the numerics for each fit.
Defining
fitdata[i_, x_] := Fit[data[[i]], {1, x}, x]
works at the indexing level, where I can input a value for i and evaluate fitdata[1,x] and fitdata[2,x] to return either functional dependences on x. However, trying to input a value for both i and x yields an error, and I was wondering if anyone knows the easiest way to define a function that can both return the ith Fit function AND return a number corresponding to an input x for this function.
I'm aware that there are a number of simple ways we can both index a set of Fit functions and obtain numerical values of the fit, including but not limited to:
• storing each function into a list that may be indexed, and using a rule to pass an x argument for the desired element
• removing the x-dependence of the function and using a rule to cast an x-value for fitdata[i_] := Fit[data[[i]], {1, x}, x].
However, I'd like to avoid adding rules or defining new variables if I can, since I'm worried my code will get a bit messy or over-complicated whenever I start iterating over these functions to calculate things here or make some plots there, etc.
The function that I had in mind above would probably be the cleanest way for me to implement things, so I was just wondering if anyone knows of a way that some fitdata[i,x] can be defined to act in this manner I originally envisioned. I suspect there may be some way to use Set and/or SetDelay so that the expression is evaluated in the way that I hope, but I am not sure.
I tried looking some solutions up on the forum but most answers were a bit more complicated than the alternatives I laid out above, or they discussed memoization which doesn't seem to be necessary in the case I've described here.
You could use LinearModelFit (or NonlinearModelFit according to your needs):
Clear[fitn]
fitn[dataset_, i_] := LinearModelFit[dataset[[i]], {1, x}, x]
fitn[data, 2]
(* Out: FittedModel[0. + 1. x] *)
When you want a specific calculated value, you can use:
fitn[data, 1][2.5]
(* Out: 5. *)
• works great, thanks for the quick reply Apr 2, 2021 at 3:55 | 2022-06-27 03:04:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47693851590156555, "perplexity": 637.5041734246497}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103324665.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220627012807-20220627042807-00236.warc.gz"} |
https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=cd5lfe39or51nj1ip15ggo2jcq&action=printpage;topic=16535.0 | # NASASpaceFlight.com Forum
## General Discussion => New Physics for Space Technology => Topic started by: GI-Thruster on 04/04/2009 06:46 pm
Title: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/04/2009 06:46 pm
The JTEC is certainly interesting but I think the BLP reactor will have a higher power density than solar for most missions (anything that isn't many years running between the inner planets.) Of course, both could make use of the JTEC.
http://www.blacklightpower.com/
The 50 kW reactor currently being tested at Rowan is about the size of a basketball.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: mlorrey on 04/04/2009 07:21 pm
The JTEC is certainly interesting but I think the BLP reactor will have a higher power density than solar for most missions (anything that isn't many years running between the inner planets.) Of course, both could make use of the JTEC.
http://www.blacklightpower.com/
The 50 kW reactor currently being tested at Rowan is about the size of a basketball.
Oi, thats snake oil, there is no closer electron orbit.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/04/2009 07:34 pm
Yes well, I'm familiar with the controversy and I'm not proposing Mills' physics. I would however point out several interesting issues here:
a) BLP's board is not composed of quacks. There are several top CEO's and 4 ex-senior officers from CIA there.
b) The reactors are working.
c) The calorimetry studies at Rowan are open for anyone to observe and contribute to how they can be bettered. This is open university science and honestly, I would not want to be the one to hold someone like Dr. Peter Jansson to task. The guy is a brilliant MIT grad and Cambridge Ph.D. with lots of contract work for places like NIAC under his belt.
Sooooo. . .what does that all mean? I dunno!
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Lampyridae on 04/05/2009 12:02 am
I want to link up this forum I've found recently, as it appears to be specific to nuclear propulsion as we are specific to spaceflight:
http://www.energyfromthorium.com/forum/
I've seen similar proposals. Is it really all that? I seem to recall that there are obstacles to using thorium effectively.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Lampyridae on 04/05/2009 12:06 am
The JTEC is certainly interesting but I think the BLP reactor will have a higher power density than solar for most missions (anything that isn't many years running between the inner planets.) Of course, both could make use of the JTEC.
http://www.blacklightpower.com/
The 50 kW reactor currently being tested at Rowan is about the size of a basketball.
Oi, thats snake oil, there is no closer electron orbit.
Yes there is. I believe they're referring to this.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hyde.html
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: mlorrey on 04/05/2009 12:53 am
The JTEC is certainly interesting but I think the BLP reactor will have a higher power density than solar for most missions (anything that isn't many years running between the inner planets.) Of course, both could make use of the JTEC.
http://www.blacklightpower.com/
The 50 kW reactor currently being tested at Rowan is about the size of a basketball.
Oi, thats snake oil, there is no closer electron orbit.
Yes there is. I believe they're referring to this.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hyde.html
I am perfectly aware of how electron transitions work. What the blacklight people are claiming is that they can take hydrogen with its electron in its normal, stable, first orbit, known as "1s", and somehow get it to drop to a lower orbit that has never been observed, and somehow extract energy when the electron snaps back to its normal higher orbit. This is pure snake oil and is not supported by real physics.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/05/2009 01:19 am
There has been a huge controversy over the BLP claims ever since Mills originally strutted out his theory. I'm sure we don't want to open that can of worms here but let me just say, it is not true the BLP process has never been observed. That was true 15 years ago but it's not anything like true now. There have been many thousands of observations. There is raw physical evidence in hand of these "hydrino" crystals. There are the NIAC studies done years ago. There are many thousands of data points that demonstrate Mills' chemistry through use of the Millsian software, that clearly demonstrate Mills' theory is much better at predicting chemical reactions than the Bohr model. There are the working reactors being run at Rowan.
Truly, to get a grasp on all this takes hundreds or thousands of hours. I'm just saying as a philosopher who has been trained in handling evidence that we should never cast a casual glance and say Mills is wrong. If he's right at all, and there is an alarming amount of evidence to that affect now; then our understandings of chemistry and physics are all going to change over the next few decades. And truly, this is how science works. All revolution in scientific understanding meets exactly this kind of resistance. If it did not, the scientific process would not work.
But scientific revolutions aside, the fact is this reactor the size of a basketball is putting out power that can't be explained through recourse to status quo theory and that work is being done in the open at Rowan. I think it's fair to look at the raw evidence and ask "hey, where did all this energy come from?!" That's the point of the work at Rowan, not to validate Mills' theory but rather simply to show the protocols used to measure the power output of the reactor are sufficient to the task. And of course, this is why Rowan has an open offer for anyone to come and examine what they're doing. At this point, even EarthTech is not complaining and there is probably no one who knows more about these sorts of heat studies.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: mlorrey on 04/05/2009 01:33 am
There has been a huge controversy over the BLP claims ever since Mills originally strutted out his theory. I'm sure we don't want to open that can of worms here but let me just say, it is not true the BLP process has never been observed. That was true 15 years ago but it's not anything like true now. There have been many thousands of observations. There is raw physical evidence in hand of these "hydrino" crystals. There are the NIAC studies done years ago. There are many thousands of data points that demonstrate Mills' chemistry through use of the Millsian software, that clearly demonstrate Mills' theory is much better at predicting chemical reactions than the Bohr model. There are the working reactors being run at Rowan.
Truly, to get a grasp on all this takes hundreds or thousands of hours. I'm just saying as a philosopher who has been trained in handling evidence that we should never cast a casual glance and say Mills is wrong. If he's right at all, and there is an alarming amount of evidence to that affect now; then our understandings of chemistry and physics are all going to change over the next few decades. And truly, this is how science works. All revolution in scientific understanding meets exactly this kind of resistance. If it did not, the scientific process would not work.
But scientific revolutions aside, the fact is this reactor the size of a basketball is putting out power that can't be explained through recourse to status quo theory and that work is being done in the open at Rowan. I think it's fair to look at the raw evidence and ask "hey, where did all this energy come from?!" That's the point of the work at Rowan, not to validate Mills' theory but rather simply to show the protocols used to measure the power output of the reactor are sufficient to the task. And of course, this is why Rowan has an open offer for anyone to come and examine what they're doing. At this point, even EarthTech is not complaining and there is probably no one who knows more about these sorts of heat studies.
If they are getting net power, I would venture to say that it is far more likely that the hydrogen, being in a magnetic field, is seeing its electron jumping back and forth between its p and s orbits, which in hydrogen are at the same quantum energy EXCEPT when in a magnetic field.
I dont see any references to Mills or his work in wikipedia articles on hydrogen and electron configuration.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: kfsorensen on 04/05/2009 01:48 am
This is not the thread to argue about the merits of Blacklight power...take it somewhere else and return this thread to the given subject.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/05/2009 01:54 am
Vanilla, I agree.
mLorrey, you can venture to say where the energy is coming from. I can't. I'm not a scientist or an engineer. However, my experience with these things is that they're not so simple as one would at first imagine. Now if you think you have a viable theory as to where the energy is coming from, I suggest you take just a few minutes and drop Dr. Jansson a note. He's a very amiable guy, completely likeable and he's not tied to Mills theory in any way. He has no opinion of it. He's just doing the engineering to show there's heat. Now there has already been a few attempts to hunt down possible sources and they seem to indicate no answer. So, if you have an answer, write Dr. Jansson. I'm sure he'd be thrilled to hear from you.
[email protected]
Now, back to our regularly scheduled show. . . :-)
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Lampyridae on 04/05/2009 08:15 am
I'm not even remotely qualified in quantum physics, but in instances like this I think the better approach is to simply see if the energy produced is real and not experimental artefact. Who cares where the energy is coming from, if it can be reliably used then it can be used. Just like solar neutrinos didn't care about theory, if it's there we can't ignore it. Certainly I can grok that there can't be a 0th energy level, the equations simply don't allow that. And if there is some reason why, well, that'll really require a PhD in quantum physics to really grasp it. Unless there's something wrong with the Standard Model.
At the very least, these hydrino molecules seem to be quite interesting. Perhaps as a new form of rocket propellant even if the energy extraction side is bogus. The other app I can see is high-density radiation shielding. The stuff would be perfect for a storm shelter (if it can be reasonably stable). Not to mention all the other chemical weirdness they're talking about. I don't think that the reactor per se would really be able to function as a substitute NERVA for earth lift-off owing to power densities (hydrogen being the working medium).
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/05/2009 04:43 pm
Well, one thing is for sure: if Mills is right, the standard model is in huge error. This is the reason for the contention over the years. Mills is saying that basically, all of QM is wrong. He started saying this back in the '80's before he had any evidence in hand which instantly made him an outcast and maverick. I'm not saying this could be different in any way. Even had he waited until he had lots of physical evidence to make his outrageous claims, he would still necessarily have the antagonistic response he's had for more than 2 decades. You just can't tell people they're wrong about everything, from the structure of an electron, to the structure of an atom, to all the interpretations of QM phenomena over the last century, and not steam some people.
I personally don't have an opinion about BLP's physics. It appears to meet the criteria of both quackery and revolutionary science. I can't say one way or the other what it is. I can say they appear to be producing power, lots of power; and that the circumstantial evidence, like who's on the board, who's given financial support, etc. is a bit overwhelming.
I've even heard that one of the current NASA center chief's is in for big pesos himself. I'd never say who that is but I believe what I've been told here and upper tier NASA leaders are not just average engineers or researchers. I've talked with this guy and he is just as sharp as tacks. So I'm just saying, the jury is still out on BLP as far as I'm concerned.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: drbuzz0 on 04/24/2009 05:52 am
The more I read of this the more certain I am that it is snake oil. They don't even seem to have a consistant story of what this thing is. On one page it says it is a fully closed system (implying overunity) and on another it says that the only waste product is this hydrogen at a lower-than-grounded state. On one other page it says this process can be used as a hyper-effecient light source.
It is possible that some of those involved in the testing are honest, credible scientists and academics. Being a good scientist does not mean you're not gullible. Many very intelligent people have been fooled by some smoke and mirrors to make something seem to be doing something that is not so. (They don't consider someone rigged the calorimeter ahead of time or something).
The whole concept behind this thing looks, at best, extremely suspicious.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: mlorrey on 04/24/2009 07:21 am
If NASA people are involved (and I have to say, I've never even heard of the Rowan University that allegedly verified this system, they are apparently a young university founded as a teachers college. if BLP is in Princeton, NJ, why didn't they go to Princeton's physics dept?), then the first thing they should be doing with this theory is producing hydrino fuel for the space shuttle that is significantly denser than hydrogen fuel. Liquid hydrino fuel should be significantly denser than liquid hydrogen and provide more energetic reactions, so should have higher Isp than LOX/LH2. This is obviously rather groundbreaking for NASA and they should be all over experimenting with this stuff if it is real. So where are the NASA studies?
Here is an in depth analysis and criticism of Mills' theory:
http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/1367-2630/7/1/127/njp5_1_127.html
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/24/2009 04:15 pm
Rowan University was renamed for Mr. Rowan when he gave $100 million to improve the NJ state university. It used to be called "Glassboro" college and was a bit of an embarrassment to the state system, the place you'd go with mommy and daddy's money to get a degree in recreation and leisure, etc. The stated goal of Mr. Rowan is to turn the university into a world-class engineering institute that can rival places like MIT. I can tell you, they're well on their way. They've been building like mad for years now and hiring the best PhD's they can find. I live about 25 minutes from the campus and drive through regularly on the way to visit friends and family. The new engineering buildings are impressive by any standard. I doubt it's true BLP went to Rowan to get a replication. It's probably Anthony Marchese originally took an interest and filed for a NIAC grant. There's a completed paper of that work back in 2002-3 but I can't seem to find it. I did find this: http://users.rowan.edu/~marchese/blr.html Note that Peter Jansson was also a part of that project so it seems to me a natural extension of the previous work to do the calorimetery engineering to test the BLP reactors. Note that Rowan and Jansson are not involved in the disputes about Mills' science. They're just doing the testing and making their test process available to the public for review. This is good science. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/24/2009 04:23 pm Here's the final report of the thruster study: http://niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/752Marchese.pdf Mills' response to the Rathke: http://www.blacklightpower.com/theory/theorypapers/Mills%20Rebuttal%20of%20RathkeS.pdf I should also mention that I did read somewhere that the phase II follow-on asked for at the end of the thruster paper was never granted by NIAC, but it was granted by DARPA. I've never seen a copy of such a report and never asked Peter Jansson whether they did the follow on because I suspect if they did, and it's not posted on the web, this is because it's classified. In such an instance Peter could tell me about it, but then he'd have to kill me. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Danderman on 04/25/2009 02:09 am This is cold fusion all over again. On the other hand, if we are lucky, one of these "snake oil" approaches to energy production may work, so all we can do is wait and see what happens and hope for the best. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: jak42 on 04/25/2009 02:36 am If Blacklight is showing some kind of excess heat, it may, in fact, be due to The Physical Effect Formerly Known as Cold Fusion (now known as "low energy nuclear reactions" aka LENR). Blacklight's explanation - a quantum state below the lowest orbital in the hydrogen atom (aka hydrino) seems quite unlikely. LENR seems to involve a combination of electroweak and strong nuclear force: a proton and an electron combine to form a very slow, "cold" neutron with a very large cross section and a neutrino. The neutrino escapes undetected while the neutron, being large and slow, almost immediately combines with another nucleus on the metal to form isotopes. Chemical analysis afterwards detects the isotopes. This is the Windom-Larsen theory, and it can also be used to explain data in other cases: flux tubes on the sun and exploding wires. It has, however, nothing to do with fusion. The Coulomb force is simply too large for fusion to be occuring. For more information, see the following link: http://www.newenergytimes.com/v2/sr/WL/WLTheory.shtml Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/25/2009 03:28 am I suppose it's possible BLP might be looking at LENR but that would only explain the energy. It would not explain how Mill's model is so much more accurate in predicting molecular bonding energies than the Bohr model. Sooner or later folks, one needs to look at the actual evidence. . . Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: mlorrey on 04/25/2009 08:41 pm I suppose it's possible BLP might be looking at LENR but that would only explain the energy. It would not explain how Mill's model is so much more accurate in predicting molecular bonding energies than the Bohr model. Sooner or later folks, one needs to look at the actual evidence. . . Can you point to any studies by particle physicists in a reputable lab observing hydrogen becoming hydrinos? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/25/2009 09:36 pm I suppose it's possible BLP might be looking at LENR but that would only explain the energy. It would not explain how Mill's model is so much more accurate in predicting molecular bonding energies than the Bohr model. Sooner or later folks, one needs to look at the actual evidence. . . Can you point to any studies by particle physicists in a reputable lab observing hydrogen becoming hydrinos? I can't really but I haven't studied this in more than 5 years. I still keep tabs on BLP but I'm not a cheerleader. Just because I don't know off hand of a study like that doesn't mean there hasn't been one. And didn't Vissiar (sp?) win his Nobel prize with his "tightened states of matter" theory? Seemingly the same stuff only he wasn't telling everyone that their physics is wrong, just their chemistry. You're not suggesting that's the only sort of evidence you'd accept? You don't think looking at what BLP is saying is looking at evidence? I don't want to get into a contest over this stuff but I think it's pretty telling that most of the folks who seem to object violently to BLP have yet to actually look at the evidence. Don't you? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 04/26/2009 12:33 am I don't want to get into a contest over this stuff but I think it's pretty telling that most of the folks who seem to object violently to BLP have yet to actually look at the evidence. Don't you? Yes, it's quite telling. In more than 10 years, BLP hasn't actually produced any evidence, despite pulling in millions from gullible investors. What they have produced is incoherent pseudoscience (http://www.articlearchives.com/energy-utilities/utilities-industry-electric-power/940667-1.html) and press releases. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/26/2009 04:43 am Oh it's worse than that. They've already sold two commercial licenses. You'd think before an electrical utility forks out tens of millions in cash they'd want some evidence. But you say there is none. I bet you looked really carefully too. Poor electrical utilities. . .C'est domage. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 04/26/2009 05:52 am They've already sold two commercial licenses. You'd think before an electrical utility forks out tens of millions in cash they'd want some evidence. But you say there is none. I bet you looked really carefully too. Poor electrical utilities. . .C'est domage. You mean poor utilities share holders. Big companies getting suckered isn't new. Look at the firepower fiasco in Australia. This assuming the commercial licenses are real and properly represented by Blacklight. Blacklight claims it sold a license to Farmers' Electric Cooperative of New Mexico (not exactly a huge utility with an R&D wing capable of evaluating blacklights claims!), yet strangely the word "blacklight" doesn't appear on FECs site. The other license is to Roosevelt County Electric Cooperative also of NM, also small, and also not mentioning blacklight anywhere on their site. Nor is the value specified. Maybe these coops paid a dollar on the off chance that something comes out of it. Or maybe blacklight paid them, or took the board members on a nice golf outing. If this stuff worked, and utilities were buying it, don't you think they'd be using it to produce power ? If a utility company builds a megawatt power plant based on this "technology" I'll take back every bad thing I've said about blacklight. Until then, I'll continue to call what looks, walks and quacks like a fraud, a fraud. If something looks like fishy (which blacklight surely does) why would you trust their version of events ? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/26/2009 08:00 am "If this stuff worked, and utilities were buying it, don't you think they'd be using it to produce power ? If a utility company builds a megawatt power plant based on this "technology" I'll take back every bad thing I've said about blacklight. Until then, I'll continue to call what looks, walks and quacks like a fraud, a fraud. If something looks like fishy (which blacklight surely does) why would you trust their version of events ?" The only thing that looks fishy in the least at BLP is the physics. Everything else has a lot of reasons to trust. Maybe you didn't read the posts in this thread and you'd like to go back and do that? I don't trust BLP at their word except when, for example, my friends at CIA tell me that their board reads like a fortune 50 company and that none of these guys would ever dare get involved with something that isn't above board. BLP may be wrong in their physics, but you really need to have something resembling evidence before you go waving the crookery flag about. You don't have any idea what you're talking about. These are ex-CIA senior officers, ex-CEO's from places like Johnson and Johnson and Westinghouse IIRC. Why would guys like that risk their reputations selling a scam? This is the perfect example of what I'm talking about above--people with passion over this issue who have not done more than read a piece of hack journalism, think they know what's going on and are not only willing to call this pseudo-science, but fraud. All with no evidence and completely ignoring the evidence for the science. The first commercial-grade pilot reactor plant is scheduled to start up this year. Has been for some time. I hate sounding like I'm advocating for BLP because I honestly don't know about their physics but truly, no one who glances over the 1,200 page thesis written by Mills could possibly believe this is a scam. Mills totally believes he's right and thinks he's going to prove it to the world. There is NO DOUBT ABOUT THIS to anyone who has viewed the evidence, just as there is NO DOUBT that Mills has done what he needs to do to throw the ball to academia. There are now thousands of data points delivered to the American Chemical Society for them to verify. This is not what a quack or a fraud would do. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 04/26/2009 09:27 am The only thing that looks fishy in the least at BLP is the physics. Everything else has a lot of reasons to trust. Funny, it looks like a classic "fleece the investors with bogus science" scam to me. On a larger scale than most basement nutjobs, but not qualitatively different. Quote I don't trust BLP at their word except when, for example, my friends at CIA tell me that their board reads like a fortune 50 company and that none of these guys would ever dare get involved with something that isn't above board. You think these people are immune, or above fleecing suckers ? See firepower again. Those guys were selling a pill that would supposedly miraculously increase your gas mileage. Obvious baloney, but they pulled in millions and endorsements from all kinds of reputable people. As for your "friends at the CIA"... yeah. Quote These are ex-CIA senior officers, ex-CEO's from places like Johnson and Johnson and Westinghouse IIRC. Why would guys like that risk their reputations selling a scam? Several options: 1) They are suckers 2) They think they can make a buck and pass the blame off somewhere else. 3) They don't actually exist, or aren't actually involved in blacklight. Quote All with no evidence and completely ignoring the evidence for the science. ROFL. That's the whole problem... blacklight has no evidence, and, according to pretty much all of the physics community (including the astrophysicist you dismissed as a "hack journalist" (http://www.faculty.uci.edu/profile.cfm?faculty_id=5138)) who have bothered to look at it, their "theory" is incoherent. But they sure are big on press releases and wild claims. Quote The first commercial-grade pilot reactor plant is scheduled to start up this year. Has been for some time. Yes, classic scammer fashion, the big breakthrough is always some short time away, and has been for years. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/26/2009 04:15 pm I'm always stunned at how otherwise rational people can go on and on like this, completely ignoring the evidence while claiming there is none, and making arguments from completely irrelevant illustrations of other situations. The issue doesn't sit well with them so the issue needs to be demonized. As it turns out, since I'm a philosopher and did careful study in epistemology about how and why this sort of thing happens, I should not be surprised. Doesn't matter. I am. And Hop isn't the exception here. Most of us are just the same. This is why I said much earlier up in the thread that there is no way to tell whether BLP is wrong, or if they are what they claim to be, an instance of revolution in scientific structure. Let me just describe what that's all about for a moment. All of us have a host of beliefs we hold commitments to. Almost all of those beliefs are internally consistent or coherent with one another. This is called our "noetic structure." In those few instances where we find a conflict between beliefs meaning, there is an incoherence; this generates angst and tension in us--what psychologists call "cognitive dissonance" or "CD". Any time a person is suffering CD, they will be highly motivated to remove the tension in their belief system. Likewise, it is precisely because this sort of thing happens that people do not easily change their deeply held beliefs. When we speak of someone changing a significant portion of their noetic structure or world view at once, we use special terms like "conversion", "reformation" and "revolution." These things are difficult on everyone. Even the thought of altering our understandings of science generates deep angst. It's emotionally upsetting to think we could be wrong for example, about our "standard model" and all of our interpretations of seeming QM phenomena. It is that emotional upset, not the consequence of reason, that drives people to persecute anyone who proposes a revolution in scientific structure. Note, this is true whether the science proposed is good or bad science. The emotional response to any such proposal will always be the same--irrational--just as the arguments here most recent above. So nothing against Hop. We're all this way. If I may make just a handful of suggestions concerning how we can be more rational in considering things like whether BLP could be a revolution in scientific structure: 1) Read Thomas S. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. You can get it in paperback used for less than$5. If you don't understand what scientific revolution is all about, you are in no position to judge BLP.
2) Consider the benefits. If BLP is right, this explains why physics has been at a stand still the last half century. Something like this would remove road blocks to our scientific discovery.
3) Stop making vain appeals to authority. Forget standing on the status quo. Forget what everyone else thinks and look at the evidence for yourself. Especially if you're a technically-minded person, you probably have the skills to do a decent investigation for yourself. Even if you don't have the advanced physics skills to argue with Mills, you can look at all manner of evidence for yourself. You don't need to make recourse to the sad, irresponsible web journalism of our day for your authority for belief. Invest yourself in some real thinking. You'll have actually earned your commitments on the issue, wherever they fall.
BTW, Aaron Barth is a "hack" because he deliberately misleads his audience in the article sited above. His telling of the story is completely and deliberately inaccurate. For instance, where he writes;
"Mills' mistakes are legion. He starts with an incorrect equation of motion for the electron. He uses a wave equation which does not actually have solutions corresponding to bound states of an electron in an atom, because the equation doesn't account for the electromagnetic force which holds the atom together. He makes the unwarranted assumption that the electron is confined to thin spherical shells whose radii are given by the Bohr model. He ignores the fact that this assumption is mathematically inconsistent with the equation of motion he chooses, and he uses this internally inconsistent solution to predict that there are energy levels below the ground state of hydrogen. This doesn't amount to any kind of a meaningful physical theory."
he is deliberately misleading his audience. The salient fact Barth is hiding from his audience here is that Mills did not pluck his theory from the air but rather, he was reading Maxwell when he discovered Schrodinger was wrong. Pretending Mills' work is unfounded when it relies completely upon Maxwell is hack journalism and a deliberate attempt to deceive--which it seems he's succeeded at quiet well. Anyone who invests 5 minutes in reading Mills knows that Barth is here completely disingenuous. He deliberately avoids mention of Maxwell and where Mills says he got his theory from in order to make it seem preposterous.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: gospacex on 04/26/2009 05:33 pm
As it turns out, since I'm a philosopher and did careful study in epistemology about how and why this sort of thing happens, I should not be surprised.
I would say you need to get off your high horse, and stop generalizing how stupid we all are.
I can't talk for others, but I do not think that our current knowledge of physics is unshakeable. But, it also does not mean we are necessarily wrong about it all.
The truth is, today's scientific community is rather receptive to new ideas, even crazy ones. It's not like we burn "heretics" alive. No, we really do not.
However crazy your idea is, you will be listened to, and if you have tangible results, people will try to verify and reproduce them.
I do not understand what you are complaining about. You think that people _must_ take any wacky sounding idea for truth? That criticism is not allowed or that it is detrimental to the process of establishing the truth?
Cut the crap. Show the evidence you have.
Since blacklight people claim that they have working devices producing energy by converting hydrogen to "hydrino", they must have "hydrino" byproduct in kilogram quantities. Can they send it to labs for analysis? Until they don't, I reserve the right to think that it is a scam.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/26/2009 06:00 pm
As I said, I'm not going to spend my time here advocating for BLP. I'm just saying if you want evidence, go out and find it. The crystals were sent out to dozens of labs more than a decade ago.
And yes, we do burn heretics or at the least, refuse them their graduate degrees if they don't absorb the status quo.
I'm not suggesting the scientific community should be or even could be more open than it is. I'm just saying the lack of objectivity is fully human and the natural result of how emotions come from reason. This is not a generalization that we are all "stupid" but rather that we are all human.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: hop on 04/27/2009 12:15 am
3) Stop making vain appeals to authority.
This is rather amusing given your own repeated appeals to your alleged contacts at the CIA etc.
Quote
...snip pointless ramble about philosophy of science...
This is all irrelevant to the simple question at hand: Has blacklight presented objectively reproducible evidence to support their extraordinary claims ? From what I've seen so far, the answer is a strong no. A few people of questionable independence (Marchese who did the NIAC work was already associated with BL AFAIK) have produced potentially interesting results, but that's a long way from confirming "hydrino theory".
Quote
Forget what everyone else thinks and look at the evidence for yourself.
When I want an opinion on a highly technical matter, I look to experts in the field. If I find the opinion at odds with my experience or common sense, I might go for a second or third opinion, but working things out from first principles isn't really an option. Particularly in science, a long standing, well established consensus in the field is a strong indicator that it represents the best available model to date.
Quote
He is deliberately misleading his audience. The salient fact Barth is hiding from his audience here is that Mills did not pluck his theory from the air but rather, he was reading Maxwell when he discovered Schrodinger was wrong.
Your argument here seems to boil down to claiming that Mills is right and Barth is wrong. This is not the least bit convincing, especially given Barths demonstrated expertise in this field. Nor is Barth alone in calling Mills "theory" nonsense. Mills may think he discovered Schrodinger was wrong, but that doesn't mean he wasn't effectively pulling his "theory" out of thin air.
For someone who claims to not be advocating BLP, you seem to have spent a lot of time doing exactly that.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/27/2009 12:57 am
"This is all irrelevant to the simple question at hand: Has blacklight presented objectively reproducible evidence to support their extraordinary claims ?"
No. That is not the question at hand. I have repeatedly stated I am not advocating for BLP. The question is whether it is intellectually justified for people to accuse people they don't know, and groups they know nothing about of pseudo-science, fraud and lying. You've now moved from accusing BLP of pseudo-science and fraud, to accusing me of lying--all with no evidence.
You see the problem here?
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Herb Schaltegger on 04/28/2009 03:22 pm
"This is all irrelevant to the simple question at hand: Has blacklight presented objectively reproducible evidence to support their extraordinary claims ?"
No. That is not the question at hand. I have repeatedly stated I am not advocating for BLP. The question is whether it is intellectually justified for people to accuse people they don't know, and groups they know nothing about of pseudo-science, fraud and lying. You've now moved from accusing BLP of pseudo-science and fraud, to accusing me of lying--all with no evidence.
You see the problem here?
Okay then explain the purpose of your thread? You created it - you claim to not advocate for it, yet attack those who question the merits of the subject itself.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/28/2009 03:31 pm
No, I didn't start the thread. We bumped into this issue when, in another thread; I said that the BLP reactor ought to have a higher power density than using solar for electric propulsion. Chris separated those thoughts from that thread and started this one. From that time everyone here has been calling this stuff snake oil, pseudo-science and fraud. I'm sure it's just a matter of time until it gets called "oogie boogie."
My point is as any philosopher. If you want to castigate anything, you ought to have some evidence. I've yet to see evidence anyone here has done anything other than taken the word of those in the status quo position. So point in fact, if indeed Mills were right and this were an instance of a revolution in science, everyone here would be doing EXACTLY what they're doing--not because this is good science but because this is what even good scientists do! But truly, out of hand rejection like this is the practice of religion, not science.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/28/2009 04:39 pm
I will admit one thing I would advocate for with regards BLP and that is, someone at NASA to consider replacing JIMO with a spacecraft using a BLP driven power system.
I always thought JIMO was a great idea. If we're to learn more about our planetary system, we have to have these more capable spacecraft with KW's of power aboard rather than a few watts. JIMO was scrapped because it was just so spendy--more than a billion dollars. Imagine if the power system could be replaced cheaply? A few of these 50 Kw reactors and their subsequent sub systems are apparently not going to cost much. You can do direct plasma-dynamic conversion to electricity so very little radiator mass is needed. No need to build an enormous spacecraft. It seems to me if we could take BLP's word for a thumbnail sketch study, we'd learn what it would take to build and fly a JIMO-like mission without a nuke. Also, if indeed their reactor works the way it's claimed to, this is a fabulous opportunity to improve VASIMR by a couple orders magnitude thrust efficiency. Imagine if we had a JIMO like craft capable of both huge thrusts and super high Isp's, that drew it's power from the stuff it uses as plasma?
I don't know about you but I think this is all worth some investigation and its not as if BLP has been hiding from the scientific establishment. I'd bet anyone who has the skills to do a JIMO type mockup could get the answers they need from guys like Peter Jansson as well as from BLP.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: mlorrey on 04/28/2009 09:54 pm
I will admit one thing I would advocate for with regards BLP and that is, someone at NASA to consider replacing JIMO with a spacecraft using a BLP driven power system.
I always thought JIMO was a great idea. If we're to learn more about our planetary system, we have to have these more capable spacecraft with KW's of power aboard rather than a few watts. JIMO was scrapped because it was just so spendy--more than a billion dollars. Imagine if the power system could be replaced cheaply? A few of these 50 Kw reactors and their subsequent sub systems are apparently not going to cost much. You can do direct plasma-dynamic conversion to electricity so very little radiator mass is needed. No need to build an enormous spacecraft. It seems to me if we could take BLP's word for a thumbnail sketch study, we'd learn what it would take to build and fly a JIMO-like mission without a nuke. Also, if indeed their reactor works the way it's claimed to, this is a fabulous opportunity to improve VASMIR by a couple orders magnitude thrust efficiency. Imagine if we had a JIMO like craft capable of both huge thrusts and super high Isp's, that drew it's power from the stuff it uses as plasma?
I don't know about you but I think this is all worth some investigation and its not as if BLP has been hiding from the scientific establishment. I'd bet anyone who has the skills to do a JIMO type mockup could get the answers they need from guys like Peter Jansson as well as from BLP.
Lets see a working generator on earth first that is selling power back to the electric grid.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: khallow on 04/29/2009 11:11 am
All I can say is that when I looked at BLP (which admittedly was some time ago), all I saw was yet another perpetual motion machine. They claimed at the time that they somehow could extract energy from ground state hydrogen, somehow dropping it to a lower than lowest energy state. But in practice, it was just a fancy closed cycle loop.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/29/2009 04:12 pm
It's not actually a loop because they don't return the hydrogen to its ground state condition. They supposedly leave it in its altered, fractional or "hydrino" energy state where they say it makes for useful material in its own right. The question whether such a thing is in the first place possible is generally dismissed because everyone presumes Schrodinger was correct in his famous "Schrodinger Equation" for which he recieved the Nobel prize in 1933. With physical evidence in hand that he may not have been correct, and that fractional energy states are possible, it is the place of the scientific community to address the issue as an open question. Thus far, it has utterly failed to do this.
Note, the issue is not truly between Bohr and Mills. When we speak of the "Bohr model" we generally assume the Schrodinger Equation as part of that model. However, Schrodinger came along a bit later than Bohr and built upon Bohr's work. Mills is saying that Bohr was essentially correct but that Schrodinger was not and he's saying this based upon Maxwell.
As I said, the reactor is running. . .
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: khallow on 04/29/2009 07:33 pm
As I see it, the problem with that claim is that we haven't seen evidence of this hydrino state in nature. Remember roughly 3/4 of visible mass is in the form of hydrogen and we've experimented with hydrogen for more than a century. If the hydrino state truly were a lower energy state for atomic (or perhaps molecular) hydrogen in either stars, near Earth conditions, or nebula, then we would see it. In other words, we have strong negative results for hydrinos already.
That implies to me that if the hydrino state really exists, it's at a much different temperature, density, and pressure than the usual for hydrogen (say something like metallic hydrogen). That means you have to expend considerable energy to get hydrogen to the desired intermediate state where it can then fall to the hydrino state.
And sure the reactor is running, but does it produce net power?
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/29/2009 08:31 pm
Well, this is why we need to have more scientists involved in examining BLP's claims. They do for instance claim that there is cosmological evidence for this state of hydrogen and those claims need to be examined more closely. In Barth's shabby analysis linked above, he makes the claim that the spectrum identified by Mills et al is not above the noise floor of the apparatus used to examine, but he never says what the readings were nor what the noise floor was so his claim is likewise suspect. That was not a piece of science Barth posted online.
That said, there are reasons to suppose this contracted state of hydrogen would be rare because it can only be formed through use of a catalyst under low pressure conditions. Still, some posit that it is the hydrino state of hydrogen that is the "dark matter" out there. Conjecture like that is not interesting to me personally because we'd need to find some evidence that's so but, it does provide a possible answer to your objection.
And yes, the 50 kW reactor is running at Rowan and less than 1% of the power being generated can be explained through recourse to normal chemistry and physics. The whole point of Rowan running the replication is so others can come in and examine their protocols so this is very open science. Anyone with an interest can examine and comment on the techniques used to measure the heat. They're looking to improve their methods in any way possible.
http://www.blacklightpower.com/pdf/BLPIndependentReport.pdf
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: hop on 04/30/2009 07:05 am
In Barth's shabby analysis linked above, he makes the claim that the spectrum identified by Mills et al is not above the noise floor of the apparatus used to examine, but he never says what the readings were nor what the noise floor was so his claim is likewise suspect. That was not a piece of science Barth posted online.
If you'd actually read the "shabby analysis" you'd know that Barth cites his sources.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Celebrimbor on 04/30/2009 09:19 am
Something that I know can happen with a very small probability rate is that a 1s electron can be captured by the proton in a weak interaction in the creation of a neutron. This well-known phenomenon has been theorised and observed and everything happens as expected. Its called electron capture.
Is that what is going on here?
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: gospacex on 04/30/2009 09:51 am
Something that I know can happen with a very small probability rate is that a 1s electron can be captured by the proton in a weak interaction in the creation of a neutron. This well-known phenomenon has been theorised and observed and everything happens as expected. Its called electron capture.
Is that what is going on here?
Mass of free neutron > mass of free proton + mass of free electron.
What you describe (I believe it's called "K-capture") happens only in some isotopes where the energy deficit is covered by the energy release from new nucleus formation (it is more stable than old one).
In hydrogen, it's impossible.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 04/30/2009 02:49 pm
In Barth's shabby analysis linked above, he makes the claim that the spectrum identified by Mills et al is not above the noise floor of the apparatus used to examine, but he never says what the readings were nor what the noise floor was so his claim is likewise suspect. That was not a piece of science Barth posted online.
If you'd actually read the "shabby analysis" you'd know that Barth cites his sources.
I did read it and honestly, if Barth had wanted to put in the work for a real analysis, he would have published in a peer review journal, not some shmoe web blog. People need to start seeing contemporary journalism on the web for what it is, the pinnacle of abandonment of objectivity in journalism.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: hop on 05/02/2009 03:34 am
I did read it and honestly, if Barth had wanted to put in the work for a real analysis, he would have published in a peer review journal, not some shmoe web blog. People need to start seeing contemporary journalism on the web for what it is, the pinnacle of abandonment of objectivity in journalism.
I see you've simply ignored the fact that your original claim that Barth didn't provide data is wrong. Instead, you've just moved on to attacking the medium in which it was printed.
This is disingenuous in a couple of ways. First, its factually wrong: the article originally appeared in a print publication (Skeptic magazine), not a blog. Secondly, its simply ad-hominem (or should I say ad-medium ?) While the blogosphere certainly contains plenty of rubbish, it does not follow that anything found on the blogosphere is necessarily rubbish.
It isn't a peer reviewed article (and no one has claimed it was), but it does appear to be serious, well documented argument by an expert in a relevant field.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/02/2009 02:51 pm
Go back and reread the article. Barth DID NOT provide the data. He provided a reference.
Look, this is shmoe journalism. Anyone who knows anything about Skeptic Magazine knows that it's all hack nonsense written by professional whiners and complainers, thinking they're all clever because they took an antagonistic stance against whatever is the topic du jour. There's no accountability. No responsibility.
I have to tell you the truth here, as an epistemologist it just grinds my shorts that skepticism has so dominated that field since Descartes. It's one thing to use skepticism as a tool for critical thinking. Its something else entirely to use it to show how we don't "know" anything except perhaps that we exist. That's just pointless brain drain nonsense and Skeptic mag is known not for critical thinking, but for their own distinctive lack of common sense in this area. Yes, if all you want to do is win an argument, meaning you're motivated not by finding the truth but rather by "winning" in some obscure fashion, then by all means; be a skeptic! It's true! If you like you can show that we have doubts about even our own existence! But it's also a dopey waste of time.
In any event, it's a simple thing for you to go on the BLP web site and look at the origins of Mills theory. You can also look at the real debate about it. It was never with Barth. It was with Rathke. Go on the web site, look at what Mills says about where his theory came from, come back and report to us about how deceptive Barth is in his shoddy journalism. Here's a clue for you: Barth is using a rhetorical fallacy know as the "generative fallacy" in order to discredit Mills theory, by trying to sell the notion Mills has simply plucked the theory from the air. I'm not here making an ad hominem attack on Barth. I'm saying this is what he did in his paper and why you are better off to ignore people like Barth.
Why is it such a problem you should actually look at the evidence? The reactor is running at the state university and the only explanation to date of all the energy coming from, is Mills' theory. Screw what Barth said back in 2001. He's not half dopey enough to say it today.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/02/2009 04:15 pm
Hop, I want to be sure I'm not being hasty here with you. I made that mistake with Jim some months ago and created a conflict that was truly my fault not his. While I'm on the subject let me make here a formal apology to Jim. In the weeks and months since, its become very obvious to me that Jim is a sensible guy and though he does not suffer fools well, he always seems to be level-headed and correct. I want to extend that same sort of assumption about you and everyone else here at NSF.
Given this, I think the reason you and I don't respond similarly to things like Barth is that we have very different backgrounds. So, let me take a moment and explain why I don't appreciate Barth nor the Skeptic. It concerns the state of epistemology and the misuse of the tools of skepticism.
If you'll remember, and I'll try to get the story right though it's been a long time; Rene Descartes who was a brilliant mathematician and philosopher; was home sick one day. He had a high fever and was hallucinating. When the hallucinations were done with, he had a very sensible concern over how he could have been so wrong in his seeming apprehensions. This sent him down the path to pondering what the limits of knowledge are.
Descartes wrote a beautiful formalism concerning how he could be wrong about almost anything. He systematically disassembled his entire noetic structure through skepticism or doubt about whether he could be wrong until he finally came to that bare essential, what he could find no way to doubt (though others have after him), the proposition that "I think, therefore I am."
After this, Descartes uses pure reason to make his own version of the ontological argument, the previous argument from pure reason by Aquinas for the existence of God. Then he posits God would not allow him to be so deceived and from there rebuilds his entire noetic structure. Even those of us who don't particularly think the ontological argument obtains can see some true elegance in Descartes method here.
In modern epistemology, Descartes' method of rigorous disassembly of belief has run amok. The skeptics have been using Descartes original method to doubt anything and everything and I can tell you first hand, they always win their arguments. If you are at first willing to grant the skeptics their original premise, that all claims to "knowledge" entail what is called "intellectual justification" and that this justification requires that one could not be wrong in any way, then the skeptics will win their pointless argument and the result is you have to say you don't know much of anything, if anything at all. After all, one can think of a situation where you'd be wrong. We could be brains in a vat.
This is all a big waste of time and when you see debunkers using this method, rather than a common sense method, you know they're misusing the tools of critical thinking.
I prefer the common sense epistemology of people like G.E Moore and the brilliant contemporary champion of this, Alvin Plantinga at Notre Dame. Plantinga has brought the question of how we think back to basics. Instead of asking , "is there ANY way I could be wrong?" he asks "what is the proper warrant for belief?" and "How can I think rationally and be warranted in my beliefs?"
It would take too long to cover Plantinga here but let me just note that Plantinga posits that our ability to apprehend truth is tied directly to the proper functioning of our noetic faculties. He's saying yes, we could be deceived through for example an hallucination, but that failure is do to a failure in our noetic faculties. In general, we are justified like G.E. Moore in holding up our hand and saying "this is my hand." To doubt this is generally a failure of common sense and I think once we come to understand this, we also come to understand that most of what we see in places like the Skeptic, utterly lacks common sense. It is in the tradition of skepticism run amok, not in the tradition of those who earnestly want to find the truth.
So, you can see my commitment here. I think if you want to find the truth about something like BLP, you have to first look at BLP's claims in a common sensical sort of way. Even though all of academia is essentially opposed to Mills' theory, since he is claiming to have a revolutionary type contribution to modern science, you cannot in this instance go to an authority figure for an answer. You need to go to the raw evidence, IMHO.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: gospacex on 05/02/2009 04:37 pm
The reactor is running at the state university and the only explanation to date of all the energy coming from, is Mills' theory.
Where do they put waste hydrino byproduct? :)
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/02/2009 05:28 pm
The reactor is running at the state university and the only explanation to date of all the energy coming from, is Mills' theory.
Where do they put waste hydrino byproduct? :)
That's a good question. You'd have to ask Dr. Jansson what they're doing with it. If you want to do that, you'll want to do it soon since he's off to Cambridge soon.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: hop on 05/03/2009 04:04 am
Go back and reread the article. Barth DID NOT provide the data. He provided a reference.
The reference is sufficient for any qualified individual to determine whether his interpretation representation of the data is accurate or not. So your complaint appears to merely be a dishonest diversion.
Quote
Look, this is shmoe journalism. Anyone who knows anything about Skeptic Magazine knows that it's all hack nonsense written by professional whiners and complainers, thinking they're all clever because they took an antagonistic stance against whatever is the topic du jour.
More vague ad-hom, again changing your story when your error is noted. First it was blogs, now just appearing in Skeptic makes it junk.
Quote
Why is it such a problem you should actually look at the evidence? The reactor is running at the state university and the only explanation to date of all the energy coming from, is Mills' theory. Screw what Barth said back in 2001. He's not half dopey enough to say it today.
If there were actual evidence, you'd have a point. The stuff at Rowan is run by Mills pals, using blacklights materials. This isn't independent validation.
Quote
Even though all of academia is essentially opposed to Mills' theory, since he is claiming to have a revolutionary type contribution to modern science, you cannot in this instance go to an authority figure for an answer.
This is classic scammer/kook argument. "The establishment wants to suppress the new revolutionary theory!". It's bogus, because anyone who could actually prove the kind of things Mills claims would be collecting their Nobel pronto. You're place in history would be assured if you overturned giants like Bohr and Schrödinger. If the theory made sense, up and coming physicists would be falling over each other to prove it, not trying to suppress it.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/03/2009 12:02 pm
Look Hop, you can stop putting words in my mouth. I tried with you. I honestly did.
Believe whatever you want but stop slandering people you know nothing about. Have you no conscience? Have you no common sense? You think an MIT grad and Cambridge Fellow who teaches at a cutting edge university engineering program is running a scam because he's saying something you don't want to believe? And the other 7 professors spread out over several departments and two colleges--they're all lying? And their grad students, all lying too?
That's an aweful lot to presume with no evidence.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: mlorrey on 05/04/2009 02:56 am
It's not actually a loop because they don't return the hydrogen to its ground state condition. They supposedly leave it in its altered, fractional or "hydrino" energy state where they say it makes for useful material in its own right. The question whether such a thing is in the first place possible is generally dismissed because everyone presumes Schrodinger was correct in his famous "Schrodinger Equation" for which he recieved the Nobel prize in 1933. With physical evidence in hand that he may not have been correct, and that fractional energy states are possible, it is the place of the scientific community to address the issue as an open question. Thus far, it has utterly failed to do this.
Note, the issue is not truly between Bohr and Mills. When we speak of the "Bohr model" we generally assume the Schrodinger Equation as part of that model. However, Schrodinger came along a bit later than Bohr and built upon Bohr's work. Mills is saying that Bohr was essentially correct but that Schrodinger was not and he's saying this based upon Maxwell.
Well if they do indeed leave the hydrinos in this below ground state, any engineer can tell you that you should be able to generate more power by returning it to the ground state, so why don't they do that? That should boost their power output and make them more efficient.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/04/2009 03:01 pm
It's not actually a loop because they don't return the hydrogen to its ground state condition. They supposedly leave it in its altered, fractional or "hydrino" energy state where they say it makes for useful material in its own right. The question whether such a thing is in the first place possible is generally dismissed because everyone presumes Schrodinger was correct in his famous "Schrodinger Equation" for which he recieved the Nobel prize in 1933. With physical evidence in hand that he may not have been correct, and that fractional energy states are possible, it is the place of the scientific community to address the issue as an open question. Thus far, it has utterly failed to do this.
Note, the issue is not truly between Bohr and Mills. When we speak of the "Bohr model" we generally assume the Schrodinger Equation as part of that model. However, Schrodinger came along a bit later than Bohr and built upon Bohr's work. Mills is saying that Bohr was essentially correct but that Schrodinger was not and he's saying this based upon Maxwell.
Well if they do indeed leave the hydrinos in this below ground state, any engineer can tell you that you should be able to generate more power by returning it to the ground state, so why don't they do that? That should boost their power output and make them more efficient.
When the electron moves in closer to the nucleus, it releases quantized energy in the form of a photon. It takes energy to move it back away from the nucleus. Doing that would give you a closed loop but it would not give you energy out of the system. In the case of most BlackLight Process to date, meaning most experiments over the last couple decades; the fractal energy state reached was 1/7 that of the ground state and when this energy level is reached, it releases a photon in the UV spectrum--hence the name of the process. It's so energetic that it produces plasma which could be handy for direct plasma-dynamic conversion to electricity. Last I read, this process is not as efficient as a standard heat engine but since it does not require a radiator, for spacecraft it may well be worth it to lose the radiator mass and go a bit less efficient. And then of course you can eject the plasma through something like a standard Ion engine or VASIMR and you have ready made the power to run the engine as well as a spacecraft's other systems.
Note, this process as explained has an energy density between standard chemical and nuclear reactions--it's a halfway house that avoids all the expense of fission, including shielding, waste, materials handling constraints and politics.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: mlorrey on 05/04/2009 04:38 pm
Well if they do indeed leave the hydrinos in this below ground state, any engineer can tell you that you should be able to generate more power by returning it to the ground state, so why don't they do that? That should boost their power output and make them more efficient.
When the electron moves in closer to the nucleus, it releases quantized energy in the form of a photon. It takes energy to move it back away from the nucleus. Doing that would give you a closed loop but it would not give you energy out of the system. In the case of most BlackLight Process to date, meaning most experiments over the last couple decades; the fractal energy state reached was 1/7 that of the ground state and when this energy level is reached, it releases a photon in the UV spectrum--hence the name of the process. It's so energetic that it produces plasma which could be handy for direct plasma-dynamic conversion to electricity. Last I read, this process is not as efficient as a standard heat engine but since it does not require a radiator, for spacecraft it may well be worth it to lose the radiator mass and go a bit less efficient. And then of course you can eject the plasma through something like a standard Ion engine or VASIMR and you have ready made the power to run the engine as well as a spacecraft's other systems.
Note, this process as explained has an energy density between standard chemical and nuclear reactions--it's a halfway house that avoids all the expense of fission, including shielding, waste, materials handling constraints and politics.
Well not sure I buy all that. For power generation, all you really need is a differential between whatever energy state you are in and the ground state. Doesnt really matter if you are above or below the ground state (hence AC vs DC, etc) it is the potential difference that does the work.
IMHO the way to work it is you use the hydrinos to absorb waste heat IR photons, so this increases the temperature differential on either end. Hydrinos should come out supercool, so absorbing waste heat is the way they would get some additional work done.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/04/2009 05:02 pm
I've never seen anything talking about reversing the BLP process. As I've said, it's 5 years since I've looked at all this carefully. I only keep tabs on their progress these last 5 years. After all, they're no longer seeking investment.
What I can tell you is that in every instance, atoms store their internal energy based upon the location of their electrons. The closer the electron, the lower the energy state of the atom. Moving the electron back out away from the nucleus is endothermic. It will not release energy; it will require energy.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: JohnFornaro on 05/11/2009 04:50 pm
Whew. Coming in late to the party, I would have thought that a thread started by GI-Thruster, and entitled "Blacklight Power" would countenance a discussion of the merits of, well, blacklight power.
The power generation companies are not currently selling electricity generated by this method, nor, according to trade reports, are they widely experimenting with this methodology.
Color me confused.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/11/2009 08:37 pm
I am in favor of discussion concerning BLP but not between folks who know nothing about it. Anyone who can claim that Mills says his process does not radiate, despite the salient fact the process is NAMED AFTER SUCH RADIATION, is quite confused and has nothing of value to share.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: mlorrey on 05/11/2009 09:01 pm
Atoms store their energy in two things, not one:
a) velocity
b) electron orbits
lets say you've got a bunch of hydrinos mixed with hydrogen. The average velocities of both should be equal since they are of equal atomic mass. The hydrinos should absorb energy from the hydrogen atoms that have an electron at a higher than ground orbit due to photon absorption or impact with another hydrogen atom. Thus hydrinos should all return to the ground state while absorbing ambient waste heat, and thus should have a cooling influence on any matter above 0 K.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/11/2009 09:20 pm
I agree with all this though, I'm not certain whether the original premise, that you have hydrinos mixed with hydrogen, is something that actually occurs. Lets remember hydrogen is diatomic and not normally found in single atoms except in plasma state. Also, there is the quantum energy transfer issue. It seems to me likely in theory that one could bump a hydrino back up above normal ground state in a manner like you suggest, but it also seems this energy transfer would need to be carefully mediated by a catalyst, same as the original process, or perhaps pumped with a laser of specific frequency, etc. But in general yes. I would think the process would be reversible. I have just never read about it before.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Zachstar on 05/22/2009 07:09 am
I will say the same thing I say for so called ZPM machines.
Build one for everyone to observe. Bring it out to the middle of nowhere and power something with it. Let the scientists ensure there is nothing remotely interfering with the results.
I think both sides are doing more harm than good with this stuff. We dont need everyone calling snake oil which can be considered slander. And we dont need potential amazing peoples defending decisions by them to refuse simple but effective field evidence.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: gospacex on 05/22/2009 09:26 am
I will say the same thing I say for so called ZPM machines.
Build one for everyone to observe. Bring it out to the middle of nowhere and power something with it.
In this case, it's even simpler. Give hydrino samples to the chemists interested in analyzing them. Hydrino atoms should be easily detectable, as they differ for any other known atom.
Sorry, "we offered samples but nobody was interested in doing that" does not count. Find somebody who is interested.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/22/2009 02:44 pm
They did that ten years ago. The chemists are satisfied. It's the physicists who are all jittery.
The reactor at Rowan and its calorimetery apparatus are both open for anyone to examine and offer concerns or suggestion on how to improve the experiment. How many times do I need to say this? The evidence is out for anyone who has a notion to view for themselves. This is very PUBLIC science being done at a state university.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: gospacex on 05/22/2009 03:51 pm
They did that ten years ago. The chemists are satisfied. It's the physicists who are all jittery.
Oh really? Provide URLs to a few ecstatic scientific publications "wow, a completely new state of ordinary hydrogen is found!"
Quote
The reactor at Rowan and its calorimetery apparatus are both open for anyone to examine and offer concerns or suggestion on how to improve the experiment. How many times do I need to say this?
You may repeat that ad nauseum. Until there are more people who confirm that "hydrino" exists, repeating won't help.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/22/2009 04:00 pm
"Oh really? Provide URLs to a few ecstatic scientific publications "wow, a completely new state of ordinary hydrogen is found!"
Here's a better idea. You go spend your time looking for it. BLP presents before the American Chemical Society each year. You go trace it down. Not worth my time.
Lets face facts. The whiners here aren't going to trace anything down. They're just going to keep whining that the evidence hasn't been collected for them just like they'd whine the evidence was cherry-picked if it had been collected for them.
That's why it's not worth my time to do your research.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Pittsburgh on 05/22/2009 05:37 pm
If the chemists were satisfied ten years ago, then that was about the same time that evidence was provided for neutrinos having mass. Flipping to the index and then the appropriate page, my physics textbook from 2004 references this.
I'd imagine that the textbook publishers operate their revisions on roughly the same time cycle for both physics and chemistry. I'll see if I can get my hands on a new chemistry textbook and look up hydrino in the index. You figure that if chemistry as a field has decided that there are states lower than the ground state, that will merit at least a footnote.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/22/2009 05:43 pm
I'm not saying anyone has supported BLP. I'm saying the whining is coming from the physicists, not the chemists. This has nothing to do with text books! What are you saying?!
Look, each time I make a call for some common sense here, an adversary comes along and places me in the position of a BLP advocate. I'm not. I'm just a humbe philosopher of technology suggesting that anyone who wants answers here can get them for themselves. This is public science. Avail yourself to it if you have an interest. Otherwise, why waste time supporting the status quo position when there is so much evidence that this position may be in error?
That's not science and it's not thinking. It's mob mentality.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Pittsburgh on 05/22/2009 06:05 pm
The claim posited in this thread is that ten years ago hydrinos were provided to the scientific community, and while the physicists balked, the chemists were fine with it. OK, at roughly the same time, evidence about neutrinos came to light, and the physics texts were changed within five or six years. If chemistry as a field really does believe in hydrinos, then I'd expect to see a similar change in the chemistry books. If I can't find reference to hydrinos in modern chemistry textbooks, then I'm forced to believe that chemists as a group don't believe in hydrinos. Is that common sense?
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/22/2009 07:06 pm
Ah. I see your point and this is an interesting test or measure of what entails scientific orthodoxy. Certainly, school text books are a pretty fair measure. I would point out a few issues with the naive application of this method though:
Neutrinos had been the constant source of discussion for decades before the first argon tank tests. They were in text books before the tests or certainly a guy like me would not have run across them thirty years ago.
Chemists are never going to promote the notion of hydrinos until the physicists have at. That's not how scientific revolutions occur. They're much less orderly than this. We should expect biting, kicking and eye-gouging for a couple decades AFTER the evidence is out in an unassailable fashion, meaning things like a working reactor.
Just IMHO but again, let me recommend that the best place to get a sense of what this process is like is to read Thomas S. Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. You can get it in paperback used from Amazon for about $5 and it's a fun read. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Zachstar on 05/23/2009 12:07 am They did that ten years ago. The chemists are satisfied. It's the physicists who are all jittery. The reactor at Rowan and its calorimetery apparatus are both open for anyone to examine and offer concerns or suggestion on how to improve the experiment. How many times do I need to say this? The evidence is out for anyone who has a notion to view for themselves. This is very PUBLIC science being done at a state university. Um no that is NOT what I meant. When I mean the middle of nowhere I mean middle of nowhere. Not "Reactor at Rowan" I mean "Reactor somewhere in the desert" I could care less how many times it is said. All I see is power bills going up. Want me to believe? Lets make it even simpler.. Use this gizmo to pump cheap clean power to the grid this year. Surely if its been proven time and again the power companies are required to buy back power in many states. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/23/2009 12:19 am Zach, I'm all there. I'd love the opportunity to visit Rowan and I want to see the evidence that power utilities are generating electricity based upon this method. As it happens, I'm half hour drive from Rowan and the first BLP reactors are slated to go into commercial production this year. So what does it take to get a fair handling of the evidence with regards BLP? I dunno but I think more than we visit Rowan. I think it takes time. Lets wait and see if the power utilities actually deliver? Sounds good to me. Just a few months' wait it seems. But no joke, even if it happens, if guys like Eric Lerner deliver this year, BLP needs to find another venue for pesos. Maybe batteries. Diamond films. Whatever, but fusion is several orders magnitude energy density past what BLP is proposing. Want my guess? Energy STORAGE is going to prove itself the dominant player over energy generation the next two years. Folks like EEStor are going to be the game changers if these other schemes work out. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Zachstar on 05/23/2009 01:07 am Storage is solved. Not only did EEstor recently break the "Bull" barrier but you have now upwards of 10 "competing" technologies. Some even talking twice EEstor values. All on track for the 2015 2020 timeframe. Fair? There is no "Fair" in the energy industry. If BLP can't handle skeptics. How are they going to handle political pressure from the coal industry? Its not a conspiracy that BLP would cut into their profits and thus they would rather it be studied "further"' But yes battery investments is prime right now. Mainly because they would work well as grid balance. Which promises huge contracts. If you say they are but a few months from showing something concrete such as power production directly to the grid then let us not discuss this further. Proof is in the action not words. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/23/2009 01:27 am I'd like to know more about what is competing with EEStor. If you have some links or other intel, please write me privately. In particular, I always research high frequency caps and such as I'm involved with M-E research. Any leads you have here would be appreciated. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 05/23/2009 03:57 am Zach, I'm all there. I'd love the opportunity to visit Rowan and I want to see the evidence that power utilities are generating electricity based upon this method. As it happens, I'm half hour drive from Rowan and the first BLP reactors are slated to go into commercial production this year. You continue to ignore the fact that the actual Rowan experiment is neither independent nor reproducible in any scientifically meaningful sense. It relies on Blacklight supplied proprietary material and even if the results are accurate, they don't actually confirm Mills loony physics. At best, they demonstrates that the material undergoes and exothermic reaction when heated. A more parsimonious explanation is an ordinary chemical reaction that they didn't properly account for, but independent verification is impossible since the experiment relies on Blacklights material. It is telling that they focused on the calorimetry, rather than the alleged hydrino byproduct. You protested earlier that Barths criticism wasn't credible in part because it wasn't published in the peer reviewed literature, but as far as I can tell the "independent" report you find so convincing is only published on Blacklights web site. Even Janssons own home page links to it on Blacklights site, along with a little infomercial video starring.... Mills and Jansson. As for commercial productions starting this year, it's been starting "real soon now" for the last decade. This certainly looks like typical scammer behavior. Quote So what does it take to get a fair handling of the evidence with regards BLP? For evidence to be handled fairly, there would have to be some evidence to handle. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: mlorrey on 05/23/2009 06:03 am Zach, I'm all there. I'd love the opportunity to visit Rowan and I want to see the evidence that power utilities are generating electricity based upon this method. As it happens, I'm half hour drive from Rowan and the first BLP reactors are slated to go into commercial production this year. You continue to ignore the fact that the actual Rowan experiment is neither independent nor reproducible in any scientifically meaningful sense. It relies on Blacklight supplied proprietary material and even if the results are accurate, they don't actually confirm Mills loony physics. At best, they demonstrates that the material undergoes and exothermic reaction when heated. A more parsimonious explanation is an ordinary chemical reaction that they didn't properly account for, but independent verification is impossible since the experiment relies on Blacklights material. It is telling that they focused on the calorimetry, rather than the alleged hydrino byproduct. You protested earlier that Barths criticism wasn't credible in part because it wasn't published in the peer reviewed literature, but as far as I can tell the "independent" report you find so convincing is only published on Blacklights web site. Even Janssons own home page links to it on Blacklights site, along with a little infomercial video starring.... Mills and Jansson. As for commercial productions starting this year, it's been starting "real soon now" for the last decade. This certainly looks like typical scammer behavior. Quote So what does it take to get a fair handling of the evidence with regards BLP? For evidence to be handled fairly, there would have to be some evidence to handle. This article points to a good explanation for the burst of energy that is unsustainable: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/jan09/7127/2 It says the raney nickel that the sodium hydride is on is oxidizing, which is an extremely exothermic process. BLP would have to show that the raney nickel was not oxidizing to eliminate this proposed explanation. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 05/23/2009 03:09 pm Thanks for the link. That is certainly one of the best pieces I've ever seen written about BLP. On your objections, I think we can agree. The onus is on BLP to show that there are no conventional chemical processes that can account for the energy coming out of their reactors. I think there has already been some outside work on this, for instance, the other profs at Rowan who did their own chemical analysis which is in the study. That doesn't mean the issue is solved. It's not and this is because these things take time. On the other hand, there is a bit of a catch 22 going on here. I'm reading complaints that Rowan is in cahoots with BLP and that the Rowan work is not therefore an independent replication, and on the other hand, we certainly can't hold BLP responsible for the work done or not by others. That's not their concern. If this is the real complaint, that we need more independent verification, then I agree completely and have made the point myself many times. But this is not a complaint against BLP. It's a complaint against the scientific community at large. Finally, in returning to this observation that the Rowan work is not an independent verification because they use a BLP reactor--I agree that it is wrongfully termed an "independent verification" when using a BLP reactor. However, the whole point of the Rowan replication is to show that the calorimetry is correct, not the reactor. The piece linked above is certainly correct when it quotes that doing calorimetry is very dicey work and it's very easy to make mistakes here. THAT is the point of the Rowan work, to show they can do the calorimetry correctly and THAT is why their process is open for observation to anyone who wants to contribute. That is good science. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 07/02/2009 01:44 am so as not to pollute http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=17647.60 with BLP stuff, I'll reply here I think it is in a small sense already available. There's one running months now at Rowan University. It's a gross misrepresentation to imply that the Rowan experiment was a demonstration of a viable power production technology. It's a "reactor" only in the sense that it's a vessel which contains a reaction. When they heated a proprietary substance they got a spike of additional heat out. They didn't run a continuous process with net power production, and they didn't do anything that would validate the claimed underlying physics. They did claim that ordinary chemistry couldn't produce the observed results, but the credibility of this is dubious given that the proprietary nature of the fuel. At least one apparently plausible mechanism has been suggested. Bizarrely they did not appear to make any attempt validate the underlying physics claims. Proving the existence of "hydrinos" would be Nobel prize territory. Getting a brief exothermic reaction out of some mystery substance provided by a third party, and publishing a non peer reviewed report and an cheesy infomercial video starring the lead investigator and the company founder ? Not so much. Quote there's a utility doing assembly on a commercial plant in NM or NV, I forget which. Best I can tell, what actually happened was two small rural NM utility cooperatives allegedly purchased licenses for an unspecified amount. The terms of the licenses are only described in the vaguest terms in blacklights press release, and strangely, the two licensees didn't find it significant enough to even mention on their web sites. edit: the press releases and licensees http://www.blacklightpower.com/Press%20Releases/BlackLightProcessEstacadoPressRelease121108.html http://www.rcec.org/ http://www.blacklightpower.com/Press%20Releases/BlackLightProcessFarmersPressReleaseFINAL010609.html http://www.farmerselectric.org/ ConEd and PG&E, they are not. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 07/03/2009 04:13 am GI-Thrusters response here http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=17647.msg430040#msg430040 didn't contain much of substance, but there's a couple things worth pointing out. Certainly what I wrote was not a gross misrepresentation. The reactor is running. A plain reading of the "independent" report (http://www.blacklightpower.com/pdf/BLPIndependentReport.pdf) shows that the "reactor" is a container of Blacklights "fuel" in a calorimeter. "Running" it means of applying heat, and measuring additional heat produced for a brief period following. While the Blacklight web site has various pretty animations of power plants, that's not what was tested. You shouldn't need an advanced degree in anything (never mind philosophy!) to see that describing this as a demonstration of a viable power source is unjustified. Moreover, the amount of "excess" heat produced (about 1 megajoule) could easily be produced by an ordinary chemical reaction involving a small fraction of the "fuel". Some speculation on possible sources can be found at http://rabett.blogspot.com/2008/12/something-strange-comes-this-way-well.html The report does claim that conventional sources were ruled out, but it's not clear that conclusion is justified by the analysis they did. Quote But it is really silly to presume that BLP is oogie boogie considering the years this has been going on, and the quality of folks associated with it. Again, it is not rational to argue this is a hoax or a fraud, considering the people involved Because scientists (http://www.berkeleydaily.org/issue/2002-07-15/article/13513?headline=Lawrence-lab-admits-bad-science) and respected (http://news.google.com/news?pz=1&ned=us&hl=en&q=bernie+madoff) figures (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwang_Woo-Suk) have never (http://news.google.com/news?pz=1&ned=us&hl=en&q=enron) ever (http://news.google.com/news?pz=1&ned=us&hl=en&q=Allen+Stanford) engaged (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_Sch%C3%B6n) in long running, large scale fraud. Right. I'm not saying Blacklight is necessarily a fraud. However, dismissing the idea out of hand does not seem justified, especially considering how much of Blacklights behavior has in common with other fraudulent energy schemes. I should also mention that Blacklight being fraudulent would not require that the Rowan experiment also be a fraud. For whatever reason, the scope was limited such that it doesn't touch on the important parts the Blacklight claims. Quote Hop, make whatever argument you like in the BLP thread. I'll be happy to read it and consider it but I don't intend to respond further. ::) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 07/03/2009 05:27 pm Hop, I honestly don't want to get drawn into yet another debate on this issue. I will just close in saying that it is you, not I; who is misreading the report. Anyone here can open the link you've provided and read from page 11 under Conclusions and see that: a) It is a reactor. They call it that because that's what it is. b) They claim to be an "external" team. Your argments about how independent they are make no sense. This is not independent in that they rely upon the BLP folks for guidance and resources, but it is a completely external experiment run by a state university. c) They did do what they consider adequate chemical analysis and they have concluded this is a novel reaction. The heat generated cannot be explained through recourse to normal chemistry. You can offer vague notions that you have no confidence in this sort of investigation, but the onus at this point is on you, not the Rowan team; to show Rowan's analysis is in error. Lacking that, you can still make the argument that we need to see more research, more independent research and more evidence. I will agree with you. :-) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 07/03/2009 10:17 pm a) It is a reactor. They call it that because that's what it is. Rather than playing word games, how about addressing what it actually does ? Here's are reminder of what you said earlier: Quote I think it is in a small sense already available [as a viable spacecraft power source]. There's one running months now at Rowan University. There's a utility doing assembly on a commercial plant in NM or NV... Now look at what the Rowan "reactor" is: It's container of 1.5 kg of "fuel" that when heated, releases ~1MJ of additional energy. Once this is done, the fuel is expended. If you want to dispute this, please reference where the report says otherwise. 1MJ is ~0.27kwh, which AFAIK a similar mass lithium ion battery can produce about the same in electrical power. To claim that this represents a demonstration of a viable energy generation system is, as I originally said, a gross misrepresentation. Doesn't matter if you call it a "reactor" or not, doesn't matter if there are actually "hydrinos" involved or not. Your second claim also appears to be inaccurate: The two small NM utility coops obtained licenses to Quote ... use the BlackLight Process and certain BLP energy technology for the production of thermal or electric power. Estacado may produce gross thermal power up to a maximum continuous capacity of 250 MW or convert this thermal power to corresponding electricity. Unless you have additional information, there's no indication that a plant is actually being built. For all we know, BLP bought the coop managers lunch in return for signing a license so they could issue a press release. Why am I arguing about this ? Because you are repeating exactly the kind of misleading spin Blacklights activity appears designed to produce. e.g.: - Calling their 1MJ fuel block a "50kw reactor" - Trumpeting licenses that on closer examination appear of limited significance. - Obtaining* independent tests that don't actually support the viability of their system, and don't investigate the core of their claims. * How the Rowan team came to do this test isn't clear. Although not explicitly stated, it looks to me like it was sponsored by BLP. There's nothing wrong with that, but it does raise some questions about the strange limitations on the scope of the experiment. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: AnalogMan on 07/03/2009 10:32 pm - Obtaining* independent tests that don't actually support the viability of their system, and don't investigate the core of their claims. * How the Rowan team came to do this test isn't clear. Although not explicitly stated, it looks to me like it was sponsored by BLP. There's nothing wrong with that, but it does raise some questions about the strange limitations on the scope of the experiment. Yep - Blacklight Power, Inc. provided grants of at least$351k to the Rowan principal investigators for the period July 06 to present date.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: GI-Thruster on 07/03/2009 10:56 pm
Hop, I said that it in some small sense already exists. I did NOT say what you inserted into the quote in brackets. If you want to quote someone, especially with the quote bar here at NSF, then quote them. Don't stick your words in their mouth. I did not say what you utterly and deliberately misrepresented me as saying. In conclusion I said, if it is not available now, it's because of the fueling issue--just what your argument says.
