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Glossitis is redness and swelling (inflammation) of the tongue. Possible causes of glossitis include an allergy or infection, an injury to the tongue, and nutritional deficiencies.
Although most cases of glossitis are minor and can be treated at home, symptoms can cause problems with chewing, swallowing, or speaking. Glossitis may also cause trouble breathing, if swelling is severe. If breathing difficulties develop, emergency medical care is required.
eMedicineHealth Medical Reference from Healthwise
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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Lingering bomb shelters reopen the door on a frightening time
In the modest family room of Kermit Weitzel's home in New Britain, Pa, the blue shag carpet has a rectangle impressed into it, as though a heavy piece of furniture had settled there.
That rectangle is actually a trap door. Weitzel has to pry it up with a screwdriver. It opens to a 12-foot deep hole lined with concrete block. The chamber is 9 feet by 9 feet.
Weitzel built this fallout shelter himself, in 1963, from government-issued plans. The 85-year-old World War II veteran used to keep it stocked water and canned food, but not anymore.
"Almost 50 years, since they had that scare," said Weitzel. "I won't be around to see the next one, that's for sure."
His wife, Helen, has never liked the bomb shelter, but Weitzel is clearly proud of it, even if now it only houses a water pump for his well. He's the only person he knows who has such a shelter.
Fifty years ago, the U.S. government wanted a network of fallout shelters across the country, in municipal buildings, businesses, and private homes. Copies of the plans are now on display at the Mercer Museum in Doylestown, as part of an exhibition called "Alert Today, Alive Tomorrow: Living with the Atomic Bomb."
It features government posters; movie memorabilia from atomic-scare flicks such as "Them!"; toys such as "Atomic Bomb" goggles; and radiation detection kits. In the 1960s, the specter of the atomic bomb was everywhere.
"Americans were inundated with messages about surviving, and living with new global reality of the atomic bomb," said Cory Amsler, vice president for collections at the Mercer.
Today, few people worry about atomic fallout. Many people who bought houses with pre-existing fallout shelters ignore them. Only their yards have tell-tale air vents popping up from underground.
Georgie Coles moved into her farmhouse near Solebury 10 years ago. As survival bunkers go, this one is palatial -- about 500 square feet. She does not use it for anything, not even storage. It's mostly just a conversation-starter.
"I have a lot of receptions here for the Chamber of Commerce, the hospital, things like that, and people always want to come and look at it," said Coles, who runs a landscaping nursery. "So it is well known that it is here, and it is a tourist attraction I guess you could say. One of my grandchildren wanted to have a birthday party down here."
Revisiting past fears
When George Wozar bought his Chalfont Borough house in 1970 and in, he was surprised to discover a previous owner had built a fallout shelter under the garage. He hasn't been inside it for almost 40 years.
At the request of a reporter (and his wife, Janis), Wozar cleared away the scrap wood that had been accumulated at the door of the shelter for years, and peeked inside. There is no electricity, and the ceiling is so low, an adult cannot stand upright.
His 3-year-old granddaughter, Joselyn, was fascinated.
"There's a spider and a skeleton," announced Joselyn. "They're toys."
The previous owners had a boy named Bobby, who used the shelter as a gloomy play area. Over the threshold of the shelter, he had written in chalk "Bobby's Spookhouse." Inside, there is a plastic mummy and a rusting thing that might have once been a radio. The pièce de résistance in the corner -- a rotting Ouija board.
"It's disintegrated after 50 years," said Wozar.
He clearly remembers duck-and-cover drills from his childhood, and wonders if those times are coming back.
"With anti-terrorism drills, we're almost going back," said Wozar. "It's like we're recycling."
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A Technology Content Organizer (TCO)
Broadly defined as: The capacity for doing work
Critical technologies in the energy category fall into three general areas-- efficiency; energy storage, conditioning, distribution, and transmission; and improved generation. Technologies in the Energy Efficiency area--which include building technologies and non-internal combustion propulsion systems--increase U.S. economic productivity by increasing economic output per unit of energy input and by offering a growing export business opportunity; they also contribute to U.S. national security by reducing dependency on foreign energy sources and, when exported, by moderating energy demand in developing countries. Building technologies improve the competitiveness of U.S. construction and building industries in world markets by making the sale of turn-key installations more likely and make a small contribution to national security by allowing more efficient management of facilities that frees funds for other uses. Although U.S. technology now competes favorably in this area with the most efficient Japanese and European products, it still trails Japanese and European firms in some products. Non-internal-combustion propulsion systems--particularly in "clean cars"--could provide a significant advantage to a sector comprising one-seventh of the U.S. economy. Japan and Europe are about even with the United States in electric vehicle (EV) technology, and Japanese AC motor technology lags that of the United States but is probably ahead of that of the Europeans.
Technology sub-areas in the Energy Storage, Conditioning, Distribution, and Transmission area--including advanced batteries, power electronics, and capacitors--are enabling for both economic prosperity with industrial, commercial, and residential applications, and national security with military applications. In advanced battery technologies, the Japanese are slightly lagging U.S. capabilities, although aggressive research is improving the Japanese position, and European firms are slightly behind U.S. firms. In power electronics, the United States is behind in high-power, solid-state switch technology except for a few niche areas. In capacitor technologies, the United States is the world leader, especially those suited for military applications, Japan is behind the United States and is losing ground, and Europe is also behind the United States and probably losing ground.
Technology sub-areas in Improved Generation--including gas turbines, fuel cells, next-generation nuclear reactors, advanced power supplies, and renewable energy--are critical to economic prosperity because of the confluence of rapidly growing demand for electricity worldwide, increasing environmental pressures from electric generation, and utility deregulation. In gas turbine technologies, Europe and Japan are slightly behind the United States in developing rotating machinery suitable for high-efficiency power generation. In fuel cells, the United States is the overall world leader across a wide range of fuel cell technologies but Japan is a very strong competitor in some segments, while European fuel-cell projects are highly dependent on foreign technology. In next-generation nuclear reactors, U.S. firms have remained competitive in design services and are active members of international alliances, because most current reactors are based on U.S. technology; however, the United States is likely to fall behind in next-generation reactors because of large funding cuts for reactor R&D. In advanced pulsed power supplies, Russia is slightly ahead of the United States, while Europe and Japan are behind the world leaders overall but are at parity in some niche areas, such as switching capacitors and transformers. In renewable energy, Europe and the United States are about even in solar thermal energy technology, slightly ahead of Japan; in photovoltaics, Japan is continuing to lag slightly behind the United States and Europe; Europe is slightly ahead of the United States in wind turbine technology, while Japan lags behind the world leader in innovative turbine designs; and Europe is slightly ahead of the United States in biofuels, with Europe leading in biodiesel fuels and the United States leading in ethanol production from biomass. Overall, the United States is generally on par with the best in the world in critical technologies that fall into the energy category. (NCT Report 1995)
Technology AreasEnergy Efficiency
Energy Storage, Conditioning, Distribution and Transmission
Background information on the National Critical Technologies report
Previously developed Course(s) under this TCO
Elementary-Level Standards-Based Sample Lesson
Intermediate-Level Standards-Based Sample Lesson
Commencement-Level Standards-Based Sample Lesson
Note: The documents posted on this server contain hypertext links or pointers to information created and maintained by other public and private organizations. These links and pointers are provided for the user's convenience. The Education Department does not control or guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness, or completeness of this outside information. Further, the inclusion of links or pointers to particular items in hypertext is not intended to reflect their importance, nor is it intended to endorse any views expressed, or products or services offered, on these outside sites, or the organizations sponsoring the sites.
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Health care’s integration with information technology remains inconsistent as of today. Supercomputers helped fuel the genomics revolution, which was a critical success for the health care space. On the other hand, the transition to electronic medical records has been a promise never fully realized. The rapid adoption of wearables, though, leaves little doubt that electronics is poised to make a large impact on health and medicine.
As Gigaom Research analyst Jody Ranck writes in his forthcoming report on health care and the internet of things, sensors and other electronics will drive tremendous innovation in medical devices, building off the current momentum in fitness and wellness devices. Much of this development is centered on making devices ever smaller, from ingestible sensors in the form of pills to nanowires and lab-on-a-chip technologies.
This focus on miniaturization is no surprise. Silicon electronics has relentlessly followed Moore’s Law for the last 40 years, exponentially decreasing the size of a transistor. But in health care, smaller is not always better. Human beings are large and many things we want to measure, like blood pressure or muscle movement, require larger-scale sensors.
This is where silicon — an element so critical to the development of computing that its name adorns Valleys, Alleys and other centers of IT innovation — starts to falter.
Silicon is plentiful on Earth, but in the purified crystalline form required for semiconductors it is only cheap because many chips can be packed into a single wafer, enabling smaller devices. If larger sensors are carved out of a wafer, the economics aren’t nearly as favorable. Since, as mentioned above, smaller doesn’t necessarily mean better in health care, the key to fully realizing the promise of information technology may be to move electronics beyond silicon.
John Kymissis, a professor of electrical engineering at Columbia University, thinks he has the answer. Prof. Kymissis, who runs Columbia’s Laboratory for Unconventional Electronics (CLUE) has been researching thin film semiconductors.
Like the name suggests, thin film semiconductors are created by depositing a thin layer of electronics onto other materials. So instead of starting with a perfect wafer of silicon and carving out tiny transistors, you can pick a material that has certain desirable properties — like plastic or glass — and add the electronics on top. And in fact most of us benefit from thin film semiconductors every day in the displays of our smartphones, tablets and HDTVs. But beyond the display market there are promising applications for future development.
I met Prof. Kymissis at NYC Media Lab’s inaugural Geek of the Month gathering where he discussed projects in this lab that are trying to advance the state of the art in thin film semiconductor systems. Many of these projects focus on health care applications because, as Prof. Kymissis puts it, “Engineering is about solving problems and health care folks have the biggest problems.”
One interesting solution CLUE is working on involves using a material called piezoelectric polymer as a substrate. Piezoelectric systems generate an electric charge in response to physical stress. This is the same the principle behind how cigarette lighters ignite (or push-start buttons on gas grills, to pick a slightly more healthy example). The researchers at CLUE have added transistors to a thin flexible polymer film that responds to different strains, creating a microphone array that captures information about sound waves in a new way. One application of this is to measure the pressure wave inside the ear as part of a system that will aid in the placement of cochlear implants.
Another material CLUE is investigating is electrostrictive polymer. This works in the reverse way of piezoelectric polymer: With the connection of an electric charge, the material will contract and bend like a muscle. Potential applications in prostheses and robotics are further off but one of the major hurdles is the fact that it requires approximately 500 volts to make the polymer bend. The team at CLUE is using transistors on the polymer to act as switches that control the movement at a much more reasonable 30 volts or so. This would open the door to building this technology into devices or other uses.
Thin film semiconductors still need work in important areas to realize their full potential. The technology can’t yet support wireless power transfer so for all the magic in the devices they still require a wire, which limits many use cases. You also can’t yet put a radio on a thin film semiconductor, which leaves them outside the truly connected world of healthcare IoT.
But there is plenty of research going on at CLUE and other labs around the country on these very topics. So while silicon isn’t going away it’s likely that thin film will continue to open up new applications to increase the positive impact of electronics in healthcare.
Ken Andersen is vice president of operations for Gigaom Research.
Thumbnail image courtesy of MauMyHaT/Thinkstock
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The incredible growth in the amount of electronic information that has become available in the last few years has made the ability to search and navigate these electronic sources increasingly important. More often than not researching a topic now includes using not only print sources, it also requires accessing information via the Internet, Online Public Access Catalogs (OPAC’s), CD-ROM’s, and commercial databases such as Westlaw, Firstsearch, and Lexis.
Despite the lack of standardization among the design of these various sources certain standard search techniques and strategies can be applied, with some variations, to almost all electronic searches. The following basic searching concepts have been compiled by the Florida Coastal School of Law Library and Technology Center to help make navigating the maze of electronic information a little easier. Good luck and good hunting!
Search Strategies and Techniques
Prior to getting into the actual mechanics of the search process there are several steps to take that will save you time and make your search more successful:
- 1. Choose a source that will fill your information needs. This can be a difficult decision, and is a point where many searchers make their lives more difficult than they need to be. Most sources will have an information screen that will tell you what information is included, dates covered, etc. (the Internet being an obvious exception!). Check any printed material you have access to that describes the source. If you are unsure how to make your decision, ask a librarian for help.
Note: Searching the Internet will not give you access to information contained in commercial databases!
- 2. Formulate your search strategy before you start your search. This is often the most important part of a search and one which is too often overlooked. Take the time to develop a well thought-out question or topic area and write down the key concepts associated with it. Think of synonymous terms that may be applied. Use these as keywords or phrases when you start your search.
Now for the search itself:
- 1. Use Help/Instruction Information Screens. Every search tool has a spot where you can get help or instruction on how to use that specific tool. Use it! Each one has things that are specific to that tool. It is often a good idea to find a research tool that works for you and stick with it. Once you are familiar with it you can speed up your search and get more items relevant to your topic. The Internet can be an exception here also. You can often do the same search in various search engines and directories and get varying results, so you may want to search using several different tools (For information on Internet Search Engines see other library handout).
- 2. Boolean Operators. Don’t let the name throw you. This just means connecting your search terms with AND, OR or NOT when you are entering your terms. Be careful because these operators are not intuitive. Using AND will actually limit your search and using OR will expand your search. Using NOT should be used with caution as it may sometimes restrict items relevant to your search.
Boolean Searching Examples:
- (a) stress management OR anxiety - This will retrieve every item which has either stress management, anxiety or both somewhere in the item. The use of OR will broaden your search.
- (b) stress AND counseling - This will retrieve only items which contain both stress and counseling. The use of AND helps to restrict your search when you get an unwieldy number of returns.
- (c) stress NOT burnout - The first term but not the second must appear in the item. This will eliminate items that contain both terms so be careful about using NOT in your search.
- 3. Truncation. There are basically two types of truncation; root truncation and internal truncation. Truncation symbols will vary depending on what tool you are searching. Some common symbols are *, !, ?, and $. Root truncation (or root expander) is generally used more frequently because it will return plural and other forms of your search term, but use it with caution because it can also return unrelated terms (see example below).
Root truncation example: symbol* will return symbol, symbolism, symbols, symbolic, etc. Internal truncation example: wom*n will return woman or women.
- 4. Proximity Operators. These will allow you to search for terms within a specific number of words of each other, within the same sentence, or within the same paragraph. Often they also allow you to specify the order in which the search terms appear. The usage of proximity operators varies greatly among various search tools so you will need to refer to the help or instruction pages within the tool you are using for specific uses.
- 5. Limiting. Many search tools will allow you to limit your search by date of publication, publication type, location of the search, type of media, or search fields such as title, author, subject heading, etc. Limiting also varies greatly from one search tool to another so refer to the help or instruction pages within the tool.
- 6. Repetition. It is important to realize that in many instances you must repeat your search a number of times in order to get results. Many times you may have to repeat your search because you are getting plenty of results, but none that are relevant to your topic. Failing to find information doesn’t mean it isn’t there! Check for misspellings. Try your search in other search tools. Try different keywords and phrases or different combinations of operators. Remember, if you just can’t seem to get to the information you need you can... Ask a Librarian!
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Stew: A Virginia Tradition
While Brunswick, North Carolina also claims authorship, the most commonly accepted provenance goes back to Brunswick County, Virginia in 1828
Brunwick stew, as the story goes, was invented by "Uncle" Jimmy Matthews, the manservant of a prominent Brunswick county landowner, Dr. Creed Haskins of "Mount Donum" on the Nottoway River. Dr. Haskins took several friends on a hunting expedition and his manservant came along as camp cook. The original version of Brunwick stew was simply squirrels with butter, onions, stale bread and seasonings. It proved a hit with the hunting expedition, so Dr. Haskins later had Jimmy Matthews make a larger batch for a political rally, as Dr. Haskins was a member of the General Assembly. It was perhaps at this time that the vegetables were added.
The mixture of corn, lima beans and fowl has its roots in the foodways of Native Americans in the region and this may have influenced the development of the Brunswick stew recipe. One of the traditional ways of preparing wild turkey was in a stew with corn and lima beans. The combination of lima beans and corn called "succotash" comes from the native Americans of the various Algonkian related tribes who populated the eastern seaboard from New England to North Carolina. Succotash is a Narraganset (Algonkian) word for squash, however, not for corn or beans. One theory as to the origins of the term "succotash" to mean corn with limabeans is that it probably derives from "msickquatash," a Narraganset Indian word meaning "ear of corn."
Over the years, the basic Brunswick stew recipe has been adapted and developed by various cooks. However, a number of elements are constant, and are required in the stew cooking competition held in Brunwick County each year: Hens or Chickens, Fatback, Potatoes, Onions, Tomatoes, Butterbeans (Limas), Corn, Butter, Salt, Black Pepper, Red Pepper, Sugar. They also allow one additional thickening ingredient. My family's traditional recipe calls for the addition of okra, which I have seen in several other recipes, but this might be a 20th century variation. Another nice addition that is traditional in my family is to add a teaspoon of sherry immediately before serving. Sherry as a condiment in soups can be dated to the 18th century, so I think this is an acceptable "fudge" even if it can't be documented to Brunswick stew per se.
I have not yet had time to make an exhaustive search for Brunswick stew recipes from our era and have so far been limited to resources online and my own rather paltry collection of cookbooks. In this somewhat cursory initial research, the earliest written recipes I have been able to find for Brunswick stew so far have been from Marion Cabell Tyree's book Housekeeping in Old Virginia . While this book is post-War, published in 1878, it was several years in the making and is a compilation of recipes contributed by prominent women across Virginia, most of whom were middle aged and older and had reached adulthood before the Civil War, including a number of wives and widows of Confederate officers. Although Mrs. Robert E. Lee died four years before the publication date, she contributed a few recipes, as did her daughter Mildred.
Although the book was
published 13 years after the War, I believe it is a valid resource for the following reasons:
(1) most of the recipes come from older
citizens, (2) many of the recipes were collected right after the War and (3) the purpose of the book was to rally a sense of renewed pride in Virginia's culinary heritage and culture in the aftermath of defeat and in the midst of Reconstruction. For this reason, it featured recipes that were already considered "traditional" by the 1870s. Moreover, because the book gives three different variations of
Brunswick stew, this reinforces the likelihood that this was a
well-known dish across the Commonwealth and considered "traditional", at least by the third
quarter of the 19th century and is therefore a valid thing to serve
in portraying the 1860's. Interestingly, the first recipe calls for
beef rather than chicken or squirrel.
Moreover, because the book gives three different variations of Brunswick stew, this reinforces the likelihood that this was a well-known dish across the Commonwealth and considered "traditional", at least by the third quarter of the 19th century and is therefore a valid thing to serve in portraying the 1860's. Interestingly, the first recipe calls for beef rather than chicken or squirrel.
19th Century Recipes:
Brunswick Stew #1 (Housekeeping in Old Virginia)
Shank of beef
Put the shank on as for soup at the earliest possible hour; then take the shank out of the soup and shred and cut the meat as fine as you can, carefully taking out bone and gristle, and then return to the soup pot and add all of the vegetables and the bread. Season with salt and pepper to the taste; and when ready to serve, drop into the tureen two or three teaspoonfuls of butter.
Brunswick Stew #2 (Housekeeping in Old Virginia)
About four hours before dinner, put on two or three slices of bacon, two squirrels or chickens, one onion sliced, in one-gallon water. Stew some time, then add one quart peeled tomatoes, two ears of grated corn, three Irish potatoes sliced, and one-handful butter beans, and part pod of red pepper. Stew altogether about one hour till you can take out the bones. When done, put in one teaspoonful bread crumbs and one large spoonful butter.
Brunswick Stew #3 (Housekeeping in Old Virginia)
Take two chickens or three or four squirrels, let them boil in water. Cook one-pint butter beans, and one-quart tomatoes; cook with the meat. When done, add one dozen ears corn, one dozen large tomatoes, and one-pound butter. Take out the chicken, cut it into small pieces and put back; cook until it is well done and thick enough to be eaten with a fork. Season with pepper and salt.
The Official Recipe:
The official Brunswick County, Virginia stew recipe is that which was served at a proclamation ceremony at the Virginia State Capitol in 1988. It is scaled to feed 600 people -- potentially useful if one were providing the catering for an entire event (no thanks!!)
Brunswick Stew Proclamation Recipe -- Serves 600
Directions: Put 210 lbs. of chicken in pot, cover with water and boil; add onions and potatoes, then add tomatoes and stir well at all times, then add butterbeans and seasonings. Continue cooking and add corn after cooking about 6 hours, and let corn cook for 30 minutes and turn heat off and continue stirring until served.
Feeds about 12 -15 or so people, depending on how hungry they are and how much chicken you add. This recipe works on either an open fire or modern stove. All measurements are approximate because I'm not a professional recipe writer and I just tend to improvise as I go along, like most traditional cooks do. The main point is to keep working at it until it looks and tastes right...
2 chickens cut up,
or (easier to pick) equivalent amount of chicken meat in breast
and thigh pieces
Put your chicken in a large cast iron pot with more than sufficient water to cover and a bit of salt to make the water boil faster. Bring to a boil and then reduce heat and let it simmer. Check frequently to make sure the water hasn't all boiled away. When the chicken is falling away from the bone, remove the pot from the fire, remove the chicken pieces from the stock, and set them on plates or in another pot to cool. When they are cool, pick the meat from the bones and return meat to the pot - Save the bones for making more stock if you're frugal.
Dice your potatoes and add them to the pot with the chicken and stock. Open your cans of tomatoes and pour the liquid into the pot, then roughly chop / break up the tomatoes in the can before adding them to the pot too.
While this is cooking, dice your onions and put them in a skillet, pan, or dutch oven with a couple of egg-shaped pieces of butter. Saute until they become transparent, then add to the pot.
Open your cans of corn, butter beans (or limas) and okra (if desired) and add to the pot. Add black pepper, red pepper to taste. If the stock doesn't taste chickeny enough, you might want to add some chicken stock essence or cubes at this stage. Refrain from adding extra salt until you've determined whether chicken stock is needed, as stock cubes are salty.
Let this whole mess simmer for a fairly long time, stirring it regularly to keep it from sticking to the bottom of the pot (particularly crucial with open hearth or campfire cooking). When you're getting ready to serve it, check that it's thick enough. If you're going to serve it on flat plates rather than in bowls, you might need to thicken it further, depending on whether you used okra and on how many potatoes were used. A traditional option is to add breadcrumbs. Perhaps an easier way is to add flour by making a roux or gravy. To do this, take the pot you used for the onions with the remaining butter still in the bottom. Add more butter or bacon grease and heat. Add white flour until sufficient to make a stiff paste and cook this until it is a light medium brown. Ladle out broth from the stewpot and add gradually to the paste, stirring or whisking furiously so that it doesn't get lumpy. Stir this into the pot with the stew thoroughly. If it's still not thick enough, repeat the process.
Taste the stew and adjust seasonings if needed, then serve in bowls or plates, with a half teaspoon of medium sherry, if desired, added as a condiment immediately prior to eating.
BONUS: If you want to have some fun, tell people it contains squirrel and watch their faces... ;-D
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Details about An Integrated Language Perspective in the Elementary School:
This groundbreaking text was the first in its field to present practical, research-based guidance on creating integrated curriculum. It has been updated to reflect cutting edge perspectives in literacy and language arts instruction. “Webs,” the hallmark feature of the text, enable readers to easily incorporate integrated units in the classroom. The Fourth Edition continues to offer practical and critical curriculum paradigms, and clearly shows the reciprocal relationship between assessment and instruction. Perfect for both pre-service and in-service K-8 teachers for its accessibility, the text is solidly grounded in cognitive, linguistic, and curriculum theory, but also does an excellent job of examining what goes on in the classroom minute-by-minute, day-by-day.
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Rent An Integrated Language Perspective in the Elementary School 4th edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Christine C. Pappas. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Pearson.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our tutors now.
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For the production of hydrogen, the calcined ore is first reduced
at 700-1000ºC by use of water gas or producer gas. Steam is then
passed over it. The ore gets oxidised and the hydrogen is liberated
from the steam.
ore was discovered on the Marquette Range on September 19, 1844 by
William A. Burt, United States Deputy Surveyor, and party who were
surveying in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Burt was the inventor of
the solar compass and t was the remarkable variations in the direction
of the needle that caused him to ask his party to seek about for that
which disturbed it.
Iron ore is mined in about 50 countries. The seven largest of these
producing countries account for about three-quarters of total world
production. Australia and Brazil together dominate the world's iron
ore exports, each having about one-third of total exports.
(Fe) is a metallic element and composes about 5% of the Earth's crust.
When pure it is a dark, silvery-gray metal. It is a very reactive
element and oxidizes (rusts) very easily. The reds, oranges and
yellows seen in some soils and on rocks are probably iron oxides. The
inner core of the Earth is believed to be a solid iron-nickel alloy.
Iron-nickel meteorites are believed to represent the earliest material
formed at the beginning of the universe. Studies show that there is
considerable iron in the stars and terrestrial planets: Mars, the "Red
Planet," is red due to the iron oxides in its crust.
Iron is one of the three naturally magnetic elements; the others are
cobalt and nickel. Iron is the most magnetic of the three. The mineral
) is a naturally occurring
metallic mineral that is occasionally found in sufficient quantities
to be an ore of iron.
The principle ores of iron are Hematite, (70% iron) and Magnetite,
(72% iron). Taconite is a low-grade iron ore, containing up to 30%
Magnetite and Hematite.
Hematite is iron oxide (Fe2
). The amount of
hematite needed in any deposit to make it profitable to mine must be
in the tens of millions of tons. Hematite deposits are mostly
sedimentary in origin, such as the banded iron formations (BIFs). BIFs
consist of alternating layers of chert (a variety of the mineral
quartz), hematite and magnetite. They are found throughout the world
and are the most important iron ore in the world today. Their
formation is not fully understood, though it is known that they formed
by the chemical precipitation of iron from shallow seas about 1.8-1.6
billion years ago, during the Proterozoic Eon.
Taconite is a silica-rich iron ore that is considered to be a
low-grade deposit. However, the iron-rich components of such deposits
can be processed to produce a concentrate that is about 65% iron,
which means that some of the most important iron ore deposits around
the world were derived from taconite. Taconite is mined in the United
States, Canada, and China.
Iron is essential to animal life and necessary for the health of
plants. The human body is 0.006% iron, the majority of which is in the
blood. Blood cells rich in iron carry oxygen from the lungs to all
parts of the body. Lack of iron also lowers a person's resistance to
The name iron is from an Old English word isaern which itself can be
traced back to a Celtic word, isarnon. In time, the "s" was
dropped from usage.
It is estimated that worldwide there are 800 billion tons of iron ore
resources, containing more than 230 billion tons of iron. It is
estimated that the United States has 110 billion tons of iron ore
representing 27 billion tons of iron. Among the largest iron ore
producing nations are Russia, Brazil, China, Australia, India and the
USA. In the United States, great deposits are found in the Lake
Superior region. Worldwide, 50 countries produce iron ore, but 96% of
this ore is produced by only 15 of those countries.
Iron ore is the raw material used to make pig iron, which is one of
the main raw materials to make steel. Due to the lower cost of
foreign-made steel and steel products, the steel industry in the
United States has had difficult economic times in recent years as more
and more steel is imported. Canada provides about half of the U.S.
imports, Brazil about 30%, and lesser amounts from Venezuela and
Australia. 99% of steel exported from the USA was sent to Canada.
In the United States, almost all of the iron ore that is mined is
used for making steel. The same is true throughout the world. Raw iron
by itself is not as strong and hard as needed for construction and
other purposes. So, the raw iron is alloyed with a variety of elements
(such as tungsten, manganese, nickel, vanadium, chromium) to
strengthen and harden it, making useful steel for construction,
automobiles, and other forms of transportation such as trucks, trains
and train tracks.
While the other uses for iron ore and iron are only a very small
amount of the consumption, they provide excellent examples of the
ingenuity and the multitude of uses that man can create from our
Powdered iron: used in metallurgy products, magnets, high-frequency
cores, auto parts, catalyst. Radioactive iron (iron 59): in medicine,
tracer element in biochemical and metallurgical research. Iron blue:
in paints, printing inks, plastics, cosmetics (eye shadow), artist
colors, laundry blue, paper dyeing, fertilizer ingredient, baked
enamel finishes for autos and appliances, industrial finishes. Black
iron oxide: as pigment, in polishing compounds, metallurgy, medicine,
magnetic inks, in ferrites for electronics industry.
Substitutes and Alternative Sources
Though there is no substitute for iron, iron ores are not the only
materials from which iron and steel products are made. Very little
scrap iron is recycled, but large quantities of scrap steel are
recycled. Steel's overall recycling rate of more than 67% is far
higher than that of any other recycled material, capturing more than
1-1/4 times as much tonnage as all other materials combined.
Some steel is produced from the recycling of scrap iron, though the
total amount is considered to be insignificant now. If the economy of
steel production and consumption changes, it may become more
cost-effective to recycle iron than to produce new from raw ore.
Iron and steel face continual competition with lighter materials in
the motor vehicle industry; from aluminum, concrete, and wood in
construction uses; and from aluminum, glass, paper, and plastics for
Spathic ore is used for the production of hydrogen by steam iron
contact process. The ore to be used must have a spongy structure in
order to present the maximum surface contact. Generally ore of light
yellow colour is preferred. It should not sinter together when
subjected to the high temperature of 1000ºC.
The ore is calcined before use to make it suitable for reduction and
oxidation cycles. For the production of hydrogen, the calcined ore is
first reduced at 700-1000ºC by use of water gas or producer gas.
Steam is then passed over it. The ore gets oxidised and the hydrogen
is liberated from the steam. The oxidised ore is then subjected to the
reduction cycle by passing water gas which makes the ore suitable for
The arrangement for the process of oxidation and reduction cycle is
made automatic in the plant to get the supply of commercial hydrogen
which is utilised for the hydrogenation of vegetable oils.
Hydrogenation effects hardening of the oils.
Micaceous iron ore is generally soft and unctuous. It is used in the
manufacture of welding rods (electrodes). It is also used as a coating
material in the preparation of welding rods. Bog iron ore is used as
purifying and desulphurising material of producer gas and municipal
gases. The ore is filled in purifying tank through which gases are
passed and purified. Magnetite is used for the preparation of heavy
media in coal-washing plants. It has got distinct advantage over sand
as magnetite particles adhering to coal can easily be separated by teh
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The Sunken Garden extends west from the Wren Building and serves as a place for relaxation and recreation. Its design follows the spirit of eighteenth-century English landscape gardens, which abandoned the geometric parterres of Europe in favor of sweeping lawns intended to uplift the spirit by leading the eye toward a distant, natural setting. In our case that setting is Crim Dell, a campus jewel preserved so that, in the purported words of Thomas Jefferson, "the College shall forever look upon the country."
Initial design of the Sunken Garden was by College Architect Charles M. Robinson, in the early 1920s, and reportedly was based on Sir Christopher Wren's plans for the Chelsea Hospital. Budget concerns caused the idea to be shelved until 1933, when President Chandler reported to the Board of Visitors that a Civilian Conservation Corps camp had been assigned to the College for the purpose of beautifying and improving the grounds. Charles Gillette, a Richmond landscape architect, was appointed to supervise the work, which took place 1935-36.
As you look toward the sunken garden from the steps of the Wren building, you will note two very large and stately oaks along the walk to the garden, a willow oak to the south (Quercus phellos) and a water oak (Quercus nigra) to the north. These are assuredly among the oldest trees on campus. Just southeast of the water oak is an unusually full specimen of black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Its early and splendid fall color are assets to any landscape plan and its fruits are food for wildlife.
In the front of the entrance to Tucker Hall (the first hall on the north side of the Sunken Garden), a new plant addition in the boxwood family, sweetbox (Sarcococca hookeriana var. humis) is planted with its cousin the common box (Buxus sempervirens).
Common boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) line either side of the Sunken Garden, flanked by rows of American Beech (Fagus grandifolia) and Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica).
Just beyond the far end of the garden in Crim Dell Meadow are two Dawn Redwood (Metasquoia glyptostroboides). Until plant explorers located living trees in 1946 in Szechuan, China, this species was thought to have been extinct for more than 13 million years. Seeds they collected and sent to the Arnold Arboretum at Harvard University were subsequently made available to botanists worldwide, and Professor Baldwin obtained some during a 1948 visit to the national botanical garden of Belgium. He shipped them back to Professor Bernice Speese, who germinated and nurtured the specimens planted here. Another large specimen can be found behind McGlothlin-Street Hall. A smaller tree, also grown from seeds distributed by the Arnold Arboretum, is located in the Sarah P. Duke Gardens at Duke University.
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Research Topics Ecosystem Processes
^ Main Topic |
Tropical Ecosystems |
Sierra Nevada Ecosystems
Sierra Nevada Ecosystems
About this Research:
Role of Urban Forests in Conserving and Restoring Biological Diversity in the Lake Tahoe Basin
Research Project Summary
The conversion of wildlands to buildings, roads, and other developments results in habitat loss and the fragmentation of associated landscapes. Landscape fragmentation has three primary components: loss of original habitat, reduction in habitat patch sizes, and increasing isolation of habitat patches -- all of which contribute to a decline in biological diversity within the original habitat. Landscape fragmentation has a progressive and erosive effect on biological diversity and integrity, however our understanding of how disturbance and fragmentation influence the distribution and abundance of organisms is inadequate to effectively manage to sustain populations in the face of fragmentation.
To determine the effects of fragmentation and disturbance on the occurrence, abundance, composition, and productivity of vertebrates, vascular plants and select invertebrate species in an urbanizing landscape.
To evaluate the potential for landscape-level thresholds of species persistence for select focal species based on the amount, distribution and quality of habitat.
To investigate the validity of species expected to be strong indicators based on intrinsic characteristics based on empirical data.
To develop a predictive model that evaluates the relative effects of various acquisition, restoration, and development scenarios on individual species, species groups, and biological diversity.
Methods and Design
This project investigates the effects of patch-scale relationships between patch size, isolation, and disturbance and the associated species composition, abundance, and productivity of birds, mammals, vascular plant, and select invertebrates. We are sampling 100 sites along a development gradient within the lower montane zone around Lake Tahoe. Many data collection techniques are used to characterize the composition and abundance of vertebrate, ant, and plant species. Specifically, we are sampling landbirds (point counts and nest monitoring), small mammals (live trapping), large mammals (trackplate and camera stations), ants (pitfall traps and nest counts), and plants (many field techniques). Data are being collected in 2003-2005, with final analysis and results available by the end of 2006.
Application of Research Results
The following management objectives will be addressed:
1. What are reliable criteria for identifying potential indicator species?
2. Do particular species, species groups, or environmental parameters emerge as strong indicators of biological integrity at the stand or landscape scales?
3. How does anthropogenic disturbance within and around urban lots affect the ability of urban lots to support their native diversity of species? What management options exist for reducing the negative effects of disturbance?
4. What role do urban lots play in supporting biological integrity at the landscape scale? How might that role shift in light of various development (i.e., build-out) scenarios within the basin?
5. What management options exist for improving the biological integrity of existing urban lots?
6. What are the predicted effects of various stand and landscape-scale management scenarios regarding urban lot management (i.e., development, acquisition, restoration)?
The study area is the Lake Tahoe basin, located on the California-Nevada border in the central Sierra Nevada. The Lake Tahoe basin is an ideal setting to study of the contribution of forested parcels to maintaining biological diversity and integrity of a larger urbanizing landscape. The majority of development is restricted to the lower elevation areas around Lake Tahoe, and many species of vertebrates and vascular plants are most closely associated with these habitats. For these low elevation associates, the high elevation crests surrounding the basin are likely be an impediment to their dispersal, creating closed populations that are particularly vulnerable to fragmentation and disturbance.
1) Manley, Patricia N., 2)Murphy, Dennis D., 1) Campbell, Lori, 1,3) Schlesinger, Matthew D., 3) Holyoak, Marcel, 2) Merideth, Susan, 2) Arsenault, David, and 2) Sanford, Monte
1 USDA Forest Service
Sierra Nevada Research Center
2121 Second St., Suite A-101
Davis, CA 95616
2 University of Nevada
Department of Biology
Reno, Nevada 89557
3 University of California
Department of Ecology
Davis, CA 95616
Publications and Products
Parks, S.A., L.A. Campbell, P.N. Manley, and M.D. Schlesinger. In review. Modeling development as a continuum to address fine-grained heterogeneity in urbanizing landscapes. Ecological Applications.
Manley, P. N., D. D. Murphy, L. A. Campbell, K. E. Heckmann, S. Merideth, M. Sanford, and M. D. Schlesinger. 2005. Biotic diversity interfaces with urbanization in the Lake Tahoe basin. California Agriculture 60(2):59-64.
Manley, P. N. and D. D. Murphy. 2004. Roles of urban forests in conserving and restoring biological diversity in the Lake Tahoe basin: Interim Report 2003. Unpublished report. USDA Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.
Manley, P. N. and D. D. Murphy. 2004. Roles of urban forests in conserving and restoring biological diversity in the Lake Tahoe basin: Interim Report 2004. Unpublished report. USDA Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, South Lake Tahoe, CA.
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The purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. Screening tests are usually administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions. At this time, there are no screening tests or screening guidelines for hyperthyroidism. In some cases, the doctor may choose to do a blood test called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test.
- Reviewer: Kim A. Carmichael, MD
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/20/2014 -
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Maharana Jawan Singh of Mewar Receiving the Governor General of India, Lord William Cavendish Bentinck, February 8th, 1832
This large painting depicts an important meeting that took place at the 1832 Ajmer darbar, the first major gathering of India's Rajput rulers with the British governor general. A darbar is an official audience between rulers that includes a series of strictly regulated ceremonial meetings heralded by gun salutes and punctuated by an exchange of nazar (gifts). Maharana Jawan Singh of Mewar (ruled 1828–38), identified here by his gold nimbus and gold patka (sash), receives Lord Bentinck, who is formally attired in an orange coat. They share a throne made specially for the occasion. Jawan Singh's gifts to the British include multicolored bolts of cloth laid out on the white carpet before the stepped platform.
This painting has been attributed to Ghasi, a nineteenth-century court artist known for his clearly delineated darbar paintings that provide a visual reflection of the attention paid to protocol and hierarchy in nineteenth-century India. Like most painters of his time, Ghasi would have been trained primarily as a manuscript illustrator, so he was used to working on a small scale. As a result, even his large compositions have a miniaturist quality, with many small figures arranged within compartmentalized spaces.
Opaque watercolor, gold and silver on cloth
This item is not on view
Gift of the Alvin E. Friedman-Kien Foundation, Inc., in honor of Dr. Bertram H. Schaffner's 90th Birthday
No known copyright restrictions
This work may be in the public domain in the United States. Works created by United States and non-United States nationals published prior to 1923 are in the public domain, subject to the terms of any applicable treaty or agreement.
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Ghasi. Maharana Jawan Singh of Mewar Receiving the Governor General of India, Lord William Cavendish Bentinck, February 8th, 1832, ca. 1832. Opaque watercolor, gold and silver on cloth, 74 7/16 x 50 3/8 in. (189 x 128 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of the Alvin E. Friedman-Kien Foundation, Inc., in honor of Dr. Bertram H. Schaffner's 90th Birthday
overall, 2002.34_SL1.jpg. Brooklyn Museum photograph
"CUR" at the beginning of an image file name means that the image was created by a curatorial staff member. These study images may be digital point-and-shoot photographs, when we don\'t yet have high-quality studio photography, or they may be scans of older negatives, slides, or photographic prints, providing historical documentation of the object.
A large painting on cotton depicting the February 8th meeting of the 1832 Ajmer darbar at which Maharana Jawan Singh of Mewar (r. 1828-38) received the Governor General of India, Lord William Cavendish Bentinck. The painting illustrates the large encampment in which the meeting took place, with the maharana and general seated in European-style chairs at the top, beneath a large tent, and various Mewari and British courtiers seated in tidy rows to either side of a large, central courtyard. On the ground are piles of colorful fabric, given as diplomatic gifts. Around the central meeting space are areas with various subsidiary figures and their horses, all surrounded by red temporary walls. Several areas of the painting are not finished, with the shapes of figures colored in but no details (such as facial features) added.
Not every record you will find here is complete. More information is available for some works than for others, and some entries have been updated more recently. Records are frequently reviewed and revised, and we welcome
any additional information you might have.
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A Brief History Of Oxford
Oxford is one of the oldest towns in Maryland. Although already in existence for perhaps 20 years, Oxford marks the year 1683 as its official founding, for in that year Oxford was first named by the Maryland General Assembly as a seaport and was laid out as a town. In 1694, Oxford and a new town called Anne Arundel (now Annapolis) were selected the only ports of entry for the entire Maryland province. Until the American Revolution, Oxford enjoyed prominence as an international shipping center surrounded by wealthy tobacco plantations.
Early citizens included Robert Morris, Sr., agent for a Liverpool shipping firm who greatly influenced the town’s growth; his son Robert Morris, Jr., known as “the financier of the Revolution;” Jeremiah Banning, sea captain, war hero, and statesman; The Reverend Thomas Bacon, Anglican clergyman who wrote the first compilation of the laws of Maryland; Matthew Tilghman, known as the “patriarch of Maryland” and “father of statehood” and Colonel Tench Tilghman, aide-de-camp to George Washington and the man who carried the message of Cornwallis’ surrender to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
The American Revolution marked the end of Oxford’s glory. Gone were the British ships with their variety of imported goods, and tobacco was replaced by wheat as a cash crop. Businesses went bankrupt, cattle grazed in the streets, and the population dwindled.
After the Civil War, Oxford emerged from its “long slumber” to nearly 100 years of a new prosperity signaled by completion of the railroad in 1871 and improved methods of canning and packing which opened national markets for oysters from the Chesapeake’s bountiful beds. Business was booming, houses were going up everywhere, and tourists and boaters were arriving in droves. But it was not to last. In the early part of the 20th century, the oyster beds played out, the packing houses closed, other businesses went bankrupt, and the railway and steamships eventually disappeared. Oxford became a sleepy little town inhabited mainly by watermen who still worked the waters of the Tred Avon.
Oxford today is still a waterman’s town, but is enjoying a new resurgence based on tourism and leisure activities. Its quiet charm, fresh air, summer breezes, and clean water provide a haven from the hustle and bustle of city life for boaters, weekend visitors, and summer residents.