You see why I don't want to have this discussion with you--you have no concern for the facts. Discussion over. Stop misrepresenting me.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: hop on 07/04/2009 01:34 am
Hop, I said that it in some small sense already exists. I did NOT say what you inserted into the quote in brackets. If you want to quote someone, especially with the quote bar here at NSF, then quote them. Don't stick your words in their mouth.
Not my intention, and I honestly don't believe that I did. If anyone else thinks I've been way out of line here, feel free to let me know (via PM if you like). Here's the complete context, with links to the original posts:
GI-Thruster: http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=17647.msg429920#msg429920
Quote
A 50 kW BLP reactor is the size of a basketball so the power systems for this could, in that case be very small and hard to see.
Jim: http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=17647.msg429971#msg429971
Quote
3. when will that be available?
GI-Thruster: http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=17647.msg429981#msg429981
Quote
I think it is in a small sense already available. There's one running months now at Rowan University. There's a utility doing assembly on a commercial plant in NM or NV, I forget which. I don't know if there's anything one would want to launch quite yet but I'm sure CIA is fully aware of how close they are to access
I don't believe that [as a viable spacecraft power source] substantially misrepresented the position expressed above. The implication is clear that you are suggesting a basket ball sized "50kw" BLP reactor is a near term, plausible spacecraft power supply, and that the Rowan experiment somehow supports this.
The last is obviously untrue. To call the difference between what the Rowan test showed and a viable power supply a "fueling issue" is strange... the only thing that has been demonstrated is a "fuel" with lower energy density than existing, off the shelf technology.
AnalogMan:
Thanks for that. Do you have a source handy ?
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: AnalogMan on 07/04/2009 01:40 am
AnalogMan:
Thanks for that. Do you have a source handy ?
Rowan University are quite open and above board with the grants that they receive for sponsored research. You can find monthly and annual summary reports on their website here:
http://www.rowan.edu/open/provost/grants/quarterly_reports/quarterly_reports.cfm (http://www.rowan.edu/open/provost/grants/quarterly_reports/quarterly_reports.cfm)
Grants received from Blacklight Power, Inc. listed in these reports are as follows:
Date Principal investigator(s) Grant Jul 06 Jansson $75,000Dec 07 Jansson$ 35,000Jul 08 Mugweru $20,807Sep 08 Mugweru & Ramanujachary$ 50,028Nov 08 Jansson $116,359Nov 08 Mugweru & Ramanujachary$ 54,104Total $351,298 Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 08/17/2009 05:09 pm http://www.blacklightpower.com/Press%20Releases/BlackLightAkridgeLicenseAgreementPressReleaseFINAL073009.htm http://www.blacklightpower.com/Press%20Releases/BlackLightPowerPhysicsGrandSlamFINAL081209.htm and note the "fueling issue" has been solved: http://www.blacklightpower.com/papers/Commercializable%20Paper%20080709S.pdf Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 08/21/2009 05:45 pm Rowan University conducted the experiment with their own equipment this time. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Zachstar on 08/29/2009 12:11 am So where is it? Where is the stuff ready to use? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 08/29/2009 05:28 am So where is it? Where is the stuff ready to use? My quick scan of the most recent materials suggested that there is no stuff yet ready to use. There was a comment in one of the most recent papers that the breakthrough with the feeding of the reactors would step them up in their schedule mightily which suggests that they are not at the point of commercial application. I don't care. If there is anything to these claims, the aerospace community should be looking at them. I don't care about Mills' oddball physics. I don't care about the bad press. All I see is mounting evidence that they are onto something and it is an American tragedy that DOE, DOD, DOT, NASA and the American Academies of Science have not been tasked to look into this. A careful and revealing study would cost a million or two and we'd have answers. Likewise, it is near criminal negligence that we are not pressing for answers concerning the EEStor super-cap issue. These are technologies that all evidence says are game changers and especially when our nation is under the economic gun, it only makes good sense to investigate technologies that could offer life changing solutions to our energy needs. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: alexterrell on 08/30/2009 09:52 pm Blacklight claim to take hydrogen down to a lower energy state, and that this energy state is stable. Taking hydrogen down to the lower energy state releases a lot of heat. This would be unique, as it would be a phyiscal process that nature hasn't achieved. Fission, Fusion, etc, nature does them. I can see how the lower state would be stable, as moving to the higher state would absorb energy, and send the temperature to below absolute zero, so it would be impossible. So if this lower energy status were possible, would it not dominate the Universe? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: GI-Thruster on 08/31/2009 03:16 am Alex, I want to remind again that I did not start this thread. I blundered onto the BLP subject in another thread and it generated so many posts that Chris snipped the posts and started this new thread. I'm not a BLP cheerleader. I believe in the scientific process and I believe that BLP does show the signs of revolutionary science as is outlined in Thomas S. Kuhn's landmark work "The Structures of Scientific Revolutions" however, I also realize that Mills' claims are somewhat startling and his critics past counting. I realize that this bodes of either bad science or revolutionary science and honestly, the proof is in the empirical evidence generated. So to answer your question, I can't answer your question without re-igniting the firestorm of controversy that always surrounds discussion of BLP. I suggest instead if you have an interest, spend the time to better understand BLP's claims by reading some of the volumous detail available on the BLP website or by simply reading back through this thread. For my part, I'm content to call for good science. I think BLP has indeed earned the ear of the scientific community (even though they haven't recieved a fair hearing--they have earned one) and even if Mills' physics is flawed, it is worth looking at the evidence. It's also always worth reconsidering the current scientific paradigm. Unfortunately as Kuhn explains, it is not until the current paradigm is shown to be inadequate, that most people will even consider a critical view of the paradigm of their time. We always presume we're the enlightened generation with the real answers, even when our ignorance is pointed out to us. This is what all humans do, throughout the ages, scientists and religious folk alike--cling to what they believe until they simply cannot so cling anymore. It's a shame we call this "science" but that's just the way we are. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: tamarack on 08/31/2009 10:03 am ... This would be unique, as it would be a phyiscal process that nature hasn't achieved. Fission, Fusion, etc, nature does them. ... So if this lower energy status were possible, would it not dominate the Universe? BlackLight Power claims to have detected emissions in the high UV / low X-ray spectrum (BlackLight) suggesting three things: 1) Energized Hydrinos emit photons when the e-shells(another topic)return to their base orbit. The papers I've read are fuzzy as to a single, or multiple, stable Hydrino orbits. 2) Empty deep-space and the Sun's corona emit these wavelengths making this a natural-occurrence that was previously unexplained. 3) Since 90% of the Universe is dark matter(another topic) and 90% of known matter in the Universe is Hydrogen, BlackLight theorizes that dark matter is actually Hydrinos, the lowest-energy matter possible. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 02/18/2010 03:04 pm Technical presentation was added to their site, yesterday. Interesting reading, I think many would agree: http://www.blacklightpower.com/presentations/TechnicalPresentation021710.pdf Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Zachstar on 02/19/2010 12:06 am A presentation with lots of math but where is the real evidence? Why is he not hopping from college to college to prove this? Maybe its because even if it does work hes got his cozy new bank account full of money from industry that wants to use something or another and like for reasons unrelated to power generation. The website gets updated what? Once every few months? Heck atleast the "Overunity" people are trying. People the point is most of the time these people are out to get money and lots of it. Using the internet as a means of amassing suckers is a good way to do it. And even if they don't suddenly fly to a country that does not have extradition treaties with us to "retire" tell me have you seen ONE of these magical devices make it to general market? Where is the "Water Car" where is the "Zero Point Energy" generator in that youtube video? where almost every comment was that this machine was going to break the back of the oil or coal or whatever industry.... Now please don't get me wrong. I do not assume man is god.. The laws of physics stand but that is only because they had broken the "laws" before it. I am fully willing to keep an open mind and hey I might even be interested in investing! But you don't get Investments from sane people when you think a single university is validation. When your website is more about who has "Partnered" with you instead of ways to validate. You have to understand there has been scam after scam after scam after scam before now. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 01/14/2014 04:41 pm Suppsedly (source: http://www.financialpost.com/markets/news/BlackLight+Power+Announces+Game+Changing+Achievement+Generation+Millions/9384649/story.html ) Blacklight will have a live demonstration on the 28th of January. Research published here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/er.3142/abstract;jsessionid=E17D2817E628B7C19EF31DAAFAEE57D7.f02t02 I realize this and the LENR stuff is on the margins, and for all I know, 99% of the researches in this field cling to incorrect theories while continuing to plod along in an Edisonian fashion, but in the last 12 months too much has gone on to ignore, and what it may mean to space exploration and colonization is intriguing. I remain skeptical, but open eyed. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 01/14/2014 06:17 pm All the validations they listed are about 2 years old somewhat brief. Mills has a long history of overpromising and not delivering. The underlying "theory" is anything but mainstream. I remain extremely skeptical. On the other hand, the power levels they are reporting are quite big. I would certainly like to see what people attending their presentation have to say. Provided they have full access to the equipment and that the presentation keeps running long enough, it should be possible to assess whether there is something to it. I would however require something a lot better than a "Rossi- demo" to even consider them to be real. Anyone here, who can attend the demo? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: aceshigh on 01/15/2014 05:52 pm Attend the demo? Am I the only one skeptical enough to doubt they would allow anyone interested to attend the demo? From where Blacklight gets the money to keep running? Probably from charging people that want to attend their demos. I bet you either pay to attend the demo or you are SELECTED from a list of people who subscribed... and they probably make a good selection, only letting in people who will make press and NOT DOUBT their nonsense. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 01/15/2014 06:07 pm Attend the demo? Am I the only one skeptical enough to doubt they would allow anyone interested to attend the demo? From where Blacklight gets the money to keep running? Probably from charging people that want to attend their demos. I bet you either pay to attend the demo or you are SELECTED from a list of people who subscribed... and they probably make a good selection, only letting in people who will make press and NOT DOUBT their nonsense. I agree to be skeptical. They do claim that they will live broadcast it on the web, though. Not sure that means much though. Either way, if I was in the area, I would certainly apply for a seat at the demo. I would probably bring James Randi with me ;) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 01/16/2014 03:14 am Back in 2009, it was noted that BLP claimed to have "licensed" their technology to several utilities http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg430000#msg430000 (links have broken, but the corresponding press release appear to be available from http://www.blacklightpower.com/press/ ) The suggestion was made that the utilities would begin generating power with BLP tech Real Soon Now and all the naysayers would sit down to a large helping of crow. Anyone one want to bet that any of those utilities are actually generating power using the BLP system? ::) Almost 5 years ago I said it had all the trappings of the a scam. I don't see anything that would cause me to change that opinion. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 01/16/2014 08:07 am You really just can't get more crackpot than this. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 01/16/2014 03:34 pm How long ago did Virgin Galactic start selling seats on their spaceship? I'll wait for the demo. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 01/16/2014 08:22 pm How long ago did Virgin Galactic start selling seats on their spaceship? This isn't a good analogy at all. Suborbital flight is demonstrably possible, without any new physics. Before VG started selling seats, SS1 showed that it could be done with a vehicle similar to what VG proposed to use. VG is unquestionably building and flying real hardware that has a realistic chance of accomplishing their stated objectives. That doesn't mean VG will succeed, or that they haven't over-promised or engaged in misleading spin, but it would be very difficult to make the case that VG is an outright scam or crackpot invention. Quote I'll wait for the demo. Highly unlikely a stage managed demo will provide conclusive evidence. This kind of thing is SOP for crackpots and scammers. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: sanman on 01/17/2014 05:33 am How can you go lower than ground? By definition, ground is the lowest state, and any deviation from it amounts to higher energy potential. If he's so smart, let's see him build some working device with it. Their ridiculous lawsuit against the US Patent Office says they're just a bunch of aggressive fast-talkers, just like that Wolf of Wall Street movie. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackLight_Power#Patents Quote BLP holds several patents based on graphic modelling software,[20] but has had problems with other patents. A 2000 patent based on its hydrino-related technology[21][22] was later withdrawn by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) due to contradictions with known physics laws and other concerns about the viability of the described processes. A column by Robert L. Park[23][24] and an outside query by an unknown person[25] prompted Group Director Kepplinger of the USPTO to review this new patent herself. Kepplinger said that her "main concern was the proposition that the applicant was claiming the electron going to a lower orbital in a fashion that I knew was contrary to the known laws of physics and chemistry", and that the patent appeared to involve cold fusion and perpetual motion.[24] She contacted another Director, Robert Spar, who also expressed doubts on the patentability of the patent application. This caused the USPTO to withdraw from issue the patent application before it was granted and re-open it for review, and to withdraw four related applications, including one for a hydrino power plant.[23] One of the four applications was so near to issuance that it appeared in the USPTO's Gazette as US 6,030,601.[23] BlackLight filed suit in the US District Court of Columbia, saying that withdrawal of the application after the company had paid the fee was contrary to law. In 2002, the District Court concluded that the USPTO was acting inside the limits of its authority in withdrawing a patent over whose validity it had doubts, and later that year, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ratified this decision.[24][25][26][27] Applications were rejected by the UK patent office for similar reasons.[24][28][29][30][31] The European Patent Office (EPO) rejected a similar BLP patent application due to lack of clarity on how the process worked. Reexamination of this European patent is pending.[24] In 2014 BLP announced having lodged applications for multiple worldwide patents covering power generation systems based on their SF-CIHT cells.[32] What kind of brazen chutzpah argues that because a patent fee has been paid, that the filer deserves credibility from the Patent Office? Ugh, the stupid, it burns... Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 01/21/2014 11:52 pm http://pesn.com/2014/01/20/9602425_Randell-Mills_explains_upcoming-Blacklight-power-demo/ To be frank, this makes no sense to me whatsoever and I believe that Mills will disappear again for a few years after this demo and more funding (that will inevitably result from this) only to reemerge again with a new story once the money is gone, but then I would be so happy to be wrong. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: sanman on 01/22/2014 12:19 am If this nonsense were even remotely plausible, there would be national laboratories and top universities investigating it. But the fact is that it doesn't even pass the giggle test, and nobody is paying attention except for gullible scientifically illiterate investors. Fools and their money are soon parted. On the other hand, that so many would be enticed into giving their money to this sham shows how desperate the global markets are for energy breakthroughs. The Polywell people seem to conduct themselves in a very credible way by comparison. They are as transparent as possible, and are at least circumspect in their claims, instead of being wildly optimistic. I really like their style. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: lcs on 01/22/2014 12:51 am On the other hand, that so many would be enticed into giving their money to this sham shows how desperate the global markets are for energy breakthroughs. "Global markets" are only desperate to make a buck. That they can be so easily duped is remarkable but well known to manipulators. It is the oldest game on earth, but not the oldest profession. But the end result is the same. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: adrianwyard on 01/30/2014 12:12 am So, it's the 29th. There's no mention on the website so presumably the demo scheduled for yesterday didn't happen? Big surprise there... http://www.financialpost.com/markets/news/BlackLight+Power+Announces+Game+Changing+Achievement+Generation+Millions/9384649/story.html Is it only me who thinks it might be telling that the work is published with Wiley Online? As in: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_E._Coyote http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/er.3142/abstract;jsessionid=E17D2817E628B7C19EF31DAAFAEE57D7.f02t02 Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 01/30/2014 02:35 am No, it did happen and there is a vague account of it. Lots of praise of Mills, but not much substance. I am honestly not sure what to think about all this. My strategy is to wait and see what happens. Cant go wrong with that. http://www.e-catworld.com/2014/01/report-from-the-blacklight-power-demonstration/ Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 01/30/2014 02:21 pm Is it only me who thinks it might be telling that the work is published with Wiley Online? As in: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_E._Coyote http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/er.3142/abstract;jsessionid=E17D2817E628B7C19EF31DAAFAEE57D7.f02t02 It is probably only you. Nice potshot. John Wiley & Sons, Inc publishes academic papers. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: JeanPierre_LeRouzic on 01/30/2014 04:22 pm Hi, There is too much reliance on peer review. Being published doesn't mean much, either at a conference or a commercial publisher as often their acceptance rate is around 1/2. The selection criterion with such a rate are: Is it written in correct English, does it respect our template and is it barely understandable? Only a few journals have more selective acceptance rates. You have also to remember that one third of scientific papers are of bad quality: http://www.nist.gov/mml/acmd/peer-090913.cfm At Wiley and other publishers there are even options so that everyone can publish if she is willing to pay publication fees (US$3000) :
http://authorservices.wiley.com/bauthor/CTA.asp#oo
However I don't know if it is the case here.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/03/2014 07:45 pm
BLP put up the video of the presentation in their news section (news from the 29th of January):
http://www.blacklightpower.com/whats-new/
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: kch on 02/03/2014 07:56 pm
Is it only me who thinks it might be telling that the work is published with Wiley Online? As in: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_E._Coyote
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/er.3142/abstract;jsessionid=E17D2817E628B7C19EF31DAAFAEE57D7.f02t02
It is probably only you. Nice potshot. John Wiley & Sons, Inc publishes academic papers.
Had to chuckle -- Wiki got the Coyote's first name wrong in the URL (although it's correct in the article) ... ;)
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/03/2014 10:24 pm
Want to admit, I have only watched part of their presentation. Some things really did not make much sense to me. They are talking about megawatts of power from small amounts of water. To me megawatts per volume are meaningless. I would like to know MWh or kWh per liter. That would make a lot more sense. The little bursts they showed in the videos did not look all that impressive either.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: adrianwyard on 02/04/2014 06:55 pm
I am pleasantly surprised to see the video was posted. After trashing BLP and Wiley Online, I shall - for my sins - watch this two hour video...
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Prober on 02/06/2014 04:21 pm
I am pleasantly surprised to see the video was posted. After trashing BLP and Wiley Online, I shall - for my sins - watch this two hour video...
So does Blacklight work? :-X
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/06/2014 05:08 pm
So does Blacklight work? :-X
I honestly don't know. The video was not all that convincing to me. All we got to see was a few (not too impressive) explosions and the claim that these released a certain amount of energy (more than the charge they put into it). I have no way of verifying that rather extraordinary claim. So I still haven't made up my mind about them. They claim to be only weeks away from a self sustaining prototype. That will be interesting to see (if we get to see it).
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: adrianwyard on 02/06/2014 08:07 pm
I did watch the video (all 2.5 hours), and I can see why BLP is a conundrum: Mills’ certainly doesn’t sound like a quack, but every once in a while he calmly makes a claim that should earn him several Nobel prizes - if he’s correct.
He didn’t stray beyond freshman physics for the whole talk, which gives the impression that there’s nothing particularly complex or involved in their system. This may have been dictated by the audience. Investors?
For those who don’t know Mills has a Chemistry bachelors degree, but his doctorate is in medicine.
Highlights:
+ The theory behind their discovery relies on classical physics only (5m00s).
+ Quantum Mechanics is false, is not-predictive, and excludes the hydrino because it wasn’t known at the time QM was developed.
+ His extension of classical physics works at the atomic scale. (see 41m47s for diagram of the structure of an electron).
+ Dark Matter is made up of hydrinos. (Hydrino is a hydrogen atom at lower than (traditional) ground state.) Hydrino’s are unreactive, don’t emit or absorb light - dark.
+ His theory predicted cosmic acceleration before it was discovered experimentally.
The demo, and claims about what was shown:
+ The test equipment consists of spot welders configured to use high current (15-20,000 Amps) at low voltage ~8 V. (9m50s)
+ And as far as I can tell, that’s what makes the reaction go. Passing that current through water causes the hydrogen in the water or hydrates to transition to the hydrino state, releasing energy.
+ The energy gain is 100 times.
+ The demos used a couple of ‘fuel’ capsules, a ‘jumping jack’ and a ‘cute christie’ (I think that’s right, sound was poor.)
+ The ‘jumping jack’ is a copper vessel containing a little water. The Cute Christie is Silver with MgCl that has absorbed water.
+ The jumping jack releases a broad spectrum of wavelengths (not a discrete spectral line) others (all?) release extreme UV.
+ The extreme UV is one of the evidences that this is not a conventional discharge. Quote: "Unchallengeable signal and proof that we’re making a new state of matter. This absolutely disproves the current theory of quantum mechanics.” (32m0s)
+ They are seeing 1kJ released from 0.01 ml of water in <1 millisecond. The demo released ~1MW.
+ So energy density is 0.1TW per Liter of water.
+ 1 Liter of water is equal to 100 liters of gasoline. (1h25m)
+ Expect to deliver energy for under $10 per kW. (1h6m) + NMR testing shows evidence of a hydrino-hydrino molecule. A skeptical response: Two things were shown: + Spot welders creating flashes during several discharges. + A computer monitor showing the output of a calorimeter. It seems to me that placing a little water between the electrodes of any old spot welder would make a flash and bang. We have to trust Mills that what we’re seeing is unexpected. And of course computer displays can be fabricated in numerous ways. + If Mill’s theory is correct and the results are what he claims them to be, then reproducing and verifying them should be dead easy. + Unlike many outlandish theories it seems quite possible for them to trap some of the produced hydrino gas and make it available for testing. Mills was asked about that (1h56m) and said they had only been detected by signature (e.g. UV). + Or if the hydrino gas stays in the system but becomes ‘dark', then a closed system should see an increase in mass or pressure beyond that caused by the observed material. For those interested, his book is available online. On page 197 he discusses how the the photoelectric effect and classical wave theory were misconceived (by Einstein et al). Interestingly, this is right after a discussion of Photon Torpedoes. http://www.blacklightpower.com/theory-2/book/book-download/ Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. The good news is what Mills claims should be able to produce extraordinary evidence. Thus far, we've not seen it. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/06/2014 08:22 pm + They are seeing 1KJ released from 0.01 ml of water in <1 millisecond. The demo released ~1MW. + So energy density is 0.1TW per Liter of water. + 1 Liter of water is equal to 100 liters of gasoline. (1h25m) This part made no sense to me whatsoever. I would measure the energy density of 100 liters of gasoline in kWh, not in kw. Yet they say 0.1 TW per liter of water and 100 times more than gasoline. Now gasoline has a energy content of about (from the top of my head, so don't nail me if I am off a bit) 9 kWh per liter. So this means that 100 times gasoline would be about 900 kWh per liter. Another calculation, assuming he meant TWh when he talked TW, we get this: 1kJ/ 0.01ml = 100kJ/ml = 100MJ/l. 100MJ are ~ 28 kWh. Please someone correct me if my math is wrong. I am doing that in my head whilst compiling code. So I have very little time. So where the 0.1 TW fit in, no one knows. It seems to me like a total gibberish of numbers and units. It seems to me that placing a little water between the electrodes of any old spot welder would make a flash and bang. We have to trust Mills that what we’re seeing is unexpected. That is exactly what I think as well. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: adrianwyard on 02/07/2014 12:02 am To be fair, I may have misheard a few things - the audio was recorded on-camera and hard to hear. I think they are generally referring to 1ms as the event duration, and then assuming you could repeat that 1000 times per second for max theoretical power output. So if 0.01 ml of water gives you 1MW, then a full liter could indeed give you a max of .01TW. According to Wikipedia the energy density of gasoline is 31MJ per Liter. It is a little suspicious to me that all the numbers are powers of ten. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/07/2014 12:10 am To be fair, I may have misheard a few things - the audio was recorded on-camera and hard to hear. I think they are generally referring to 1ms as the event duration, and then assuming you could repeat that 1000 times per second for max theoretical power output. So if 0.01 ml of water gives you 1MW, then a full liter could indeed give you a max of .01TW. According to Wikipedia the energy density of gasoline is 31MJ per Liter. It is a little suspicious to me that all the numbers are powers of ten. I got 36 MJ per liter. Either way, 31 MJ means even less kWh per liter than my number did. So it adds up even less. I still don't get the calculation like that. You can not have X TW per liter. You can have X TWh per liter. Anything else does not make any sense. The only number I see for time in this context is 1 ms. So maybe the .01 TW is released for a time of 1 ms. So if we took 10 GW and divided this by 1000 to get one second, we get 10 MWseconds. Then divide this by 3600 to get an hour and we get 2.7 kWh... Not all that impressive. So I doubt that he meant that. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: adrianwyard on 02/07/2014 12:31 am I can't right now find place where he said the energy density was 0.1TW/l, so my notes may be in error on that. So at a minimum, he's saying 0.1TW is the max theoretical power output of a 1 liter system. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/07/2014 12:36 am I can't right now find place where he said the energy density was 0.1TW/l, so my notes may be in error on that. So at a minimum, he's saying 0.1TW is the max theoretical power output of a 1 liter system. No, you were not wrong. I heard him say the same thing, which is why I am complaining. I cant make any sense of his units in the context they are provided in. Energy density/content is measured in kWh per liter. If we are not talking about energy density, then what is the point of talking about liters at all? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: sanman on 02/07/2014 12:56 am http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1Fy8Iv5qMM Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Prober on 02/07/2014 02:08 am So does Blacklight work? :-X I honestly don't know. The video was not all that convincing to me. All we got to see was a few (not too impressive) explosions and the claim that these released a certain amount of energy (more than the charge they put into it). I have no way of verifying that rather extraordinary claim. So I still haven't made up my mind about them. They claim to be only weeks away from a self sustaining prototype. That will be interesting to see (if we get to see it). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cuzlyu4czYs Do admire his use of "off the shelf" components. This video gives a decent idea without watching the whole long version video. I'm finding the Patent application fills in the questions of the video, and the research papers explaining further the thinking. Would enjoy tinkering with this :o Edit: add path Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: apollolanding on 02/07/2014 11:47 pm As Rowan University is my Alma Mater, I sincerely hope their contributions are completely on the up and up... That being said, the Wile E. Coyote jokes are kind of applicable considering the rocker arm spot welders shown in the video do sport "ACME" branding. ;-) I'm with the "wait and see" crowd and while I hope this is more than an elaborate Rube Goldberg contraption, I'm not disconnecting the mains to my house just yet. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Prober on 02/08/2014 12:29 am As Rowan University is my Alma Mater, I sincerely hope their contributions are completely on the up and up... That being said, the Wile E. Coyote jokes are kind of applicable considering the rocker arm spot welders shown in the video do sport "ACME" branding. ;-) I'm with the "wait and see" crowd and while I hope this is more than an elaborate Rube Goldberg contraption, I'm not disconnecting the mains to my house just yet. Reading the one patent application I'm impressed and even a little shocked. Some of the thinking is very well done. Yet I'm getting the impression the company might be better researchers than business people. Maybe the firm should hire a professional PR person. The cube processor design is being misunderstood. It's still an overkill design to provide the power of 10,000 homes if I read this right. Just getting around the edges of the material so I might be wrong. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: IslandPlaya on 02/08/2014 01:25 am Am part way thru reading this:- http://www.blacklightpower.com/theory-2/book/book-download/ I don't know what to think. It's a very long detailed book. However, I'm sure people with a better grasp of Physics than me could take issue... Or maybe not... I'm suspicious but hopeful about the claims of net power... Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: sanman on 02/08/2014 12:46 pm There is no such thing as a "hydrino" - it's simply fiction. You can't make up your own science - no matter how slick and appealing - and then expect things to work in real life. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Nilof on 02/08/2014 01:43 pm Indeed. Atomic physics are very well understood, and hydrogen atomic states are simple enough that any student in an introductory quantum mechanics class can easily find the wavefunction of every energy eigenstate by hand. There simply isn't any lower energy state than ground - and if it did exist, all the hydrogen in the universe would have settled into it after the big bang, which it hasn't. This is like claiming that a bass drum has previously unknown vibration modes, so that you could start with an inert drum and play it such that it would release more energy than you put into it as it started vibrating. As mentioned before, it doesn't even pass the giggle test. It's obviously not true even without proper knowledge of the harmonics of a drum. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: IslandPlaya on 02/09/2014 02:22 am Not quite. I agree with your analysis, but have you read the alternate 'physics'... Appealing to authority is a false argument... Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Cinder on 02/09/2014 04:21 am Appeal to authority is fallacious when said principle's caveats aren't respected. The odds are low that the "current model" of physics as shaped by countless experiments is so wrong, and odds are also low that the consistence between Mills and his theory and "experiments", and crackpots and their theories and "experiments" is merely unfortunate (ahem) coincidence. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: IslandPlaya on 02/09/2014 05:01 am You don't actually try to address the validity or otherwise of Mills 'theory' I can see that your mind is already made up. I will keep an open mind however, but I agree Mills is probably wrong and/or a crank. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 02/09/2014 05:41 am + Quantum Mechanics is false, is not-predictive, and excludes the hydrino because it wasn’t known at the time QM was developed. And that right there is all the evidence anyone should need to be convinced Blacklight Power is nonsense. The claim that quantum mechanics is not predictive is laughable. It's like claiming Newton's law of gravitation is not predictive. We now know that Newton's theory of gravity was incomplete, but before it could be replaced with the more accurate theory of relativity, relativity had to explain why Newton's theory fit observations so well over certain domains. If someone wants to put forward an alternative to replace quantum mechanics, that person needs to explain why quantum theory has fit so many experiments so well for decades. Since Mills doesn't explain why quantum theory correctly predicts the results of so many experiments and instead dismisses it as "not predictive", we can confidently dismiss Mills as either woefully ignorant or a liar. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Cinder on 02/09/2014 06:54 am You don't actually try to address the validity or otherwise of Mills 'theory' I can see that your mind is already made up. I will keep an open mind however, but I agree Mills is probably wrong and/or a crank. My mind is made up on the validity and pitfalls of an appeal to authority. That's the purely by principle aspect, which was /your/ specific assertion. Applied to Mills, I would say the philosophical's consistent with the practical: Mills has, like Rossi, kept it all but totally black boxed. This lack of transparency is, whatever the motivation, an obstacle to the very mechanic of science. An open mind won't get any more than a "closed" mind from a mute subject. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 02/10/2014 03:31 pm I do not have enough knowledge of physics to say I could give Mill's hydrino theory any credence, but then, I have yet to see unequivocal proof of dark matter, either. We seem to be reaching a kind of late-18th century conservative state in science where the underlying current is that all is known and therefore anything left to know must be the few polishing touches on our glorious reasoned society. I'll just call it anomalous heat. I'll call it anomalous heat because anything else the experimenters in this field have called it, cold fusion, LENR, Bose-Einsteain Condensation fusion, Muon catalyst fusion, etc, tends to get the reasearches or proponents viewed as kooks. I do not know if Blacklight or Rossi's claims will hold out, but I suspect we will find out very soon, what I am certain of is that the anomalous heat has been replicated many times (see the Martin Fleishman Memorial Project, Michael McKubre's and Peter Hagelstein's work) and is certainly more than a pointless curiosity. Much as with the Woodward Effect, I have to wonder why the bulk of the scientific community continues to ignore most of this. Perhaps they do not want to finish their lives in exile like Pons. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/10/2014 03:42 pm Actually from what I have seen so far, the MFMP guys have failed to clearly reproduce anomalous heat, unless their have been some recent developments that I missed. I suggest to wait and see. BLP claims that they are only weeks away from having a prototype that can run in self sustaining mode. If they can indeed produce that, then it should be fairly straight forward to test this and get proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Mills will get rich and famous and a Nobel price, physics will be revolutionized and everyone will live happy ever after. I would really like this happen, but... I just cant see that happening. Too many things just don't add up. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 02/10/2014 03:44 pm Applied to Mills, I would say the philosophical's consistent with the practical: Mills has, like Rossi, kept it all but totally black boxed. This lack of transparency is, whatever the motivation, an obstacle to the very mechanic of science. An open mind won't get any more than a "closed" mind from a mute subject. The patent process has become so difficult for anything involving new science that one cannot (in the US at least) get a patent to cover any of these devices unless you essentially are dishonest about how they work. The devices not being commercialized like the Nanor and the Celani tube do not have the same claimed yields, but they are a start. I do not hold it against any of those inventors, or Brillouin for keeping quiet about their processes. If Industrial Heat LLC is actually having LENR heaters built in China, there will be little to keep private, anway. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 02/10/2014 03:46 pm Actually from what I have seen so far, the MFMP guys have failed to clearly reproduce anomalous heat, unless their have been some recent developments that I missed. Jean-Paul Biberian duplicated the gamma pulse results in November. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: adrianwyard on 02/10/2014 03:51 pm I do not have enough knowledge of physics to say I could give Mill's hydrino theory any credence, but then, I have yet to see unequivocal proof of dark matter, either. We seem to be reaching a kind of late-18th (sic) century conservative state in science where the underlying current is that all is known and therefore anything left to know must be the few polishing touches on our glorious reasoned society. As a generalization I think this is clearly false: while terrestrial human-scale physics (mostly electro-magneticsm and Newtonian mechanics) has been sorted for a while, theoretical physics is still working on closing some embarrassingly large holes in our understanding: the reconciliation of relativity and quantum mechanics (a theory of quantum gravity) is chief among them, and more recently smoking-gun observational evidence of what we're calling dark matter and dark energy. Frankly, you could argue that even after 100 years QM itself is still not settled as there are rival interpretations on what's actually happening at the micro-scale. Remember how disappointed Hawking et al were when LHC found the Higgs Boson as predicted - adding more evidence that the Standard Model is correct? They were hoping for something crazy and new. But you are certainly correct that tenure-track scientists are aware that some research interests will be frowned upon, and stay clear. The good news with Mills' work is it seems simple enough that a kickstarter campaign of a few tens of thousand dollars would be all it takes to replicate his results. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/10/2014 03:59 pm Jean-Paul Biberian duplicated the gamma pulse results in November. A small gamma pulse does not mean anomalous heat, which is to the best of my knowledge still elusive. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: JasonAW3 on 02/10/2014 05:30 pm I do not have enough knowledge of physics to say I could give Mill's hydrino theory any credence, but then, I have yet to see unequivocal proof of dark matter, either. We seem to be reaching a kind of late-18th (sic) century conservative state in science where the underlying current is that all is known and therefore anything left to know must be the few polishing touches on our glorious reasoned society. As a generalization I think this is clearly false: while terrestrial human-scale physics (mostly electro-magneticsm and Newtonian mechanics) has been sorted for a while, theoretical physics is still working on closing some embarrassingly large holes in our understanding: the reconciliation of relativity and quantum mechanics (a theory of quantum gravity) is chief among them, and more recently smoking-gun observational evidence of what we're calling dark matter and dark energy. Frankly, you could argue that even after 100 years QM itself is still not settled as there are rival interpretations on what's actually happening at the micro-scale. Remember how disappointed Hawking et al were when LHC found the Higgs Boson as predicted - adding more evidence that the Standard Model is correct? They were hoping for something crazy and new. But you are certainly correct that tenure-track scientists are aware that some research interests will be frowned upon, and stay clear. The good news with Mills' work is it seems simple enough that a kickstarter campaign of a few tens of thousand dollars would be all it takes to replicate his results. I was reading the other night that there still seems to be alot of wiggle room for the Standard Model, much like Bode's Law seemed to describe the orbits of the planets to within an acceptible degree of accuracy. Now, after all the exoplanets that we have found so far, Bode's Law suddenly becomes a footnote in history. I suspect that a similar mechanism is at work in this case. We have a model that SEEMS to describe Quantum Particles in good detail, but we have no real framework for how this interrelates to both classical and Quantum physics. Overall, I supect that we're going to find that what we are referring to as Dark Matter and Dark Energy are a very different phenomena than has been suspected up to this point. I have a suspicion of what is happening, but I don't have the high level math skills to even BEGIN to define what has been bouncing around in my head. Can't put together a workable theory without the math. Jason Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 02/10/2014 08:54 pm I suggest to wait and see. BLP claims that they are only weeks away from having a prototype that can run in self sustaining mode. If they can indeed produce that, then it should be fairly straight forward to test this and get proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Mills will get rich and famous and a Nobel price, physics will be revolutionized and everyone will live happy ever after. I would really like this happen, but... I just cant see that happening. Too many things just don't add up. BLP has been claiming practical applications Real Soon Now for the last decade or more. They seem to do a big PR push every few years, with little if any explanation of why the last iteration failed to pan out... Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/10/2014 09:08 pm BLP has been claiming practical applications Real Soon Now for the last decade or more. They seem to do a big PR push every few years, with little if any explanation of why the last iteration failed to pan out... I know and I noted as much earlier in the thread :) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: adrianwyard on 02/10/2014 09:29 pm The 'safe harbor' legal disclaimer at the beginning of the video, and on-display on the monitors during the presentation is a clear indication that someone in BLP believes they might not be able to deliver on all the promises they make verbally. The presentation was missing two tell-tale signs of a scam: a] requests for the last bit of funding needed to complete the research, b] references to a secret/black-box technology that can't be revealed for IP/patent-protection reasons. In fact, the absence of b] is likely to scare away investors because the BLP implementation could be copied. However, here's one guess at a scenario that fits what we see: They already have investor(s) lined up who will only release funds if/when BLP do the following: a] Perform a public demo of the technology working, b] have their results verified by an independent third-party (Dr Ramanujachary of Rowan University.) And that's what this video shows. So we could see this wind up quickly. Either BLP announce they've found an unexpected insurmountable problem (and exit stage left with the research money) or they change the world in the next few months. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Remes on 02/11/2014 09:19 am I do not have enough knowledge of physics to say I could give Mill's hydrino theory any credence, but then, I have yet to see unequivocal proof of dark matter, either. The difference between dark matter and any sort of scam: Everyone is free to observe the universe. Everyone is free to estimate the masses of galaxies. Everyone is free to come up with a mathematical, replicable and understandable model how gravity/centrifugal forces/... interact and form our universe. In the end, your model's output should somehow fit the current universe. Physics doesn't prove! Physics observes and tries to deliver an mathemtical model which explains what's going on. Over time we observe more, models change, ..., there is and will never be a "proof of dark matter", there will be experiments/observations/... which can be explained by dark matter. The guy in the 2h15min Video and with his 1820pages book could have defined an experiment which can be repeated by others, he failed for a long time to do that. He could have had a nda with some corporation scientists, who could check his model/experiments/results. Science is all about repeatability. Didn't happen with these guys statements. I watched the movie "The wolf of wall street", where the bad guy is asked "couldn't you sell the stocks to rich people, which can afford to loose the money", and he answers "rich people are to clever to by this trash". I don't like the implication of rich=clever, poor=...., but watching this thread this words came to my mind. Very esoteric. Very scam. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/11/2014 01:39 pm So we could see this wind up quickly. Either BLP announce they've found an unexpected insurmountable problem (and exit stage left with the research money) or they change the world in the next few months. So far their MO has been to just disappear for a few years and then return to light when they needed more funding. Some skeptics have raised doubts about Rowan universities credibility in regards to this technology. To be fair, Mills has a lot less of a black box issue than the infamous Rossi has. At least Mills has published a theory and some technical details about the process. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: rusty on 02/12/2014 05:18 am There is no such thing as a "hydrino" - it's simply fiction. You can't make up your own science - no matter how slick and appealing - and then expect things to work in real life. Your second statement is exactly what happened when the theory of electron shells was replaced by electron probability lobes as statistics, probability and quantum theory began replacing math and physics as our "understanding" of the Universe. Yet after 100yrs of "making up science", it's become apparent again that electrons ARE shells - the science and proven function of spintronics depends upon it. Likewise most of Quantum Theory is fallacious, based upon malleable mathematics and supported only be baseless leaps in "reasoning". To your first statement - Are you sure? I'm not either way, but the theory, function, mathematics and experimentation make it much more plausible than the absurd quantum and sonic alternatives to dark matter and coronal heating, respectively, while explaining spectrographic observations. It also explains and defines the often-dismissed results of cold fusion experiments dating back decades - the reason of which BLP and hydrino research began. And to those so certain of quantum theory, as well as regular visitor to Advanced Concepts, may I humbly point out that there's no actual Force of Gravity - therefore no such thing as Gravitons (a requirement of quantum field theory) or the possibility of anti-gravity. Gravity is an observed force, not an actual one. The actual "force" is the distortion of spacetime from energy and it's condensed form - matter. What we observe as gravity is the movement of energy (and its condensed form) through spacetime. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: sanman on 02/15/2014 12:01 pm What they're saying is that there's some "new ground state" which hasn't been detected before - in which case, how come it's not more obviously manifested in nature? Or else they're saying that the new state is "below ground state" - in which case, that's an oxymoron, since any deviation from ground has elevated energy potential by definition, since you can't fall away from the ground. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: sanman on 02/16/2014 03:23 am Come on - extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof, and the burden of proof is on them not me, since I'm not the one making the extraordinary claims. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: MP99 on 02/16/2014 10:38 am And to those so certain of quantum theory, as well as regular visitor to Advanced Concepts, may I humbly point out that there's no actual Force of Gravity - therefore no such thing as Gravitons (a requirement of quantum field theory) or the possibility of anti-gravity. Gravity is an observed force, not an actual one. The actual "force" is the distortion of spacetime from energy and it's condensed form - matter. What we observe as gravity is the movement of energy (and its condensed form) through spacetime. ISTM that misses the point. It's not that GR is right and QM is wrong - it's that they are two different explanations for the same phenomenon from different viewpoints. We know both theories will need to give somewhat before they can be unified. EG loop quantum gravity suggests that particles are just distortions in spacetime that happen to have knotted up (particles and anti particles are just complementary knot pairs). Gravitation is the bulk outcome of many planck-scale distortions. Cheers, Martin Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Nilof on 02/16/2014 11:10 am Your second statement is exactly what happened when the theory of electron shells was replaced by electron probability lobes as statistics, probability and quantum theory began replacing math and physics as our "understanding" of the Universe. Yet after 100yrs of "making up science", it's become apparent again that electrons ARE shells - the science and proven function of spintronics depends upon it. Likewise most of Quantum Theory is fallacious, based upon malleable mathematics and supported only be baseless leaps in "reasoning". I'm not sure what you mean by "replacing math and physics". Quantum mechanics is certainly still governed by mathematics, and generally requires more of it than classical physics. It is also the foundation for all modern physics. The "leaps of reasoning" are certainly not baseless, they are based on direct observation and have consistently led to extremely accurate predictions, often on the order of 15+ decimals, an accuracy that was previously unheard of in the history of science. Following the scientific method isn't a fallacy. Any theory that tries to describe the world has to reproduce the results of the experiments that QM accounts for. In particular, Bell's inequality which has been experimentally confirmed many times means that it is impossible to describe the universe with a classical theory. You HAVE to either introduce quantum mechanics or alternatively something much more complicated in order to describe the world. Arrays of real numbers as in classical mechanics simply won't cut it, as the experimental confirmation of Bell's theorem has explicitly falsified all such theories. Attempting to replace quantum mechanics with a classical theory is doomed to fail from the start. You could technically replace QM with something more complicated, but you can't replace it with anything classical and fully describe the real world at the same time. And to those so certain of quantum theory, as well as regular visitor to Advanced Concepts, may I humbly point out that there's no actual Force of Gravity - therefore no such thing as Gravitons (a requirement of quantum field theory) or the possibility of anti-gravity. Gravity is an observed force, not an actual one. The actual "force" is the distortion of spacetime from energy and it's condensed form - matter. What we observe as gravity is the movement of energy (and its condensed form) through spacetime. While in General Relativity gravity isn't a force, General Relativity is still a gauge theory and it can be quantized straightforwardly. Quantizing it will lead to a graviton, which is nothing more than the exitation modes of the field. The "problem" is that due to various symmetries the graviton has to have spin 2. The fact that it's spin 2 complicates attempts to describe it with perturbation theory, as that approach will lead to infinities - unless you introduce a very natural concept called supersymmetry, in which case all the infinities disapear and predictions can be made fairly easily. However that simply means that finding solutions in a given theory of gravity is going to be hard, which is hardly surprising considering that this is already true in General Relativity, where exact solutions to Einstein's equation are only known for highly symmetric cases. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: rusty on 02/16/2014 01:50 pm 1)... It's not that GR is right and QM is wrong - it's that they are two different explanations for the same phenomenon from different viewpoints. We know both theories will need to give somewhat before they can be unified. 2) EG loop quantum gravity suggests that particles are just distortions in spacetime that happen to have knotted up (particles and anti particles are just complementary knot pairs). Gravitation is the bulk outcome of many planck-scale distortions. Cheers, Martin Re1) When it comes to gravity, General Relativity may be right or wrong (everything points to right), but the Quantum Theory notion of gravity as an actual force, defined by a quantum force or field has proven itself repeatedly wrong. If something is unequivocally fallacious (like the quantum definition of gravity), how can you say it must be included and "unified" into General Relativity or GR must become inaccurate to merge with QM? Re2) You just combined two different theories. There have repeated attempts to steer QT's interpretation of gravity away from a force or field and towards a spacetime distortion (like GR) so it makes sense. These are based on describing ST as quantum foam formed by Loop Gravity (includes mass and is nearly GR), Entropic Gravity (which is variable and falls completely apart except in rare instances) and String Theory (which is like LG, but includes all forces, multiple extra dimensions and the most malleable and fungible mathematic assumptions to work - a grand unified attempt). All these QT attempts at redefining gravity are necessary lest all QT falls apart. So far it's been completely unsuccessful. Another excuse is the incorrect claim GR breaks down within singularities and needs redefining - it doesn't. As gravity approaches infinity and volume approaches zero, GR still applies. If the math is twisted to achieve infinite gravity/energy and actually zero volume, GR doesn't work. But that situation is only a mathematic exercise, not a possible occurrence as infinity is just an expression (not a thing) and even QT postulates there is no zero volume. When it comes to gravity, General Relativity is currently accurate in every test while QT has failed in every way (though Loop Gravity shows the highest promise). 3) I'm not sure what you mean by "replacing math and physics". Quantum mechanics is certainly still governed by mathematics, and generally requires more of it than classical physics. 4) It is also the foundation for all modern physics. ... Any theory that tries to describe the world has to reproduce the results of the experiments that QM accounts for. 5) In particular, Bell's inequality (entanglement) which has been experimentally confirmed many times means that it is impossible to describe the universe with a classical theory. You HAVE to either introduce quantum mechanics or alternatively something much more complicated in order to describe the world. ... Attempting to replace quantum mechanics with a classical theory is doomed to fail from the start. Re3) Physics is the understanding of the Universe and mathematics is the language used to describe and predict it. Once statistics and probabilities are thrown into the math it is no longer a description of the Universe, but a tangential exercise in mathematics alone. A century ago, and apparently ever since, physicists' noses have been so close to their calculations they forgot it is supposed to describe actual physics and the Universe, not just kick out a desired result. That's when contrived ignorance replaced knowledge. Re4) Really, because that's how you view things now - everything else must work within it? What naïve arrogance and dismissal of The Fact science is always our "current understanding", not the absolute truth and often that "understanding" branches onto dead ends. What experiments do you "require" the QT definition of the Universe exclusively and why does QT fail when scaled beyond the micro to the macro, fail at it's micro level and require distorting the ties between the Universe and Quantum math to show any relevance at all? You can't keep rowing that failboat while demand everyone jump aboard. That would just devolve all scientific understanding to a common point of failure, or lowest common denominator - Quantum Theory. Re5) So because you can't figure out how entanglement works or how wave-particle duality can exist with a Relativistic understanding of spacetime, there must be something really complicated at work (meaning you don't get it)? And if chasing absurdity or prioritizing formula over function doesn't work (QT) there must be something even more complicated, bizarre and theoretical (you really, really don't get it)? Or, the scientific community of the last century is neither clever, wise or even scientific, but myopic, foolish and oblivious. The Universe indicates the latter and I'm inclined to agree. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Nilof on 02/16/2014 06:09 pm Science is about coming up with models capable of making predictions, and falsifying models whose predictions end up being false. A very large class of models(classical physics) has been falsified experimentally. It turns out that a very simple modification, replacing (commuting) real numbers with (non-commuting) linear operators, makes everything work. It turns out that this modification ends up being consistent with the results of thousands of experiments over the last century, many of them explicitly designed to disprove it. This has nothing to do with ignorance, it is simply a damn good theory. There is no loss of intuition either - it is perfectly possible to build a strong intuition in quantum mechanics, which also ends up being damn useful when considering classical problems. As it turns out, QM also has numerous applications in industry, including designing transistors for the computer that you are currently using to read this. Trying to replace a highly reliable century-old model, with a model based on an outdated understanding that has already been falsified by countless experiments, is simply not following the scientific method. This applies to both anti-quantum zealots trying to reintroduce classical mechanics, and young earth creationists trying to "prove" that the earth is 5000 years old. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: QuantumG on 02/18/2014 02:35 am Science is about coming up with models capable of making predictions, and falsifying models whose predictions end up being false. There's plenty of science which is not predictive in any way. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: RonM on 02/18/2014 03:48 am A few things to remember: "Science - the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment." Oxford Dictionary "Once you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth." Arthur Conan Doyle "It doesn't matter how beautiful your theory is, it doesn't matter how smart you are. If it doesn't agree with experiment, it's wrong." Richard P. Feynman Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Stormbringer on 02/18/2014 01:19 pm i have been reading this thread for as long as it's recent resurrection until the present and rated it's possibility of being true as lower than Rossi's ECAT which has more going for it probability-wise than this in my opinion. However; I have been thinking about if something like this could be possible or not due to the thread. I would never have even considered the possibilty were it not for this thread. that being said there is a tenous chain of reasoning that could just put it on the microscopically possible. i decided to describe my speculation on it and That does not mean I think it is true just that it (very remotely) could be. all the fuss about the ground state and lower than ground state argument and conjecture: the energy states of an electron are determined by quanticisation. It is a quantum property. No electron has ever been observed in an energy state lower than the accepted ground state. however there are ground states that exist below what we think of as ground state in other things such as the vacuum. it has often been called the false vacuum. it is this false ground state that is credited with the possibility that the universe can even exist at all. but it has also been said that the universe's vacuum state could collapse to true vacuum and that that would cause the universe to cease to exist. Google "false vacuum" for cites on this concept. so there exists ground states below the apparent ground state of the universe. in physics there are several special states of matter beyond the four we are familiar with; in addition to solids, liquids, gases and plasma. Bose Einstein condensates and several other weird states also exist in which matter takes on strange properties that you would never expect if all you knew was the ordinary states of matter. There are also strange configurations of nuclear and electronic shells such as nucleonic isomeres. it is possible that some procedure could force an electron into a extremely rare situation where it exists below its normal orbital so long as the new orbital is quanticized. and it is entirely possible for such a state to be completely unobserved by science to date because no one is looking for it and there are countless electrons the vast majority of which would be where we would expect them to be and doing what we expect them to do. there is physically plenty of room between the lowest electron shell to the nucleus. an atom is mostly made of space. I mean there is so much room if you enlarged an atom so that it's nucleus was the size of a basket ball the first orbital electron would be miles away from it. i think some set of circumstances could drop an electron below the accepted lowest ground state. but cannot see a way for that to happen and actually produce a gain in energy. It would take energy to produce the circumstances and forces that would make the electron behave abnormally. at best you would have a battery to store energy but you would have to provide the energy to charge that battery. and there is no telling what the relaxation time would be. it would probably be worse than the nucleonic isomer relaxation problem. so anyway It is on the edge of possible that there is something to this stuff. a finite but tiny probability. personally i have more faith in LENR than this and that is saying something. but i will not completely rule it out as some seem to be eager to do. too eager in my humble opinion. i just don't know enough about the proper physics specializations to go beyond that. i kind of doubt that most of the most vocal critics do either. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 02/19/2014 07:44 pm A couple of new "validation reports" have been posted on the BLP website: http://www.blacklightpower.com/technology/validation-reports/ report Glumac: http://www.blacklightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/GlumacReport2.pdf report Weinberg: http://www.blacklightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/WeinbergReport2.pdf Now, the reports are rather short. They also were conducted at the BLP facilities and as it seems with BLP equipment during experiments conduced by BLP staff. These things raise some flags with me as they mean that these are not truly independent validation reports, but rather reports about experiments that were merely observed (and not conducted) by the people writing the reports. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Stormbringer on 02/19/2014 08:25 pm well such things do not always mean fraud. it might be a protective measure for the intellectual property. or... it might be to protect humanity from itself. imagine someone invents some sort of gravimetric propulsion system that easily gets up to 99.9999 percent light speed. can you then give every kid that hover board? make all cars and trucks flying vehicles. give everyone access to relativistic speed? when if just one terrorist, psychopath, intoxicated or otherwise disturbed or careless person gets access they can literally destroy a building, a city. a state, a nation, a continent and even all life on earth? if you had made such a discovery how would you safeguard it? one lapse in security anywhere, one stolen machine or wreck of a machine and the thing will be weaponized by up to several billion crazed thanatos-esque nihilistic psychopaths. could you give it to the govt that couldn't keep spies from stealing the atomic bomb? the one that de-protected computer tech which is now used in the weapons of every enemy nation on earth for profit? leaks like a sieve even when it doesn't want to? could you leave it s principles, schematics and so forth on university servers? in text books? the patent office? there are no safety interlocks, performance governors or anti tamper schemes that could possibly prevent all reverse engineering. what inventor would be confident enough to unleash this on the world? who would be willing to be responsible for delivering a true doomsday weapon into the hands of anyone who wants it? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: IRobot on 02/19/2014 08:45 pm it might be to protect humanity from itself. when if just one terrorist, psychopath, intoxicated or otherwise disturbed or careless person gets access they can literally destroy a building, a city. a state, a nation, a continent and even all life on earth? if you had made such a discovery how would you safeguard it? Timothy McVeigh killed 168 people with fertilizer. Nuts don't need anti-gravity weapons to kill people. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Stormbringer on 02/19/2014 08:56 pm Timothy McVeigh killed 168 people with fertilizer. Nuts don't need anti-gravity weapons to kill people. the destructive potential of even an atomic bomb is miniscule compared to a relativistic impact. a 20 kilogram slug of inert metal travelling at 1.3 percent the speed of light is equal to 10 hiroshima bombs. increase the mass...increase the velocity and the damage is exponentially greater. sufficient mass and velocity can quite literally reduce the earth to gravel and fling the gravel out of the sun's gravity well. compared to that McVeigh was a dust mote. EDIT: and the presence of people like McVeigh in the hundreds of millions is a big part of my point. They must never have access to such knowledge or technology. EDIT 2: Example of relativistic impact of 1 kilogram mass at 90 percent Light speed: Relativistic weapon: 1 kilogram at 90% c 1.2 x 10^17 Joules 29 Mt of TNT (larger than a city killer type atomic bomb) multiply that by a vehicle mass of 1000+ KG (for a car sized vehicle) to millions of KG for an super tanker sized craft. and then imagine millions of them all over the world waiting for a madman bent on death and destruction to get at the helm. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: a_langwich on 02/19/2014 09:39 pm Science is about coming up with models capable of making predictions, and falsifying models whose predictions end up being false. There's plenty of science which is not predictive in any way. What do you have in mind? Virtually every fact or hypothesis has implications. If A is true, then B cannot be true, or C will behave in a certain manner, and so on. These implications predict that if you test these propositions, you test the truthfulness of A. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: QuantumG on 02/19/2014 09:45 pm What do you have in mind? Virtually every fact or hypothesis has implications. If A is true, then B cannot be true, or C will behave in a certain manner, and so on. These implications predict that if you test these propositions, you test the truthfulness of A. All of Taxonomy? (I was specifically thinking Taxonomic Entomology, but any field will do). Observation and measurement are science too, and they inevitably precede hypothesis formation. .. and there's whole fields of science where "test" has no sensible definition. Heck, Mathematics? The Queen of the Sciences - Carl Friedrich Gauss. The science that draws necessary conclusions - Benjamin Peirce. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Ric Capucho on 02/20/2014 09:00 am (snip).. and there's whole fields of science where "test" has no sensible definition. Heck, Mathematics? (snip) How about string theory? So tautological that it can mathematically describe everything... and so tells us nothing specific about anything. Nevertheless, fractional ground states would likely've been found by mainstream physics many decades ago, if they existed; which is unlikely, IMHO. So what *accepted* physical process could explain the flash bang? Can the state changes from water to steam to plasma (or "plasma") really be so energetic? TW Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: KelvinZero on 02/20/2014 09:28 am (snip).. and there's whole fields of science where "test" has no sensible definition. Heck, Mathematics? (snip) How about string theory? So tautological that it can mathematically describe everything... and so tells us nothing specific about anything. Nevertheless, fractional ground states would likely've been found by mainstream physics many decades ago, if they existed; which is unlikely, IMHO. So what *accepted* physical process could explain the flash bang? Can the state changes from water to steam to plasma (or "plasma") really be so energetic? TW It might be a matter of semantics. I found this link discussing whether maths is a science: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics#Mathematics_as_science Personally I have always liked the Karl Popper definition so I wouldn't call mathematics a science... I might be talked around on that, after all there is a universe of unknown mathematical principles you can explore just as there is a physical universe to explore.. perhaps mathematics is not a science but the processes of extending it are...? Im confusing myself now :) Im vague on what Taxonomy is, but grouping organisms by characteristics should be able to help you make all sorts of predictions even before understanding evolution. It would be incredibly boring and pointless to me if it were just a list of facts. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: rusty on 02/27/2014 04:09 am Nevertheless, fractional ground states would likely've been found by mainstream physics many decades ago, if they existed; which is unlikely, IMHO. ... That's a fairly bold assumption. Why would "mainstream physicists" look for something they're sure couldn't exist? What makes you think fractional ground states weren't already and/or accidently found, but dismissed as error or categorized as another "quantum" phenomenon? Simply look to Stormbringer 1) below stating these initial dismissals, desire for quantum categorization and yet possibility of ignorance. 1) the energy states of an electron are determined by quanticisation. It is a quantum property. No electron has ever been observed in an energy state lower than the accepted ground state. ... it is possible that some procedure could force an electron into a extremely rare situation where it exists below its normal orbital so long as the new orbital is quanticized. and it is entirely possible for such a state to be completely unobserved by science to date because no one is looking for it and there are countless electrons the vast majority of which would be where we would expect them to be and doing what we expect them to do. ... 2) in physics there are several special states of matter beyond the four we are familiar with; in addition to solids, liquids, gases and plasma. Bose Einstein condensates and several other weird states also exist in which matter takes on strange properties that you would never expect if all you knew was the ordinary states of matter. There are also strange configurations of nuclear and electronic shells such as nucleonic isomeres. ... 3) i think some set of circumstances could drop an electron below the accepted lowest ground state. but cannot see a way for that to happen and actually produce a gain in energy. It would take energy to produce the circumstances and forces that would make the electron behave abnormally. at best you would have a battery to store energy but you would have to provide the energy to charge that battery. and there is no telling what the relaxation time would be. it would probably be worse than the nucleonic isomer relaxation problem. Re2) Condensates, superfluidity, entanglement, superconductance, Josephson junction, - Why must these use "quantum" descriptions? Theory of Relativistic superconducting circuits; http://www.sciencentechnologyupdates.com/2011/06/einsteins-theory-applied-to.html#.Uw68MMKYbcs The quantum theory of Cooper pairs addresses the superconductive question of no electron excitation by violating c and inventing electron bonding, but doesn't lower energy state shells address the same without dismissing the Laws of Physics? In essence, superconductivity and superfluidity are the rejection of electrons to maintain sub-ground state. Isn't it also likely entanglement and Bose-Einstein condensates are the result of Relative proximity below ground state as with the Josephson junction article listed, not dubious superposition? Re3) Collision and cooling. The first as result of high energy reactions (such as BLP's) or impacts (as in the Sun's superheated, twisted Corona). In each the energy is transferred or expelled as photons (BLP claims observed high-UV in tests and nature). Through cryogenics electron shells can be "squeezed" to below ground state, especially within a molecular structure (ie: silicate superconductors) when there's simply not enough "room" the temps would be much higher. As you've mentioned, the question is how long this remains. If these then reject electrons, as I've offered as a possibility, is it photons that must "recharge" it to ground state? ---------------------------------------- The most important aspect of science is to pursue knowledge, regardless if the results are undesirable. If Geocentrism must be tossed along with the social and religious implications, if man-made CO2 can't account for anything its business model dies, if Newtonian Gravity cannot explain Mercury's orbit or the bending of starlight, if Quantum Mechanics is simply absurd - As scientists these facts must be accepted and truth discovered. "It ain't great, but it's what we got." Nothing wrong with that statement from a practical sense, but it's intellectually lazy and unacceptable from a scientific perspective. Ask a nuclear engineer, technician or designer when an atom will decay and he'll say, "I have no idea, but I know how long and how much heat a mass will produce." Ask a Quantum Physicist and he'll say, "Maybe it just did, or maybe in twenty years, or maybe twenty thousand." If I asks Ms. Clio when I'm going to die and she said the same, we'd both acknowledge she's a fraud and I should get my money back. To the Quantum Ms. Clios here; The ruse is up and I want my money back. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Ric Capucho on 02/27/2014 03:54 pm Nevertheless, fractional ground states would likely've been found by mainstream physics many decades ago, if they existed; which is unlikely, IMHO. ... That's a fairly bold assumption. Why would "mainstream physicists" look for something they're sure couldn't exist? What makes you think fractional ground states weren't already and/or accidently found, but dismissed as error or categorized as another "quantum" phenomenon? Simply look to Stormbringer 1) below stating these initial dismissals, desire for quantum categorization and yet possibility of ignorance. Oh come on, my statement's one of the least bold made anywhere on this thread so far. Consider the claims made by the Blacklight folks: fractional ground states undetected by mainstream science; a new state of hydrogen hitherto unseen by mainstream science; an explanation for dark matter; oh, and vast amounts of easily realisable energy in every scoop of water. I'd have to get up hours before I go to bed to make a bold assumption that could compete with that lot. TW Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: rusty on 02/28/2014 11:37 pm Oh come on, my statement's one of the least bold made anywhere on this thread so far. ... I suppose perspective determines what a "bold statement" is. Is it bold to say almost all subatomic physics post Maxwell, Einstein and Bohr is an ill-conceived and misguided dead end? Inversely, is it bold to say that because 95% of "experts", decades of work and extensive computer simulations come to a conclusion, it must be accurate? Specifically on superconductors, superfluids and "dark" matter; Is it bold for quantum theorists to dismiss Occam's Razor as simplistic and, if an answer cannot be found (as is the ongoing case of all quantum physics) than the answer must be even more complex? Is it bold to point out making up such dubious and malleable math to produce a result that fits a flawed theory, but falls apart if extended to other problems, isn't science at all? Specifically on the assertion Quantum Physics is accurate; Is it bold to point out statistics and probabilities are a man-made system for guessing, not a path to defined answers, and then remind you the Universe doesn't guess and has defined answers? If realized, is it bold to deduce all mathematics used to define the Universe and subatomic physics that uses statistics, probabilities and quantum physics is nothing but a mathematical exercise of approximation with no bearing or insight into the Universe? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: rusty on 02/28/2014 11:55 pm Oh come on, my statement's one of the least bold made anywhere on this thread so far. I'm making this a separate point as it's tangential, but quite important. There is a common fault in claiming "because all the experts say so, it must be true." Yes, "experts" means they're knowledgeable and usually correct, but the fault lies in unquestioned acceptance to what those that are "experts", "educated", older, more experienced, titled, etc will say or claim. Many here, as with other inaccurate "science" and sometimes catastrophically so, fall into that trap of unquestioned acceptance. FYI; Like you, they're only human. The lesson of flint mapping; In the right hands a piece of stone can be struck with just the right amount of force at a perfect angle to produce the desired shards. It would be foolish to claim those shards are integral to the original stone as their creation was entirely man-made. We have made incredibly well engineered atomic shard producers - colliders - but why do we assume the shards we create are integral to the original particles? Further, under what absurd reasoning can we then name one shard "pop", another "spitz" and so one, then try to attribute all the forces of the Universe to these shards? As quantum theory is itself fallacious, what then of the Standard Model? What then of using incredible engineering to produce shards that fit into this foundationless model? What of all the "experts" that without any evidence, only bogus theories and doctored shards, can claim to have discovered all the forces of the Universe and structure of subatomic particles? Why then is there so much that is completely undefined (dark matter/energy, inflation, etc) if what they've done supposedly answers it all? To the quantum Ms. Clios here; The ruse is up and I want my money back. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 03/01/2014 04:05 am As quantum theory is itself fallacious, what then of the Standard Model Now that is a bold statement. However, it ignores the obvious fact that quantum physics and the standard model work extremely well. They may well be wrong, but they are less wrong (http://chem.tufts.edu/answersinscience/relativityofwrong.htm) than everything that came before. If you have something actually works better, congratulations in advance on your Nobel. On the other hand if all you have is vague philosophical objections, that's certainly your right but it's not relevant to actual physics. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: rusty on 03/01/2014 04:41 am Now that is a bold statement ... See post made 18minutes earlier for explanation. It's at the bottom of the previous page. Post #162 just above it goes into greater detail about replacing Quantum Mechanics. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: IRobot on 03/01/2014 07:51 am As quantum theory is itself fallacious, what then of the Standard Model Now that is a bold statement. However, it ignores the obvious fact that quantum physics and the standard model work extremely well. They may well be wrong, but they are less wrong (http://chem.tufts.edu/answersinscience/relativityofwrong.htm) than everything that came before. You can still think of them as a very valuable tool, but that does not correctly explain what is happening. Personally I prefer to think of a string moving on 11 dimensions on a straight path than a particle that pops in and out of existence in random positions and times. Like Newton's gravitation law compared to Einstein's relativity. Newton produced a very useful tool, but it did not explain the reason. It started with the permissive that mass attracts mass, without explaining why. Einstein explained that with space-time distortion. Still, relativity is again a useful tool, but it was built around an observation, while for example string theory, instead of trying to explain gravity, found, "by chance," a mathematical model of a particle that could be the graviton. On the opposite direction, the standard model changed itself to incorporate the graviton. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 03/03/2014 07:05 pm BLP posted 3 new videos showing something that resembles and early stage prototype of the continuous power device presented in their video from January: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDUpb0k_h4o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YY2RrXbWWMA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D_bAUCjmHVA Still not too impressed, but maybe there is hope that they will actually show a self sustaining device in action some time soon (provided this whole thing actually works). Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 03/03/2014 08:09 pm As quantum theory is itself fallacious, what then of the Standard Model? What then of using incredible engineering to produce shards that fit into this foundationless model? Ultimately, physical theories are ONLY judged by how well their predictions match the observations. All other metrics, such as "beautiful", "elegant", "makes sense", or your "fallacious", are subjective. For example, electron has a magnetic moment. It can be measured. OTOH, quantum physics and SM make a prediction about its magnitude. The experimental value and the prediction match to better than 10^-9. I and many other people won't care that you think that QT and SM are crap as long as you are unable to propose an alternative which predicts such experimental values at least as well as they do. Quote What of all the "experts" that without any evidence, only bogus theories and doctored shards, can claim to have discovered all the forces of the Universe and structure of subatomic particles? They have evidence. It's your method of reasoning what is bogus here. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Prober on 07/03/2014 03:16 pm Any updates on Blacklight? If memory serves they should have some type of demo system operational?? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 07/03/2014 04:33 pm They did show some demos to a selected crowd recently. Videos of that are here: part1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGTUd68hu5M&feature=youtu.be part2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRnfuO6uQyU&feature=youtu.be Still far from convincing, but something is moving... Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Prober on 07/05/2014 05:09 pm Not very impressive Not going to invest the time watching the hrs of video first 5 min on the 2nd video tells me this is more about investment then some real device, how sad. The basic design and many off the shelf parts shown here. http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg1157733#msg1157733 Should have brought the custom CAD parts into printable format and ordered them from one of the 3D print houses, couple of weeks work. Sorry but BL should have had something tangible. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob Shaw on 07/05/2014 05:40 pm TANSTAAFL. RAH was right again! Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Elmar Moelzer on 08/08/2014 05:00 pm 11 million in funding... http://www.blacklightpower.com/whats-new/ Does that mean they will disappear again for a few years? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/08/2017 06:34 pm Regarding your example of quantum mechanics, there is a growing body of evidence that Hydrogen exists in lower or fractional states according to multiple new experiments. QM doesn't admit such fractional states. Accordingly, if you ask any physicist they will tell you such states cannot exist because they are not admitted in QM and we know QM is 'true'. They say millions of experiments have been conducted consistent with QM for over a century. It's completely proven. So what do the proponents need to do to show that hydrogen does exist in lower 'fractional' states? How much data does it take? Does it matter who does the confirming experiment? In practice, what would you consider the necessary 'extraordinary' evidence? Thanks. I cannot answer your question because I don't know what you mean by a fractional state of hydrogen. A quick google search turned up nothing. If you point me to these experiments, I could give a better answer, but for now it could be anything from experiments showing a new state that is consistent with the rest of quantum, but had either been overlooked in the theory due to complicated preconditions necessary for it to exist, or simply not formed experimentally until now. On the other hand it could be talking about electron orbitals that don't fit Schrodinger's equation, and they will need a lot of careful data showing there is not some contaminant in their experiment, and explaining why no one has ever noticed the extra line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen. Fractional states are those with principle quantum numbers as fractions such as 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, and so on where the electron is closer and more tightly bound. These states are stable and non radiative and below the accepted ground state and thus release huge amounts of energy as they form. The scientist is Randell Mills at Brilliant Light Power. Mills calls these 'hydrino' or small hydrogen states. A word of caution, the Wikipedia editors consider it junk science and they actively censor any confirming data concentrating mainly on snarky public comments from well known scientists opposed to the idea. Mills holds the worlds record for pissing off the most Nobel laureates. But at least they've heard of him. I don't think it is so much they censor confirming data as there is none. I specifically asked you to point me to the experiments and you did not. "incompatible with key equations of Quantum Mechanics" is not a snarky comment, it is a problem that would have to be addressed. So far you have pointed me to one collection of claims that contradict a whole lot of known physics, and 0 supporting evidence. These claims would need either a huge amount of data or a few very significant experiments (scientific definition of significance). He has had tons of funding and plenty of time, and if any of his claims worked, he should have created irrefutable demonstrations by now. Meberbs, thanks for the response. I just figured you could find the papers on your own given the subject but here is the latest experimental paper you can read; http://www.brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/Hydrino-Blast-Power-Paper-060117b.pdf Here is an earlier peer reviewed paper; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140%2Fepjd%2Fe2011-20455-x https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140%2Fepjd%2Fe2011-20246-5 A paper regarding spectum measurments; http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/EUV-Mechanism-051817.pdf There is supporting evidence and supporting scientists who have independently verified the reaction and it's power but Wikipedia does censor that information and I know because I've heard from people who have posted to the site with that information and seen it disappear every time. I'm confident that in time the level of evidence will reach a point that it is widely accepted. But yes, it's a long hard slog to prove a reaction exists that could have been discovered over a century ago and was missed. There is understandingly a lot of resistance to that mistake. Add yes, QM will have to be modified to incorporate these states but the key equations of QM have been modified before as new discoveries unfolded, like anti-matter and spin. These equations are models of nature, not laws of nature. It's not so hard to imagine they need to be modified again. It's also under appreciated by Mills' critics as to how hard it is to engineer such a reaction into a fully working energy producing device especially with a small team and no government funding. With all it's potential and funding, fusion should have been done a half century ago. What about MEGA devices? I ask you, why should engineering such a hydrino reaction be so trivially easy that not completing it so far deserves your derision? But a major breakthrough was achieved about four years ago that allows the reaction kinetics to be very large and yield commercial amounts of power. It took over twenty years to find that path. For the first decades Mills' power levels were very low like the MEGA or EMDrive devices are now. I'm sure the 'doers' in this group appreciate just how difficult it is to do experiments and show new effects in a skeptical if not hostile environment. Thanks again. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/08/2017 07:01 pm I don't think it is so much they censor confirming data as there is none. I specifically asked you to point me to the experiments and you did not. "incompatible with key equations of Quantum Mechanics" is not a snarky comment, it is a problem that would have to be addressed. So far you have pointed me to one collection of claims that contradict a whole lot of known physics, and 0 supporting evidence. These claims would need either a huge amount of data or a few very significant experiments (scientific definition of significance). He has had tons of funding and plenty of time, and if any of his claims worked, he should have created irrefutable demonstrations by now. Based on a cursory overview of information available online, Mills seems to be a scam artist who has been fleecing investors with promises of ultra-low-cost energy production for well over a decade without producing any functional results. On the plus side, a libertarian news aggregate page, which calls him "A Living Legend, Greater Than Einstein and Tesla Combined," has a link to his most recent paper (from May). Warning, it's 111 pages long. http://www.brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/Hydrino-Blast-Power-Paper-060117b.pdf That's the problem with 'cursory overviews', they lead to snap judgements like the editors at Wikipedia. Mills does oversell his optimism as to timelines but he bases his extreme optimism on the real potential of his discovery. He's no 'scam' artist, he's a Harvard and MIT educated scientist who has devoted his life to what he believes is a major discovery "greater than fire" as he often says from a key insight given to him by an MIT professor regarding electrons and radiation during acceleration. And if true, that's certainly true. From that key insight, he developed a new model of the hydrogen atom which led to the hypothesis of the hydrino state he later discovered. His professor at MIT, Herman Haus, was aware of and supported his work but privately. The problem is too many people rely on the reaction of others to make up their own minds. Anyone interested in a greater background on Mills and his ideas can read Brett Holverstott's excellent book which follows the development of Mills' theory and the difficult path to commercialization over the decades including setbacks and false leads; https://www.amazon.com/Randell-Mills-Search-Hydrino-Energy/dp/0692760059/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1496948076&sr=8-1&keywords=Hydrino As to 'fleecing investors for well over a decade' let's compare that to the parade of fusion researchers who have been hyping the importance of their results to an unwitting Congress and to the taxpayers for over six decades with promises of unlimited power just around the corner if they only can continue their research... Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/08/2017 07:21 pm There seems to already be a thread for Black/Brightlight Power: http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.160 With just the emdrive itself having serious credibility problems, it's surely not a good idea to associate it with other fringe-y concepts. Thanks. No activity since 2014 though. Folks here might be interested in Mills' hypothesis that the electron is not affected by gravity and that they also can be knocked into a shape he calls 'pseudoelectrons' that repels gravitational sources. He refers to that as the 'Fifth Force'. He has developed that idea into a spacecraft concept that can be experimentally tested. The bummer is that it only works around large masses such as planets and stars and wouldn't be useful in deep intersteller space away from such sources. Anyone interested can check out chapter 35 of Mills' three volume tome. It's available for free; http://brilliantlightpower.com/book-download-and-streaming/ The paper below measures gravitational force on electrons as 0.09mg. The authors though interpret that there is an induced electromagnetic force in the apparatus that counters gravity but others disagree with that interpretation. https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1049 Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/08/2017 07:55 pm Meberbs, thanks for the response. I just figured you could find the papers on your own given the subject but here is the latest experimental paper you can read; You are making the claims, I am not going to do extensive research to support your claims, and searches on the subject mostly bring up many references and peer reviewed papers providing a long list of problems with Mill's experiments and theory. Meanwhile, everything you provided is from Mills, and based on the fact that direct replications of his experiments by NASA contradicted his findings, there is strong reason to doubt results that he publishes. There is supporting evidence and supporting scientists who have independently verified the reaction ... Then why did you not provide any? and it's power but Wikipedia does censor that information and I know because I've heard from people who have posted to the site with that information and seen it disappear every time. I'm confident that in time the level of evidence will reach a point that it is widely accepted. Your confidence seems to be based on ignoring the preponderance of evidence. Wikipedia does not censor information, but I am guessing that the policy of "no original research" is one of the problems that people may have run into if what you say is true. (And if it is, you can easily prove it by looking providing a link to the relevant revisions in the article history.) But yes, it's a long hard slog to prove a reaction exists that could have been discovered over a century ago and was missed. There is understandingly a lot of resistance to that mistake. This is basically you agreeing with the original point that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. We should probably end the conversation here, but I'll respond to the rest of your post for completeness. Add yes, QM will have to be modified to incorporate these states but the key equations of QM have been modified before as new discoveries unfolded, like anti-matter and spin. These equations are models of nature, not laws of nature. It's not so hard to imagine they need to be modified again. Schrodinger's equation hasn't changed to my knowledge. From what I have seen of Mill's theory, he takes an equation derived from the Schrodinger equation, plugs in numbers explicitly inconsistent with the derivation of the equation, and claims magic happens. This isn't modifying QM, this is just him making up a self-inconsistent theory. It's also under appreciated by Mills' critics as to how hard it is to engineer such a reaction into a fully working energy producing device especially with a small team and no government funding. With all it's potential and funding, fusion should have been done a half century ago. What about MEGA devices? I ask you, why should engineering such a hydrino reaction be so trivially easy that not completing it so far deserves your derision? But a major breakthrough was achieved about four years ago that allows the reaction kinetics to be very large and yield commercial amounts of power. It took over twenty years to find that path. For the first decades Mills' power levels were very low like the MEGA or EMDrive devices are now. I'm sure the 'doers' in this group appreciate just how difficult it is to do experiments and show new effects in a skeptical if not hostile environment. Somehow I knew you would make exactly this point, and it is completely wrong. First you need to be aware of the difference between physics and engineering. The physics of fusion was demonstrated in the 50s, and I don't think there have been any real significant updates in decades. The engineering of controlled fusion is a harder problem, but we know the relevant physics and it has been clearly demonstrated. The only question is if we can find creative enough containment methods to make it economical, and solving some things that are difficult to model theoretically, like material degradation under high energy neutron bombardment. On the other hand, none of the physics behind the hydrino has been demonstrated, your comment about government funding is both wrong (NASA did tests) and irrelevant (quick research indicates tens of millions of dollars of investment.) Meanwhile, if there were other states of the hydrogen atom, a simple high school level experiment of a glass tube full of hydrogen, with a pair of high voltage electrodes and a spectrometer would be able to demonstrate it. Also, electrons tend to the lowest available energy state, so lower energy states should literally be impossible to miss. If you really want to discuss this further, we should take it to the relevant thread that as58 found. With your apparent agreement with the claim that started this tangent, there is no longer any meaningful relevance to this topic. (this site has nothing against resurrecting even very old threads, but it does have rules against off-topic posts) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/08/2017 09:59 pm Any updates on Blacklight? If memory serves they should have some type of demo system operational?? No demonstration system yet, they always seem to be a year out from that. But a libertarian news aggregate page, which calls Mills "A Living Legend, Greater Than Einstein and Tesla Combined," has a link to the most recent published paper (from May). Warning, it's 111 pages long. http://www.brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/Hydrino-Blast-Power-Paper-060117b.pdf Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 06/09/2017 06:50 am 11 million in funding... http://www.blacklightpower.com/whats-new/ Does that mean they will disappear again for a few years? ~3 years later... new name, new website, new novel-length non peer-reviewed "papers"... Bingo! (A BLP fan was assuring us that BLP had signed contracts with utilities back in 2009 (http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg395582#msg395582), and BLP had already been pushing variations on the theme with "real soon now" promises 10+ years before that.) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/09/2017 07:17 pm 11 million in funding... http://www.blacklightpower.com/whats-new/ Does that mean they will disappear again for a few years? ~3 years later... new name, new website, new novel-length non peer-reviewed "papers"... Bingo! (A BLP fan was assuring us that BLP had signed contracts with utilities back in 2009 (http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg395582#msg395582), and BLP had already been pushing variations on the theme with "real soon now" promises 10+ years before that.) There have been peer reviewed papers. And a lot of progress. There was a breakthrough regarding reaction kinetics around 2014 and the state of the device is advancing rapidly yet turning a high power reaction to a commercial device is not trivial. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/09/2017 08:02 pm Meberbs, thanks for the response. I just figured you could find the papers on your own given the subject but here is the latest experimental paper you can read; You are making the claims, I am not going to do extensive research to support your claims, and searches on the subject mostly bring up many references and peer reviewed papers providing a long list of problems with Mill's experiments and theory. Meanwhile, everything you provided is from Mills, and based on the fact that direct replications of his experiments by NASA contradicted his findings, there is strong reason to doubt results that he publishes. There is supporting evidence and supporting scientists who have independently verified the reaction ... Then why did you not provide any? and it's power but Wikipedia does censor that information and I know because I've heard from people who have posted to the site with that information and seen it disappear every time. I'm confident that in time the level of evidence will reach a point that it is widely accepted. Your confidence seems to be based on ignoring the preponderance of evidence. Wikipedia does not censor information, but I am guessing that the policy of "no original research" is one of the problems that people may have run into if what you say is true. (And if it is, you can easily prove it by looking providing a link to the relevant revisions in the article history.) But yes, it's a long hard slog to prove a reaction exists that could have been discovered over a century ago and was missed. There is understandingly a lot of resistance to that mistake. This is basically you agreeing with the original point that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. We should probably end the conversation here, but I'll respond to the rest of your post for completeness. Add yes, QM will have to be modified to incorporate these states but the key equations of QM have been modified before as new discoveries unfolded, like anti-matter and spin. These equations are models of nature, not laws of nature. It's not so hard to imagine they need to be modified again. Schrodinger's equation hasn't changed to my knowledge. From what I have seen of Mill's theory, he takes an equation derived from the Schrodinger equation, plugs in numbers explicitly inconsistent with the derivation of the equation, and claims magic happens. This isn't modifying QM, this is just him making up a self-inconsistent theory. It's also under appreciated by Mills' critics as to how hard it is to engineer such a reaction into a fully working energy producing device especially with a small team and no government funding. With all it's potential and funding, fusion should have been done a half century ago. What about MEGA devices? I ask you, why should engineering such a hydrino reaction be so trivially easy that not completing it so far deserves your derision? But a major breakthrough was achieved about four years ago that allows the reaction kinetics to be very large and yield commercial amounts of power. It took over twenty years to find that path. For the first decades Mills' power levels were very low like the MEGA or EMDrive devices are now. I'm sure the 'doers' in this group appreciate just how difficult it is to do experiments and show new effects in a skeptical if not hostile environment. Somehow I knew you would make exactly this point, and it is completely wrong. First you need to be aware of the difference between physics and engineering. The physics of fusion was demonstrated in the 50s, and I don't think there have been any real significant updates in decades. The engineering of controlled fusion is a harder problem, but we know the relevant physics and it has been clearly demonstrated. The only question is if we can find creative enough containment methods to make it economical, and solving some things that are difficult to model theoretically, like material degradation under high energy neutron bombardment. On the other hand, none of the physics behind the hydrino has been demonstrated, your comment about government funding is both wrong (NASA did tests) and irrelevant (quick research indicates tens of millions of dollars of investment.) Meanwhile, if there were other states of the hydrogen atom, a simple high school level experiment of a glass tube full of hydrogen, with a pair of high voltage electrodes and a spectrometer would be able to demonstrate it. Also, electrons tend to the lowest available energy state, so lower energy states should literally be impossible to miss. If you really want to discuss this further, we should take it to the relevant thread that as58 found. With your apparent agreement with the claim that started this tangent, there is no longer any meaningful relevance to this topic. (this site has nothing against resurrecting even very old threads, but it does have rules against off-topic posts) First, I'm not 'making the claims', I'm telling you of claims others are making. They happen to be true irregardless of what you think. Second, the NASA results didn't 'contradict' Mills findings. The engineers involved recommended further work but the managers decided to end it. That's not proof it didn't work. Also,those experiments are not like the newest experiments at all so please don't lump everything together. And regarding the fact that there are several scientists who have confirmed Mills work, if I point you to talks by them and they appear with Mills you are going to just claim they aren't 'independent' and discount their work. Your comments on Wikipedia make little sense. You're saying it's fine for them to keep Mills work unspecified and uneferenced while keeping public comments by Mills' critics, which are NOT scientific statements. So Wiki is only for old established ideas and not new, emerging ideas and one can only learn about new and controversial ideas by hearing from the critics and opponents but not proponents. You missed the whole point about the 'key' equations of QM. It's not that the Shrodinger equation was modified, it was replaced with the Dirac equation because it was 'wrong', being incomplete. The Dirac eq. was replaced by Quantum Electrodymanics and so on. These equations are approximations that are used withing certain limits and they were constructed to fit the data that existed at the time, nearly a century ago. Your point regarding physics vs. engineering is weak because the physics of hydrino reactions were introduced two decades ago and Mills is primarily working on the engineering of it to a commercial reactor. Your personal unawareness or rejection of the fundamental physics regarding the existence of the hydrino reaction is irrelevent to the argument. It exists in spite if your unfamiliarity if it. And since you are also dismissive of hydrino physics you wouldn't have an adequate handle of whether it's more or less complicated to engineer a hydrino based reactor than it is a fusion based reactor. All you know is that fusions difficult. But I'll tell you, I think it's a very hard problem but still much easier than fusion. Your statement regarding what a high school student should be able to demonstrate hydrino's if they existed is wrong unless you modify the experiment to create the proper conditions to form hydrino's. Do you know those conditions? If you don't then please learn them and propose a better experiment. Your statement about electrons always going to lowest state and could not be missed also misses important aspects about the nature of the hydrino state, how it forms and how it doesn't form. And no, I didn't contradict my original point, I'm saying that science can be held back by that attitude. I think you should listen to Mills himself as he spoke at Fresno state recently; https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=8dCzVUnnL00&feature=youtu.be Finally, what do you make of this spectrum for the hydrino reaction? Are you going to claim it's just 'artifact'? Thanks. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/09/2017 08:11 pm "...regarding the fact that there are several scientists who have confirmed Mills work" "if I point you to talks by them" Who? Please do so. Or better yet, link to a paper of their work, their experimental setups, and their results. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/09/2017 08:19 pm "...regarding the fact that there are several scientists who have confirmed Mills work" "if I point you to talks by them" Who? Please do so. Or better yet, link to a paper of their work, their experimental setups, and their results. If you want to hear them your going to have to watch one of the recent demonstrations where they appeared and presented their arguments here; https://m.youtube.com/watch?list=PLw1e-SwMe6eJf4Rr32w2UybIWOJ2cODEQ&v=AUKsOxCn8Ac Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/09/2017 08:28 pm "...regarding the fact that there are several scientists who have confirmed Mills work" "if I point you to talks by them" Who? Please do so. Or better yet, link to a paper of their work, their experimental setups, and their results. If you want to hear them your going to have to watch one of the recent demonstrations where they appeared and presented their arguments here; https://m.youtube.com/watch?list=PLw1e-SwMe6eJf4Rr32w2UybIWOJ2cODEQ&v=AUKsOxCn8Ac I don't want to hear them, I want to see their research and how it confirms Mill's work. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/09/2017 08:38 pm "...regarding the fact that there are several scientists who have confirmed Mills work" "if I point you to talks by them" Who? Please do so. Or better yet, link to a paper of their work, their experimental setups, and their results. If you want to hear them your going to have to watch one of the recent demonstrations where they appeared and presented their arguments here; https://m.youtube.com/watch?list=PLw1e-SwMe6eJf4Rr32w2UybIWOJ2cODEQ&v=AUKsOxCn8Ac I don't want to hear them, I want to see their research and how it confirms Mill's work. Respectfully, I've pointed you to the information. What you do with it involves your own level of commitment, not mine. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/09/2017 08:40 pm "...regarding the fact that there are several scientists who have confirmed Mills work" "if I point you to talks by them" Who? Please do so. Or better yet, link to a paper of their work, their experimental setups, and their results. If you want to hear them your going to have to watch one of the recent demonstrations where they appeared and presented their arguments here; https://m.youtube.com/watch?list=PLw1e-SwMe6eJf4Rr32w2UybIWOJ2cODEQ&v=AUKsOxCn8Ac I don't want to hear them, I want to see their research and how it confirms Mill's work. Respectfully, I've pointed you to the information. What you do with it involves your own level of commitment, not mine. You linked to a youtube video. That's not information. Anyone can post any drivel they like to youtube. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/09/2017 09:34 pm OK, so, on BLP's website there are links to what it calls "validation reports" which appear to be where BLP had some reasonably well qualified people come in and take measurements during demonstrations done for them last year. Their observations vary widely, with pretty dramatic differences in power outputs (see picture). One witnessed the experimental setup melt, another describes the running setup as "loud explosions." Not very indicative of a stable power-generation setup, it seems. There are PDFs of their observation reports (along with other reports, which are undated and range from (at least) 2011 to 2016), along with the slideshows from the youtube videos. However, these reports do have some information redacted. The ones I read basically conclude, "interesting, seems to match what was predicted, but needs more research to find out why." http://brilliantlightpower.com/validation-reports/ Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 06/09/2017 09:39 pm Mills could convince everyone by giving hydrinos to other scientists. No one other than Mills and his associates have observed such things, but if Mills' devices work as he claims, they must be producing hydrinos as waste. However, he seems to rely on energy output demonstrations that are just about as convincing as Rossi's ECat. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/09/2017 10:05 pm OK, so, on BLP's website there are links to what it calls "validation reports" which appear to be where BLP had some reasonably well qualified people come in and take measurements during demonstrations done for them last year. Their observations vary widely, with pretty dramatic differences in power outputs (see picture). One witnessed the experimental setup melt, another describes the running setup as "loud explosions." Not very indicative of a stable power-generation setup, it seems. There are PDFs of their observation reports (along with other reports, which are undated and range from (at least) 2011 to 2016), along with the slideshows from the youtube videos. However, these reports do have some information redacted. The ones I read basically conclude, "interesting, seems to match what was predicted, but needs more research to find out why." There are two main problems I see here: 1. These reports are filtered through the company. To really be independent, they should be published by a third party, where the reporter is free to report honestly everything that person observed. If they are having some people make observations and report them to the company, then the company puts them on its web site, it brings up various kinds of issues. Did the company agree in advance to publish the results no matter what they were? Did they publish all reports from all observers, or did they pick and choose what to publish based on the reports? What were the financial arrangements between the observers and the company? 2. The observers have no training in spotting deception. Someone might be a good experimental physicist, for example, but not have the experience or training to spot deliberate fraud. There are people who specialize in investigating claims that are counter to established scientific principles, both deliberate fraud and innocent mistakes. For example, there is the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, publisher of Skeptical Inquirer magazine. I'm sure they would be happen to send an investigator to observe the claims of hydrinos and give and independent report. http://www.csicop.org/si Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/10/2017 03:47 pm OK, so, on BLP's website there are links to what it calls "validation reports" which appear to be where BLP had some reasonably well qualified people come in and take measurements during demonstrations done for them last year. Their observations vary widely, with pretty dramatic differences in power outputs (see picture). One witnessed the experimental setup melt, another describes the running setup as "loud explosions." Not very indicative of a stable power-generation setup, it seems. There are PDFs of their observation reports (along with other reports, which are undated and range from (at least) 2011 to 2016), along with the slideshows from the youtube videos. However, these reports do have some information redacted. The ones I read basically conclude, "interesting, seems to match what was predicted, but needs more research to find out why." http://brilliantlightpower.com/validation-reports/ The Validators are doing confirming experiments regarding the existence of the hydrino reaction, not comparative engineering designs of stable reactors. Of course, exact conditions matter and vary in different experiments done by different people. But they all agreed a new reaction is there that has potential as a new power source which was the entire point. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/10/2017 04:03 pm OK, so, on BLP's website there are links to what it calls "validation reports" which appear to be where BLP had some reasonably well qualified people come in and take measurements during demonstrations done for them last year. Their observations vary widely, with pretty dramatic differences in power outputs (see picture). One witnessed the experimental setup melt, another describes the running setup as "loud explosions." Not very indicative of a stable power-generation setup, it seems. There are PDFs of their observation reports (along with other reports, which are undated and range from (at least) 2011 to 2016), along with the slideshows from the youtube videos. However, these reports do have some information redacted. The ones I read basically conclude, "interesting, seems to match what was predicted, but needs more research to find out why." There are two main problems I see here: 1. These reports are filtered through the company. To really be independent, they should be published by a third party, where the reporter is free to report honestly everything that person observed. If they are having some people make observations and report them to the company, then the company puts them on its web site, it brings up various kinds of issues. Did the company agree in advance to publish the results no matter what they were? Did they publish all reports from all observers, or did they pick and choose what to publish based on the reports? What were the financial arrangements between the observers and the company? 2. The observers have no training in spotting deception. Someone might be a good experimental physicist, for example, but not have the experience or training to spot deliberate fraud. There are people who specialize in investigating claims that are counter to established scientific principles, both deliberate fraud and innocent mistakes. For example, there is the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, publisher of Skeptical Inquirer magazine. I'm sure they would be happen to send an investigator to observe the claims of hydrinos and give and independent report. http://www.csicop.org/si Regarding point 1, that's true but realize 'independent' vs. Collaboration doesn't mean true vs. False. I believe the Validators are competent researchers who understood what and why they are doing. Point 2 is speculation on your part and if you are going to bring up the potential of fraud, after Mills has spent his entire career on his discovery, there is no point in discussing this with you. He's not a fraud. Also, CSICOP is in reality mostly oriented to debunk psychic phenomonon and not equipped to do this kind of science. They would be more likely to do a cursory (and wrong) analysis. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/10/2017 04:12 pm Regarding point 1, that's true but realize 'independent' vs. Collaboration doesn't mean true vs. False. I believe the Validators are competent researchers who understood what and why they are doing. Point 2 is speculation on your part and if you are going to bring up the potential of fraud, after Mills has spent his entire career on his discovery, there is no point in discussing this with you. He's not a fraud. I don't know whether he is a fraud or is delusional, and in the greater picture, it does not matter. The claimed physics contradicts today's understanding of quantum electrodynamics, should have been discovered some 70 years ago if it were true, and as such is very very likely, almost certainly wrong. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/10/2017 04:32 pm Mills could convince everyone by giving hydrinos to other scientists. No one other than Mills and his associates have observed such things, but if Mills' devices work as he claims, they must be producing hydrinos as waste. However, he seems to rely on energy output demonstrations that are just about as convincing as Rossi's ECat. He has in the past but the hydrino is in the form of a minute amount of hydrino hydrated compound of gas fettered in some matrix. It's not like he has tanks of pure di-hydrino gas. What should convince other scientists are two things, spectra of the hydrino formation process which is the gold standard, and cosmic events anyone can observe which are very well explained by the hydrino formation process. Mills has reproduced spectra in the lab that mimics certain astrophysical processes as well as being far far beyond the spectra of normal chemical reactions. Mills is mainly interested in getting his device to market thinking that a stand alone working energy threat or will convince people. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: aceshigh on 06/11/2017 01:09 pm "...regarding the fact that there are several scientists who have confirmed Mills work" "if I point you to talks by them" Who? Please do so. Or better yet, link to a paper of their work, their experimental setups, and their results. If you want to hear them your going to have to watch one of the recent demonstrations where they appeared and presented their arguments here; https://m.youtube.com/watch?list=PLw1e-SwMe6eJf4Rr32w2UybIWOJ2cODEQ&v=AUKsOxCn8Ac I don't want to hear them, I want to see their research and how it confirms Mill's work. Respectfully, I've pointed you to the information. What you do with it involves your own level of commitment, not mine. No, you have NOT. Read the quotes. "Who? Please do so. Or better yet, link to a paper of their work, their experimental setups, and their results." He asked names but more specifically, he asked for links to the PAPERS OF THEIR WORK, THEIR EXPERIMENTAL SETUPS AND RESULTS. You provided Youtube links and claims this is information? The Earth is flat. I will post videos from Youtube providing all the necessary information. What you do with that information is up to you. But Earth is undeniably flat, as can be proved by Youtubers. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/12/2017 05:23 pm "...regarding the fact that there are several scientists who have confirmed Mills work" "if I point you to talks by them" Who? Please do so. Or better yet, link to a paper of their work, their experimental setups, and their results. If you want to hear them your going to have to watch one of the recent demonstrations where they appeared and presented their arguments here; https://m.youtube.com/watch?list=PLw1e-SwMe6eJf4Rr32w2UybIWOJ2cODEQ&v=AUKsOxCn8Ac I don't want to hear them, I want to see their research and how it confirms Mill's work. Respectfully, I've pointed you to the information. What you do with it involves your own level of commitment, not mine. No, you have NOT. Read the quotes. "Who? Please do so. Or better yet, link to a paper of their work, their experimental setups, and their results." He asked names but more specifically, he asked for links to the PAPERS OF THEIR WORK, THEIR EXPERIMENTAL SETUPS AND RESULTS. You provided Youtube links and claims this is information? The Earth is flat. I will post videos from Youtube providing all the necessary information. What you do with that information is up to you. But Earth is undeniably flat, as can be proved by Youtubers. I pointed to what is available. There are no official papers yet. You can get the names of those Validators from Mills web site if you like and contact them for more details if you like. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/12/2017 05:51 pm OK, so, on BLP's website there are links to what it calls "validation reports" which appear to be where BLP had some reasonably well qualified people come in and take measurements during demonstrations done for them last year. Their observations vary widely, with pretty dramatic differences in power outputs (see picture). One witnessed the experimental setup melt, another describes the running setup as "loud explosions." Not very indicative of a stable power-generation setup, it seems. There are PDFs of their observation reports (along with other reports, which are undated and range from (at least) 2011 to 2016), along with the slideshows from the youtube videos. However, these reports do have some information redacted. The ones I read basically conclude, "interesting, seems to match what was predicted, but needs more research to find out why." http://brilliantlightpower.com/validation-reports/ The Validators are doing confirming experiments regarding the existence of the hydrino reaction, not comparative engineering designs of stable reactors. Of course, exact conditions matter and vary in different experiments done by different people. But they all agreed a new reaction is there that has potential as a new power source which was the entire point. No, they did not do any experiments. The reports which I found listed on the BLP website are observations of a demonstration unit which was run by BLP. They did not say there was a new reaction, nor did they confirm the existence of the hydrino. If anyone is doing experiments that have confirmed the hydrino, please tell who has done / is doing so, and if possible, link to their papers. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/12/2017 06:16 pm OK, so, on BLP's website there are links to what it calls "validation reports" which appear to be where BLP had some reasonably well qualified people come in and take measurements during demonstrations done for them last year. Their observations vary widely, with pretty dramatic differences in power outputs (see picture). One witnessed the experimental setup melt, another describes the running setup as "loud explosions." Not very indicative of a stable power-generation setup, it seems. There are PDFs of their observation reports (along with other reports, which are undated and range from (at least) 2011 to 2016), along with the slideshows from the youtube videos. However, these reports do have some information redacted. The ones I read basically conclude, "interesting, seems to match what was predicted, but needs more research to find out why." http://brilliantlightpower.com/validation-reports/ The Validators are doing confirming experiments regarding the existence of the hydrino reaction, not comparative engineering designs of stable reactors. Of course, exact conditions matter and vary in different experiments done by different people. But they all agreed a new reaction is there that has potential as a new power source which was the entire point. No, they did not do any experiments. The reports which I found listed on the BLP website are observations of a demonstration unit which was run by BLP. They did not say there was a new reaction, nor did they confirm the existence of the hydrino. If anyone is doing experiments that have confirmed the hydrino, please tell who has done / is doing so, and if possible, link to their papers. Some Validators did do experiments and said so. Read the reports. Also, watch the presentation Peter M. Jansson, one of the Validators, gave at a recent briefing. It's available on the Brilliant Light YouTube Channel. The fact that that appear in public demonstrations with Mills is a tacit endorsement. Mills says more validations will be forthcoming but aren't public yet. I don't have inside information. Obviously, if there were more professional interest there would be more papers. But interest is slowly growing. BTW, if none of this is good enough for you, relax, don't sweat it, just wait till more information is released. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 06/12/2017 07:52 pm Some Validators did do experiments and said so. Read the reports. Also, watch the presentation Peter M. Jansson, one of the Validators, gave at a recent briefing. It's available on the Brilliant Light YouTube Channel. Jansson is a long time BLP collaborator who's past work has been funded by BLP (http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg430756#msg430756). Quote BTW, if none of this is good enough for you, relax, don't sweat it, just wait till more information is released. That has been the BLP story for the last 25 years, and all the while, they've been pulling in millions from investors using flashy but scientifically worthless demos and "validations". Back in 2009 (http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg460865#msg460865) they claimed to be on the verge of utility scale production. Yet somehow, that didn't happen, and despite millions in funding they haven't been able to isolate a few micrograms of "hydrinos" in the intervening 8 years. Strangely, all those old press releases have gone down the memory hole, and their robots.txt is apparently configured to disallow archive.org from archiving. ::) Why anyone would presume good faith at this point is a mystery to me. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/12/2017 08:07 pm if you are going to bring up the potential of fraud, after Mills has spent his entire career on his discovery, there is no point in discussing this with you. He's not a fraud. OK, so you're just going to assert something and refuse to discuss even the possibility of it not being true. Nobody but you is going to think that's a reasonable position to take. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/12/2017 11:32 pm Some Validators did do experiments and said so. Read the reports. Also, watch the presentation Peter M. Jansson, one of the Validators, gave at a recent briefing. It's available on the Brilliant Light YouTube Channel. Jansson is a long time BLP collaborator who's past work has been funded by BLP (http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg430756#msg430756). Quote BTW, if none of this is good enough for you, relax, don't sweat it, just wait till more information is released. That has been the BLP story for the last 25 years, and all the while, they've been pulling in millions from investors using flashy but scientifically worthless demos and "validations". Back in 2009 (http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg460865#msg460865) they claimed to be on the verge of utility scale production. Yet somehow, that didn't happen, and despite millions in funding they haven't been able to isolate a few micrograms of "hydrinos" in the intervening 8 years. Strangely, all those old press releases have gone down the memory hole, and their robots.txt is apparently configured to disallow archive.org from archiving. ::) Why anyone would presume good faith at this point is a mystery to me. Why? Because I follow it closely and don't make judgements based on silly things like it being a story for '25 years' as if there is some scientific rule that says things always go smoothly. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/12/2017 11:34 pm if you are going to bring up the potential of fraud, after Mills has spent his entire career on his discovery, there is no point in discussing this with you. He's not a fraud. OK, so you're just going to assert something and refuse to discuss even the possibility of it not being true. Nobody but you is going to think that's a reasonable position to take. No, I'm fine with people being skeptical just use reasonable arguments. But the likelihood that thousands of experiments are all wrong seems remote to me. Also, a lot of smart people are putting real money into it. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/13/2017 12:07 am if you are going to bring up the potential of fraud, after Mills has spent his entire career on his discovery, there is no point in discussing this with you. He's not a fraud. OK, so you're just going to assert something and refuse to discuss even the possibility of it not being true. Nobody but you is going to think that's a reasonable position to take. No, I'm fine with people being skeptical just use reasonable arguments. But the likelihood that thousands of experiments are all wrong seems remote to me. Also, a lot of smart people are putting real money into it. If you want reasonable arguments you are going to have to use some yourself. You are asserting many things, but have no supporting evidence. The thousands of experiments are in support of existing physics which disallows the hydrino. Unless and until significant results demonstrate the hydrino your assertions are unreasonable. Even for your basic statements of independent experiments existing you have now revealed you have no details about them. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/13/2017 07:29 am if you are going to bring up the potential of fraud, after Mills has spent his entire career on his discovery, there is no point in discussing this with you. He's not a fraud. OK, so you're just going to assert something and refuse to discuss even the possibility of it not being true. Nobody but you is going to think that's a reasonable position to take. No, I'm fine with people being skeptical just use reasonable arguments. But the likelihood that thousands of experiments are all wrong seems remote to me. Also, a lot of smart people are putting real money into it. You literally just said that if I was going to bring up the possibility of fraud, you would refuse to discuss it, then simply asserted there was no fraud. That is not being open to reasonable arguments. That is saying you are going to refuse to listen to all arguments, reasonable or not. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/13/2017 04:05 pm if you are going to bring up the potential of fraud, after Mills has spent his entire career on his discovery, there is no point in discussing this with you. He's not a fraud. OK, so you're just going to assert something and refuse to discuss even the possibility of it not being true. Nobody but you is going to think that's a reasonable position to take. No, I'm fine with people being skeptical just use reasonable arguments. But the likelihood that thousands of experiments are all wrong seems remote to me. Also, a lot of smart people are putting real money into it. You literally just said that if I was going to bring up the possibility of fraud, you would refuse to discuss it, then simply asserted there was no fraud. That is not being open to reasonable arguments. That is saying you are going to refuse to listen to all arguments, reasonable or not. I'm just saying that in my mind, I've long ago established that there is no intentional fraud, I believe he believes what he claims about hydrino's. For one thing, it seems he spends most of his money on facilities, research and staff, not foreign banks accounts and big houses. I'm happy to discuss alternative views or entertain skepticism to that idea but I'm offended by claims of fraud. Fraud means he knows it's not true but claims it anyway unless you have a different definition. If that's primarily where you want to focus on that I'm not very interested. I'm open to a discussion of why you think hydrino's cannot exist and why all of Mills' experiments 'must' be wrong.are you open to the possibility that Mills' may be right? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/13/2017 04:15 pm if you are going to bring up the potential of fraud, after Mills has spent his entire career on his discovery, there is no point in discussing this with you. He's not a fraud. OK, so you're just going to assert something and refuse to discuss even the possibility of it not being true. Nobody but you is going to think that's a reasonable position to take. No, I'm fine with people being skeptical just use reasonable arguments. But the likelihood that thousands of experiments are all wrong seems remote to me. Also, a lot of smart people are putting real money into it. If you want reasonable arguments you are going to have to use some yourself. You are asserting many things, but have no supporting evidence. The thousands of experiments are in support of existing physics which disallows the hydrino. Unless and until significant results demonstrate the hydrino your assertions are unreasonable. Even for your basic statements of independent experiments existing you have now revealed you have no details about them. I highlighted an interesting part of your quote. Experiments that confirm existing physics do confirm the physics they confirm but are not proofs that additional physics does not exist beyond the range of those experiments. To support your statement it would have to be proved that each of those experiments would show the existence of the hydrino even though they were not designed to. There are assumptions that hydrino's would necessarily show on in all simple common experiments. For example, why would hydrino's necessarily show up in simple specta of hydrogen atoms being excited? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: RonM on 06/13/2017 04:41 pm Here's the conclusion from a paper by the ESA Advanced Concepts Team. They analyzed the hydrino model and found problems. Note that they did not address the experimental data, but suggest it be reinterpreted under conventional physics. Quote Conclusion In this paper we have considered the theoretical foundations of the hydrino hypothesis, both within the theoretical framework of CQM, in which hydrinos were originally suggested, and within standard quantum mechanics. We found that CQM is inconsistent and has several serious deficiencies. Amongst these are the failure to reproduce the energy levels of the excited states of the hydrogen atom, and the absence of Lorentz invariance. Most importantly, we found that CQM does not predict the existence of hydrino states! Also, standard quantum mechanics cannot encompass hydrino states, with the properties currently attributed to them. Hence there remains no theoretical support of the hydrino hypothesis. This strongly suggests that the experimental evidence put forward in favour of the existence of hydrinos should be reconsidered for interpretation in terms of conventional physics. This reconsideration of the experimental data is beyond the scope of the current paper. Also, to understand properly the experimental results presented by Mills et al., it would be helpful if these were independently reproduced by some other experimental groups. http://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/index.html http://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/doc/PHY/ACT-RPR-PHY-Rathke-hydrino.pdf Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/13/2017 06:32 pm Here's the conclusion from a paper by the ESA Advanced Concepts Team. They analyzed the hydrino model and found problems. Note that they did not address the experimental data, but suggest it be reinterpreted under conventional physics. Quote Conclusion In this paper we have considered the theoretical foundations of the hydrino hypothesis, both within the theoretical framework of CQM, in which hydrinos were originally suggested, and within standard quantum mechanics. We found that CQM is inconsistent and has several serious deficiencies. Amongst these are the failure to reproduce the energy levels of the excited states of the hydrogen atom, and the absence of Lorentz invariance. Most importantly, we found that CQM does not predict the existence of hydrino states! Also, standard quantum mechanics cannot encompass hydrino states, with the properties currently attributed to them. Hence there remains no theoretical support of the hydrino hypothesis. This strongly suggests that the experimental evidence put forward in favour of the existence of hydrinos should be reconsidered for interpretation in terms of conventional physics. This reconsideration of the experimental data is beyond the scope of the current paper. Also, to understand properly the experimental results presented by Mills et al., it would be helpful if these were independently reproduced by some other experimental groups. http://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/index.html http://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/doc/PHY/ACT-RPR-PHY-Rathke-hydrino.pdf Rathke's paper was refuted by Mills who claims Rathke made fundamental errors in his analysis as well as misunderstandings of his work. It's telling that they didn't bother to actually analyze the data since it's always possible that Mills discovered hydrino's AND has logical flaws in his written theory. Serendipity has happened before in science so Rathke should have considered that. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253308848_Mills_Rebuttal_of_Rathke_Regarding_Hydrinos http://www.millsian.com/papers/Rathke'sresp012108Web.pdf Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/13/2017 10:38 pm 165 pages to reply to 9. This seems like a similar technique to a Gish gallop. Anyway, I lost count of errors and nonsensical statements by page 2. For example, he assumes that there are only 2 spatial dimensions, and allows non-normalizable wavefunctions. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/14/2017 06:14 pm 165 pages to reply to 9. This seems like a similar technique to a Gish gallop. Anyway, I lost count of errors and nonsensical statements by page 2. For example, he assumes that there are only 2 spatial dimensions, and allows non-normalizable wavefunctions. He says the electron is a two dimensional membrane in his model, not that only two spacial dimensions exist. And he doesn't use "wavefunctions" at all. Also, the second shorter paper addresses specific mistakes Rathke makes. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 06/14/2017 11:54 pm He has in the past but the hydrino is in the form of a minute amount of hydrino hydrated compound of gas fettered in some matrix. It's not like he has tanks of pure di-hydrino gas. Where does he say that? All I've seen that he claims that dark matter consists of hydrinos. So maybe in his current theory hydrinos are actually undetectable. That would be convenient. Edit: Also, in Mills' theory hydrino reactions don't produce hugely much more energy per hydrogen atom compared to normal reactions, so if he really had a working kW-class reactor, it would absolutely have to produce macroscopic amounts of hydrinos. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/15/2017 12:15 am He has in the past but the hydrino is in the form of a minute amount of hydrino hydrated compound of gas fettered in some matrix. It's not like he has tanks of pure di-hydrino gas. Where does he say that? All I've seen that he claims that dark matter consists of hydrinos. So maybe in his current theory hydrinos are actually undetectable. That would be convenient. Edit: Also, in Mills' theory hydrino reactions don't produce hugely much more energy per hydrogen atom compared to normal reactions, so if he really had a working kW-class reactor, it would absolutely have to produce macroscopic amounts of hydrinos. Even if you buy into the theory that hydrinos are dark matter so they don't react strongly with normal matter and are hard to detect, that would just mean that hydrinos generated by the reactor would fall through the Earth and orbit the center of the Earth. And that would mean a detectable drop in the mass of the reactor. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: QuantumG on 06/15/2017 02:19 am Even if you buy into the theory that hydrinos are dark matter so they don't react strongly with normal matter and are hard to detect, that would just mean that hydrinos generated by the reactor would fall through the Earth and orbit the center of the Earth. And that would mean a detectable drop in the mass of the reactor. Oh no! I sure hope we don't have to borrow Elon's boring machine and restart the core! Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/15/2017 04:08 pm He has in the past but the hydrino is in the form of a minute amount of hydrino hydrated compound of gas fettered in some matrix. It's not like he has tanks of pure di-hydrino gas. Where does he say that? All I've seen that he claims that dark matter consists of hydrinos. So maybe in his current theory hydrinos are actually undetectable. That would be convenient. Edit: Also, in Mills' theory hydrino reactions don't produce hugely much more energy per hydrogen atom compared to normal reactions, so if he really had a working kW-class reactor, it would absolutely have to produce macroscopic amounts of hydrinos. Even if you buy into the theory that hydrinos are dark matter so they don't react strongly with normal matter and are hard to detect, that would just mean that hydrinos generated by the reactor would fall through the Earth and orbit the center of the Earth. And that would mean a detectable drop in the mass of the reactor. Mills concept of dark matter is hydrogen in stable lower states, not exotic matter that doesn't gravitationally interact with normal matter. Even so, why would hydrino's fall through the earth? Mills says they float off into space as diHydrino gas as hydrogen gas does. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/15/2017 04:14 pm He has in the past but the hydrino is in the form of a minute amount of hydrino hydrated compound of gas fettered in some matrix. It's not like he has tanks of pure di-hydrino gas. Where does he say that? All I've seen that he claims that dark matter consists of hydrinos. So maybe in his current theory hydrinos are actually undetectable. That would be convenient. Edit: Also, in Mills' theory hydrino reactions don't produce hugely much more energy per hydrogen atom compared to normal reactions, so if he really had a working kW-class reactor, it would absolutely have to produce macroscopic amounts of hydrinos. What Mills calls dark matter is probably not what you think of as dark matter, it's not exotic matter. He explained that in some of his recent video talks. Mills hydrino reactions produce way more than normal hydrogen reactions per atom, some 204ev per atom in the transition from H to H(1/4). What conventional reaction produces 204 electron volts per atom with hydrogen? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/15/2017 04:21 pm He has in the past but the hydrino is in the form of a minute amount of hydrino hydrated compound of gas fettered in some matrix. It's not like he has tanks of pure di-hydrino gas. Where does he say that? All I've seen that he claims that dark matter consists of hydrinos. So maybe in his current theory hydrinos are actually undetectable. That would be convenient. Edit: Also, in Mills' theory hydrino reactions don't produce hugely much more energy per hydrogen atom compared to normal reactions, so if he really had a working kW-class reactor, it would absolutely have to produce macroscopic amounts of hydrinos. Even if you buy into the theory that hydrinos are dark matter so they don't react strongly with normal matter and are hard to detect, that would just mean that hydrinos generated by the reactor would fall through the Earth and orbit the center of the Earth. And that would mean a detectable drop in the mass of the reactor. Mills concept of dark matter is hydrogen in stable lower states, not exotic matter that doesn't gravitationally interact with normal matter. Even so, why would hydrino's fall through the earth? Mills says they float off into space as diHydrino gas as hydrogen gas does. You've got the idea of Dark Matter backwards: it DOES gravitationally interact with the rest of the universe - its gravitational effects are how we know it's out there - but otherwise it emits no EM radiation and it interacts weakly with the other forces. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/15/2017 04:26 pm He has in the past but the hydrino is in the form of a minute amount of hydrino hydrated compound of gas fettered in some matrix. It's not like he has tanks of pure di-hydrino gas. Where does he say that? All I've seen that he claims that dark matter consists of hydrinos. So maybe in his current theory hydrinos are actually undetectable. That would be convenient. Edit: Also, in Mills' theory hydrino reactions don't produce hugely much more energy per hydrogen atom compared to normal reactions, so if he really had a working kW-class reactor, it would absolutely have to produce macroscopic amounts of hydrinos. Even if you buy into the theory that hydrinos are dark matter so they don't react strongly with normal matter and are hard to detect, that would just mean that hydrinos generated by the reactor would fall through the Earth and orbit the center of the Earth. And that would mean a detectable drop in the mass of the reactor. Mills concept of dark matter is hydrogen in stable lower states, not exotic matter that doesn't gravitationally interact with normal matter. Even so, why would hydrino's fall through the earth? Mills says they float off into space as diHydrino gas as hydrogen gas does. You've got the idea of Dark Matter backwards: it DOES gravitationally interact with the rest of the universe - its gravitational effects are how we know it's out there - but otherwise it emits no EM radiation and it interacts weakly with the other forces. No, that's what I'm saying (or trying to say). Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 06/15/2017 06:24 pm What Mills calls dark matter is probably not what you think of as dark matter, it's not exotic matter. He explained that in some of his recent video talks. Quote Mills hydrino reactions produce way more than normal hydrogen reactions per atom, some 204ev per atom in the transition from H to H(1/4). What conventional reaction produces 204 electron volts per atom with hydrogen? Nothing, which is why I said not hugely much more energy that normal reactions. The point is that there should be significant amounts of hydrinos in the waste. For example, with 204 eV per reaction, a 10kW reactor operating for an hour should produce about 3.6 grams of hydrinos. I don't see how all that could be hidden so that their presence wouldn't be obvious to other scientists if they were allowed to study the waste products. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/16/2017 12:53 am He has in the past but the hydrino is in the form of a minute amount of hydrino hydrated compound of gas fettered in some matrix. It's not like he has tanks of pure di-hydrino gas. Where does he say that? All I've seen that he claims that dark matter consists of hydrinos. So maybe in his current theory hydrinos are actually undetectable. That would be convenient. Edit: Also, in Mills' theory hydrino reactions don't produce hugely much more energy per hydrogen atom compared to normal reactions, so if he really had a working kW-class reactor, it would absolutely have to produce macroscopic amounts of hydrinos. Even if you buy into the theory that hydrinos are dark matter so they don't react strongly with normal matter and are hard to detect, that would just mean that hydrinos generated by the reactor would fall through the Earth and orbit the center of the Earth. And that would mean a detectable drop in the mass of the reactor. Mills concept of dark matter is hydrogen in stable lower states, not exotic matter that doesn't gravitationally interact with normal matter. Even so, why would hydrino's fall through the earth? Mills says they float off into space as diHydrino gas as hydrogen gas does. Why would you think I meant "exotic matter that doesn't gravitationally interact with normal matter"? It wouldn't fall through the Earth if it didn't interact gravitationally. It would fall through the Earth and orbit the center of the Earth if it *only* interacted gravitationally with normal matter. If you think it's going to "float off into space" then you have to believe that it doesn't interact gravitationally with normal matter (and hence isn't an explanation for dark matter). Anyway, whether it drops through the Earth or floats into space or whatever, my point remains: either the hydrinos produced would stick around and they could be provided to other scientists as proof it works, or they leave somehow and the reactor loses significant mass. It has to be one or the other, and either should be a simple way to provide strong evidence of hydrinos. But we've never been given such evidence. Why not? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/16/2017 05:06 pm What Mills calls dark matter is probably not what you think of as dark matter, it's not exotic matter. He explained that in some of his recent video talks. Quote Mills hydrino reactions produce way more than normal hydrogen reactions per atom, some 204ev per atom in the transition from H to H(1/4). What conventional reaction produces 204 electron volts per atom with hydrogen? Nothing, which is why I said not hugely much more energy that normal reactions. The point is that there should be significant amounts of hydrinos in the waste. For example, with 204 eV per reaction, a 10kW reactor operating for an hour should produce about 3.6 grams of hydrinos. I don't see how all that could be hidden so that their presence wouldn't be obvious to other scientists if they were allowed to study the waste products. Agreed. Nobody said they were hidden. They would be created at a rate of about 1 milligram per second at the rate you quote. Mills has measured the spectrum of hydrino's forming which looks like the first slide below and any scientist could also measure this. The second to the last plot shows the ro-vibrations spectra of DiHydrino has in the H2(1/4) state. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/16/2017 05:53 pm He has in the past but the hydrino is in the form of a minute amount of hydrino hydrated compound of gas fettered in some matrix. It's not like he has tanks of pure di-hydrino gas. Where does he say that? All I've seen that he claims that dark matter consists of hydrinos. So maybe in his current theory hydrinos are actually undetectable. That would be convenient. Edit: Also, in Mills' theory hydrino reactions don't produce hugely much more energy per hydrogen atom compared to normal reactions, so if he really had a working kW-class reactor, it would absolutely have to produce macroscopic amounts of hydrinos. Even if you buy into the theory that hydrinos are dark matter so they don't react strongly with normal matter and are hard to detect, that would just mean that hydrinos generated by the reactor would fall through the Earth and orbit the center of the Earth. And that would mean a detectable drop in the mass of the reactor. Mills concept of dark matter is hydrogen in stable lower states, not exotic matter that doesn't gravitationally interact with normal matter. Even so, why would hydrino's fall through the earth? Mills says they float off into space as diHydrino gas as hydrogen gas does. Why would you think I meant "exotic matter that doesn't gravitationally interact with normal matter"? It wouldn't fall through the Earth if it didn't interact gravitationally. It would fall through the Earth and orbit the center of the Earth if it *only* interacted gravitationally with normal matter. If you think it's going to "float off into space" then you have to believe that it doesn't interact gravitationally with normal matter (and hence isn't an explanation for dark matter). Anyway, whether it drops through the Earth or floats into space or whatever, my point remains: either the hydrinos produced would stick around and they could be provided to other scientists as proof it works, or they leave somehow and the reactor loses significant mass. It has to be one or the other, and either should be a simple way to provide strong evidence of hydrinos. But we've never been given such evidence. Why not? It's been suggested by some that have no knowledge and give no support to Mills' ideas that dark matter may be just a strange form of hydrogen that doesn't radiate or are just very hard to detect. In any event, I hope you at least admit the possibility that if you eventually are convinced the hydrino state exists, that it has to be at least considered as a potential candidate for dark matter. http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/421111/fulltext/ http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2009/sep/21/is-dark-matter-mostly-dark-atoms https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.03592 I also agree hydrino's can readily be studied as byproducts of the reaction as I showed they have been in a response above. My understanding of the process is that the individual hydrino atoms thus formed bind together as diHydrino gas which has a mass very close to molecular hydrogen gas which tends to float off into space. Mills has studied it directly as it forms and also has "gettered" some gas into crystals for study. The point is that it does appear relatively easy to form and study them so the main reason I see for the dearth of corroborating evidence must be related to the belief that hydrino's aren't worth studying because they simply "don't exist" in the minds of most scientists who would be in a position to do so. A stalemate of sorts. In fact Mills has in the past sent out hydrino hydride compounds for study and a few scientists at a few labs looked at them and they showed highly unusual properties but nobody really believed them either. Regarding your last comment, why not? Perhaps because they haven't, and adamantly won't, ask. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/16/2017 10:16 pm I also agree hydrino's can readily be studied as byproducts of the reaction as I showed they have been in a response above. My understanding of the process is that the individual hydrino atoms thus formed bind together as diHydrino gas which has a mass very close to molecular hydrogen gas which tends to float off into space. Mills has studied it directly as it forms and also has "gettered" some gas into crystals for study. The point is that it does appear relatively easy to form and study them so the main reason I see for the dearth of corroborating evidence must be related to the belief that hydrino's aren't worth studying because they simply "don't exist" in the minds of most scientists who would be in a position to do so. This is total nonsense. We are not in 1600s anymore when new ideas were punished. And more recently, since birth of quantum mechanics (circa 1920) physicists are even more willing to look at "weird" ideas (because history has proven that sometimes "weird" ideas are actually right). If someone has a repeatable experiment, and it is confirmed by others, scientists _will not_ ignore it, no matter how "weird" it is. It will be studied. Theories will be developed to explain it. There is no "cabal" to suppress such things. But hydrino people don't have verified experimental data. They have only "trust us, it's real!" PR and "experiments" made by them. Not independently verified. Basically, what you are doing in this thread is more hydrino PR. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/17/2017 05:11 pm I also agree hydrino's can readily be studied as byproducts of the reaction as I showed they have been in a response above. My understanding of the process is that the individual hydrino atoms thus formed bind together as diHydrino gas which has a mass very close to molecular hydrogen gas which tends to float off into space. Mills has studied it directly as it forms and also has "gettered" some gas into crystals for study. The point is that it does appear relatively easy to form and study them so the main reason I see for the dearth of corroborating evidence must be related to the belief that hydrino's aren't worth studying because they simply "don't exist" in the minds of most scientists who would be in a position to do so. This is total nonsense. We are not in 1600s anymore when new ideas were punished. And more recently, since birth of quantum mechanics (circa 1920) physicists are even more willing to look at "weird" ideas (because history has proven that sometimes "weird" ideas are actually right). If someone has a repeatable experiment, and it is confirmed by others, scientists _will not_ ignore it, no matter how "weird" it is. It will be studied. Theories will be developed to explain it. There is no "cabal" to suppress such things. But hydrino people don't have verified experimental data. They have only "trust us, it's real!" PR and "experiments" made by them. Not independently verified. Basically, what you are doing in this thread is more hydrino PR. I agree it will be studied but sometimes it takes a very long time. And it is taking a very long time but slowly it's happening. I never said there was a cabal suppressing it. I said there is a dearth of corroborating evidence which is a fact. It's also a fact that there seems little interest in investigating the hydrino. Hydrino science isn't being suppressed as much as it's being ignored. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 06/17/2017 06:21 pm I agree it will be studied but sometimes it takes a very long time. And it is taking a very long time but slowly it's happening. I never said there was a cabal suppressing it. I said there is a dearth of corroborating evidence which is a fact. It's also a fact that there seems little interest in investigating the hydrino. Hydrino science isn't being suppressed as much as it's being ignored. Why wouldn't it be? It's just yet another theory that makes no sense with no independent evidence to back it up. The only difference to many other theories is that it's well-marketed. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 06/17/2017 07:16 pm Hydrino science isn't being suppressed as much as it's being ignored. Which leads to the obvious question, why? New physics is what most physicists get really excited about. New physics that can be explored for less than gigabucks AND has potential near term real world benefits AND addresses major questions in cosmology is pretty much unheard of these days. If it was even vaguely plausible, interest from the wider physics community should be off the charts. Who would want to spend years putting another decimal point on some obscure corner of the standard model when they could pioneer a whole new field? If BLP could demonstrate that the supposed underlying physics worked, they'd have the richest nations in the world breaking down their doors to throw money at them to bring it to industrial scale, plus a Nobel and global recognition on a par with Einstein. Everything CERN has ever done would be small potatoes in comparison. Given the supposedly easily observable macroscopic effects, demonstrating the effect is real should not be a high bar. Yet back in the real world, BLP have spent the last quarter century doing dog and pony shows aimed at investors, and essentially no one outside of Mills immediate circle has found it interesting enough to pursue. This doesn't guarantee Mills is wrong, but for anyone without an physics degree trying to evaluate the situation, it should be a pretty strong prior. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/18/2017 01:06 am Hydrino science isn't being suppressed as much as it's being ignored. Which leads to the obvious question, why? New physics is what most physicists get really excited about. New physics that can be explored for less than gigabucks AND has potential near term real world benefits AND addresses major questions in cosmology is pretty much unheard of these days. If it was even vaguely plausible, interest from the wider physics community should be off the charts. Who would want to spend years putting another decimal point on some obscure corner of the standard model when they could pioneer a whole new field? If BLP could demonstrate that the supposed underlying physics worked, they'd have the richest nations in the world breaking down their doors to throw money at them to bring it to industrial scale, plus a Nobel and global recognition on a par with Einstein. Everything CERN has ever done would be small potatoes in comparison. Given the supposedly easily observable macroscopic effects, demonstrating the effect is real should not be a high bar. Yet back in the real world, BLP have spent the last quarter century doing dog and pony shows aimed at investors, and essentially no one outside of Mills immediate circle has found it interesting enough to pursue. This doesn't guarantee Mills is wrong, but for anyone without an physics degree trying to evaluate the situation, it should be a pretty strong prior. People get excited by new physics that fits their conceptions of what new physics should be true. They ignore evidence that flies in the face of established theory like states below the ground state they just "know" must be wrong. Science is littered with examples of correct ideas having a real hard time getting traction. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/18/2017 12:35 pm They ignore evidence that flies in the face of established theory like states below the ground state they just "know" must be wrong. Like you "know" hydrinos are real. Despite all of the evidence that they aren't: -NASA has tested devices and found Mills' measurements to have been wrong, actual generated power levels are consistent with classical explanations. -The theory is self-contradictory nonsense. -There are multiple ways that given results matching what Mills claims to have gotten, clear demonstrations should be available by now. (working power generation, hydrino samples, hydrogen disappearing from the samples, etc.) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/18/2017 11:36 pm People get excited by new physics that fits their conceptions of what new physics should be true. They ignore evidence that flies in the face of established theory like states below the ground state they just "know" must be wrong. That's nonsense. Most scientists love learning new things. They particularly love the idea of getting in on something new in the early days and beating their colleagues to the new stuff. The only one ignoring evidence that doesn't fit their world view here is you. Look at the past century of progress that has come directly from mainstream science. Now look at what has come from what mainstream science calls pseudo-science. Every bit of evidence suggests our mainstream science establishment is looking for new ideas all the time and embraces new ideas quickly when there is reason to think they are valid. Science is littered with examples of correct ideas having a real hard time getting traction. Not at all. Most correct ideas in science took no time at all getting traction. The few that didn't were in areas where evidence is subjective and hard to interpret, not areas such as physics where evidence is very easy to interpret and experiments are very easy to replicate. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/19/2017 04:02 pm They ignore evidence that flies in the face of established theory like states below the ground state they just "know" must be wrong. Like you "know" hydrinos are real. Despite all of the evidence that they aren't: -NASA has tested devices and found Mills' measurements to have been wrong, actual generated power levels are consistent with classical explanations. -The theory is self-contradictory nonsense. -There are multiple ways that given results matching what Mills claims to have gotten, clear demonstrations should be available by now. (working power generation, hydrino samples, hydrogen disappearing from the samples, etc.) It's not that I "know" or that I'm a "believer", it's that I'm convinced by the data I've seen so far and unimpressed by the arguments of the critics. I always reserve the right to change my mind with further evidence. You can't use twenty year old NASA results based on an electrochemical effect many orders of magnitude less powerful to argue Mills power levels are just conventional chemistry while ignoring twenty years of progress in reaction kinetics and power. If there are multiple ways to explain Mills hydrino reactions, what is happening here?; https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jUBheBH9eio https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wuAuTDFTVdQ Clear demonstrations are available now. You just don't believe them yet. Here is a presentation of an independent academic on the validation process; https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=AUKsOxCn8Ac But more importantly, how do you explain this; Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/19/2017 04:24 pm People get excited by new physics that fits their conceptions of what new physics should be true. They ignore evidence that flies in the face of established theory like states below the ground state they just "know" must be wrong. That's nonsense. Most scientists love learning new things. They particularly love the idea of getting in on something new in the early days and beating their colleagues to the new stuff. The only one ignoring evidence that doesn't fit their world view here is you. Look at the past century of progress that has come directly from mainstream science. Now look at what has come from what mainstream science calls pseudo-science. Every bit of evidence suggests our mainstream science establishment is looking for new ideas all the time and embraces new ideas quickly when there is reason to think they are valid. Science is littered with examples of correct ideas having a real hard time getting traction. Not at all. Most correct ideas in science took no time at all getting traction. The few that didn't were in areas where evidence is subjective and hard to interpret, not areas such as physics where evidence is very easy to interpret and experiments are very easy to replicate. Sure, most do. Scientists do love new things but not controversy. They worry about their careers. I think Mills' case is somewhat unique in that he contents a major discovery was missed a century ago. That really galls folks. Do you believe that it is impossible that physics and chemistry could have missed the hydrino state a century ago? Mills has done the experiments so someone has to do the same experiments and show they get the same energy and power levels but explaining it by some conventional reaction. I'd be happy to read such a paper but as far as I know, nobody's even bothered to do that. You see to have a romantic view of the history of science. I have a realist view. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/19/2017 05:42 pm Mills is either a hero, or a crackpot following a delusion, or a scam artist. It's very difficult to see how a "hydrino" state could have been missed - atoms have been very thoroughly studied, after all. An alternative explanation for what's going on in the demonstrations is pretty hard to give, since nobody has been allowed to independently study his experimental setup. That's a huge red flag, by the way. All BLP has allowed in are observers who have been allowed to measure the output of the apparatus during brief demonstrations, but they have never been allowed to actually use the equipment itself. All of the supposed hydrino catalysts have been observed so often under so many conditions - and yet, no anomalous energy has even been noticed before. But according to Mills, we should be seeing tons of it. How is it that nobody has ever independently verified the existence of the hydrino? The "realist" view is that Mills is a scam artist who has taken millions of investment dollars and never produced a working product. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/19/2017 06:05 pm Mills is either a hero, or a crackpot following a delusion, or a scam artist. It's very difficult to see how a "hydrino" state could have been missed - atoms have been very thoroughly studied, after all. An alternative explanation for what's going on in the demonstrations is pretty hard to give, since nobody has been allowed to independently study his experimental setup. That's a huge red flag, by the way. All BLP has allowed in are observers who have been allowed to measure the output of the apparatus during brief demonstrations, but they have never been allowed to actually use the equipment itself. All of the supposed hydrino catalysts have been observed so often under so many conditions - and yet, no anomalous energy has even been noticed before. But according to Mills, we should be seeing tons of it. How is it that nobody has ever independently verified the existence of the hydrino? The "realist" view is that Mills is a scam artist who has taken millions of investment dollars and never produced a working product. It's true Mills does things differently and is highly protective of his methods and procedures for archiving his reactions. Note that doesn't mean secretive, just protective as he publishes all his methods so in principle anyone could do the experiments. Mills will allow researchers to reproduce his reactions as long as they sign an NDA. I believe some independent scientists have reproduced Mills results in their own labs and with their own equipment. But I agree he could be more open and would possibly gain more support. It's easy to see how the hydrino state could have been missed with the science of the late nineteenth century. It's a non-radiative stable state. You only see it when it's forming. It would be hard for that science to notice a continuum spectrum like the following in the UV and EUV range if they didn't even suspect it was there and if it wasn't happening with massive reaction kinetics, the kinetics it took Mills over twenty years to figure out how to create. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/19/2017 08:33 pm It's true Mills does things differently Only if by "differently" you mean "exactly the same as crackpots and frauds." Note that doesn't mean secretive, just protective as he publishes all his methods so in principle anyone could do the experiments. Mills will allow researchers to reproduce his reactions as long as they sign an NDA. These sentences are contradictory. Also the second is just stupid, since if a researcher signed an NDA, then they wouldn't be able to publish, so that would immediately prevent independent verification. I believe some independent scientists have reproduced Mills results in their own labs and with their own equipment. At this point you seem like you are living in a dream world. You have already admitted you have no evidence to back up this claim, and there has been independent refutation by NASA. (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/sensors/PhySen/docs/TM-107167.pdf) It's easy to see how the hydrino state could have been missed with the science of the late nineteenth century. Maybe the 19th century (1800s), but it would have been a bit hard to miss in the 20th century. It's a non-radiative stable state. You only see it when it's forming. It would be hard for that science to notice a continuum spectrum like the following in the UV and EUV range if they didn't even suspect it was there and if it wasn't happening with massive reaction kinetics, Besides the other contradictions in the theory, Mills' claim includes multiple states, so it should be radiative. It includes discrete states, so why should it be a continuous spectrum? Hydrogen has UV spectral lines, so you are claiming scientists are blind. the kinetics it took Mills over twenty years to figure out how to create. What 20 year period? 20 years ago he claimed to have been creating hydrinos. Had he started 20 years before that? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/20/2017 04:03 pm It's true Mills does things differently Only if by "differently" you mean "exactly the same as crackpots and frauds." Note that doesn't mean secretive, just protective as he publishes all his methods so in principle anyone could do the experiments. Mills will allow researchers to reproduce his reactions as long as they sign an NDA. These sentences are contradictory. Also the second is just stupid, since if a researcher signed an NDA, then they wouldn't be able to publish, so that would immediately prevent independent verification. I believe some independent scientists have reproduced Mills results in their own labs and with their own equipment. At this point you seem like you are living in a dream world. You have already admitted you have no evidence to back up this claim, and there has been independent refutation by NASA. (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/sensors/PhySen/docs/TM-107167.pdf) It's easy to see how the hydrino state could have been missed with the science of the late nineteenth century. Maybe the 19th century (1800s), but it would have been a bit hard to miss in the 20th century. It's a non-radiative stable state. You only see it when it's forming. It would be hard for that science to notice a continuum spectrum like the following in the UV and EUV range if they didn't even suspect it was there and if it wasn't happening with massive reaction kinetics, Besides the other contradictions in the theory, Mills' claim includes multiple states, so it should be radiative. It includes discrete states, so why should it be a continuous spectrum? Hydrogen has UV spectral lines, so you are claiming scientists are blind. the kinetics it took Mills over twenty years to figure out how to create. What 20 year period? 20 years ago he claimed to have been creating hydrinos. Had he started 20 years before that? The spectrum I showed you has continuum in the EUV and UV. That happens when hydrino's form because it's a complex process. It's not jumping between discreet lines. I showed a picture recently of the process. There are multiple stable states like a staircase has multiple stable eqilibrium states. Which state it goes to depends on the catalyst. Currently, the typical reaction goes to H(1/4). Hydrino formation would still be easy to miss in the 20th century because people were indoctrinated against it by quantum orthodoxy so any conforming evidence would be assumed artifacts. Mills discovered how to first make hydrino's with a low power electrolytic process similar to a so -called 'cold fusion' cell being studied at the time. In fact he argued the cold fusioneers were likely seeing hydrino's in some cases of excess heat. Then, he gradually developed higher power processes but the real breakthrough came about four years ago when the reaction kinetics were enhanced a million fold by a high current that separated charges which were limiting the kinetics. Now he gets megawatt level power as the spectrum I showed indicates and hopefully, commercialization is imminent but it's a complex development problem so if it takes some time, that is not proof nothing's there. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/20/2017 04:33 pm Hydrino formation would still be easy to miss in the 20th century because people were indoctrinated against it by quantum orthodoxy so any conforming evidence would be assumed artifacts. Convenient, isn't it? Just assert, without evidence, that all of the scientific establishment missed the obvious evidence because they're all "indoctrinated". They're all part of the "orthodoxy". It explains away anything, and you don't have to confront the uncomfortable fact that thousands of different people at hundreds of different institutions who spend their whole lives studying this kind of thing and are responsible for all the wonders of technology all disagree with your world view. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/20/2017 05:30 pm Hydrino formation would still be easy to miss in the 20th century because people were indoctrinated against it by quantum orthodoxy so any conforming evidence would be assumed artifacts. Convenient, isn't it? Just assert, without evidence, that all of the scientific establishment missed the obvious evidence because they're all "indoctrinated". They're all part of the "orthodoxy". It explains away anything, and you don't have to confront the uncomfortable fact that thousands of different people at hundreds of different institutions who spend their whole lives studying this kind of thing and are responsible for all the wonders of technology all disagree with your world view. Whether or not an argument is convenient is irrelevant. I'm merely speculating on how such a thing could be missed. You seem to think that's impossible. I think you are mistaken when you claim thousands of people have studied "this kind of thing" and use that as a statement to prove your case that hydrino's simply don't exist because they would have been found. I can't accept your argument of equivalence. You can't find below ground states if you already know below ground states do not exist. I sense the very possibility that hydrino's exist and were missed offends your rosy view of science. Science simply could not have failed that big over the last century. The stakes are huge. You may think I'm attacking the process of science but I'm really not. Correction and retrenchment are also part of the process. It's not linear. It will be interesting to hear your reaction when hydrino's are either confirmed and accepted by scientists you trust. What would you say? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/20/2017 05:49 pm Hydrino formation would still be easy to miss in the 20th century because people were indoctrinated against it by quantum orthodoxy so any conforming evidence would be assumed artifacts. Convenient, isn't it? Just assert, without evidence, that all of the scientific establishment missed the obvious evidence because they're all "indoctrinated". They're all part of the "orthodoxy". It explains away anything, and you don't have to confront the uncomfortable fact that thousands of different people at hundreds of different institutions who spend their whole lives studying this kind of thing and are responsible for all the wonders of technology all disagree with your world view. Whether or not an argument is convenient is irrelevant. Then you're missing my point. I'll lay out my point in more detail. One chemist claims evidence for the hydrino. He has claimed evidence for it for decades. You find his evidence compelling. The scientific community does not find his evidence compelling. So, either you're wrong or the entire scientific mainstream is wrong. Your claim that the scientific mainstream is so biased that it missed clear evidence for decades is not based on any external evidence. There's no other phenomenon that modern physics ignored the evidence for for decades, then was eventually proven true. So your belief that mainstream science is biased enough to miss clear evidence is based entirely on you deciding your judgement about the current evidence for the hydrino is better than the judgement of the entire scientific community about the same evidence. That's convenient for your continued belief in your own judgement, but not persuasive to anyone else. I'm merely speculating on how such a thing could be missed. And you're speculating that because you don't want to accept the idea that if you think one thing and the entire scientific community thinks another, it's more likely that you're wrong than that they're wrong. You seem to think that's impossible. Not impossible, just extremely unlikely. I'm making that judgement based on the evidence. I think you are mistaken when you claim thousands of people have studied "this kind of thing" By "this kind of thing" I mean physics. and use that as a statement to prove your case that hydrino's simply don't exist because they would have been found. I can't accept your argument of equivalence. You can't find below ground states if you already know below ground states do not exist. You fundamentally misunderstand scientists. Nearly every scientist follows the evidence, even if that evidence contradicts what they thought they knew. Nearly every experiment in physics today is looking for evidence to contradict existing theory. Physicists want that. Just confirming the existing theory doesn't garner much glory. Success in physics comes much more from uncovering evidence of something outside what current theory predicts. I sense the very possibility that hydrino's exist and were missed offends your rosy view of science. Not at all. If there was convincing evidence that they exist, I'd be thrilled. Science simply could not have failed that big over the last century. No, I don't believe it could not have. I think it's unlikely. The claim that it did requires persuasive evidence. I'm not persuaded by the current evidence, and neither is the scientific community. The stakes are huge. You may think I'm attacking the process of science but I'm really not. No, you're not attacking the process, but you're attacking scientists. You are claiming they are heavily biased and unable to see clear evidence. And your basis for claiming that is that you disagree with their evaluation of the evidence. Correction and retrenchment are also part of the process. It's not linear. It will be interesting to hear your reaction when hydrino's are either confirmed and accepted by scientists you trust. What would you say? If they were confirmed, I'd be happy to hear it. See, there's the difference. I'm willing to accept the judgement of people who know more about the subject than I do. You are not. The scientific establishment has judged the evidence and found it lacking. You are not willing to accept that. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/20/2017 05:58 pm I think you are mistaken when you claim thousands of people have studied "this kind of thing" and use that as a statement to prove your case that hydrino's simply don't exist because they would have been found. I can't accept your argument of equivalence. You can't find below ground states if you already know below ground states do not exist. You apparently have no concept of the number of people doing scientific research. We have discovered many things that we didn't know exist before we discovered them. Claiming that doing so is impossible is simply wrong. I sense the very possibility that hydrino's exist and were missed offends your rosy view of science. You seem to be offended by any implication that Mills is wrong. The only difference between this and a pot/kettle/black situation is that you have effectively no supporting evidence, and there is a lot of evidence against Mills that you continue to ignore. It will be interesting to hear your reaction when hydrino's are either confirmed and accepted by scientists you trust. What would you say? Accepted by scientists implies that strong evidence exists, and every reasonable person here would also accept it. Now a simple question for you: Given the lack of sound theory, the lack of any supporting evidence, the replications that failed to replicate claimed power levels, and the mountain of historical science that conflicts with the concept, why do you still support Mills? Relatedly, why are you convinced that replications exist when there is no evidence that any replications exist? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/20/2017 06:26 pm Hydrino formation would still be easy to miss in the 20th century because people were indoctrinated against it by quantum orthodoxy so any conforming evidence would be assumed artifacts. Convenient, isn't it? Just assert, without evidence, that all of the scientific establishment missed the obvious evidence because they're all "indoctrinated". They're all part of the "orthodoxy". It explains away anything, and you don't have to confront the uncomfortable fact that thousands of different people at hundreds of different institutions who spend their whole lives studying this kind of thing and are responsible for all the wonders of technology all disagree with your world view. Whether or not an argument is convenient is irrelevant. Then you're missing my point. I'll lay out my point in more detail. One chemist claims evidence for the hydrino. He has claimed evidence for it for decades. You find his evidence compelling. The scientific community does not find his evidence compelling. So, either you're wrong or the entire scientific mainstream is wrong. Your claim that the scientific mainstream is so biased that it missed clear evidence for decades is not based on any external evidence. There's no other phenomenon that modern physics ignored the evidence for for decades, then was eventually proven true. So your belief that mainstream science is biased enough to miss clear evidence is based entirely on you deciding your judgement about the current evidence for the hydrino is better than the judgement of the entire scientific community about the same evidence. That's convenient for your continued belief in your own judgement, but not persuasive to anyone else. I'm merely speculating on how such a thing could be missed. And you're speculating that because you don't want to accept the idea that if you think one thing and the entire scientific community thinks another, it's more likely that you're wrong than that they're wrong. You seem to think that's impossible. Not impossible, just extremely unlikely. I'm making that judgement based on the evidence. I think you are mistaken when you claim thousands of people have studied "this kind of thing" By "this kind of thing" I mean physics. and use that as a statement to prove your case that hydrino's simply don't exist because they would have been found. I can't accept your argument of equivalence. You can't find below ground states if you already know below ground states do not exist. You fundamentally misunderstand scientists. Nearly every scientist follows the evidence, even if that evidence contradicts what they thought they knew. Nearly every experiment in physics today is looking for evidence to contradict existing theory. Physicists want that. Just confirming the existing theory doesn't garner much glory. Success in physics comes much more from uncovering evidence of something outside what current theory predicts. I sense the very possibility that hydrino's exist and were missed offends your rosy view of science. Not at all. If there was convincing evidence that they exist, I'd be thrilled. Science simply could not have failed that big over the last century. No, I don't believe it could not have. I think it's unlikely. The claim that it did requires persuasive evidence. I'm not persuaded by the current evidence, and neither is the scientific community. The stakes are huge. You may think I'm attacking the process of science but I'm really not. No, you're not attacking the process, but you're attacking scientists. You are claiming they are heavily biased and unable to see clear evidence. And your basis for claiming that is that you disagree with their evaluation of the evidence. Correction and retrenchment are also part of the process. It's not linear. It will be interesting to hear your reaction when hydrino's are either confirmed and accepted by scientists you trust. What would you say? If they were confirmed, I'd be happy to hear it. See, there's the difference. I'm willing to accept the judgement of people who know more about the subject than I do. You are not. The scientific establishment has judged the evidence and found it lacking. You are not willing to accept that. First, thanks for the discussion. I enjoy the dialog and appreciate your time. Planck said science advances one funeral at a time. Science is not about absolute consensus. If it were, few advances would be made. I may be wrong, Mills may be wrong, yet I'm just not convinced at this point. I'm more convinced that the process is not complete and Mills discovery hasn't been given an honest assessment. It is a fact that Mills' work has been highly ridiculed in public by many famous scientists. I do attack those people for poisoning the well based on their gut feeling rather than objective scientific analysis. Specifically, Bob Park, who famously jibbed hydrino's can't exist because below ground states are like being "south of the South Pole". That's not a professional dispassionate discussion of the facts. That has happened and it's an embarrassment to science. So no, I do understand science. Science is done by people and people have faults and make mistakes. They form cultures and exhibit biases. They can have closed minds. We shouldn't make assumptions about what would have happened or what cannot be true. We should let the data speak. People are letting their theory disprove the data. They claim good data must agree a-priori. That's a problem for me. You can't prove a negative. One null test doesn't disprove a possibility. But you can show something works which is what Mills is currently doing. I've not seen any answers here regarding the megawatt power Mills gets out of his reaction or the extreme UV spectra. I think we are in the midst of the process of science working but it takes a lot longer I wish precisely because of the human factor. I think in the end it will work. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/20/2017 06:43 pm I think you are mistaken when you claim thousands of people have studied "this kind of thing" and use that as a statement to prove your case that hydrino's simply don't exist because they would have been found. I can't accept your argument of equivalence. You can't find below ground states if you already know below ground states do not exist. You apparently have no concept of the number of people doing scientific research. We have discovered many things that we didn't know exist before we discovered them. Claiming that doing so is impossible is simply wrong. I sense the very possibility that hydrino's exist and were missed offends your rosy view of science. You seem to be offended by any implication that Mills is wrong. The only difference between this and a pot/kettle/black situation is that you have effectively no supporting evidence, and there is a lot of evidence against Mills that you continue to ignore. It will be interesting to hear your reaction when hydrino's are either confirmed and accepted by scientists you trust. What would you say? Accepted by scientists implies that strong evidence exists, and every reasonable person here would also accept it. Now a simple question for you: Given the lack of sound theory, the lack of any supporting evidence, the replications that failed to replicate claimed power levels, and the mountain of historical science that conflicts with the concept, why do you still support Mills? Relatedly, why are you convinced that replications exist when there is no evidence that any replications exist? I don't know where you get your supposed facts. One (supposedly) null test by NASA of one type of hydrino reaction doesn't disprove hydrino's exist. Later tests by other people, whom for whatever reason you discount or disqualify, does show evidence. I can understand you not agreeing the tests are convincing but don't keep claiming no one else has tested this. That's simply not the case. I cannot accept your assertions as valid statements of fact so I can't accept them as valid reasons for not supporting Mills' claims. But maybe this helps a little. When I listen to a critic such as yourself, I compare that to what Mills himself says in print and in person. I find his arguments and the way he presents his case far, far more compelling that I do your counter arguments. In science, it boils down to straightforward scientific arguments rather than numbers of people, personalities or even previously accepted theory. At this point, Mills convinces me by his scientific arguments, copious amounts of experimental data and tenacious pursuit of truth while your counter arguments don't. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 06/20/2017 06:59 pm I've not seen any answers here regarding the megawatt power Mills gets out of his reaction or the extreme UV spectra. What is it in these spectra that points to anything like hydrinos? Why couldn't the spectral lines be from inner shell transitions in some other atoms? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/20/2017 07:21 pm I don't know where you get your supposed facts. One (supposedly) null test by NASA of one type of hydrino reaction doesn't disprove hydrino's exist. Nothing "supposedly" about it. And it clearly demonstrates that Mills has large experimental errors, to the point that his basic competency is called into question. Later tests by other people, whom for whatever reason you discount or disqualify, does show evidence. I can understand you not agreeing the tests are convincing but don't keep claiming no one else has tested this. That's simply not the case. I discount them because as best I can tell they don't exist. I will stop claiming this when you point to a single case of someone testing this with positive results. I cannot accept your assertions as valid statements of fact so I can't accept them as valid reasons for not supporting Mills' claims. I cannot accept your assertions as valid statements of fact so I can't accept them as valid reasons for not supporting Mills' claims. See how this works? Although I am not sure what assertions I have made that I didn't provide supporting evidence for, meanwhile you have not provided any evidence. But maybe this helps a little. When I listen to a critic such as yourself, I compare that to what Mills himself says in print and in person. I find his arguments and the way he presents his case far, far more compelling that I do your counter arguments. In science, it boils down to straightforward scientific arguments rather than numbers of people, personalities or even previously accepted theory. At this point, Mills convinces me by his scientific arguments, copious amounts of experimental data and tenacious pursuit of truth while your counter arguments don't. Name one compelling argument Mills makes. It does boil down to straightforward scientific arguments, and Mills' theory is simply mathematically inconsistent, if you think otherwise, you simply know nothing about the relevant math. The experimental data is simply against Mills, and even if there was an interesting anomaly in the experimental results, the fundamental inconsistency in the hydrino theory means he should be looking for a different explanation. You do not get to claim anything about "pursuit of truth" when I have lost count of the number of outright false statements you have made. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/20/2017 07:39 pm It is a fact that Mills' work has been highly ridiculed in public by many famous scientists. I do attack those people for poisoning the well based on their gut feeling rather than objective scientific analysis. Specifically, Bob Park, who famously jibbed hydrino's can't exist because below ground states are like being "south of the South Pole". That's not a professional dispassionate discussion of the facts. That has happened and it's an embarrassment to science. So no, I do understand science. Science is done by people and people have faults and make mistakes. They form cultures and exhibit biases. They can have closed minds. The point is, since 1600s and especially since ~1900, scientists _will not_ dismiss the evidence, however contradictory it is to currently accepted theories, when it is independently reproduced. This was happening centuries ago, but not today. Facts speak louder that words. But Mills need to provide these facts: he should tell others exactly how to duplicate experiments, others should succeed in doing so (and interpretation of results should match what Mills says it is, not "well, we got spectra, and after analyzing it this looks completely normal, no unexpected lines"). _Anything else_ does not cut it. No amount of flashy web pages, videos and graphs produced by Mills would help. No amount of defensive blog and forum posts. And alleging that there is a great cabal which suppresses evidence of hydrinos is not only not helping, it quickly destroys whatever credibility remains (since that is exactly what frauds do, and honest scientists do not). Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/21/2017 01:16 am It is a fact that Mills' work has been highly ridiculed in public by many famous scientists. I do attack those people for poisoning the well based on their gut feeling rather than objective scientific analysis. Specifically, Bob Park, who famously jibbed hydrino's can't exist because below ground states are like being "south of the South Pole". That's not a professional dispassionate discussion of the facts. That has happened and it's an embarrassment to science. So no, I do understand science. Science is done by people and people have faults and make mistakes. They form cultures and exhibit biases. They can have closed minds. The point is, since 1600s and especially since ~1900, scientists _will not_ dismiss the evidence, however contradictory it is to currently accepted theories, when it is independently reproduced. This was happening centuries ago, but not today. Facts speak louder that words. But Mills need to provide these facts: he should tell others exactly how to duplicate experiments, others should succeed in doing so (and interpretation of results should match what Mills says it is, not "well, we got spectra, and after analyzing it this looks completely normal, no unexpected lines"). _Anything else_ does not cut it. No amount of flashy web pages, videos and graphs produced by Mills would help. No amount of defensive blog and forum posts. And alleging that there is a great cabal which suppresses evidence of hydrinos is not only not helping, it quickly destroys whatever credibility remains (since that is exactly what frauds do, and honest scientists do not). Science and scientists have and do make mistakes. It's the process of correction that defines the scientific process, not the adamant defense of whatever is the status quo. It's a simple statement of fact that Mills has been terribly mistreated regardless of whether he is right or wrong. If he were wrong, that's not an excuse for how he has been abused. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/21/2017 01:30 am I've not seen any answers here regarding the megawatt power Mills gets out of his reaction or the extreme UV spectra. What is it in these spectra that points to anything like hydrinos? Why couldn't the spectral lines be from inner shell transitions in some other atoms? Because the conditions to make those transitions are not there while the conditions theorized for hydrino transitions are. The spectrum has EUV continuum radiation. It's a signature of the hydrino transition. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/21/2017 01:41 am I don't know where you get your supposed facts. One (supposedly) null test by NASA of one type of hydrino reaction doesn't disprove hydrino's exist. Nothing "supposedly" about it. And it clearly demonstrates that Mills has large experimental errors, to the point that his basic competency is called into question. Later tests by other people, whom for whatever reason you discount or disqualify, does show evidence. I can understand you not agreeing the tests are convincing but don't keep claiming no one else has tested this. That's simply not the case. I discount them because as best I can tell they don't exist. I will stop claiming this when you point to a single case of someone testing this with positive results. I cannot accept your assertions as valid statements of fact so I can't accept them as valid reasons for not supporting Mills' claims. I cannot accept your assertions as valid statements of fact so I can't accept them as valid reasons for not supporting Mills' claims. See how this works? Although I am not sure what assertions I have made that I didn't provide supporting evidence for, meanwhile you have not provided any evidence. But maybe this helps a little. When I listen to a critic such as yourself, I compare that to what Mills himself says in print and in person. I find his arguments and the way he presents his case far, far more compelling that I do your counter arguments. In science, it boils down to straightforward scientific arguments rather than numbers of people, personalities or even previously accepted theory. At this point, Mills convinces me by his scientific arguments, copious amounts of experimental data and tenacious pursuit of truth while your counter arguments don't. Name one compelling argument Mills makes. It does boil down to straightforward scientific arguments, and Mills' theory is simply mathematically inconsistent, if you think otherwise, you simply know nothing about the relevant math. The experimental data is simply against Mills, and even if there was an interesting anomaly in the experimental results, the fundamental inconsistency in the hydrino theory means he should be looking for a different explanation. You do not get to claim anything about "pursuit of truth" when I have lost count of the number of outright false statements you have made. I've read Mills book. Almost any page is far more convincing that anything you have said. But the spectrum, and the ro-vibration data is a gold standard that perfectly fits hydrino transition. All you have done is claim Mills hasn't convinced you. I reject your claim of fundamental inconsistencies in Mills work. I reject your argument that Mills should reinterpret his experimental discovery, probably the discovery of the century and worthy of a Nobel prize, because you claim his math is inconsistent. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/21/2017 01:59 am It's a simple statement of fact that Mills has been terribly mistreated regardless of whether he is right or wrong. If he were wrong, that's not an excuse for how he has been abused. That is not a statement of fact. That is a statement of opinion. Whether his treatment was mistreatment or not is a fundamentally subjective issue. Whether you consider it mistreatment or not, you should be able to recognize the differences between questions on which the answers are objective and questions on which the answers are subjective. Name one compelling argument Mills makes. It does boil down to straightforward scientific arguments, and Mills' theory is simply mathematically inconsistent, if you think otherwise, you simply know nothing about the relevant math. The experimental data is simply against Mills, and even if there was an interesting anomaly in the experimental results, the fundamental inconsistency in the hydrino theory means he should be looking for a different explanation. You do not get to claim anything about "pursuit of truth" when I have lost count of the number of outright false statements you have made. I've read Mills book. Almost any page is far more convincing that anything you have said. But the spectrum, and the ro-vibration data is a gold standard that perfectly fits hydrino transition. All you have done is claim Mills hasn't convinced you. I reject your claim of fundamental inconsistencies in Mills work. I reject your argument that Mills should reinterpret his experimental discovery, probably the discovery of the century and worthy of a Nobel prize, because you claim his math is inconsistent. You're missing the point. It's not your opinion versus that of meberbs. It's your opinion versus the opinion of the entire scientific establishment. meberbs was quoting the fundamental inconsistencies from a reputable expert in the field who did the analysis and concluded Mills' theories are unsound. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/21/2017 02:45 am It's a simple statement of fact that Mills has been terribly mistreated regardless of whether he is right or wrong. If he were wrong, that's not an excuse for how he has been abused. That is not a statement of fact. That is a statement of opinion. Whether his treatment was mistreatment or not is a fundamentally subjective issue. Whether you consider it mistreatment or not, you should be able to recognize the differences between questions on which the answers are objective and questions on which the answers are subjective. Name one compelling argument Mills makes. It does boil down to straightforward scientific arguments, and Mills' theory is simply mathematically inconsistent, if you think otherwise, you simply know nothing about the relevant math. The experimental data is simply against Mills, and even if there was an interesting anomaly in the experimental results, the fundamental inconsistency in the hydrino theory means he should be looking for a different explanation. You do not get to claim anything about "pursuit of truth" when I have lost count of the number of outright false statements you have made. I've read Mills book. Almost any page is far more convincing that anything you have said. But the spectrum, and the ro-vibration data is a gold standard that perfectly fits hydrino transition. All you have done is claim Mills hasn't convinced you. I reject your claim of fundamental inconsistencies in Mills work. I reject your argument that Mills should reinterpret his experimental discovery, probably the discovery of the century and worthy of a Nobel prize, because you claim his math is inconsistent. You're missing the point. It's not your opinion versus that of meberbs. It's your opinion versus the opinion of the entire scientific establishment. meberbs was quoting the fundamental inconsistencies from a reputable expert in the field who did the analysis and concluded Mills' theories are unsound. I hope you don't mean Rathke. His 'analysis' was a joke, radii led with misunderstanding and errors. If he represents the whole community it just proves my point. And Mills mistreatment involved back room underhanded dealings to revoke a patent already granted when Peter Zimmerman and Bob Park harassed the head of the USPTO. Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/21/2017 02:52 am It's a simple statement of fact that Mills has been terribly mistreated regardless of whether he is right or wrong. If he were wrong, that's not an excuse for how he has been abused. That is not a statement of fact. That is a statement of opinion. Whether his treatment was mistreatment or not is a fundamentally subjective issue. Whether you consider it mistreatment or not, you should be able to recognize the differences between questions on which the answers are objective and questions on which the answers are subjective. Name one compelling argument Mills makes. It does boil down to straightforward scientific arguments, and Mills' theory is simply mathematically inconsistent, if you think otherwise, you simply know nothing about the relevant math. The experimental data is simply against Mills, and even if there was an interesting anomaly in the experimental results, the fundamental inconsistency in the hydrino theory means he should be looking for a different explanation. You do not get to claim anything about "pursuit of truth" when I have lost count of the number of outright false statements you have made. I've read Mills book. Almost any page is far more convincing that anything you have said. But the spectrum, and the ro-vibration data is a gold standard that perfectly fits hydrino transition. All you have done is claim Mills hasn't convinced you. I reject your claim of fundamental inconsistencies in Mills work. I reject your argument that Mills should reinterpret his experimental discovery, probably the discovery of the century and worthy of a Nobel prize, because you claim his math is inconsistent. You're missing the point. It's not your opinion versus that of meberbs. It's your opinion versus the opinion of the entire scientific establishment. meberbs was quoting the fundamental inconsistencies from a reputable expert in the field who did the analysis and concluded Mills' theories are unsound. I hope you don't mean Rathke. His 'analysis' was a joke, radii led with misunderstanding and errors. If he represents the whole community it just proves my point. Rathke's analysis was published in the New Journal of Physics, a peer-reviewed publication. So his analysis was reviewed by independent experts who agreed with his conclusions. http://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/doc/PHY/ACT-RPR-PHY-Rathke-hydrino.pdf Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 06/21/2017 03:09 am I've not seen any answers here regarding the megawatt power Mills gets out of his reaction or the extreme UV spectra. What is it in these spectra that points to anything like hydrinos? Why couldn't the spectral lines be from inner shell transitions in some other atoms? Because the conditions to make those transitions are not there while the conditions theorized for hydrino transitions are. The spectrum has EUV continuum radiation. It's a signature of the hydrino transition. And how do we know that? What exactly were the conditions where the spectra were measured? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: CharlieWildman on 06/21/2017 03:30 am I hope you don't mean Rathke. His 'analysis' was a joke, radii led with misunderstanding and errors. If he represents the whole community it just proves my point. And Mills mistreatment involved back room underhanded dealings to revoke a patent already granted when Peter Zimmerman and Bob Park harassed the head of the USPTO. Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. Okay... just jumping in here. Please provide evidence to support your claims. Patent numbers, Links to articles, publications etc. So I can make up my own mind about what you say. If you do not, I will have to assume you are a conspiracy crackpot with an axe to grind. Mods. Sorry, I know this post probably falls outside the 'be awesome to each other' goal of NSF but this post from Bob0 really got my blood pressure up! Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/21/2017 04:43 am I hope you don't mean Rathke. His 'analysis' was a joke, You accuse scientists of abusing Mills when they raise technical objections, yet you can put down Rathke by referring to his analysis as a "joke." radii led with misunderstanding and errors. Name one error. And requiring a wavefunction to actually be square integrable, so that it has physical meaning, or noting that the universe has 3 macroscopic spatial dimensions are not errors, so if you are going to point back to Mills response you are going to have to find something in there that doesn't depend on those points. And Mills mistreatment involved back room underhanded dealings to revoke a patent already granted when Peter Zimmerman and Bob Park harassed the head of the USPTO. That is sure an ... interesting ... interpretation of events. Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. You mean me applying critical thinking when presented with theory, and wanting evidence to back assertions? Speaking of which: But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. At this point I can only consider this statement to be objectively false, because you have been asked for evidence of this repeatedly and provided none. The only explanations I can come up with for why you continue to repeat this without evidence are: - that you are just outright lying, because you are a troll or similar, - you are simply incapable of sufficient rational thought to understand that you have provided no supporting evidence, - or there is supporting evidence that only exists in delusions within your mind. If it is the first, good job, you got us all to bite, now please stop. If it is one of the others, please do yourself a favor and get professional help from a psychiatrist. If it is none of the above, then please explain. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/21/2017 12:55 pm It is a fact that Mills' work has been highly ridiculed in public by many famous scientists. I do attack those people for poisoning the well based on their gut feeling rather than objective scientific analysis. Specifically, Bob Park, who famously jibbed hydrino's can't exist because below ground states are like being "south of the South Pole". That's not a professional dispassionate discussion of the facts. That has happened and it's an embarrassment to science. So no, I do understand science. Science is done by people and people have faults and make mistakes. They form cultures and exhibit biases. They can have closed minds. The point is, since 1600s and especially since ~1900, scientists _will not_ dismiss the evidence, however contradictory it is to currently accepted theories, when it is independently reproduced. This was happening centuries ago, but not today. Facts speak louder that words. But Mills need to provide these facts: he should tell others exactly how to duplicate experiments, others should succeed in doing so (and interpretation of results should match what Mills says it is, not "well, we got spectra, and after analyzing it this looks completely normal, no unexpected lines"). _Anything else_ does not cut it. No amount of flashy web pages, videos and graphs produced by Mills would help. No amount of defensive blog and forum posts. And alleging that there is a great cabal which suppresses evidence of hydrinos is not only not helping, it quickly destroys whatever credibility remains (since that is exactly what frauds do, and honest scientists do not). Science and scientists have and do make mistakes. It's the process of correction that defines the scientific process, not the adamant defense of whatever is the status quo. It's a simple statement of fact that Mills has been terribly mistreated regardless of whether he is right or wrong. If he were wrong, that's not an excuse for how he has been abused. Yeah, more defensive posts, and more accusations that there are evil forces at play. I'm telling you, this is not what needs to be done if hydrino theory wants to get traction. Flat Earthers are also routinely "terribly mistreated". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgY8zNZ35uw How dare we to attack their theory? How dare we mock them? So what that it contradicts current knowledge? We should keep an open mind! Conspiracy! Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/21/2017 06:12 pm It's a simple statement of fact that Mills has been terribly mistreated regardless of whether he is right or wrong. If he were wrong, that's not an excuse for how he has been abused. That is not a statement of fact. That is a statement of opinion. Whether his treatment was mistreatment or not is a fundamentally subjective issue. Whether you consider it mistreatment or not, you should be able to recognize the differences between questions on which the answers are objective and questions on which the answers are subjective. Name one compelling argument Mills makes. It does boil down to straightforward scientific arguments, and Mills' theory is simply mathematically inconsistent, if you think otherwise, you simply know nothing about the relevant math. The experimental data is simply against Mills, and even if there was an interesting anomaly in the experimental results, the fundamental inconsistency in the hydrino theory means he should be looking for a different explanation. You do not get to claim anything about "pursuit of truth" when I have lost count of the number of outright false statements you have made. I've read Mills book. Almost any page is far more convincing that anything you have said. But the spectrum, and the ro-vibration data is a gold standard that perfectly fits hydrino transition. All you have done is claim Mills hasn't convinced you. I reject your claim of fundamental inconsistencies in Mills work. I reject your argument that Mills should reinterpret his experimental discovery, probably the discovery of the century and worthy of a Nobel prize, because you claim his math is inconsistent. You're missing the point. It's not your opinion versus that of meberbs. It's your opinion versus the opinion of the entire scientific establishment. meberbs was quoting the fundamental inconsistencies from a reputable expert in the field who did the analysis and concluded Mills' theories are unsound. I hope you don't mean Rathke. His 'analysis' was a joke, radii led with misunderstanding and errors. If he represents the whole community it just proves my point. Rathke's analysis was published in the New Journal of Physics, a peer-reviewed publication. So his analysis was reviewed by independent experts who agreed with his conclusions. http://www.esa.int/gsp/ACT/doc/PHY/ACT-RPR-PHY-Rathke-hydrino.pdf Mills has published peer reviewed papers also. So his theory was reviewed by independent experts who deemed the papers worthy of publication. Rathke made basic math errors in his analysis and misunderstands Mills' theory both of which mills pointed out and really all he says it that Mills' theory is not quantum mechanics. Of course it's not! But Rathke implied that means it's wrong. So why should I or anyone compare the hours Rathke spent on his paper vs. The lifetime Mills spent on his work? There is no comparison. Science always advances by the guy with the new idea, not the shill who shoots them down. Here is a link to a Scientific American article that mentioned Mills works last year and has a recent Rathke quote. It seems he's hedging just a bit on Mills energy creating reactions while still claiming Mills theory could not predict them. It will be interesting to see what he says when he admits hydrino's exist. Perhaps he will argue Mills doesn't deserve any credit for a mere lucky guess. It also put the NASA report in context, it wasn't a refutation, they did see some positive results, just not enough to stop what they were doing and focus on that. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cold-fusion-lives-experiments-create-energy-when-none-should-exist1/ Mills claims Rathke made nine errors. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253308848_Mills_Rebuttal_of_Rathke_Regarding_Hydrinos Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/21/2017 06:17 pm It is a fact that Mills' work has been highly ridiculed in public by many famous scientists. I do attack those people for poisoning the well based on their gut feeling rather than objective scientific analysis. Specifically, Bob Park, who famously jibbed hydrino's can't exist because below ground states are like being "south of the South Pole". That's not a professional dispassionate discussion of the facts. That has happened and it's an embarrassment to science. So no, I do understand science. Science is done by people and people have faults and make mistakes. They form cultures and exhibit biases. They can have closed minds. The point is, since 1600s and especially since ~1900, scientists _will not_ dismiss the evidence, however contradictory it is to currently accepted theories, when it is independently reproduced. This was happening centuries ago, but not today. Facts speak louder that words. But Mills need to provide these facts: he should tell others exactly how to duplicate experiments, others should succeed in doing so (and interpretation of results should match what Mills says it is, not "well, we got spectra, and after analyzing it this looks completely normal, no unexpected lines"). _Anything else_ does not cut it. No amount of flashy web pages, videos and graphs produced by Mills would help. No amount of defensive blog and forum posts. And alleging that there is a great cabal which suppresses evidence of hydrinos is not only not helping, it quickly destroys whatever credibility remains (since that is exactly what frauds do, and honest scientists do not). Science and scientists have and do make mistakes. It's the process of correction that defines the scientific process, not the adamant defense of whatever is the status quo. It's a simple statement of fact that Mills has been terribly mistreated regardless of whether he is right or wrong. If he were wrong, that's not an excuse for how he has been abused. Yeah, more defensive posts, and more accusations that there are evil forces at play. I'm telling you, this is not what needs to be done if hydrino theory wants to get traction. Flat Earthers are also routinely "terribly mistreated". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgY8zNZ35uw How dare we to attack their theory? How dare we mock them? So what that it contradicts current knowledge? We should keep an open mind! Conspiracy! Hydrino theory is gaining traction albeit slowly. Being defensive, which is what Mills' critics are doing, doesn't tell for correctness or error. It's just a human response. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/21/2017 06:42 pm I hope you don't mean Rathke. His 'analysis' was a joke, radii led with misunderstanding and errors. If he represents the whole community it just proves my point. And Mills mistreatment involved back room underhanded dealings to revoke a patent already granted when Peter Zimmerman and Bob Park harassed the head of the USPTO. Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. Okay... just jumping in here. Please provide evidence to support your claims. Patent numbers, Links to articles, publications etc. So I can make up my own mind about what you say. If you do not, I will have to assume you are a conspiracy crackpot with an axe to grind. Mods. Sorry, I know this post probably falls outside the 'be awesome to each other' goal of NSF but this post from Bob0 really got my blood pressure up! Sorry about your blood pressure. That's how I often feel. It's all laid out in chapter nine of Brett Holverstott's book on Amazon; https://www.amazon.com/Randell-Mills-Search-Hydrino-Energy-ebook/dp/B01LDVWJ0I/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1498069619&sr=8-1&keywords=Hydrino Also a Village Voice article from 2000 is here; https://www.villagevoice.com/2000/04/25/the-empire-strikes-back/ It patent 6030601. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/21/2017 07:06 pm I've not seen any answers here regarding the megawatt power Mills gets out of his reaction or the extreme UV spectra. What is it in these spectra that points to anything like hydrinos? Why couldn't the spectral lines be from inner shell transitions in some other atoms? Because the conditions to make those transitions are not there while the conditions theorized for hydrino transitions are. The spectrum has EUV continuum radiation. It's a signature of the hydrino transition. And how do we know that? What exactly were the conditions where the spectra were measured? Exact conditions of these kinds of experiments are here; http://www.brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/Hydrino-Blast-Power-Paper-060817.pdf Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/21/2017 07:29 pm *snip* Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. Who has? Name names. Also, there's still zero independent confirmation of the existence of the hydrino, so there's no reason for any scientist to agree with Mills. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/21/2017 08:06 pm Mills has published peer reviewed papers also. So his theory was reviewed by independent experts who deemed the papers worthy of publication. Rathke made basic math errors in his analysis and misunderstands Mills' theory both of which mills pointed out and really all he says it that Mills' theory is not quantum mechanics. Of course it's not! But Rathke implied that means it's wrong. So why should I or anyone compare the hours Rathke spent on his paper vs. The lifetime Mills spent on his work? There is no comparison. Science always advances by the guy with the new idea, not the shill who shoots them down. Here is a link to a Scientific American article that mentioned Mills works last year and has a recent Rathke quote. It seems he's hedging just a bit on Mills energy creating reactions while still claiming Mills theory could not predict them. It will be interesting to see what he says when he admits hydrino's exist. Perhaps he will argue Mills doesn't deserve any credit for a mere lucky guess. It also put the NASA report in context, it wasn't a refutation, they did see some positive results, just not enough to stop what they were doing and focus on that. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cold-fusion-lives-experiments-create-energy-when-none-should-exist1/ Mills claims Rathke made nine errors. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253308848_Mills_Rebuttal_of_Rathke_Regarding_Hydrinos Again what errors? If you had read my post, you would already realize that response is simply wrong. As I already said multiple times, requiring a wavefunction to actually be square integrable, so that it has physical meaning, or noting that the universe has 3 macroscopic spatial dimensions are not errors. Also: RathkeMills made basic math errors in his analysis and misunderstands Mills'existing theory both of which millsRathke pointed out. When I can keep doing this to your sentences, it is probably because you aren't communicating anything with them. Unlike you I can point out a specific error made by Mills. He allowed wavefunctions that don't go to 0 at infinity. When you normalize such a wavefunction, you get the equation 1 = infinity. I hope you can see the problem there. really all he says it that Mills' theory is not quantum mechanics. Of course it's not! But Rathke implied that means it's wrong. So why should I or anyone compare the hours Rathke spent on his paper vs. The lifetime Mills spent on his work? There is no comparison. He says more than that, and anyway, if Mills theory is inconsistent with the many quantum mechanics results that have been experimentally tested, then it is obviously wrong. The time put in is simply irrelevant: 2 centuries of theory based on 1+1 = 3 would still be wrong. Quote “I think there is general agreement that the theory Dr. Mills has put forward as the basis for his claims is inconsistent and not capable of making experimental predictions,” Rathke continues. “Now, one could ask the question, ‘Could he have been lucky and stumbled upon some energy source that experimentally just works by following a wrong theoretical approach?’ ” Is this where you claims Rathke hedges? This isn't a hedge, it is a clear statement that the entire theory of hydrinos in nonsensical, and if there is any excess energy in the experiments, it is not due to hydrinos. In a universe that is almost certainly not ours where hydrinos turn out to be real, it is easy to predict the kind of statements that Rathke would say, such as "these clear independent replications show that there is <insert value> energy produced by this reaction", and "This new theory of the hydrino is significantly different from the original to actually be consistent with known results in quantum mechanics, and to be internally self-consistent." Meanwhile, your use of the word "will" in the sentence about Rathke admitting hydrinos exist indicates that you do not care about evidence and refuse to accept any possibility that they don't. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/22/2017 10:32 am Guys, we are wasting time and repeating ourselves. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/22/2017 05:36 pm Mills has published peer reviewed papers also. So his theory was reviewed by independent experts who deemed the papers worthy of publication. Rathke made basic math errors in his analysis and misunderstands Mills' theory both of which mills pointed out and really all he says it that Mills' theory is not quantum mechanics. Of course it's not! But Rathke implied that means it's wrong. So why should I or anyone compare the hours Rathke spent on his paper vs. The lifetime Mills spent on his work? There is no comparison. Science always advances by the guy with the new idea, not the shill who shoots them down. Here is a link to a Scientific American article that mentioned Mills works last year and has a recent Rathke quote. It seems he's hedging just a bit on Mills energy creating reactions while still claiming Mills theory could not predict them. It will be interesting to see what he says when he admits hydrino's exist. Perhaps he will argue Mills doesn't deserve any credit for a mere lucky guess. It also put the NASA report in context, it wasn't a refutation, they did see some positive results, just not enough to stop what they were doing and focus on that. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cold-fusion-lives-experiments-create-energy-when-none-should-exist1/ Mills claims Rathke made nine errors. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253308848_Mills_Rebuttal_of_Rathke_Regarding_Hydrinos Again what errors? If you had read my post, you would already realize that response is simply wrong. As I already said multiple times, requiring a wavefunction to actually be square integrable, so that it has physical meaning, or noting that the universe has 3 macroscopic spatial dimensions are not errors. Also: RathkeMills made basic math errors in his analysis and misunderstands Mills'existing theory both of which millsRathke pointed out. When I can keep doing this to your sentences, it is probably because you aren't communicating anything with them. Unlike you I can point out a specific error made by Mills. He allowed wavefunctions that don't go to 0 at infinity. When you normalize such a wavefunction, you get the equation 1 = infinity. I hope you can see the problem there. really all he says it that Mills' theory is not quantum mechanics. Of course it's not! But Rathke implied that means it's wrong. So why should I or anyone compare the hours Rathke spent on his paper vs. The lifetime Mills spent on his work? There is no comparison. He says more than that, and anyway, if Mills theory is inconsistent with the many quantum mechanics results that have been experimentally tested, then it is obviously wrong. The time put in is simply irrelevant: 2 centuries of theory based on 1+1 = 3 would still be wrong. Quote “I think there is general agreement that the theory Dr. Mills has put forward as the basis for his claims is inconsistent and not capable of making experimental predictions,” Rathke continues. “Now, one could ask the question, ‘Could he have been lucky and stumbled upon some energy source that experimentally just works by following a wrong theoretical approach?’ ” Is this where you claims Rathke hedges? This isn't a hedge, it is a clear statement that the entire theory of hydrinos in nonsensical, and if there is any excess energy in the experiments, it is not due to hydrinos. In a universe that is almost certainly not ours where hydrinos turn out to be real, it is easy to predict the kind of statements that Rathke would say, such as "these clear independent replications show that there is <insert value> energy produced by this reaction", and "This new theory of the hydrino is significantly different from the original to actually be consistent with known results in quantum mechanics, and to be internally self-consistent." Meanwhile, your use of the word "will" in the sentence about Rathke admitting hydrinos exist indicates that you do not care about evidence and refuse to accept any possibility that they don't. Mills states he found nine errors. I pointed you to his published comments but you may have to go through a paywall to read them. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/22/2017 05:48 pm Mills states he found nine errors. I pointed you to his published comments but you may have to go through a paywall to read them. You had previously had provided 2 links to the response, one of which had no paywall for the 100+ page response to Rathke. The so-called "errors" include at least 2 things that are obviously not errors, and seemed as if removing those would make Mills' entire response invalid. If there are any real errors please describe them here yourself. Quoting and paraphrasing are acceptable, assuming you actually understand what Rathke or Mills wrote. Otherwise I agree with gospacex, there is no point in continuing this conversation. You seem immune to both logic and evidence and incapable of providing evidence to back your own assertions. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/22/2017 05:49 pm *snip* Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. Who has? Name names. Also, there's still zero independent confirmation of the existence of the hydrino, so there's no reason for any scientist to agree with Mills. I still disagree that there is zero independent confirming evidence. But assuming you were correct for the moment and there were none, as you assert no scientist would have reason to agree with Mills, if no scientist takes an interest in doing an experiment to find out, then a possible new discovery might languish forever. Scientists do not have to agree or believe to investigate. In fact, they should vigorously investigate this to put it to rest rather than rely on theoretical arguments as to why it must be wrong. But it's funny that the few who have investigated end up validating Mills work. It's also telling that Mills has a team of a dozen skilled scientists in his employment who put their names on his papers too. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/22/2017 05:55 pm Mills states he found nine errors. I pointed you to his published comments but you may have to go through a paywall to read them. You had previously had provided 2 links to the response, one of which had no paywall for the 100+ page response to Rathke. The so-called "errors" include at least 2 things that are obviously not errors, and seemed as if removing those would make Mills' entire response invalid. If there are any real errors please describe them here yourself. Quoting and paraphrasing are acceptable, assuming you actually understand what Rathke or Mills wrote. Otherwise I agree with gospacex, there is no point in continuing this conversation. You seem immune to both logic and evidence and incapable of providing evidence to back your own assertions. Mills can speak for himself. This is a conversation that you are free to participate in or not. But this thread is about Mills work so I feel free to debate it. I've provided links to everything you asked. You can read the first chapters of Mills tome yourself. It's free. But I'll say this. Rathke starts by asserting that the classical wave equation Mills uses is not Lorent invariant for any velocity other than c. That's not an issue since first, Mills is writing a Classical theory, and the classical wave equation certainly is valid for many kinds of waves if sub light speed. Rathke is implying teh classical wave equation itself is not valid. Second, the Shrodinger equation, the foundation of quantum mechanics, is also not Lorentz invariant. Thirdly, we are not concerned with transforming an electrons velocity in an atom to another reference frame anymore than we woud, a solution of Shrodingers equation. It's a non-issue. Then, Rathke states "If you combine the relations in equations (2)–(4) with the classical circular motion of an electron in the Coulomb field of a proton, the ground state of Bohr’s model is the only solution. No solutions exist for excited states of the hydrogen atom. " which makes no sense at all because that is not Mills model,it's not a simple Bohr model. Rathke doesn't seem to understand what Mills is doing. Mills model for excited states includes a piece I think Rathke doesn't realize which is a photon propagating in the Orbitsphere. Rathke also makes mathematical assertions about whether the radial equations work. I will have to go through those in more detail first but I suspect Rathke again is misapplying and/or misunderstanding Mills' model. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/22/2017 05:57 pm *snip* Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. Who has? Name names. Also, there's still zero independent confirmation of the existence of the hydrino, so there's no reason for any scientist to agree with Mills. I still disagree that there is zero independent confirming evidence. But assuming you were correct for the moment and there were none, as you assert no scientist would have reason to agree with Mills, if no scientist takes an interest in doing an experiment to find out, then a possible new discovery might languish forever. Scientists do not have to agree or believe to investigate. In fact, they should vigorously investigate this to put it to rest rather than rely on theoretical arguments as to why it must be wrong. But it's funny that the few who have investigated end up validating Mills work. It's also telling that Mills has a team of a dozen skilled scientists in his employment who put their names on his papers too. You can disagree until you are blue in the face, the fact is you have claimed multiple times that there are supporting experiments that repeat Mills' findings, but have been unable to show any. In fact, those that have taken a close look at Mills' work have found it to be erroneous, deficient, or both. "it's funny that the few who have investigated end up validating Mills work" You keep saying that, but continue to be unable to say who they are, and in fact the opposite is true. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/22/2017 06:22 pm *snip* Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. Who has? Name names. Also, there's still zero independent confirmation of the existence of the hydrino, so there's no reason for any scientist to agree with Mills. I still disagree that there is zero independent confirming evidence. But assuming you were correct for the moment and there were none, as you assert no scientist would have reason to agree with Mills, if no scientist takes an interest in doing an experiment to find out, then a possible new discovery might languish forever. Scientists do not have to agree or believe to investigate. In fact, they should vigorously investigate this to put it to rest rather than rely on theoretical arguments as to why it must be wrong. But it's funny that the few who have investigated end up validating Mills work. It's also telling that Mills has a team of a dozen skilled scientists in his employment who put their names on his papers too. You can disagree until you are blue in the face, the fact is you have claimed multiple times that there are supporting experiments that repeat Mills' findings, but have been unable to show any. In fact, those that have taken a close look at Mills' work have found it to be erroneous, deficient, or both. "it's funny that the few who have investigated end up validating Mills work" You keep saying that, but continue to be unable to say who they are, and in fact the opposite is true. I pointed directly to a presentation by Validators with names. Do you discount that? Here is one of the names I know of, Peter M. Jansson of Bucknell University. http://www.bucknell.edu/engineering-college-of/academic-departments/electrical-and-computer-engineering/faculty-and-staff/peter-mark-jansson.html You may be interested to know that Jansson, undergrad from MIT and PhD from Cambridge, is also interested in Mach effects and participated in the recent Estes Park Breakthrough Propulsion Workshop. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/22/2017 07:46 pm But I'll say this. Rathke starts by asserting that the classical wave equation Mills uses is not Lorent invariant for any velocity other than c. That's not an issue since first, Mills is writing a Classical theory, and the classical wave equation certainly is valid for many kinds of waves if sub light speed. Rathke is implying teh classical wave equation itself is not valid. Second, the Shrodinger equation, the foundation of quantum mechanics, is also not Lorentz invariant. Thirdly, we are not concerned with transforming an electrons velocity in an atom to another reference frame anymore than we woud, a solution of Shrodingers equation. It's a non-issue. You missed the point, Mills claims his theory is Lorentz invariant. His theory is not Lorentz invariant. Yes, it is OK if his theory is not Lorentz invariant, but the issue is that he claims it is. Then, Rathke states "If you combine the relations in equations (2)–(4) with the classical circular motion of an electron in the Coulomb field of a proton, the ground state of Bohr’s model is the only solution. No solutions exist for excited states of the hydrogen atom. " which makes no sense at all because that is not Mills model,it's not a simple Bohr model. Rathke doesn't seem to understand what Mills is doing. Mills model for excited states includes a piece I think Rathke doesn't realize which is a photon propagating in the Orbitsphere. Rathke realizes that it isn't a simple Bohr Model, however Mills theory apparently has Bohr model radii as a starting point. Rathke is just pointing out that equation 2 needs a factor of n in it. On its own this would be an simple enough mistake, and doesn't seem to cause any real issues if you use Rathke's corrected equation. The issues discussed after that are the important ones, as they show fundamental inconsistency. Rathke also makes mathematical assertions about whether the radial equations work. I will have to go through those in more detail first but I suspect Rathke again is misapplying and/or misunderstanding Mills' model. Not much to misapply there, Mills provides an equation and its supposed solution. It is simple math to check if that is true, and it isn't. Interpretations of meaning and other vague criteria simply aren't involved. If there is a mathematical mistake please point it out. If somehow the original equations were written wrong, please point to the correct ones. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/22/2017 08:09 pm *snip* Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. Who has? Name names. Also, there's still zero independent confirmation of the existence of the hydrino, so there's no reason for any scientist to agree with Mills. I still disagree that there is zero independent confirming evidence. But assuming you were correct for the moment and there were none, as you assert no scientist would have reason to agree with Mills, if no scientist takes an interest in doing an experiment to find out, then a possible new discovery might languish forever. Scientists do not have to agree or believe to investigate. In fact, they should vigorously investigate this to put it to rest rather than rely on theoretical arguments as to why it must be wrong. But it's funny that the few who have investigated end up validating Mills work. It's also telling that Mills has a team of a dozen skilled scientists in his employment who put their names on his papers too. You can disagree until you are blue in the face, the fact is you have claimed multiple times that there are supporting experiments that repeat Mills' findings, but have been unable to show any. In fact, those that have taken a close look at Mills' work have found it to be erroneous, deficient, or both. "it's funny that the few who have investigated end up validating Mills work" You keep saying that, but continue to be unable to say who they are, and in fact the opposite is true. I pointed directly to a presentation by Validators with names. Do you discount that? Here is one of the names I know of, Peter M. Jansson of Bucknell University. http://www.bucknell.edu/engineering-college-of/academic-departments/electrical-and-computer-engineering/faculty-and-staff/peter-mark-jansson.html You may be interested to know that Jansson, undergrad from MIT and PhD from Cambridge, is also interested in Mach effects and participated in the recent Estes Park Breakthrough Propulsion Workshop. As I previously mentioned, the "independent validators" weren't really independent and they didn't do much to validate Mills' claims. They were allowed to observe demonstrations and take some measurements of them. That's it. They did not replicate the experimental setup or the findings. None of them say that they observed hydrinos. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 06/23/2017 06:01 am I pointed directly to a presentation by Validators with names. Do you discount that? Here is one of the names I know of, Peter M. Jansson of Bucknell University. http://www.bucknell.edu/engineering-college-of/academic-departments/electrical-and-computer-engineering/faculty-and-staff/peter-mark-jansson.html Jansson's work was funded by BLP as far back as 2009 (http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg430756#msg430756), and at that time at a least was using BLP supplied materials in experiments that did nothing to address the underlying physics claims. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/23/2017 04:12 pm I pointed directly to a presentation by Validators with names. Do you discount that? Here is one of the names I know of, Peter M. Jansson of Bucknell University. http://www.bucknell.edu/engineering-college-of/academic-departments/electrical-and-computer-engineering/faculty-and-staff/peter-mark-jansson.html Jansson's work was funded by BLP as far back as 2009 (http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.msg430756#msg430756), and at that time at a least was using BLP supplied materials in experiments that did nothing to address the underlying physics claims. True, but that makes it neither untrue or dishonest. I think Jansson's work is both correct and an honest assessment. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/23/2017 04:22 pm But I'll say this. Rathke starts by asserting that the classical wave equation Mills uses is not Lorent invariant for any velocity other than c. That's not an issue since first, Mills is writing a Classical theory, and the classical wave equation certainly is valid for many kinds of waves if sub light speed. Rathke is implying teh classical wave equation itself is not valid. Second, the Shrodinger equation, the foundation of quantum mechanics, is also not Lorentz invariant. Thirdly, we are not concerned with transforming an electrons velocity in an atom to another reference frame anymore than we woud, a solution of Shrodingers equation. It's a non-issue. You missed the point, Mills claims his theory is Lorentz invariant. His theory is not Lorentz invariant. Yes, it is OK if his theory is not Lorentz invariant, but the issue is that he claims it is. Then, Rathke states "If you combine the relations in equations (2)–(4) with the classical circular motion of an electron in the Coulomb field of a proton, the ground state of Bohr’s model is the only solution. No solutions exist for excited states of the hydrogen atom. " which makes no sense at all because that is not Mills model,it's not a simple Bohr model. Rathke doesn't seem to understand what Mills is doing. Mills model for excited states includes a piece I think Rathke doesn't realize which is a photon propagating in the Orbitsphere. Rathke realizes that it isn't a simple Bohr Model, however Mills theory apparently has Bohr model radii as a starting point. Rathke is just pointing out that equation 2 needs a factor of n in it. On its own this would be an simple enough mistake, and doesn't seem to cause any real issues if you use Rathke's corrected equation. The issues discussed after that are the important ones, as they show fundamental inconsistency. Rathke also makes mathematical assertions about whether the radial equations work. I will have to go through those in more detail first but I suspect Rathke again is misapplying and/or misunderstanding Mills' model. Not much to misapply there, Mills provides an equation and its supposed solution. It is simple math to check if that is true, and it isn't. Interpretations of meaning and other vague criteria simply aren't involved. If there is a mathematical mistake please point it out. If somehow the original equations were written wrong, please point to the correct ones. Yes, thanks, First, n is implied and that's the way Mills uses the symbols here. It's not a problem. Also, Rathke confuses hydrino and regular solutions. Second, Rathke uses the wrong function, it's not 1/r it's 1/r^2 which makes him claim the radial solutions are not solutions but he's not entirely at fault here. Rathke didn't read Mills papers closely enough to realize that the given solutions are 2D solutions on the bubble, not 3D solutions of the Bubble. I believe the radial solution is really just the delta function which works perfectly well in the wave equation. Try it yourself. The 1/r2 is a constant on a fixed radius and should be written as 1/(r_n)^2 . Yes, Mills could have been more clear here. Thirdly, Rathke makes a fundamental sign error that leads him to conclude angular eq. 6 is not a solution. That's a rather big deal because his conclusion is based on that. So, miscommunication, and yes, Mills isn't blameless here, and sloppy work led Rathke to his key conclusions. So sad that most physicists won't know all that and think that since someone of repute has debunked hydrino's, that's the end of it. I sent a message to Mills asking for clarification, something Rathke could have easily done. I'll let you know if I get a response. Thanks again for the discussion. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/23/2017 04:45 pm *snip* Meberb's seems representational of the kind of thinking I've seen for year. But not the entire scientific community. More side with Mills every day. Who has? Name names. Also, there's still zero independent confirmation of the existence of the hydrino, so there's no reason for any scientist to agree with Mills. I still disagree that there is zero independent confirming evidence. But assuming you were correct for the moment and there were none, as you assert no scientist would have reason to agree with Mills, if no scientist takes an interest in doing an experiment to find out, then a possible new discovery might languish forever. Scientists do not have to agree or believe to investigate. In fact, they should vigorously investigate this to put it to rest rather than rely on theoretical arguments as to why it must be wrong. But it's funny that the few who have investigated end up validating Mills work. It's also telling that Mills has a team of a dozen skilled scientists in his employment who put their names on his papers too. You can disagree until you are blue in the face, the fact is you have claimed multiple times that there are supporting experiments that repeat Mills' findings, but have been unable to show any. In fact, those that have taken a close look at Mills' work have found it to be erroneous, deficient, or both. "it's funny that the few who have investigated end up validating Mills work" You keep saying that, but continue to be unable to say who they are, and in fact the opposite is true. I pointed directly to a presentation by Validators with names. Do you discount that? Here is one of the names I know of, Peter M. Jansson of Bucknell University. http://www.bucknell.edu/engineering-college-of/academic-departments/electrical-and-computer-engineering/faculty-and-staff/peter-mark-jansson.html You may be interested to know that Jansson, undergrad from MIT and PhD from Cambridge, is also interested in Mach effects and participated in the recent Estes Park Breakthrough Propulsion Workshop. As I previously mentioned, the "independent validators" weren't really independent and they didn't do much to validate Mills' claims. They were allowed to observe demonstrations and take some measurements of them. That's it. They did not replicate the experimental setup or the findings. None of them say that they observed hydrinos. I disagree. As I said, some clearly reproduced the results in their own labs and with their own materials. They confirmed the large energy gains unexplained by conventional chemistry. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: laszlo on 06/23/2017 05:23 pm What puzzles me even more than hydrino, is why, after 8 years, the moderators haven't deleted this thread. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/23/2017 08:54 pm What puzzles me even more than hydrino, is why, after 8 years, the moderators haven't deleted this thread. I think that shutting up discussion should be used *very* sparingly. Even if you think it's useless, well, you can simply avoid it. But what if you are wrong and the discussion is in some way useful? Shutting it up destroys that. There is a reason why Western political systems have "freedom of speech" component. It's extremely useful. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/25/2017 04:23 pm Also, Rathke confuses hydrino and regular solutions. Second, Rathke uses the wrong function, it's not 1/r it's 1/r^2 which makes him claim the radial solutions are not solutions but he's not entirely at fault here. What equation are you claiming the mistake is in? Rathke didn't read Mills papers closely enough to realize that the given solutions are 2D solutions on the bubble, not 3D solutions of the Bubble. The bubble itself would be a 2D feature in 3D space. A valid equation has to describe the bubble this way. This isn't a problem, because the dirac delta keeps everything confined to the 2D surface. Confusing interpretations don't matter anyway, not when we have solid math. Are you saying that one of equation 1, 5, or 6 isn't Mills' equation? Otherwise there is no issue here, and it is clear Rathke understands that the solution only exists on a 2D surface. I believe the radial solution is really just the delta function which works perfectly well in the wave equation. Try it yourself. The 1/r2 is a constant on a fixed radius and should be written as 1/(r_n)^2 . Yes, Mills could have been more clear here. Still doesn't work. Maybe you tried calculating it for δ(r) instead of δ(r - rn). Thirdly, Rathke makes a fundamental sign error that leads him to conclude angular eq. 6 is not a solution. That's a rather big deal because his conclusion is based on that. Where is this sign error? I don't see it. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/26/2017 05:52 pm Also, Rathke confuses hydrino and regular solutions. Second, Rathke uses the wrong function, it's not 1/r it's 1/r^2 which makes him claim the radial solutions are not solutions but he's not entirely at fault here. What equation are you claiming the mistake is in? Rathke didn't read Mills papers closely enough to realize that the given solutions are 2D solutions on the bubble, not 3D solutions of the Bubble. The bubble itself would be a 2D feature in 3D space. A valid equation has to describe the bubble this way. This isn't a problem, because the dirac delta keeps everything confined to the 2D surface. Confusing interpretations don't matter anyway, not when we have solid math. Are you saying that one of equation 1, 5, or 6 isn't Mills' equation? Otherwise there is no issue here, and it is clear Rathke understands that the solution only exists on a 2D surface. I believe the radial solution is really just the delta function which works perfectly well in the wave equation. Try it yourself. The 1/r2 is a constant on a fixed radius and should be written as 1/(r_n)^2 . Yes, Mills could have been more clear here. Still doesn't work. Maybe you tried calculating it for δ(r) instead of δ(r - rn). Thirdly, Rathke makes a fundamental sign error that leads him to conclude angular eq. 6 is not a solution. That's a rather big deal because his conclusion is based on that. Where is this sign error? I don't see it. Equation 16 in Rathke's paper is the wrong function. You were correct, I used delta(r) and that doesn't work. Now I believe Mills arrives at the bubble by construction and logic, not as a solution of the classical 3D wave equation directly. Also, there would then be a problem with divergence as there would be zeros in the denominator which has 1/(r-r_n) terms. But of course if one evaluates the radial part first, then it trivially solves the radial Laplacian since there are is no r dependence at all. So now I think the solutions should, be written without the delta function, just constants/(r_n)^2. His solutions are solutions of the 2D wave equation. Mills solves for r_n by what he calls a Force balance equation. Rathke does claim Mills angular solutions can't work but Mills morphs the 2D angular equation into the famous rigid rotator equation with know solutions being the Ylm functions. Equation 9 in Rathke's paper should have a negative sign. It does in Mills' book and papers. See chapter 1 of Mills free book, page 63. Thanks for the discussion. http://brilliantlightpower.com/book-download-and-streaming/ Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/27/2017 02:59 am Now I believe Mills arrives at the bubble by construction and logic, not as a solution of the classical 3D wave equation directly. To me this is the only sentence that really matters in your post. This is an admission that Mills' theory is inconsistent. I could discuss the rest of your post, but what really matters is that his proposed solutions are not consistent with quantum mechanics or his modified theory. What is left is equations that he has pulled out of thin air, based on what you call "logic." Without a consistent theory though, this "logic" really just consists of making things up, and there are many simpler explanations for any of the experimental results that have been seen so far. Let me know if Mills ever responds to criticism by actually improving his theory and fixing flaws in it rather than using lots of words as a distraction to pretend there is no issue. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/27/2017 05:03 pm Now I believe Mills arrives at the bubble by construction and logic, not as a solution of the classical 3D wave equation directly. To me this is the only sentence that really matters in your post. This is an admission that Mills' theory is inconsistent. I could discuss the rest of your post, but what really matters is that his proposed solutions are not consistent with quantum mechanics or his modified theory. What is left is equations that he has pulled out of thin air, based on what you call "logic." Without a consistent theory though, this "logic" really just consists of making things up, and there are many simpler explanations for any of the experimental results that have been seen so far. Let me know if Mills ever responds to criticism by actually improving his theory and fixing flaws in it rather than using lots of words as a distraction to pretend there is no issue. Mills informed me that he did not use the wave equation directly to solve the electron function but instead solved the rotational dynamics from the electron solution derived using Maxwell’s equations. He also stated that Rathke was solving a non existent problem. Just to be clear, I don't know Mills personally and all my exchanges with him are in the context of a discussion group online like this discussion with you. His answers are always terse and I can't claim to always know exactly what he means. I did not say Mills' theory is inconsistent but I am working on my understanding of his derivation and I encourage you to look at Mills' derivations yourself instead of relying on my thoughts which are imperfect and incomplete. I pointed you to the source and it's free. Until you do so you cannot know whether it really is inconsistent or not. Also, consistency is certainly desirable for any theory, it is not a necessary conditions for a theory to accurately describe nature. Also, of course Mills theory is inconsistent with quantum Mechanics, that's Mills whole point, quantum mechanics is fatally flawed in his view. Being 'inconsistent' with quantum mechanics isn't wrong unless you predefined the issue that way as either a new theory is entirely a form of quantum mechanics or it's wrong. Schrodinger invented a new equation to solve, without proof it was correct. It was constructed to get the right energy levels. It works great very simple systems. Mills has his own method. It seems to work even better for more complex systems. It occurs to me that the radial part of the electron solutions could not solely be derived from a classical wave equation without any information about EM interactions included but the angular parts can as Mills has shown its equivalent to the rigid rotator equation. What I would like to do now is to fully understand how Mills postulated his 2D electron function and understand what if any differential equation can be hypothesized which gives both the discreet radial solutions and the angular solutions together as the Schrodinger equation does and show if that is equivalent to Mills' process. It is my belief that Mills would benefit by recasting his theory and derivations in a format closer to what people are used to with the Schrodinger equation. Thanks again for the discussion. Any inputs would be helpful. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 06/27/2017 05:12 pm What puzzles me even more than hydrino, is why, after 8 years, the moderators haven't deleted this thread. If there is anything to this power source, then it certainly has space based applications. Compact heat and electrical power sources are critical to cheaper deep space utilization. I don't know if there's anything to this or not. So many times with too many miracle power sources it has been bait and switch. I remain open to seeing what will happen. More realistic sources like Helion or LPP don't make claims as fantastic as BLP or Rossi, and there really is not much to say about them. Other fusion attempts like Wendelstein, ITER, or General are just too large to have much applicable use near-term, even if they were suddenly working tomorrow. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/27/2017 05:46 pm Mills told me that he did not use the wave equation to solve the electron function but instead solved the rotational dynamics from the electron solution derived using Maxwell’s equations. Maxwells equations do not predict discrete energy states., you need a quantum-like thory to do that and apparently Mills has none and is basically just making things up. I did not say Mills' theory is inconsistent, But I'm working on my understanding of his derivation and I encourage you to look at Mills' derivations yourself instead of relying on my thoughts which are imperfect and incomplete. I pointed you to the source and it's free. I glanced through his stuff, but it basically looks like complete nonsense. He rejects quantum and then uses results from quantum, and just as you described, he has no consistent theory to tie it together. Much of what he does is inconsistent and baseless. Also, of course Mills theory is inconsistent with quantum Mechanics, that's Mills whole point, quantum mechanics is fatally flawed in his view. Being 'inconsistent' with quantum mechanics isn't wrong unless you predefined the issue that way as either a new theory is entirely a form of quantum mechanics or it's wrong. It is okay for a theory to be inconsistent with quantum if it produces results consistent with what is experimentally known about quantum. It is apparent from this discussion and looking at Mills' work that he doesn't even have a theory, and his claims are not consistent with known experimental results. Schrodinger invented a new equation to solve, without proof it was correct. It works ok for very simple systems. Mills has his own method. It seems to work even better for more complex systems. This is just willful ignorance on your part at this point. Quantum is hard to solve for complex systems, but there isn't any system that quantum is known to be inaccurate for (within its range of applicability, we have extensions of quantum to account for special relativity, which Mills just ignores while claiming his is better.) There is no support for claiming that Mills' theory is better, especially when it doesn't even describe simple systems right. For example, images have been made of the hydrogen atom wavefunction (source) (https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.213001) While that appears to be a new technique, there have been other experiments in the past that also provide agreement with quantum descriptions of orbitals. Also, there is an over reliance on theory and it's so-called consistency which misleads some to reject good data over bad theory. That's really a shame. When the theory is bad, it can't explain the data, and other explanations for the data need to be looked at. If Mills discovered anything, it isn't a hydrino. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/27/2017 05:59 pm What puzzles me even more than hydrino, is why, after 8 years, the moderators haven't deleted this thread. If there is anything to this power source, then it certainly has space based applications. Compact heat and electrical power sources are critical to cheaper deep space utilization. I don't know if there's anything to this or not. So many times with too many miracle power sources it has been bait and switch. I remain open to seeing what will happen. More realistic sources like Helion or LPP don't make claims as fantastic as BLP or Rossi, and there really is not much to say about them. Other fusion attempts like Wendelstein, ITER, or General are just too large to have much applicable use near-term, even if they were suddenly working tomorrow. It would be useful especially where water was available. It could provide high power to lift off the earth if devices were to be primarily powered by electrical means and not chemical thrust such as the EMDrive or MEGA thrusters. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 06/27/2017 06:39 pm I glanced through his stuff, but it basically looks like complete nonsense. He rejects quantum and then uses results from quantum, and just as you described, he has no consistent theory to tie it together. Much of what he does is inconsistent and baseless. It doesn't help that his mathematics is so terribly flawed that sometimes I don't even understand what he is claiming. A big part of the problem seems to be that his terminology is often at odds with what is commonly used in mathematics. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/27/2017 06:54 pm Mills told me that he did not use the wave equation to solve the electron function but instead solved the rotational dynamics from the electron solution derived using Maxwell’s equations. Maxwells equations do not predict discrete energy states., you need a quantum-like thory to do that and apparently Mills has none and is basically just making things up. I did not say Mills' theory is inconsistent, But I'm working on my understanding of his derivation and I encourage you to look at Mills' derivations yourself instead of relying on my thoughts which are imperfect and incomplete. I pointed you to the source and it's free. I glanced through his stuff, but it basically looks like complete nonsense. He rejects quantum and then uses results from quantum, and just as you described, he has no consistent theory to tie it together. Much of what he does is inconsistent and baseless. Also, of course Mills theory is inconsistent with quantum Mechanics, that's Mills whole point, quantum mechanics is fatally flawed in his view. Being 'inconsistent' with quantum mechanics isn't wrong unless you predefined the issue that way as either a new theory is entirely a form of quantum mechanics or it's wrong. It is okay for a theory to be inconsistent with quantum if it produces results consistent with what is experimentally known about quantum. It is apparent from this discussion and looking at Mills' work that he doesn't even have a theory, and his claims are not consistent with known experimental results. Schrodinger invented a new equation to solve, without proof it was correct. It works ok for very simple systems. Mills has his own method. It seems to work even better for more complex systems. This is just willful ignorance on your part at this point. Quantum is hard to solve for complex systems, but there isn't any system that quantum is known to be inaccurate for (within its range of applicability, we have extensions of quantum to account for special relativity, which Mills just ignores while claiming his is better.) There is no support for claiming that Mills' theory is better, especially when it doesn't even describe simple systems right. For example, images have been made of the hydrogen atom wavefunction (source) (https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.213001) While that appears to be a new technique, there have been other experiments in the past that also provide agreement with quantum descriptions of orbitals. Also, there is an over reliance on theory and it's so-called consistency which misleads some to reject good data over bad theory. That's really a shame. When the theory is bad, it can't explain the data, and other explanations for the data need to be looked at. If Mills discovered anything, it isn't a hydrino. Of course, it depends on what you mean by quantum. Schrodingers equation does a very poor job with the ground state of Helium. HF methods give close numbers but amount to curve fitting with many arbitrary basis functions. Mills model does describe simple systems correctly and more complex systems within reasonable errors much easier. I included some pages showing Mills' model excited states of Helium calculations. The image paper doesn't resolve anything. Mills model has the same complex patterns projected on the bubble which would show up by microscopy techniques. Mills shows the same thing. There is nothing particularly 'quantum' about these functions, they show up many places in classical physics too. Even if you considered Mills model as just an 'engineering' model, it still would be highly useful. Mills is hard. It takes more than glancing. If the SunCell is developed and deployed, that should convince you Mills did discover something real even if you don't like his math. P.S. It's not Mills theory, but classical physics can now reproduce those weird 'quantum' phenomenon including tunneling and double slit experiments and even quantum orbital patterns. Nature may indeed be deterministic and not probabilistic at its core. Electrons may indeed be small classical systems as Mills believes. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WIyTZDHuarQ Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/27/2017 07:00 pm I glanced through his stuff, but it basically looks like complete nonsense. He rejects quantum and then uses results from quantum, and just as you described, he has no consistent theory to tie it together. Much of what he does is inconsistent and baseless. It doesn't help that his mathematics is so terribly flawed that sometimes I don't even understand what he is claiming. A big part of the problem seems to be that his terminology is often at odds with what is commonly used in mathematics. Mills is very hard to understand and he uses his own way to describe things. It's different, difficult but not necessarily wrong or flawed. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/27/2017 07:55 pm Of course, it depends on what you mean by quantum. Schrodingers equation does a very poor job with the ground state of Helium. Simply false, please stop making things up. HF methods amount to curve fitting with many arbitrary basis functions. The solutions to the Schrodinger equation generally can't be written in elementary functions, so scientists use approximate methods to do some analysis, but this has no bearing on the actual solution. Mills model does describe simple systems correct. The image paper doesn't resolve anything. Mills model has the same complex patterns projected on the bubble which would show up by microscopy techniques. Mills shows the same thing. Even if you considered Mills model as just an 'engineering' model, it still would be useful. Mills claims the electrons live on fixed radius spheres. The data shows this is untrue. The pictures that you attached do not seem consistent with his claims, but do seem consistent with standard quantum. This is where it seems like he is making things up so badly that it is hard to see how he could do so without realizing that his statements are straight up false. This is why people start thinking about words like "fraud." Mills is hard. It takes more than glancing. See what as58 said. Mills' theory is basically a bunch of non-sequiters, it isn't worth more than a glance. If the SunCell is developed and deployed, that should convince you Mills did discover something real even if you don't like his math. And that something would still almost certainly not be the hydrino. P.S. It's not Mills theory, but classical physics can now reproduce those weird 'quantum' phenomenon including tunneling and double slit experiments and even quantum orbital patterns. Nature may indeed be deterministic and not probabilistic at its core. Electrons may indeed be small classical systems as Mills believes. You seem to entirely misunderstand everything you just referred to. Analogous classical systems help make the quantum seem less weird to human intuition, but don't make quantum be equivalent to classical. Whether quantum is deterministic or probabilistic is undetermined, but phenomena like entanglement, which is clearly demonstrated in tests of Bell's inequality, show that quantum effects are very real in a way no classical theory could describe. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/28/2017 07:11 pm Of course, it depends on what you mean by quantum. Schrodingers equation does a very poor job with the ground state of Helium. Simply false, please stop making things up. HF methods amount to curve fitting with many arbitrary basis functions. The solutions to the Schrodinger equation generally can't be written in elementary functions, so scientists use approximate methods to do some analysis, but this has no bearing on the actual solution. Mills model does describe simple systems correct. The image paper doesn't resolve anything. Mills model has the same complex patterns projected on the bubble which would show up by microscopy techniques. Mills shows the same thing. Even if you considered Mills model as just an 'engineering' model, it still would be useful. Mills claims the electrons live on fixed radius spheres. The data shows this is untrue. The pictures that you attached do not seem consistent with his claims, but do seem consistent with standard quantum. This is where it seems like he is making things up so badly that it is hard to see how he could do so without realizing that his statements are straight up false. This is why people start thinking about words like "fraud." Mills is hard. It takes more than glancing. See what as58 said. Mills' theory is basically a bunch of non-sequiters, it isn't worth more than a glance. If the SunCell is developed and deployed, that should convince you Mills did discover something real even if you don't like his math. And that something would still almost certainly not be the hydrino. P.S. It's not Mills theory, but classical physics can now reproduce those weird 'quantum' phenomenon including tunneling and double slit experiments and even quantum orbital patterns. Nature may indeed be deterministic and not probabilistic at its core. Electrons may indeed be small classical systems as Mills believes. You seem to entirely misunderstand everything you just referred to. Analogous classical systems help make the quantum seem less weird to human intuition, but don't make quantum be equivalent to classical. Whether quantum is deterministic or probabilistic is undetermined, but phenomena like entanglement, which is clearly demonstrated in tests of Bell's inequality, show that quantum effects are very real in a way no classical theory could describe. Quantum and Classical are invented distinctions while Nature just is. Since once purely quantum phenomenon are now known to have classical analogues, I wouldn't be surprised if even entanglement has macroscopic analogues too. Mills' claims his model can explain all quantum effects including so-called entanglement. So no, I didn't misunderstand what I read. Mills isn't the only neo-Classicist. But of quantum theories, at least the deBroglie- Bohm version of is based in reality. Regarding the issue of computing, one can make errors small with wavefunctions made of dozens of parameters that you make up but it's a mathematically absurd wavefunction that takes enormous work to compute. Mills can get close on one page with exact functions which indicates he may have a better model. They are all models. Regarding the previous discussion on the classical wave equation and the demand that Mills solutions pop out of it, it occurred to me that in thinking of the physics of bubbles, soap bubbles exist, surface waves can exist on the bubbles which are the solution to the classical wave equation yet we don't demand the bubble pop out of the classical wave equation, we construct the bubble by other means, a balance between pressure and tension exactly as Mills has done. No one has seen an electron. Even if it's confined to a 2D surface, the field is not and interacts with the measuring device. You would see the field intensity in space not the physical electron surface. As recently as twenty years ago I've heard a known chemist adamantly claim big atoms are mushy undefined things that have to be measured to be defined and can never be moved around by a probe because of their insistence on quantum fuzziness. Of course no one says that now because evidence has debunked that. Would your world explode if major scientists confirmed it was hydrino's? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 06/28/2017 07:35 pm It seems that Mills for some (philosophical?) reason doesn't like quantum mechanics and from his writing it's clear that he doesn't understand it either. So he postulates a sort of Bohr model which, however, goes to 1/137. That would impress even Tufnel. Too bad no-one except Mills and his associates has observed the fractional states. Mills' theory checks virtually every box on crackpot checklist. His marketing, however, is second to none. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/28/2017 07:48 pm It seems that Mills for some (philosophical?) reason doesn't like quantum mechanics and from his writing it's clear that he doesn't understand it either. So he postulates a sort of Bohr model which, however, goes to 1/137. That would impress even Tufnel. Too bad no-one except Mills and his associates has observed the fractional states. Mills' theory checks virtually every box on crackpot checklist. His marketing, however, is second to none. He doesn't like it because he figured out that he could solve the atom classically. There is no crackpot checklist that has any merit. I think Mills understands QM and everything else far far more that you think. It's not a Bohr model. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/28/2017 07:51 pm Mills' claims his model can explain all quantum effects including so-called entanglement. As we already covered, he doesn't actually have a model. This claim has no basis. So no, I didn't misunderstand what I read. Mills isn't the only neo-Classicist. But of quantum theories, at least the deBroglie- Bohm version of is based in reality. Not relevant, and deBroglie-Bohm is quantum, not classical, it has particles as waves, discrete states and follows the Schrodinger equation. In fact as far as I know, there is no known experimentally determinable difference from probabilistic interpretations. Regarding the issue of computing, one can make errors small with wavefunctions made of dozens of parameters that you make up but it's a mathematically absurd wavefunction that takes enormous work to compute. Mills can get close on one page with exact functions which indicates he may have a better model. They are all models. How much work it takes to compute is irrelevant. When you go to the Schrodinger equation, there aren't dozens of parameters, and it is not mathematically absurd. You might as well complain about how may terms an expansion needs to accurately represent pi. Mills can't do what you said, because he doesn't derive anything, he has no model from which to do so. Regarding the previous discussion on the classical wave equation and the demand that Mills solutions pop out of it, it occurred to me that in thinking of the physics of bubbles, soap bubbles exist, surface waves can exist on the bubbles which are the solution to the classical wave equation yet we don't demand the bubble pop out of the classical wave equation, we construct the bubble by other means, a balance between pressure and tension exactly as Mills has done. So many things wrong with that... -The pressure and tension equations would be equivalent to a wave equation. -Even if there is another way to calculate it, it still has to be consistent. -Mills' solution has to come from somewhere, or it isn't a solution, just a made up equation -When Mills provides an equation, and a solution, and the solution doesn't fit the equation, his theory collapses. Would your world explode if major scientists confirmed it was hydrino's? Would yours if Mills admitted that he has no theory or real evidence for hydrinos? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/28/2017 08:05 pm It seems that Mills for some (philosophical?) reason doesn't like quantum mechanics and from his writing it's clear that he doesn't understand it either. So he postulates a sort of Bohr model which, however, goes to 1/137. That would impress even Tufnel. Too bad no-one except Mills and his associates has observed the fractional states. Mills' theory checks virtually every box on crackpot checklist. His marketing, however, is second to none. He doesn't like it because he figured out that he could solve the atom classically. There is no crackpot checklist that has any merit. I think Mills understands QM and everything else far far more that you think. It's not a Bohr model. It doesn't matter what you think, I know that Mills either doesn't understand quantum or is straight up lying in his book. He has a full page of "issues" with quantum mechanics that can at best be described as ignorant. The simplest is where he complains about Lorentz invariance, when Schrodinger's equation has always been the non-relativistic limit, and we have versions that are compatible with special relativity. Responding to most of the rest require actually explaining QM, which would be hard enough even in a better medium and if you were willing to listen. Edit: typos Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 06/28/2017 08:46 pm There is no crackpot checklist that has any merit. Oh, I don't know about that. There's some very good crackpot checklists out there. A Measure for Crackpots, by Fred J. Gruenberger, is a classic. http://www.rand.org/pubs/papers/P2678.html John Baez' Crackpot Index is well known, too. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/crackpot.html Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/28/2017 10:51 pm http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/theory/GUT-CP-2016-Ed-Volume1-Web.pdf At page 281 and onwards, Mills says he explains electron interference by his theory. I read the explanation very carefully. For a second, allow any "weird" explanations, however different they may be from mainstream theory. Electrons as flat flying membranes and all that. Something important is missing in that wall of text. He does not explain why it is impossible to prevent diffraction pattern from appearing by shooting electrons one at a time, and keeping their momentum and direction exactly the same. Think about this. Generally, he claims that quantum physics is bogus, there is no Heisenberg principle, etc. Basically, he claims that classical physics is valid on all scales. But if that would be true, shooting electrons with exactly the same parameters at two slits must be possible. And since in classical physics repeated experiments with fixed starting conditions must give the same result every time, then every electron must hit the screen in exactly the same spot. No interference pattern should appear. (In real experiments, it is not possible to maintain _exactly_ the same conditions - but you can approximate it. Pumping out air, using purer materials, cooling the apparatus to near zero kelvins, etc. As you reduce variability, the spread of electrons hitting the screen should quickly decrease). That's historically where classical physics failed, and after a lot of head scratching QM was born. If "QM is bogus", then he needs to give an alternative explanation why diffraction pattern appears. He simply *does not do that*! The wall of text is probably the method to hide this fact. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/29/2017 07:17 am There is no crackpot checklist that has any merit. Summarily dismissing all crackpot checklists should itself surely be an item on a crackpot checklist. :-) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ppnl on 06/29/2017 07:21 am Holy crap on a cracker! I had heard of blacklight power but had never really looked into it. That book is a mass of twisted crap. Did anyone read his take on the Aspect experiments? I am stupider for having read it and my computer has lost 100mhz of speed just from showing it to me. The whole book seems to be sections of distorted science embedded in walls of text. According to Wiki some of that text is simply plagiarized from various physics books. I guess it had to be self published because no publisher would touch it. The combination of plagiarism and the specific way the science is distorted make me think fraud rather than self deception. If so then his book is really a work of art that has earned him tens of millions. But maybe the best con men are able to become true believers. If the corruption goes deep enough there may be no useful difference between a con and self deception. The plagiarism was pointed out some time ago. I wonder if it has been removed. If it has ok but if not... those are some pretty big brass ones. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/29/2017 07:29 am The version of the two slit experiment that really puts the final nail in the coffin of any attempt to explain it with a non-quantum theory is the one where a laser is set up to cross both slits and measure when the electron goes through. If the wavelength of the laser is such that it's possible to tell which slit the electron went through, the diffraction pattern disappears, but if the wavelength of the laser is such that it's not possible to tell which slit the electron went through, the diffraction pattern reappears. It's really, really hard to explain that one without concluding that the diffraction pattern is intrinsically linked with whether or not the information about which slit it went through is being captured. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ppnl on 06/29/2017 10:46 am The version of the two slit experiment that really puts the final nail in the coffin of any attempt to explain it with a non-quantum theory is the one where a laser is set up to cross both slits and measure when the electron goes through. If the wavelength of the laser is such that it's possible to tell which slit the electron went through, the diffraction pattern disappears, but if the wavelength of the laser is such that it's not possible to tell which slit the electron went through, the diffraction pattern reappears. It's really, really hard to explain that one without concluding that the diffraction pattern is intrinsically linked with whether or not the information about which slit it went through is being captured. If you look at page 1635 he uses this to argue that QM is wrong and his classical theory must be right. Perverse beyond all measure I know. But there it is. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/29/2017 01:08 pm http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/theory/GUT-CP-2016-Ed-Volume3-Web.pdf Page 1540: special relativity is invalid because... energy is not a conserved quantity when you change to a different reference frame! LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOL :D Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/29/2017 01:15 pm Guys, did you know that gluons are "heavy photons"?! And these "heavy photons" manage to somehow keep proton from falling apart despite a very large electrostatic repulsion between two up-quarks with +2/3 charge. (Since Mills posits that all bound quarks are infinitely thin rotating spheres of the same diameter, and they are co-located in a proton, the repulsion must actually be infinitely strong). No explanation is offered why three-quark bound systems are possible but, say, two-quark systems are not, and why free quarks are never seen. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ppnl on 06/29/2017 02:43 pm Did you read about the twin paradox? Apparently absolute frames do exist but each particle has its own absolute frame that depends on what frame it was created in. So two particles apparently motionless with respect to each other can have vastly different kinetic energy. And apparently this is proved by the fact that quasars have no time dilation. Man this stuff is comedy gold. Forget hydrinos. They are the least wrong and least interesting thing in the book. And least funny. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/29/2017 03:03 pm It seems that Mills for some (philosophical?) reason doesn't like quantum mechanics and from his writing it's clear that he doesn't understand it either. So he postulates a sort of Bohr model which, however, goes to 1/137. That would impress even Tufnel. Too bad no-one except Mills and his associates has observed the fractional states. Mills' theory checks virtually every box on crackpot checklist. His marketing, however, is second to none. He doesn't like it because he figured out that he could solve the atom classically. There is no crackpot checklist that has any merit. I think Mills understands QM and everything else far far more that you think. It's not a Bohr model. It doesn't matter what you think, I know that Mills either doesn't understand quantum or is straight up lying in his book. He has a full page of "issues" with quantum mechanics that can at best be described as ignorant. The simplest is where he complains about Lorentz invariance, when Schrodinger's equation has always been the non-relativistic limit, and we have versions that are compatible with special relativity. Responding to most of the rest require actually explaining QM, which would be hard enough even in a better medium and if you were willing to listen. Edit: typos Mills' points remains valid. You presume I don't comprehend QM but I was a physics graduate student so I have studied it. The bigger point is that explaining QM doesn't negate Mills' theory because it's simple not QM. "It violates quantum mechanics!" is not a valid criticism. It's designed to do just. That. It's a neo-classical model. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/29/2017 03:09 pm Holy crap on a cracker! I had heard of blacklight power but had never really looked into it. That book is a mass of twisted crap. Did anyone read his take on the Aspect experiments? I am stupider for having read it and my computer has lost 100mhz of speed just from showing it to me. The whole book seems to be sections of distorted science embedded in walls of text. According to Wiki some of that text is simply plagiarized from various physics books. I guess it had to be self published because no publisher would touch it. The combination of plagiarism and the specific way the science is distorted make me think fraud rather than self deception. If so then his book is really a work of art that has earned him tens of millions. But maybe the best con men are able to become true believers. If the corruption goes deep enough there may be no useful difference between a con and self deception. The plagiarism was pointed out some time ago. I wonder if it has been removed. If it has ok but if not... those are some pretty big brass ones. It was an extended quote and Mills should have been clearer in that but it's been fixed. Wiki is hopelessly out of date and willfully hostile, deleting any confirming data or papers while highlighting all the criticisms. The editors of Wiki should be sued for bias. Even if Mills was wrong, wiki is not a credible or fair source of information. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/29/2017 03:19 pm Did you read about the twin paradox? Apparently absolute frames do exist but each particle has its own absolute frame that depends on what frame it was created in. So two particles apparently motionless with respect to each other can have vastly different kinetic energy. And apparently this is proved by the fact that quasars have no time dilation. Man this stuff is comedy gold. Forget hydrinos. They are the least wrong and least interesting thing in the book. And least funny. I think you misunderstand Mills ideas which is easy for casual critics to do when they parse the book just looking for errors. I'm not claiming even I agree with every idea Mills has but even the great scientists are not 100% right all the time. But the evidence shows he's right about hydrino's and his atomic model works very well. I listed as proof the Helium excited states which Mills solves, about 100 states, in closed form with analytic expressions derived from his model all within a fraction of a percent error. The fact that you would even say hydrino's are the "least interesting" is telling. There are a lot of people who detest the idea because it would mean so many cherished concepts are wrong. Such an anti-science attitude. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/29/2017 03:24 pm http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/theory/GUT-CP-2016-Ed-Volume1-Web.pdf At page 281 and onwards, Mills says he explains electron interference by his theory. I read the explanation very carefully. For a second, allow any "weird" explanations, however different they may be from mainstream theory. Electrons as flat flying membranes and all that. Something important is missing in that wall of text. He does not explain why it is impossible to prevent diffraction pattern from appearing by shooting electrons one at a time, and keeping their momentum and direction exactly the same. Think about this. Generally, he claims that quantum physics is bogus, there is no Heisenberg principle, etc. Basically, he claims that classical physics is valid on all scales. But if that would be true, shooting electrons with exactly the same parameters at two slits must be possible. And since in classical physics repeated experiments with fixed starting conditions must give the same result every time, then every electron must hit the screen in exactly the same spot. No interference pattern should appear. (In real experiments, it is not possible to maintain _exactly_ the same conditions - but you can approximate it. Pumping out air, using purer materials, cooling the apparatus to near zero kelvins, etc. As you reduce variability, the spread of electrons hitting the screen should quickly decrease). That's historically where classical physics failed, and after a lot of head scratching QM was born. If "QM is bogus", then he needs to give an alternative explanation why diffraction pattern appears. He simply *does not do that*! The wall of text is probably the method to hide this fact. Classical explanations at the time failed, but classical physics doesn't fail as Mills has shown 100 years too late. Mills believes everything we call quantum is real but explainable with a model valid on all scales and classically based. He isn't denying the reality of what we discovered and call quantum phenomenon at all. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/29/2017 03:35 pm http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/theory/GUT-CP-2016-Ed-Volume3-Web.pdf Page 1540: special relativity is invalid because... energy is not a conserved quantity when you change to a different reference frame! LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOL :D Kinetic energy isn't a conserved quantity between reference frames. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/29/2017 03:39 pm There is no crackpot checklist that has any merit. Summarily dismissing all crackpot checklists should itself surely be an item on a crackpot checklist. :-) The lists I've seen are tongue in cheek. For instance, one said if Einstein is even mentioned, that means the person is a crackpot. That was one of the ones linked , and go read # 8 again, it doesn't say "Einstein." It doesn't matter what you think, I know that Mills either doesn't understand quantum or is straight up lying in his book. He has a full page of "issues" with quantum mechanics that can at best be described as ignorant. The simplest is where he complains about Lorentz invariance, when Schrodinger's equation has always been the non-relativistic limit, and we have versions that are compatible with special relativity. Responding to most of the rest require actually explaining QM, which would be hard enough even in a better medium and if you were willing to listen. Edit: typos Mills' points remains valid. You presume I don't comprehend QM but I was a physics graduate student so I have studied it. The bigger point is that explaining QM doesn't negate Mills' theory because it's simple not QM. "It violates quantum mechanics!" is not a valid criticism. It's designed to do just. That. It's a neo-classical model. The major complaint is that it violates experiments that confirm quantum effects. None of what you said indicates comprehension of my post, let alone quantum, and if you think Mill's complaints about quantum are in any way valid, you don't understand quantum. It is notable that you didn't bother answering my simple takedown of one of his complaints. Wiki is hopelessly out of date and willfully hostile, deleting any confirming data or papers while highlighting all the criticisms. The editors of Wiki should be sued for bias. Outright false statements. It has been well established in this thread that there are no confirming data or papers for them to delete, or you would have shared them already. Even if Mills was wrong, wiki is not a credible or fair source of information. Which is why you look at the sources. But the evidence shows he's right about hydrino's and his atomic model works very well. I listed as proof the Helium excited states which Mills solves, about 100 states, in closed form with analytic expressions derived from his model all within a fraction of a percent error. You have claimed he has done so, but provided no evidence. Is it buried somewhere in that book? There are a lot of people who detest the idea because it would mean so many cherished concepts are wrong. Such an anti-science attitude. No, they detest the idea, because as evidenced by the ridiculous number of blatantly wrong statements in Mills' book, it might be one of the most anti-science things ever written. That's historically where classical physics failed, and after a lot of head scratching QM was born. If "QM is bogus", then he needs to give an alternative explanation why diffraction pattern appears. He simply *does not do that*! The wall of text is probably the method to hide this fact. Classical explanations at the time failed, but classical physics doesn't fail as Mills has shown 100 years too late. Mills believes everything we call quantum is real but explainable with a model valid on all scales and classically based. He isn't denying the reality of what we discovered and call quantum phenomenon at all. Read the last part of gospacex's post again. The problem is that despite the wall of text, he never actually offers an alternative explanation. http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/theory/GUT-CP-2016-Ed-Volume3-Web.pdf Page 1540: special relativity is invalid because... energy is not a conserved quantity when you change to a different reference frame! LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOL :D Kinetic energy isn't a conserved quantity between reference frames. That is the point. Mills tries to use that fact as an argument against relativity, which is silly, especially considering it isn't conserved classically either. Edit: ironic typo in Einstein. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/29/2017 04:18 pm There is no crackpot checklist that has any merit. Summarily dismissing all crackpot checklists should itself surely be an item on a crackpot checklist. :-) The lists I've seen are tongue in cheek. For instance, one said if Einstein is even mentioned, that means the person is a crackpot. That was one of the ones linked , and go read # 8 again, it doesn't say "Einstein." It doesn't matter what you think, I know that Mills either doesn't understand quantum or is straight up lying in his book. He has a full page of "issues" with quantum mechanics that can at best be described as ignorant. The simplest is where he complains about Lorentz invariance, when Schrodinger's equation has always been the non-relativistic limit, and we have versions that are compatible with special relativity. Responding to most of the rest require actually explaining QM, which would be hard enough even in a better medium and if you were willing to listen. Edit: typos Mills' points remains valid. You presume I don't comprehend QM but I was a physics graduate student so I have studied it. The bigger point is that explaining QM doesn't negate Mills' theory because it's simple not QM. "It violates quantum mechanics!" is not a valid criticism. It's designed to do just. That. It's a neo-classical model. The major complaint is that it violates experiments that confirm quantum effects. None of what you said indicates comprehension of my post, let alone quantum, and if you think Mill's complaints about quantum are in any way valid, you don't understand quantum. It is notable that you didn't bother answering my simple takedown of one of his complaints. Wiki is hopelessly out of date and willfully hostile, deleting any confirming data or papers while highlighting all the criticisms. The editors of Wiki should be sued for bias. Outright false statements. It has been well established in this thread that there are no confirming data or papers for them to delete, or you would have shared them already. Even if Mills was wrong, wiki is not a credible or fair source of information. Which is why you look at the sources. But the evidence shows he's right about hydrino's and his atomic model works very well. I listed as proof the Helium excited states which Mills solves, about 100 states, in closed form with analytic expressions derived from his model all within a fraction of a percent error. You have claimed he has done so, but provided no evidence. Is it buried somewhere in that book? There are a lot of people who detest the idea because it would mean so many cherished concepts are wrong. Such an anti-science attitude. No, they detest the idea, because as evidenced by the ridiculous number of blatantly wrong statements in Mills' book, it might be one of the most anti-science things ever written. That's historically where classical physics failed, and after a lot of head scratching QM was born. If "QM is bogus", then he needs to give an alternative explanation why diffraction pattern appears. He simply *does not do that*! The wall of text is probably the method to hide this fact. Classical explanations at the time failed, but classical physics doesn't fail as Mills has shown 100 years too late. Mills believes everything we call quantum is real but explainable with a model valid on all scales and classically based. He isn't denying the reality of what we discovered and call quantum phenomenon at all. Read the last part of gospacex's post again. The problem is that despite the wall of text, he never actually offers an alternative explanation. http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/theory/GUT-CP-2016-Ed-Volume3-Web.pdf Page 1540: special relativity is invalid because... energy is not a conserved quantity when you change to a different reference frame! LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOL :D Kinetic energy isn't a conserved quantity between reference frames. That is the point. Mills tries to use that fact as an argument against relativity, which is silly, especially considering it isn't conserved classically either. Edit: ironic typo in Einstein. "Which is why you look at the sources." Mills published a peer reviewed article in a major European journal in around 2011. The wiki site will not allow that reference to be listed. People put it up yet it disappears quickly. Why? Is it normal for a wiki page on a major topic to only allow references by critics and not references to the actual work? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: kenny008 on 06/29/2017 04:23 pm Can you PLEASE just post the source? A list of per-reviewed sources would make the last 3 pages unnecessary, as all of the questions would have already been answered. Doesn't that make more sense than just saying, "There are papers that nobody is allowed to see?" Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/29/2017 04:33 pm "Which is why you look at the sources." Mills published a peer reviewed article in a major European journal in around 2011. The wiki site will not allow that reference to be listed. People put it up yet it disappears quickly. Why? Is it normal for a wiki page on a major topic to only allow references by critics and not references to the actual work? Good job finding the least relevant statement in my entire post to respond to. Wikipedia has a no original research policy so people can't post their own work. They point to some primary sources, like Mills' book, but these aren't preferred. A list of 20 sources from Mills' and 20 sources against Mills from different scientists and news media wouldn't be exactly balanced. If there were the mythical independent confirmations you keep referring to, but can't point to, that would be another story. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/29/2017 05:10 pm http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/theory/GUT-CP-2016-Ed-Volume1-Web.pdf At page 281 and onwards, Mills says he explains electron interference by his theory. I read the explanation very carefully. For a second, allow any "weird" explanations, however different they may be from mainstream theory. Electrons as flat flying membranes and all that. Something important is missing in that wall of text. He does not explain why it is impossible to prevent diffraction pattern from appearing by shooting electrons one at a time, and keeping their momentum and direction exactly the same. Think about this. Generally, he claims that quantum physics is bogus, there is no Heisenberg principle, etc. Basically, he claims that classical physics is valid on all scales. But if that would be true, shooting electrons with exactly the same parameters at two slits must be possible. And since in classical physics repeated experiments with fixed starting conditions must give the same result every time, then every electron must hit the screen in exactly the same spot. No interference pattern should appear. (In real experiments, it is not possible to maintain _exactly_ the same conditions - but you can approximate it. Pumping out air, using purer materials, cooling the apparatus to near zero kelvins, etc. As you reduce variability, the spread of electrons hitting the screen should quickly decrease). That's historically where classical physics failed, and after a lot of head scratching QM was born. If "QM is bogus", then he needs to give an alternative explanation why diffraction pattern appears. He simply *does not do that*! The wall of text is probably the method to hide this fact. Classical explanations at the time failed, but classical physics doesn't fail as Mills has shown 100 years too late. Mills believes everything we call quantum is real but explainable with a model valid on all scales and classically based. Double slit experiment is one of the experiments which lead to creation of QM. Contemporary theories couldn't explain it. QM wasn't born on a whim - it was created because this experiment (and a few others) was not explainable by what we had before. If someone wants to propose an alternative theory (which by itself is not a wrong thing to do), then this person must give a satisfactory explanation of observed results of double slit experiment. Specifically, the version of the experiment where electrons with fixed energy and momentum are shot at double slit, _one at a time_. The observed behavior is that diffraction pattern appears, and it is not reduced by increasingly stringent efforts to maintain the same energy and momentum of the electrons. Same should be done of several other early 20 century experiments which also lead to QM, such as triple Stern-Gerlach (which demonstrates that spin components along different axes do not have simultaneously definite values) - they all should be explained. If this is not done, then this "new theory" is demonstrably worse than QM. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/30/2017 12:27 am http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/theory/GUT-CP-2016-Ed-Volume1-Web.pdf At page 281 and onwards, Mills says he explains electron interference by his theory. I read the explanation very carefully. For a second, allow any "weird" explanations, however different they may be from mainstream theory. Electrons as flat flying membranes and all that. Something important is missing in that wall of text. He does not explain why it is impossible to prevent diffraction pattern from appearing by shooting electrons one at a time, and keeping their momentum and direction exactly the same. Think about this. Generally, he claims that quantum physics is bogus, there is no Heisenberg principle, etc. Basically, he claims that classical physics is valid on all scales. But if that would be true, shooting electrons with exactly the same parameters at two slits must be possible. And since in classical physics repeated experiments with fixed starting conditions must give the same result every time, then every electron must hit the screen in exactly the same spot. No interference pattern should appear. (In real experiments, it is not possible to maintain _exactly_ the same conditions - but you can approximate it. Pumping out air, using purer materials, cooling the apparatus to near zero kelvins, etc. As you reduce variability, the spread of electrons hitting the screen should quickly decrease). That's historically where classical physics failed, and after a lot of head scratching QM was born. If "QM is bogus", then he needs to give an alternative explanation why diffraction pattern appears. He simply *does not do that*! The wall of text is probably the method to hide this fact. Classical explanations at the time failed, but classical physics doesn't fail as Mills has shown 100 years too late. Mills believes everything we call quantum is real but explainable with a model valid on all scales and classically based. Double slit experiment is one of the experiments which lead to creation of QM. Contemporary theories couldn't explain it. QM wasn't born on a whim - it was created because this experiment (and a few others) was not explainable by what we had before. If someone wants to propose an alternative theory (which by itself is not a wrong thing to do), then this person must give a satisfactory explanation of observed results of double slit experiment. Specifically, the version of the experiment where electrons with fixed energy and momentum are shot at double slit, _one at a time_. The observed behavior is that diffraction pattern appears, and it is not reduced by increasingly stringent efforts to maintain the same energy and momentum of the electrons. Same should be done of several other early 20 century experiments which also lead to QM, such as triple Stern-Gerlach (which demonstrates that spin components along different axes do not have simultaneously definite values) - they all should be explained. If this is not done, then this "new theory" is demonstrably worse than QM. Mills does that in chapter 8 volume 1 of his tome. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/30/2017 01:26 am Mills does that in chapter 8 volume 1 of his tome. gospacex read that section, and found no explanation. Quote Over time, the electron beam statistically produces a uniform distribution across the slits. (Here, the statistics are deterministic and local/causal unlike the quantum mechanical case.) There are many problems with what he writes in that section, but this one is notable for directly contradicting the experiment setup. Also, he claims that the underlying physics is deterministic, but does not state where the randomness comes from that is evident in the experiment. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/30/2017 05:52 am Let's test the "amazing" predictions of particle masses. The mm/me prediction is from page 3. #!/usr/bin/python from math import pi # Data from PDG 2017: a=0.0072973525664 # two last digits are +-17 mm=105.6583745 #+-0.0000024 MeV me=0.5109989461 #+-0.0000000031 MeV # Mills prediction formula for ratio of muon to electron mass: print (a**-2 / (2*pi))**(2.0/3) * (1 + 2*pi * a**2 / 2) / (1 + a/2) # Experimental value: print mm/me "a" is the fine structure constant. The above prints: 206.768279756 206.768282609 Looks good, eh? Well, the difference is in 8th significant digit, but PDG data error bars are such that the values have 9-10 significant digits. Thus, prediction is more than 3-sigma off. Look at the formula. Multiplicands like (1+N*a) can be used to "tweak" the value by about N% up, to tweak it down use (1-N*a) or use division instead of multiplication. Multiplicands of the form (1+N*a^2) tweak by much smaller amount, ~N*0.005%. To make it look more scientific, use N=2*pi instead of N=6 etc. So, start by choosing suitable approximate expression with a, pi, some powers. Then add "tweaking" multiplications until you arrive at a "prediction" which "matches" experimental data. His formula with two "tweaks" was good for 1998 data. I bet an "updated" formula will be used to better match 2017 data :D Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 06/30/2017 06:09 am Quote Over time, the electron beam statistically produces a uniform distribution across the slits. (Here, the statistics are deterministic and local/causal unlike the quantum mechanical case.) There are many problems with what he writes in that section, but this one is notable for directly contradicting the experiment setup. Also, he claims that the underlying physics is deterministic, but does not state where the randomness comes from that is evident in the experiment. If you have slight variations of the incoming trajectory of the particle, then you should expect slight variations in its outgoing trajectory. The randomness not only comes from the not-so-precise source of electrons, it also comes the not-so-stationary surfaces of atoms on the slit that are incessantly jiggling. We can see randomness of the former-kind with Plinko chips falling through an array of pegs on the Price is Right. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7DKxe_m1AM It is the most obvious source of randomness that one can hardly be blamed for not mentioning. Mills' approach to the double-split experiment is "realist" in the sense that there is both a particle (electron) and a wave (electromagnetic field), but one is not the other. It is similar in spirit to the justification of Bohmian mechanics over the Copenhagen interpretation.... https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIyTZDHuarQ (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIyTZDHuarQ) ....(while being quite different to both). In the case for Mills' model, the electron induces images on the slits, generating electromagnetic waves which then guide the electron, analogous to the otherwise very different theory of Bohm. Meanwhile, Bohmian mechanics advocates have trouble reconciling it with relativity. Mills rejects some aspects of relativity (https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/SocietyforClassicalPhysics/conversations/messages/12653) on experimental grounds (https://phys.org/news/2010-04-discovery-quasars-dont-dilation-mystifies.html). How? He speaks of a "particle production frame" for each particle. Furthermore, He claims that this can explain the quasar anomaly where newly-furnished particles near quasars are anomalously less time-dilated. Since the particles are newly-furnished when they are already inside the gravitational well, then they would not exhibit major overall time-dilation when compared to a particle that entered in the well from the outside. The reason? The latter would have accelerated greatly relative to its "particle production frame" and therefore subject to greater time dilation - not so much the former. Personally, I think the electromagnetic Schott term (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&q=%22schott+term%22) is responsible for time-dilation in the Lorentzian Ether and that its accumulation is also responsible for the light-speed barrier, and that (just maybe) deformation of Mills' "orbitspheres" towards a somewhat (frustrum-ish) egg-shaped geometry is responsible for Schott terms (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&q=%22schott+term%22) underpinning what we call "gravitational work". But hey, what do I know? But let's say that was right and Mills and Einstein were wrong about relativity. Then perhaps under the framework of the Relativity of Hendrik Lorentz (b. 1853 - d. 1928) we could construct an alternative and more valid derivation of the rest of Mills' theoretical predictions unaltered, including the non-radiation condition, energy levels, fine-structure, hyper-fine structure, Lamb shift, g-factor, functional groups, ionization energies, etc. all of which just so happen to be accurately predicted by Mills regardless of the issues I may have with his "relativity". If reading Mills' huge tome (http://brilliantlightpower.com/book-download-and-streaming/) or even his recent paper (http://brilliantlightpower.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/Hydrino-Blast-Power-Paper-060817.pdf) isn't your thing, a quick image search (https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=ic:gray&tbm=isch&q=hydrino+electron+volts+molecular) for line-drawn images for hydrino+electron+volts+molecular can reveal quite quickly the kinds of information tables, charts, equations, and diagrams that a likely supporter would be drawn to and spend quite a few minutes if not hours on feeling buzzed about. At least you would understand the mindset of the supporters a bit better. Regardless of who is right, there remains plenty left that has gone unchewed here. At the very least, we can look at the equations involved and see if the derivations can be expressed, or made better, in a prosaic way, perhaps leading to a new interpretation altogether. Mills' model is like a ship with multiple water-tight compartments. The question isn't if the hull is breached or not. The question is whether enough compartments are breached to sink the ship. To me, the ship still floats, albeit a bit rocky on some decks. It's good enough to stand on, but it might need to be anchored so that too much water isn't spilled over it. Sincerely, Kevin M. P.S. I recommend reading the paper "Radiation reaction and energy-momentum conservation" https://arxiv.org/pdf/1012.2846.pdf to learn more about the Schott terms (especially if you are researching the EM Drive). Quote "Radiation reaction and energy-momentum conservation" https://arxiv.org/pdf/1012.2846.pdf The purpose of this lecture was to discuss some subtle points associated with interpretation of the radiation reaction force. We have shown that the Lorentz-Dirac equation in classical electrodynamics describes the balance of three and not just two momenta: the mechanical momentum of the particle, the momentum of emitted radiation, and the momentum carried by the electromagnetic field bound to the charge. The total momentum is conserved, but this does not imply an instantaneous balance of the emitted momentum and that of the particle. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/30/2017 06:45 am Quote Over time, the electron beam statistically produces a uniform distribution across the slits. (Here, the statistics are deterministic and local/causal unlike the quantum mechanical case.) There are many problems with what he writes in that section, but this one is notable for directly contradicting the experiment setup. Also, he claims that the underlying physics is deterministic, but does not state where the randomness comes from that is evident in the experiment. If you have slight variations of the incoming trajectory of the particle, then you should expect slight variations in its outgoing trajectory. The randomness not only comes from the not-so-precise source of electrons, it also comes the not-so-stationary surfaces of atoms on the slit that are incessantly jiggling. We can see randomness of the former-kind with Plinko chips falling through an array of pegs on the Price is Right. It is the most obvious source of randomness that one can hardly be blamed for not mentioning. But why does it NEED to be there? Why can't there just be a better focused electron beam? Also, he talks about a "uniform distribution", when something like a gaussian would make sense. Mills' approach to the double-split experiment is "realist" in the sense that there is both a particle (electron) and a wave (electromagnetic field), but one is not the other. It is similar in spirit to the justification of Bohmian mechanics over the Copenhagen interpretation.... ....(while being quite different to both). In the case for Mills' model, the electron induces images on the slits, generating electromagnetic waves which then guide the electron, analogous to the otherwise very different theory of Bohm. Meanwhile, Bohmian mechanics advocates have trouble reconciling it with relativity. So basically, he shoves all of the quantum weirdness onto the photon, pretends that makes it less weird, and then hand waves that the electron follows the photon wave path. But this just sounds like another interpretation of quantum, when he supposedly rejects quantum. If it was formally written out, it would basically be a local hidden variable theory, which has been solidly disproven by tests of Bells' inequality. Mills rejects some aspects of relativity (https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/SocietyforClassicalPhysics/conversations/messages/12653) on experimental grounds (https://phys.org/news/2010-04-discovery-quasars-dont-dilation-mystifies.html). How? He speaks of a "particle production frame" for each particle. Furthermore, He claims that this can explain the quasar anomaly where newly-furnished particles near quasars are anomalously less time-dilated. Since the particles are newly-furnished when they are already inside the gravitational well, then they would not exhibit major overall time-dilation when compared to a particle that entered in the well from the outside. The reason? The latter would have accelerated greatly relative to its "particle production frame" and therefore subject to greater time dilation - not so much the former. That sounds great until you realize that the quasars are red shifted as expected, it is the periodicity of their brightness variations that is inconsistent. Even if there were no other issues with Mills' proposal, it is if anything worse at explaining the observed quasar behavior. Mills' model is like a ship with multiple water-tight compartments. The question isn't if the hull is breached or not. The question is whether enough compartments are breached to sink the ship. To me, the ship still floats, albeit a bit rocky on some decks. It's good enough to stand on, but it might need to be anchored so that too much water isn't spilled over it. As far as model and theory goes, it seems proper at this point to compare Mills' work to the current state of the Titanic. There is nothing left to be worth salvaging, Although going through the details of why it is wrong in some parts may be instructive. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 06/30/2017 07:03 am meberbs and gospacex, I'm really impressed that you took so much time and effort to go through Mills' book and explain some of the problems with it. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 06/30/2017 07:05 am Let's test the "amazing" predictions of particle masses. The mm/me prediction is from page 3. #!/usr/bin/python from math import pi # Data from PDG 2017: a=0.0072973525664 # two last digits are +-17 mm=105.6583745 #+-0.0000024 MeV me=0.5109989461 #+-0.0000000031 MeV # Mills prediction formula for ratio of muon to electron mass: print (a**-2 / (2*pi))**(2.0/3) * (1 + 2*pi * a**2 / 2) / (1 + a/2) # Experimental value: print mm/me "a" is the fine structure constant. The above prints: 206.768279756 206.768282609 Looks good, eh? Well, the difference is in 8th significant digit, but PDG data error bars are such that the values have 9-10 significant digits. Thus, prediction is more than 3-sigma off. Look at the formula. Multiplicands like (1+N*a) can be used to "tweak" the value by about N% up, to tweak it down use (1-N*a) or use division instead of multiplication. Multiplicands of the form (1+N*a^2) tweak by much smaller amount, ~N*0.005%. To make it look more scientific, use N=2*pi instead of N=6 etc. So, start by choosing suitable approximate expression with a, pi, some powers. Then add "tweaking" multiplications until you arrive at a "prediction" which "matches" experimental data. His formula with two "tweaks" was good for 1998 data. I bet an "updated" formula will be used to better match 2017 data :D Here are the claimed justification for the corrections, as well as their amounts. There are more at the link (http://goodmath.scientopia.org/2011/12/29/hydrinos-impressive-free-energy-crackpottery/#comment-14403). Quote from: kmarinas86 June 20, 2012 at 4:56 am The sections titled: e: "THE ELECTRON-ANTIELECTRON LEPTON PAIR" mu: "THE MUON-ANTIMUON PAIR" tau: "THE TAU-ANTITAU PAIR" ....have content which cannot fully be explained in the relatively short space which I devote to my comment here, so I will select the key sentences which I believe provides the best distinction between the approaches to predicting their different masses. e: "Thus, the special relativistic corrections to r_g [gravitational radius] are the same[Emphasis] as those for the transition state radius which gives the energy of the particle equal to its mass times the speed of light squared as given by Eqs. (32.32a-32.32b)." "In the lab frame, the relativistic correction of the [transition state] radius in the derivation of the Planck's equation for the transition state orbitsphere (Eq. (29.12)) is alpha^(-2)." mu: "In this case, the special relativistic corrections to r_g [gravitational radius] are the inverse[Emphasis] of those of the radius of the transition state orbitsphere, which gives the energy of the particle equal to its mass times the speed of light squared as given by Eqs. (32.32a-32.32b)." "For the lab inertial frame, the relativistic correction of the radius of the transition state orbitsphere given by the potential energy equations (Eq. (29.10) and (29.11)) is alpha^(-2)." "For the electron inertial frame, the relativistic correction of the gravitational radius relative to the proper frame is the inverse[Emphasis], alpha^2" "Furthermore, the potential energy equation gives an electrostatic energy; thus, the electron inertial time must be corrected by the relativistic factor of 2*pi relative to the proper time." tau: "For the lab inertial frame, the relativistic correction of the radius of the transition state orbitsphere given by the magnetic energy equations (Eq. (29.14) and (29.15)) is 1/((2*pi)^2*alpha^4)." "For the electron inertial frame, the relativistic correction of the gravitational radius relative to the proper frame is the inverse[Emphasis], (2*pi)^2*alpha^4." "Furthermore, the transition state comprises two magnetic moments. For v=c, the magnetic energy equals, the potential energy, equals the Planck equation energy, equals mc^2." "Thus, the electron [inertial] time is corrected by a factor of two relative to the proper time." As you might be able to see, the predictions are derived from boundary conditions applied to his energy equations as well as his "relativistic corrections". So tweak his model, either he would have to change his energy equations, "relativistic corrections", or the boundary conditions. Changing the "energy equation" would affect other parts of his theory in a significant way, as they would affect for example his predictions for the hyperfine structure of muonium. Changing his relativistic corrections would require him to change the very logic of his corrections. Since there is more than one mass ratio (i.e. tau vs. electron, not just muon vs. electron), changing one ratio would affect others, as they are based on magnetic and electric energies, respectively. None of these concerns with lepton mass ratios are in anyway essential to his treatment of molecules or his "hydrinos". Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 06/30/2017 07:42 am Mills' approach to the double-split experiment is "realist" in the sense that there is both a particle (electron) and a wave (electromagnetic field), but one is not the other. It is similar in spirit to the justification of Bohmian mechanics over the Copenhagen interpretation.... ....(while being quite different to both). In the case for Mills' model, the electron induces images on the slits, generating electromagnetic waves which then guide the electron, analogous to the otherwise very different theory of Bohm. Meanwhile, Bohmian mechanics advocates have trouble reconciling it with relativity. So basically, he shoves all of the quantum weirdness onto the photon, pretends that makes it less weird, and then hand waves that the electron follows the photon wave path. But this just sounds like another interpretation of quantum, when he supposedly rejects quantum. If it was formally written out, it would basically be a local hidden variable theory, which has been solidly disproven by tests of Bells' inequality. The electron in Mills' model isn't "local" because it is a distributed particle (charge membrane), not a point charge. Another thing that has me wondering is that his concept of a cavity resonant photon "trapped" inside the atom is somehow able to produce an effective charge at the nucleus of an atom, permitting the force balance to change in a way permitting discrete excited states. The only way this could preserve charge if there was an equal-but-opposite charge formed outside the atom. The most natural way to assume such charges exist is to claim that magnetic fields rotate with their source, which results in a Goldreich-Julian charge density (https://www.google.com/search?q=Goldreich-Julian+charge+density) with a total charge of zero. All of this stays well outside of standard QM as well as Mills' theory. Another thing that has me question is the electric field in Jefimenko's equations. For time-vary charge densities and constant current densities, we can get a rather disturbing result where we have *radial* electric field components whose intensity diminishes with the inverse of the distance close to the source of changing charge densities, which suggests once again a time varying charge density in the near field, not just at the source itself. In the case that we are far away from the source of a time-varying electric quadrupole, we have an oscillating (time-dependent) radial term: (http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?zoom=1.75&latex=%5Cdisplaystyle++-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_%7B0%7Dd%5Comega%5E%7B2%7Dp_%7B0%7D%7D%7B4%5Cpi+r%5E%7B2%7D%7Dc_%7B%5Ctheta%7D%5E%7B2%7Dc_%7B%5Comega%7D%5Chat%7B%5Cmathbf%7Br%7D%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_%7B0%7Dp_%7B0%7Dd%5Comega%5E%7B2%7D%7D%7B%5Cpi%7Dc_%7B%5Ctheta%7Ds_%7B%5Ctheta%7D%5Cleft%28%5Cfrac%7B%5Comega+s_%7B%5Comega%7D%7D%7B4cr%7D-%5Cfrac%7Bc_%7B%5Comega%7D%7D%7B2r%5E%7B2%7D%7D%5Cright%29%5Chat%7B%5Cboldsymbol%7B%5Ctheta%7D%7D+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%5C+%2832%29&bg=eedbbd&fg=000000&s=0) The left most term is the radial term. See http://www.physicspages.com/2015/01/25/electric-quadrupole-radiation/ for the full equation and details. It essentially implies that waves of charge of alternating value can be emitted from converging/diverging currents, and these could possibly allow particles to engage in strange sorts of couplings. I've found no one talking about this term. All this weirdness can be found without touching the uncertainty principle. Is not another formulation possible? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 06/30/2017 11:05 am Quote Over time, the electron beam statistically produces a uniform distribution across the slits. (Here, the statistics are deterministic and local/causal unlike the quantum mechanical case.) There are many problems with what he writes in that section, but this one is notable for directly contradicting the experiment setup. Also, he claims that the underlying physics is deterministic, but does not state where the randomness comes from that is evident in the experiment. If you have slight variations of the incoming trajectory of the particle, then you should expect slight variations in its outgoing trajectory. The randomness not only comes from the not-so-precise source of electrons, it also comes the not-so-stationary surfaces of atoms on the slit that are incessantly jiggling. If this would be true, then making a ten times more stable source of electrons, and cooling the material of the wall with slits to ten times lower absolute temperature should make interference pattern about ten times weaker: central spots should become much stronger, and other maxima much weaker. In real-world two slit experiments, *this does not happen*. Interference pattern does not change. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/30/2017 01:09 pm None of these concerns with lepton mass ratios are in anyway essential to his treatment of molecules or his "hydrinos". They have quite a bit to do with the consistency of his theory, and whether it is better than standard quantum. The electron in Mills' model isn't "local" because it is a distributed particle (charge membrane), not a point charge. Not clear that means a non-local theory, it would be local as long as the shape is allowed to distort when under acceleration. Some experiments have used distances measured in miles anyway, subatomic non-locality isn't good enough. Also, entire classes of "realist" non-local theories have been ruled out as well. See here. (https://arxiv.org/abs/0704.2529) Not sure what the relevance or point of the rest of your post is. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ppnl on 06/30/2017 01:45 pm The electron in Mills' model isn't "local" because it is a distributed particle (charge membrane), not a point charge. Yeah, thats not what non-local means. Non-local means some causal influence is traveling faster than light. Is Mills claiming faster than light communication? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 06/30/2017 02:46 pm None of these concerns with lepton mass ratios are in anyway essential to his treatment of molecules or his "hydrinos". They have quite a bit to do with the consistency of his theory, and whether it is better than standard quantum. A theory can be broken down into its propositions. Depending on how they are connected, invalidation of one branch need not affect the whole. The electron in Mills' model isn't "local" because it is a distributed particle (charge membrane), not a point charge. Not clear that means a non-local theory, it would be local as long as the shape is allowed to distort when under acceleration. Some experiments have used distances measured in miles anyway, subatomic non-locality isn't good enough. Also, entire classes of "realist" non-local theories have been ruled out as well. See here. (https://arxiv.org/abs/0704.2529) Not sure what the relevance or point of the rest of your post is. The divergence of the electric field is tied in with the definition of charge via Gauss' law. Conventionally it is thought that a divergent electic field cannot exist in a "vacuum" in classical theory, though this would be possible in Quantum theory due to the uncertainty principle. However, those four things I mentioned you did not quote suggest that speaking of divergent electric fields in "vacuum" is not out of the question for a neo-classical theory. This would imply a "non-local" wavefunction composed of variations of the "charge density", particularly with the last example I gave with the oscillating electric quadrupole. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/30/2017 03:55 pm None of these concerns with lepton mass ratios are in anyway essential to his treatment of molecules or his "hydrinos". They have quite a bit to do with the consistency of his theory, and whether it is better than standard quantum. A theory can be broken down into its propositions. Depending on how they are connected, invalidation of one branch need not affect the whole. It is hard to figure out what central proposition(s) Mills' theory has, if it has any at all. He refers to it as a unified theory, in other words it should be able to explain at least as much as standard physics can, and if it can't it is demonstrably worse than modern physics. The divergence of the electric field is tied in with the definition of charge via Gauss' law. Conventionally it is thought that a divergent electic field cannot exist in a "vacuum" in classical theory, though this would be possible in Quantum theory due to the uncertainty principle. However, those four things I mentioned you did not quote suggest that speaking of divergent electric fields in "vacuum" is not out of the question for a neo-classical theory. This would imply a "non-local" wavefunction composed of variations of the "charge density", particularly with the last example I gave with the oscillating electric quadrupole. Again, does this have anything to do with hydrinos or Mills' theory? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 06/30/2017 07:55 pm Let's test the "amazing" predictions of particle masses. The mm/me prediction is from page 3. #!/usr/bin/python from math import pi # Data from PDG 2017: a=0.0072973525664 # two last digits are +-17 mm=105.6583745 #+-0.0000024 MeV me=0.5109989461 #+-0.0000000031 MeV # Mills prediction formula for ratio of muon to electron mass: print (a**-2 / (2*pi))**(2.0/3) * (1 + 2*pi * a**2 / 2) / (1 + a/2) # Experimental value: print mm/me "a" is the fine structure constant. The above prints: 206.768279756 206.768282609 Looks good, eh? Well, the difference is in 8th significant digit, but PDG data error bars are such that the values have 9-10 significant digits. Thus, prediction is more than 3-sigma off. Look at the formula. Multiplicands like (1+N*a) can be used to "tweak" the value by about N% up, to tweak it down use (1-N*a) or use division instead of multiplication. Multiplicands of the form (1+N*a^2) tweak by much smaller amount, ~N*0.005%. To make it look more scientific, use N=2*pi instead of N=6 etc. So, start by choosing suitable approximate expression with a, pi, some powers. Then add "tweaking" multiplications until you arrive at a "prediction" which "matches" experimental data. His formula with two "tweaks" was good for 1998 data. I bet an "updated" formula will be used to better match 2017 data :D Show me the standard model calculation in simple closed analytic form accurate to 9-10 places. 8 significant digits is good for a closed form analytical expression. The experiment may be 9-10 significant figures but you have to compute the error bars in all the constants in the expression to compare Mills formula. Mills claims his number is within the propagated error bars using the known constants. I have no reason to believe Mills just fiddled with the formula as you suggest to make it close. How many adjustable 'free' parameters are in the Standard Model? Isn't it 19 or 20 which are tuned by experiments? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 06/30/2017 08:33 pm Let's test the "amazing" predictions of particle masses. The mm/me prediction is from page 3. #!/usr/bin/python from math import pi # Data from PDG 2017: a=0.0072973525664 # two last digits are +-17 mm=105.6583745 #+-0.0000024 MeV me=0.5109989461 #+-0.0000000031 MeV # Mills prediction formula for ratio of muon to electron mass: print (a**-2 / (2*pi))**(2.0/3) * (1 + 2*pi * a**2 / 2) / (1 + a/2) # Experimental value: print mm/me "a" is the fine structure constant. The above prints: 206.768279756 206.768282609 Looks good, eh? Well, the difference is in 8th significant digit, but PDG data error bars are such that the values have 9-10 significant digits. Thus, prediction is more than 3-sigma off. Look at the formula. Multiplicands like (1+N*a) can be used to "tweak" the value by about N% up, to tweak it down use (1-N*a) or use division instead of multiplication. Multiplicands of the form (1+N*a^2) tweak by much smaller amount, ~N*0.005%. To make it look more scientific, use N=2*pi instead of N=6 etc. So, start by choosing suitable approximate expression with a, pi, some powers. Then add "tweaking" multiplications until you arrive at a "prediction" which "matches" experimental data. His formula with two "tweaks" was good for 1998 data. I bet an "updated" formula will be used to better match 2017 data :D Show me the standard model calculation in simple closed analytic form accurate to 9-10 places. 8 significant digits is good for a closed form analytical expression. The experiment may be 9-10 significant figures but you have to compute the error bars in all the constants in the expression to compare Mills formula. Mills claims his number is within the propagated error bars using the known constants. I have no reason to believe Mills just fiddled with the formula as you suggest to make it close. How many adjustable 'free' parameters are in the Standard Model? Isn't it 19 or 20 which are tuned by experiments? That is easy: mm/me. Good to infinity decimal places (though our knowledge of the parameters limits this). Most of the free parameters in the standard model are masses of the fundamental particles. This ratio is just 2 parameters. How many free parameters went into Mills' equation? If it was a predictive formula, there would be a more general equation that it is derived from. Unless such an equation is provided, fiddling with the formula seems to be a likely explanation of how it was created. If asked, I am sure Mills could provide some justification along the lines of "raise it to the 2/3 power to account for the area to volume ratio, then multiply by 0.5 because only the near half contributes..." But this is gibberish, not a derivation, and each arbitrary step is basically a free parameter. Also wrong is wrong. His equation does not match reality, and changing it to make it match would just be more free parameters. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/01/2017 07:06 pm Let's test the "amazing" predictions of particle masses. The mm/me prediction is from page 3. #!/usr/bin/python from math import pi # Data from PDG 2017: a=0.0072973525664 # two last digits are +-17 mm=105.6583745 #+-0.0000024 MeV me=0.5109989461 #+-0.0000000031 MeV # Mills prediction formula for ratio of muon to electron mass: print (a**-2 / (2*pi))**(2.0/3) * (1 + 2*pi * a**2 / 2) / (1 + a/2) # Experimental value: print mm/me "a" is the fine structure constant. The above prints: 206.768279756 206.768282609 Looks good, eh? Well, the difference is in 8th significant digit, but PDG data error bars are such that the values have 9-10 significant digits. Thus, prediction is more than 3-sigma off. Look at the formula. Multiplicands like (1+N*a) can be used to "tweak" the value by about N% up, to tweak it down use (1-N*a) or use division instead of multiplication. Multiplicands of the form (1+N*a^2) tweak by much smaller amount, ~N*0.005%. To make it look more scientific, use N=2*pi instead of N=6 etc. So, start by choosing suitable approximate expression with a, pi, some powers. Then add "tweaking" multiplications until you arrive at a "prediction" which "matches" experimental data. His formula with two "tweaks" was good for 1998 data. I bet an "updated" formula will be used to better match 2017 data :D Show me the standard model calculation in simple closed analytic form accurate to 9-10 places. 8 significant digits is good for a closed form analytical expression. The experiment may be 9-10 significant figures but you have to compute the error bars in all the constants in the expression to compare Mills formula. Mills claims his number is within the propagated error bars using the known constants. I have no reason to believe Mills just fiddled with the formula as you suggest to make it close. How many adjustable 'free' parameters are in the Standard Model? Isn't it 19 or 20 which are tuned by experiments? That is easy: mm/me. Good to infinity decimal places (though our knowledge of the parameters limits this). Most of the free parameters in the standard model are masses of the fundamental particles. This ratio is just 2 parameters. How many free parameters went into Mills' equation? If it was a predictive formula, there would be a more general equation that it is derived from. Unless such an equation is provided, fiddling with the formula seems to be a likely explanation of how it was created. If asked, I am sure Mills could provide some justification along the lines of "raise it to the 2/3 power to account for the area to volume ratio, then multiply by 0.5 because only the near half contributes..." But this is gibberish, not a derivation, and each arbitrary step is basically a free parameter. Also wrong is wrong. His equation does not match reality, and changing it to make it match would just be more free parameters. The standard model doesn't predict masses is the answer. Mills does have a general equation, that is equations 32.38a and 32.48b that he applies to each particle, it's not just fiddling around. If you wish to call a prediction of mass ratios accurate to 8 significant figures "wrong", feel free. Relating the Planck, electric and magnetic energies to lepton masses seems interesting to me. What are the odds the three energies would just work out to the masses of the three classes of leptons? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/01/2017 07:20 pm None of these concerns with lepton mass ratios are in anyway essential to his treatment of molecules or his "hydrinos". They have quite a bit to do with the consistency of his theory, and whether it is better than standard quantum. A theory can be broken down into its propositions. Depending on how they are connected, invalidation of one branch need not affect the whole. It is hard to figure out what central proposition(s) Mills' theory has, if it has any at all. He refers to it as a unified theory, in other words it should be able to explain at least as much as standard physics can, and if it can't it is demonstrably worse than modern physics. I don't think it's that hard. The central proposition is that physical laws apply on all scales from quarks to the cosmos. Specific to the atomic part, Mills derives the electron model from the non-radiation condition set out by one of his mentors, H. Haus at MIT. I agree with you regarding being able to explain at least as much as standard physics. Of course even if Mills model is essentially correct, it would take decades and thousands of scientists working with the theory to fill out everything standard physics has already accomplished so if it were to compete it would be a very long process. Nobody would just throw out standard physics. Certain things like hydrino physics, chemistry and engineering would be immediately studied. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 07/01/2017 09:14 pm None of these concerns with lepton mass ratios are in anyway essential to his treatment of molecules or his "hydrinos". They have quite a bit to do with the consistency of his theory, and whether it is better than standard quantum. A theory can be broken down into its propositions. Depending on how they are connected, invalidation of one branch need not affect the whole. It is hard to figure out what central proposition(s) Mills' theory has, if it has any at all. He refers to it as a unified theory, in other words it should be able to explain at least as much as standard physics can, and if it can't it is demonstrably worse than modern physics. I don't think it's that hard. The central proposition is that physical laws apply on all scales from quarks to the cosmos. That statement is already central to the rest of physics as well. It doesn't differentiate his theory in any way. (Mills claims that quantum violates this and that there is some experiment that proves it. This is particularly strange because what kind of experiment could prove that quantum theory doesn't reduce to classical physics results in the limit of large numbers? This is a question of whether the theories are mathematically consistent within certain limits.) Specific to the atomic part, Mills derives the electron model from the non-radiation condition set out by one of his mentors, H. Haus at MIT. This is closer to being a central proposition, but I haven't seen a sufficiently formal statement of what this means, and how it would lead to some of his results. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/02/2017 06:56 pm None of these concerns with lepton mass ratios are in anyway essential to his treatment of molecules or his "hydrinos". They have quite a bit to do with the consistency of his theory, and whether it is better than standard quantum. A theory can be broken down into its propositions. Depending on how they are connected, invalidation of one branch need not affect the whole. It is hard to figure out what central proposition(s) Mills' theory has, if it has any at all. He refers to it as a unified theory, in other words it should be able to explain at least as much as standard physics can, and if it can't it is demonstrably worse than modern physics. I don't think it's that hard. The central proposition is that physical laws apply on all scales from quarks to the cosmos. That statement is already central to the rest of physics as well. It doesn't differentiate his theory in any way. (Mills claims that quantum violates this and that there is some experiment that proves it. This is particularly strange because what kind of experiment could prove that quantum theory doesn't reduce to classical physics results in the limit of large numbers? This is a question of whether the theories are mathematically consistent within certain limits.) Specific to the atomic part, Mills derives the electron model from the non-radiation condition set out by one of his mentors, H. Haus at MIT. This is closer to being a central proposition, but I haven't seen a sufficiently formal statement of what this means, and how it would lead to some of his results. I believe Mills primarily means classical laws such as Maxwell's equations and Special and General Relativity and deBroglie waves. I'll try and dig up a more formal statement on Mill's radiation boundary condition. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: MrHollifield on 07/04/2017 10:39 pm This being a space-related forum, as space-related analogy: Suppose I were able to put a 1U cubesat on the Formosat launch next month from Vandenberg. And I claim my cubesat will be subject to the same constraint on its orbital radius as an electron is: p-->0 as r-->infinity. So F9 puts my cubesat in polar orbit 600km or so above Earth. Citing my radius constraint, I claim this cubesat could fly by your bedroom window (ignoring atmospheric drag, etc.), and that it is also a threat to the ISS because it actually has a greater probability of being closer to the center of Earth than being at altitude it was released at. It has decreasing chances of hitting a GPS satellite, hitting a GSO commsat, hitting LRO, showing up on the EPIC camera of DSCOVR, or being seen by the HiRISE camera on MRO, but these chances are all non-zero. And, I also claim, in these journeys through space, it is just as likely to be observed moving east-west as north-south. But if I made such a claim on this site, there would be dozens to correct me and point out why my cubesat couldn't possibly behave as I've described. And they'd be right. There are quadrillions of observations of trillions of objects that all show objects moving in a gravitational field always obey Newton's laws of motion and always conserve energy. My cubesat does neither so is not physically possible. So let us ask ourselves the question Dr. Mills asked himself in 1986: if we have quadrillions of observations of trillions of trillions of free electrons, moving through conductors and through space, that all show the electrons always follow Maxwell's laws and always conserve energy, why wouldn't a bound electron do the same? If p-->0 as r-->infinity isn't a valid physical constraint on a gravitationally bound cubesat, is it any better for a electrically bound electron? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: MrHollifield on 07/04/2017 11:19 pm But Maxwell's laws say a point source accelerating in an electric field must radiate energy. If the electron is a point orbiting the nucleus, like my 1U cubesat orbiting the earth, it must radiate its kinetic energy away and crash into the nucleus. George Goedecke (1964) and Hermann Haus (1986) each determined that an extended distribution of charge can move in a field without radiating, if they meet certain conditions. Haus was one of Mills' professors at MIT and Mills had access to the paper showing these conditions. So, what would an electron that obeyed Maxwell and conserved energy look like? Conservation of energy implies a constant orbital radius that changes only when energy is taken from or added to the system. Obeying Maxwell, in the context of Goedecke and Haus, implies an extended form, a ring not a moon, in the planetary analogy. And, to match experiment, it must be symmetrical about the nucleus. An extended, symmetric form at a constant radius around a point in space is a good definition of "sphere." Mills calls the bound electron an "orbitsphere." For those getting lost in the forest of math and running into walls of text, the general thrust of Mills' theory is really quite simple: all elementary particles should always conserve energy and obey Maxwell's equations. The radius constraint on the Schrodinger equation doesn't have that result, but modeling the bound electron as a spherical membrane does. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 07/04/2017 11:28 pm So let us ask ourselves the question Dr. Mills asked himself in 1986 I have a better question to ask. If someone writes a formula where left side represents some physical parameters of Earth, and right side is.... inverse fine structure constant, and someone claims that this makes any sort of sense, where this person should be sent? A Physics 101 refresher course? Or Astrophysics 101? Assuming that rate of Earth's rotation is special and somehow linked to fundamental constants of the Universe is a pretty grave error, akin to Geocentrism. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 07/05/2017 01:28 am But Maxwell's laws say a point source accelerating in an electric field must radiate energy. If the electron is a point orbiting the nucleus, like my 1U cubesat orbiting the earth, it must radiate its kinetic energy away and crash into the nucleus. George Goedecke (1964) and Hermann Haus (1986) each determined that an extended distribution of charge can move in a field without radiating, if they meet certain conditions. Haus was one of Mills' professors at MIT and Mills had access to the paper showing these conditions. So, what would an electron that obeyed Maxwell and conserved energy look like? Conservation of energy implies a constant orbital radius that changes only when energy is taken from or added to the system. Obeying Maxwell, in the context of Goedecke and Haus, implies an extended form, a ring not a moon, in the planetary analogy. And, to match experiment, it must be symmetrical about the nucleus. An extended, symmetric form at a constant radius around a point in space is a good definition of "sphere." Mills calls the bound electron an "orbitsphere." For those getting lost in the forest of math and running into walls of text, the general thrust of Mills' theory is really quite simple: all elementary particles should always conserve energy and obey Maxwell's equations. The radius constraint on the Schrodinger equation doesn't have that result, but modeling the bound electron as a spherical membrane does. Quantum Theory says that Maxwell's equations are only part of the truth. They say there is a more complex truth and the Maxwell's equations are a special case of the more complex truth, a special case that covers the things we see at everyday scales. So Quantum Theory provides the same answers as Maxwell's equations for the situations where Maxwell's equations are seen to work while providing better answers for other situations. So, this objection to Shrodinger's Equation is bogus. There's no need for a theory to match Maxwell's equations in circumstances where experimentation has shown the alternative matches experimental results better. There may be good reasons to reject all or parts of Quantum Theory, but the reasons you have given are not good reasons. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 07/05/2017 02:42 am If p-->0 as r-->infinity isn't a valid physical constraint on a gravitationally bound cubesat, is it any better for a electrically bound electron? You apparently don't even know what you just wrote. p->0 as r-> infinity for a cube sat means that the cubesat will not end up in the andromeda galaxy randomly. Rejecting this constraint guarantees that the satellite immediately ends up on the far side of the observable universe. Your analogies are utterly flawed since you apparently don't understand anything that you are saying. The deBroglie wavelength of an electron is meaningful on the scale of an atom, the deBroglie wavelength of a satellite is almost immeasurably small, so it makes for a terrible analogy. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 07/05/2017 02:47 am the general thrust of Mills' theory is really quite simple: all elementary particles should always conserve energy and obey Maxwell's equations. Yes, this is a simple and elegant hypothesis. This hypothesis was generally seen as likely by most of late 19th century scientists. And then it ran into a brick wall: a bunch of new experiments probing properties of atoms and subatomic particles gave experimental results which could not be explained by this simple and elegant hypothesis. Simple and elegant hypothesis which contradicts experiments is still a wrong hypothesis. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ppnl on 07/05/2017 10:25 am Yeah, two things strike me about Mills theory. First it is very broad. It would make fundamental changes from chemistry to high energy physics to cosmology. Second, his grasp of mainstream physics appears to be incredibly shallow. Lets look at one particular example. On page 1641 he wrote: " Bell's theorem is a simple proof of statistical inequalities of expectation values of observables given that quantum statistics are correct and that the physical system possesses "hidden variables". Classical physics does not posses hidden variables. It is deterministic and hidden variables do not apply to it. " Now this is so wrong it hurts. First, Bell's theorem does not assume quantum statistics are correct. Bell's theorem need not even mention quantum mechanics because it isn't about quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem is about the limits that can be placed on any local realistic theory. Second, Mills theory is classical and so it is exactly the type of theory that Bell's theorem places limits on. And third, if Mills theory were a local realistic theory that could reproduce quantum experimental results it would be exactly the hidden variable theory Einstein was looking for. By uncovering the hydrino states Mills uncovered Einstein's hidden physics. Except Bell proved that no such theory can exist because it cannot violate Bell's inequality, a basic limitation on classical physical theories. And finally, Mill's theory is deterministic and so hidden variables do not apply to it?!? Einstein proposed unseen physics exactly in order to reduce quantum mechanics to a deterministic theory. How much wrong can you stuff into three sentences? This single quoted section of Mills' book removes any possibility that mills has a clue. The only remaining question is is he really that dunderheaded or is it fraud. Given the combination of breadth and shallowness I vote fraud. But more than that given the level of intellectual degradation he would need to achieve to actually believe this mess I think calling it fraud is giving him the benefit of the doubt. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 07/05/2017 11:04 am It's comical how Mills repeats the mantra of non-radiation condition: "...that its spacetime Fourier transform does not possess components that are synchronous with waves traveling at the speed of light...", but he doesn't seem to have any idea about what it actually means. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/05/2017 04:16 pm It's comical how Mills repeats the mantra of non-radiation condition: "...that its spacetime Fourier transform does not possess components that are synchronous with waves traveling at the speed of light...", but he doesn't seem to have any idea about what it actually means. It may interest you to know that his mentor, Hermann Haus at MIT derived that condition and used that language and Mills was his student and gave Mills his paper that started Mills on his quest for a better atomic model. Haus certainly understood it and Mills certainly had very close access to its meaning. Your claim Mills "doesn't seem to have any idea about what it actually means" is simply untenable. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/05/2017 04:28 pm Yeah, two things strike me about Mills theory. First it is very broad. It would make fundamental changes from chemistry to high energy physics to cosmology. Second, his grasp of mainstream physics appears to be incredibly shallow. Lets look at one particular example. On page 1641 he wrote: " Bell's theorem is a simple proof of statistical inequalities of expectation values of observables given that quantum statistics are correct and that the physical system possesses "hidden variables". Classical physics does not posses hidden variables. It is deterministic and hidden variables do not apply to it. " Now this is so wrong it hurts. First, Bell's theorem does not assume quantum statistics are correct. Bell's theorem need not even mention quantum mechanics because it isn't about quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem is about the limits that can be placed on any local realistic theory. Second, Mills theory is classical and so it is exactly the type of theory that Bell's theorem places limits on. And third, if Mills theory were a local realistic theory that could reproduce quantum experimental results it would be exactly the hidden variable theory Einstein was looking for. By uncovering the hydrino states Mills uncovered Einstein's hidden physics. Except Bell proved that no such theory can exist because it cannot violate Bell's inequality, a basic limitation on classical physical theories. And finally, Mill's theory is deterministic and so hidden variables do not apply to it?!? Einstein proposed unseen physics exactly in order to reduce quantum mechanics to a deterministic theory. How much wrong can you stuff into three sentences? This single quoted section of Mills' book removes any possibility that mills has a clue. The only remaining question is is he really that dunderheaded or is it fraud. Given the combination of breadth and shallowness I vote fraud. But more than that given the level of intellectual degradation he would need to achieve to actually believe this mess I think calling it fraud is giving him the benefit of the doubt. Since I'm not an expert on Bell's theorem I'd like to forward this to Mills and get his response. Is that ok? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/05/2017 04:32 pm the general thrust of Mills' theory is really quite simple: all elementary particles should always conserve energy and obey Maxwell's equations. Yes, this is a simple and elegant hypothesis. This hypothesis was generally seen as likely by most of late 19th century scientists. And then it ran into a brick wall: a bunch of new experiments probing properties of atoms and subatomic particles gave experimental results which could not be explained by this simple and elegant hypothesis. Simple and elegant hypothesis which contradicts experiments is still a wrong hypothesis. Don't equate could not be explained at the time with impossible to be explained within the classical physics paradigm. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/05/2017 05:07 pm But Maxwell's laws say a point source accelerating in an electric field must radiate energy. If the electron is a point orbiting the nucleus, like my 1U cubesat orbiting the earth, it must radiate its kinetic energy away and crash into the nucleus. George Goedecke (1964) and Hermann Haus (1986) each determined that an extended distribution of charge can move in a field without radiating, if they meet certain conditions. Haus was one of Mills' professors at MIT and Mills had access to the paper showing these conditions. So, what would an electron that obeyed Maxwell and conserved energy look like? Conservation of energy implies a constant orbital radius that changes only when energy is taken from or added to the system. Obeying Maxwell, in the context of Goedecke and Haus, implies an extended form, a ring not a moon, in the planetary analogy. And, to match experiment, it must be symmetrical about the nucleus. An extended, symmetric form at a constant radius around a point in space is a good definition of "sphere." Mills calls the bound electron an "orbitsphere." For those getting lost in the forest of math and running into walls of text, the general thrust of Mills' theory is really quite simple: all elementary particles should always conserve energy and obey Maxwell's equations. The radius constraint on the Schrodinger equation doesn't have that result, but modeling the bound electron as a spherical membrane does. Quantum Theory says that Maxwell's equations are only part of the truth. They say there is a more complex truth and the Maxwell's equations are a special case of the more complex truth, a special case that covers the things we see at everyday scales. So Quantum Theory provides the same answers as Maxwell's equations for the situations where Maxwell's equations are seen to work while providing better answers for other situations. So, this objection to Shrodinger's Equation is bogus. There's no need for a theory to match Maxwell's equations in circumstances where experimentation has shown the alternative matches experimental results better. There may be good reasons to reject all or parts of Quantum Theory, but the reasons you have given are not good reasons. If the founders of QM had had a better, Maxwell based reason for non-radiation, they would have used it and that may have led to an extended electron model something along the lines of Mills' model. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 07/05/2017 05:35 pm So let us ask ourselves the question Dr. Mills asked himself in 1986 I have a better question to ask. If someone writes a formula where left side represents some physical parameters of Earth, and right side is.... inverse fine structure constant, and someone claims that this makes any sort of sense, where this person should be sent? A Physics 101 refresher course? Or Astrophysics 101? Assuming that rate of Earth's rotation is special and somehow linked to fundamental constants of the Universe is a pretty grave error, akin to Geocentrism. So your saying there isn't a relationship between gravity and electromagnetism? Why then are physicists looking for a unified theory at all? Of all the things you just said, this demonstrates a complete lack of reading comprehension skills. The equation referred to does not link gravity and electromagnetism. It links the physical rotation rate of the Earth with the fine structure constant. Apparently the fine structure constant would change for the whole universe if an asteroid hit the Earth and made it rotate faster (according to Mills). Maybe this rewording of gospacex's post will help you understand it. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ppnl on 07/05/2017 06:24 pm Yeah, two things strike me about Mills theory. First it is very broad. It would make fundamental changes from chemistry to high energy physics to cosmology. Second, his grasp of mainstream physics appears to be incredibly shallow. Lets look at one particular example. On page 1641 he wrote: " Bell's theorem is a simple proof of statistical inequalities of expectation values of observables given that quantum statistics are correct and that the physical system possesses "hidden variables". Classical physics does not posses hidden variables. It is deterministic and hidden variables do not apply to it. " Now this is so wrong it hurts. First, Bell's theorem does not assume quantum statistics are correct. Bell's theorem need not even mention quantum mechanics because it isn't about quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem is about the limits that can be placed on any local realistic theory. Second, Mills theory is classical and so it is exactly the type of theory that Bell's theorem places limits on. And third, if Mills theory were a local realistic theory that could reproduce quantum experimental results it would be exactly the hidden variable theory Einstein was looking for. By uncovering the hydrino states Mills uncovered Einstein's hidden physics. Except Bell proved that no such theory can exist because it cannot violate Bell's inequality, a basic limitation on classical physical theories. And finally, Mill's theory is deterministic and so hidden variables do not apply to it?!? Einstein proposed unseen physics exactly in order to reduce quantum mechanics to a deterministic theory. How much wrong can you stuff into three sentences? This single quoted section of Mills' book removes any possibility that mills has a clue. The only remaining question is is he really that dunderheaded or is it fraud. Given the combination of breadth and shallowness I vote fraud. But more than that given the level of intellectual degradation he would need to achieve to actually believe this mess I think calling it fraud is giving him the benefit of the doubt. Since I'm not an expert on Bell's theorem I'd like to forward this to Mills and get his response. Is that ok? Fine but Mills is the wrong person to ask about Bell's theorem. It is a very simple thing that an average high school student should be able to understand. The fact that you don't understand it means you absolutely are not qualified to judge Mills' theory. You cannot proceed until you have an understanding of it. And by understand I mean an understanding separate from vague mental images gleaned from Mills wall of text. Understand the real thing before you bother with the crap. There are many pages on the internet that explain it. Or we could discuss it here. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 07/05/2017 06:36 pm Of all the things you just said, this demonstrates a complete lack of reading comprehension skills. The equation referred to does not link gravity and electromagnetism. It links the physical rotation rate of the Earth with the fine structure constant. Apparently the fine structure constant would change for the whole universe if an asteroid hit the Earth and made it rotate faster (according to Mills). Maybe this rewording of gospacex's post will help you understand it. Mills doesn't seem to say explicitly that L is the angular momentum of the Earth, though... Or what exactly m means, for that matter. So by choosing L/m suitably, the equation holds! edit: Oh, he does indeed define L/m on the next line. I should have read the whole text. However, then Mills seems to go into something that can be best described as numerological speculation. After combining (generously rounded) radius and mass of the Earth with pi and G, he arrives at an expression which equals 136 s, or "approximately" \alpha^{-1} s (is that 136 a subtle nod to Eddington's theory?). The next sentence, however, is the real gem: Quote This close identity may have played a role in choosing the number 86,400 in the definition of the second. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 07/05/2017 06:39 pm New mathematical invention! If you have a formula with real numbers, and you want it to give imaginary result... you just insert "i" whereever you like! You feel uneasy writing "A = B" where A actually is not equal to B? You should not! It's new invention! Also, a new physical invention! "Spacelike event"! (Don't ask me what that is...) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/05/2017 07:13 pm So let us ask ourselves the question Dr. Mills asked himself in 1986 I have a better question to ask. If someone writes a formula where left side represents some physical parameters of Earth, and right side is.... inverse fine structure constant, and someone claims that this makes any sort of sense, where this person should be sent? A Physics 101 refresher course? Or Astrophysics 101? Assuming that rate of Earth's rotation is special and somehow linked to fundamental constants of the Universe is a pretty grave error, akin to Geocentrism. So your saying there isn't a relationship between gravity and electromagnetism? Why then are physicists looking for a unified theory at all? Of all the things you just said, this demonstrates a complete lack of reading comprehension skills. The equation referred to does not link gravity and electromagnetism. It links the physical rotation rate of the Earth with the fine structure constant. Apparently the fine structure constant would change for the whole universe if an asteroid hit the Earth and made it rotate faster (according to Mills). Maybe this rewording of gospacex's post will help you understand it. I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 07/05/2017 07:32 pm I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. The context where as gospacex pointed out, he has an equation that states a real number equals an imaginary number? No, that doesn't help your case. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/05/2017 07:37 pm New mathematical invention! If you have a formula with real numbers, and you want it to give imaginary result... you just insert "i" whereever you like! You feel uneasy writing "A = B" where A actually is not equal to B? You should not! It's new invention! Also, a new physical invention! "Spacelike event"! (Don't ask me what that is...) Here is a reference to the definition of spacelike. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/169631/what-spacelike-timelike-and-lightlike-spacetime-interval-really-mean Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/05/2017 07:39 pm I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. The context where as gospacex pointed out, he has an equation that states a real number equals an imaginary number? No, that doesn't help your case. I hope you both are aware that 'sec' is a new unit Mills defines, not seconds. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/05/2017 07:45 pm I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. The context where as gospacex pointed out, he has an equation that states a real number equals an imaginary number? No, that doesn't help your case. Please read this then. Thanks. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 07/05/2017 08:29 pm New mathematical invention! If you have a formula with real numbers, and you want it to give imaginary result... you just insert "i" whereever you like! You feel uneasy writing "A = B" where A actually is not equal to B? You should not! It's new invention! Also, a new physical invention! "Spacelike event"! (Don't ask me what that is...) Here is a reference to the definition of spacelike. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/169631/what-spacelike-timelike-and-lightlike-spacetime-interval-really-mean Again, you lack basic reading comprehension skills. You can have a spacelike interval. The problem is that mills didn't define an interval, he defined an event. I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. The context where as gospacex pointed out, he has an equation that states a real number equals an imaginary number? No, that doesn't help your case. Please read this then. Thanks. How does that make any of the following true? 2 = 3 2 = 3*i 2 = 2*i a = b*i, where a and b are both pure real Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 07/05/2017 10:09 pm New mathematical invention! If you have a formula with real numbers, and you want it to give imaginary result... you just insert "i" whereever you like! You feel uneasy writing "A = B" where A actually is not equal to B? You should not! It's new invention! Also, a new physical invention! "Spacelike event"! (Don't ask me what that is...) Here is a reference to the definition of spacelike. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/169631/what-spacelike-timelike-and-lightlike-spacetime-interval-really-mean Yes. I know. "What spacelike, timelike and lightlike spacetime interval really mean" "Interval" is not "event". It's the (spacetime, IOW: four-dimensional) distance between two events. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: gospacex on 07/05/2017 10:22 pm I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. The context where as gospacex pointed out, he has an equation that states a real number equals an imaginary number? No, that doesn't help your case. I hope you both are aware that 'sec' is a new unit Mills defines, not seconds. The 'sec' Mills defines as a unit of time "defined by Eq. (36.2) in terms of fundamental constants and the electron mass" (page 1479). There are _two_ hilariously stupid things linked to it. (1) Later, on page 1548, Mills derives.... (drumroll)... _electron mass_ from fundamental constants and his 'sec'. What an amazing feat :o (2) Physics already has one, and only one natural way to define natural unit of time: after you choose unit of length, the corresponding natural unit of time is time light needs to traverse your chosen unit of length. (If you use meter to measure distances, "meter of time" is about 3 nanoseconds). With such choice of units, speed of light is equal to 1 and all velocities are dimensionless values (they are no longer "m/s", but just numbers. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_units). Any other "improved units of time" are nonsense. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 07/06/2017 01:42 am New mathematical invention! If you have a formula with real numbers, and you want it to give imaginary result... you just insert "i" whereever you like! You feel uneasy writing "A = B" where A actually is not equal to B? You should not! It's new invention! Also, a new physical invention! "Spacelike event"! (Don't ask me what that is...) Here is a reference to the definition of spacelike. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/169631/what-spacelike-timelike-and-lightlike-spacetime-interval-really-mean Yes. I know. "What spacelike, timelike and lightlike spacetime interval really mean" "Interval" is not "event". It's the (spacetime, IOW: four-dimensional) distance between two events. The "event" in question is actually an infinity of events not limited to a single point in spacetime but rather to an infinite set of points in spacetime that cannot coexist within the same lightcone. This is possible because the orbitsphere is not a singularity. So events on the orbitsphere which comprise the "event", may in principle, be separated by space-like spacetime intervals. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bmcgaffey20 on 07/06/2017 01:59 am Has anyone seen this video yet? Just a random youtube upload claiming to be a Suncell experiment. The reaction looks similar to that which is going on in Mills' youtube videos. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 07/06/2017 04:19 am Of all the things you just said, this demonstrates a complete lack of reading comprehension skills. The equation referred to does not link gravity and electromagnetism. It links the physical rotation rate of the Earth with the fine structure constant. Apparently the fine structure constant would change for the whole universe if an asteroid hit the Earth and made it rotate faster (according to Mills). Maybe this rewording of gospacex's post will help you understand it. Mills doesn't seem to say explicitly that L is the angular momentum of the Earth, though... Or what exactly m means, for that matter. So by choosing L/m suitably, the equation holds! edit: Oh, he does indeed define L/m on the next line. I should have read the whole text. However, then Mills seems to go into something that can be best described as numerological speculation. After combining (generously rounded) radius and mass of the Earth with pi and G, he arrives at an expression which equals 136 s, or "approximately" \alpha^{-1} s (is that 136 a subtle nod to Eddington's theory?). The next sentence, however, is the real gem: Quote This close identity may have played a role in choosing the number 86,400 in the definition of the second. Perhaps it (http://goodmath.scientopia.org/2011/12/29/hydrinos-impressive-free-energy-crackpottery/#comment-14461) wasn't a coincidence. (http://rationalwiki.org/w/images/4/44/Alienscavemen.jpg) (http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Didit_fallacy#Aliensdidit) Fortunately Mills' predictions of the hydrino's properties as well as the properties other, more established, chemical compounds does not depend on this numerological tangent. What does? His attempt to unify gravity with the rest of physics. If Mills were to drop the numerology, it would leave Hydrino theory unscathed. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 07/06/2017 07:23 am Fortunately Mills' predictions of the hydrino's properties as well as the properties other, more established, chemical compounds does not depend on this numerological tangent. What does? His attempt to unify gravity with the rest of physics. If Mills were to drop the numerology, it would leave Hydrino theory unscathed. That would be true if the underlying math of his "predictions" was any more sound. I put predictions in quotes because it isn't a prediction when you start off by assuming the result you want. Since the hydrino is the central part of Mills theory, it seems like he has put more work into covering his tracks there, but the underlying logic seems equivalent. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 04:46 pm New mathematical invention! If you have a formula with real numbers, and you want it to give imaginary result... you just insert "i" whereever you like! You feel uneasy writing "A = B" where A actually is not equal to B? You should not! It's new invention! Also, a new physical invention! "Spacelike event"! (Don't ask me what that is...) Here is a reference to the definition of spacelike. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/169631/what-spacelike-timelike-and-lightlike-spacetime-interval-really-mean Again, you lack basic reading comprehension skills. You can have a spacelike interval. The problem is that mills didn't define an interval, he defined an event. I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. The context where as gospacex pointed out, he has an equation that states a real number equals an imaginary number? No, that doesn't help your case. Please read this then. Thanks. How does that make any of the following true? 2 = 3 2 = 3*i 2 = 2*i a = b*i, where a and b are both pure real Mills' particle production is an interval between the two particles created. You certainly can think of it as two events and a interval. The spacelike condition guarantees they don't immediately annihilate. Mills' adds physics to quantum mechanical 'creation operators' which amount to symbols on paper with no physics content. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 04:48 pm Fortunately Mills' predictions of the hydrino's properties as well as the properties other, more established, chemical compounds does not depend on this numerological tangent. What does? His attempt to unify gravity with the rest of physics. If Mills were to drop the numerology, it would leave Hydrino theory unscathed. That would be true if the underlying math of his "predictions" was any more sound. I put predictions in quotes because it isn't a prediction when you start off by assuming the result you want. Since the hydrino is the central part of Mills theory, it seems like he has put more work into covering his tracks there, but the underlying logic seems equivalent. Serendipity, fortuitous accidents and intuitive guessing 'hunches' and plain bad math have all led to great discoveries in science. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 05:18 pm I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. The context where as gospacex pointed out, he has an equation that states a real number equals an imaginary number? No, that doesn't help your case. I hope you both are aware that 'sec' is a new unit Mills defines, not seconds. The 'sec' Mills defines as a unit of time "defined by Eq. (36.2) in terms of fundamental constants and the electron mass" (page 1479). There are _two_ hilariously stupid things linked to it. (1) Later, on page 1548, Mills derives.... (drumroll)... _electron mass_ from fundamental constants and his 'sec'. What an amazing feat :o (2) Physics already has one, and only one natural way to define natural unit of time: after you choose unit of length, the corresponding natural unit of time is time light needs to traverse your chosen unit of length. (If you use meter to measure distances, "meter of time" is about 3 nanoseconds). With such choice of units, speed of light is equal to 1 and all velocities are dimensionless values (they are no longer "m/s", but just numbers. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_units). Any other "improved units of time" are nonsense. 1) Those page numbers don't match my Sept. 2016 version. What version do you have? 2) If there were only one 'natural' way physicists wouldn't argue such definitions. As far as Mills making 'hilariously stupid' mistakes, you can laugh at him after he wins his Nobel prize if you wish. ;D Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 07/06/2017 05:51 pm Fortunately Mills' predictions of the hydrino's properties as well as the properties other, more established, chemical compounds does not depend on this numerological tangent. What does? His attempt to unify gravity with the rest of physics. If Mills were to drop the numerology, it would leave Hydrino theory unscathed. That would be true if the underlying math of his "predictions" was any more sound. I put predictions in quotes because it isn't a prediction when you start off by assuming the result you want. Since the hydrino is the central part of Mills theory, it seems like he has put more work into covering his tracks there, but the underlying logic seems equivalent. Serendipity, fortuitous accidents and intuitive guessing 'hunches' and plain bad math have all led to great discoveries in science. Well there is certainly a whole bunch of the latter two going on here. We have yet to see any evidence of the first. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 05:55 pm Yeah, two things strike me about Mills theory. First it is very broad. It would make fundamental changes from chemistry to high energy physics to cosmology. Second, his grasp of mainstream physics appears to be incredibly shallow. Lets look at one particular example. On page 1641 he wrote: " Bell's theorem is a simple proof of statistical inequalities of expectation values of observables given that quantum statistics are correct and that the physical system possesses "hidden variables". Classical physics does not posses hidden variables. It is deterministic and hidden variables do not apply to it. " Now this is so wrong it hurts. First, Bell's theorem does not assume quantum statistics are correct. Bell's theorem need not even mention quantum mechanics because it isn't about quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem is about the limits that can be placed on any local realistic theory. Second, Mills theory is classical and so it is exactly the type of theory that Bell's theorem places limits on. And third, if Mills theory were a local realistic theory that could reproduce quantum experimental results it would be exactly the hidden variable theory Einstein was looking for. By uncovering the hydrino states Mills uncovered Einstein's hidden physics. Except Bell proved that no such theory can exist because it cannot violate Bell's inequality, a basic limitation on classical physical theories. And finally, Mill's theory is deterministic and so hidden variables do not apply to it?!? Einstein proposed unseen physics exactly in order to reduce quantum mechanics to a deterministic theory. How much wrong can you stuff into three sentences? This single quoted section of Mills' book removes any possibility that mills has a clue. The only remaining question is is he really that dunderheaded or is it fraud. Given the combination of breadth and shallowness I vote fraud. But more than that given the level of intellectual degradation he would need to achieve to actually believe this mess I think calling it fraud is giving him the benefit of the doubt. Since I'm not an expert on Bell's theorem I'd like to forward this to Mills and get his response. Is that ok? Fine but Mills is the wrong person to ask about Bell's theorem. It is a very simple thing that an average high school student should be able to understand. The fact that you don't understand it means you absolutely are not qualified to judge Mills' theory. You cannot proceed until you have an understanding of it. And by understand I mean an understanding separate from vague mental images gleaned from Mills wall of text. Understand the real thing before you bother with the crap. There are many pages on the internet that explain it. Or we could discuss it here. Thanks for permission to sent this to Mills. No, I think Mills can respond himself. The only question is do you want me to strip out the fraud comments at the end or not? I'm sure Mills doesn't appreciate being called a fraud in a public forum but I'm willing to send it as is if that's what you want. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Chris Bergin on 07/06/2017 05:57 pm Hey, clever people....why is it always the clever people who are rude to each other. Site rules are site rules. I don't want to see any uncivil posts on here or it'll be a trip to the naughty step for your clever backside. OK? :) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 07/06/2017 06:13 pm New mathematical invention! If you have a formula with real numbers, and you want it to give imaginary result... you just insert "i" whereever you like! You feel uneasy writing "A = B" where A actually is not equal to B? You should not! It's new invention! Also, a new physical invention! "Spacelike event"! (Don't ask me what that is...) Here is a reference to the definition of spacelike. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/169631/what-spacelike-timelike-and-lightlike-spacetime-interval-really-mean Again, you lack basic reading comprehension skills. You can have a spacelike interval. The problem is that mills didn't define an interval, he defined an event. I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. The context where as gospacex pointed out, he has an equation that states a real number equals an imaginary number? No, that doesn't help your case. Please read this then. Thanks. How does that make any of the following true? 2 = 3 2 = 3*i 2 = 2*i a = b*i, where a and b are both pure real Mills' particle production is an interval between the two particles created. You certainly can think of it as two events and a interval. The spacelike condition guarantees they don't immediately annihilate. Mills' adds physics to quantum mechanical 'creation operators' which amount to symbols on paper with no physics content. Mills describes it as an event, not an interval. If your description is what he intended, but failed to communicate, it would break what was previously claimed here as one of the fundamental principles of his theory, that conservation laws are always held, since one particle would be created before the other (variable between frames). To avoid this, he would have to let them start on top of each other, which then explains the "event" but leaves the problem with the "spacelike". I think the point that Mills' theory is contradictory on every level has been well made here. The biggest flaws like in my post quoted here about real and imaginary numbers have simply been ignored by the supporters, sometimes by starting a tangent that just makes it look like they are responding while missing the main point. To any who would ignore the basically endless list of contradictions, and absence of any accurate math in support of Mills, I don't think any further discussion will do any good, so don't expect to hear much or anything more from me. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 06:36 pm New mathematical invention! If you have a formula with real numbers, and you want it to give imaginary result... you just insert "i" whereever you like! You feel uneasy writing "A = B" where A actually is not equal to B? You should not! It's new invention! Also, a new physical invention! "Spacelike event"! (Don't ask me what that is...) Here is a reference to the definition of spacelike. https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/169631/what-spacelike-timelike-and-lightlike-spacetime-interval-really-mean Again, you lack basic reading comprehension skills. You can have a spacelike interval. The problem is that mills didn't define an interval, he defined an event. I was making a joke but it may help if you read the entire section to place what Mills is doing in context. Read the title of the box and also look at Box 32.1. The context where as gospacex pointed out, he has an equation that states a real number equals an imaginary number? No, that doesn't help your case. Please read this then. Thanks. How does that make any of the following true? 2 = 3 2 = 3*i 2 = 2*i a = b*i, where a and b are both pure real Mills' particle production is an interval between the two particles created. You certainly can think of it as two events and a interval. The spacelike condition guarantees they don't immediately annihilate. Mills' adds physics to quantum mechanical 'creation operators' which amount to symbols on paper with no physics content. Mills describes it as an event, not an interval. If your description is what he intended, but failed to communicate, it would break what was previously claimed here as one of the fundamental principles of his theory, that conservation laws are always held, since one particle would be created before the other (variable between frames). To avoid this, he would have to let them start on top of each other, which then explains the "event" but leaves the problem with the "spacelike". I think the point that Mills' theory is contradictory on every level has been well made here. The biggest flaws like in my post quoted here about real and imaginary numbers have simply been ignored by the supporters, sometimes by starting a tangent that just makes it look like they are responding while missing the main point. To any who would ignore the basically endless list of contradictions, and absence of any accurate math in support of Mills, I don't think any further discussion will do any good, so don't expect to hear much or anything more from me. While I thank you for the discussion and am disappointed that you are losing interest, I just don't agree that you have made arguments that are very convincing or have revealed all sorts of contradictions. What I've seen are lawyerly 'gotcha' arguments devoid of inderstanding or actual interest in Mills ideas. Or strawman arguments like your playing with numbers above. I've found over the years that when I looked close at Mills arguments, my concerns have been resolved by understand what he is doing. But it's not easy. Geniuses are often hard to follow. Thanks again. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 07/06/2017 07:25 pm *snip* What I've seen are lawyerly 'gotcha' arguments devoid of inderstanding or actual interest in Mills ideas. Or strawman arguments like your playing with numbers above. I've found over the years that when I looked close at Mills arguments, my concerns have been resolved by understand what he is doing. But it's not easy. Geniuses are often hard to follow. Thanks again. If Mills' math is wrong, then Mills is wrong. Nobel Prizes aren't given for doing bad math. If the math was right, then everyone would be beating a path to his door - this has happened with every surprising or controversial discovery in physics. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ppnl on 07/06/2017 07:39 pm Yeah, two things strike me about Mills theory. First it is very broad. It would make fundamental changes from chemistry to high energy physics to cosmology. Second, his grasp of mainstream physics appears to be incredibly shallow. Lets look at one particular example. On page 1641 he wrote: " Bell's theorem is a simple proof of statistical inequalities of expectation values of observables given that quantum statistics are correct and that the physical system possesses "hidden variables". Classical physics does not posses hidden variables. It is deterministic and hidden variables do not apply to it. " Now this is so wrong it hurts. First, Bell's theorem does not assume quantum statistics are correct. Bell's theorem need not even mention quantum mechanics because it isn't about quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem is about the limits that can be placed on any local realistic theory. Second, Mills theory is classical and so it is exactly the type of theory that Bell's theorem places limits on. And third, if Mills theory were a local realistic theory that could reproduce quantum experimental results it would be exactly the hidden variable theory Einstein was looking for. By uncovering the hydrino states Mills uncovered Einstein's hidden physics. Except Bell proved that no such theory can exist because it cannot violate Bell's inequality, a basic limitation on classical physical theories. And finally, Mill's theory is deterministic and so hidden variables do not apply to it?!? Einstein proposed unseen physics exactly in order to reduce quantum mechanics to a deterministic theory. How much wrong can you stuff into three sentences? This single quoted section of Mills' book removes any possibility that mills has a clue. The only remaining question is is he really that dunderheaded or is it fraud. Given the combination of breadth and shallowness I vote fraud. But more than that given the level of intellectual degradation he would need to achieve to actually believe this mess I think calling it fraud is giving him the benefit of the doubt. Since I'm not an expert on Bell's theorem I'd like to forward this to Mills and get his response. Is that ok? Fine but Mills is the wrong person to ask about Bell's theorem. It is a very simple thing that an average high school student should be able to understand. The fact that you don't understand it means you absolutely are not qualified to judge Mills' theory. You cannot proceed until you have an understanding of it. And by understand I mean an understanding separate from vague mental images gleaned from Mills wall of text. Understand the real thing before you bother with the crap. There are many pages on the internet that explain it. Or we could discuss it here. Thanks for permission to sent this to Mills. No, I think Mills can respond himself. The only question is do you want me to strip out the fraud comments at the end or not? I'm sure Mills doesn't appreciate being called a fraud in a public forum but I'm willing to send it as is if that's what you want. I don't care. I have no interest in what Mills thinks of me. You don't produce work that bad and still get to be taken seriously. You just don't. And you don't produce work that bad, have your patents revoked and spend tens of millions of dollars of other peoples money and not deal with suggestions of fraud. It would be irresponsible for anyone not to consider fraud. No rudeness is intended. Just a cold look at the facts. And this shouldn't be about Mills. This should be about you. You said that you didn't understand Bell's theorem. You need to understand Bell's work and you need to get that understanding separate from Mills. Only then will you be able to judge this part of his work. Only knowledge can protect you. I'm sorry if the discussion of fraud violates the forum rules. But this section of the forum was created to contain these types of discussions. It will naturally attract nonsense and fraud. It would be ironic and perverse to defend the discussion of impossible things like hydrinos on the grounds of free speech while preventing the very real possibility of fraud by a man who has spent tens of millions of other peoples money. The mods are free to edit or delete my messages as they see fit. I stand by them as written. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 07/06/2017 08:02 pm I forgot that I wanted to include in my last post a partial list of what has been determined about Mills' claims in this thread as a summary. (Wording below assumes he isn't a fraud, though there should be clear reason to question that.) -Mills does not understand anything about quantum mechanics. (His list of complaints about quantum are not actually true about quantum) -Mills has no actual predictive theory ---He doesn't have a list of central assumptions ---Generally he just pulls equations from thin air, sometimes using results of theories he discounts ---If you parse through it, often his results are obtained from an original assumption that those are the results. -Experimental evidence (measurements of electron position) disagrees with Mills' claim the electron is a 2d sphere. -Claims that Mills can simply solve problems that are complex in quantum mechanics have not been accompanied by the supposed derivation ---The one response to this was a slide Mills had made that claims to support his theory, this slide shows an experimental picture with the fuzziness expected by quantum, and overlays a "prediction" to show it matches. The prediction looks like a result from standard quantum, and it is unclear how it could ever have come from Mills' "theory" (ignoring that he has no real theory) -Deeper investigation of Mills' claims reveal direct contradictions, such as a real number equaling an imaginary number, or straight numerology. -Claims that scientists are starting to support Mills have no real evidence backing them. ---at best a few people looked at Mills' device and say it seems to be producing some power. ---no independent replication or papers at all, except some old ones (e.g. NASA) which find less excess heat than Mills had claimed. I may edit this post later, since I am likely forgetting a few important points. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 08:03 pm Yeah, two things strike me about Mills theory. First it is very broad. It would make fundamental changes from chemistry to high energy physics to cosmology. Second, his grasp of mainstream physics appears to be incredibly shallow. Lets look at one particular example. On page 1641 he wrote: " Bell's theorem is a simple proof of statistical inequalities of expectation values of observables given that quantum statistics are correct and that the physical system possesses "hidden variables". Classical physics does not posses hidden variables. It is deterministic and hidden variables do not apply to it. " Now this is so wrong it hurts. First, Bell's theorem does not assume quantum statistics are correct. Bell's theorem need not even mention quantum mechanics because it isn't about quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem is about the limits that can be placed on any local realistic theory. Second, Mills theory is classical and so it is exactly the type of theory that Bell's theorem places limits on. And third, if Mills theory were a local realistic theory that could reproduce quantum experimental results it would be exactly the hidden variable theory Einstein was looking for. By uncovering the hydrino states Mills uncovered Einstein's hidden physics. Except Bell proved that no such theory can exist because it cannot violate Bell's inequality, a basic limitation on classical physical theories. And finally, Mill's theory is deterministic and so hidden variables do not apply to it?!? Einstein proposed unseen physics exactly in order to reduce quantum mechanics to a deterministic theory. How much wrong can you stuff into three sentences? This single quoted section of Mills' book removes any possibility that mills has a clue. The only remaining question is is he really that dunderheaded or is it fraud. Given the combination of breadth and shallowness I vote fraud. But more than that given the level of intellectual degradation he would need to achieve to actually believe this mess I think calling it fraud is giving him the benefit of the doubt. Since I'm not an expert on Bell's theorem I'd like to forward this to Mills and get his response. Is that ok? Fine but Mills is the wrong person to ask about Bell's theorem. It is a very simple thing that an average high school student should be able to understand. The fact that you don't understand it means you absolutely are not qualified to judge Mills' theory. You cannot proceed until you have an understanding of it. And by understand I mean an understanding separate from vague mental images gleaned from Mills wall of text. Understand the real thing before you bother with the crap. There are many pages on the internet that explain it. Or we could discuss it here. Thanks for permission to sent this to Mills. No, I think Mills can respond himself. The only question is do you want me to strip out the fraud comments at the end or not? I'm sure Mills doesn't appreciate being called a fraud in a public forum but I'm willing to send it as is if that's what you want. I don't care. I have no interest in what Mills thinks of me. You don't produce work that bad and still get to be taken seriously. You just don't. And you don't produce work that bad, have your patents revoked and spend tens of millions of dollars of other peoples money and not deal with suggestions of fraud. It would be irresponsible for anyone not to consider fraud. No rudeness is intended. Just a cold look at the facts. And this shouldn't be about Mills. This should be about you. You said that you didn't understand Bell's theorem. You need to understand Bell's work and you need to get that understanding separate from Mills. Only then will you be able to judge this part of his work. Only knowledge can protect you. I'm sorry if the discussion of fraud violates the forum rules. But this section of the forum was created to contain these types of discussions. It will naturally attract nonsense and fraud. It would be ironic and perverse to defend the discussion of impossible things like hydrinos on the grounds of free speech while preventing the very real possibility of fraud by a man who has spent tens of millions of other peoples money. The mods are free to edit or delete my messages as they see fit. I stand by them as written. You claim I said I don't understand Bell's theorem. Pease point me to where I said such a thing. I said I'm not an expert which is entirely a different concept. Thanks again for your clarification. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 08:06 pm *snip* What I've seen are lawyerly 'gotcha' arguments devoid of inderstanding or actual interest in Mills ideas. Or strawman arguments like your playing with numbers above. I've found over the years that when I looked close at Mills arguments, my concerns have been resolved by understand what he is doing. But it's not easy. Geniuses are often hard to follow. Thanks again. If Mills' math is wrong, then Mills is wrong. Nobel Prizes aren't given for doing bad math. If the math was right, then everyone would be beating a path to his door - this has happened with every surprising or controversial discovery in physics. Honestly, if hydrino's exist, you really think the physics police are going to argue Mills gets no credit if he made a math error? Nobel prizes aren't given for math, they are given for physics. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 07/06/2017 08:12 pm *snip* What I've seen are lawyerly 'gotcha' arguments devoid of inderstanding or actual interest in Mills ideas. Or strawman arguments like your playing with numbers above. I've found over the years that when I looked close at Mills arguments, my concerns have been resolved by understand what he is doing. But it's not easy. Geniuses are often hard to follow. Thanks again. If Mills' math is wrong, then Mills is wrong. Nobel Prizes aren't given for doing bad math. If the math was right, then everyone would be beating a path to his door - this has happened with every surprising or controversial discovery in physics. Honestly, if hydrino's exist, you really think the physics police are going to argue Mills gets no credit if he made a math error? Nobel prizes aren't given for math, they are given for physics. Except for the overarching issue of there being no evidence whatsoever that hydrinos exist at all. Physics IS math. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 08:25 pm *snip* What I've seen are lawyerly 'gotcha' arguments devoid of inderstanding or actual interest in Mills ideas. Or strawman arguments like your playing with numbers above. I've found over the years that when I looked close at Mills arguments, my concerns have been resolved by understand what he is doing. But it's not easy. Geniuses are often hard to follow. Thanks again. If Mills' math is wrong, then Mills is wrong. Nobel Prizes aren't given for doing bad math. If the math was right, then everyone would be beating a path to his door - this has happened with every surprising or controversial discovery in physics. Honestly, if hydrino's exist, you really think the physics police are going to argue Mills gets no credit if he made a math error? Nobel prizes aren't given for math, they are given for physics. Except for the overarching issue of there being no evidence whatsoever that hydrinos exist at all. Physics IS math. That's a very good illustration of the attitude difference between men like Mills and his critics. Mills believes physics is real and math is merely a tool and many of his critics believe the math first and foremost above all, even to the exclusion of data. Physics is not math, math is a tool. If it were we have no need of expensive science budgets as we could vet all ideas by math alone. ;) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 07/06/2017 08:29 pm *snip* What I've seen are lawyerly 'gotcha' arguments devoid of inderstanding or actual interest in Mills ideas. Or strawman arguments like your playing with numbers above. I've found over the years that when I looked close at Mills arguments, my concerns have been resolved by understand what he is doing. But it's not easy. Geniuses are often hard to follow. Thanks again. If Mills' math is wrong, then Mills is wrong. Nobel Prizes aren't given for doing bad math. If the math was right, then everyone would be beating a path to his door - this has happened with every surprising or controversial discovery in physics. Honestly, if hydrino's exist, you really think the physics police are going to argue Mills gets no credit if he made a math error? Nobel prizes aren't given for math, they are given for physics. Except for the overarching issue of there being no evidence whatsoever that hydrinos exist at all. Physics IS math. That's a very good illustration of the attitude difference between men like Mills and his critics. Mills believes physics is real and math is merely a tool and many of his critics believe the math first and foremost above all, even to the exclusion of data. Physics is not math, math is a tool. If it were we have no need of expensive science budgets as we could vet all ideas by math alone. ;) The opposite is equally true. Physics cannot live on experimentation alone. If you can't mathematically describe what's happening in your experiments, you may as well be practicing witchcraft. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: blasphemer on 07/06/2017 08:34 pm This scam has been ongoing for 26 years now, and still no undeniable proof in sight. That alone proves that there is nothing of substance to see here. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 08:38 pm I forgot that I wanted to include in my last post a partial list of what has been determined about Mills' claims in this thread as a summary. (Wording below assumes he isn't a fraud, though there should be clear reason to question that.) -Mills does not understand anything about quantum mechanics. (His list of complaints about quantum are not actually true about quantum) -Mills has no actual predictive theory ---He doesn't have a list of central assumptions ---Generally he just pulls equations from thin air, sometimes using results of theories he discounts ---If you parse through it, often his results are obtained from an original assumption that those are the results. -Experimental evidence (measurements of electron position) disagrees with Mills' claim the electron is a 2d sphere. -Claims that Mills can simply solve problems that are complex in quantum mechanics have not been accompanied by the supposed derivation ---The one response to this was a slide Mills had made that claims to support his theory, this slide shows an experimental picture with the fuzziness expected by quantum, and overlays a "prediction" to show it matches. The prediction looks like a result from standard quantum, and it is unclear how it could ever have come from Mills' "theory" (ignoring that he has no real theory) -Deeper investigation of Mills' claims reveal direct contradictions, such as a real number equaling an imaginary number, or straight numerology. -Claims that scientists are starting to support Mills have no real evidence backing them. ---at best a few people looked at Mills' device and say it seems to be producing some power. ---no independent replication or papers at all, except some old ones (e.g. NASA) which find less excess heat than Mills had claimed. I may edit this post later, since I am likely forgetting a few important points. I think you just like the discussion. :) I've discussed most of these. Mills has debunked your comment regarding measurements of electron position. Who besides Rathke has done 'deeper' investigation? Rathke was completely debunked. Mills' derivations of Helium excited states and other multi-electron atoms are available so that debunks you claim Mills doesn't solve complex problems. I've admitted the dearth of independent replications according to your standard, but that isn't an admission there isn't sufficient data available. You admit some people, see the experiments 'producing some power' and you admit NASA saw some 'excess heat' so why are you so completely uninterested? Oh,right, QM math doesn't admit it so it must be errors. Right. ;D Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 08:43 pm *snip* What I've seen are lawyerly 'gotcha' arguments devoid of inderstanding or actual interest in Mills ideas. Or strawman arguments like your playing with numbers above. I've found over the years that when I looked close at Mills arguments, my concerns have been resolved by understand what he is doing. But it's not easy. Geniuses are often hard to follow. Thanks again. If Mills' math is wrong, then Mills is wrong. Nobel Prizes aren't given for doing bad math. If the math was right, then everyone would be beating a path to his door - this has happened with every surprising or controversial discovery in physics. Honestly, if hydrino's exist, you really think the physics police are going to argue Mills gets no credit if he made a math error? Nobel prizes aren't given for math, they are given for physics. Except for the overarching issue of there being no evidence whatsoever that hydrinos exist at all. Physics IS math. That's a very good illustration of the attitude difference between men like Mills and his critics. Mills believes physics is real and math is merely a tool and many of his critics believe the math first and foremost above all, even to the exclusion of data. Physics is not math, math is a tool. If it were we have no need of expensive science budgets as we could vet all ideas by math alone. ;) The opposite is equally true. Physics cannot live on experimentation alone. If you can't mathematically describe what's happening in your experiments, you may as well be practicing witchcraft. Even if much of Mills math was purely descriptive, for instance describing hydrino chemistry and rates of reactions, it's still better than some theorist declaring "it simply cannot be". Physics needs both yet real data should not be thrown out because people don't understand or like the theory. They should conditionally accept the data and replicate it then try and explain it. Not just ignore it because it doesn't fit QM. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 08:50 pm This scam has been ongoing for 26 years now, and still no undeniable proof in sight. That alone proves that there is nothing of substance to see here. Proves? It doesn't prove anything except its a hard problem. Very hard. Also that Mills is tenacious. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 07/06/2017 08:57 pm This scam has been ongoing for 26 years now, and still no undeniable proof in sight. That alone proves that there is nothing of substance to see here. Proves? It doesn't prove anything except its a hard problem. Very hard. Also that Mills is tenacious. Or that he likes fleecing money from investors while perpetually never delivering on his promises. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/06/2017 09:03 pm This scam has been ongoing for 26 years now, and still no undeniable proof in sight. That alone proves that there is nothing of substance to see here. Proves? It doesn't prove anything except its a hard problem. Very hard. Also that Mills is tenacious. Or that he likes fleecing money from investors while perpetually never delivering on his promises. Do you honestly believe that or is it just casual talk? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Req on 07/06/2017 09:12 pm In case you haven't noticed, you seem to be the only one here who does not honestly believe that. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 07/06/2017 09:22 pm This scam has been ongoing for 26 years now, and still no undeniable proof in sight. That alone proves that there is nothing of substance to see here. Proves? It doesn't prove anything except its a hard problem. Very hard. Also that Mills is tenacious. Or that he likes fleecing money from investors while perpetually never delivering on his promises. Do you honestly believe that or is it just casual talk? How many years has he been saying he'll have a deliverable power-producing product within a year? It very much seems to be the case that he's a con man who is using a gish-gallop of shoddy math to hoodwink investors. It is possible to convince me otherwise - if he opened up to in-depth investigation, allowed others to study his experimental setup, or produced papers showing his methodology and experimental setup so others can replicate what he's done, and so on. So far all that we have to see is the results of limited study, like of heat output from the setup (with separate runs producing wildly different results), that doesn't tell us a thing about what's actually going on inside it. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 07/06/2017 10:00 pm Like someone already wrote many pages earlier, this discussion is not going anywhere at all. We can dig up loads of falsehoods and inconsistencies in Mills' tome, but nothing seems to have any effect on believers. Even the entertainment value in looking for silliness has worn off at least for me. I don't think this discussion is worth continuing unless there's some real new development (changing the name of the company doesn't count as real development). Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ppnl on 07/07/2017 01:00 am Yeah, two things strike me about Mills theory. First it is very broad. It would make fundamental changes from chemistry to high energy physics to cosmology. Second, his grasp of mainstream physics appears to be incredibly shallow. Lets look at one particular example. On page 1641 he wrote: " Bell's theorem is a simple proof of statistical inequalities of expectation values of observables given that quantum statistics are correct and that the physical system possesses "hidden variables". Classical physics does not posses hidden variables. It is deterministic and hidden variables do not apply to it. " Now this is so wrong it hurts. First, Bell's theorem does not assume quantum statistics are correct. Bell's theorem need not even mention quantum mechanics because it isn't about quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem is about the limits that can be placed on any local realistic theory. Second, Mills theory is classical and so it is exactly the type of theory that Bell's theorem places limits on. And third, if Mills theory were a local realistic theory that could reproduce quantum experimental results it would be exactly the hidden variable theory Einstein was looking for. By uncovering the hydrino states Mills uncovered Einstein's hidden physics. Except Bell proved that no such theory can exist because it cannot violate Bell's inequality, a basic limitation on classical physical theories. And finally, Mill's theory is deterministic and so hidden variables do not apply to it?!? Einstein proposed unseen physics exactly in order to reduce quantum mechanics to a deterministic theory. How much wrong can you stuff into three sentences? This single quoted section of Mills' book removes any possibility that mills has a clue. The only remaining question is is he really that dunderheaded or is it fraud. Given the combination of breadth and shallowness I vote fraud. But more than that given the level of intellectual degradation he would need to achieve to actually believe this mess I think calling it fraud is giving him the benefit of the doubt. Since I'm not an expert on Bell's theorem I'd like to forward this to Mills and get his response. Is that ok? Fine but Mills is the wrong person to ask about Bell's theorem. It is a very simple thing that an average high school student should be able to understand. The fact that you don't understand it means you absolutely are not qualified to judge Mills' theory. You cannot proceed until you have an understanding of it. And by understand I mean an understanding separate from vague mental images gleaned from Mills wall of text. Understand the real thing before you bother with the crap. There are many pages on the internet that explain it. Or we could discuss it here. Thanks for permission to sent this to Mills. No, I think Mills can respond himself. The only question is do you want me to strip out the fraud comments at the end or not? I'm sure Mills doesn't appreciate being called a fraud in a public forum but I'm willing to send it as is if that's what you want. I don't care. I have no interest in what Mills thinks of me. You don't produce work that bad and still get to be taken seriously. You just don't. And you don't produce work that bad, have your patents revoked and spend tens of millions of dollars of other peoples money and not deal with suggestions of fraud. It would be irresponsible for anyone not to consider fraud. No rudeness is intended. Just a cold look at the facts. And this shouldn't be about Mills. This should be about you. You said that you didn't understand Bell's theorem. You need to understand Bell's work and you need to get that understanding separate from Mills. Only then will you be able to judge this part of his work. Only knowledge can protect you. I'm sorry if the discussion of fraud violates the forum rules. But this section of the forum was created to contain these types of discussions. It will naturally attract nonsense and fraud. It would be ironic and perverse to defend the discussion of impossible things like hydrinos on the grounds of free speech while preventing the very real possibility of fraud by a man who has spent tens of millions of other peoples money. The mods are free to edit or delete my messages as they see fit. I stand by them as written. You claim I said I don't understand Bell's theorem. Pease point me to where I said such a thing. I said I'm not an expert which is entirely a different concept. Thanks again for your clarification. There is no such thing as an expert on Bell's theorem. It would be like claiming to be an expert on 2+2=4. It is a very simple result that does not even directly involve quantum mechanics. It is simply a logical conundrum that places limits on any classical deterministic theory. In that sense it is aimed more at Mills' theory than quantum mechanics. The problem is you have achieved epistemic closure. You trust Mills. You will believe him despite nearly thirty years and tens of millions of dollars of failure. You will believe what Mills tells you about Bell's inequality despite the simple and obvious fact that you don't have the tools to judge. It's like I'm trying to discuss calculus with someone who is not an expert on 2+2=4. There are many places around the internet that will help you understand Bell's inequality. Blog posts, youtube videos, science forums, endless resources. What Mills has to say is not going to help. Break out of your epistemic closure by gaining an understanding apart from Mills. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bmcgaffey20 on 07/07/2017 02:37 pm Anyone seen this youtube video yet? Looks like the same reaction going on in mills' device. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIZsc3cKufk The whole thing is pretty curious from an uneducated, wishful thinking viewpoint. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 07/07/2017 02:55 pm Anyone seen this youtube video yet? Looks like the same reaction going on in mills' device. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BIZsc3cKufk The whole thing is pretty curious from an uneducated, wishful thinking viewpoint. Did you read the description on the youtube video? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bmcgaffey20 on 07/07/2017 03:14 pm Yes, of course. The point im trying to make is that it does resemble the same thing going on with Mills' device. Why hasn't anyone come out and said "this is really whats going on, but nice try" if it is that easily dismissed. Let me ask you this. If you were to posses a technology which by its very existence would threaten your life, but it would also revolutionize the world. What would you do with it, if you were "this close" to making it work in your mind. Just saying, have an open mind. Why such the hostility towards even the least of credible ideas. If you don't like it you do not and shouldn't invest. On that note, I'd recommend buying at least a little bit of silver right now. Even if its all a pot of crap, You can still cash out for most of your money back on silver at any time. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 07/07/2017 03:31 pm Yes, of course. The point im trying to make is that it does resemble the same thing going on with Mills' device. Why hasn't anyone come out and said "this is really whats going on, but nice try" if it is that easily dismissed. Let me ask you this. If you were to posses a technology which by its very existence would threaten your life, but it would also revolutionize the world. What would you do with it, if you were "this close" to making it work in your mind. Just saying, have an open mind. Why such the hostility towards even the least of credible ideas. If you don't like it you do not and shouldn't invest. On that note, I'd recommend buying at least a little bit of silver right now. Even if its all a pot of crap, You can still cash out for most of your money back on silver at any time. You may have read the title of the video, I'm saying read the description on the youtube video you linked to, where it says that it is a video of a BLP demonstration, so it doesn't just "resemble" it, it is one. This "technology" doesn't threaten Mills' life. That is absurd. The point many here are making is that it's not a credible idea. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 07/07/2017 05:17 pm Even if much of Mills math was purely descriptive, for instance describing hydrino chemistry and rates of reactions, it's still better than some theorist declaring "it simply cannot be". Physics needs both yet real data should not be thrown out because people don't understand or like the theory. They should conditionally accept the data and replicate it then try and explain it. Not just ignore it because it doesn't fit QM. Exactly. Data leads theory, not the other way around. Good data generated by a hypothesis inspired by a flawed theory and which contravenes other flawed theories is still good data that should be understood and applied. The "more useful theory" in the context of the data is the "better theory" for the purposes of said data. Theory isn't important because it describes nature, its important because it permits hypothesis generation respecting testability and repeatability, at least in principle, which guides experimental design so we can understand nature better than before. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/08/2017 07:32 pm Yes, of course. The point im trying to make is that it does resemble the same thing going on with Mills' device. Why hasn't anyone come out and said "this is really whats going on, but nice try" if it is that easily dismissed. Let me ask you this. If you were to posses a technology which by its very existence would threaten your life, but it would also revolutionize the world. What would you do with it, if you were "this close" to making it work in your mind. Just saying, have an open mind. Why such the hostility towards even the least of credible ideas. If you don't like it you do not and shouldn't invest. On that note, I'd recommend buying at least a little bit of silver right now. Even if its all a pot of crap, You can still cash out for most of your money back on silver at any time. You may have read the title of the video, I'm saying read the description on the youtube video you linked to, where it says that it is a video of a BLP demonstration, so it doesn't just "resemble" it, it is one. This "technology" doesn't threaten Mills' life. That is absurd. The point many here are making is that it's not a credible idea. The technology doesn't threaten Mills' life. Mills' business model is an open model so no enterprise, such as big oil or foreign interests needs to be shut out. I prefer to think it's not a credible idea because it's really such an incredible idea. :D Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 07/08/2017 07:52 pm This scam has been ongoing for 26 years now, and still no undeniable proof in sight. That alone proves that there is nothing of substance to see here. Proves? It doesn't prove anything except its a hard problem. Very hard. Also that Mills is tenacious. Or that he likes fleecing money from investors while perpetually never delivering on his promises. Do you honestly believe that or is it just casual talk? How many years has he been saying he'll have a deliverable power-producing product within a year? It very much seems to be the case that he's a con man who is using a gish-gallop of shoddy math to hoodwink investors. It is possible to convince me otherwise - if he opened up to in-depth investigation, allowed others to study his experimental setup, or produced papers showing his methodology and experimental setup so others can replicate what he's done, and so on. So far all that we have to see is the results of limited study, like of heat output from the setup (with separate runs producing wildly different results), that doesn't tell us a thing about what's actually going on inside it. His papers describe in exhaustive detail many experiments which a scientist skilled in the art could replicate. And some have. Also, if he were merely a 'con man' trying to 'hoodwink' investors, why is he using that money to pay for expensive facilities, equipment and a staff of more than twenty scientists, engineers and technicians? What con man does that? It could very easily be verified if this is a fake claim or real facilities by anyone interested. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 07/08/2017 08:56 pm And some have. [citation needed] Quote Also, if he were merely a 'con man' trying to 'hoodwink' investors, why is he using that money to pay for expensive facilities, equipment and a staff of more than twenty scientists, engineers and technicians? Because giving the impression of being a real operation is essential to keeping the money flowing. The pitch has always been that real world exploitation is just around the corner, backed up by flashy but scientifically irrelevant demos. That doesn't work nearly as well if it's just one guy with books full of dodgy math. And it works! Here you are, using the fact they spent some of that investor money on facilities and staff to argue that it can't be a scam! Never mind that putting up a convincing front is at the core of many investment scams. Quote What con man does that? There are numerous examples of this in the "free energy" and "cold fusion" generas, though few as long running as BLP. I'm agnostic as to whether Mills is a con artist or a true believer, or to what extent those around him are one or the other, but the incoherence of his theory and BLPs pattern of behavior over the last 25 years strongly suggests either is more likely than "hydrinos" being a thing. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 07/09/2017 06:04 am If the founders of QM had had a better, Maxwell based reason for non-radiation, they would have used it and that may have led to an extended electron model something along the lines of Mills' model. ^ That is the most important sentence in this entire thread. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 07/09/2017 06:20 am I'm agnostic as to whether Mills is a con artist or a true believer, or to what extent those around him are one or the other, but the incoherence of his theory and BLPs pattern of behavior over the last 25 years strongly suggests either is more likely than "hydrinos" being a thing. https://academic.microsoft.com/#/search?iq=Composite(AA.AuN%3D%3D'randell%20l%20mills')&q=&filters=Composite(AA.AuId%3D2129324251)&from=0&sort=0 Introducing the list of True Believers† Quote from: 1-8 of 153 results for (0.4 seconds) Randell L. Mills P. Ray J. He B. Dhandapani M. Nansteel Ying Lu Kamran Akhtar William R. Good R.M. Mayo X. Chen Z. Chang Andreas Voigt G. Zhao G. Chu Yi Lu Jonathan Phillips J. Lotoski Jinquan Dong J.E. Scharer Nelson Greenig †Assuming that anybody who co-authors a paper by Randell L. Mills is a True Believer, which is a very reasonable™ assumption. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 08/28/2017 07:24 am This patent proves that Brilliant Light Power is not joking when it comes to R&D: https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/docservicepdf_pct/id00000038735552/PAMPH/WO2017127447.pdf FIG. 2I88 is a beast. 8) FIGURE 2I88 is a schematic drawing of a thermophotovoltaic SF-CIHT cell power generator comprising dual EM pump injectors as liquid electrodes showing the generator support components in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. (https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/docservice_image_drawings/[email protected]@@[email protected]@@[email protected]@@[email protected]@@[email protected]@@000324.tif) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 08/28/2017 03:21 pm This patent proves that Brilliant Light Power is not joking when it comes to R&D: It proves no such thing. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: as58 on 08/28/2017 03:38 pm That figure pales in comparison to this behemoth (from US Patent 4681244). (http://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pages/US4681244-1.png) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Nascent Ascent on 08/28/2017 03:56 pm "In general we look for a new law by the following process. First we guess it. Then we compute the consequences of the guess to see what would be implied if this law that we guessed is right. Then we compare the result of the computation to nature, with experiment or experience, compare it directly with observation, to see if it works. If it disagrees with experiment it is wrong. In that simple statement is the key to science. It does not make any difference how beautiful your guess is. It does not make any difference how smart you are, who made the guess, or what his name is – if it disagrees with experiment it is wrong. That is all there is to it." R.P. Feynman Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 08/28/2017 04:53 pm "In general we look for a new law by the following process. First we guess it. Then we compute the consequences of the guess to see what would be implied if this law that we guessed is right. Then we compare the result of the computation to nature, with experiment or experience, compare it directly with observation, to see if it works. If it disagrees with experiment it is wrong. In that simple statement is the key to science. It does not make any difference how beautiful your guess is. It does not make any difference how smart you are, who made the guess, or what his name is – if it disagrees with experiment it is wrong. That is all there is to it." R.P. Feynman A truism. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 08/28/2017 05:43 pm †Assuming that anybody who co-authors a paper by Randell L. Mills is a True Believer, which is a very reasonable™ assumption. It's actually a terrible assumption. At best, it's an indication they probably didn't think Mills was a fraud (presuming they were not a party to it) or total crackpot at the time of publication. Co-author of papers reporting experimental results should not be assumed to buy Mills theory, and it should be remembered that some (like Jansson) were funded by BLP. PS: There is a very long history of hucksters and cranks using patents to give their ideas an appearance of legitimacy. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: particlezoo on 08/28/2017 06:10 pm †Assuming that anybody who co-authors a paper by Randell L. Mills is a True Believer, which is a very reasonable™ assumption. It's actually a terrible assumption. At best, it's an indication they probably didn't think Mills was a fraud (presuming they were not a party to it) or total crackpot at the time of publication. *At the very least Co-author of papers reporting experimental results should not be assumed to buy Mills theory, and it should be remembered that some (like Jansson) were funded by BLP. Of course.™ PS: There is a very long history of hucksters and cranks using patents to give their ideas an appearance of legitimacy. Another truism. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Propylox on 09/13/2017 04:10 am Because giving the impression of being a real operation is essential to keeping the money flowing. The pitch has always been that real world exploitation is just around the corner, backed up by flashy but scientifically irrelevant demos. We're talking about real science here, specifically sub-ground state electron shells and their creation for energy production, not venture capitalist and politically created fraudulent industries like CO2 hysteria or asteroid mining/deflection. Quote That doesn't work nearly as well if it's just one guy with books full of dodgy math. And it works! Here you are, using the fact they spent some of that investor money on facilities and staff to argue that it can't be a scam! Never mind that putting up a convincing front is at the core of many investment scams. Expanding a research facility for more employees, experiments and equipment (like BLP, General Fusion and others) after establishing the funding to do so is not the same as investor frauds like commercial space and EVs, or meaningless jobs programs like STS and ITER. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Propylox on 09/13/2017 04:14 am This patent proves that Brilliant Light Power is not joking when it comes to R&D: https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/docservicepdf_pct/id00000038735552/PAMPH/WO2017127447.pdf FIG. 2I88 is a beast - a schematic drawing of a thermophotovoltaic SF-CIHT cell power generator comprising dual EM pump injectors as liquid electrodes showing the generator support components in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. (https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/docservice_image_drawings/[email protected]@@[email protected]@@[email protected]@@[email protected]@@[email protected]@@000324.tif) bold emphasis, mine. Referring to them as "electrodes" implies currant, which I can only assume is ground? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 09/13/2017 05:28 am We're talking about real science here, specifically sub-ground state electron shells and their creation for energy production, By real science do you mean real gibberish? Go back through this thread to see some of the various ways that hydrino theory is nonsense. venture capitalist and politically created fraudulent industries like CO2 hysteria or asteroid mining/deflection. ... investor frauds like commercial space and EVs, or meaningless jobs programs like STS and ITER. Not only are all of the things you mentioned off topic, these things are not fraudulent. Go to the relevant threads if you want to make those claims. Meanwhile you didn't actually address the points you were responding to. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 09/13/2017 02:54 pm I just want to say, real or not, that device would have made an awesome prop in an old Hammer Films sci fi flick. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Stan-1967 on 09/13/2017 03:29 pm I just want to say, real or not, that device would have made an awesome prop in an old Hammer Films sci fi flick. Maybe that's what will tip the scales for the patent judge to grant a patent. It has "some" utility. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: bad_astra on 09/16/2017 06:43 pm They are stating they'll have a commercial product in 2019. They've made such statements before, of course. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 10/05/2017 05:46 pm We're talking about real science here, specifically sub-ground state electron shells and their creation for energy production, By real science do you mean real gibberish? Go back through this thread to see some of the various ways that hydrino theory is nonsense. venture capitalist and politically created fraudulent industries like CO2 hysteria or asteroid mining/deflection. ... investor frauds like commercial space and EVs, or meaningless jobs programs like STS and ITER. Not only are all of the things you mentioned off topic, these things are not fraudulent. Go to the relevant threads if you want to make those claims. Meanwhile you didn't actually address the points you were responding to. Does the theory of hydrino's violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics and if so why? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 10/05/2017 05:57 pm Does the theory of hydrino's violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics and if so why? Not sure where that question is coming from or why it is relevant. Mill's theory violates so many physical laws it is hard to count. From the reviews of his book earlier in this thread, it seems he has managed to make false statements about just about every aspect of physics. I'd be surprised if none of them contradicted the second law of thermodynamics, but why should I bother looking through his whole book for an example of that specific falsehood? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: wavelet on 10/10/2017 11:57 am There is a phenomenon called electron capture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture An electron not only goes very near the nucleus respect to the lowest stable orbital, but also enters the nucleus and makes a nuclear reaction. It seems that there is no emission of additional unexpected radiation (respect to the well know above description) during the phenomenon, no run through fractional levels. This is not a matter of theory, it is a matter of facts. Please read the wikipedia link. In the pictures of the "reactor" there are copper tubes that go near two big black tubes below the chamber. These tubes go up and down with no apparent function, but I might be wrong here. Hmm. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Tulse on 10/10/2017 03:00 pm There is a phenomenon called electron capture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture An electron not only goes very near the nucleus respect to the lowest stable orbital, but also enters the nucleus and makes a nuclear reaction. It seems that there is no emission of additional unexpected radiation (respect to the well know above description) during the phenomenon, no run through fractional levels. This is not a matter of theory, it is a matter of facts. Please read the wikipedia link. As that article notes, electron capture changes a proton to neutron (as one might expect), and thus reduces the atomic number of atom involved. This cannot be the mechanism involved here. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 10/11/2017 06:03 pm Does the theory of hydrino's violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics and if so why? Not sure where that question is coming from or why it is relevant. Mill's theory violates so many physical laws it is hard to count. From the reviews of his book earlier in this thread, it seems he has managed to make false statements about just about every aspect of physics. I'd be surprised if none of them contradicted the second law of thermodynamics, but why should I bother looking through his whole book for an example of that specific falsehood? Let me state it more clearly. In your view, would the physical existence of a hydrino state violate the Second Law? If so, why. That's a question independent of any of Mill's theories about it. Thanks. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 10/11/2017 06:11 pm Does the theory of hydrino's violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics and if so why? Not sure where that question is coming from or why it is relevant. Mill's theory violates so many physical laws it is hard to count. From the reviews of his book earlier in this thread, it seems he has managed to make false statements about just about every aspect of physics. I'd be surprised if none of them contradicted the second law of thermodynamics, but why should I bother looking through his whole book for an example of that specific falsehood? Let me state it more clearly. In your view, would the physical existence of a hydrino state violate the Second Law? If so, why. That's a question independent of any of Mill's theories about it. Thanks. Violations of the second law tend to be subtle, and I see no point in spending time analyzing this. Also, it is impossible to analyze this without a theory to describe it, and the only one available is Mills'. Given all of the contradictions in Mill's theory, I am not sure the question even could be answered. To rephrase my question, why are you specifically asking about the 2nd law? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 10/11/2017 06:21 pm Does the theory of hydrino's violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics and if so why? Not sure where that question is coming from or why it is relevant. Mill's theory violates so many physical laws it is hard to count. From the reviews of his book earlier in this thread, it seems he has managed to make false statements about just about every aspect of physics. I'd be surprised if none of them contradicted the second law of thermodynamics, but why should I bother looking through his whole book for an example of that specific falsehood? Let me state it more clearly. In your view, would the physical existence of a hydrino state violate the Second Law? If so, why. That's a question independent of any of Mill's theories about it. Thanks. Violations of the second law tend to be subtle, and I see no point in spending time analyzing this. Also, it is impossible to analyze this without a theory to describe it, and the only one available is Mills'. Given all of the contradictions in Mill's theory, I am not sure the question even could be answered. To rephrase my question, why are you specifically asking about the 2nd law? I'm curious because I've seen arguments in the past that assert that lower than ground states would necessarily violate the 2nd law. Also, the 2nd law has been experimentally challenged recently by Sheehan et. al. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 10/11/2017 06:50 pm I'm curious because I've seen arguments in the past that assert that lower than ground states would necessarily violate the 2nd law. Also, the 2nd law has been experimentally challenged recently by Sheehan et. al. I'd have to see these arguments to know what to think of them, if you point me to them I could discuss them. It wouldn't surprise me since the second law tends to get in the way of a lot of useful things. Some brief research (https://www.quora.com/Will-Daniel-Sheehans-second-law-violating-device-which-is-a-modified-P-N-junction-diode-save-the-planet-from-global-warming) on Sheehan does not indicate that there is any reason to believe their claims are anything other than another case of "trust me I created a perpetual motion machine." Lets not get lost discussing that. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Bob012345 on 10/11/2017 07:11 pm I'm curious because I've seen arguments in the past that assert that lower than ground states would necessarily violate the 2nd law. Also, the 2nd law has been experimentally challenged recently by Sheehan et. al. I'd have to see these arguments to know what to think of them, if you point me to them I could discuss them. It wouldn't surprise me since the second law tends to get in the way of a lot of useful things. Some brief research (https://www.quora.com/Will-Daniel-Sheehans-second-law-violating-device-which-is-a-modified-P-N-junction-diode-save-the-planet-from-global-warming) on Sheehan does not indicate that there is any reason to believe their claims are anything other than another case of "trust me I created a perpetual motion machine." Lets not get lost discussing that. The paper I want you to see is this; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-014-9781-5 Unfortunately, it's now behind a paywall. Maybe you can get it for free here; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263004066_Experimental_Test_of_a_Thermodynamic_Paradox Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 10/11/2017 07:50 pm It is possible to produce an experimental setup that appears to violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics. http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020722/full/news020722-2.html#B2 However, such experiments are always local and on short time-scales, "zooming out" to the larger system and over longer periods of time always finds the 2nd law of thermodynamics to hold true. Where you will find yourself in error is by attempting to draw a broader conclusion from limited conditions. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 10/11/2017 07:59 pm I'm curious because I've seen arguments in the past that assert that lower than ground states would necessarily violate the 2nd law. Also, the 2nd law has been experimentally challenged recently by Sheehan et. al. I'd have to see these arguments to know what to think of them, if you point me to them I could discuss them. It wouldn't surprise me since the second law tends to get in the way of a lot of useful things. Some brief research (https://www.quora.com/Will-Daniel-Sheehans-second-law-violating-device-which-is-a-modified-P-N-junction-diode-save-the-planet-from-global-warming) on Sheehan does not indicate that there is any reason to believe their claims are anything other than another case of "trust me I created a perpetual motion machine." Lets not get lost discussing that. The paper I want you to see is this; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10701-014-9781-5 Unfortunately, it's now behind a paywall. Maybe you can get it for free here; https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263004066_Experimental_Test_of_a_Thermodynamic_Paradox The abstract is enough. They might as well be describing a box where you heat one side, and then extract energy from the temperature gradient of the box, which is both pointless and not a violation of the second law. I could describe more issues but as I already said, Sheehan's work is off topic. It now seems like your only purpose in asking me about the 2nd law and hydrinos was so that you could pull out this reference and claim that it invalidates that criticism (which it wouldn't) and then pretend that invalidating one criticism lets you ignore all of the other problems with hydrinos. This chain of logic is so bad that if that is what you were doing, it would be hard to describe it as anything other than a deliberate attempt to hide the fact that hydrinos are nonsense. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 10/11/2017 08:02 pm It is possible to produce an experimental setup that appears to violate the 2nd law of thermodynamics. http://www.nature.com/news/2002/020722/full/news020722-2.html#B2 However, such experiments are always local and on short time-scales, "zooming out" to the larger system and over longer periods of time always finds the 2nd law of thermodynamics to hold true. Where you will find yourself in error is by attempting to draw a broader conclusion from limited conditions. Good example of Maxwell's demon. Small scale fluctuations exist, but the local and short lived nature makes them impossible to combine and create large scale effects. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: endofpetroleum.com on 10/22/2019 06:43 pm We are scientists from the private side trying to help connect some innovations in energy back to academia and gov. Perhaps some of these conversations will go offline, but here, let's talk physics. Hydrino energy - don't have a conniption if you have history here - is now at the 100kW level so we think it has some good possibilities for space propulsion. The energy densities are pretty spectacular even today besting fossil fuels. Note sure links are allowed here: brilliantlightpower.com/plasma-video - if they aren't let me know. Anyway I think it is time the community takes new physics seriously as no quantum chemistry allows for a down-conversion of atomic hydrogen to a smaller stable form. We are experts happy to educate, from our side of the universe -- it is almost like we've been space traveling for a while and are coming back with ideas from another planet. Here is the first idea I'll introduce. Electrons are photons that go round and round but not moons. They are extended particles. They aren't point charges in a probability wave. The double slit is an electromagnetic interaction where electrons interact with surface photons on the slit surface. Electrons can interact with photons (1905!) and remit photons - this can cause (angular momentum shift) to the transverse plane. The resulting diffraction pattern looks like interference but it isnt' - it is mapping electromagnetic interactions. It is all calculatable. Feymann said the double slit is the central mystery of qm. Think baseballs, not points. Think baseball bunting, not collapse of a wavefunction. --- to keep things civil and on track these people are behind this new era · Dr. Reinhart Engelmann, Professor of Electrical Engineering, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology · Dr. Shelby T. Brewer, former Assistant Secretary of Energy, MIT Nuclear Engineering · Dr Günther Landvogt, retired scientist, Philips Research Lab · Dr. John J. Farrell, Franklin & Marshall College · Dr. Henry Weinberg - A professor of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Applied Physics at California Institute of Technology for eighteen years, a professor of Chemical Engineering, co-founder and CTO of Symyx Technologies for 13 years · Dr. Nick Glumac - Mechanical Science and Engineering Department, University of Illinois · Dr. Gil Crouse - Professor at Auburn University · Dr. Terry Copeland - former manager of product development for several electrochemical and energy companies including DuPont Company and Duracell · Dr. James K. Pugh & Dr Ethirajulu of Enser Corporation · Dr. Johannes Conrads - former director of the Institute for Low Temperature Plasma Physics at Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany · Prof. Richard Maas UNC Chapel Hill full professor in the Department of Environmental Studies in 1998. · Dr. Mark Nansteel – PhD in mechanical engineering from UC Berkley. · Dr. K. V. Ramanujachary - Professor Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University. · Dr. Peter Jansson - Associate Professor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Bucknell University. · Prof. Randy Booker - Professor of Physics, University North Carolina Ashville.. · Dr. Joe Renick – ex-Chief Scientist at Applied Research Associates, a firm that performs weapons testing for the U.S. · Dr. Jonathan Phillips – PhD in materials science, currently teaching at the Naval Postgraduate School. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: Paul Howard on 10/22/2019 06:54 pm Not sure if this was written by a bot, especially with the spammy username, as this reads like it was translated from a foriegn language, but what does this have to do with space flight? Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 10/22/2019 07:05 pm There's an old thread on this topic here: https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=16535.0 Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: endofpetroleum.com on 10/22/2019 07:19 pm This thread is about physics and I'm talking physics and energy. It would seem Nasa would care about that. Sometimes emotions step in an cloud our mind, I get it. Let's leave the past behind with that thread. NASA studied hydrino propulsion in the past: http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/752Marchese.pdf But the energy density of current devices is now 10x fossil fuels (500kW/m^2 we believe today and will go up from there). Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: whitelancer64 on 10/22/2019 07:31 pm All right. First you have to show that the "down-conversion of atomic hydrogen to a smaller stable form" is possible. Yay physics. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: hop on 10/22/2019 07:44 pm Throwback to the start of this thread: I don't want to get into a contest over this stuff but I think it's pretty telling that most of the folks who seem to object violently to BLP have yet to actually look at the evidence. Don't you? Yes, it's quite telling. In more than 10 years, BLP hasn't actually produced any evidence, despite pulling in millions from gullible investors. What they have produced is incoherent pseudoscience (http://www.articlearchives.com/energy-utilities/utilities-industry-electric-power/940667-1.html) and press releases. As far as I can tell, only updated needed is 10 20. Twenty years of supposedly world changing, guaranteed Nobel prize physics supposedly "just around the corner" ::) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: endofpetroleum.com on 10/22/2019 08:15 pm Dont' get emotionally hijacked by the old guys who says its not possible. If you aren't up to date with Quantum mechanics, you'll realize this was going to eventually happen despite immense resistance. Everything is up for grabs. Acceleration of universe doesn't fit. Gravity is an unknown. Mass isn't really understood. Multiple universes. On and on. Hydrino energy is in the market already and multiple companies are working on it. There are people at NASA who know btw, but there is inertia of the old. We are going to now climb down the hill and ascend the mountain. The latest from 2015 is here in one minute. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDHBVrGmlkg BLP has it's hands full with doing world changing engineering now. It is a 4 year old engineering project, with 20+ years of atomic research discovery. I'm interested in discussing physics. If you want to engage in a debate about how this is real or not real, based on your emotional responses guised as logic - I'm not interested (can you tell we've seen this playbook before) Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: trm14 on 10/22/2019 08:21 pm (can you tell we've seen this playbook before) Finally there's something both sides of the debate can agree on. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: meberbs on 10/22/2019 08:26 pm Here is the first idea I'll introduce. Electrons are photons that go round and round but not moons. Electrons have rest mass and charge. Photons have neither. This is part of the definition of what those terms refer to. These things are also trivial to demonstrate, for example, 2 parallel plates with an electric field between them deflect an electron beam (see: CRT TVs) but do not deflect a laser. It is easy to look up experiments testing for non-zero photon mass or mass of the electron. (The most basic experiments measure the charge/mass ratio of the electron.) Your statement that electrons are photons therefore makes no sense, and everything that comes after it amounts to nothing but gibberish. Dont' get emotionally hijacked by the old guys who says its not possible. If you aren't up to date with Quantum mechanics, you'll realize this was going to eventually happen despite immense resistance. Go read through the previous posts on this thread, they clearly demonstrate that Mills is the one who does not understand quantum mechanics. I'm interested in discussing physics. If you want to engage in a debate about how this is real or not real, based on your emotional responses guised as logic - I'm not interested (can you tell we've seen this playbook before) Yes, you are using the playbook you are talking about. You dismiss logical arguments as "emotional," and claim you want to talk about physics, while not actually providing any statements that have any relation to physics. You are making fantastical claims about power generation that should be trivial to demonstrate, but can't point to any meaningful demonstration of it. If you want to talk about physics, prove it by actually discussing physics and providing data. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: leovinus on 10/22/2019 08:30 pm Dont' get emotionally hijacked by the old guys who says its not possible. Enough. With respect, please sell your snake oil somewhere else. You are in the same category as prof. Rossi with his ECAT (plain fraud), Fleischmann & Ponz with cold fusion (experimental error, but keep doing press conferences), and several others of the last decades. It never works without an inventor around, and no-one outside the team can reproduce it. Even after 20 years. QED, it does not work. To debunk, here some starting points. https://web.archive.org/web/20170623233457/http://scottaaronson.com/writings/doofusino.html https://www.quora.com/Is-BlackLight-Power-Inc-really-developing-a-device-that-can-produce-100-billion-watts-per-liter-of-H2O https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2017/08/accumulated-evidence-that-rossi-e-cat-was-fraud.html https://www.reddit.com/r/energy/comments/s32bl/update_the_rossi_ecat_fusion_reactor_has_been/ Moderators, please do the right thing. Thank you. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: ChrisWilson68 on 10/22/2019 08:36 pm Dont' get emotionally hijacked by the old guys who says its not possible. I'm interested in discussing physics. If you want to engage in a debate about how this is real or not real, based on your emotional responses guised as logic - I'm not interested (can you tell we've seen this playbook before) The poster claims to want to discuss physics, but tries to set the ground rules that nobody can question whether what he's claiming is real or not. Further, the poster claims that people who say it's not real are being "emotional". That sounds to me like someone trying to pre-emptively cut off debate and stifle dissenting views, not someone interested in a free and open debate. Title: Re: Blacklight Power Post by: endofpetroleum.com on 10/22/2019 08:38 pm You are experiencing cognitive dissonance because of change. It will make you act with a reptilian brain - fight (attack the messenger or find small flaws that submarine the big picture), flight (stay silent), freeze (poke fun), fawn (i'll believe it when it's on the market). So we can move on from the attacks. Let's put this out there A) ARA is a$200mi defense contractor who validated hydrino energy in their own labs and then licensed the tech for the US Department of Defense. https://youtu.be/O1-qq_pJcrI?t=74
B) There are 100+ experimental papers by many independent scientists (including in Germany). Russian teams are already working on hydrino energy and if you can read Russian you will find their papers as well.