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In 1401, Lorenzo Ghiberti won the competition held by the Arte di Calimala, the guild of importers and finishers of woolen cloth, to decorate the north doors of the baptistery in Florence. Baptism of Christ was one of 28 panels depicting scenes from the life of Christ. The baptistery was an especially important building for the Florentines, because the patron saint of the city was John the Baptist. Ghiberti’s bronze panel, although still in a medieval quatrefoil shape, is considered one of the earliest examples of Italian Renaissance art. Ghiberti selected the moment in the narrative when Christ is praying, the heavens opened, and the Holy Spirit descended like a dove (Luke 3:21–22). Ghiberti portrayed the dove emerging out of the panel toward the viewer. This feature, along with the placement of Christ’s feet in the river believably covered by the water, is evidence of the advancements Italian Renaissance artists were making in depicting nature. Christ is posed in a stance used by classical Greek sculptors.
Everything in the world begins with a yes. Clarice Lispecter
For Bishop Tom
In the beginning there is only Yes, infinitesimal, infinite, invisible seed sprouting in the swirling dark, the slow integration, expanding, extending, the sudden explosion into light—baby, blossom, universe, all beginnings are the same—and Yes to a world begun before words where nothing separates this from that, and Yes to the senses alive before language, bird song, leaf shadow, skin touching skin, and Yes to Tom whose injured brain erases speaking, reading, names, but through hands cupped upon bent heads, his unimpeded heart pours forth with nothing to restrict the flow of Yes in beginning and Yes in the end.
This is an updated version of the poem that appears in the print edition.
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Fifty years after President Kennedy first proclaimed the third week of March National Poison Prevention Week, poisonings continue to be a significant public health issue.
Today, there are 90 percent fewer poisoning deaths among children under five years of age than there were 50 years ago, but this age group still accounts for more than half of poison center cases. The good news is when a poison center is called, most of these cases can be treated at home with over-the-phone advice from trained health care professionals like nurses, saving time and unnecessary, expensive emergency department visits.
For adults, poisonings are a fast growing public health concern. More people die of poisonings than motor vehicle crashes. Nearly nine out of ten poisoning deaths are caused by drugs, including medications. Drug poisoning deaths have increased 600 percent since 1980. Middle-age males are the group most likely to die from a drug poisoning.
“Adults don’t think of medications or drugs as potential poisonings. We are seeing more and more people taking many more medications and having bad outcomes. Errors in taking the medications, interactions and side effects result. Each additional medication adds to the risk that a medication-related problem will occur. We need to remind adults that children are not the only victims of poisoning. Medication-related problems are a type of poisoning that affects many adults,” said Dr. Karen Simone, the Director of the Northern New England Poison Center.
Dr. Simone added, “Most adults do not think of calling a poison center about a possible medication-related problem, especially if it is not an emergency. They do not realize that the poison center can be called in an emergency or with a question.”
The Northern New England Poison Center (NNEPC) launched a new website to better serve Vermont residents. In addition to calling the poison center at 1-800-222-1222, visitors to www.nnepc.org can now chat with a trained health care professional 24 hours a day about their poisoning or poison question.
“Our hope is that by being available around-the-clock by phone and now through online chat, people who have never used our services before will start to use them,” said Dr. Simone. “The idea is that if people call the poison center first, they may not need to go to the emergency department. If the poison center determines that a caller does need to go to the emergency department, the poison center staff will work with the hospital doctors and nurses so the patient gets better faster.”
To Prevent Poisoning:
- Program you cell phone with the poison center phone number, 1-800-222-1222.
- Post 1-800-222-1222 near your home phone.
- Visit www.nnepc.org to learn more about common poisons.
- Store medications and other poisons up and away, out of the sight of children. Take the pledge at www.upandaway.org.
- Clean out your medicine cabinet and get rid of unwanted medications. Visit www.nnepc.org for tips on safe disposal.
- Participate in a medication take-back event in your community on April 28. Learn more at www.dea.gov.
- Remember, when you call or chat with the poison center, you get help immediately, saving valuable time in an emergency.
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A Russian capsule filled with 45 mice and 15 newts along with other small animals returned from a month's mission in orbit on Sunday with data scientists hope will pave the way for a manned flight to Mars.
Russian Mission Control said the Bion-M craft landed softly with the help of a special parachute system in the Orenburg Region about 1,200 kilometres (750 miles) southeast of Moscow.
The capsule was also carrying snails and gerbils as well as some plants and microflora. Rossiya state television said not all the animals survived but provided no other details.
"This is the first time that animals have been put in space on their own for so long," said Vladimir Sychov of the Russian Academy of Sciences' institute of medical and biological research.
The TsSKB-Progress space research centre's department head Valery Abrashkin said on the day the mission took off in April that the study was aimed at determining how bodies adapt to weightlessness "so that our organisms survive extended flights."
The space mission has been widely praised by Russian state media as a unique experiment that no other country has yet pulled off.
France's Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) space centre said 15 of the 45 mice came from a French research lab that is cooperating with the study.
CNES life science department head Guillemette Gauquelin-Koch said the project took "a further decisive step in human adaptation to weightlessness."
Another flight with other animals would probably take place next year, she added.
"They might be microorganisms," she said.
A field research lab was deployed near to where the capsule landed to quickly test the animals' response to their journey and return to Earth.
Officials said the small menagerie composed of dozens of individual cages would now be flown to Moscow for more tests.
Scientists said the animals were needed because they were subject to the kinds of experiments that are impossible to conduct on the humans who are currently operating the International Space Station (ISS).
They added that the mice would have posed a health risk if simply placed on board the ISS for a month.
The experiment's designers said the tests primarily focused on how microgravity impacts the skeletal and nervous systems as well organisms' muscles and hearts.
The animals were stored inside five special containers that automatically opened after reaching orbit and closed once it was time to return.
Also on board were over two dozen measuring devices and other scientific objects, some of which were stationed outside the capsule to measure radiation levels.
The capsule spun 575 kilometres (357 miles) above Earth.
Russia has long set its sights on Mars and is now targeting 2030 as the year in which it could begin creating a base on the Moon for flights to the Red Planet.
But recent problems with its once-vaunted space programme -- including the embarrassing failure of a research satellite that Moscow tried sending up to one of Mars's moons last year -- have threatened Russia's future exploration efforts.
Russia's trials and tribulations are watched closely by other space-faring nations because the Soyuz rocket on which the animals went up represents the world's only manned link to the constantly-staffed International Space Station.
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Next year will mark 20 years since the publication of the two landmark Jones et al papers that launched the dataset that underpins IPCC Global Warming as we now know it. For over 200 years Earth has been recovering from the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the associated solar minimums so of course warming has taken place. Our position in continuing to draw attention to the appalling deficiencies in the Jones et al methodologies can be expressed simply by in effect saying the following to the IPCC and their cohorts.
If you are proposing huge changes to the world economic system, surely the onus is on you to measure global temperature trends using data that does not include many hundreds of temperature records contaminated by local urban heat islands. That is what this review is about, a stepping stone to generating global temperature trends from land station data much less contaminated by urbanization than the Jones et al IPCC trends.
A great and pervasive mythology has grown up over two decades that the Jones et al papers somehow “adjusted for urbanization”. If anyone can demonstrate this we are open to being told. Certainly Jones et al make many “corrections” for the multitude of, steps, jumps and inhomogeneities that bedevil temperature data due to site moves and various station changes. To confuse this with their data being “adjusted for urbanization” is indeed a gross misapprehension. [Page listing all Southern Hemisphere stations.]
Readers can judge for themselves the veracity of the Jones et al statement on p1216 of Jones et al 1986b, where they state that “… very few stations in our final data set come from large cities.” This glib and lulling statement is detached from the reality that 40% of their ~300 SH stations are cities with population over 50K.
First the two 1986 papers by Jones et al:
Northern Hemisphere Surface Air Temperature Variations: 1851-1984
P.D. Jones, S.C.B. Raper, P.M. Kelly, and T.M.L. Wigley, R.S. Bradley and H.F. Diaz;
Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161-179.
Southern Hemisphere Surface Air Temperature Variations: 1851–1984
P.D. Jones, S.C.B. Raper, and T.M.L. Wigley;
Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 1213–1230.
[Supporting documentation (~350 page book) published by Office of Energy Research , Carbon Dioxide Research Division, US Department of Energy]
For the first time on the www 23 scanned pages of “Station History and Homogeneity Assessment Details” from the Scandinavian and USSR pages of the lengthy Appendix A have been posted. Interested readers should ask for copies of TR022 and TR027 from here
Jones PD , Raper SCB, Cherry BSG, Goodess CM, Wigley TML, Santer B, Kelly PM, Bradley RS, Diaz HF, (1985) TR022 A Grid Point Surface Air Temperature Data Set for the Northern Hemisphere. Office of Energy Research , Carbon Dioxide Research Division, US Department of Energy. Under Contract No. DE-ACO2-79EV10098
Jones PD , Raper SCB, Cherry BSG, Goodess CM, Wigley TML, (1986c) TR027 A Grid Point Surface Air Temperature Data Set for the Southern Hemisphere. Office of Energy Research , Carbon Dioxide Research Division, US Department of Energy. Under Contract No. DE-ACO2-79EV10098
Despite the fact that these were long and complex papers in their own right, backed up by ~350 pages of station documentation for over 4,000 stations and at least a reel of magnetic tape, these papers sailed serenely through the review process each in about three months, without a single “Comment” being published in the Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, a publication of the august American Meteorological Society (AMS).
[Abstracts for all issues can be read online]
The N Hem. paper in in the February issue and S Hem. in September. Spend a few minutes checking other papers and you will see that many papers reporting results from vastly simpler and less voluminous research projects than Jones et al were delayed in review often up to a year.
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PCB Design and Functionality
Some features of Foxconn ELA required Foxconn engineers to use their creative thinking and non-traditional approach to mainboard building:
Of course, three PCI Express 2.0 x16 slots for graphics cards are something Foxconn engineers are especially proud of. As we know, the technical specifications of Intel P45 Express chipset allow only two slots by default. If only one connector is in use, it works at its full speed of x16; but if there are two graphics cards, the slots witch to x8 mode.
We know situations when manufacturers lay out the third graphics card slot, but it is usually running at what’s left. Since the chipset North Bridge has no extra PCI Express 2.0 lanes, the third slot uses the potential of the chipset South Bridge. So the third graphics card slot automatically loses support of the second generation PCI Express and can use 4 lanes maximum, i.e. it can work at PCI Express x4 speed at best. Foxconn developers couldn’t agree to that. To make sure that all three slots support PCI Express 2.0 they installed an additional IDT controller.
A single graphics card installed in Foxconn ELA still works at full PCI Express 2.0 x16 speed. When we install two or three graphics cards, the slots switch to PCI Express 2.0 x8 mode.
This is all great, but besides three PCI express x16 slots, the board also has two PCI Express x1 slots and two PCI slots. Seven slots take quite a bit of space on the PCB, so it turns out simply impossible to place the chipset North Bridge and processor socket in their traditional spots. So, Foxconn engineers took an unconventional approach: they moved the chipset North Bridge not below the CPU socket, but to the right of it. However, mainboard is a very complex device, its components are all connected and you can’t shuffle them around just like that: the length of signal lines and their route matter a lot for work at hundreds of megahertz frequencies. Therefore, the developers not just moved the North Bridge: they also had to turn the CPU socket. As a result, the “chipset North Bridge + processor socket” knot remained unchanged; it was simply rotated by 90 degrees counterclockwise:
As a result, all changes could be successfully implemented. DDR2 memory slots remained where they were supposed to be and turned out even closer to the chipset than in standard layout. It should have its positive effect on system stability. 8- and 24-pin power connectors are very conveniently located. The 8-phase digital processor voltage regulator circuitry is very compact and easily fit slightly above the socket.
Of course, there certainly exists a cooler that will not fit because of the chipset North Bridge heatsink or the additional heatsink over the processor voltage regulator elements connected to it with a heatpipe. However, we didn’t have any problems with the Zalman CNPS9700 LED cooler we used: there was enough free room around the processor socket.
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Lists are given using special characters at the beginning of a line. Whitespace must occur before bullets or numbered items, to distinguish from the possibility of those characters occurring in a real sentence.
These are rendered as a bullet list.
Normal text. - bullet item one - bullet item two
An enumerated list follows.
Normal text. 1. Enum item one 2. Enum item two
Here is a definition list.
Term1 :: This is a first definition And it has two lines; no, make that three. Term2 :: This is a second definition
It is possible to nest lists of the same or different kinds. The “level” of the list is determined by the amount of initial whitespace.
Normal text. - Level 1, bullet item one 1. Level 2, enum item one 2. Level 2, enum item two - Level 1, bullet item two 1. Level 2, enum item three 2. Level 2, enum item four term :: definition
If you want to break up a line within any list type, just put one blank line between the end of the previous line and the beginning of the next line, using the same amount of initial indentation.
- bullet item 1, line 1 bullet item 1, line 2 1. Enum line 1 Enum line 2 - bullet item 2, line 1 bullet item 2, line 2
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Luc Van Den Hove, the CEO of IMEC, gave a most interesting talk called Nano-Electronics: Shaping our Future, here in Dresden today.
He said that silicon technology is governed by exponential rules. The vision of being connected at anytime has clearly been realised and we can now connect to anyone in the world using these virtual networks. He said that while user interfaces will have to become much more user friendly.
But the development of silicon capabilities is set to flood into other areas too.
He said that innovation in nano-electronics will percolate into many other sectors in this industry. We’ll see many more bio-tech applications. The cost of healthcare is increasing and we should develop technology that will support independent living for old people.
There will be body area networks that allow remote monitoring consisting of wireless sensor nodes distributed along the body. They will contain sensors, actuators but also processing devices and there won’t be batteries in these systems, they’ll have to function in an automated way. Sensors’ packaging will need to be flexible and IMEC is developing prototypes of these systems. Batteries will be replaced by other technologies such as piezoelectric harvesting.
He said that the dimensions the semiconductor industry is fabricating today are similar to those we encounter in biology and this opens up a lot of possibilities, for example developing nanoparticles that can be bio-functionalised. They will be used for targeting drug delivery or for burning away tumours locally.
Bio-sensors combined with microfluidics will bring us closer to a lab on a chip. Many biosensors will be fabricated in new technologies allowing them to be disposable. In the longer term people will develop a smart pill approach to be implanted in the body and monitor functions in the body continuously. The technology is not that far out. In fact, Van Den Hove told TechEye that many of these health applications will be available in one to three years, while the smart pill he mentioned is 10 years away.
He said that brain diseases will contribute immensely to the cost of health care – chronic diseases are much more challenging so understanding the brain is going to be extremely important. IMEC is developing a platform where it can grow cortial neurons over chip surfaces with different micronail pattern structures.
Strechable packaging and flexible electronics will be essential. Many of those technology trends will require a lot of R&D and for single companies it’s virtually impossible and the only way to do it is through global partners from foundries, to equipment suppliers, to material suppliers, to universities and to governments, he said.
Further, the semiconductor industry’s attitude to product cycles and to technological developments will permeate the healthcare and pharma industries, Van Den Hove said. In the pharma industry, the old ways of developing products and technologies is collapsing.
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Aggression, Biting, and Rough Play in Cats
How to Reduce Your Cat's Rough Play Behavior continued...
What NOT to Do
- Do not encourage your cat to play with your hands, feet or any other body part. While it may be fun when you have a tiny kitten, it becomes painful and dangerous as your kitten grows up.
- Do not use toys that teach your cat to play with your hands, such as gloves with balls hanging from the fingers. If you do, your cat will be encouraged to direct his play at your hands and won’t understand that it’s only okay to attack your hands when you’re wearing the toy gloves.
- Do not physically punish your cat for rough play. If you hit or slap your cat, he may perceive your actions as play and become even rougher. Alternatively, he might become fearful of your hands and respond by avoiding you or changing from play to real aggression.
- Never run from your cat or try to block his movements with your feet. These actions can cause your cat to intensify his play or become aggressive.
If your cat insists on directing his play at you, despite your best efforts to encourage him to play with toys, you can interrupt his rough play behavior by squirting him with water from a spray bottle. A short blast of compressed air (no sound) from a can might also be an effective deterrent. You’ll need to carry your water bottle or air canister with you at all times when your cat is likely to ambush you so that you can deliver the spray the instant he starts to run at you. If your cat pounces on you and you don’t have your water bottle or air canister handy, try clapping your hands loudly to startle him. As soon as he stops, throw a toy away from you to direct his play behavior toward the toy. Small wads of paper kept in your pocket or in likely ambush places around the house often work well as substitute toys.
It may take a bit of time and effort, but if you’re consistent and patient, you can teach your cat to direct his playful energy toward appropriate toys instead of you. If you need help, don’t hesitate to contact a Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist (CAAB) or a board-certified veterinary behaviorist (Dip ACVB) for assistance. Please see our article, Finding Professional Help, to locate one of these qualified experts in your area.
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In this section we will answer the following questions:
Read the online lecture and Chapters 4 in your textbook.
Pumps have many uses in water and wastewater plants. There are many types of pumps for a variety of uses. Some of these may be river pumps, chemical feeder pumps, high service or pumps that pump water to the distribution system, booster pumps in stations in the system, lagoon pumps for wash-water disposal, and lab sample pumps, just to name a few. Mainly all water pumps may be classified into two general categories; displacement pumps and velocity pumps.
Displacement pumps use some sort of mechanical means (plungers, pistons, gears or cams) for forcing specific volumes of water through the units. Velocity pumps add velocity to water and convert the velocity into pressure head which forces the water through pipes, valves, etc. Both types of pumps raise the pressure on the inlet side to a higher pressure on the outlet side.
Hydraulics is the study of fluids at rest or in motion or under pressure. Water flows in a water system when it is under a force that makes it move. The force on a unit area of water is called pressure. Pressure = Force
Area In a water system, pressure is a measure of the height to which water theoretically will rise in a standpipe open at the top. The pressure of 0.43 lb/sq.in. (or PSI) is the force per unit area at the bottom of a water column and depends directly, and only, on the height of the column. Thus, a 1 sq. ft. column 1ft. high, with a total weight of 62.4 lbs. exerts a hydrostatic pressure of 0.43 psi, or in a 10 sq. ft. column = 4.3 psi.
The speed that water flows is called the velocity. Velocity is measured in miles per hour or feet per second. The velocity of 1mph = 1.46 fps or 1fps = .68 mph
The quantity of water that flows through a pipe or ditch depends upon the velocity and the cross sectional area of the flow at right angles to its direction. Q = AV. 1 cfs = 7.48 gpm or gal/cu.ft.
Q = flow, A = area, V = velocity
10# force on 1 sq. inch = 10 lbs/sq. in. or 10 psi
10 # force on ½ sq. inch = 10lbs/1/2sq. in. or 20 psi
Water weighs 62.4 lbs./ cu. ft. or 8.34 lbs/gal
2.31 ft. = 1psi.
0.433 psi = 1 ft.
1 cfs = 7.48 gpm
Q (flow rate) = AV = 7.48 gal/cu. ft.
Velocity of water = 449 gpm = 1 cfs
.646 mgd = 1 cfs
Water plants generally acquire the water from the source, such as lakes, rivers, creeks, springs, or wells. The source water is also called the raw water. Some plants are located where the source water will flow to the plant by gravity flow, while others need to have a river (raw) pump station to pump the water to the treatment plant. These pumps are usually smaller in horsepower than the pumps providing flow to the distribution system.
Water flows into the plant through flocculators (that mix the chemicals), then into settling basins (which allow the dirt to settle out and for chlorine to have contact time), then into the filters and through the filters into a clear well (storage area), and finally pumped out of the clearwell and into the distribution system by larger horsepower pumps and on to the customers. This entire system is a balancing act - to maintain equality of flow and pump rates and filter flow rates, through the entire system of treatment. Plants are designed by engineers that calculate all of this information when the plant is being designed, and will set up the plant to achieve this equality of water balance.
For example river pumps may be a 125 hp and possibly a 200 hp to give a variety of pumping options, while the high service or pumps that are pumping water into the distribution system, may be a 500 or 600 horsepower pump. In between these pump varieties, filters are adjusted to keep an even flow across the basins and into the filters, and the outgoing pumps are keeping a balance of water in the clearwell or storage area, to continually keep up with demand in town or the distribution system and/or to gain water in the distribution storage tanks.
Small Pumping System
Note: With the way this pump is designed the valve would have to be a non-restrictive valve.
Large Pumping System
The path that water takes through a large pumping system:
Source → intake → raw pumps → flocculators, basins, filters, clearwell → small tanks → large tanks with overflows → booster pump stations → million gallon tanks → to the public
Note: For a large pumping system to be more efficient it would need to be a straight line.
Efficiency of a pump is measured through the following equation:
Horsepower of the pump is equal to Pressure by Gallons per Minute divided by the given of 1714.
Horsepower is equal to 33,000 ft. lbs/minute
An example of this would be:
Depending on the pumping system that you are using, you may be required to determine the flow as well. If you are required to determine the flow, the following equation would be used:
QNP = flow with valve fully open
QRP = valve closed to give rated pressure and then measure flow
QNP - Flow with valve full open
QRP - Valve closed to give rated pressure and then measure flow
PSI - Pressure per Square Inch
GPM - Gallons Per Minute
Reservoir - Area in which water is reserved
Hydraulic Valve - Valve where water is shut
Pressure Gauge - Measurement of pressure in lines
Pump - Device to draw fluid from one area to another
The pump consists of a rotating element (impeller) sealed in a casing (volute). The rotating element is connected to a drive unit (motor/engine) which supplies the energy to spin the rotating element. As the impeller spins inside the volute casing, an area of low pressure allows the atmosphere pressure on the liquid in the supply tank to force the liquid up to the impeller. Since the pump will not operate if there is no low pressure zone created at the center of the impeller, it is important that the casing be sealed to prevent air from entering the casing. To insure the casing is air-tight, the pump will include some type of seal (mechanical or conventional packing) assembly at the point where the shaft enters the casing. This seal will also include some type of lubrication (water, grease, or oil) to prevent excessive wear.
When the liquid enters the casing, the spinning action of the impeller transfers energy to the liquid. This energy is transferred to the liquid in the form of increased speed or velocity. The liquid is thrown outward by the impeller into the volute casing where the design of the casing allows the velocity of the liquid to be reduced, which, in turn, converts the velocity energy (velocity head) to pressure energy (pressure head).
The following presents an outline on the selection of a sewage pump and the
effects of impeller trimming of a sewage pump.
Although the selection of a sewage pump is fairly complicated to ensure that
the most economical unit is obtained for the station being designed, a brief
outline is provided for information purposes. The size of the pump is
determined by the rate of raw sewage flow into the station which together with
the number of pumps to be provided in the station and the characteristics of
the friction and static heads to which the pumps will be subjected provides
generally the information that is necessary to select a pump from a supplier's
catalogue. Although a number of pumps may be capable of pumping a
quantity of sewage necessary at the dynamic head for a particular sewage
pumping station, one pump may be more efficient in the range than another, and
therefore should be selected. This assumes that all other aspects of the
pumps are equal such as dependability of impeller and bearings, adn service
from the manufacturer.
A sewage pump must be able to pass a 2 1/2 inch diameter solid which requires the use of 4 inch piping on the pump. Utilizing a minimum velocity in the forcemain of 2 fps the minimum size sewage pump should then be 75 gpm (Q = VA). Smaller stations have been installed using other types of pumping systems such as ejectors, etc., but for the most part the smallest sewage pump being installed in municipal systems today is a 75 gpm unit. It should be noted that at stations where two pumps are provided the second pump is intended to operate as 100 percent stand-by for the regular duty pump.
Pump Impeller Trimming
The impeller of a pump may be trimmed down to reduce the capacity of the pump. In order to establish the new pump characteristics, the following relationships may be employed.
Capacity proportional to speed or impeller diameter
Head proportional to (speed)2 or (impeller diameter)2
Power proportional to (speed)3 or (impeller diameter)3
The impeller of a 12 inch diameter pump rated at 4,000 gpm and a head of 140 feet, requiring 163 bhp was trimmed to 11 1/2 inches. Calculate the new capacity, the new head and the power requirements.
Given that the peak rate of flow to the sewage pumping station is 374 gpm, what size of forcemain should be used? What is the estimated total dynamic head at the station (static head plus friction head)? What would a pressure gauge read on the discharge pipe from the station, both when the pump is off and when operating? Assume that only one pump is to be selected to pump the entire flow with the second pump to act as a stand-by. A sketch of the problem follows.
The problem should be solved in the following manner: first the size of the forcemain is obtained; second the total dynamic head for the pump is calculated and finally the sewage pump is selected. The pressure gauge calculations are left to the end of the problem.
Size of Forcemain
use Q = VA
but Q = 374 gpm or 1 cfs
and V = 2 fps (minimum)
1 = 2A
or A = 0.5 ft2
forcemain diameter is 9.576"
use an 8" forcemain which has a velocity of
2.9 fps from Q = VA
Total Dynamic Head
Assume the worst condition for pump i.e., when the wet well is almost empty (pump has to "push" the sewage the greatest distance to the point of discharge).
elevation of forcemain discharge
elevation of centerline of pump 100'
static head is 50'
from nomograph, an 8" pipe has a friction loss of 7 ft. for every 1000 ft. of pipe. Assume "C" value of 100. Since the forcemain is 2000 ft. long, total friction loss is 2 x 7 or 14 ft. Station losses, friction due to valves, bends, etc., for a station of this size will approximate 5 ft. Total friction loss is 14 + 5 or 19 ft.
Velocity head is determined by V2 /2g.
V is velocity in the forcemain. g is the force due to gravity, which for our purposes is always 32.4
We have determined in (a) that V is 2.9 fps, therefore, V2/2g is 2.9 x 2.9 / 2 x 32.2 which is less than 1 and can be ignored.
The total dynamic head on the pump then is:
friction head 19'
When the pump is not operating and the check valve is closed, it can be assumed that sewage is not flowing in the forcemain. The problem is now similar to that of the previous container which had 10 ft. of water in it - except that now the container is a pipe with the top 50 ft. above the bottom. The length does not affect static pressure. Static pressure is obtained using the equation P = wh.
or when divided by 144 the gauge would read
Now when the pump is operating the pressure will increase due to the friction in the forcemain that the pump must overcome in order to move the sewage through the pipe. We calculated this additional pressure to be approximately 20 ft. which is the friction loss in the forcemain and station. Another way of describing this is to say that the gauge will register the same if the outlet for the forcemain was raised an additional 20 ft. during static conditions. The pressure gauge would read 70 ft. or:
The operating pressure of the station then is 30.3 psi.
Friction and Resistance
It is necessary to determine the amount of friction or resistance to the flow of sewage in the forcemain in order to select the pump required at the station.
In addition to the friction in the forcemain a number of other terms should be understood and these are outlined briefly in the following:
Regardless of the extent of the vacuum, water can only be "lifted" a set distance or height due to its vaporization pressure. As the pressure above the water is reduced the water will tend to rise as a result of the atmospheric pressure which is tending to push the water into the pump suction piping. The theoretical maximum suction lift for water is 33.9 feet. From a practical standpoint in consideration of the friction loss of the piping, the altitude of the station, etc., normally the maximum lift for any pump is approximately 25 feet. However, it must be remembered that cavitation of the impeller increases as the suction lift increases and, therefore, the pump, where possible, should be located so that the suction is submerged at all times.
In this lesson we learned about the use of different types of pumps at treatment facilities. Also, a variety of different types of pumps and pump sizes are used throughout the plant and system. Some of these are; source or raw water pumps, lagoon pumps, chemical feeder pumps, lab sample pumps, finished water pumps (pump water from the clearwell to the distribution system. Displacement and velocity pumps are the two main categories of pumps used at treatment facilities. Both of which will increase the velocity of the water being pumped.
Pressure, velocity and quantity of the water are discussed. Pressure is the unit of force on the water.
The speed of the water is called the velocity, and the quantity is the amount of water flowing through the pipes in the system based on the PSI. We discuss some conversions and mathematical relationships between each of these.
We also, discuss the method that water flows from the source to the customer, and all the pumps involved with this process. An example of small systems and large systems are discussed. A small system consists of the source, pump, pressure gauge, and manual valve at the end. A large system consists of more tanks, pipes, and valves to be used to transfer the water from the source to the customer.
We also, start a brief discussion about the relationship between pump horsepower and pump efficiency. Horsepower is equal to the PSI (pounds per square inch) X (times) the GPM (gallons per minute) divided by 1715. Pump horsepower and efficiency will be discussed in more detail later.
AWWA - Water Distribution Manual
AWWA - Operator Study Guide
Answer the following questions and email or fax to the instructor.
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Around 1750, the British mainland American colonies had a population of approximately 1.5 million. In addition to settlers from Great Britain, a steady stream of German immigrants began to arrive in the late 1600s and reached its peak between 1749 and 1754, when more than 5,000 Germans arrived annually. Each year 3,500 black captives arrived from Africa or the Caribbean. Nearly 1 in 5 Americans, or 300,000 people, were enslaved. Poverty in Northern Ireland forced a massive flight of Scotch Irish to the colonies.
The majority of white colonists resided in the North, but the majority of black people lived in the South, driving agricultural economies based on tobacco in Virginia and Maryland and on rice along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia.
Over the next few decades, some colonists began to agitate for their independence from English rule. This led to the American Revolution, with its ethos of freedom and equality. The spirit of the age was not lost on African Americans, who became involved in a parallel struggle for their own freedom.
Map "Rollover" Information
1774-1787: Philadelphia is the site of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention.
1780: Pennsylvania declares that all black children born slaves will be freed at age 28.
Virginia and Maryland
1750: 61% of all British North American slaves -- nearly 145,000 -- live in Virginia and Maryland, working the tobacco fields.
South Carolina and Georgia
1750: White slaveowners live in cities like Charleston or Savannah; the majority of the 40,000 slaves live on plantations.
1770: Crispus Attucks is killed in the Boston Massacre.
1775: Peter Salem, a black Patriot, fights at Lexington and Concord.
1780: Elizabeth Freeman wins her suit for emancipation under the new state constitution.
1783: The Quock Walker decision ends legalized slavery in Massachusetts.
1775: Lord Dunmore issues a proclamation offering freedom to slaves who escape Patriot masters and join the Loyalists.
1787: The Northwest Ordinance outlaws slavery in the Northwest Territories.
Rhode Island and Connecticut :
1784: Rhode Island and Connecticut pass gradual emancipation legislation.
1783: Black Loyalists gather in New York City for the British evacuation.
1785: New York State outlaws slavery.
Part 2 Narrative:
Map: The Revolutionary Era
Freedom and Bondage in the Colonial Era
Slavery and Religion
Declarations of Independence
The Revolutionary War
The Constitution and The New Nation
Part 1: Narrative | Resource Bank Contents | Teacher's Guide
Africans in America: Home | Resource Bank Index | Search | Shop
WGBH | PBS Online | ©
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Observing a seasonal phenomenon has its own special appeal on Mars. As the planet's rotational axis has a slightly greater inclination to that of Earth, our planetary neighbour experiences distinct seasons too – except these last around twice as long since it takes nearly two Earth years for Mars to orbit the Sun.
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The National Environmental Policy Act’s (NEPA) information-disclosure requirements have the potential to create a quasi-carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions arising out of major federal actions. By requiring government polluters to expend more resources, both financial and political, on disclosure as project-related emissions increase, NEPA can operate like a carbon tax that forces agencies to internalize negative externalities associated with emissions.
Federal agencies routinely undertake actions with enormous potential to affect the earth’s climate. When the predicted impacts of such actions on the environment are significant, NEPA demands that the agency prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to disclose and assess those impacts. Outside of the climate change context, NEPA’s onerous disclosure requirements for significant impacts create incentives for agencies to reduce the impacts of their actions on the environment to avoid these burdens. Due to pervasive uncertainty as to what NEPA requires agencies to disclose in the climate change context, however, NEPA’s potential to spur agencies to reduce or mitigate emissions remains unrealized.
Without amending the existing statute or regulations, the White House Council on Environmental Quality can and should structure NEPA’s burdens and reporting boundaries on a sliding scale to mimic key structural features of a Pigouvian carbon emissions tax. The marginal costs of greater emissions should be payable in increased reporting specificity and breadth, with concomitant economic and political costs. This approach will harness NEPA’s substantive effects to combat global climate change.
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Indonesia is a big country, consisting of many cultures with many musical traditions. The biggest culture, with the most highly refined musical tradition, is that of the Javanese. The island of Bali also supports a distinct classical tradition. The music of other cultures has also been recorded, but I will not be dealing with that, as it has more the character of folk art.
Since many readers are apparently less familiar with the Javanese cultural setting (as opposed to India, China or Iran), I will discuss this background before proceeding to the list of recordings. The language we call Javanese is spoken in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java. The western part is Sundanese (from which there are also a few recordings, not to be discussed). Javanese is a very complicated language, consisting of three distinct vocabularies and grammars to be used with those in superior, equal, or inferior social positions with respect to the speaker. The national language of Indonesia is a modern construction, designed for simplicity and easy use by the wide array of different cultures within its boundaries.
Prior to the European period, Javanese was the dominant culture of the region, at times holding hegemony in parts of the Asian mainland. For instance, in the early-medieval history of what is now Cambodia, a restoration of the traditional monarchy was heralded by the arrival of a prince from Java to take the kingship. During the Mongol era, a large invasion fleet (much larger than that sent to Japan) was sent to Java, only to be soundly thrashed at sea, without a landing. This will give the reader some idea of the Javanese strength, but it should also be noted that this hegemony was generally not expressed through military means (at least insofar as we understand it), but rather as cultural and trading superiority. Of course, this situation was drastically modified by the arrival of the Arab traders.
Indonesia is counted as the most populous Muslim nation in the world, but this is somewhat misleading. Islam is not a "state religion" as it is in many Islamic countries, and there is quite a bit of variety, although the majority of inhabitants do profess Islamic beliefs. Among the larger cultures, North Sumatra is the "most" Muslim; in fact, it was home to a major Islamic University (known, for instance, in China) during the later medieval era. Java is also Islamic, in the sense that the people believe in many of the tenets of Islam and identify themselves as Muslims, but there are also other simultaneous belief systems. Prior to Islam, Java was alternately Hindu and Buddhist (and Bali remains Hindu), and these beliefs continue to be important for Muslim people. There is also an older layer of native religious practice which is still alive and well. Javanese religion is termed "syncretistic" (i.e., combining various influences), and it is generally only our tendency to give priority to the monotheistic religions which yields the Javanese the designation of "Islamic" per se. Of course, the influence of Islam should not be understated either.
The above discussion of syncretism should not give the impression that Java is an area of religious conflict. The different belief systems have been molded into a coherent whole, and the various public rituals (like the calendar with its simultaneous cycles of five and seven days, i.e. these coincide every thirty-five days) are thoroughly ingrained throughout the Javanese population (of course, as we know, the "Europeanized elite" frequently have different ideas). The Sanskrit classic epic Mahabharata continues to be a huge cultural influence on Java (it is easily apparent from the simple fact that many personal names are taken from that text, etc.) and the shadow puppet theater based on episodes from this epic is one of the most distinctive and wide-spread Javanese cultural practices. The gamelan is always used to accompany these plays (wayang kulit). The classical dance forms of Indonesia are also attaining some level of popularity in the USA (you could have seen them regularly in the Rose Bowl Parade, for instance), and much of the court music was written to accompany dance. There is also a large and impressive body of surviving classical literature on various topics, usually written in verse (including a verse encyclopedia, if you can imagine...).
The gamelan orchestra, based on metallic percussion with some wooden xylophones and drums, is well-known to many readers. In various forms, it is ubiquitous to Southeast Asia. In Java, the full gamelan also adds a bowed-string instrument (the rebab, a name illustrative of Islamic influence), a bamboo flute (suling) and voices. The rebab is one of the main melodic instruments, together with the bronze xylophone "gender," and is often played by the senior musician to lead the ensemble. Voices consist of male (and sometimes female) choruses called gerong, together with female soloists called pesindhen. However, the voices are not used as "lead" instruments in court gamelan (as opposed to wayang kulit, shadow puppet theater) and blend with or complement the sound. More specifically, the chorus is very much a part of the texture, whereas the soloist has an almost-separate improvisatory role, including the use of notes outside of the mode of the piece. In these abstract pieces, mostly "gendhing" on the current list, the words are largely secondary to the music.
This list of recordings is devoted to court gamelan. There are four royal courts (kratons) in Central Java, two each in Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta. Returning briefly to history... when the Dutch took over the Southeast Asian trade and established themselves in Java (Sunda, actually), their policy was not to destroy the royal court, but to isolate it. In other words, they did everything they could to remove any political influence from the sultans, but allowed the court to remain as a cultural institution (which had always been a large part of its role, perhaps analogous to the Chinese Emperor). Much later, the court (originally in Solo) divided into four, due to philosophical differences (of aesthetic) in the royal house, and with encouragement from the Dutch. The kratons continue to serve as cultural and educational institutions, and house the classical music tradition of Java. Each court has a huge roster of musicians and an extensive collection of historical instruments. Today many of these musicians also have jobs outside their kraton, but this was not true in the recent past. Despite what any of this discussion might imply, the music itself is extremely coherent. It shows no sign of mixed objectives, but is rather a "pure" style. The repertory is vast.
There are two scales in Javanese gamelan music, "slendro" (pentatonic) and "pelog" (heptatonic-pentatonic). Tuning is not standard, rather each gamelan set will have a distinctive tuning. A complete gamelan consists of a pair of sets, one tuned in each of the scales and intended to be played together in many instances. Different gamelan sets have different sonorities, and are used for different pieces of music; many are very old, and used for only one specific piece. Musical forms are defined by the rhythmic cycles. These consist of major cycles subdivided by smaller cycles, each marked by the striking of successively smaller gongs. The melodic interplay takes place within this framework (technically called "colotomic"). There are also distinct melodic modes ("pathet") within the division of scale, three for each of the scales. The modes are defined according to which notes of the scale are emphasized, much like the vadi/samvadi concept in Indian classical music.
I hope this discussion has not been too tedious. On to the recommended recording list....
I had been buying every recording of Javanese court gamelan that I found, although they tended to appear in relative explosions followed by years of nothing. When I first wrote this list, there were only three, none with as much scope as some of what is available now. Then there were more, followed by another lull, and now it seems that the releases are hidden away and I miss them too often. So I must be more selective and the following list consists of highlights only.
In each case, the CD production quality is good. Note that I generally favor recordings with some pared down textures, because putting together all of the parts that might occur in a full gamelan performance does not make for very good clarity on recordings. Comments will follow the recordings to which they apply.
The most recent major series of gamelan recordings is being produced by John Noise Manis, and features many items which include a didactic intent. This can be found from the first Felmay disc and through the series, and especially in a similarly constituted set for Arion.
The above two are probably the most directly aesthetic and satisfying recordings of regular court gamelan in the Felmay series, building as they do upon classic repertory with leading musicians. The "gendhing" is the most serious genre of abstract music in Javanese gamelan, and is featured here. Since this series is more recent than the others, the sound is generally better, and gamelan music benefits from the best possible sound.
This pair of recordings represents another distinct high point in the Felmay series. Here it concentrates on many versions of a single piece, illustrating just how varied the Javanese conception of a single piece of music really is. The second disc in particular, featuring smaller ensembles and smaller-scale settings, including performances of classical poetry (macapat) emphasizing the solo voice, has become an immediate favorite. Originally, including some performances of these types of settings here was more a nod to completeness, but now it is a definite strength. This disc cannot be recommended highly enough.
It is anticipated that other interesting items will continue to appear in this series.
And to prove that he is rewriting the Javanese gamelan discography on all fronts, there is also a series on Lyrichord by John Noise Manis.
What had been the most impressive series of Central Javanese Court Gamelan recordings was on the World Music Library label (King Records, Japan). There are several quality recordings in this series, and a sense that more would appear, but the label's productions seemed to have ceased entirely. The main series is devoted to the court in Surakarta (Solo), and includes separate sub-series for the two kratons as well as related ensembles. The most appealing recordings here:
This is the last of a series of three recordings devoted to the senior court in Solo, the Kraton Surakarta. It is also the one recording in this group to consist of the abstract gendhing format and so is especially appealing. There is a remarkable flow and energy to this performance, giving it a big impact. It consists of a relatively smaller all-instrumental ensemble, but is of the "strong" style of music.
This is another recording of abstract pieces by a small gamelan ensemble, also without singers. The Istana Mangkunegaran is the junior kraton of Surakarta. The shimmering sonorities of this recording are particularly exquisite, making it a nicely subtle example of the Javanese style.
The style of chamber music featured here is called "gadhon", and is performed by a small court gamelan ensemble without vocalists (in this case, seven performers). The bowed-string rebab is featured here, and provides a very compelling lyricism. Overall, the open texture highlights the musical modes quite nicely.
In general, the Solo (Surakarta) kratons are known for their refinement and restraint, as opposed to the robust vigor of the Yogyakarta kratons. A series devoted to the Yogyakarta style has begun on the Ocora label. These are older recordings, and feature musicians who grew up in the court atmosphere. Many of the newer recordings (as per above) use conservatory-trained musicians because of the changing economics of the kratons.
This is a full gamelan performance, including voices, with vigorous textures and full sonic variety. There is not the characteristic smoothness of both Solo & modern musical training. There is a certain "rawness" to this performance which makes it essential.
This is another appealing recording, roughly analogous to the "Gendhing Bonang" disc above, but again with a more varied texture. This is a particularly fine example of combining suppleness of line with angular phrasing.
An earlier, unusual recording on Ocora:
This set is a complete performance of an opera style "Langen Mandra Wanara" developed at the end of the 19th century in Yogyakarta. It is innovative in that, as opposed to the ordinary theater, the entire libretto is sung, giving voices a more prominent & forward role here than in ordinary court gamelan. The story is taken from the Sanskrit epic Ramayana. The length of this program is more representative of a gamelan performance in Java, rather than the more truncated programs above.
Something rather different....
K.R.T. Wasitodiningrat was the music director at Paku Alaman Kraton Yogyakarta, where he was born and where he succeeded his father in that position. He also directed the gamelan of the Yogyakarta radio station, beginning in 1934. He has since retired and moved to Los Angeles, where he was on the world music faculty of the California Institute of the Arts, and then moved back to Java. As such, his credentials are unparalleled for an "innovative" composer. This disc consists of eight of Wasitodiningrat's compositions for full gamelan. These were composed on various commissions (including one from American composer Lou Harrison) and for various international functions.
An older review of Javanese gamelan recordings is by Geert Jan van Oldenborgh.
There are, of course, a large number of gamelan ensembles forming around the world and especially in the US. So ask around in your community or see the resources at the American Gamelan Institute in New Hampshire.