If someone has advanced E&M it will be fun to talk, and we have some bang up projects we're doing --- we want to push this forward on a big scale - engineering will rescue physics from the mathematicians.
I see some new responses -- will respond later. Moderator if the people on this forum refuse to engage in discussion about something NASA has studied, the US DOD has licensed - perhaps they are trying to silence free and open discussions.
Title: Re: Blacklight Power
Post by: Carl G on 10/22/2019 08:43 pm
This nonsense was debunked before and now someone with a URL as their username (immediate red flag) brings it back.
Not on this site.
Locked. | 2022-09-27 18:21:36 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.46261557936668396, "perplexity": 1936.4406144451693}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335054.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927162620-20220927192620-00374.warc.gz"} |
https://documen.tv/question/7-which-number-in-this-set-is-an-irrational-number-1169-1-2333333-v3-169-b-1-233333-17764225-54/ | ## 7. Which number in this set is an irrational number? ( 1169, 1.2333333, V3, **) 169 B 1.233333
Question
7. Which number in this set is an irrational number?
( 1169, 1.2333333, V3, **)
169
B 1.233333
in progress 0
7 months 2021-08-06T13:22:52+00:00 1 Answers 8 views 0 | 2022-12-02 02:40:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8440575003623962, "perplexity": 8037.46385871717}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710890.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202014312-20221202044312-00732.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gamedev.net/forums/topic/691901-3d-orthographic-weirdness/ | # 3D Orthographic weirdness
## Recommended Posts
I'm trying to setup a sort of 2.5D projection, think the 45 degree angle that old 2D RPGs have. The scene will be 3D, with walls perpendicular to the floor. Then I'll have an orthographic camera on a 45 degree tilt. Something like this:
That way I get all the benefits of being 3D (depth buffer, can do deferred lighting, etc). I have a prototype setup in Unity, and it works out well, however when I try to imitate it in my code, I'l getting different results.
Math code:
struct Mat4f
{
real32 E[4][4];
Mat4f operator*(const Mat4f& right);
};
Mat4f Mat4f::operator*(const Mat4f& right)
{
Mat4f result = {};
for(uint32 row = 0; row < 4; row++)
{
for(uint32 column = 0; column < 4; column++)
{
for(uint32 rc = 0; rc < 4; rc++)
{
result.E[row][column] += right.E[rc][column] * E[row][rc];
}
}
}
return result;
}
Mat4f identity_matrix()
{
Mat4f result = {};
result.E[0][0] = 1.f;
result.E[1][1] = 1.f;
result.E[2][2] = 1.f;
result.E[3][3] = 1.f;
return result;
}
Mat4f ortho_projection(real32 viewWidth, real32 viewHeight, real32 zNear, real32 zFar)
{
Mat4f result = {};
result.E[0][0] = 2.f / viewWidth; // 2 / (right - left)
result.E[1][1] = 2.f / -viewHeight; // 2 / (top - bottom)
result.E[2][2] = -(2.f / (zFar - zNear)); // -2.f / (far - near)
result.E[3][0] = -1.f; // -((right + left) / (right - left))
result.E[3][1] = -(viewHeight / -viewHeight); // -((top + bottom) / (top - bottom))
result.E[3][2] = -((zFar + zNear) / (zFar - zNear)); // -((far + near) / (far - near))
result.E[3][3] = 1.f;
return result;
}
Mat4f translation_matrix(Vec3f position)
{
Mat4f translationMatrix = identity_matrix();
translationMatrix.E[3][0] = position.x;
translationMatrix.E[3][1] = position.y;
translationMatrix.E[3][2] = position.z;
return translationMatrix;
}
Usage:
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
glDepthFunc(GL_LESS);
Mat4f projectionMatrix = ortho_projection(window.width, window.height, 0.01f, 10.f);
Mat4f cameraMatrix = translation_matrix(Vec3f{0.f, 0.f, 2.f});
Mat4f mvp = projectionMatrix * cameraMatrix;
glUniformMatrix4fv(0, 1, false, &mvp.E[0][0]);
Then the shader just multiplies that to the vertex.
In my test scene I have three triangles. One is at z=0, one is at z=1, and the other is at z=-1. When I run the code as it is above, with the camera at z=2 only the the triangles at z=0 and z=1 are visible. When I set the camera z to 1, all the triangles are visible. When I set z = 0, only the triangles at -1 are visible.
The camera.z=0 makes sense because the depth function is LESS, and I suppose the camera.z=1 also makes sense. However, since my z-far is set to 10...shouldn't everything be visible while the camera is between 0.01 and 10? As in the above case where camera z is 2...everything should still be visible because its within the depth range.
I have a prototype setup in Unity and it works with various camera heights:
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After some poking around, looks like my matrix multiplication is screwy. I changed this:
// Negative positions
Mat4f translation_matrix(Vec3f position)
{
Mat4f translationMatrix = identity_matrix();
translationMatrix.E[3][0] = -position.x;
translationMatrix.E[3][1] = -position.y;
translationMatrix.E[3][2] = -position.z;
return translationMatrix;
}
// Then reversed the matrix multiplication order
Mat4f cameraMatrix = translation_matrix(Vec3f{0.f, 32.f, 9.f});
Mat4f mvp = cameraMatrix * projectionMatrix;
Seems to be working as expected so far, tho this seems like a duct tape fix and not really a proper way to do things. It sucks being bad at math lol
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Have you changed the matrix layout in the shader? Otherwise the default is column-major and you are supplying your data with a row-major layout. Pass true to the third parameter of glUniformMatrix4fv.
One more thing: the camera matrix is supposed to change the coordinate space from world to camera space, so it is the inverse of the transform that goes from camera to world space. For a pure translation, the latter consists of a translation to the camera position. Therefore your second implementation is correct but you don't have to reverse the matrix multiplication order!
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• 14 | 2017-12-15 20:11:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2983076274394989, "perplexity": 7382.79664114513}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948579564.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215192327-20171215214327-00596.warc.gz"} |
http://annals.math.princeton.edu/1999/149-1 | Volume 149, Issue 1 – January 1999
Rigidity of infinite disk patterns
Pages 1-2 by Zheng-Xu He
Hard ball systems are completely hyperbolic
Pages 35-96 by Nándor Simányi, Domokos Szász
Blowup of small data solutions for a quasilinear wave equation in two space dimensions
Pages 97-127 by Serge Alinhac
Quantum cohomology of flag manifolds $G/B$ and quantum Toda lattices
Pages 129-148 by Bumsig Kim
Homogeneity of infinite dimensional isoparametric submanifolds
Pages 149-181 by Ernst Heintze, Xiaobo Liu
The instability of naked singularities in the gravitational collapse of a scalar field
Pages 183-217 by Demetrios Christodoulou
On finite homomorphic images of the multiplicative group of a division algebra
Pages 219-251 by Yoav Segev
Basepoint freeness for nef and big line bundles in positive characteristic
Pages 253-286 by Seán Keel
Continuous families of isospectral metrics on simply connected manifolds
Pages 287-308 by Dorothee Schueth
A counterexample to the “hot spots” conjecture
Pages 309-317 by Krzysztof Burdy, Wendelin Werner | 2019-08-19 07:38:06 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5865212082862854, "perplexity": 8614.997640855068}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314696.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819073232-20190819095232-00112.warc.gz"} |
https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/spkg/surf.html | # surf: Visualization of algebraic curves, algebraic surfaces and hyperplane sections of surfaces¶
## Description¶
surf is a tool to visualize some real algebraic geometry: plane algebraic curves, algebraic surfaces and hyperplane sections of surfaces. surf is script driven and has (optionally) a nifty GUI using the Gtk widget set.
This is used by the Singular Jupyter kernel to produce 3D plots.
GPL version 2 or later
## Upstream Contact¶
http://surf.sourceforge.net (although the project is essentially dead)
## Dependencies¶
• cups (optional)
• GNU flex Version 2.5 or higher
• GTK+ Version 1.2.0 or higher (optional)
• GNU MP(gmp) Version 2 or higher
• lib-tiff
• lib-jpeg
• zlib
• ps2pdf (optional)
This package is “experimental” because not all of these dependencies are packaged with Sage.
experimental
## Version Information¶
package-version.txt:
1.0.6-gcc6
## Equivalent System Packages¶
opensuse:
\$ sudo zypper install surf-alggeo
However, these system packages will not be used for building Sage because spkg-configure.m4 has not been written for this package; see https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/27330 | 2021-07-25 22:55:51 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4050643742084503, "perplexity": 14299.18768269388}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151866.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725205752-20210725235752-00178.warc.gz"} |
http://mca.nowgray.com/2017/04/complexity-bound-on-rprp.html | Cheap and Secure Web Hosting Provider : See Now
# Complexity bound on \$RP^{RP}\$
, ,
Problem Detail:
This is a homework question, I'm wondering if anyone could help. Recall \$RP\$ is the set of languages recognized by randomized algorithms in polynomial time. The question is given an algorithm in \$RP\$ allowed to consult an oracle in \$RP\$, prove the "lowest complexity bound" for a set recognized by this algorithm.
I don't think this is a very good question, it's not clear exactly what is meant by lowest complexity bound. I suppose this means any set in this class (\$RP^{RP}\$) must fall in which complexity class..that is, find the lowest such one and prove it.
Any ideas?
###### Answered By : Yuval Filmus
Hint: For BPP it is the case that \$BPP^{BPP} = BPP\$. The idea is that given a machine in \$BPP^{BPP}\$, we simulate each oracle call by a BPP computation, amplified so that the error probability is very small. Since there are only polynomially many oracle calls, overall the error coming from miscalculating the BPP oracle calls is small, and the resulting machine still has bounded error. (For a more complete proof, use your web search skills.) Try to emulate this line of reasoning for RP. | 2017-08-20 02:26:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8129035234451294, "perplexity": 937.8778976956387}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105961.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820015021-20170820035021-00310.warc.gz"} |
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https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/10482810 | # Economic evaluation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in The Gambia
Title: Economic evaluation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in The Gambia Author: Kim, Sun-Young; Lee, Gene; Goldie, Sue J. Note: Order does not necessarily reflect citation order of authors. Citation: Kim, Sun-Young, Gene Lee, and Sue J. Goldie. 2010. Economic evaluation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in The Gambia. BMC Infectious Diseases 10:260. Full Text & Related Files: 2944347.pdf (954.8Kb; PDF) Abstract: Background: Gambia is the second GAVI support-eligible country to introduce the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), but a country-specific cost-effectiveness analysis of the vaccine is not available. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of PCVs of different valences in The Gambia. Methods: We synthesized the best available epidemiological and cost data using a state-transition model to simulate the natural histories of various pneumococcal diseases. For the base-case, we estimated incremental cost (in 2005 US dollars) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted under routine vaccination using PCV9 compared to no vaccination. We extended the base-case results for PCV9 to estimate the cost-effectiveness of PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13, each compared to no vaccination. To explore parameter uncertainty, we performed both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. We also explored the impact of vaccine efficacy waning, herd immunity, and serotype replacement, as a part of the uncertainty analyses, by assuming alternative scenarios and extrapolating empirical results from different settings. Results: Assuming 90% coverage, a program using a 9-valent PCV (PCV9) would prevent approximately 630 hospitalizations, 40 deaths, and 1000 DALYs, over the first 5 years of life of a birth cohort. Under base-case assumptions ($3.5 per vaccine), compared to no intervention, a PCV9 vaccination program would cost$670 per DALY averted in The Gambia. The corresponding values for PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 were $910,$670, and $570 per DALY averted, respectively. Sensitivity analyses that explored the implications of the uncertain key parameters showed that model outcomes were most sensitive to vaccine price per dose, discount rate, case-fatality rate of primary endpoint pneumonia, and vaccine efficacy against primary endpoint pneumonia. Conclusions: Based on the information available now, infant PCV vaccination would be expected to reduce pneumococcal diseases caused by S. pneumoniae in The Gambia. Assuming a cost-effectiveness threshold of three times GDP per capita, all PCVs examined would be cost-effective at the tentative Advance Market Commitment (AMC) price of$3.5 per dose. Because the cost-effectiveness of a PCV program could be affected by potential serotype replacement or herd immunity effects that may not be known until after a large scale introduction, type-specific surveillance and iterative evaluation will be critical. Published Version: doi:10.1186/1471-2334-10-260 Other Sources: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944347/pdf/ Terms of Use: This article is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of-use#LAA Citable link to this page: http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10482810 Downloads of this work: | 2018-06-24 15:15:32 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4541395604610443, "perplexity": 10627.017389451406}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267866965.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624141349-20180624161349-00592.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/attached-rigid-bodies.120987/ | # Attached rigid bodies
1. May 15, 2006
### RazorTM
Well, this is my first post--hopefully I'm posting in the correct forum...
I'm developing a space simulator computer application in which a rigid body's motion is calculated using its linear momentum and rotational momentum. I'm simulating multiple bodies attached together (for example, a single space craft with missiles attached or a freighter with cargo attached), and I want to be able to release the attached objects and update the mass, center of mass, moment of inertia for all axes, linear momentum, etc. of the remaining group of objects. The only thing I'm having trouble with is understanding what would happen to the rotational momentum when one of the objects is released from a rotating group (imagine the freighter dropping its cargo in an emergency). My guess is that the group will lose rotational momentum proportionally to how much mass was dropped. I can use the parallel axis theorem to calculate the change in inertia, but is there a similar theorem or rule which I can use to determine the change in rotational momentum?
2. May 15, 2006
### LURCH
Just a suggestion, but if you treat the two objects as separate from one another, each having its own center of mass, you could then measure the distance from the center of rotation for the two conjoined objects to the center of mass for the object being released (the "cargo" mentioned in your example). This would give you the velocity at which the cargo was traveling when it was released, and that velocity times the mass of the cargo should tell you how much momentum to subtract from the rotational momentum of the remaining vessel.
Hope that made sense.
3. May 16, 2006
### RazorTM
So the linear momentum of the released object would be equal to both the amount of rotational momentum and the amount of linear momentum lost by the group that released the object--that makes sense. One more question: would the change in the location of the center of mass affect the rotational momentum or simply change the point around which the group of objects rotates?
Thanks for the help!
4. May 17, 2006
### pervect
Staff Emeritus
The structure can be thought of as being made up of a large number of small pieces, each with a velocity v(r) and a mass dm.
The important thing is that the instantaneous velocity of each piece will be the same before and after the separation as there are no impulsive forces. Because dt=0, dP = F dt must be zero.
Therfore you know the velocity of each piece of the system at the moment of separation- it was the same velocity that the piece had before the separation.
You can then re-compute the total linear momentum that each piece has (the sum of the linear momentum of the two pieces will be the total linear momentum that the whole assembly had).
Next up, re-compute the center of mass of each piece.
Finally re-compute the total angular momentum that each piece has around it's new center of mass.
As a cross-check, the total angular momentum around the original center of mass should be unchanged.
IIRC There's a pretty simple formula for the angular momentum of a body around a point other than its center of mass that can be used for this cross-check
I *think* the formula is hat this is the angular momentum of a body around a point different from its center of mass is the sum of the angular momentum of the body around it's center of mass plus the angular momentum of the center of mass around the new point.
5. May 17, 2006
### arildno
With the aid of Reynolds' transport theorem, in the absence of external torques, the rate of change of the angular momentum* of the geometric system designated as the "main body" will balance the angular momentum flux out of the body.
This is the same as saying that the angular momentum is constant for the material system consisting of the stuff included in the main body plus the stuff that are leaving it.
*with respect to an intelligently chosen reference point.
6. Jun 8, 2006
### RazorTM
Well, after a great deal of searching, I finally found a web page which I think properly explains the answer to my second question:
http://www.engin.brown.edu/courses/en4/notes/RigidDynamics/dynmod.htm#rb523 -- Scroll down to figure 5.2.11
(From http://www.engin.brown.edu/courses/en4/notes.htm)
It says that the angular momentum of a body around a point different from its center of mass is equal to the angular momentum of the body around its center of mass plus the cross product of the vector representing the radius of the rotation (the distance between the point of rotation and the center of mass) and the linear momentum of the center of mass, which is very close to what pervect said.
This basically tells me that as long as the space ship and cargo aren't rotating with respect to each other and no external forces are being applied when the ship drops the cargo, the ship *and* the cargo after being separated will both have the same angular velocity as the whole system had before the separation. Also, the velocity of the ship (or the cargo) after release will be the velocity of the center of mass plus the tangental velocity of the ship (or the cargo) around that center of mass.
Is my understanding correct?
Last edited: Jun 8, 2006
7. Jun 8, 2006
### reilly
Not so easy. Any system in which linear and rotational momentum are coupled is often very difficult. First I'd suggest you study the motion of an orbiting gyroscope, which you can find probably with a Google, or dope it out from Goldstein, Whittaker or ..... Or, look at the motion of a gyroscope on a plane, with before and after configurations, symmetrical or not, in which the inertia tensor changes. No doubt you will need the Euler equations for rigid body motion, which are developed in body centered coordinates. (Note that this often leads to solutions involving elliptic integrals, or worse.) I suspect you will need to make lots of approximations to make much progress -- for example, going from a cylindrically symmetrical ship to a non-symmetric ship after release of something will require highly heroic analytic efforts, symmetric to symmetric will not be so bad. Or, life will be simpler if the released mass is much smaller than the ship mass.
Once something is released, the inertia tensor of the total system will be varying in time.In virtually all circumstances, the ship and released object will be in relative rotational motion. Ouch.
Best of luck, and regards,
Reilly Atkinson
Last edited: Jun 8, 2006
8. Jun 11, 2006
### RazorTM
But once the ship releases the cargo, they become 2 separate systems, right?
Here's a situation I created as an example. Does my reasoning make sense?
The ship and cargo are rotating forward at 2rad/s and moving forward with a velocity of 5m/s. Their centers of mass are 3m apart as shown in the drawing below.
Before releasing the cargo
For the inertia of the ship around its own center of mass:
$$I_S = \frac{1}{12}*m_S(3r^2+l^2) = \frac{1}{12}*900(3*1^2 + 12^2) = 10875$$
Using the parallel axis theorem to find the inertia of the ship around the system's center of mass:
$$I_{S/M} = I_S + m_S * d^2 = 10875 + 900 * 2^2 = 11775$$
Doing the same thing for the cargo:
$$I_C = \frac{1}{12}*m_C(l^2 + h^2) = \frac{1}{12}*450(6^2 + 2^2) = 1500$$
$$I_{C/M} = I_C + m_C * d^2 = 1500 + 450 * 2^2 = 3300$$
The total inertia around the system's center of mass is
$$I_M = I_{S/M} + I_{C/M} = 15075$$
And the rotational momentum about the system's center of mass:
$$L_M = \omega_M * I_M = 2 * 15075 = 30150$$
Now, looking only at the ship, its rotational momentum about the center of mass should be equal to its rotational momentum plus the radius of the rotation times the mass times the tangental velocity, or
$$L_{S/M} = L_S + r_S * m_S v_S$$
Since the ship and cargo are locked together, meaning they do not rotate with respect to each other, the angular velocity of the ship about its own center of mass should be equal to the angular velocity of the system about the system's center of mass.
$$\omega_S = \omega_M$$
Also, the tangental velocity of the ship is:
$$v_S = \omega_M * r_S = 2$$
Now,
$$L_{S/M} = \omega_S * I_S + r_S * m_S v_S = 2 * 10875 + 1 * 900 * 2 = 23550$$
We can calculate the same thing for the cargo:
$$L_{C/M} = \omega_C * I_C + r_C * m_C v_C = 2 * 1500 + 2 * 450 * 4 = 6600$$
The rotational momentum of the ship relative to the system's center of mass plus the rotational of the cargo relative to the system's center of mass should equal the rotational momentum of the system, right?
$$L_M = L_{S/M} + L_{C/M} = 23550 + 6600 = 30150$$ Correct!
After the release
Let's say that the cargo is released when the ship's nose is pointing downward at pi/3 radians:
Based on the Before the release section above, the cargo and the ship should both continue rotating about their own centers of mass at 2rad/s after release, and
Edit: I was thinking about this for a while after posting, and I think it's wrong. I should say that the new momentum of the ship is the momentum of the ship relative to the system center of mass before release, or 23550 in this case. If you divide the momentum by the ship's inertia, you should get 23550/10875 = 2.166 rad/s, and, similarly, for the cargo, we get 6600/1500 = 4.4 rad/s, both being in the same direction of the original rotation.
We can determine their final velocities with some vector diagrams:
For the ship,
For the cargo,
Last edited: Jun 12, 2006
9. Jun 13, 2006
### reilly
WOW, RazorTM, nicely done -- I haven't gone through evrything, but I will.
Regards,
Reilly
10. Jun 15, 2006
### RazorTM
Thanks. The one thing that perplexes me is that the total momentum for all the pieces after separating doesn't equal the total momentum from the system before separation. I'm still rather confused on this whole concept.
11. Jun 15, 2006
### pervect
Staff Emeritus
I'm getting 11025!
900*12 + 900/4 = 11025
Your diagram labels SM as 1 meter, not two
11025 + 900 = 11925
check
check
With above, 11925+3300 = 15225
The L_S in this should not include any center-of-mass adjustment if you use this formula. You are double counting here.
Let us switch to a frame in which M is not moving, for simplicity.
Thus L due to the Ship about M in this frame in which M is stationary is:
11025*w^2 + 900*w^2
(m_S * v_s *r_S = m_S * w_s * r_S * r_S, r_S=1, M_s = 900)
The 11025*w^2 is the component of angular momentum due to the rotation of the ship. The 900*w^2 is the component of angular momentum due to the motion of the center of mass of the ship
Similarly, L due to the Cargo about M is just
1500*w^2 + 1800^w^2
Let's go back to the frame in your diagram.
After release, the ship COM should have a speed of r_s*W = 2 meters/second, having a downward component of
(2*1*sin(Pi/3)) = 1.73 m/s
and a rightward velocity of (5 + 2*1*cos(Pi/3)) = 6 m/s
and it should in additoin be rotating with an unchanged angular velocity of w = 2 rad/sec
The cargo COM should have an upward velocity of
2*2*sin(Pi/3) = 3.46 m/s
and a rightward velocity of (5-2*2*cos(Pi/3)) = 3 m/s
plus it should rotate around it's axis with an unchanged angular velocity of 2 rad/sec.
12. Jun 16, 2006
### RazorTM
Oops, just a few typos that I made--sorry!
Where does the w^2 come from?
m_S * w_s * r_S * r_S only has a single w_s in it, not two, and L_S = I_S * w_S, not I_S * w_S^2, right?
I think you're trying to say 1500 * w + 1800 * w, which is exactly what I had, just not in quite the same form... Let me expand on my main concern:
I know for a fact that the angular momentum of the system in my example is 2 * 15225 = 30450, and I know that the linear momentum of the system is (900+450) * 5 = 6750. Therefore, the total momentum of the system is 37200.
Once the ship and cargo separate, I can easily determine their linear momentums.
For the ship, the momentum is
$$\sqrt{39}*900$$ (velocity times mass)
And for the cargo,
$$\sqrt{21}*450$$
If the ship and cargo are both rotating at 2rad/s after the come apart, then their angular momentums are 2*11025 = 22050 and 2*1500 = 3000.
When I add all four of these numbers (both linear momentums and angular momentums), I should get the total momentum of the system before the ship and cargo separated, right?
$$\sqrt{39}*900 + \sqrt{21}*450 + 22050 + 3000 \approx 32732.6573$$
That's just over 4467 units of momentum less than the 37200 which the system had before it separated. Either the system lost momentum (even though no external forces were acting upon it) or the angular velocities of the ship and cargo should increase slightly.
I determined that if the ship and cargo both have an angular velocity of 2.35667.... rad/s after the separation, the momentum works out now, but is that correct? Or will the cargo and ship have slightly different angular velocities since they were different distances from the center of mass of the system, have different amounts of intertia about the axis, have different masses, etc.?
Last edited: Jun 17, 2006
13. Jun 17, 2006
### pervect
Staff Emeritus
Oops - right!
The ship and the cargo will not experience any torques, so they will have an unchanged angular velocity of 'w' when they are released.
The way I compute the results are this:
After the release, the 900kg ship at it's center of mass (COM) will have a rightward velocity of 6 m/s and a downward velocity of 1.73 m/s, plus it will be rotating around it's COM at 2 radians/second, the same as it was before the release.
This is due to the fact that the velocity of the COM of the ship after release is the same as the velocity of the COM of the ship before the release. The COM of the ship was initially accelerating because of the cable connecting it to the cargo. When the cable is released, the COM of the ship will stop accelerating, and move at a constant velocity.
In addition, there is no torque on the ship, so it's angular velocity will likewise remain unchanged before and after release. (The sole difference is that the cable never put any torque on the ship, because it was attached at the COM of the ship - the cable did, however, accelerate the ship until it was released, at which point the force to the cable disappears, along with the cable itself, and the ship stops accelerating).
The detailed trig computations of the intial velocity of the COM of the ship were in my previous post, perhaps a bit terse, but it's just the velocity 2 m/s (r*w) in the direction specified by your diagram, broken into its vertical and horizontal components.
Similarly, the 450 kg cargo COM will have a rightward velocity of 3 m/s, and an upward velocity of 3.46 m/s (computed in the same manner), and the cargo will also be rotating around it's COM at 2 radians/second.
The total linear momentum of this system is zero in the vertical direction after the release, and is (900*6) + (450*3) = 6750 (kg m / s) in the horizontal direction. This is the same as it was before the release: (1350*5 = 6750).
The total angular momentum of the system around point M is the same, too.
Before you worked out the moment of inertia I of the entire system:
I = 15225, and you get I*w = 2*15225 = 30450 (kg-m^2 / s) for the total angular momentum
After the separation, you have a ship with a spin angular momentum around it's COM of 11025*2 = 22050, whose total angular momentum around point M is it's spin angular momentum (22050) plus the angular momentum due to the motion of it's COM relative to M, which is just
900 kg * (2 m/s) * 1 m = 1800 (kg - m^2/s)
You have a cargo with a spin angular momentum around its COM of 1500*2 = 3000 plus an angular momentu due to the motion of it's COM of
450 kg * (4m / s) * 2m = 3600 (kg - m^2/s)
The total is 22050 + 1800 + 3000 + 3600 = 30450 (kg m^2 / s)
this is the same as before.
Note that you cannot add the linear momentum to the angular momentum - they don't even have the same units. Linear momentum is
mass * velocity = kg * m / s
Angular momentum is
mass * velocity * radius = kg * m/s * m = kg m^2 / s
Angular momentum and linear momentum are two separate quantites, both of which are conserved.
Last edited: Jun 17, 2006
14. Jun 18, 2006
### RazorTM
Wow, thank you all for your help! I think the most critical thing that was confusing me is this:
I will see what I can do about improving on my space simulator and show my results here later.
15. Jun 19, 2006
### RazorTM
One more quick question: You're saying that the 1800 kg*m^2/s angular momentum from the ship (and 3600 from the cargo) seems to "disappear" because the ship is no longer accelerating towards the COM of the system, right?
Just trying to make sure I completely understand the situation. | 2017-01-17 21:26:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6890062689781189, "perplexity": 599.6493114231051}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280086.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00189-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg03966.html | # [Zope3-dev] Re: Zope 3 web root
On Thu, Feb 09, 2006 at 11:40:51AM -0700, Shane Hathaway wrote:
| An idea just occurred to me. I think others have probably had similar
| ideas, but didn't express it in the right place or time.
[..]
| Any thoughts or gut reactions?
My first response was "cool".
My second response was: that's apache; zope isn't supposed to compete
with or replace apache.
After reading the other responses, I can definitely see real value in
zope supporting applications that don't need an object store. I did
create an app that (apart from being TTW because I didn't know better
at the time) is entirely RDB-based, another app that uses the zodb for
configuration only and is otherwise entirely backed by LDAP, and I
have created or thought of some applications that don't need any
persistence at all (beyond configuration data, which could be zconfig
or zcml). This definitely has a lot of value.
So I'm in generally in favor and would like to see an experiment on a
branch like Stephan suggested. My only concern is that it could grow too big
and try to become an apache replacement.
-D
--
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Unsub: http://mail.zope.org/mailman/options/zope3-dev/archive%40mail-archive.com | 2017-07-21 14:53:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.23394937813282013, "perplexity": 5987.958538315692}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423785.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721142410-20170721162410-00717.warc.gz"} |
https://www.esaral.com/q/solve-the-following-14977 | Solve the following
Question:
Given that $\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{O}_{2} / \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}}^{\circ}=+1.23 \mathrm{~V}$;
$\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{8}^{2-} / / \mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}}^{2-}=2.05 \mathrm{~V}$
$\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{Br}_{2} / \mathrm{Br}}^{\circ}=+1.09 \mathrm{~V}$
$\mathrm{E}_{\mathrm{Au}^{3+} / \mathrm{Au}}^{\circ}=+1.4 \mathrm{~V}$
The strongest oxidising agent is :
1. $\mathrm{Au}^{3+}$
2. $\mathrm{O}_{2}$
3. $\mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{8}^{2-}$
4. $\mathrm{Br}_{2}$
Correct Option: , 3
Solution:
More positive is the reduction potential stronger is the oxidising agent. Reduction potential is maximum for $\mathrm{S}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{8}^{2-}$, therefore, it is the strongest oxidising agent amongst the given species.
Leave a comment | 2023-03-25 13:56:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9275797605514526, "perplexity": 8054.163744310314}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945333.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325130029-20230325160029-00167.warc.gz"} |
https://tochka-na-karte.ru/Bus-Stations/6802-Bogorodick-avtostancija.html | . . .
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, , , , , , , , . , , , rss | 2020-02-20 11:01:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 1.0000096559524536, "perplexity": 922.2521243270612}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144722.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220100914-20200220130914-00478.warc.gz"} |
https://aas.org/archives/BAAS/v26n2/aas184/abs/S602.html | The Highly Eccentric Binary HD 2909
Session 6 -- Binary Stars
Display presentation, Monday, 30, 1994, 9:20-6:30
## [6.02] The Highly Eccentric Binary HD 2909
T. Mazeh (Lab. Astroph., NASM; Wise Obs., Tel Aviv U.), S. Zucker, D. Goldberg (Wise Obs., Tel Aviv U.), D.W. Latham, R.P. Stefanik (CfA), B.W. Carney (UNC)
TODCOR is a new two-dimensional correlation technique to extract the radial velocities of the two components of double-line spectroscopic binaries. In this work we apply TODCOR for the first time to a real system --- the highly eccentric binary HD 2909. TODCOR has derived successfully the velocities of the two components, even at phases when the velocity difference between the primary and the secondary was very small.
We present an orbital solution which shows that HD 2909 is a spectroscopic binary with a period of 2127 days and an eccentricity of $0.951 \pm 0.002$. This value is second only to the highest eccentricity known for a spectroscopic binary --- $0.9752 \pm 0.0003$, which was recently found by Duquennoy et al. (A\&A, 254, L13, 1992) for Gls 586A. The discovery of the high eccentricity of Gls 586A and HD 2909 raises some interesting questions with regard to the tidal evolution of such systems. These questions and the tidal history of HD 2909 are discussed. We show that the tidal interaction of HD 2909 was not strong enough to produce throughout the system lifetime any substantial change in the semimajor axis and the eccentricity of the orbit, nor in the stellar rotation. | 2016-09-29 19:15:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8524059057235718, "perplexity": 2605.0851704232973}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738661910.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173741-00045-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/186598-integral-1-1-sinx.html | # Math Help - Integral of 1/1+sinx
1. ## Integral of 1/1+sinx
How do you integrate this:
$\int \frac {1}{1+sinx}dx$
I tried expanding the '1' as $sin^2 x+cos^2 x$
And then i tried multiplying numerator and denominator by $cos x$.. But it was of no use..
What do you do generally, when you have a trigonometric equation in the denominator??
2. ## Re: Integral of 1/1+sinx
Originally Posted by animesh271094
How do you integrate this:
$\int \frac {1}{1+sinx}dx$
It is true that $\frac {1}{1+sinx}=\frac{1-\sin(x)}{\cos^2(x)}=\sec^2(x)+\frac{-\sin(x)}{\cos^2(x)}$
3. ## Re: Integral of 1/1+sinx
Alright.. thanx..
4. ## Re: Integral of 1/1+sinx
Another way is with the Weierstrass substitution:
Let $t=\tan \left(\frac{x}{2}\right)$ and so the integral becomes:
$\int \frac{\frac{2}{1+t^2}}{1+\frac{2t}{1+t^2}}dt$
$=\int \left(\frac{2}{1+t^2}\cdot \frac{1+t^2}{1+t^2+2t}\right)dt$
$=\int \frac{2dt}{t^2+2t+1}dt=\int \frac{2dt}{(t+1)\cdot (t+1)}$
Now split in partial fractions.
5. ## Re: Integral of 1/1+sinx
Why partial fractions when having $t^2+2t+1=(t+1)^2$ ?
6. ## Re: Integral of 1/1+sinx
Yes, offcourse! I was to busy with partial fractions I didn't noticed that, thanks . | 2016-04-30 17:31:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 10, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9975135922431946, "perplexity": 3104.2906035769524}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860112228.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161512-00136-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.stata.com/features/overview/multilevel-models-with-survey-data/ | » Home » Products » Features » Multilevel models with survey data
## Multilevel models with survey data
Stata’s mixed for fitting linear multilevel models supports survey data. Sampling weights and robust/cluster standard errors are available.
Sampling weights are handled differently by mixed:
1. Weights can (and should be) specified at every model level unless you wish to assume equiprobability sampling at that level.
2. Weights at lower model levels need to indicate selection conditional on selection of the higher-level cluster and not merely indicate overall selection.
3. The scaling of weights at lower levels needs to be considered. Unlike a standard analysis where the scale of the sampling weights is not an issue (only their relative sizes matter), in multilevel models weight scales need to be made "consistent" across lower-level clusters.
See [ME] mixed and, in particular, section Survey data in that entry for all the technical details.
We demonstrate using mixed to fit a two-level model for data from a two-stage sampling design with sampling weights at both stages. Schools were sampled at the first stage, students at the second.
. webuse pisa2000
(Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000 data)
. mixed isei female high_school college one_for both_for test_lang
> [pw=w_fstuwt] || id_school:, pweight(wnrschbw) pwscale(size) nolog
Mixed-effects regression Number of obs = 2,069
Group variable: id_school Number of groups = 148
Obs per group:
min = 1
avg = 14.0
max = 28
Wald chi2(6) = 187.23
Log pseudolikelihood = -1443093.9 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
(Std. Err. adjusted for 148 clusters in id_school)
Robust
isei Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
female .59379 .8732886 0.68 0.497 -1.117824 2.305404
high_school 6.410618 1.500337 4.27 0.000 3.470011 9.351224
college 19.39494 2.121145 9.14 0.000 15.23757 23.55231
one_for -.9584613 1.789947 -0.54 0.592 -4.466692 2.54977
both_for -.2021101 2.32633 -0.09 0.931 -4.761633 4.357413
test_lang 2.519539 2.393165 1.05 0.292 -2.170978 7.210056
_cons 28.10788 2.435712 11.54 0.000 23.33397 32.88179
Robust
Random-effects Parameters Estimate Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval]
id_school: Identity
var(_cons) 34.69374 8.574865 21.37318 56.31617
var(Residual) 218.7382 11.22111 197.8147 241.8748
In the above, we specified the student-level weights using standard Stata weight syntax [pw=w_fstuwt] and the school-level weights with the pweight(wnrschbw) option as part of the school random-effects equation. We also specified pwscale(size) to rescale the student-level weights using one of three available methods.
Sampling weights imply robust standard errors, and in the case of mixed, standard errors are clustered at the highest level (schools in this example) unless you specify otherwise.
### Tell me more
See [ME] mixed for more details. | 2018-02-18 03:21:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4949840009212494, "perplexity": 12580.252650533157}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891811352.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180218023321-20180218043321-00094.warc.gz"} |
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/45158/about-the-gauge-invariance-of-chern-simons-theory-in-local-coordinates | # About the gauge invariance of Chern-Simons' theory (in local coordinates)
I am aware of the differential form language proof of the fact that for arbitrary gauge transformations the Chern-Simons' term shifts by a WZW term (on the boundary).
But I am getting confused if in local coordinates I try to prove that under infinitesimal gauge transformations the Chern-Simons' term is invariant (may be upto total derivatives)
So I took my infinitesimal gauge transformation as $\delta A^a_\mu = \partial _\mu \epsilon ^a + f^{abc}A_\mu^b \epsilon ^c$ where my structure constants $f^{abc}$ are totally antisymmetric and cyclic. Then I look at the two terms that I have in the CS form, $\epsilon^{\mu \nu \lambda}A^a_\mu \partial_\nu A^a_\lambda$ and $\epsilon^{\mu \nu \lambda}f^{abc}A^a_\mu A^b_\nu A^c_\lambda$ and I vary them infinitesimally to get,
$\delta (\epsilon^{\mu \nu \lambda}A^a_\mu \partial_\nu A^a_\lambda ) = 2\epsilon^{\mu \nu \lambda}( \partial_\mu \epsilon ^a \partial _\nu A^a_\lambda + f^{abc}A_\mu ^b \partial _\nu A_\lambda ^a \epsilon ^c)$
$\delta (\epsilon^{\mu \nu \lambda}f^{abc}A^a_\mu A^b_\nu A^c_\lambda) = 3\epsilon^{\mu \nu \lambda}f^{abc} ( \partial _\mu \epsilon^a A_\nu ^b A_\lambda ^c + f^{adf} A_\mu ^d A_\nu ^b A_\lambda ^c \epsilon ^f)$
• Now I can't see how any linear combination of the above two terms can make their combined variation 0 (or a total derivative). I would like to know as to what am I missing here.
-
Use the Jacobi identity $f^{abc}f^{adf}+f^{adb}f^{acf}+f^{acd}f^{abf}=0$ to the last term. | 2015-04-19 14:29:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9495105147361755, "perplexity": 344.8349587930589}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246639121.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045719-00001-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://discuss.codechef.com/questions/75482/manylist-editorial | You are not logged in. Please login at www.codechef.com to post your questions!
×
# PROBLEM LINK:
Author: Sergey Kulik
Tester: Yanpei Liu
Editorialist: Pawel Kacprzak
Hard
# PREREQUISITES:
Segment tree, sets
# PROBLEM:
Your task is to maintain a list of sets of integers numbered from $1$ to $N$. All sets are initially empty. You have to handle $M$ operations, each of one of the following two types:
1. $\texttt{INSERT(L, R, X)}$: inserts integer $X$ to all sets numbered from $L$ to $R$
2. $\texttt{QUERY(Q)}$: outputs the size of the set numbered $Q$
# QUICK EXPLANATION:
For a partial credit, you can pretty easy use the most straightforward approach by just following the process described in the statement. In order to get full credit, for each inserted element $e$, you can use set data structure to store the ranges of sets having $e$. In order to get the number of elements in each set, you can use segment / interval tree to maintain these values.
# EXPLANATION:
## Simple solution
If $N$ and $M$ are quite small, like in the first two subtasks, where $N, M \leq 1000$, the problem is very easy to solve.
We can store an array $A$ of $N$ sets, where $A[i]$ represents a set numbered $i$. Since all integers, which can be inserted to sets are within the range $[1..N]$, we can store each set as an array, i.e. $A[i][j] = 1$ if and only if integer $j$ is in the set numbered $i$.
In order to handle a single insert operation, we can iterate through sets numbered from $L$ to $R$, and insert the requested $X$ into all of them. This operation takes $O(N)$ time.
Handling a query operation is obvious, we just count the number of $1$'s in the array representation of the requested set.
Since there are $M$ operations to perform, we can achieve $O(N \cdot M)$ time complexity to handle all of them.
The total time complexity of this method is $O(N^2 + N \cdot M)$.
## Faster solution
However the above method is sufficient for small inputs, we need a better one to get a full credit here.
Rather than storying, for a fixed set, the information what elements are in this set, we can think the other way around.
Let $S[e]$ be the ordered list of disjoint ranges of sets having element $e$. For example, if a range $[L, R]$ is in $S[e]$, it means that $e$ belongs to all sets numbered from $L$ to $R$. We say that a range $[A, B]$ is before a range $[C, D$] in our order if and only if $A < C$ or $A = C$ and $B < D$. The disjoint property is very important in the definition, we will use it as the invariant. We are going to implement $S[e]$ as a balanced binary tree in order to be able to handle insert queries. If you are using for example $\texttt{C++}$ you can use $\texttt{std::set< pair < int, int > >}$ to implement a single $S[e]$.
The second data structure that we are going to use is a segment tree $T$. In this tree, we will store the information on how many elements are in sets numbered from some $L$ to $R$. We will use it to update the number of elements in a range of sets and to get the number of elements in a particular set.
Initially, both structures are empty. This means that $S[e]$ is empty for all valid $e$ and all nodes in $T$ are initialized to have $0$ elements.
Now, we are going to describe, how we handle both operations. We will start with insert, because it exposes the nature of the problem in a great manner.
### Insert operation
Suppose that we are going to insert element $X$ to all sets numbered from $L$ to $R$. The idea of the solution is to find in $S[X]$ the set $Y$ of all overlaping ranges with $[L, R]$. After inserting $X$ to sets numbered from $L$ to $R$, all sets in a range $Y \bigcup [L, R]$ will have element $X$. What we are going to do, is to replace all ranges from $Y$ in $S[X]$ with a single range representing the just mentioned sum of ranges.
In order to do that, for which range $A \in Y$, we decrease the number of elements in a range $A \bigcap [L, R]$ by one, and delete $A$ from $S[X]$. At the end, we increase the number of elements in $[L, R]$ by one, and we insert the range $Y \bigcup [L, R]$ to $S[X]$. Notice that we maintain the number of elements of sets in a range using our segment tree $T$.
Let's now explain some details on how to implement the logic described above.
In order to get the set $Y$, first we find in $S[X]$ the leftmost range of sets which overlaps with $[L, R]$. Do you remember that we implemented $S[X]$ as a balanced binary tree and that all ranges in that tree are disjoint? Based on these two facts, we can quickly find the leftmost range which overlaps with $[L, R]$, in $\texttt{C++}$ you can use $\texttt{lower\_bound}$ method of $\texttt{std::set}$ to achieve that. After that, we can iterate over all ranges overlapping with $[L, R]$ using $\texttt{successor}$ operation on $S[X]$.
All operations of increasing and decreasing the number of elements in sets of a given range are implemented on segment tree in a standard way.
You may wonder what is the complexity of the insert operation. Well, you can notice that each segment is inserted exactly once and erased at most once. Since a single insert / delete / lower_bound / successor operation on $S[X]$ takes $O(\log(n))$ time and update operation on $T$ also takes $O(\log(N))$ time, a single insert operation has $O(\log(N))$ time complexity.
### Query operation
Now, the easier operation, we want to know, how many elements are in the set numbered $Q$. Because we maintain our segment tree $T$, we can answer each such query in $O(\log(N))$ time easily by summing up accumulated values at the path form a leaf corresponding to the set $Q$ to the root of $T$.
### Time complexity
The total time complexity of this solution is $O(N + M \cdot \log(N))$ and this is a very nice speed up over the simple solution.
# AUTHOR'S AND TESTER'S SOLUTIONS:
Author's solution can be found here.
Tester's solution can be found here.
# RELATED PROBLEMS:
This question is marked "community wiki".
asked 27 Sep '15, 07:37
75485097
accept rate: 12%
0★admin ♦♦
19.8k350498541
1 answered 27 Sep '15, 14:58 11●2 accept rate: 0%
0 author's and tester's solution are not of this problem :/ answered 27 Sep '15, 14:08 1 accept rate: 0%
0 Can't understand the insertion part properly. If anyone explain this part, it will be a great help. answered 27 Sep '15, 19:58 1 accept rate: 0%
0 The practice link and the contest link are of different problem answered 29 Sep '15, 12:31 893●2●11●35 accept rate: 10%
0 I think for the first two subtask...we can have a sum[] array ..we increment the sum[i] if j th element is newly added to the i th set...by this we reduce the query operation from O(n*n) to O(1) answered 30 Sep '15, 11:25 1 accept rate: 0% You probably mean to reduce a single query time from O(n) to O(1), if so, you are right, but a single update still takes O(n) it this method, so this is not so much improvement. I had considered describing this method in the editorial, but since it doesn't improve the total complexity, I didn't do that. (30 Sep '15, 12:25)
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question asked: 27 Sep '15, 07:37
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last updated: 30 Sep '15, 12:25 | 2019-03-26 00:14:18 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7276780605316162, "perplexity": 521.1668918675657}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912204736.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20190325234449-20190326020449-00499.warc.gz"} |
https://openwetware.org/wiki/User:Carl_Boettiger/Notebook/Stochastic_Population_Dynamics/2010/02/24 | # User:Carl Boettiger/Notebook/Stochastic Population Dynamics/2010/02/24
Stochastic Population Dynamics Main project page
Previous entry Next entry
## Derin & Alan Meeting
1-2pm
• Discussion of reasons early warning signals fail
1. Insufficient signal-to-noise ratio for early warning
2. Ensemble vs time average -- satisfying ergodicity assumption?
3. Role of bifurcation type. existing literature focuses mostly on 1D saddle node.
4. Role of chaos (certainly frustrates warning signals, but not required).
• How general are warning signals? Normal forms of bifurcations. Fitting a good model vs. general warning signals. Problem of extrapolation.
• Classification scheme of warning signals -- TREE paper(?)
• Mean First passage time from potential
## Analytic calculations continued
### Expected Variance across Ensembles
The expected variance across ensembles can be calculated from the Fokker-Planck Equation derived from the linear noise approximation. This should agree with the variance computed over a time window when the system has reached stationarity. I do these calculations and compare:
Equilibrium population size solves
$\displaystyle{ e n - a = \frac{e K n^2}{n^2+h^2} }$
Equilibrium variance should be given by
$\displaystyle{ \hat \sigma^2 = \frac{d(\hat n)}{b'(\hat n)-d'(\hat n)} = \frac{e \hat n - a}{ 2 e K \hat n (1 - \frac{\hat n}{\hat n^2 + h^2}) - e} }$
### Time averaging from simulation doesn't match analytic prediction!
The analytic solution to $\displaystyle{ \hat n }$ is the general solution to a cubic so not very pretty, but easy to calculate numerically in order to give the variance estimate; using the values below I confirm that ODE solver and analytic solution above agree ($\displaystyle{ \hat \sigma^2 = 1352 }$), which is only about half that computed over the time window (approx 2360)! Parameter values and solutions from analytics are:
e 0.5 K 1000 h 200 a 160 n 570.5 $\displaystyle{ \hat \sigma^2 }$ 1352
### Test of higher order corrections
I try the higher order correction to the mean dynamics (accounts for inflation effect of the variance):
$\displaystyle{ \frac{d}{dt} E(n) = \alpha_1(n) + \frac{1}{2} \sigma^2 \alpha_1''(n) }$
Though not surprisingly, the effect is negligible. In this case the average is slightly higher (572.5) and variance slightly lower (1349), so the curvature at equilibrium must be positive (in contrast to the deflation example with logistic or Levins model). Perhaps this is a consequence of the ergodicity assumption failing; I'll check against simply computing ensemble variance rather than the (mean-over-ensembles) time-averaged variance.
### Ensemble averaging simulation does match theory, though time averaging doesn't
• Okay, variance computed over ensembles only matches the theory (averaging over all time over an ensemble of 1000 I'm getting 1362 ensemble variance, while the time averaged (over a sampletime of 100, sample interval of .1, and max time 500) variance averaged over ensembles comes out a steady 2339. So much for ergodicity? Note: these conditions should match the code found in subversion revision 25.
## Reflections on Warning Signals literature
• Created a separate Mendeley collection for literature on Early Warning Signals, still very underpopulated. Note that my Mendeley library wasn't available online for a couple days due to some stupid syncing mistakes I made, but the Mendeley support team was fantastic in getting things back in working order (Let's just say I may be responsible for the release of 0.9.6.1). Note that one can subscribe to this collection as an rss feed.
• I'm bothered to see the phrase "tipping point" used synonymously with bifurcation -- they invoke very different ideas. A tipping point such as the maximum angle you can push a canoe before it flips is not a bifurcation, it is a perturbation to the state directly large enough to push it over the seperatrix, and directly related to the first passage time problem in the stochastic models. The bifurcations under consideration are changes in a parameter, not the state of interest, which destroys a stable point. Phase transitions are examples, though often lacking hysteresis.
• Another annoying quality is the lack of distinguishing bifurcation from rare event. If alternate stable states are present, what is the probability we would simply jump into them by chance?
• Detrending before fitting AR(1) model to data is also unjustified. Trends influence variance as well!
• Taking a sliding window size equal to half the size of the available time series is arbitrary and unjustified, as it is neither the most promising way to detect the trend nor should the window size choice depend on such things as knowing the time the crash occurs.
### Current Library
(Also a chance to test Mendeley library embedding) <html> <div style="padding:0;margin:0;text-align:left"><iframe src="http://www.mendeley.com/collections/embed/1374711/A70805/" style="height:300px;width:450px;border:none;"></iframe><hr style="border:1px solid #E0E0E0;margin:0px 0px 5px 0px;padding:0;width:450px;"/><span style="color:#666666;font-size:11px;"><a style="color:#A70805" href="http://www.mendeley.com">Research</a> collected using Mendeley</span></div> </html>
## Subversion Log
r25 | cboettig | 2010-02-25 00:12:09 -0800 (Thu, 25 Feb 2010) | 1 line
made samplefreq into a double instead of size_t, still co-opting the autocorrelations, seems to show successfully a different ensemble vs time-averaged variance
r24 | cboettig | 2010-02-24 23:46:07 -0800 (Wed, 24 Feb 2010) | 2 lines
co-opted the autoregressive data for the moment to explore direct ensemble mean and variance (without any time-averaging)
r23 | cboettig | 2010-02-24 21:53:12 -0800 (Wed, 24 Feb 2010) | 2 lines
ode integrator seems to accurately compute mean and variance dynamics, though the time-averaged variance doesn't seem to agree with the analytic ensemble variance; will have to compute that directly from simulation to compare. Runge-Kutta solver on adaptive mesh seems significantly slower than my simple Euler scheme; particularly with the (nearly irrelevant) higher order correction to the mean dynamics. | 2021-03-09 07:50:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6607068181037903, "perplexity": 2781.0565707669675}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178389472.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20210309061538-20210309091538-00187.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/boms/039/02/0451-0456 | • Radar absorbing properties of carbon nanotubes/polymer composites in the V-band
• # Fulltext
https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/boms/039/02/0451-0456
• # Keywords
Radar absorbing materials; carbon nanotubes; nanocomposites; reflection loss.
• # Abstract
This research is devoted to the study of radar absorbing properties of the composites, based on the epoxy binder and carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the frequency range of 52–73 GHz. Three species of unmodified multi-walledCNT differing in length and diameter were investigated as fillers. The reflection coefficients (Krefl) at the radar absorbing material (RAM)–air interface and the electro-magnetic radiation (EMR) absorption coefficients (Kabs) in the materials with the different content of nanotubes were measured (Krefl and Kabs were calculated using the highest (the worst) value of the voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) in the frequency range of 52–73 GHz). It was established that the increase in nanotubes aspect ratio (a ratio of CNT length to its diameter) leads to Kabs rising for polymer composites. Also, CNT diameter decrease leads to Krefl reduction. CNT of 8–15 nm in diameter and more than 2 $\mu$m in length are the most effective from all investigated fillers. The reflection loss values were calculated and CNT optimal concentrations were obtained at different thickness of RAMs.
• # Author Affiliations
1. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
2. Institute of Machine Building Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod 603024, Russia
3. Sedakov Research Institute of Measurement Systems, Nizhny Novgorod 603137, Russia
• # Bulletin of Materials Science
Volume 43, 2020
All articles
Continuous Article Publishing mode
• # Editorial Note on Continuous Article Publication
Posted on July 25, 2019 | 2020-06-04 18:54:06 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3202066123485565, "perplexity": 9845.741785592922}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347445880.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200604161214-20200604191214-00005.warc.gz"} |
https://networkx.org/documentation/networkx-2.3/_modules/networkx/algorithms/flow/dinitz_alg.html | Warning
This documents an unmaintained version of NetworkX. Please upgrade to a maintained version and see the current NetworkX documentation.
# Source code for networkx.algorithms.flow.dinitz_alg
# dinitz.py - Dinitz' algorithm for maximum flow problems.
#
#
# This file is part of NetworkX.
#
# information.
#
# Author: Jordi Torrents <[email protected]>
"""
Dinitz' algorithm for maximum flow problems.
"""
from collections import deque
import networkx as nx
from networkx.algorithms.flow.utils import build_residual_network
from networkx.utils import pairwise
__all__ = ['dinitz']
[docs]def dinitz(G, s, t, capacity='capacity', residual=None, value_only=False, cutoff=None):
"""Find a maximum single-commodity flow using Dinitz' algorithm.
This function returns the residual network resulting after computing
the maximum flow. See below for details about the conventions
NetworkX uses for defining residual networks.
This algorithm has a running time of $O(n^2 m)$ for $n$ nodes and $m$
edges [1]_.
Parameters
----------
G : NetworkX graph
Edges of the graph are expected to have an attribute called
'capacity'. If this attribute is not present, the edge is
considered to have infinite capacity.
s : node
Source node for the flow.
t : node
Sink node for the flow.
capacity : string
Edges of the graph G are expected to have an attribute capacity
that indicates how much flow the edge can support. If this
attribute is not present, the edge is considered to have
infinite capacity. Default value: 'capacity'.
residual : NetworkX graph
Residual network on which the algorithm is to be executed. If None, a
new residual network is created. Default value: None.
value_only : bool
If True compute only the value of the maximum flow. This parameter
will be ignored by this algorithm because it is not applicable.
cutoff : integer, float
If specified, the algorithm will terminate when the flow value reaches
or exceeds the cutoff. In this case, it may be unable to immediately
determine a minimum cut. Default value: None.
Returns
-------
R : NetworkX DiGraph
Residual network after computing the maximum flow.
Raises
------
NetworkXError
The algorithm does not support MultiGraph and MultiDiGraph. If
the input graph is an instance of one of these two classes, a
NetworkXError is raised.
NetworkXUnbounded
If the graph has a path of infinite capacity, the value of a
feasible flow on the graph is unbounded above and the function
raises a NetworkXUnbounded.
--------
:meth:maximum_flow
:meth:minimum_cut
:meth:preflow_push
:meth:shortest_augmenting_path
Notes
-----
The residual network :samp:R from an input graph :samp:G has the
same nodes as :samp:G. :samp:R is a DiGraph that contains a pair
of edges :samp:(u, v) and :samp:(v, u) iff :samp:(u, v) is not a
self-loop, and at least one of :samp:(u, v) and :samp:(v, u) exists
in :samp:G.
For each edge :samp:(u, v) in :samp:R, :samp:R[u][v]['capacity']
is equal to the capacity of :samp:(u, v) in :samp:G if it exists
in :samp:G or zero otherwise. If the capacity is infinite,
:samp:R[u][v]['capacity'] will have a high arbitrary finite value
that does not affect the solution of the problem. This value is stored in
:samp:R.graph['inf']. For each edge :samp:(u, v) in :samp:R,
:samp:R[u][v]['flow'] represents the flow function of :samp:(u, v) and
satisfies :samp:R[u][v]['flow'] == -R[v][u]['flow'].
The flow value, defined as the total flow into :samp:t, the sink, is
stored in :samp:R.graph['flow_value']. If :samp:cutoff is not
specified, reachability to :samp:t using only edges :samp:(u, v) such
that :samp:R[u][v]['flow'] < R[u][v]['capacity'] induces a minimum
:samp:s-:samp:t cut.
Examples
--------
>>> import networkx as nx
>>> from networkx.algorithms.flow import dinitz
The functions that implement flow algorithms and output a residual
network, such as this one, are not imported to the base NetworkX
namespace, so you have to explicitly import them from the flow package.
>>> G = nx.DiGraph()
>>> R = dinitz(G, 'x', 'y')
>>> flow_value = nx.maximum_flow_value(G, 'x', 'y')
>>> flow_value
3.0
>>> flow_value == R.graph['flow_value']
True
References
----------
.. [1] Dinitz' Algorithm: The Original Version and Even's Version.
2006. Yefim Dinitz. In Theoretical Computer Science. Lecture
Notes in Computer Science. Volume 3895. pp 218-240.
http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~dinitz/Papers/Dinitz_alg.pdf
"""
R = dinitz_impl(G, s, t, capacity, residual, cutoff)
R.graph['algorithm'] = 'dinitz'
return R
def dinitz_impl(G, s, t, capacity, residual, cutoff):
if s not in G:
raise nx.NetworkXError('node %s not in graph' % str(s))
if t not in G:
raise nx.NetworkXError('node %s not in graph' % str(t))
if s == t:
raise nx.NetworkXError('source and sink are the same node')
if residual is None:
R = build_residual_network(G, capacity)
else:
R = residual
# Initialize/reset the residual network.
for u in R:
for e in R[u].values():
e['flow'] = 0
# Use an arbitrary high value as infinite. It is computed
# when building the residual network.
INF = R.graph['inf']
if cutoff is None:
cutoff = INF
R_succ = R.succ
R_pred = R.pred
def breath_first_search():
parents = {}
queue = deque([s])
while queue:
if t in parents:
break
u = queue.popleft()
for v in R_succ[u]:
attr = R_succ[u][v]
if v not in parents and attr['capacity'] - attr['flow'] > 0:
parents[v] = u
queue.append(v)
return parents
def depth_first_search(parents):
"""Build a path using DFS starting from the sink"""
path = []
u = t
flow = INF
while u != s:
path.append(u)
v = parents[u]
flow = min(flow, R_pred[u][v]['capacity'] - R_pred[u][v]['flow'])
u = v
path.append(s)
# Augment the flow along the path found
if flow > 0:
for u, v in pairwise(path):
R_pred[u][v]['flow'] += flow
R_pred[v][u]['flow'] -= flow
return flow
flow_value = 0
while flow_value < cutoff:
parents = breath_first_search()
if t not in parents:
break
this_flow = depth_first_search(parents)
if this_flow * 2 > INF:
raise nx.NetworkXUnbounded(
'Infinite capacity path, flow unbounded above.')
flow_value += this_flow
R.graph['flow_value'] = flow_value
return R | 2023-01-29 08:21:07 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5330658555030823, "perplexity": 13874.839891987576}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499710.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20230129080341-20230129110341-00875.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/derivation-of-the-energy-stored-in-a-capacitor.676074/ | # Derivation Of The Energy Stored In A Capacitor
1. Mar 4, 2013
### Bashyboy
Hello,
I am currently reading about the topic mentioned in the title of this thread. For the most part, I understand the derivation; however, at the end of the derivation, the author adds one little condition:
"Where is the energy in a parallel plate capacitor actually stored? Well, if we think about it, the only place it could be stored is in the electric field generated between the plates."
How is the energy not stored in the capacitors? Can't the charges, that comprise the charge of the plates of parallel capacitor, possess the potential energy? I mean, after all, they the ones having a force applied over them through a distance (the distance between how far apart the parallel plates are)? I know the idea is useful, for it allows us to define the energy density of an electric field. Why and how is it stored in the electric field between the plates?
2. Mar 4, 2013
### Staff: Mentor
The charges have a potential energy, but where is this energy stored?
In the electric field between the plates.
This is similar to gravity: Gravitational potential energy is stored in the gravitational field.
3. Mar 4, 2013
### Bashyboy
Well, why is gravitational potential energy stored in the gravitational field?
4. Mar 4, 2013
### Staff: Mentor
It's somewhat analogous to asking where the potential energy in a stretched string is. We have to do work, increasing the potential energy, to move the two ends of the spring further apart, but we can't easily associate the energy with either moving endpoint.
5. Mar 4, 2013
### phyzguy
The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol 2, Ch 27 has an excellent discussion of electromagnetic field energy and momentum, and why we think the energy is located in the electric field region between the plates.
6. Mar 4, 2013
### cwilkins
The way I think about it is you had to put some energy into forming that configuration of charges. The energy went into separating the charges and putting them in place, which means there will be some potential energy associated with holding those charges apart from each other. The result will be a net electric field which does have an energy density. In that sense the energy is stored in the resulting net electric field and not the charged particles themselves. The distinction is subtle, but the particles themselves are not storing the energy; it is the result of their charge and position, whose effects can only be manifested through a field. (I wasn't really sure how to word this, so I apologize if it isn't clear.)
Last edited: Mar 4, 2013
7. Mar 5, 2013
### Staff: Mentor
Apart from those static setups, radiation shows that electromagnetic fields have energy.
The energy density of an electric field is $u=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon \left(\vec{E}\right)^2$.
A capacitor with area A and distance d (without dielectric) has a capacitance of $C=\frac{\epsilon A}{d}$.
Charged up to a voltage of V, the electric field is $\frac{V}{d}$ in a volume of $Ad$. This gives a total energy content (of the electric field) of $E=\frac{1}{2}\epsilon Ad \frac{V^2}{d^2}=\frac{1}{2} \frac{A}{d} V^2 = \frac{1}{2} CV^2$ - which is exactly the energy stored in the whole capacitor.
8. Mar 5, 2013
### Bashyboy
Is this a proper way of thinking about why the potential energy is stored in the electric field?
So, if we have a parallel plate capacitor, initially uncharged, which is connected to a battery, the battery will use its chemical energy to push electrons to the plate of the capacitor that is connected to the negative terminal. For the very first electron, no work is required to push it, because the plates have no charge, there is no repulsion. However, once that first electron reaches the plate, the plate will be charged, and will repel an electron in the plate connected to the positive terminal. As more and more electrons are pushed towards the plate, the repulsion becomes stronger, and to push an electron requires more chemical energy. Once the capacitor is charged, it is then disconnected and connected to, say, a light-bulb. Because of the configuration on the charges, the electric field lines that originate from the positive plate do work on electrons in the negatively charged plate....
Hmm I seem to have come to a dead-end in my discussion. I was going to mention something out the electric-field lines having the potential to do work, and that's why the electric field stores the energy. But how can the electrons go from the negative side of the capacitor, through the wire to the light-bulb, and into the positive side of the capacitor, if electrons are directly attracted to positive charges? Won't the electrons go directly through the gap to the positive plate?
9. Mar 5, 2013
### Staff: Mentor
That gap is an isolator, it does not allow electrons to go that way.
10. Mar 5, 2013
### Bashyboy
Oh, I see. So, my train of thinking, was it correct?
11. Mar 5, 2013
### Staff: Mentor
How the charging process looks like? Yes.
12. Mar 5, 2013
### Bashyboy
Well, the electric field still has the potential to do work, due to the configuration, right? Meaning it would possess potential energy?
13. Mar 5, 2013
### Staff: Mentor
I would not say "the electric field possesses potential energy" - it just has energy, which can be used to perform work, or other things.
14. Mar 5, 2013
### xAxis
Imagine two identical capacitors, but only one is charged. Put some small charge in the gap of uncharged capacitor, noting happens, it just hangs there. Put the same charge in the charged capacitor, it will imidiately move towards one end. This will happen in every point of the gap, so we see that the energy is in the gap, because the field is there. | 2018-05-25 05:33:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.49579745531082153, "perplexity": 433.14659931477917}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867041.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20180525043910-20180525063910-00072.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-statistics/138602-solved-poisson-iid-sample.html | # Math Help - [SOLVED] Poisson iid sample
1. ## [SOLVED] Poisson iid sample
Hi,
I have a question about going from the distribution of a single variable to an iid sample.
As far as I can tell, if I have a r.v. that is normally distributed and a sample of iid r.v.'s, I then determine the joint distribution of the variables via the product of the densities.
When I look at a r.v. that is Bernoulli, then the iid sample is distributed as Binomial (which still makes somewhat sense to me).
I'm not sure how I get from a r.v. that is Poisson(l) to an iid sample that is distributed as Poisson(nl); specifically, it seems that I am looking at the summation of the r.v.'s rather than the product? Why or where am I not understanding this correctly?
Thank you!
2. Originally Posted by Statistik
Hi,
I have a question about going from the distribution of a single variable to an iid sample.
As far as I can tell, if I have a r.v. that is normally distributed and a sample of iid r.v.'s, I then determine the joint distribution of the variables via the product of the densities.
When I look at a r.v. that is Bernoulli, then the iid sample is distributed as Binomial (which still makes somewhat sense to me).
I'm not sure how I get from a r.v. that is Poisson(l) to an iid sample that is distributed as Poisson(nl); specifically, it seems that I am looking at the summation of the r.v.'s rather than the product? Why or where am I not understanding this correctly?
Thank you! | 2014-07-29 09:18:43 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.881106972694397, "perplexity": 395.0202498134926}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510266894.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011746-00466-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/a-brown-ring-is-formed-in-the-ring-test-for-no3-class-12-chemistry-cbse-5f626ccd01faef2daa4e37d5 | Question
A brown ring is formed in the ring test for $\text{NO}_{3}^{-}$ ion. It is due to the formation of: A ) $\left[ \text{Fe}{{\left( {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}_{5}}\text{NO} \right]\text{S}{{\text{O}}_{4}}\text{ }$B ) $\text{FeS}{{\text{O}}_{4}}\text{N}{{\text{O}}_{2}}$C ) ${{\left[ \text{Fe}{{\left( {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}_{4}}{{\left( \text{NO} \right)}_{2}} \right]}^{2+}}$D ) $\text{FeS}{{\text{O}}_{4}}\text{HN}{{\text{O}}_{3}}$
Hint: The brown ring test for nitrate ion confirms the presence of nitrate ion. A freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is added to the solution containing nitrate ions. A ring containing a brown coloured complex is formed.
The brown ring test for nitrate ion is a qualitative test that confirms the presence of nitrate ion. In the ring test for $\text{NO}_{3}^{-}$ ion, a freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is added to the solution containing nitrate ion. A ring containing a brown coloured complex is formed. The formation of this brown coloured complex confirms the ring test for the presence of nitrate ion. The brown coloured complex is $\left[ \text{Fe}{{\left( {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}_{5}}\text{NO} \right]\text{S}{{\text{O}}_{4}}$.
${\text{NO}_{3}^{-}\text{ + 3F}{{\text{e}}^{2+}}\text{ + 4 }{{\text{H}}^{+}}\text{ }\to \text{ NO + 3F}{{\text{e}}^{3+}}\text{ +2 }{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O}}$
${{{\left[ \text{Fe}{{\left( {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}_{6}} \right]}^{2+}}\text{ + NO }\to \text{ }\left[ \text{Fe}{{\left( {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}_{5}}\text{NO} \right]\text{S}{{\text{O}}_{4}}\text{ + }{{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O}}$
Hence, the option A ) $\left[ \text{Fe}{{\left( {{\text{H}}_{2}}\text{O} \right)}_{5}}\text{NO} \right]\text{S}{{\text{O}}_{4}}$ is the correct option. | 2020-09-22 02:16:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47847792506217957, "perplexity": 3547.7726510675343}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922000730-20200922030730-00566.warc.gz"} |
https://blog.996workers.icu/archives/advanceddatabasesystemcheatsheet | 996worker
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COMP90050 - Advanced database system cheat sheet
2022-06-07 / 0 评论 / 0 点赞 / 173 阅读 / 28,601 字
1st Week
Disk Access time
Disk access time(HDD) = seek time + rotational time + transfer length/bandwitdth
Disk access time(SSD) = transfer length/bandwitdth
Laws
Moore’s law(memory chip): Chip capacity = $2^{\frac{2*(year-1970)}{3}}KB/chip$
Joy’s law(processor): Processor performance = $2^{(year-1984)/2} mips$
Memory access time
Effective memory access time: EA = H*C+(1-H)*M
Hit ratio = $\frac{references\ satisfied\ by\ cache}{total references}$
H: hit ratio, C: cache access time, M: memory access time
Types of database systems
• Simple file: plain text file:
• RDBS: collection of tables
• Object oriented: Datastored in Objects
• No-SQL: Non relational database
Database architectures
• Centralized: Data stored in one place. 特性: suitable for simple applications, easy to manage; may not scale well
• Distributed: Data distributed across several nodes, can be in different locations特性Scalable, suitable for large applications and applications that need data access from different physical locations; System administration and crash recovery is difficult, usually have some data inconsistency
• WWW: Stored all over the world, several owners of the data 特性：Very convenient to access and share data; security issues, no guarantee on availability or consistency
• Grid: Like distributed, but each node manages own resource; system doesn’t act as a single unit.特性Less used now-a-days, very similar to distributed systems with administration done locally by each owner
• P2P: Like grid, but nodes can join and leave network at will (unlike Grid)特性Suitable when the nodes of the network cannot be planned in advance, or some may leave and join frequently. For example, sensor network
• Cloud: Generalization of grid, but resources are accessed on demand.特性on-demand resources, cost-effective, maintenance done externally by the cloud provider; some privacy and confidentially issue – but most trusted providers well address them
2nd 3rd Week
Keywords:Storage area networks(SAN)
terminology
Mean time to failure: the time elapsed before a failure occurs
Mean time between failure: 和mttf一样的概念但是mtbf常用于repairable system。mttf常用于non-repairable system.
mean time to repair: the time elapsed when the service is down in a repairable system.
ACID
• Atomicity: A transaction’s changes to the state (Database) are atomic implying either all actions happen or none happen.