To World music menu.T. M. McComb Updated: 12 October 2010
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The slip energy recovery system for wound rotor induction motors
The overall principle of slip energy recovery systems (or 'static Kramer systems') is to insert a variable back-EMF into the rotor circuit in such a way that the resultant energy can be recovered and fed back into the AC mains network which is feeding the stator of the induction motor. The result can then be an efficient method of reducing the speed of the motor. These principles were initially established using motor generator sets to achieve the energy recovery and feedback, with a DC motor to absorb the energy and an AC generator to return the power to the mains network. However, due to high cost and the relatively high power losses in such schemes, the principles of slip energy recovery are now universally applied using static convertors. This system requires the use of a wound rotor induction motor with slip rings to connect into the rotor circuit. It therefore tends to be used in custom designed systems where the motors and convertors are specifically chosen for the application. It is used for drives in the hundreds or thousands of kilowatts ratings where the cost of a specially designed system can be justified.
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Introduction to MS Excel (2 Session)
February 20, 2013
An introduction to the basic features of Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program designed for the Windows environment. Topics include entering data & formulas, moving & copying data, formatting & print previewing worksheets. Introduction to MS Word is a prerequisite.
- Class Format: Hands on
- Skill prerequisites: Introduction to MS Word
- Audience: Adults
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The National Gallery of Art announces the launch today of NGA Images, a new online resource that revolutionizes the way the public may interact with its world-class collection at http://images.nga.gov. This repository of digital images documenting the National Gallery of Art collections allows users to search, browse, share, and download images believed to be in the public domain.
As the Gallery marks its 71st anniversary, it is fitting that we introduce NGA Images and an accompanying open access policy, which underscore the Gallery’s mission and national role in making its collection images and information available to scholars, educators, and the general public, said Earl A. Powell III, director, National Gallery of Art. In turn this supports research, teaching, and personal enrichment; promotes interdisciplinary research; and nurtures an appreciation of all that inspires great works of art.
Many of the open access images have been digitized with the generous support of the Samuel H. Kress Foundation.
The National Gallery’s collection, which includes major works by European and American artists, traces the development of Western art from the Middle Ages to the present. The NGA Images Database offers more than 20,000 high-quality (up to 3,000-pixel) digital images available free for download and use, along with a standards-based reproduction guide and a help section provide advice for both novices and experts.
Users may browse the collections or search them by keyword and the Advanced Search Interface. Users may also create, label, and take notes in lightboxes or images sets,. Links to these lightboxes can be shared via e-mail or may be copied and pasted in social media sites. Anyone may browse and download NGA Images freely, but registered users can take advantage of lightboxes (very useful for lesson planning!) and their sharing features.
Registration is also required to fulfill certain image requests, including direct downloads of reproduction-ready images.
NGA Images’ new open access policy for digital images of art that believes to be in the public domain encourages free download of these images without authorization for both commercial or non-commercial use.
The Gallery’s open access policy is a natural extension of its mission to serve the United States of America by preserving, collecting, exhibiting, and fostering the understanding of works of art at the highest possible museum and scholarly standards. In applying the policy in a global digital environment, the Gallery also expands and enhances its educational and scholarly outreach. The Gallery believes that increased access to high-quality images of its works of art fuels knowledge, scholarship, and innovation, inspiring uses that continually transform the way we see and understand the world of art.
Thanks again to Gary Price of INFOdocket for this lead.
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A short excerpt from A Brief History of the Corporation: 1600 to 2100 by Venkat on June 8, 2011
If you thought it was bad enough that Dick Cheney used to work for Halliburton before he took office, imagine if he’d worked there while in office, with legitimate authority to use his government power to favor his corporate employer and make as much money on the side as he wanted, and to call in the Army and Navy to enforce his will.
That picture gives you an idea of the position Robert Clive found himself in back in 1757. He made out like a bandit. That was a full 150 years before the American corporate barons earned the appellation robber.
The first Coca-Cola Company incorporated on March 24, 1888 and the first commercial sale of bottled Coca-Cola took place in early 1891 when the bottling was done in Vicksburg, Mississippi at the Biedenharn Candy Company.
The first outdoor wall advertisement that promoted the Coca-Cola drink was painted on the wall of the Young Brothers Pharmacy in 1894 in Cartersville, Georgia. By then Coke concentrate (Coke syrup) was sold separately at pharmacies in small quantities, as an over-the-counter remedy for nausea or a mildly upset stomach.
Vintage ads like the one pictured below suggested that Coca-Cola claimed some of these curative properties. The "Relieves Fatigue" slogan on this Schenectady New York wall dates back to the early 1900's.
It was during this time when the era of the robber barons was winding down, and in 1909 the People of the United States imposed its first corporate tax of 1% on companies like Coca-Cola.
By 1969, the year that America had first landed a man on the moon, the corporate tax rate on large corporations such as Coke was as high as 52.8%, until eventually by1994, it was lowered to the current rate of 35% --- albeit, with a lot less loopholes than today.
Three years later in 1997 the Coca-Cola Company passed the "one billion a day" mark in sells of bottled Coke --- and it was not until 14 years after that, did the CEO of Coca-Cola falsely claim that his company found it easier to do business in China and Brazil than in the United States because of our antiquated and unfair tax code:
“If you talk about an American company doing business in the world today with its Chinese, Russian, European or Japanese counterparts, of course we’re disadvantaged. A Chinese or Swiss company can do whatever its wants with those funds [earned overseas]. [But] when we want to bring them back, we are faced with a very large tax burden.” ~ Mukhtar Kent, CEO Coca-Cola, 2011
Republicans had seized on Kent’s comments, including Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell who had said that he was “staggered” by Kent’s comments and decried that it should be a “wakeup call” to Washington.
But in actuality, Coca-Cola enjoys very low federal taxes, and pays a lower tax rate than most Americans. According to Citizens for Tax Justice, in 2011 the company’s federal tax expense was $470 million, which was only 6.5 percent of the $7.2 billion in pre-tax profits that Coca-Cola reported that year. It's odd that Coke's CEO would complain about taxes when the statutory corporate tax rate hadn't been lower than what Coke paid for over 100 years.
That’s a very low tax rate for Coke, and it certainly does call for reforming the tax code, though not in the way that those such as Coke's CEO wants it "reformed". On top of that, the company actually told Citizens for Tax Justice that they had paid a 38% tax rate --- which is more than the statutory corporate rate of 35%; but Coke would not release any documentation backing up their bogus claim.
Part of the reason that Coca-Cola pays such a low tax rate is that it parks profits in overseas tax havens like the Cayman Islands. The company has saved $500 million in some years by hiding profits there. It's these overseas profits that actually gets to the heart of what Coke's CEO is really after—he mentions that Coca-Cola cannot bring those profits back without a “very large tax burden.”
The repatriation of overseas earnings is a big issue for multinational corporations based in America because, if they want to bring back profits made overseas, they must pay the standard 35% tax rate (minus any other tax loopholes that Congress has since granted them over the last few decades).
In 2004, big business got Congress to approve a repatriation holiday in which overseas profits could be brought back and taxed at a 5.25 percent rate instead of 35 percent. It was sold as a "jobs-creating" measure and implied that companies would bring back a lot of overseas money, which would spur investment and jobs in the U.S. (*cough-cough-clear throat*)
At that time a lot of overseas profits did come back, but unfortunately—yet predictably—the jobs never materialized. The Congressional Research Service later found that “little evidence exists that new investment was spurred.” In fact, a comprehensive study found that 92 percent of the money that was brought back was used to enrich their institutional shareholders (e.g. Bain Capital, Goldman Sachs, etc.) and their company executives.
Moreover, many of the companies that participated in the repatriation ended up laying off workers in the following months and years. On top of that, many of these companies—including Coca-Cola—now have much more money parked overseas than they did before the repatriation holiday. Coca-Cola repatriated $6.1 billion of the $9.8 billion it had in overseas profits in 2004—but as of 2011, the company has $20.8 billion parked overseas, more than triple that amount.
So, what Coke's CEO Muhktar Kent was really saying is, although his highly profitable company’s already-low federal tax rate is abetted by hiding profits overseas, he’d also like to bring back those profits at an outrageously low rate so that his company can get even richer. Otherwise, they’ll keep their money in China, or Brazil, or wherever --- and this will certainly help his shareholders, which is his only true motivation.
Now we're also hearing that Coca-Cola, the world’s largest beverage
suing to crush the world’s best recycling program.
Coke claims that they can't afford to pay their fair share of taxes, but when the government of Australia's Northern Territory considered creating a 10-cent refund on recycling plastic bottles, Coca-Cola poured millions of dollars into a misleading campaign to oppose the plan. But after the people Down Under had decided, the plan had passed --- but then Coke sued the government to stop the program. Coca-Cola runs similar campaigns all over the world.
These days Coca-Cola sells nearly 2 billion plastic bottles every day, and
there is already a Texas-sized island of un-recycled plastics in the Pacific
Coke "says" it supports recycling, and it even has a special website to advertise how much it cares. But all over the world, Coca-Cola opposes public programs that encourage people to recycle plastic bottles. If Coke was really serious about recycling, it needs to start supporting recycling programs, not suing sovereign nations to stop them.
The recycling program Coke is suing over is called a “container deposit scheme,” (a “bottle bill” in the United States), but it shouldn't cost Coca-Cola anything. Instead, consumers pay an extra ten cents for each bottle, which they can get back by recycling the used container. But Coke claims that recycling programs are a " tax" that hurts its sales. So far, Coke's competitor, PepsiCo, hasn't sued a country yet.
In 2003 Coke announced that it would cut staff by about 1,000 people, or 4% of staff. It was Coca-Cola's second major layoff, with the first coming in 2000 when 5,200 people were let go (a typical company doing more with less.)
In 2010 Coca-Cola Enterprises, the biggest bottler of Coca-Cola beverages, said it was going to layoff another 5% of its work force, or about 3,800 jobs. And last year in France workers were set to go on strike claiming that more layoffs were fundamentally unfair while Coke was enjoying growing global profits.
Just last month Coca-Cola Refreshments USA Inc announced that it will close its Sheboygan production facility, leaving 40 employees jobless, according to a letter to the Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development. "You can assume over time that our presence in the United States, in terms of employees, will go down a bit," said chief executive John Brock.
And a few of those unemployed Coke employees might want to supplement their incomes "a bit" by collecting discarded plastic Coke bottles for ten-cent refunds.
Today, and maybe because efforts around the country to impose taxes on high-sugar drinks --- and because of Mayor Michael Bloomberg’s move to restrict the sizes of sodas sold in New York City --- Coke is now spending millions of dollars on a ridiculous P.R. campaign fighting back against the public's growing awareness of obesity, diabetes and tooth decay.
“This is not about changing the products, but about confusing the public,” said Michele R. Simon, a public health lawyer who writes frequently about the food and beverage business and its role in public health issues on her blog Appetite for Profit. “They are downplaying the serious health effects of drinking too much soda and making it sound like balancing soda consumption with exercise is the only issue, when there are plenty of other reasons not to consume too much of these kinds of products.”
Here's the HONEST Coke commercial.
But Coke isn't alone, not as it pertains to dirty tricks, phony PR campaigns, tax avoidance schemes, and overall poor corporate governance, when they are supposed to be our "pillars of the community". This has become the "norm" for the corporate culture --- massive profits at any cost to people, sovereign governments, or to the global environment --- just to enrich a handful of people at the top, such as those who sit on their shared board of directors.
These CEOs sometimes forget that it's governments around the world that ALLOW their corporations to exist and remain in business, and that it's not a Constitution Right. And none of these CEOs were ever endowed with (or ENTITLED to) any inalienable right to receive multi-million dollar annual salaries. It's only a privilege, one that they constantly abuse, by using "limited liability" granted in corporate charters to avoid responsibilities and to put them essentially all above the law.
In 2011, during the aftermath of the Great Recession --- in the middle of massive layoffs, foreclosures, and government cuts ---- Coke's CEO Muhtar Kent did not make any "shared sacrifices". He saw his total compensation rise 17.5% to $29.1 million that year, as did Coke's Chief Financial Officer, Gary Fayard, who saw his total compensation increase 3.1% to $8.5 million.
Over a 5-year period, Muhtar Kent, the current CEO of The Coca Cola Company, made over $40 million. A study by the Institute for Policy Studies reports that John F. Brock, the current CEO of Coca Cola Enterprises, earned $19.1 million in 2011 --- and that his salary alone was more than what Coke had paid in federal income taxes that year --- when Coca Cola’s net revenues saw robust growth in the billions of dollars, while it also had four subsidiaries in tax havens.
These corporate executive officers, such as those at Coke, also pay a low capital gains tax on their stock options in their executive compensation packages (paying 20% or less on their AGI, instead of the top marginal rate of 39.9% as on regular wages). In other words, they all pay a lower tax rate than Warren Buffett's secretary --- but yet, congress REFUSES to change this in the tax code because Coke, as well as all the other larger corporations, lobbies Congress and contributes to their congressional campaigns for favorable tax laws in return.
Yet still these CEOs complain about "high taxes" (and 10-cent refunds on plastic bottles). It seems that it's true: enough is never enough for these people. Their greed is like an addiction: "Wealth is like sea-water; the more we drink, the thirstier we become." ~ Schopenhauer
When will the members of our Congress and state politicians (just as any other country's national and local political leaders) stop caving in to the unreasonable demands of the CEO's of these multi-national corporate conglomerates? When will our elected "representatives" stop giving in to the CEO's approach of using "sticks and carrots" --- using threats of jobs-for-tax breaks, just like they do when holding jobs as hostages for less governmental regulation?
Especially when it's become so blatantly apparent for several decades that these executive corporate officers' ONLY considerations have consistently shown to be ONLY for profits to further enrich themselves.
No matter how little or how great they are taxed, nor how many or how few regulatory laws are passed, nothing will ever keep them from doing everything possible to maximize their profits --- and well over 100 years of history has proved this --- since the days of the Robber Barons. Wars were started for profits, but with the exception of Afghanistan an Iraq, there were also war taxes on excessive profits.
The Campaign to Stop Killer Coke originated to stop the gruesome cycle of violence against union leaders and organizers in Colombia in efforts to crush their union, SINALTRAINAL. Since then, violence, abuse and exploitation leveled against Coke workers and their communities have been uncovered in other countries as well, notably China, El Salvador, Guatemala, India, Mexico and Turkey...where Coke is probably getting better tax breaks.
But now Coke is waging a war on the people and our allies in Australia. It's a good thing these CEOs don't have their own army or navy!
Historical Corporate Tax Rates
(Paid by Major Corporations in U.S.)
|1950||Over $25,000 (Add Surtax of 19%)||
|1950||Excess Profits Tax||
|1951||Over $25,000 (Add Surtax of 22%)||
|1951||Excess Profits Tax||
|1952||Over $25,000 (Add Surtax of 22%)||
|1952||Excess Profits Tax||
|1953-1963||Over $25,000 (Add Surtax of 22%)||
|1964||Over $25,000 (Add Surtax of 28%)||
|1965-1967||Over $25,000 (Add Surtax of 26%)||
|1968-1969||Over $25,000 (Add Surtax of 26%)||
|1970||Over $25,000 (Add Surtax of 26%)||
|1971-1974||Over $25,000 (Add Surtax of 26%)||
|;1975-1978||Over $50,000 (Add Surtax of 26%)||
Other Previous Coke Slogans
1886 - Drink Coca-Cola
1904 - Delicious and Refreshing
1905 - Coca-Cola Revives and Sustains
1906 - The Great National Temperance Beverage
1917 - Three Million a Day
1922 - Thirst Knows No Season
1923 - Enjoy Thirst
1924 - Refresh Yourself
1925 - Six Million a Day
1926 - It Had to Be Good to Get Where It Is
1927 - Pure as Sunlight
1927 - Around the Corner from Everywhere
1929 - The Pause that Refreshes
1932 - Ice Cold Sunshine
1938 - The Best Friend Thirst Ever Had
1939 - Thirst Asks Nothing More
1939 - Whoever You Are, Whatever You Do, Wherever You May Be, When You Think of Refreshment Think of Ice Cold Coca-Cola
1942 - The Only Thing Like Coca-Cola is Coca-Cola Itself
1948 - Where There's Coke There's Hospitality
1949 - Along the Highway to Anywhere
1952 - What You Want is a Coke
1956 - Coca-Cola... Makes Good Things Taste Better
1957 - Sign of Good Taste
1958 - The Cold, Crisp Taste of Coke
1959 - Be Really Refreshed
1963 - Things Go Better with Coke
1969 - It's the Real Thing
1971 - I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke (part of the "It's the Real Thing" campaign)
1975 - Look Up America
1976 - Coke Adds Life
1979 - Have a Coke and a Smile
1982 - Coke Is It!
1985 - We've Got a Taste for You (for both Coca-Cola & Coca-Cola classic)
1985 - America's Real Choice (for both Coca-Cola & Coca-Cola classic)
1986 - Red, White & You (for Coca-Cola classic)
1986 - Catch the Wave (for Coca-Cola)
1987 - When Coca-Cola is a Part of Your Life, You Can't Beat the Feeling
1988 - You Can't Beat the Feeling
1989 - Official Soft Drink of Summer
1990 - You Can't Beat the Real Thing
1993 - Always Coca-Cola
2000 - Coca-Cola. Enjoy
2001 - Life Tastes Good
2003 - Coca-Cola... Real
2005 - Make It Real
2006 - The Coke Side of Life
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Justice Gilbert V. Schenck was a member of one of the oldest families in New York. Dating from the period of Dutch occupation, the name is found mentioned in the public activities of the colony and of the State over a very long span of years. He was born in Palatine, Montgomery County, December 28, 1882. After attending the common schools, he entered the Albany Boys' Academy and Union College. He was graduated from Albany Law School in 1906, and his admission to the Bar followed immediately. He opened a law office in Albany. From 1902 to 1916, Justice Schenck served in the 10th Infantry, New York State National Guard. During World War I, he commanded the Third Anti-Aircraft Machine Gun Battalion with the rank of major, a rank he continued in the Officers' Reserve Corps. He was appointed Corporation Counsel of the City of Albany at the beginning of 1922. His judicial career began as Albany County Surrogate. He became a Supreme Court justice in 1933. From 1939 to 1944 he served on the Appellate Division. In 1938, he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. He was President of the Albany Public Library Board of Trustees for many years and made particular contribution in that role. He died on March 24, 1946.
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I know it roughly takes 20 minutes from Earth to Mars, and 8 minutes from the Sun to Earth, but don't know how long for the other planets on my list.
From Wikipedia, the mean Sun-planet distances are (in AU):
To get the maximum and minimum distances from Earth, add or subtract 1 AU. To get those distances in light-minutes, multiply by 8.317 light-minutes per AU. To save you the trouble:
These are maximuma and minima presuming circular orbits for all the planets. Calculating the distance the planets right now is more difficult but you can get the data from Solar System Live.
For the record, I've answered this question because it's really easy. But the OP should take note that an easy calculation with easily accessible data was all the he needed...
protected by Qmechanic♦ Mar 17 '13 at 18:46
Thank you for your interest in this question.
Because it has attracted low-quality or spam answers that had to be removed, posting an answer now requires 10 reputation on this site (the association bonus does not count).
Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?
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Employee payroll taxes are federal and state taxes that the employee pays. These are deducted from your employee's wages each pay.
But when we're talking about how to do payroll, and trying to calculate payroll, there are many pieces to this puzzle, not just taxes. Gross wages, employee payroll taxes, employee benefit withholdings, and net pay are the main pieces or parts of an employee's pay, and we want to discuss them here.
Payroll by section
In order to fully explain the "how to calculate" part of how to do payroll, I will explain the different sections or parts of your small business payroll.
**Gross Wages (hours worked x hourly wage)
**Federal Taxes (federal withholding, social security, medicare)
**State and Local Taxes (vary by locality – state, city, school tax, etc.)
**Benefits withholding (employee’s share of medical/dental benefits)
**401(k) contributions (employee contributions to a pension plan)
**Child Support withholding (payments to your local child support agency)
**Net Pay (what’s left!)
Whew! That may seem like a lot, but once you get the hang of it, it’s not that hard, really!
Now let’s go thru each of those parts.
Think of gross wages as meaning ‘without any deductions’.
Gross wages can be broken down into many subcategories, like hourly, overtime, vacation, sick, salary, commission, etc.
Hourly vs Salary vs Commissions
If an employee is Hourly, the get paid a set hourly wage, for example, $10 per hour, and they get paid for the number of hours they work. You must abide by the federal and state minimum wage laws, so make sure to go online to the Department of Labor website for up to date minimums.
If an employee is Salary, they get paid a set amount each pay period. A salary is usually stated in an annual form, such as $30,000 per year.
To figure out a weekly pay on an annual salary, take the salary divided by 52 weeks/year. For $30,000, that calculation would be $30,000 / 52 = $2500.
To figure out a bi-weekly pay (every other week) take $30,000 / 26 (52 weeks divided by 2).
To figure out a semi-monthly pay (15th and 30th) take $30,000 / 24 pays/year (twice each month).
If an employee gets paid on Commission, that means they earn a percentage of the sales they bring in. Insurance, Auto and Real Estate industries pay this way, among others. Commissions are usually paid monthly, after you’ve had a chance to calculate your sales, and then calculate the employee’s percentage.
Independent Contractor vs Employee
A word of caution here. Many times small business employers want to pay an employee as an independent contractor, thinking they can sidestep the whole employee payroll taxes issue all together.
The IRS has 3 categories of information they use in determining if a worker is an employee or an independent contractor.
1. Behavioral – who controls what the worker does and how the worker does it? If you control when they work and what they do and how they do it, they’re an employee.
2. Financial – how is the worker paid? Are expenses reimbursed? Who provides the tools or supplies needed to do the job? If you pay them by hour on a regular basis, reimburse them for expenses incurred, and supply all the tools and supplies, they are an employee.
3. Type of Relationship - Is there a contract? Are there benefits (pension, insurance)? Will the relationship continue? Is the work performed an integral part of the business? If you’re answering yes, you have an employee.
If you treat an employee like an independent contractor, you could, if caught by the IRS, be liable for back employment taxes. Don’t chance it. Do your small business payroll by the books, and you will sleep well at night.
There are 3:
Federal Withholding Tax
This employee payroll tax is based on the gross wage and the number of dependents (exemptions) that an employee claims on their Form W-4. There are tax tables online at www.IRS.gov, but they are also in the IRS Circular E (booklet). You will get this booklet full of information on how to do payroll from the IRS when you get your EIN.
If an employee makes a large wage, you may have to calculate the withholding, as the tables only go up to a certain level, then the percentages take over.
Social Security Tax
This employee payroll tax has two parts, the employee portion, and the employer portion. You each pay 6.2% of the gross wage. The employee pays their share out of each paycheck. You the employer then add your percentage to the employee’s percentage, then pay that to the IRS on a regular basis.
This tax also has two parts, employee and employer, the same as above, only the percentage is 1.45% of gross wages.
ASIDE: 941 Tax Deposits
Quite simply, each pay period when you do payroll you add all the federal withholding taxes for all your employees, add to it all the employee’s share of Social Security tax and Medicare tax, and then add to that all the employer’s share of Social Security and Medicare tax. This amount is deposited to the IRS. It is called a 941 Deposit.
This is either monthly (you pay the IRS each month) or semi-monthly (you pay the IRS on a set date after your pay date. This is all explained in the Circular E you will receive from the IRS. For example, though, if you do payroll on Friday, you must make your 941 tax deposit by the following Wednesday. You can pay this tax at a bank, online, or over the phone. This is called EFTPS, the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System. You have to sign up for this, so go online to www.IRS.gov, then search for EFTPS.
Each state will have the following employee payroll taxes or variations of such:
State Withholding Tax
This employee payroll tax is the state version of the federal withholding tax. Again, the employee designates how many dependent exemptions they will claim, and you use a tax table to figure the correct withholding, based on the gross wage and number of exemptions.
You will pay this to your state either monthly or quarterly, based on the size of your payroll.
Local Withholding Tax
This employee payroll tax is a local tax that the employee pays based on their gross wages. This could be an employment tax (because they work there) or a residential tax (because they live there). An employee could be hit twice if they live in a city with a residential tax, and work in a different city with an employment tax.
This is paid monthly or quarterly, again depending on the size of your payroll.
School District Tax
This employee payroll tax is a local tax for the benefit of the local school district, and is voted into passage by the residents. This will be a percentage of the employee’s gross wages. You should be able to find this thru your State website. I know Ohio School District Taxes can be located thru the Ohio Dept of Taxation website. This is paid, yep, monthly or quarterly, based on the size of your payroll.
Benefit withholding is similar to an employee payroll tax in that you are required to withhold a certain amount from the employee's pay, and remit that amount to an outside party.
The benefits that most employers provide are medical insurance, dental or eyeglass insurance, life insurance, and some sort of disability insurance.
To start such a program, you need to call around to different insurance agents, and get some quotes.
You do have some options regarding payment.
Provide employer-paid coverage (you pay it all) Provide partially paid coverage, and ask the employee to pay a set amount per month Provide the medical coverage for the employee, but have them pay dependent coverage Provide medical coverage, but ask the employee to pay any other coverage they want.
401(k) plans are retirement plans that the employee contributes part of their wages to each payroll. The employee specifies what percent of their wages they want to contribute, usually anywhere from 1% to 10%.
You as the employer then subtract (withhold) from the employee's gross wages that percentage, say 5%, then you cut a check for that amount and send it to the company you wrote your plan with (your plan administrator).
This is the essence of "withholding". You withhold from the employee's gross pay, then you send that money somewhere else, be it the IRS, the state or locality, or your benefits administrator.
Child Support wihholding is a highly regulated area now. This is not an employee payroll tax but it is a regulated withholding. Usually the county Child Support Enforcement Agency (CSEA) will send you a notice in the mail. They will tell you how much to withhold for your employee based on the amount due and how often you pay your employees.
This money should be sent in to the CSEA the day you do payroll. You are allowed to withhold a small fee, I think it's either $2 or $5 per pay (the notice will tell you) to cover your costs in this process. I never did, but it's up to you.
Net pay is what's left after you deduct all these deductions from the employee's gross wages.
This is the amount that goes on the employee's pay check.
So you take Gross Wages, minus all the employee payroll taxes - Federal Withholding Tax, Social Security and Medicare Taxes, and State and Local Withholding Taxes - and minus any Benefits withholding, 401(k) Contributions, or Child Support withholding.
That's Net Pay.
But, you ask, how do you calculate those employee payroll taxes?
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| 0.950962 | 2,303 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Thyroid Hormone Tests
How To Prepare
Many medicines may change the results of this test. Be sure to tell your doctor about all the nonprescription and prescription medicines you take. If you are taking thyroid medicines, tell your doctor when you took your last dose. Your doctor may instruct you to stop taking thyroid medicines temporarily before having this test.
Talk to your doctor about any concerns you have regarding the need for the test, its risks, how it will be done, or what the results will mean. To help you understand the importance of this test, fill out the medical test information form(What is a PDF document?).
How It Is Done
The health professional taking a sample of your blood will:
- Wrap an elastic band around your upper arm to stop the flow of blood. This makes the veins below the band larger so it is easier to put a needle into the vein.
- Clean the needle site with alcohol.
- Put the needle into the vein. More than one needle stick may be needed.
- Attach a tube to the needle to fill it with blood.
- Remove the band from your arm when enough blood is collected.
- Put a gauze pad or cotton ball over the needle site as the needle is removed.
- Put pressure on the site and then put on a bandage.
A heel stick is used to obtain a blood sample from a newborn. The baby's heel is pricked with a sharp instrument (lancet) and several drops of blood are collected.
How It Feels
The blood sample is taken from a vein in your arm. An elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. It may feel tight. You may feel nothing at all from the needle, or you may feel a quick sting or pinch.
A brief pain, like a sting or a pinch, is usually felt when the lancet punctures the skin. Your baby may feel a little discomfort with the skin puncture.
There is very little chance of a problem from having blood sample taken from a vein.
- You may get a small bruise at the site. You can lower the chance of bruising by keeping pressure on the site for several minutes.
- In rare cases, the vein may become swollen after the blood sample is taken. This problem is called phlebitis. A warm compress can be used several times a day to treat this.
- Ongoing bleeding can be a problem for people with bleeding disorders. Aspirin, warfarin, and other blood-thinning medicines can make bleeding more likely. If you have bleeding or clotting problems, or if you take blood-thinning medicine, tell your doctor before your blood sample is taken.
There is very little chance of a problem from a heel stick. A small bruise may develop at the site.
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| 0.899185 | 583 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The large diamond shaped sign shows a black arrow on a yellow background telling drivers of a curve ahead. Underneath it is a smaller square sign with black lettering on a yellow background showing a speed of 30 km/h. This sign and others similar to it are classed as advisory signs by the Motor Vehicle Act Regulations.
The signs are advance notice of conditions on or adjacent to a highway that are potentially hazardous to traffic. A driver may choose whether or not to follow the suggestion given by the sign. Ignoring the advice is not an offence in itself, but anything that happens because the signs are not given consideration may be an offence.
Advisory signs generally have black figures on a yellow background.
The example of the curve was chosen to illustrate a point. We have often seen these signs and then travelled around the curve comfortably at speeds higher than that suggested. In those cases the shape of the curve and the road condition could accommodate the vehicle travelling at the higher speed.
So why was the speed warning there? Often it is because the driver's line of sight is restricted. This would prevent the driver from seeing and reacting to a hazard in or just beyond the corner unless the speed was at or less than that suggested. Heavy trucks may also be required to slow for the corner to prevent tipping over.
Many considerations must be made in order to drive safely. As you can see, some are not immediately evident.
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en
| 0.968421 | 287 | 3.5625 | 4 |
The researchers tracked the records of 31,426 children born in one district of Yokohama between 1988 and 1996. Study results revealed that autism cases doubled even after the combined vaccine was withdrawn: there were 48 to 86 cases per 10,000 children prior to withdrawal of the vaccine and there were 97 to 161 cases per 10,000 children afterward. The triple vaccine was removed in Japan in 1993.
The study authors concluded that the MMR vaccine "cannot have caused autism in the many children with autism spectrum disorders in Japan who were born and grew up in the era when MMR was not available."
While there is insufficient clinical evidence suggesting a large-scale effect, the authors did note that the MMR vaccine may have a causal effect on a small minority of juveniles who may be genetically prone to the disorder and environmental influences.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states it does not know the exact number of children with autism in the United States. The agency said studies conducted in Europe and in Asia since 1985 have found autism to affect 6 out of every 1,000 children. Back in the U.S., the data on autism figures is conflicting. Research from the 1960s show autism was rare, affecting about one person in every 2,000 to 2,500, while research from the 1970s suggests the disorder only impacted one person out of every 10,000. Better diagnostics for the disorder emerged in the mid 1980s, which experts say contributed to the growing numbers of confirmed cases.
While precise national statistics remain fuzzy, health officials do have more localized, focused snapshots of the condition that may shed some light on national trends.
Studying caseloads by county and town, a recent investigation by the CDC in Brick Township, New Jersey found a prevalence rate for autism of 4.0 per every 1,000 children and a rate of 6.7 per 1,000 children under the more broadly defined autistic spectrum disorders. Brick Township is a community with a population of just over 76,000 people, according to 2000 data.
Prior to this study, scientists were skeptical of a connection between MMR and autism. A report published by F. DeStefano of the CDC in the February 2004 issue of Expert Review of Vaccines stated: "The evidence now is convincing that the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine does not cause autism or any particular subtypes of autistic spectrum disorder."
On the National Autism Association web site, the organization states parents should not be led to believe vaccines have no role at all and alerted readers to be aware of the mercury preservative thimerosal, which can be found in some pediatric immunizations. "Many published studies show a link between the vaccine preservative thimerosal and autism," the NAA stated.
- Reviewed by Zalman S. Agus, MD Emeritus Professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Journal of Child Psychology and PsychiatrySource Reference: Honda H, et al. No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study. J Child Psy and Psych. 2005.
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| 0.956388 | 624 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The Sacramento Delta supplies large amount of water to California. The continuing drought means freshwater flows from rivers will not be able to push back salt water from the San Francisco Bay. If salinity in Delta water increases significantly, “the water will be unusable.” This would be a disaster.
Some 25 million people and 3 million acres of farmland depend on Delta water. The Delta has a $1 billion water-related recreation economy comprised of 8,000 jobs. South of the Delta is a $25 billion annual farm economy.
State officials plan to stop the saline intrusion in an old-school yet effective way. They will build temporary rock dams at three crucial points to stop the water. This was successfully done during the drought of 1976-77. Let’s hope it works again this time.
As usual, California is way behind in enacting its lofty goals.
The estimated cost of a gate as of 2007 was $20.975 million. That is only about 1/1000th of the $18.7 billion in water bonds issued in California since 2000. Despite how critical a saltwater barrier gate would be in a drought, the gate still remains uncompleted.
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<urn:uuid:0a2de00d-b508-4aa5-bd7e-ff690bacfd2e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://polizeros.com/2014/03/23/epic-coming-battle-stop-saltwater-intrusion-sacramento-delta/
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|
en
| 0.958941 | 241 | 3.03125 | 3 |
sextuplet (plural sextuplets)
- A group of six objects.
- One of a group of six persons or animals born from the same mother during the same birth.
- (music) A group of six notes played in the time of four.
- (music, proscribed) A group of six notes played in the time of four, with accents on the first, third and fifth notes.
- (music, proscribed) A group of six notes played in the time of four, with accents on the first and fourth notes; a double triplet.
- (music, proscribed) A group of six notes played in the time of four, with an accent only on the first note.
Some authorities (for instance, Hugo Riemann, Theodore Bacon and Franklin Taylor) consider the double triplet to be a "false sextuplet", others (for instance, Evangelos Sembos, John Stainer and William Alexander Barrett) define the sextuplet solely as the double triplet, and still others (such as Antoine Damour, Aimable Burnett, and Élie Elwart) do not differentiate between the two.
- (six notes played in the time of four): sextolet
- (one of six born together): twin
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<urn:uuid:19e0043e-79fc-4c49-aedb-e52ac6385f33>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sextuplet
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|
en
| 0.75979 | 270 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In one form or another wine making has been carried out for thousands of years. Pottery discovered in Persia (present-day Iran), dated at 5,500 BC show evidence of grape use for winemaking. Jars from Jiahu in China containing wine from wild grapes date to between 6000 and 7000 BC. Grape jewelry from time to time is popular also grape décor: grape rugs, grape curtains and even a grape lamp.
But whether ancient or modern, many of the same conditions are required and similar techniques used. The chemistry of grapes is eternal.
Wine grapes grow, with few exceptions, only in bands delineated by latitudes 30-50 degrees North and 30-45 degrees South of the equator. Unlike most crops, grape vines don’t require fertile soil. The thinness of the soil restricts the quantity of the crop, producing fewer grapes of higher quality.
Paradoxically, soils too rich in nitrogen and other nutrients —highly beneficial for most plants— can produce grapes unsuitable for winemaking. Fine for eating, but lacking desirable quantities of minerals, sugars and acids for wine making
The best wines are produced from soil that would be considered poor quality for other agricultural purposes. The stellar wines from Bordeaux are made from grapes grown in gravelly soil, atop a soil binder base of clay or chalk. Fewer grapes are grown, but high in quality. The pebbly earth allows for good drainage — grapevines require access to adequate, but not excessive, water. As the roots reach down further, more complex minerals are absorbed and make an excellent soil binder.
Vineyards are most often founded in river valleys, a great soil stabilizer with slopes that provide abundant sunshine. Vines there are most often of the European species vitis vinifera, from which many common wines are made, such as Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot.
Viticulture, the practice of growing grapes for wine, is today one of the most complex agricultural undertakings. A master vintner (today, sometimes called an oenologist), must be an expert in soil chemistry and fermentation, climatology and several other ancient arts and modern sciences.
In addition to categorization by variety, the products of these vines are classified by vinification methods – sparkling, still, fortified, rosé, blush — or by region — Bordeaux, Burgundy and Alsace — and of course by vintage, as well as a dozen other wine making methods.
After the farmer, chemist and manufacturer have had their say, the businessman must take over. In 2002, 595 million gallons of wine were sold in the U.S. alone, representing over $20 billion in consumer spending. France led the pack with 22% of export volume, with Italy a close 20% behind. Winemakings upplies is also a very big business in these countries.
The bold artists of wine must possess a sensitive nose and palette and balance dozens of time-sensitive factors such as when to harvest, which grape crusher to use, how long to ferment and age, when to bottle. And that’s before considering modern manufacturing and marketing requirements, not to mention legal restrictions.
An art, a science and a business definitely not for the timid.
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<urn:uuid:6c1e0b5c-b90d-47d2-9851-a6f3936be9b0>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://winelovers2.com/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952338 | 688 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The American Soybean Association (ASA) is urging USDA to more rapidly undertake development of a national strategy for controlling and mitigating the potential for an Asian soybean rust infestation in the continental U.S. Rust is a devastating disease with the potential to cause enormous losses in annual U.S. soybean production, resulting in serious consequences for domestic industry, including the livestock sector.
“Much more aggressive and coordinated action is needed from the Administration to prevent potentially adverse consequences to the U.S. soybean industry,” said ASA President Ron Heck, a soybean producer from Perry, Iowa. “ASA has asked Secretary Veneman to take immediate steps to ensure that U.S. agriculture is fully prepared to respond to and mitigate the outbreak of rust, and requested a meeting to more fully discuss these plans.”
According to a computer model developed by University of Illinois researchers, in cooperation with USDA scientists, “the disease has most likely spread to soybean-growing areas in Brazil and Venezuela located north of the equator, making it inevitable that rust will reach the U.S. in a relatively short time... If it’s already established there, we could even see rust in the U.S. as soon as the current growing season and certainly no later than a year or two down the road.”
ASA, a membership organization representing 25,000 soybean producers, believes the U.S. is woefully unprepared at the present time to deal with the imminent threat of a soybean rust outbreak, and that there are a number of actions USDA, the Environmental Protection Agency, and other Federal agencies must take that are critical to mitigate the impact of the rust fungus upon arrival.
Key among these is approval of effective fungicides for use on soybean rust, and ensuring that sufficient quantities of these products be locally available in advance of a rust infestation. To facilitate local fungicide supplies, ASA is calling for the development of a strategy to ensure adequate supplies will be available.
The ASA, in close cooperation with USDA, state soybean associations and others in the soybean industry, has begun a campaign designed to educate soybean farmers on the facts of soybean rust. Nevertheless, ASA believes USDA needs to undertake additional educational efforts to ensure producers, extension agents, crop consultants and others involved in the field are able to identify rust as early as possible. Information and education also must be provided on fungicide application timing, application equipment recommendations, and other practical information that is essential to successful efforts to mitigate and prevent billions of dollars in losses to the U.S. soybean industry.
“The reality that exists today is that an effective soybean rust surveillance program is not yet in place, adequate supplies of cost-effective fungicides approved for use on soybeans do not exist, and programs to provide widespread training and education to farmers, crop consultants, and others have not been implemented,” Heck said.
An ongoing research program is being carried out by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) to develop rust resistant or tolerant soybean varieties. The soybean checkoff has provided more than $1.1 million in soybean producer checkoff funds to support soybean rust research, and ASA is working with Congress to increase appropriations to fund additional work by ARS scientists.
“Research to identify rust resistant or tolerant soybean varieties must be greatly expanded,” Heck said.
Over the course of the last two years, ASA has worked closely with USDA Under Secretary Bill Hawks and USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to establish protocols for imports of soybean planting seed and soybean meal from rust-infested countries that, properly enforced, can effectively eliminate the risk of contamination. ASA is now seeking to ensure that any protocol developed for importing whole soybeans from these countries will be equally effective.
“ASA appreciates the ongoing efforts by the Department to prevent the introduction of rust in the United States as the result of imports,” Heck said. “However, until key scientific questions are answered and spore viability studies are completed, ASA believes imports of whole commodity soybeans from rust-infected countries should not be contemplated.”
ASA and other industry stakeholders are very concerned about the prospective arrival of Asian rust in the United States and are prepared to work with USDA and other agencies to develop a comprehensive plan that anticipates and initiates appropriate responses to rust.
“We must acknowledge the potential that Asian rust will spread to the United States this year or in the next several years,” Heck said. “USDA must take every science-based measure to prevent the introduction of rust into the U.S., as well as take immediate steps to ensure that U.S. agriculture is fully prepared to respond to and mitigate the outbreak of rust.”
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<urn:uuid:c6f72434-fdd2-49bf-a760-ec9304e3ac71>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://cornandsoybeandigest.com/print/asa-calls-strategy-control-asian-rust
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00024-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947176 | 990 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A Northern Irish Oxford University medical student has hitch-hiked across Europe and Asia.
Patrick Burke’s journey was a highly original one, and an outstanding achievement. He covered 24,000 miles.
Plenty of people go round the world or take gap years in which they party in Thailand or whatever.
But Burke set out to do something challenging. He travelled through Asian countries in which hitch-hiking has never been part of the culture, and where the concept is not understood.
And he began his journey in Europe, where hitch-hiking is much less common than it was 40 years ago.
It is a pity that the culture of hitch-hiking has largely disappeared from the west. The concept is simple: a traveller who is short of money sticks out a thumb or holds up a sign and a motorist who is heading their way gives them a lift, with no expectation of a contribution to the costs.
Hitch-hiking utilises the incredible freedom of the car, which has revolutionised life around the world since pre-car times, and makes it available to people who are at a point in their life where they cannot afford the considerable costs of a vehicle.
No one is forced to give anyone else a lift, but in the heyday of hitch-hiking plenty of drivers were happy to have company as they travelled towards the same destination as the hitch-hiker they picked up. Other motorists helped out on the principle that it is good to help people when it is easy to do so, because one day you might want someone to help you in a similar fashion.
Hitch-hiking was a highly sociable enterprise.
Sadly now, society seems suspicious of hitch-hikers or even of the people who offer lifts. Are they odd or dangerous or do they have an ulterior motive?
Burke has confounded such suspicion and proved that the spirit of generosity behind hitch-hiking is still alive, even if less visible than before.
And he reminds us that for all the turmoil and tragedy in the world today, most of the planet is stable and open to visitors.
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<urn:uuid:d029fa0e-ec47-48dd-b9f4-6dafc5b1c002>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/student-shows-spirit-of-hitch-hiking-is-still-alive-and-well-1-6249476
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.974068 | 436 | 2.59375 | 3 |
|Values are valid only on day of printing.|
The differential diagnosis for patients with primary hypogammaglobulinemia of unclear etiology (after other secondary causes of hypogammaglobulinemia have been ruled out) includes common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). CVID is the most common diagnosis of humoral immunodeficiency, particularly in adults, but also in children over 4 years of age. However, adult male patients with XLA may be misdiagnosed with CVID. XLA is an independent humoral immunodeficiency and should not be regarded as a subset of CVID.