• Consistency: Transaction are a correct transformation of the state. Actions taken as a whole by a transaction do not violate the integrity of the application state. That is we are assuming transactions are correct programs. Concurrent execution of transactions does not violate consistency of data. Data is in a ‘consistent’ state when a transaction starts and when it ends - in other words, any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules
• Isolation: Transaction are executed as if it is the only one in the system. Even when several transactions are executed simultaneously, it appears to each transaction T that others executed either happen before T or after T but not at the same time.
• Durability: State changes committed by a transaction survive failures. The system should tolerate system failures and any committed updates should not be lost.
Fault tolerance by RAID
• RAID 0 (block level striping)
• striping at block level
• throughput double and MTTF(mean time to failure) half
• MTTF/2
• RAID 1 (mirroring)
• lower write throughput
• half storage utilization
• $MTTF^2$
• RAID 2 (bit level striping)
• similar to raid 0, striping 1 bit level
• MTTF/2
• RAID 3 (byte level striping)
• byte level striping
• transfer rate > RAID 0
• $MTTF^2/3$
• parity
• RAID 4 (block level striping)
• similar to RAID 3
• Dedicated disk for parity blocks
• higher throughput but very slow writes
• $MTTF^2/3$
• RAID 5 (block level striping)
• similar to RAID 4, parity blocks are also striped
• Provides higher throughput but slower writes but better than RAID 4 as Parity bits are distributed among all disks and the number of write operations on average equal among all 3 disks.
• $MTTF^2/3$
• RAID 6 (block level striping)
• similar to RAID 5 two parity blocks used
• $MTTF^3/10$(two disk breakdown tolerance)
Fault tolerance by voting
• failvote: stop if there are no majority agreement
• failfast: uses the majority of the available modules.
• Supermodule: Naturally, a system with multiple hard disk drives is expected to function with only one working disk (use voting when multiple disks are working/available, but still work even when only one is available)
Fault tolerance with repair
With repair of modules: the faulty equipment is repaired with an average time of MTTR (mean time to repair) as soon as a fault is detected.
Probability of a particular module is not available = $MTTR/(MTTF+MTTR) = MTTR/MTTF$ (MTTF >> MTTR)
Probability that (n-1) modules are unavailable:$P_{n-1} = (\frac{MTTR}{MTTF})^{n-1}$
Probability that a particular module fails: $P_{i} = \frac{1}{MTTF}$
Probability that the system fails with a particular module failing last: $P_{n-1}*P_{i}$
Probability that a supermodule fails due to any one of the n modules failing last, when other (n-1) modules are unavailable $n*P_{n-1}*P_{i}$
Old master - new master technique
• record all updates (transactions) to be performed in a separate file
• at night (usually) produce a separate new (next day) master using the old (previous day’s) master and the batch updates (transactions).
• Not online processing, transaction failure is not notified until next day
Software reliability
Main distinction between software and hardware reliability
• Hardware reliability requires tolerating component failures.
• Software reliability requires tolerating design and coding faults.
• The distinction between Hardware and Software is becoming less as most hardware units have substantial amount of software components
Improvement
1. N-version programming
• use n programs that run in parallel, take majority vote for each answer
• the diversity of design and coding can mask many failures
2. Software reliability as ‘transaction’ (Abort and restart)
• Write a program as an ACID state transformation with consistency checks. If the consistency checks are not met (fault), abort the transaction and restart
• A recent consistent system state is restored after restart
• Restarting an application without proper recovery (repair) can make the systems very unreliable
• Bohrbugs: deterministic bugs, relatively easy to handle
• Heisenbugs: software errors that only appear occasionally
3. Process pairing
• Primary process does all the work until it fails. The second process (backup) takes over the primary and continues.
• Primary needs to tell on a regular basis that it is alive and also transmit its state to the secondary.
• three ways to takeover
• Checkpoint-restart: The primary records its state on a second storage module. At takeover the secondary starts reading the state of the primary from the storage and resumes the application. (全记录)
• Checkpoint messages: The primary sends its state changes as messages to the backup. At takeover the backup gets its current state from the most recent checkpoint message.（只记录改变）
• Persistent: backup restarts in the null state and lets Transaction mechanism to clean up all uncommitted transactions. This is the approach taken by the most Database Systems.(现在最常用的)
4th 5th Week
Improving system’s reliability
• Improving Hardware reliability that is CPUs, Memory and Storage Units. This can be done by employing lot of redundancy
• Software reliability can be improved by employing process-pairing or transaction-based recovery.
• Communication Systems reliability not only need hardware redundancy but also need to guaranty transmission and reception of messages using stable storage and acknowledgements
Database transaction
Transaction: a unit of work in a database
• A transaction can have any number and type of operations in it
• Transactions ideally have four properties, commonly known as ACID properties
Duplex write
• Each block of data is written in two places sequentially
• If one of the writes fail, system can issue another write
• Each block is associated with a version number. The block with the latest version number contains the most recent data.
• While reading - we can determine error of a disk block by its Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).
• It always guarantees at least one block has consistent data.
Logged write
• Similar to duplex write, except one of the writes goes to a log. This method is very efficient if the changes to a block are small.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
To compute an n-bit binary CRC
1. Add n zero bits as ‘padding’ to the right of the input bits.
2. Compute the (n + 1)-bit pattern representing the CRC’s divisor (called a “polynomial”)
3. Position the (n + 1)-bit pattern representing the CRC’s divisor underneath the left-hand end of the input bits.
4. The algorithm acts on the bits directly above the divisor in each step.
Checking validity with CRC
An error detection algorithm
1. A polynomial needs to be specified
2. A sequence of bitwise exclusive-or (XOR) operation needs to be performed
3. The final CRC value needs to be stored for each data block (or the data unit on which CRC is performed)
4. Data correctness can be checked with CRC: a) its corresponding CRC value is retrieved.b) A sequence of bitwise XOR operation needs to be performed to find out the correctness of data
Different transaction
• Flat transaction：Any failure of transaction requires lot of unnecessary computation. (一旦出错所有的工作都rollback)
• Everything inside BEGIN WORK and COMMIT WORK is at the same level; that is, the transaction will either survive together with everything else (commit), or it will be rolled back with everything else (abort)
• Flat transaction with save points
• nested transaction
• Commit rule
• A subtransaction can either commit or abort, however, commit cannot take place unless the parent itself commits.
• Subtransactions have A, C, and I properties but not D property unless all its ancestors commit.
• Commit of a sub transaction makes its results available only to its parents.
• Roll back rule
• If a subtransaction rolls back, all its children are forced to roll back.(父退回时子退回)
• Visibility Rules
• Changes made by a subtransaction are visible to the parent only when the subtransaction commits. All objects of parent are visible to its children. Implication of this is that the parent should not modify objects while children are accessing them. This is not a problem as parent does not run in parallel with its children.(子提交的父可见，父的所有子可见，子占用时父不占)
Transaction Processing Monitor (TP monitor)
The main function of a TP monitor is to integrate other system components and manage resources.
• TP monitors manage the transfer of data between clients and servers
• Breaks down applications or code into transactions and ensures that all databases are updated properly
• It also takes appropriate actions if any error occurs
TP monitor services
• Heterogeneity: If the application needs access to different DB systems, local ACID properties of individual DB systems is not sufficient. Local TP monitor needs to interact with other TP monitors to ensure the overall ACID property. A form of 2 phase commit protocol must be employed for this purpose.
• Control communication: If the application communicates with other remote processes, the local TP monitor should maintain the communication status among the processes to be able to recover from a crash.
• Terminal management: Since many terminals run client software, the TP monitor should provide appropriate ACID property between the client and the server processes.
• Presentation service: this is similar to terminal management in the sense it has to deal with different presentation (user interface) software – e.g. X-windows
• Context management: E.g. maintaining the sessions etc.
• Start/Restart: There is no difference between start and restart in TP based system.
6th Week
Concurrency
Impose exclusive access for correct execution
Concurrency Control
To resolve conflicts and preserve database consistency
• Dekker’s algorithm (using code)
• needs almost no hardware support, needs atomic reads and writes to main memory, That is exclusive access of one time cycle of memory access time!
• the code is very complicated to implement for more than two transactions
• harder to understand the algorithm for more than two transactions
• takes lot of storage space
• efficient for low lock contention
• uses busy waiting
• OS supported primitives
• need no special hardware
• independent of number of processes
• machine independent
• through an interrupt call, the lock request is passed to the OS
• are very expensive (several hundreds to thousands of instructions need to be executed to save context of the requesting process.)
• do not use busy waiting and therefore more effective
• Spin locks(访问之前查看上锁状态)
• using atomic lock/unlock instructions such as test and set or compare and swap
• 缺点need hardware support - should be able to lock bus (communication channel between CPU and memory + any other devices) for two memory cycles (one for reading and one for writing). During this time no other devices’ access is allowed to this memory location.
• 优点algorithm does not depend on number of processes
• 优点 are very efficient for low lock contentions (all DB systems use them)
• use busy waiting
Atomic operation
• Test and set: 查看始否上锁，没上锁就上锁返回true，上了锁返回false
• Compare and swap: 查看始否和旧值相等，相等则赋予新值并返回true，否则重置旧值返回false
Semaphore
Semaphores derive from the corresponding mechanism used for trains: a train may proceed through a section of track only if the semaphore is clear. Once the train passes, the semaphore is set until the train exits that section of track.
Computer semaphores have a get() routine that acquires the semaphore, perhaps waiting until it is free and a dual give() routine that returns the semaphore to the free state, perhaps waking up a waiting process.
Semaphores are very simple locks; indeed, they are used to implement
general-purpose locks.
Spin locks are the most commonly used locks
Implementation of Exclusive mode Semaphore(说白了就是链表排队)
1. Pointer to a queue of processes
2. If the semaphore is busy but there are no waiters, the pointer is the address of the process that owns the semaphore.
3. If some processes are waiting, the semaphore points to a linked list of waiting processes. The process owning the semaphore is at the end of this list.
4. After usage, the owner process wakes up the oldest process in the queue (first in, first out scheduler)
Convoy avoiding semaphore
• The previous implementation may result a long list of waiting processes, called convoy
• To avoid convoys, a process may simply free the semaphore (set the queue to null) and then wake up every process in the list after usage.
• In that case, each of those processes will have to re-execute the routine for acquiring semaphore.(重新排队)
In a deadlock, each process in the deadlock is waiting for another member to release the resources it wants.
deadlock不成立的情况: no cycle in the locks held and requested by the transaction.
Solutions
• Have enough resources so that no waiting occurs(不现实)
• Pre-declare all necessary resources and allocate in a single request.(不现实)
• Linearly order the resources and request of resources should follow this order.This type of allocation guarantees no cyclic dependencies among the transactions.
• Periodically check the resource dependency graph for cycles. If a cycle exists - rollback (i.e., terminate) one or more transaction to eliminate cycles (deadlocks). The chosen transactions should be cheap.
• Allow waiting for a maximum time on a lock then force Rollback.
• Many distributed database systems maintain only local dependency graphs and use time outs for global deadlocks.
7th Week
Isolation
Multiple concurrently running transactions may cause conflicts, allow concurrent runs as much as possible for a better performance, while avoiding conflicts as much as possible.
Isolation ensures that concurrent transactions leaves the database in the same state as if the transactions were executed separately.
Isolation guarantees consistency, provided each transaction itself is consistent.
When dependency graph has cycles then there is a violation of isolation and a possibility of inconsistency.
Conflicts
• write-write (Lost update): 覆盖其他transaction的update
Dependency relation
In many situation inputs and outputs may be state dependant/not known in prior
H1 = <(T1,R,O1), (T2, W, O5), (T1,W,O3), (T3,W,O1), (T5,R,O3), (T3,W,O2), (T5,R,O4), (T4,R,O2), (T6,W,O4)>
DEP(H1) = {<T1,O1,T3>, <T1,O3,T5>, <T3,O2,T4>, <T5,O4,T6> }
H2 = <(T1,R,O1), (T3,W,O1), (T3,W,O2),(T4,R,O2),(T1,W,O3), (T2, W, O5), (T5,R,O3), (T5,R,O4), (T6,W,O4)>
DEP(H2) =
DEP(H1)=DEP(H2)
Isolated history
• A serial history = an isolated history.
• A serial history is history that is resulted as a consequence of running transactions sequentially one by one.
• N transactions can result in a maximum of N! serial histories.
• Wormhole theorem: A history is isolated if and only if it has no wormholes.
Wormhole transaction
$T' \in Before(T) \cap After(T)$
Exist a cycle in the dependency graph of the history. Presence of a wormhole transaction implies it is not isolated
Isolation Theorems
• A transactions is a sequence of READ, WRITE, SLOCK, XLOCK actions on objects ending with COMMIT or ROLLBACK.
• A transaction is well formed if each READ, WRITE and UNLOCK operation is covered earlier by a corresponding lock operation.
• A history is legal if does not grant conflicting grants.
• A transaction is two phase if its all lock operations precede its unlock operations.
• Locking theorem: If all transactions are well formed and two-phased, then any legal history will be isolated.
• Locking theorem (Converse): If a transaction is not well formed or is not two-phase, then it is possible to write another transaction such that it is a wormhole.
• Rollback theorem: An update transaction that does an UNLOCK and then does a ROLLBACK is not two phase.
Degrees of isolation
• Degree 3: A Three degree isolated Transaction has no lost updates, and has repeatable reads. This is “true” isolation. (read write两段锁, read write都有锁)
• Degree 2: A Two degree isolated transaction has no lost updates and no dirty reads. (write锁是两段，read write都有锁)
• sensitive to: write->write; write ->read
• Degree 1: A One degree isolation has no lost updates. (write两段锁)
• sensitive to: write->write
• Degree 0 : A Zero degree transaction does not overwrite another transactions dirty data if the other transaction is at least One degree. (write加锁)
• It ignores all conflicts
8th Week
Granular lock
Mark meaning
X exclusive lock. Allows writes to the node and prevents others holding X, U, S, SIX, IS, IX locks on this node and all its descendants.
S shared lock. Allows read authority to the node and its descendants at a finer granularity and prevents others holding IX, X, SIX on this node.
U update lock – Intention to update in the future. Allows read to the node and its descendants and prevents others holding X, U, SIX, IX and IS locks on this node or its descendants.
IS Intent to set shared locks at finer granularity. Allows IS and S mode locks at finer granularity and prevents others from holding X, U on this .nu node.
IX Intent to set shared or eXclusive locks at finer granularity. Allows to set IS, IX, S, SIX, U and X mode locks at finer granularity and prevents others holding S, SIX, X, U on this node.
SIX a coarse granularity shared lock with an Intent to set finer granularity exclusive locks. Allows reads to the node and its descendants as in IS and prevents others holding X, U, IX, SIX, S on this node or its descendants but allows the holder IX, U, and X mode locks at finer granularity. SIX = S + IX.
To acquire an S mode or IS mode lock on a non-root node, one parent must be held in IS mode or higher (one of {IS,IX,S,SIX,U,X}).
To acquire an X, U, SIX, or IX mode lock on a non-root node, all parents must be held in IX mode or higher (one of {IX,SIX,U,X}).
Optimistic locking
When conflicts are rare, transactions can execute operations without managing locks and without waiting for locks - higher throughput
• Before committing, each transaction verifies that no other transaction has modified the data - duration of locks are very short(在做update的时候先检查一下用到的值始否改变了)
• If any conflict found, the transaction repeats the attempt
• If no conflict, make changes and commit
Snapshot isolation
Do not guarantee Serializability. However, its transaction throughput is very high compared to two phase locking scheme.
Disadv：Snapshot isolation does not care if the read set, which is not modified by the current transaction, is
already modified by another transaction when the current transaction commits. This can cause
consistency issues in applications.
Adv：As a kind of Optimistic Locking, snapshot isolation guarantees all the read operations made in a transaction will see a consistent snapshot of the database, but the transaction will abort when other concurrent transaction which have conflict with it.
9th 10th Week
Buffer Caches
• Data is stored on disks(数据存在disk上)
• Reading a data item requires reading the whole page of data (typically 4K or 8K bytes of data depending on the page size) from disk to memory containing the item.(读数据时需要把数据从disk读到memory)
• Modifying a data item requires reading the whole page from disk to memory containing the item, modifying the item in memory and writing the whole page to disk.(修改数据需要把所有的数据从memory存回disk)
• Steps 2 & 3 can be very expensive and we can minimize the number of disk reads and writes by storing as many disk pages as possible in memory (buffer cache) - this means always check in buffer cache for the disk page of interest if not copy the associated page to buffer cache and perform the necessary operation.(存读的过程很贵，尽可能多的把数据读到memory上就不要动)
• When buffer cache is full we need to evict some pages from the buffer cache in order fetch the required pages from the disk.(buffer满了之后要释放一些page到disk)
• Eviction needs to make sure that no one else is using the page and any modified pages should be copied to the disk.(释放的时候要确保没人要用这些page)
• Since several transactions are executing concurrently this requires additional locking procedures using latches. These latches are used only for the duration of the operation (e.g. READ/WRITE) and can be released immediately unlike record locks which have to be kept locked until the end of the transaction.(使用latch, 类似于lock, 来保证读写的过程)
• fix(pageid)
• reads pages from disk into the buffer cache if it is not already in the buffer cache
• fixed pages cannot be dropped from the buffer cache as transactions are accessing the contents(还在用的page不能丢出buffer)
• unfix(pageid)
• The page is not in use by the transaction and can be evicted as far as the unfix calling transaction is concerned. ( We need to check to see that no one else wants the page before it can be evicted)（没被用的page）
• Force write to disk at commit?
• Poor response time.
• But provides durability.
• NO Force leave pages in memory as long as possible even after commit without modifying the data on the disk.（不强制把commit的存入disk会给Durability增加难度）
• Improves response time and efficiency as many reads and updates can take place in main memory rather than on disk.
• Durability becomes a problem as update may be lost if a crash occurs
• Write as little as possible, in a convenient place, at commit time, to support REDOing modifications.
• Steal buffer-pool frames from uncommitted Xacts?（没有commit就存到disk会给Atomicity增加难度）
• To steal frame F: Current page in F (say P) is written to disk; some Xact holds lock on P.
• If not, poor throughput.
• If so, how can we ensure atomicity?
Logging
• Must force the log record which has both old and new values for an update before the corresponding data page gets to disk (stolen).
• Must write all log records to disk (force) for a Xact before commit.
• guarantees Atomicity because we can undo updates performed by aborted transactions and redo those updates of committed transactions.
• guarantees Durability. Exactly how is logging (and recovery!) done.
• Use WAL to allow STEAL/NO-FORCE with out sacrificing correctness.
• LSNs identify log records; linked into backwards chains per transaction (via prevLSN).
• pageLSN allows comparison of data page and log records.
WAL log
• Each log record has a unique Log Sequence Number (LSN).
• LSNs always increasing.
• Each data page contains a pageLSN.
• The LSN of the most recent log record for an update to that page.
• System keeps track of flushedLSN.
• The max LSN flushed so far.
• WAL: Before a page is written to disk make sure pageLSN <= flushedLSN
Log, Transaction and Dirty Page tables
Dirty page table的LSN是最早修改这个page的LSN
Transaction table的LSN是transaction对应的最新LSN
PrevLSN: previous LSN, RecLSN: Record LSN
Checkpoint
Periodically, the DBMS creates a checkpoint, in order to minimize the time taken to recover in the event of a system crash.
• Begin checkpoint record: Indicates when chkpt began.
• End checkpoint record: Contains current Xact table and dirty page table. This is a ‘fuzzy checkpoint’:
• Other Xacts continue to run; so these tables accurate only as of the time of the begin checkpoint record.
• No attempt to force dirty pages to disk; effectiveness of checkpoint is limited by the oldest unwritten change to a dirty page. (So it’s a good idea to periodically flush dirty pages to disk!)
• Store LSN of chkpt record in a safe place (master record).
Simple Transaction Abort
• Get lastLSN of Xact from Xact table.
• Can follow chain of log records backward via the prevLSN field.
• Before starting UNDO, write an Abort log record.
-For recovering from crash during UNDO!
• Before restoring old value of a page, write a CLR (Compensation Log Record):
You continue logging while you UNDO!!
• CLR has one extra field: undonextLSN
• Points to the next LSN to undo (i.e. the prevLSN of the record we’re currently undoing).
• CLRs never Undone (but they might be Redone when repeating history: guarantees Atomicity!)
• At end of UNDO, write an “end” log record.
Transaction commit
• Write commit record to log.
• All log records up to Xact’s lastLSN are flushed.
• Guarantees that flushedLSN $\geq$ lastLSN.
• Note that log flushes are sequential, synchronous writes to disk - (very fast writes to disk).
• Many log records per log page - (very efficient due to multiple writes).
• Commit() returns.
• Write end record to log.
Crash Recovery
Analysis
Figure out which Xacts committed since checkpoint, which failed
• Reconstruct state at checkpoint.
• via end_checkpoint record.
• Scan log forward from checkpoint.
• End record: Remove Xact from Xact table.(log里面commit的transaction从transaction table删了)
• Other records: Add Xact to Xact table, set lastLSN=LSN, change Xact status on commit.(log里的transaction添加到transaction table)
• Update record: If P not in Dirty Page Table, Add P to D.P.T., set its recLSN=LSN.(把page加到Dirty page table)
REDO
Repeat History to reconstruct state at crash:
Reapply all updates (even of aborted Xacts!), redo CLRs.
• Scan forward from log rec containing smallest recLSN in D.P.T. For each CLR or update log rec LSN, REDO the action unless:(重复log里的操作除了)
• Affected page is not in the Dirty Page Table(在crash发生前已经evict了)
• Affected page is in D.P.T., but has recLSN > LSN(已经evict了, 但是又load到了buffer里面)
• pageLSN (in DB) $\geq$ LSN.(已经durable了, 有最新的变化)
• To REDO an action:
• Reapply logged action.
• Set pageLSN to LSN. No additional logging!
UNDO
Remove effect of failed transactions.
• ToUndo={ l | l is a lastLSN of a “loser” Xact}从transaction table生成
• Repeat
• Choose the largest LSN among ToUndo.
• If this LSN is a CLR and undonextLSN==NULL
• Write an End record for this Xact.
• If this LSN is a CLR, and undonextLSN != NULL
• (Q: what happens to other CLRs?)
• Else this LSN is an update. Undo the update, write a CLR, add prevLSN to ToUndo.
• Until ToUndo is empty.
Atomicity in Distributed Transaction Processing
The two-phase commit protocol (2PC) can help achieve atomicity in distributed transaction processing
11th Week
CAP theorem
• CAP theorem
• Any distributed database with shared data, can have at most two
of the three desirable properties, C, A or P
• CAP
• Consistency: every node always sees the same data at any given instance (i.e., strict consistency)
• Availability: the system continues to operate, even if nodes crash, or some hardware or software parts are down due to upgrades
• Partition Tolerance: the system continues to operate in the presence of network partitions
• Availability + Partition Tolerance forfeit Consistency as changes in place cannot be propagated when the system is portioned.(单节点上改变不能保证所有节点上一致)
• Consistency + Partition Tolerance entails that one side of the partition must act as if it is unavailable, thus forfeiting Availability(所有节点上一致导致有时候数据短时间内不能获取到)
• Consistency + Availability is only possible if there is no network partition, thereby forfeiting Partition Tolerance(没有节点分区以保证一致性和可获取)
• Types of Consistency
• Strong Consistency(统一返回更新的值)
• After the update completes, any subsequent access will return the same updated value.
• Weak Consistency(不一定返回更新的值)
• It is not guaranteed that subsequent accesses will return the updated value.
• Eventual Consistency(如果没有额外的更新，最终会返回更新的值)
• Specific form of weak consistency
• It is guaranteed that if no new updates are made to object, eventually all accesses will return the last updated value
• Eventual Consistency Variations
• Causal consistency
• Processes that have causal relationship will see consistent data(如果Process A通知Process B它已经更新了数据，那么Process B的后续读取操作则读取A写入的最新值，而与A没有因果关系的C则可以最终一致性)
• A process always accesses the data item after it’s update operation and never sees an older value(process对某个值更新后就看不到旧的)
• Session consistency
• As long as session exists, system guarantees read-your-write consistency
• Guarantees do not overlap sessions(单个session内的consistency保证)
• If a process has seen a particular value of data item, any subsequent processes will never return any previous values(看到了新的就看不到旧的)
• Monotonic write consistency
• The system guarantees to serialize the writes by the same process(保证系统会序列化执行一个Process中的所有写操作)
• 实践中会结合不同的consistency
• Dynamic tradeoff between C and A
• 当航班还很充足侧重于avaliable
• 当航班数很少侧重于consistency
• Heterogeneity: Segmenting C and A(不同的部分侧重的方向不同)
• No single uniform requirement
• Some aspects require strong consistency
• Others require high availability
• Segment the system into different components
• Each provides different types of guarantees
• Overall guarantees neither consistency nor availability
• Each part of the service gets exactly what it needs
• Can be partitioned along different dimensions
• Data Partition
• Different data may require different consistency and availability
No partition
• Tradeoff between Consistency and Latency:
• Caused by the possibility of failure in distributed systems
• High availability -> replicate data -> consistency problem
• Basic idea:
• Availability and latency are arguably the same thing: unavailable -> extreme high latency
• Achieving different levels of consistency/availability takes different amount of time
• Maintaining consistency should balance between the strictness of consistency versus availability/scalability
BASE properties
• CAP can not granted at the same time result in databases with relaxed ACID guarantees
• In particular, such databases apply the BASE properties:
• Basically Available: the system guarantees Availability
• Soft-State: the state of the system may change over time
• Eventual Consistency: the system will eventually become consistent
• PACLE
• If there is a partition §, how does the system trade off availability and consistency (A and C); else (E), when the system is running normally in the absence of partitions, how does the system trade off latency (L) and consistency ©?
• Example
• PA/EL Systems: Give up both Cs for availability and lower latency
• Dynamo, Cassandra, Riak
• PC/EC Systems: Refuse to give up consistency and pay the cost of availability and latency
• BigTable, Hbase, VoltDB/H-Store
• PA/EC Systems: Give up consistency when a partition happens and keep consistency in normal operations
• MongoDB
• PC/EL System: Keep consistency if a partition occurs but gives up consistency for latency in normal operations
• Yahoo! PNUTS
NoSQL
• Document Stores(Mongodb, CouchDB)
• Documents are stored in some standard format or encoding
• Documents can be indexed
• Graph database(Neo4j)
• Data are represented as vertices and edges
• Graph databases are powerful for graph-like queries
• Key-value database(Amazon DynamoDB and Apache Cassandra)
• Keys are mapped to (possibly) more complex value
• Keys can be stored in a hash table and can be distributed easily
• Such stores typically support regular CRUD (create, read, update, and delete) operations(没办法join和aggregate)
• Columnar database(HBase and Vertica)
• Columnar databases are a hybrid of RDBMSs and Key Value stores
• Values are stored in groups of zero or more columns, but in Column-Order
• Values are queried by matching keys
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http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/210204-how-many-functions-x-y-image-containing-1-element.html | Math Help - How many functions from X to Y with image containing 1 element?
1. How many functions from X to Y with image containing 1 element?
if X={1,....,n} and Y={1,2,3}
how many functions are there from X to Y with image containing exactly 1 element?
2. Re: How many functions from X to Y with image containing 1 element?
Originally Posted by darren86
if X={1,....,n} and Y={1,2,3}, how many functions are there from X to Y with image containing exactly 1 element?
As stated the answer is clearly three.
But I think that is not what is meant?
3. Re: How many functions from X to Y with image containing 1 element?
Originally Posted by Plato
As stated the answer is clearly three.
But I think that is not what is meant?
That is word for word the question. Would you mind explaining a little why its 3? I don't really understand what the question is asking. What does it mean that the image contains exactly one element, etc?
Thanks
4. Re: How many functions from X to Y with image containing 1 element?
Originally Posted by darren86
That is word for word the question. Would you mind explaining a little why its 3? I don't really understand what the question is asking. What does it mean that the image contains exactly one element.
If the image has exactly one element then
The function look like one of these:
{(1,1),(2,1),...,(n,1)}, {(1,2),(2,2),...,(n,2)}, or {(1,3),(2,3),...,(n,3)}.
That is only three possible functions.
5. Re: How many functions from X to Y with image containing 1 element?
in general, the number of possible functions from a set X to a set Y is:
|Y||X|.
if Y is but a single element, then this number is 1 (all functions are the same: f(x) = y, the single element of Y for every x).
in this case, we have 3 single-element subsets of Y, {1},{2} and {3}.
there is only one function f:X-->{1}
one function f:X-->{2}
one function f:X-->{3}
(namely, the constant function in each case).
there are 2n functions if the image is a 2-element subset of Y, and 3n functions if the image is a 3-element subset. convince yourself that this is so for small values of n like 2 or 3.
6. Re: How many functions from X to Y with image containing 1 element?
Originally Posted by Deveno
in general, the number of possible functions from a set X to a set Y is:
|Y||X|.
if Y is but a single element, then this number is 1 (all functions are the same: f(x) = y, the single element of Y for every x).
in this case, we have 3 single-element subsets of Y, {1},{2} and {3}.
there is only one function f:X-->{1}
one function f:X-->{2}
one function f:X-->{3}
(namely, the constant function in each case).
there are 2n functions if the image is a 2-element subset of Y, and 3n functions if the image is a 3-element subset. convince yourself that this is so for small values of n like 2 or 3.
there are 3, two element subset of Y, so how can there be 2^n functions?
7. Re: How many functions from X to Y with image containing 1 element?
Originally Posted by darren86
there are 3, two element subset of Y, so how can there be 2^n functions?
Do you understand what a function is?[/TEX]
If $A=\{1,2,3,4,5\}~\&~b=\{a,b,c\}$.
Then any function $A\to B$ looks like:
$\{(1,\underline{~~~}),~(2,\underline{~~~}), (3, \underline{~~~}),(4,\underline{~~~}),(5,\underline {~~~})\}$
Now there are three choices to go into each blank.
So there are $3^5$ functions from $A\to B$.
The number of functions from $A\to B$ is $|B|^{|A|}$
8. Re: How many functions from X to Y with image containing 1 element?
Originally Posted by darren86
there are 3, two element subset of Y, so how can there be 2^n functions?
i don't think you understand what i meant:
there are 2n functions from X = {1,2...,n} to Y = {1,3}
2n MORE functions from X to Y = {2,3}
2n MORE functions from X to Y = {1,2}
there is ONE function from X to {1}, one more from X to {2}, and one more from X to {3} (all of these are constant functions which have been counted as one of the 3*2n above)
there is also a unique function from X to the empty set: the "empty function" (think of a blank sheet of paper you were going to draw the graph of f on, but never did).
there are 3n functions from X to Y = {1,2,3} some of these are the functions above i've already listed. | 2015-07-07 16:00:11 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 7, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7177287936210632, "perplexity": 418.5319529678248}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375099755.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031819-00085-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/otc/InteriorPoint/abstracts/Anstreicher-Wolkowicz-1.html | On Lagrangian Relaxation of Quadratic Matrix Constraints
Kurt Anstreicher and Henry Wolkowicz
Quadratically constrained quadratic programs (QQP) play an important modeling role for many diverse problems. These problems are in general NP hard, and numerically intractable. Lagrangian relaxations often provide good approximate solutions to these hard problems. Such relaxations are equivalent to semidefinite programming relaxations. For several special cases of QQP, e.g. convex programs and trust region subproblems, the Lagrangian relaxation provides the exact optimal value, i.e. there is a zero duality gap. However this is not true for the general QQP, or even the QQP with two convex constraints, but a nonconvex objective. In this paper we consider a certain QQP where the quadratic constraints correspond to the matrix orthogonality condition $X\tran X=I$. For this problem we show that the Lagrangian dual based on relaxing the constraints $X\tran X=I$, {\em and} the seemingly redundant constraints $X\tran X=I$, has a zero duality gap. This result has natural applications to quadratic assignment and graph partitioning problems, as well as the problem of minimizing the weighted sum of the largest eigenvalues of a matrix. We also show that the technique of relaxing quadratic matrix constraints can be used to obtain a strengthened semidefinite relaxation for the max-cut problem.
Research Report CORR 98-24 University of Waterloo Department of Combinatorics and Optimization Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
Contact: [email protected] | 2019-09-22 23:15:14 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8790904879570007, "perplexity": 500.83698457436907}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514575751.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20190922221623-20190923003623-00142.warc.gz"} |
https://neuroself.wordpress.com/mathematics-glossary/ | # Mathematics Glossary
### Absolute Value
Absolute value is best thought about geometrically. It is the length of a line segment between two points regardless of what quadrant that line segment happens to be in. Thus a line segment stretching from 0 to -3 is, obviously, 3 units long. So is a line segment stretching from 0 to 3. Or 0 to 3i in complex space. If you fail to think about it geometrically, it seems a little abstract or even weird, so that’s why the geometrical intuition is best. Technically we say:
$\mid {a}\mid =a$ if $a\ge 0$
### Dot (inner, scalar) product
See entry on dot product for more. | 2022-01-23 06:01:05 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 2, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6149387359619141, "perplexity": 517.1154248927285}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304134.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123045449-20220123075449-00352.warc.gz"} |
https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/program-compiles-doesnt-work.35814/ | # program compiles... doesn't work
#### dmccormick84
Joined Mar 3, 2010
11
Hi all... this bit of code compiles fine with mingW, but gives me no output!
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <float.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
long cap_reac();
long c, freq, a;
int main()
{
printf("input the cap value...\n");
scanf("l%", &c);
printf("input the frequency...\n");
cap_reac();
cap_reac()
}
{ long c, freq, a;
a =(159.2/(c * freq));
printf("%l equals... " , a);
}
{
dmccormick84
#### S_lannan
Joined Jun 20, 2007
246
We've got quite a few problems here.
You define some global variables then try to define them again within the function.
The prototype says the function is a long and where you define the function you havent specified what type it is.
You've closed a bracket where the function definition is, you should have closed it at the end of main().
There is no scanf call to get the frequency from the user.
Needs a bit of work.
Joined Jul 7, 2009
1,583
Before you submit code for a question, make sure it compiles. This has too many mistakes in to compile. Also use the {code} ... {/code} formatting (replace curly braces with square braces) to avoid having the board's software destroy the formatting. Nobody likes looking at horribly-formatted code.
#### beenthere
Joined Apr 20, 2004
15,819
After compile time errors come the run time errors. The latter don't generate messages, just black screens or lockups. Then you get to use (or write) a debugger.
#### dmccormick84
Joined Mar 3, 2010
11
We've got quite a few problems here.
You define some global variables then try to define them again within the function.
The prototype says the function is a long and where you define the function you havent specified what type it is.
You've closed a bracket where the function definition is, you should have closed it at the end of main().
There is no scanf call to get the frequency from the user.
Needs a bit of work.
er... ummm... tried to paste the code and couldn't do it. Typed (mistyped!)) it into the post! Sorry
dmccormick
#### dmccormick84
Joined Mar 3, 2010
11
Before you submit code for a question, make sure it compiles. This has too many mistakes in to compile. Also use the {code} ... {/code} formatting (replace curly braces with square braces) to avoid having the board's software destroy the formatting. Nobody likes looking at horribly-formatted code.
Thanks for excoriating my sorry arse, someonesdad. Tried to paste the original code... wouldn't accept it. So... I mistyped it!! Sorry, will repost as soon as I figure out how to attach stuff...
dmccormick84
#### dmccormick84
Joined Mar 3, 2010
11
After compile time errors come the run time errors. The latter don't generate messages, just black screens or lockups. Then you get to use (or write) a debugger.
WRITE a debugger????? Even my 'hello, world' is crappy, beenthere! I did invoke the -Wall option and got some very strange and cryptic messages!
BTW... I screwed up on the post... will repost ASAP. Thanks...
dmccormick84
#### retched
Joined Dec 5, 2009
5,208
to pates code into a post, You have to surround it in ]code[ and ]/code[ delimiters
(reverse the []'s)
So, if I type:
[ code ]
10 be born
20 live
30 die
[ /code ]
just be sure to remove the spaces between the ['s and code
It will look like this
Rich (BB code):
10 be born
20 live
30 die | 2020-09-27 19:51:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8016092777252197, "perplexity": 8545.02961955746}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600401578485.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927183616-20200927213616-00122.warc.gz"} |
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/first-principles-calculations-of-the-effects-of-mn-cr-and-ni-on-h | # First-principles calculations of the effects of Mn, Cr, and Ni on hydrogen diffusion in BCC, FCC, and HCP Fe
Kenji Hirata, Satoshi Iikubo, Hiroshi Ohtani
3 被引用数 (Scopus)
## 抄録
Synopsis: The effects of Mn, Cr, and Ni addition on the hydrogen diffusion behavior in BCC, FCC, and HCP Fe was investigated by means of first-principles calculations. Diffusion coefficients were estimated quantitatively from the migration energy calculated by the nudged elastic band method and the vibrational energy at every stable and metastable site. The addition of Mn, Cr, and Ni to a BCC lattice has a blocking effect on hydrogen diffusion and decreases the diffusion coefficient of hydrogen. Crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analysis revealed that the weakened bonding between the added element and hydrogen is the origin of the blocking effect. On the other hand, the addition of Mn, Cr, and Ni to FCC and HCP lattices resulted in the formation of hydrogen trap sites. In the FCC case, the diffusion coefficients of Fe 31 MnH, Fe 31 CrH, and Fe 32 H, showed similar values, while that of Fe 31 NiH was lower. In the HCP case, the diffusion coefficients of the three additional elements showed a decreasing trend. Based on the results of the COHP analysis, we conclude that the octahedral interstitial sites around the additional elements become trap sites in FCC and HCP Fe due to the strengthened bonding between Fe and H.
本文言語 英語 109-117 9 Tetsu-To-Hagane/Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan 105 2 https://doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.TETSU-2018-070 出版済み - 2月 2019 はい
• 凝縮系物理学
• 物理化学および理論化学
• 金属および合金
• 材料化学
## フィンガープリント
「First-principles calculations of the effects of Mn, Cr, and Ni on hydrogen diffusion in BCC, FCC, and HCP Fe」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。 | 2022-08-14 22:54:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8577196598052979, "perplexity": 4188.158981044703}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572077.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814204141-20220814234141-00743.warc.gz"} |
https://www.thejournal.club/c/paper/176522/ | #### A Constructive Arboricity Approximation Scheme
##### Markus Blumenstock, Frank Fischer
The arboricity $\Gamma$ of a graph is the minimum number of forests its edge set can be partitioned into. Previous approximation schemes were nonconstructive, i.e., they only approximated the arboricity as a value without computing a corresponding forest partition. This is because they operate on the related pseudoforest partitions or the dual problem of finding dense subgraphs. We propose an algorithm for converting a partition of $k$ pseudoforests into a partition of $k+1$ forests in $O(mk\log k + m \log n)$ time with a data structure by Brodal and Fagerberg that stores graphs of arboricity $k$. A slightly better bound can be given when perfect hashing is used. When applied to a pseudoforest partition obtained from Kowalik's approximation scheme, our conversion implies a constructive $(1+\epsilon)$-approximation algorithm with runtime $O(m \log n \log \Gamma\, \epsilon^{-1})$ for every $\epsilon > 0$. For fixed $\epsilon$, the runtime can be reduced to $O(m \log n)$. Our conversion also implies a near-exact algorithm that computes a partition into at most $\Gamma+2$ forests in $O(m\log n \,\Gamma \log^* \Gamma)$ time. It might also pave the way to faster exact arboricity algorithms. We also make several remarks on approximation algorithms for the pseudoarboricity and the equivalent graph orientations with smallest maximum indegree, and correct some mistakes made in the literature.
arrow_drop_up | 2022-10-06 23:39:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7558999061584473, "perplexity": 833.4282535249613}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337889.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006222634-20221007012634-00771.warc.gz"} |
https://questions.examside.com/past-years/jee/question/among-the-triatomic-moleculesions-becl2-n3-n2o-2015-marks-4-vlycydfsyr2imbou.htm | 1
### JEE Advanced 2015 Paper 1 Offline
Numerical
Among the triatomic molecules/ions, BeCl2, $N_3^-$, N2O, $NO_2^+$, O3, SCl2, $ICl_2^-$, $I_3^-$ and XeF2, the total number of linear molecule(s)/ion(s) where the hybridization of the central atom does not have contribution from the d-orbital(s) is
[Atomic number: S = 16, Cl = 17, I = 53 and Xe = 54]
2
### JEE Advanced 2014 Paper 1 Offline
Numerical
A list of species having the formula XZ4 is given below.
XeF4, SF4 ,SiF4, $BF_4^-$, $BrF_4^-$, [Cu(NH)3]2+, [FeCl4]2-, [CoCl4]2- and [PtCl4]2-
Defining shape on the basis of the location of X and Z atoms, the total number of species having a square planar shape is
3
Numerical
The total number of lone-pairs of electrons in melamine is
4
### IIT-JEE 2010
Numerical
Based on VSEPR theory, the number of 90 degree F-BR-F angles in BrF5 is | 2022-01-17 20:18:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.677815854549408, "perplexity": 5170.2157465578775}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320300616.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220117182124-20220117212124-00124.warc.gz"} |
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/University_of_Florida/Egm6321/f09.team1.gzc/Mtg34 | # University of Florida/Egm6321/f09.team1.gzc/Mtg34
1) Supersonic intercaptor: Find angle of attack and thrust to reach a given altitude inmin time Reference: Bryson & Denham 1962 2) Bunt maneuver of aircraft: min altitude to reach target with a bunt maneuver (inverted loop) ${\displaystyle {\color {blue}V}\ =\ velocity\ of\ P\ (airplane\ =\ pt)}$ ${\displaystyle {\color {blue}T}\ =\ thrust\ //\ airplace\ axis}$ ${\displaystyle \alpha \ =\ \angle \ ({\color {blue}V,}\ {\color {red}T})\ =\ angle\ of\ attack}$ ${\displaystyle \gamma \ =\ \angle \ (x,\ {color{blue}V})\ =\ angle\ between\ honz\ x\ axis\ and\ veloctity}$ ${\displaystyle D\ =\ axial\ aero\ force\ //\ {\color {red}T}}$ ${\displaystyle (parall.\ airplane\ axis)}$ ${\displaystyle L\ =\ Tramsv.\ aero.\ force\ \bot \ {\color {red}T}}$ ${\displaystyle W\ =\ mg\ =\ airplane\ weight.}$ ${\displaystyle Equation\ of\ motion\ (EOM)}$ ${\displaystyle {color{blue}Control\ input:}\ {\color {blue}{\underset {time\ dependent}{\underbrace {{\color {red}T}(t)} \ ,\ \alpha (t)}}}}$ ${\displaystyle {\color {blue}state\ var,:}\ x(t),\ y(t)\ v(t),\ r(t)}$ ${\displaystyle {\color {blue}{\begin{cases}&\ {\color {black}D={\frac {L}{2}}\ C_{d}\ \rho \ V^{2}\ S_{reft}}\\&\ {\color {black}L={\frac {L}{2}}\ C_{l}\ \rho \ V^{2}\ S_{reft}}\end{cases}}}}$ ${\displaystyle C_{d}=drg\ coefficient\ {\color {green}|}\ \rho =air\ density}$ ${\displaystyle C_{l}=lift\ coefficient\ {\color {green}|}\ \S _{ref}=ref.\ area\ of\ airplane}$ ${\displaystyle C_{d}=A_{1}\alpha ^{2}+A_{2}\alpha +A_{3}\ {\color {red}(1)}}$ ${\displaystyle (A_{1},\ A_{2},\ A_{3})=curve\ fitting\ coefficient}$ ${\displaystyle C_{l}=B_{1}\alpha +B_{2}\ {\color {red}(2)}}$ ${\displaystyle (B_{1},\ B_{2})=curve\ fitting\ coefficient}$ ${\displaystyle \rho =C_{1}h^{2}+C_{2}h+C_{3}\ {\color {red}(3)}}$ ${\displaystyle (C_{1},\ C_{2},\ C_{3})=curve\ fitting\ coefficient}$ Reference: S & Z 2007 ${\displaystyle {\underline {\color {blue}{Kinematics:}}}\ {\frac {dx}{dt}}=V_{x}=Vcosr\ {\color {red}(4)}}$ ${\displaystyle \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\frac {dy}{dt}}=V_{y}=Vsinr\ {\color {red}(5)}}$ ${\displaystyle {\underline {\color {blue}{Kinematics:}}}{\color {blue}Euler\ equations:}\ {\frac {d}{dt}}{\underline {P}}=\sum _{\color {red}i}{\underline {F}}_{\color {red}i}\ {\color {red}(6)}}$ Note: Parameteriztion of ellipse ${\displaystyle {\color {blue}{\underset {cos^{2}t}{\underbrace {\color {black}\left({\frac {x}{a}}\right)^{2}} }}}+{\color {blue}{\underset {sin^{2}t}{\underbrace {\color {black}\left({\frac {y}{b}}\right)^{2}} }}}=1\ {\color {blue}ellipse}}$ ${\displaystyle <{\color {blue}dl={\color {red}[{\color {blue}dx^{2}+dy^{2}}]^{1/2}}}/math>[itex]Eccentricity:\ e=\left(1-{\frac {b^{2}}{a^{2}}}\right)^{1/2}}$ ${\displaystyle C=\int dl=a\int _{t=0}^{2\pi }[1-e^{2}cos^{2}t]^{1/2}dt}$ ${\displaystyle =41\int _{\alpha =0}^{\frac {\pi }{2}}[1-e^{2}sin^{2}\alpha ]^{\frac {1}{2}}d\alpha =4aE(e)}$ | 2019-08-25 17:57:18 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 27, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6025395393371582, "perplexity": 1258.6329406825469}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027330786.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825173827-20190825195827-00473.warc.gz"} |
https://collegephysicsanswers.com/openstax-solutions/verify-force-elbow-joint-example-94-407-n-stated-text | Question
Verify that the force in the elbow joint in Example 9.4 is 407 N, as stated in the text.
Question Image
$407 \textrm{ N}$
Solution Video | 2020-10-20 22:44:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3307696282863617, "perplexity": 1643.7327630206692}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874340.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020221156-20201021011156-00401.warc.gz"} |
https://gmatclub.com/forum/if-n-is-a-positive-integer-and-if-n-3-n-n-1-240-the-133318.html | It is currently 20 Feb 2018, 07:59
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# If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the
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If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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27 May 2012, 08:27
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If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, then what is the value of n?
A. 12
B. 16
C. 17
D. 20
E. 48
[Reveal] Spoiler: OA
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If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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27 May 2012, 23:45
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macjas wrote:
If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, then what is the value of n?
A. 12
B. 16
C. 17
D. 20
E. 48
$$\frac{n^3-n}{n+1}=240$$ --> $$\frac{n(n-1)(n+1)}{n+1}=240$$ --> $$n(n-1)=240$$ --> 240 is the product of two positive consecutive integers $$n-1$$ and $$n$$ --> $$n=16$$ (16*15=240).
Note that one other pair of consecutive integers satisfy $$n(n-1)=240$$: -15 and -16 but we are told that n is positive hence this solution is not valid.
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Re: If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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26 Oct 2014, 22:33
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$$\frac{n^3 -n}{n+1} = 240$$
$$\frac{n(n+1)(n-1)}{n+1} = 240$$
$$n^2 - n - 240 = 0$$
$$n^2 - 16n + 15n - 240 = 0$$
n = 16
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If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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24 Nov 2015, 11:28
macjas wrote:
If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, then what is the value of n?
A. 12
B. 16
C. 17
D. 20
E. 48
$$\frac{(n^3 - n)}{(n+1)}$$ = 240
$$\frac{(n^3 - n)}{(n+1)}$$ = $$(16 )(15)$$
$$\frac{n(n^2 - 1)}{(n+1)}$$ = $$(16 )(15)$$
$$\frac{n(n - 1)(n+1)}{(n+1)}$$= $$(16 )(15)$$
$$n(n - 1)$$ = $$(16 )(15)$$
So, $$n$$ = $$16$$
Hence answer is definitely (B)
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Re: If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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29 Sep 2017, 09:30
macjas wrote:
If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, then what is the value of n?
A. 12
B. 16
C. 17
D. 20
E. 48
We can simplify the given equation:
(n^3 - n)/(n + 1) = 240
n(n^2 - 1)/(n + 1) = 240
n(n + 1)(n - 1)/(n + 1) = 240
n(n - 1) = 240
n^2 - n - 240 = 0
(n - 16)(n + 15) = 0
n = 16 or n = -15
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Re: If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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05 Oct 2017, 17:23
Bunuel wrote:
macjas wrote:
If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, then what is the value of n?
A. 12
B. 16
C. 17
D. 20
E. 48
$$\frac{n^3-n}{n+1}=240$$ --> $$\frac{n(n-1)(n+1)}{n+1}=240$$ --> $$n(n-1)=240$$ --> 240 is the product of two positive consecutive integers $$n-1$$ and $$n$$ --> $$n=16$$ (16*15=240).
What is the significance of "If n is a positive integer" in this question? Would we not cancel (n+1) if n is not a positive integer?
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Re: If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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05 Oct 2017, 20:07
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Bunuel wrote:
macjas wrote:
If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, then what is the value of n?
A. 12
B. 16
C. 17
D. 20
E. 48
$$\frac{n^3-n}{n+1}=240$$ --> $$\frac{n(n-1)(n+1)}{n+1}=240$$ --> $$n(n-1)=240$$ --> 240 is the product of two positive consecutive integers $$n-1$$ and $$n$$ --> $$n=16$$ (16*15=240).
What is the significance of "If n is a positive integer" in this question? Would we not cancel (n+1) if n is not a positive integer?
We would but after getting $$n(n-1)=240$$ we wouldn't be able to use the logic in highlighted part because if it were given that n is an integer, then $$n-1$$ and $$n$$ might not be consecutive integers and we would be left with quadratics to solve. We'd get the same answer though.
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Re: If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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05 Oct 2017, 22:05
What is the significance of "If n is a positive integer" in this question? Would we not cancel (n+1) if n is not a positive integer?[/quote]
We would but after getting $$n(n-1)=240$$ we wouldn't be able to use the logic in highlighted part because if it were given that n is an integer, then $$n-1$$ and $$n$$ might not be consecutive integers and we would be left with quadratics to solve. We'd get the same answer though.[/quote]
Hi Bunuel
Great work, you mentioned that we might not be able to get consecutive integers, but -16 and -15 are also consecutive integers and as you have mentioned we would arrive at the same solution. I would lean towards the isolation of a single solution as the significance of the positive integer constraint. As you are well aware of, this would probably be more significant in a DS yes or no or even a DS value question.
Thanks again for the excellent contributions.
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If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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05 Oct 2017, 22:10
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rulingbear wrote:
Great work, you mentioned that we might not be able to get consecutive integers, but -16 and -15 are also consecutive integers and as you have mentioned we would arrive at the same solution. I would lean towards the isolation of a single solution as the significance of the positive integer constraint. As you are well aware of, this would probably be more significant in a DS yes or no or even a DS value question.
Thanks again for the excellent contributions.
Notice that we are not only told that n is an integer but also that n is positive: " n is a positive integer".
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If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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05 Oct 2017, 22:27
Bunuel wrote:
We would but after getting $$n(n-1)=240$$ we wouldn't be able to use the logic in highlighted part because if it were given that n is an integer, then $$n-1$$ and $$n$$ might not be consecutive integers and we would be left with quadratics to solve. We'd get the same answer though.
I like the idea of plugging and not solving the quadratic equation...this saves a hell of time
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Re: If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink]
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05 Oct 2017, 23:13
[/quote]
What is the significance of "If n is a positive integer" in this question? Would we not cancel (n+1) if n is not a positive integer?[/quote]
We would but after getting $$n(n-1)=240$$ we wouldn't be able to use the logic in highlighted part because if it were given that n is an integer, then $$n-1$$ and $$n$$ might not be consecutive integers and we would be left with quadratics to solve. We'd get the same answer though.[/quote]
Thank you. This helps
Re: If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the [#permalink] 05 Oct 2017, 23:13
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# If n is a positive integer and if (n^3 - n)/(n+1) = 240, the
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Powered by phpBB © phpBB Group | Emoji artwork provided by EmojiOne Kindly note that the GMAT® test is a registered trademark of the Graduate Management Admission Council®, and this site has neither been reviewed nor endorsed by GMAC®. | 2018-02-20 15:59:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5983182787895203, "perplexity": 1952.6071902322333}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812978.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220145713-20180220165713-00320.warc.gz"} |
http://mymathforum.com/abstract-algebra/346347-generators-cyclic-group.html | My Math Forum Generators of a cyclic group
Abstract Algebra Abstract Algebra Math Forum
May 8th, 2019, 06:04 AM #1 Member Joined: Apr 2017 From: India Posts: 73 Thanks: 0 Generators of a cyclic group The number of elements of order 12 in a cyclic group of order 12 is 4 or 3? As I understood, I need to calculate the number of generators of this cyclic group as every generator will have the order 12. To find that I applied the Euler Phi function to find the natural numbers <12 and relatively prime to 12. They come out to be 1,5,7 and 11. That means there are 4 generators and hence the number of elements of order 12 should be 4. But the answer given is 3. Am I wrong somewhere or there is a misprint in my textbook?
May 8th, 2019, 06:20 AM #2 Global Moderator Joined: Dec 2006 Posts: 20,939 Thanks: 2210 What is the ISBN of the textbook?
May 8th, 2019, 08:04 AM #3 Member Joined: Apr 2017 From: India Posts: 73 Thanks: 0 I don't know the ISBN, the book is too old. It is given as a multiple choice question with answer marked as 3. However, my conclusion is 4. What's your conclusion?
May 8th, 2019, 03:53 PM #4 Senior Member Joined: Sep 2016 From: USA Posts: 635 Thanks: 401 Math Focus: Dynamical systems, analytic function theory, numerics A big part of learning math is developing critical thinking. This includes reading material from trusted sources. This means instead of asking here what the correct answer is, you should just take a cyclic group of order 12 and check since this amounts to about 30 seconds of computation. This should also help reinforce the reason WHY $\phi(n)$ is the number of elements of order $n$ in a cyclic group of order $n$. Thanks from topsquark and shashank dwivedi
May 9th, 2019, 05:36 AM #5
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Originally Posted by shashank dwivedi the book is too old
If the book is in English, or has ever been published in English, what were its title, author(s) and date of publication?
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http://math.stackexchange.com/tags/notation/hot | # Tag Info
## Hot answers tagged notation
25
No-one in their right mind would denote $\sin\left(x^2\right)$ as $\sin(x)^2$. Why? Because the (round) brackets would become redundant. Brackets are used to remove ambiguity in algebraic operations. If you exclude the exponent $\quad ^2 \quad$ from the brackets, you're implicitly saying that the $\quad ^2 \quad$ belongs outside the brackets, and, ...
18
It's perfectly fine to have equality signs. When you solve equations, what you really do is say Assume that the following is true $$4x-4=\frac{(2x)^2}{x}$$ then $$-4=0$$ is true. Contradiction, the original assumption is false.
15
I put a question mark above an equal sign, like this: $\stackrel{?}=$. (In MathJax, just type $\stackrel{?}=$.)
8
It denotes the maximum (or, in case of sequence or function spaces, the supremum) norm (on both sides of the inequality), $$\lVert x\rVert_\infty = \max \{ \lvert x_k\rvert : 1 \leqslant k \leqslant n\}$$ if $x\in \mathbb{R}^n$ or $x\in\mathbb{C}^n$. For $1 \leqslant p < \infty$, one has the norms $$\lVert x\rVert_p = \left(\sum_{k=1}^n \lvert ... 7 I like to put the \iff (if and only if) symbol at the beginning of every new line, like this:$$\begin{align} 4x-4 &=\frac{(2x)^2}{x} \\ \iff-4 &= \frac{4x^2}{x} -4x \\ \iff-4 &= 4x -4x \\[0.2em] \iff-4 &= 0\end{align}$$So 4x-4=\frac{(2x)^{2}}{x} if and only if -4=0, which is true. 5 If anything, \sin^2(x) is the ambiguous notation. To some it might mean \sin(\sin(x)) (this is why \sin^{-1} is sometimes used as arcsine), and to others it might mean (\sin(x))^2. I cannot think of a case where anyone would see \sin(x)^2=\sin(x^2) (except when, say, x=0). However, we mathematicians avoid ambiguity; I typically use (\sin(x))^2 ... 5 The difference is that \mapsto denotes the function itself. Thus you need not name the function. a\mapsto b fully describes the action of the function. \to, on the other hand, describes only the domain and codomain. Thus one might say x\mapsto x+1 is equivalent to f(x)=x+1, in which case we would say f:\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}. 5 The \to arrow points from the domain of a function to its codomain or target set. The \mapsto arrow (fittingly called \mapsto in TeX) shows what an individual element of the domain will be mapped to, i.e. it shows what the function does while \to shows where it operates (so to say). So, the elaborate way to write a function definition is ... 3 Typically: R[x] denotes the set of polynomials over R When R is a domain, R(x) denotes the set of rational polynomials over R R[[x]] denotes the formal power series over R R((x)) denotes the Laurent series over R vuur asked an interesting question in the comments which I can speak to here. The answer is "If R is a commutative ... 3 You are close. I think some people use B^A to denote the set of all functions from A to B. So you could write$$\left\{f \in B^A: \left|f^{-1}(\{k\})\right|=c_k\right\}$$to denote the set of all functions such that c_k elements of A are sent to k \in B. 3 This is really a question about English writing. The question could be rewritten as Determine whether the first-order differential equation$$u dv+(v+uv-e^u)du = 0$$is linear in u. Determine also whether it is linear in v. 3 One common usage of this symbol is average: The integral divided by the measure of the domain of integration. 3 If you intended to write \frac{\partial^2 g}{\partial u\partial v}, then$$ \frac{\partial^2 g}{\partial u\partial v}= \frac{\partial}{\partial u}\left(\frac{\partial g}{\partial v} \right)= \frac{\partial}{\partial v}\left(\frac{\partial g}{\partial u} \right) $$2 I personally write Re and Im on my preprints, too. It seems to me that Re z is much more elegant than \Re z. 2 Due to my nearly unreadable handwriting, I prefer Im and Re instead of the calligraphic symbols, as noone would be able to read them. I've never seen anyone use the calligraphic symbols in real life either. 2 Also used for the Cauchy Principal Value of an integral. 2 HINT$$ A:B :: C:D \equiv \implies \dfrac{A}{B} = \dfrac{C}{D} $$The notation is called proportion. A is to B as C is to D. 2 The domain of the function is the set of inputs that are allowed into the function (i.e., the inputs that, when input into the function, make sense). You are right that we cannot have x = z. But look at how the function is defined. It is f(x,y,z). It takes as input a vector with 3 components, and it outputs a number. So since the domain is the set ... 2 E stands for expected value and d(\cdot, \cdot) means distortion, however you define distortion. X^n is a vector or n-tuple of random variables X. You could write this as (X_1, X_2, \ldots, X_n) where the X_i are random variables with a common distribution (but need not be independent). f_n(X^n) is the result of compressing or encoding ... 2 For an expression f(x), there is the notation$$[x^3](f(x))$$See MathWorld. This notation is verbose but can be useful for expressions in several variables. For an expression in a single variable, I'd go for something simpler, like$$[f(x)]_3$$but be explicit when you introduce or use non-standard notation. 2 As this is a question about notation allow me a few remarks: You won't wind up with a "four-element set". As B has only two elements, f[A] - i.e. the image of A - will have at most two elements. This also means that your \{5,5,6,5\} and \{5,6,6,5\} are the same set, namely just \{5,6\}. The functions will differ, though. If you write your ... 2 In fact, your construction works for any small category \mathscr A for which there is a functor$$ \widehat{\mathscr A} \to \mathsf{Cat},\, F \mapsto {\mathscr A}\big/{F} where {\mathscr A}\big/{F} is just another notation for the comma category (\mathbf{yon}_{\mathscr A}\downarrow F). (This notation is justified by viewing \mathscr A as a ... 2 Here is the answer that I wrote a few months ago, which should pertain to this question as well: Both categories are denoted by \mathrm{Rel}. In most cases, however, the author either explicitly tells which \mathrm{Rel} he/she is using, or reproduces the definition of \mathrm{Rel}. (Note: this applies to any definition/term in math which can be ... 2 Your operative definition of \longrightarrow and \longmapsto are correct. In your example you are dealing with vectors in \mathbb{R}^n, which are elements of a set, so you should use \longmapsto. see also this wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_symbols 2 Parsing the much-maligned notation yields\sum_{i,j} a_{ij} (x_i + y_j) \ne \sum_i a_{ij}x_i + \sum_j a_{ij}y_j$$which is an evident inequality. 2 How about this :$$ \{ x : d(x,y) \leq d(u,y) \text{ for all } u \}. $$EDIT$$ \{ x_i : d(x_i,y) \leq d(u,y) \text{ for all } u \text{ and } i \le n\}. $$Could be a bit ropey. 1 If, as you said, you are using the notation described here, then your example above is wrong as this notation already denotes a set. It would simply have been \arg \max d(x,y) or better \arg \max_{x\in X}d(x,y) to make clear where your x are from. As to your question, there's no way to write \{x \mid \dots\} in such a way that you at the same time ... 1 I will assume x=(x_i) to be a 1\times N (row) vector, y=(y_i) an N \times 1 (column) vector, and A=(a_{ij}) an N\times N matrix. Then the terms on the RHS correspond to the matrix multiplications x_i a_{ij} =(x A)_j and a_{ij}y_j = (A y)_j. Note that these are the components of a row vector and a column vector respectively. What about the ... 1 Mathematically a norm is a total size or length of all vectors in a vector space or matrices. And by definition,$$\left \| x \right \|_n=\sqrt[n]{\sum _i\left | x_i \right |^{n}}, n\in \mathbb{R}$$Now let us denote the highest entry in the vector x by x_j (assume it is the j-th entry). Thus we we wolud have,$${\sum _ix_i^{\infty }}\cong ...
Only top voted, non community-wiki answers of a minimum length are eligible | 2014-09-20 18:42:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9998766183853149, "perplexity": 2207.463527524927}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133485.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00078-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://physics.qandaexchange.com/?qa=1193/constraint-relation | # Constraint relation
1 vote
167 views
In the following arrangement the system is initially at rest . The 5 kg block is now released . Assuming the pulleys and strings to me massless and smooth . We have to relation between acceleration of all blocks .
I tried as
asked Feb 6, 2017
1 vote
Your attempt is correct. Your method works because the tensions in the ropes are internal forces, and the sum of work done by internal forces is zero. Work done by one part of the system is work done on another part of the system. "The system" here consists of the 3 masses and the moving pulley.
This gives you the equation of constraint :
$x_A+x_B+2x_C=0$.
(The same relation could be obtained by considering what happens to C if A and B move up by $x_A$ and $x_B$ respectively.)
From the above we get the relation between accelerations :
$a_A+a_B+2a_C=0$.
To get more equations, so that we can solve for the accelerations, we have to consider external forces - eg the pull of gravity.
An important observation (which I overlooked) is that blocks B and C are initially at rest on a floor and cannot move downwards.
The weight of A+B > C, so C will accelerate upwards and the "free" pulley on the LHS will accelerate downwards. Since the system starts from rest the direction of acceleration is also the direction of velocity - ie motion.
So either A or B (or both) will move downwards. Since the weight of B > A then B would move down - if it were not prevented by the floor. So it must be that A moves down while B rests on the floor $(a_B=0)$. Applying the restraint equation this leaves $a_A=-2a_C$.
Apply $F=ma$ to blocks A and C - remember that +ve acceleration is upwards :
$T-5g=5a_A=-10a_C$
$2T-8g=8a_C$.
Eliminating $T$ we get
$2g=28a_C$
$a_C=\frac{1}{14} g$
$a_A=-2a_C=-\frac17 g$.
answered Feb 6, 2017 by (28,746 points)
selected Feb 8, 2017 by koolman
The answer is given as http://dc.allenbpms.in/WorkBookQA/Solution/712-1-635739056564799784.gif
Then what could be the mistake in your answer
My mistake is that I did not realise the blocks B and C are resting on the ground. I have assumed that B can go down, but it cannot because of the floor. This is clearer in the diagram in the link.
This immediately gives $a_B=0$ and $a_A=2a_C$. After which, the solution is a lot simpler. I shall revise my answer later. | 2019-08-20 09:43:26 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8008072972297668, "perplexity": 434.4212126813658}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315321.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820092326-20190820114326-00379.warc.gz"} |
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-find-the-slope-of-a-line-2y-8x-3 | # How do you find the slope of a line 2y = 8x − 3?
May 13, 2018
The slope of the line is $4$.
#### Explanation:
To find the slope of a line, we first need to make $y$ alone.
To do so, divide both sides by $\textcolor{b l u e}{2}$:
$\frac{2 y}{\textcolor{b l u e}{2}} = \frac{8 x - 3}{\textcolor{b l u e}{2}}$
$y = \frac{8 x}{2} - \frac{3}{2}$
$y = 4 x - \frac{3}{2}$
The slope is the coefficient on the $x$, meaning the slope is $4$.
Hope this helps! | 2022-09-30 07:36:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 8, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7612175941467285, "perplexity": 337.9398246639151}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335444.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930051717-20220930081717-00291.warc.gz"} |
https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byerley)/Text/Chapter_14%3A_Alcohol/11.08%3A_Popular_Beverage_Choices | # 14.1: Introduction to Alcohol
Skills to Develop
• Explain the impacts of excessive alcohol intake (both acutely and chronically) on health.
Alcohol is both a beverage providing some sustenance and a drug. For thousands of years, alcohol has been consumed in a medicinal, celebratory, and ritualistic manner. It is drunk in just about every country and often in excessive amounts. Alcohol is a psychoactive drug. A psychoactive drug is any substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier primarily affecting the functioning of the brain, be it altering mood, thinking, memory, motor control, or behavior. Alcohols in chemistry refer to a group of similar organic compounds, but in beverages the only alcohol consumed is ethanol. Ethanol is an organic compound that contains a hydroxyl (OH) group. It is the byproduct of yeast fermentation of sugars, like maltose, in an anaerobic environment.
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey reported that more than half of the adult US population drank alcohol in the past thirty days (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Alcohol and Public Health.” Last updated March 5, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/). The 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) estimated that 86.4% of people 18 and older drank at some time during their life and 70.1% reported they drank in the last year1. Of the total population who drank alcohol, approximately 7 percent drank heavily, while 26.9 percent of people ages 18 or older reported they engaged in binge drinking at some point in their life.2 Binge drinking (as defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) is when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in two hours or less (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Alcohol and Public Health.” Last updated March 5, 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/). Alcohol in excess is detrimental to health; however, since its beginnings, it has been suspected and promoted as a benefit to the body and mind when consumed in moderation. In the United States, the Dietary Guidelines define moderate alcohol intake as no more than one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men (US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. “Alcoholic Beverages.” In Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015. (Washington D. C.: US Department of Health and Human Services and US Department of Agriculture, 2015). https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/appendix-9/). Although drunkenness has pervaded many cultures, drinking in moderation has long been a mantra of multiple cultures with access to alcohol.
Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$: One-half ounce of hard liquor.
Beer, wine, and hard liquor are the alcohol types familiar to most people and each contains pure ethanol in different amounts. Beer and wine will give the amount of alcohol in a percent based on volume. So if a beer is labeled as 5.9% alcohol that means a 12 ounce can contain 0.71 ounces of alcohol. On average, one can of beer contains about 15 grams of ethanol which does not seem like much except it will take the liver approximately one hour to metabolize and clear that amount.
Example $$\PageIndex{1}$$: Beer 12 fluid ounces
Alcohol % varies. If alcohol content is 5.0% by volume:
$\text{(12 ounces of beer}) \times \left(29.5735 \dfrac{milliliters}{ounce}\right) \times \left(0.05 \dfrac{milliliters}{milliliters}\right) \times \left(0.789 \dfrac{grams}{milliliters}\right) \nonumber \\ ≈ \text{14 grams of alcohol} \nonumber$
1. 29.5735 is the conversion factor for ounces to grams
2. 0.05 is the percent alcohol
3. 0.789 is the density of alcohol
The ethanol content of hard liquor is stated as proof which is half the percentage of alcohol. So, one ounce of hard liquor is 30 grams of ethanol or 200 proof or 100% alcohol.
## Discussion Starters
1. Weekends seem to be the time to party on campus. How many people do you know that drink? How much do they drink and why?
## References
1. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Table 2.41B—Alcohol Use in Lifetime, Past Year, and Past Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2014 and 2015. Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015.htm#tab2-41b. Accessed 1/18/17.
2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Table 2.46B—Alcohol Use, Binge Alcohol Use, and Heavy Alcohol Use in Past Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older, by Demographic Characteristics: Percentages, 2014 and 2015. Available at: https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015.htm#tab2-46b. Accessed 1/18/17. | 2019-05-19 11:05:59 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2492693066596985, "perplexity": 5735.457594719589}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232254751.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20190519101512-20190519123512-00437.warc.gz"} |
http://letsplaymath.net/2008/03/14/happy-pi-day-2008/ | # Happy Pi Day II
[Feature photo above by pauladamsmith.]
Now there is an ancient Greek letter,
And I think no other is better.
It isn’t too tall,
It might look very small,
But its digits, they go on forever.
## Time to Celebrate
Are your students doing anything special for $\pi$ Day? After two months with no significant break, we are going stir crazy. We need a day off — and what better way could we spend it than to play math all afternoon?
If you need ideas, here are some great $\pi$ pages:
Since $\pi$ is eternal, last year’s links are not obsolete. So don’t miss the infamous hot-dog toss, how to find your birthday in the digits of $\pi$, and more:
graphic by John Reid (cc by-sa 3.0)
## Would You Call It Pi-etry?
Who knew mathematicians could be so literary?
## Mathematical Pi Song
And here is Chickenfoot’s favorite YouTube song about $\pi$:
[If the embedded version doesn't work, click here.]
Personally, I prefer Professor Lesser’s lyrics:
## And Finally…
For those who hate to join a bandwagon, here is the curmudgeon’s view:
And check out the alternative holiday for pi’s rival:
[Hat tip: I found several of these links through Mathmom's post and the comments that followed.]
Don’t miss any of “Let’s Play Math!”: Subscribe in a reader, or get updates by Email.
## Have more fun on Let’s Play Math! blog:
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By Denise Gaskins
## 12 comments on “Happy Pi Day II”
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3. Sylvia
Love this holiday! Thanks for the poetry!
Like
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5. Diane
The celebration of Pi Day is fantastic! I cannot wait until next year to celebrate Pi Day in my school media center. Check it out and have fun learning how pi is a part of our every day lives!
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6. Pingback: Key Lime Pi « Let’s Play Math!
7. Pingback: Happy Tau Day « Let's Play Math!
8. Pingback: Pi Day Roundup | Let's Play Math! | 2014-07-31 05:20:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 10, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.28097501397132874, "perplexity": 10770.466517610685}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510272584.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011752-00052-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
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