The BTK gene is present on the long arm of the X-chromosome and encodes for a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase with 5 distinct structural domains. While BTK gene sequencing is the gold standard for definitively identifying mutations and confirming a diagnosis of XLA, it is labor intensive and expensive. Flow cytometry is a screening test for XLA and should be included in the evaluation of patients with possible CVID, particularly in male patients with <1% B cells. Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is an intracellular protein and absence of the Btk protein by flow cytometry provides a strong rationale for performing a BTK gene-sequencing test. However, 20% to 30% of XLA patients may have intact or truncated Btk protein with abnormal function; therefore, genetic analysis remains the more definitive test for diagnosing XLA (besides other clinical and immunological parameters).
XLA is a prototypical humoral immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the BTK gene, which encodes Btk, a hematopoietic-specific tyrosine kinase. XLA is characterized by normal, reduced, or absent Btk expression in monocytes and platelets, a significant reduction or absence of circulating B cells in blood, and profound hypogammaglobulinemia of all isotypes (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE). The clinical presentation includes early onset of recurrent bacterial infections, and absent lymph nodes and tonsils. Btk plays a critical role in B-cell differentiation. The defect in Btk may be "leaky" in some patients (ie, a consequence of mutations in the gene that result in a milder clinical and laboratory phenotype), such that these patients may have some levels of IgG and/or IgM and a small number of B cells in blood.(1)
The vast majority of XLA patients are diagnosed in childhood (median age of diagnosis in patients with sporadic XLA is 26 months), although some patients are recognized in early adulthood or later in life. The diagnosis of XLA in both children and adults indicates that the disorder demonstrates considerable clinical phenotypic heterogeneity, depending on the position of the mutations within the gene. Females are typically carriers and asymptomatic. Testing in adult females should be limited to those in their child-bearing years (<45 years). Carrier testing ideally should be confirmed by genetic testing since it is possible to have a normal flow cytometry test for protein expression in the presence of heterozygous (carrier) BTK gene mutations.
Flow cytometry is a preliminary screening test for XLA. It is important to keep in mind that this flow cytometry test is only a screening tool and approximately 20% to 30% of patients who have a mutation within the BTK gene have normal protein expression (again related to the position of the mutation in the gene and the antibody used for flow cytometric analysis). Therefore, in addition to clinical correlation, genetic testing is recommended to confirm a diagnosis of XLA. Furthermore, it is helpful to correlate gene and protein data with clinical history (genotype-phenotype correlation) in making a final diagnosis of XLA. Consequently, the preferred test for XLA is BTKFP / Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Genotype and Protein Analysis, Full Gene Sequence and Flow Cytometry, which includes both flow cytometry and gene sequencing to confirm the presence of a BTK mutation. If a familial mutation has already been identified, then BTKMP / Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Genotype and Protein Analysis, Known Mutation Sequencing and Flow Cytometry should be ordered.
Preliminary screening for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), primarily in male patients (<65 years of age) or female carriers (child-bearing age: <45 years)
Because genotype-phenotype correlations are important, the preferred test for confirming a diagnosis of XLA in males and identifying carrier females is:
-BTKFP / Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Genotype and Protein Analysis, Full Gene Sequence and Flow Cytometry
-In families where a BTK mutation has already been identified, order BTKMP / Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Genotype and Protein Analysis, Known Mutation Sequencing and Flow Cytometry
Results are reported as Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) protein expression present (normal) or absent (abnormal) in monocytes. Additionally, mosaic Btk expression (indicative of a carrier) and reduced Btk expression (consistent with partial Btk protein deficiency) are reported when present and correlated with a healthy experimental control.
BTK genotyping (BTKS / Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Genotype, Full Gene Sequence or BTKK / Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) Genotype, Known Mutation) should be performed in the following situations:
-To confirm any abnormal flow cytometry result
-In the rare patient with the clinical features of X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), but normal Btk protein expression
-In mothers of patients who do not show the classic carrier pattern of bimodal protein expression (to determine if there is maternal germinal mosaicism or skewed mutant X-chromosome inactivation) or there is dominant expression of the normal protein in the presence of 1 copy of a mutation
This test is typically not indicated in adult males (>65 years, unless there is a strong clinical and family history and the patient has not received a formal diagnosis and may or may not be on replacement immunoglobulin therapy) or females beyond child-bearing age. For questions about appropriate test selection, contact Mayo Medical Laboratories.
The flow cytometry screening assay is likely to detect the majority of X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) patients with completely or partially deficient Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) protein expression. However, approximately 20% to 30% of male patients may have normal Btk protein expression with aberrant function which can only be detected by BTK gene sequencing. The ability to identify carrier females by the flow cytometry assay is largely dependent on the Btk-specific antibodies used for flow detection. In general, genetic testing is preferable and more definitive to flow cytometry for identification of carrier females.
It is also important to note that there are XLA patients with mothers who have normal Btk protein expression by flow cytometry and normal BTK genotyping, and the mutation in the patient is a result of de novo mutations in the germline BTK gene.(1) In the same study, it has been shown that there can be female carriers who have normal Btk protein expression, but who are genetically heterozygous and do not show abnormal protein expression due to extreme skewed inactivation of the mutant X chromosome.
Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) expression will be reported as present, absent, partial deficiency, or mosaic (carrier).
1. Kanegane H, Futatani T, Wang Y, et al: Clinical and mutational characteristics of X-linked agammaglobulinemia and its carrier identified by flow cytometric assessment combined with genetic analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;108:1012-1020
2. Kanegane H, Tsukada S, Iwata T, et al: Detection of Bruton's tyrosine kinase mutations in hypogammaglobulinemic males registered as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) in the Japanese Immunodeficiency Registry. Clin Exp Immunol 2000;120:512-517
3. Stewart DM, Tian L, Nelson DL: A case of X-linked agammaglobulinemia diagnosed in adulthood. Clin Immunol 2001;99(1):94-99
4. Futatani T, Miyawaki T, Tsukada S, et al: Deficient expression of Bruton's tyrosine kinase in monocytes from X-linked agammaglobulinemia as evaluated by a flow cytometric analysis and its clinical application to carrier detection. Blood 1998;91(2):595-602
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<urn:uuid:89f2269a-be53-4569-8132-e20ebddcc1a0>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.mayomedicallaboratories.com/interpretive-guide/?alpha=B&unit_code=89011
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.893302 | 1,886 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Test-Driven Development in Pythonby Jason Diamond
- Python's unittest Module
- Sample Input
- Getting Started
- Baby Steps
Test-driven development is not about testing. Test-driven development is about development (and design), specifically improving the quality and design of code. The resulting unit tests are just an extremely useful by-product.
That's all I'm going to tell you about test-driven development. The rest of this article will show you how it works. Come work on a project with me; we'll build a very simple tool together. I'll make mistakes, fix them, and change designs in response to what the tests tell me. Along the way, we'll throw in a few refactorings, design patterns, and object-oriented design principles.
To make this project fun, we'll do it in Python.
Python is an excellent language for test-driven development because it (usually) does exactly what you want it to without getting in your way. The standard library even comes with everything you need in order to start developing TDD-style.
I assume that you're familiar with Python but not necessarily familiar with
test-driven development or Python's
unittest module. You
need to know only a little in order to start testing.
Since version 2.1, Python's standard library has included a
unittest module, based on JUnit
(by Kent Beck and Erich Gamma), the de facto standard unit test framework for
Java developers. Formerly known as PyUnit, it also runs on Python
versions prior to 2.1 with a separate download.
Let's jump right in. Here's a "unit" and its tests--all in one file:
import unittest # Here's our "unit". def IsOdd(n): return n % 2 == 1 # Here's our "unit tests". class IsOddTests(unittest.TestCase): def testOne(self): self.failUnless(IsOdd(1)) def testTwo(self): self.failIf(IsOdd(2)) def main(): unittest.main() if __name__ == '__main__': main()
Throughout this article, I'll use a traffic light to show the state of the tests. Green indicates that the tests pass, and red warns that they fail. A shining yellow light indicates a problem that prevents us from completing a test. TDD practitioners often talk about receiving a "green light" or "green bar" from the graphical test runner that comes with JUnit.
Methods whose names start with the string
test with one
self) in classes derived from
unittest.TestCase are test cases. In the above example,
testTwo are test cases.
Grouping related test cases together, test fixtures are classes that derive
unittest.TestCase. In the above example,
IsOddTests is a test fixture. This is true even though
IsOddTests derives from a class called
TestFixture. Trust me on this.
Test fixtures can contain
methods, which the test runner will call before and after every test case,
respectively. Having a
setUp method is the real justification for
fixtures, because it allows us to extract common setup code from multiple test
cases into the one
In Python we typically don't need a
tearDown method, because we
can usually rely on Python's garbage collection facilities to clean up our
objects for us. When testing against a database, however,
could be useful for closing connections, deleting tables, and so on.
Looking back at our example, the
main function defined in the
unittest module makes it possible to execute the tests in the same
manner as executing any other script. This function examines
sys.argv, making it possible to supply command-line arguments to
customize the test output or to run only specific fixtures or cases (use
--help to see the arguments). The default behavior is to run all
test cases in all test fixtures found in the file containing the call to
Executing the test script above should produce output that resembles:
.. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 2 tests in 0.000s OK
If the second test had failed, the output would have looked something like this:
.F ====================================================================== FAIL: testTwo (__main__.IsOddTests) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\jason\projects\tdd-py\test.py", line 14, in testTwo self.failIf(IsOdd(2)) File "C:\Python23\lib\unittest.py", line 274, in failIf if expr: raise self.failureException, msg AssertionError ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 2 tests in 0.000s FAILED (failures=1)
Typically, we wouldn't have the tests and the unit being tested in the same file, but it doesn't hurt to start out that way and then extract the code or the tests later.
Guess what I have trouble remembering to do:
0 0 * * * [ `date +\%m` -ne `date -d +4days +\%m` ] \ && mail -s 'Pay the rent!' [email protected] < /dev/null
That little puzzle is a line out of my crontab that emails me a reminder to pay the rent on the last four days of each month. Pathetic? Probably. It works, though. I haven't been late paying rent since I started using it.
As clever as I thought I was for coming up with this, it wasn't practical for everything--especially for events that occur only once. Also, there's no way I could teach my wife enough bash scripting techniques in order to add a reminder to our calendar.
Most people use a good old-fashioned wall calendar for this type of thing. That's not techno-geeky enough for me.
I could use Outlook or Evolution or some productivity application, but that would open up a whole new can of worms. We don't use just one computer. We both use multiple computers and operating systems at home and at work. How could we easily synchronize all of those machines?
It was after realizing that our email is available to us no matter where we were that I hit upon the motivation for my project. The email reminding me to pay the rent was with me no matter what machine I'm on because I always check my email via IMAP, so my email is accessible from everywhere.
Why not email the upcoming events in my calendar to me just like my reminder to pay the rent? Brilliant, I thought. I know just the tools that can do this, too: the BSD calendar application and the new kid on the block, pal.
My wife and I have a private wiki that we use for keeping track of notes.
It's great. Despite the fact that my wife's an accountant and not a geek, she
has no trouble using it. I figured we could use the wiki to edit our calendar
file. I would write a little cron job to fetch the calendar file--probably
wget--from the wiki and pipe that into whatever tool best
fit our needs.
Unfortunately, after looking at both
pal, I discovered that neither was what I was looking for.
The calendar file format requires a <tab> character between dates and
descriptions. Since I wanted to use our personal wiki to edit the calendar
file, inserting <tab> characters would be an issue (upon hitting
<tab>, focus jumps out of the text area to the next form control).
calendar also doesn't support any of the fancy output options that
pal format was much too geeky for even me to want to use,
and it didn't support the one really important use case I had so far: setting a
reminder for the last day of the month.
My wife and I sat down and came up with something both of us would want to use. Here are some examples:
30 Nov 2004: Dinner with the Darghams. April 10: Happy Anniversary! Wednesday: Piano lesson. Last Thursday: Goody night at book study. Yum. -1: Pay the rent!
Unlike the calendar format, a colon separates dates from descriptions. How Pythonic.
Like the calendar format, omitted certain fields are wildcards. The
April 10 event happens every year. The
Last Thursday event happens on the
final Thursday of every month of every year.
-1 event happens on the last day of every month of every year too. I
took this idea from Python's array subscript syntax, where
selects the last element in the foo array. I thought it was a little geeky, but
my wife understood it right away.
My goal is to write a small application that can run from cron to read a file in this format and email my wife and me the events we have scheduled for the next seven days. That shouldn't be too hard, should it?
From this point on, I'm writing this article in real time, having contrived nothing. I didn't write the code first and then write the article--I'm writing the article as I write the code. Yes, I expect to make mistakes. In fact, I'm counting on it. Making mistakes is the best way to learn.
Being test infected means that I must write this tool by writing all of my unit tests before writing the code I expect the tests to exercise.
The first thing I do when starting a new project is to create an empty fixture that fails:
import unittest class FooTests(unittest.TestCase): def testFoo(self): self.failUnless(False) def main(): unittest.main() if __name__ == '__main__': main()
I do this out of habit, just to make sure I have everything typed in correctly and to test that the test runner can find the fixture.
Notice the class named
FooTests and its
method. At this point I have no idea what I'm going to test first. I
just want to make sure that I have everything ready once things get going.
Let's start out easy and test the first example from above with the full day, month, and year specified for the event. In order to create this test, I need know what to test. Am I testing a class? A function?
This is where we put on our designer hats for a brief moment and try to use our experience and intuition to come up with some piece to the puzzle that will help us reach our goal. It's OK if we make a mistake here; the tests will reveal that right away, before we invest too much in this design. We certainly don't want to draft any documents filled with diagrams. Save those for later, after we have a clue about what will actually work.
For this project, I should probably create objects that can say whether they "match" a given date. These objects will act as a "pattern" for dates. (I'm using regular expressions as a metaphor here.)
Eventually, I'll have to write a parser that will read in a file and create these pattern objects, but I'll do that later. These pattern objects are probably an easier place to start.
There might be multiple types of patterns--but I won't think about that now, because I could be wrong. Instead, I'll start coding so I can let it tell me what it wants to become:
def testMatches(self): p = DatePattern(2004, 9, 28) d = datetime.date(2004, 9, 28) self.failUnless(p.matches(d))
Notice that I changed the name of the method from
something more appropriate, because I now have an idea about what to test. I've
also invented a class name,
DatePattern, and a method name,
datetime module is part of Python 2.3
and up--I had to import it at the top of my file in order to use it.)
This test, of course, fails miserably--the
doesn't even exist yet! But I at least know now the name of the class I need to
implement. I also know the name and signature of one of its methods and the
signature for its
__init__ method. Here's what I can do with this
class DatePattern: def __init__(self, year, month, day): pass def matches(self, date): return True
Now the test passes! It's time to move on to the next test.
You probably think I'm joking, don't you? I'm not.
Test-driven development is best when you move in the smallest possible increments. You should only be writing code that makes the current failing test case(s) pass. Once the tests pass, you're done writing code. Stop!
The above code is worthless, right? It basically says that every pattern matches every date. How can I justify spending the time to come up with a "real" implementation? By adding another test:
def testMatchesFalse(self): p = DatePattern(2004, 9, 28) d = datetime.date(2004, 9, 29) self.failIf(p.matches(d))
We now have one passing test and one failing test.
I could change the
matches method to return
in order to make this new test case pass, but that would break the old one! I
now have no choice but to implement
DatePattern correctly so that
both tests can pass. Here's what I came up with:
class DatePattern: def __init__(self, year, month, day): self.date = datetime.date(year, month, day) def matches(self, date): return self.date == date
Both tests now pass. Woo-hoo! I'm not happy with the
DatePattern class, though. So far, it's nothing more than a simple
wrapper around Python's
date class. Why am I not just using
date instances for my "patterns"?
It might turn out that the
DatePattern class is unnecessary, but
I'm not going to make that decision on my own. Instead, I'm going to write
another test--one that I think will confirm the necessity of the
def testMatchesYearAsWildCard(self): p = DatePattern(0, 4, 10) d = datetime.date(2005, 4, 10) self.failUnless(p.matches(d))
Voilà! This test fails!
Why am I so happy about a failing test? My reasoning is simple: this
proves that the current implementation of
insufficient. It can't be just a simple wrapper around
date and therefore can't be just a
While typing this test, I had to make a decision about how to represent wildcards. What occurred to me first was to use
0. After all,
there's no year 0 (contrary to popular belief), month 0, or day 0. This may not
have been the best choice, but I'm going to roll with it for now.
It's time to make the new test pass (while making sure not to break the old ones):
class DatePattern: def __init__(self, year, month, day): self.year = year self.month = month self.day = day def matches(self, date): return ((self.year and self.year == date.year or True) and self.month == date.month and self.day == date.day)
To be honest, I'm already starting to feel like I'll need to do some refactoring as I add more wildcard functionality to the class, but I want to write a few more tests first.
Let's add a test where the month is a wildcard:
def testMatchesYearAndMonthAsWildCards(self): p = DatePattern(0, 0, 1) d = datetime.date(2004, 10, 1) self.failUnless(p.matches(d))
matches so that the test passes results in this:
def matches(self, date): return ((self.year and self.year == date.year or True) and (self.month and self.month == date.month or True) and self.day == date.day)
This method is getting uglier every time we touch it--I'm now positive that it will be my first refactoring victim.
I now have a test for using wildcards for both years and months. Will I need one for days? A pattern containing nothing but wildcards would match every day. When would that be useful?
At this point I can't think of a reason to support wildcard days, so I
won't bother writing a test for it. Because of that, I also won't bother
implementing any code to support it in the
Remember, code gets written only when there's a failing test that needs the new
code in order to pass. This prevents us from writing code that should not exist
in our application, which should help keep it from becoming unnecessarily
Let's move on. We need to support events that occur on a specified day of every week:
def testMatchesWeekday(self): p = DatePattern(
Uh, what now?
At this point, I realized that the
DatePattern class might not
be what I want to use for this test. Its
__init__ method doesn't
accept a weekday. Should I use a different class, or modify the existing
I decided to modify the existing one for now, as that will require the least amount of work. If this turns out to be a bad idea, I can always refactor later.
def testMatchesWeekday(self): p = DatePattern(0, 0, 0, 2) # 2 is Wednesday d = datetime.date(2004, 9, 29) self.failUnless(p.matches(d))
This doesn't pass because
DatePattern.__init__ doesn't accept five arguments (counting
self). I modified
look like this:
def __init__(self, year, month, day, weekday=0): self.year = year self.month = month self.day = day self.weekday = weekday
weekday a default value so that I wouldn't need to
update the other test cases. Everything compiles and runs, but the new test case
The astute reader has probably already realized that I'm now passing in
day argument. There's the wildcard I didn't think I would
need--now I need it!
Here's my new
def matches(self, date): return ((self.year and self.year == date.year or True) and (self.month and self.month == date.month or True) and (self.day and self.day == date.day or True) and (self.weekday and self.weekday == date.weekday() or True))
Now all of the components of a pattern allow for wildcards. How very interesting.
With this new method,
testMatchesWeekday passes but
testMatchesFalse now fails! What gives?
I honestly can't tell why
testMatchesFalse fails by looking at
the code. This is going to call for some simple debugging. Unfortunately, I
tried to cram all of the logic for the
matches method into one
expression (spanning four lines!), so there's no place for me to insert any
print statements to help me see which part is failing. It's finally time to do
that refactoring I've been wanting to do.
The refactoring I want to apply is the Compose
Method from Joshua Kerievsky's excellent book, Refactoring to
Patterns. By extracting smaller methods from the current
matches method, I can not only make
but also make it possible to debug whichever part is currently causing me
This is the result:
def matches(self, date): return (self.yearMatches(date) and self.monthMatches(date) and self.dayMatches(date) and self.weekdayMatches(date)) def yearMatches(self, date): if not self.year: return True return self.year == date.year def monthMatches(self, date): if not self.month: return True return self.month == date.month def dayMatches(self, date): if not self.day: return True return self.day == date.day def weekdayMatches(self, date): if not self.weekday: return True return self.weekday == date.weekday()
I recently read a weblog post
by Ian Bicking about what he considers to be code smells in Python code. (Editors note: The link to the weblog post by Ian Bicking was not available at the time of publishing.) I
thought one, using "
matches method is now much clearer, don't you agree? It
might seem like a ridiculous thing to do, but writing intention-revealing code
is much more important than being clever. I was trying to be too clever before
and it caused a bug--one that I wouldn't have come across if I had done this
from the beginning.
After applying this refactoring and rerunning the tests, I expected to see
testMatchesFalse test still failing, but it's now passing.
Somewhere in my original logic I made an error, and I have no idea where it
was--I'll leave finding it as an exercise for the reader. In the meantime, not only do I have simpler code now but it also actually works the way I expect it to.
Would I have noticed this bug without tests? I have no doubt that I would, but how long would it have been before I realized that this was a problem? With my unit tests, I noticed it immediately, so I knew exactly what to fix.
Wildcards essentially work for all of the components I'm testing so far. This is good, but I think the next test will cause trouble. It starts out innocently enough:
def testMatchesLastWeekday(self): p = DatePattern(0, 0, 0, 3
Er, I'm stuck again.
In case it's not obvious (and it's not--why didn't Python's
datetime module define constants for weekdays?), the
How do I indicate that I only want to match the last Thursday in a
month? Do I need to add yet another argument to
This is where that sneaking suspicion in the back of my head is finally starting to warrant some closer attention. I might be trying to cram too much functionality into one class.
I haven't written much code yet, but that's a good thing, since it seems that
the code I have written might not have been sufficient for what I want to do
with it. Without the tests, I might not have discovered what a mess I was
writing until it was too late. At this point, I haven't invested too much time
DatePattern class, so I won't feel bad about throwing it
away if that's what I'll need to do.
I have some ideas about how to restructure the code so that it's as simple and yet as functional as I want it to be, but we're going to have to save those for Part 2 of this article, which will be published shortly.
Jason Diamond is a consultant specializing in C++, C#, and XML, and is located in sunny Southern California.
Return to the Python DevCenter.
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| 0.91388 | 5,030 | 3.078125 | 3 |
No sun will shine in my day today;
The high yellow moon won't come out to play:
I said darkness has covered my light,
And has changed my day into night, yeah
Bob Marley, "Concrete Jungle"
Slum life, political strife, an absentee father; there's little that could keep reggae superstar and eternal optimist Bob Marley down. That is, of course, except for a lack of sunlight. While Marley's short stint as a factory worker yielded this gloomy look at life surrounded by concrete, the traditionally dim building blocks are getting a makeover designed to finally let some light shine in.
Translucent concrete isn't exactly "see-through," but the new building material draws on optical fibers to transmit light through it while retaining the density that has literally made concrete the cornerstone of buildings around the world [source: Litracon].
The fiber strands, which attract and transmit both natural and artificial light, make up about 5 percent of a translucent concrete block's surface volume. The fibers are mixed with traditional concrete components -- water, sand and cement -- and are distributed evenly throughout the surface. Through the resulting translucent panels, a viewer can clearly see the outline of an object on the opposite side of the concrete. Despite this clarity, however, translucent concrete retains its stout, crack resistant, load-bearing quality [sources: Kim, Portland Cement Association]
The light transmitting material is largely believed to have been invented by Hungarian architect Aron Losonczi, who began developing pre-fabricated translucent concrete blocks he called LiTraCon (light transmitting concrete) in 2004, just three years after graduating from Budapest's Technical University. Here, the manufacturer hand-molds large pieces of concrete, embedding thousands of strands of optic fiber in the material at the same time. The concrete is then cut into individual blocks (the smallest are about 48 x 14 inches, or 1.22 x .35 meters). The parallel fiber strands create two distinct grain-type surfaces: one bright and the other dark [sources: Litracon, Graydon, Hanlon].
Now you know what translucent concrete is, but how -- exactly -- is it used? Read on to find out.
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| 0.939277 | 456 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Many companies base their organizational structures on various functional areas, creating departments around these functions and assigning responsibilities according to employees' job titles and experience. A functional organizational structure groups employees by various skills and expertise, leading to greater efficiency, according to the online Encyclopedia of Management. Several key types of functional areas are typically seen in business environments.
The human resources or personnel department is responsible for hiring employees and ensuring that they get the proper training to perform their jobs. Human-resources directors or managers have employees fill out proper paperwork, including W-4 and I-9 forms. The W-4 form determines how much is deducted from each paycheck; the I-9 or employment eligibility verification form ensures that a recently hired worker can legally work in the United States. Human-resources professionals establish pay scales for all employees, basing salaries on comparable compensation packages in the industry.
Marketing professionals determine the products that their companies introduce to the marketplace, often using marketing research surveys to determine what consumers need and want. This helps the company to better align its strategies. Marketing workers help to establish prices for products, based on manufacturing costs. Marketing managers and directors decide which types of advertising and promotions their companies use. Some marketing departments have advertising directors or managers who handle these functions; they establish budgets for various types of advertising, such as television, radio and Internet ads, and track the results. The marketing department determines the right distribution channels for the company's products. For example, a consumer products company may sell its products in grocery stores and mass-merchandiser outlets.
Customer-service representatives answer calls or in-person requests from customers. Some customers may want additional information about a product or service; others have problems related to the products they purchased. Customer-service managers train representatives on certain policies, such as handling refunds. Customer-service departments offer courtesy services to customers, such as accepting payments, cashing checks and selling stamps. Manufacturers, particularly those that sell technical products, often have several levels of customer service, including phone, email and technical support. Part of a customer-service representative's job is to determine where to route calls or inquiries, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Accounting professionals usually work in one of three areas: accounts receivable, accounts payable and payroll. Accounts-receivable specialists track the debts owed to the company. For example, customers who purchase items on credit fall within the bailiwick of accounts-receivable employees. These professionals prepare and send invoices to apprise customers when payments are due. Accounts-payable employees track payments that the company owes, including amounts owed for parts or to repair and maintenance vendors. Payroll specialists ensure that employees are paid on time and distribute annual W-2 and 1099 forms to employees and independent contractors, respectively, for tax purposes.
- Free Management Library: All About Marketing
- Bureau of Labor Statistics: Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks
- Bureau of Labor Statistics: Customer Service Representatives
- Bureau of Labor Statistics: Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Managers and Specialists
- Reference for Business; Encyclopedia of Management; Organizational Structure
- Internal Revenue Service: Hiring Employees
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| 0.938347 | 648 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Bibliographic record and links to related information available from the Library of Congress catalog.
Note: Contents data are machine generated based on pre-publication provided by the publisher. Contents may have variations from the printed book or be incomplete or contain other coding.
Table of Contents Preface Abbreviations Introduction The Two Main Goals of This Reader The Meaning of "Patristic" An Approach to Reading the Fathers The Selections from the Fathers The Greek Notes Suggestions for Using This Reader Suggestions for Further Reading in the Fathers Texts and Notes 1. Didache 2. 1 Clement 3. Ignatius of Antioch, To the Romans 4. Epistle to Diognetus 5. Martyrdom of Polycarp 6. Justin Martyr, First Apology 7. Melito of Sardis, On Pascha 8. Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies 9. Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History and Life of Constantine 10. Athanasius, On the Incarnation 11. Gregory of Nazianzus, Orations 12. Desert Fathers and Mothers, Apophthegmata Patrum 13. John Chrysostom, Homiliae in Matthaeum 14. Hesychios the Priest, On Watchfulness and Holiness 15. Symeon the New Theologian, Hymns 16. Translations of All Texts Didache 1 Clement Ignatius of Antioch, To the Romans Epistle to Diognetus Martyrdom of Polycarp Justin Martyr, First Apology Melito of Sardis, On Pascha Clement of Alexandria, Miscellanies Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History and Life of Constantine Athanasius, On the Incarnation Gregory of Nazianzus, Orations Desert Fathers and Mothers, Apophthegmata Patrum John Chrysostom, Homiliae in Matthaeum Hesychios the Priest, On Watchfulness and Holiness Symeon the New Theologian, Hymns Appendices Appendix A Vocabulary List: Words Used 50 Times or More in the Greek New Testament Appendix B Principal Parts of Common Verbs Appendix C The Selections Arranged in Order of Difficulty Bibliography Greek Resources Resources for Individual Selections
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Christian literature, Early.
Christian literature, Early -- Translations into English.
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| 0.709541 | 479 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Outbreaks of Rickettsia felis in Kenya and Senegal, 2010
This podcast describes the outbreak of Rickettsia felis in Kenya between August 2006 and June 2008, and in rural Senegal from November 2008 through July 2009. CDC infectious disease pathologist Dr. Chris Paddock discusses what researchers learned about this flea-borne disease and how to prevent infection. Created: 6/9/2010 by National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID). Date Released: 6/24/2010. Series Name: Emerging Infectious Diseases.
- Page last reviewed:March 12, 2015
- Page last updated:March 12, 2015
- Content source:
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| 0.872632 | 139 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Tucked away in a village near Jaipur is
the world's largest centre of hand-made paper!
The variety that one finds in India is not
just about different types of people and culture. There is surprise and
variety in the number of economic activities too! Whole specialised
craft-based businesses exist tucked away in pockets across the land. Each
of these will narrate a fascinating tale.
When the Uzbek, Ghiasuddin Babur finally
defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat in 1456, he was in addition to being a
conqueror, a man with a vision for a grand empire. His hordes were not all
armed soldiers. Bringing up the rear was a team of scholars, craftsmen,
designers and theologists. Among these were a few papermakers drawn from
Turkey. Their charter was to produce paper and parchments for the Moghul
court. [Not to be asserted, but was this the moment paper was introduced
India, as an alternative to the traditional palm leaf and fabric?].
Fast forward to Akbar's times. The small
band of paper-makers had developed into a guild, restricted to those born
into the clan. They had adapted the surname, Kagzi, after 'kagaz' meaning paper. And spread to Sialkot [now in Pakistan], Gujarat, Maharashtra and
Of these the only surviving settlement of
Kagzis today is at Sanganer, in the outskirts of Jaipur. Sanganer is
blessed with water and open spaces, that are essential for paper making.
From here the Kagzis enjoyed patronage of the royal court of Sawai Man
Singh and his successors. And all seemed well.
By the eighteenth century, storm clouds
gathered over the Kagzis. The advent of the Europeans, brought in their
wake industrial produce of the west, among which was low-priced mill-made
Salimuddin Kagzi, now 65, recalls the
trials of his father Janab Allahbux Kagzi. "From a prosperous village
Sanganer, became a starving village. India was overwhelmed by 'modernity'
and cost-effective products. Add to that the decline of royal grandeur.
There was no market for hand-made paper."
At this point we see the hand of , who
else, Mahatma Gandhi! [Wonder what aspect of India's life he did not
touch!]. Allahbux met Gandhi in 1937 and sought counsel. He in turn
persuaded the textile mill-owners of Ahmedabad to extend business. For
several decades thereafter, Sanganer supplied packaging materials for
textiles. It was not anything to raise them to prosperity, but it kept the
Kagzis of Sanganer and their skills alive. No such luck for Kagzis
elsewhere. Salim Kagzi believes, they have all closed shop and the
Sanganer settlement alone survives.
It is difficult to resist a digression
here. India today is at a similar juncture today. With its doors open to
globalisation, there is a steady stream of low-priced products from
overseas. There is widespread closure of small businesses. And a rising
level of discontent. Let us hope there is a happy ending to all this as
there was to the plight of Kagzis.
Hope arrived in the late sixties with a
world awakening to the perils of polluting industries while at same time
realising the pleasures of hand-made objects. Slowly, Sanganer revived and
arrived at the moment it understood that it was on to a great opportunity.
What the world wanted from them was many usable hand made objects made of
paper. From the obvious, letter pads and books, Sanganer began to produce
gift boxes, desk accessories, mobiles, decorative objects etc. The
conversion activity generated jobs and added to their pricing power. The
Kagzi streak of enterprise was in flow again.
Today there are about 10 hand-made paper
industries in Sanganer, all owned by Kagzis. Of these the largest is Salim
Kagzi's Handmade Paper and Board Industries, which singly and exclusively
manufactures for the world's markets, paper products worth Rs.10 crores
annually. Salim employs 600 people. Together, all Sanganer paper makers
are the largest producers in the world.
A unique clan.
Except for the electric motors used for
pulping, calendaring and peripheral activities, all production is manual.
No chemicals whatsoever are used. All colouring is organic. Decorative
effects are produced by inclusions such as petals, grass clippings and the
like. Paper is dried under the sun. The water let out from the industries
is benign. The input is cotton cut waste from garment industries. And the
output goes to every advanced economy in the world.
Kagzis are more wholesome than just
business people. They preserve a remarkable heritage that grew out of the
interactions of Turks with India. Over time, this heritage has become
unique to India, worth a sociologist's attention. Though Kagzis are
Muslims, they are fully integrated with the larger society. Allahbux was a
member of the Congress party and worked with Gandhiji in the freedom
movement. Son Salim is active in conducting the annual Ram Lila event,
which is entirely Hindu in content!
The wealthy Kagzis are austere and
unostentatious! They live a frugal life. Their marriages are simple, group
affairs where, everyone rich and poor contribute an equal sum of the order
of Rs.5000 and share the same wedding feast.
They are also quaint! Kagzis marry only
among themselves! Though there are about 3000 of them in Sanganer, there
can't be much choice for young people. Don't they marry among the larger
Says Salim: "No! You see, we may be
Muslims, but we are, above all Kagzis!!"
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| 0.951304 | 1,296 | 2.640625 | 3 |
An activist takes action against coal power in the UK
© Will Rose / Greenpeace
Non-violent direct action is at the heart of what Greenpeace does in our mission to expose crimes against the world we live in, and find real solutions.
Internationally, these actions are probably what Greenpeace is best known for. However, these types of actions are always based on solid demands, and are never the first steps we take. Instead, non violent actions are used as a last resort: when lobbying or negotiations with decision makers fail, and our calls to stop environmental abuse are not heard.
Greenpeace works for positive change through action, and our core principles inspire us to take direct action - physically acting to confront those in positions of power with their responsibility for stopping environmental abuse. Guiding all of our actions, always, is our commitment to nonviolence and personal responsibility – meaning that we take full responsibility for our actions and the consequences.
We act to raise awareness, highlight the need for urgent action, and above-all to get those with the power and responsibility to actually make change happen. In pursuing our mission, we have no permanent allies or enemies.
But it’s important to remember that non-violent direct action is not the only method we use to protect our environment in our campaign for change. We bear witness to environmental wrongs, we actively lobby governments and companies to implement change, we use science and technology to promote solutions that are good for the environment, and we communicate with the world to stimulate people, like you, to also take action for our shared future.
Greenpeace has always sought to communicate our most urgent message - the environment needs action, and we are willing to stand up for what we believe in and demand change.
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| 0.946732 | 353 | 2.65625 | 3 |
From a North American Perspective by a Canadian Collector
Fundamentally a piece of china can be decorated in 3 ways: by surface modifications, by painting, or by transfer printing. Surface modifications, under glaze decoration and transfer printing are generally speaking beyond the scope of this type of collectible. The only type of decoration consistently used by artists and amateurs alike in a studio setting is the painting on the glaze with the so-called enamels. A large variety of enamel colours were perfected at an early period and most of them are made from metallic oxides, such as iron, copper, and manganese. Enamel colours require a second firing to make them permanent on a piece of porcelain.
The blanks on which the painting is applied, the shape of the piece of porcelain, come in all forms and sizes: decorative pieces such as chargers and plaques, dinnerware, chocolate, coffee and teapots, jardinières and planters, lamps, punch bowls, cider pitchers and goblets, mugs and all kind of vases. These blanks came in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century mainly from France, Germany and England and later from Japan and in the last half century also from China. Once in North America, the blanks were sold to one of the professional decorating factories in the United States, to china painting schools, or to a department store in the States or Canada for the many amateur artists of the era to purchase and hand paint.
This is an art which was perfected early in the great porcelain manufactures of Europe, where many artists were employed, mostly specializing in a particular genre, flowers, garlands, animals, landscapes or figures. It wasn’t rare that good artists sign or initialise their work. Then other workers applied the gilding separately.
Women became skilled “Paintresses” working for the china manufacturers in Europe. A London’s Female School of Design was established in 1842, preceded by a French Female School of Design in Paris, France in 1815.
The English Minton porcelain manufacturers were in a sense visionaries and precursors of the Arts and Crafts Movement, because, after a glorious tradition of hiring the best professional sculptors for the forms and painters for the decoration, in 1870, the Minton Art Pottery Studio was established in Kensington. The Studio was put under the direction of W.S. Coleman, an English designer, illustrator and water colourist, in order to encourage professional as well as amateur artists to decorate china for Minton. In the 1860s Coleman began experiments in pottery decoration for W.T. Copeland and from 1869 as a freelance decorator at Minton he painted bowls, plaques and slabs for fireplaces, and from 1870 to 1873, directed the Kensington studio. Although the Studio was very popular and influential, it wasn’t rebuilt when it burnt down in 1875.
The Arts and Crafts Movement born in the late 19th century England is associated with the works and activity of William Morris who asked for a return to pre-industrialized standards of craft and design. In ceramics the movement’s ideals were expressed mostly in the works of artist potters in studio conditions and is the inspiring movement for the spreading of the amateur hand painted china in North America.
In the United States an important pioneer in introducing hand painted porcelain was Edward Lycett who became a prominent instructor of the art in St Louis and Cincinnati from 1877 on. Many of Lycett students formed a majority of amateur American china painters. These students were mostly those women who were allowed creative occupations, and those who considered it a hobby. Thus, women played a significant role in the birth of the china-painting movement in America. (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 - An early example of American amateurish endeavour, Morning glory plate, unsigned, dated 1882.
As described by Debby DuBay in the article "Hand Painted Porcelain -Women Played a Major Role” published in The Journal of Antiques and Collectibles, Sturbridge Massachusetts,in February 2003: "By 1877, there had been several books published in Europe as guides to painting on china for amateurs, but it was a Cincinnati student of Karl Lagenbeck called Mary Louise McLaughlin who published the first book in America – China Painting - A Practical Manual for the Use of Amateurs in the Decoration of Hard Porcelain. Mrs. McLaughlin’s enthusiasm for this art form spread throughout the United States. She is credited with educating the general public who could not attend classes on the art of china painting. Her book included information for tracing on china, china painting techniques and directions for gilding, firing, etc. In 1879, McLaughlin formed the Woman’s Pottery Club, and by 1881, there were major china painting studios in Boston, Cincinnati, Philadelphia New York and Chicago". (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2 - Decorative plate marked White’s Art Company, which operated at the beginning of the 20th century in Chicago.
There is one noticeable difference between the United States and Canada. By the turn of the 20th century, painting on porcelain in the States had become a cottage industry for more than 25,000 talented artists. Most of these were women who were not allowed to achieve professional status otherwise. In Canada, with a smaller talent base, the art of china painting was limited mostly to private studios and cultural association, and never integrated into a huge industrial concern like the American Pickard firm.
In Canada the brothers John and James Griffiths were largely instrumental in spreading this “professional” hobby as detailed in Mrs. Elizabeth Collard work: Nineteenth-Century Pottery and Porcelain in Canada. Their activity, mostly in London, Ontario is well documented and many of their hand painted objects are actually in the collection of the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec.
In her authoritative voice, Elizabeth Collard commented that: "By the end of the century in Canada, every properly educated young lady knew how to paint on china. She had studied at an art school or with a private instructor, or had at least learned the rudiments in a young ladies' seminary. Some amateurs became very good, their work as good as that of professional china decorators".
Consequently these artists took the first step in 1886 towards establishing a Women's Art Association and in 1892 the Women's Art Association of Canada, and there were soon branches in many parts of Canada.
The quality of the amateur china painting in Canada was amply demonstrated in the dinner service presented to the Countess of Aberdeen in 1898. Members of the Canadian Senate and House of Commons made this dinner service, painted by amateurs, their farewell gift to Lady Aberdeen the wife of the Governor-General Lord Aberdeen and a very energetic promoter of women’s rights.
The service was displayed in a special exhibition at the Museum Of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec in 1998. For a comprehensive documentation and rich illustrations, see: http://www.civilisations.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/cadeau/caint02e.shtml
From among the artists who participated in the creation of the Cabot Commemorative Service a complete desert set was painted in 1909 by Alice Mary Hagen of Halifax. She also painted 12 of the 24 game plates for the Historical Service. (Fig. 3 & 4).
Fig 3 - Desert service painted by Alice Mary Hagen including 2 footed compotes, 1 sloppy jar, creamer and sugar, 12 luncheon plates and 12 cups and saucers.
Fig 4 - The 42 pieces dessert service was commissioned by a Mrs. Donohue in Halifax Nova Scotia in 1909.
Alice Mary (Egan) Hagen, maybe the best known Canadian woman china painter and potter, was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1872. The daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas J. Egan and Margaret (Kelley) Egan, she was educated at Mount St. Vincent Academy and the Victoria School of Art and Design in Halifax. She studied under Adelaide Alsop Robineau in New York in 1897.
In the same article, "Hand painted porcelain - Women played a major role", Debby DuBay wrote: "The biggest influence on porcelain art in America during the early 1900s was Adelaide Alsop Robineau (1865-1929). Wanting to be independent at a time when independence and individualism for women was unacceptable, Robineau was a role model for women of the early 20th century. Teaching herself the art of painting on porcelain, she soon became known as a decorator. In order to expand her skills, Robineau studied watercolours with the American master, William Merritt Chase. In May 1899, Robineau and her husband published the Keramic Studio. Her goal was to meet the needs of china painters who were "…struggling in their efforts to reach high ideals…" Her publications spurred on the interest in china painting and coincided with the large shipments of blank Limoges porcelain arriving from France”.
After such a prestigious apprenticeship, Alice Mary Egan returned to Halifax, and leased a studio, where she taught china painting between 1898 and 1899. In 1901, she married John C. Hagen, and lived with him in Jamaica, Halifax and Mahone Bay. Between 1930 and 1931, she travelled to Britain and France, where she visited a pottery that employed war veterans. She became interested in pottery making and on return to Nova Scotia, studied under Charles Prescott, the owner of a small industrial pottery in Fairview. She set up a studio and kiln in her home in Mahone Bay, producing pottery and teaching summer school for the Department of Education until about 1950. She died in Mahone Bay in 1972 . Her work is now in the collections of the Nova Scotia Museum and the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, and at Rideau Hall, the Governor General’s official residence in Ottawa, Ontario. Alice Mary Hagen was a commercial artist. She was a breadwinner who worked under commission.
At about the same period, in the first decade of the 20th century, in southern Ontario, in the village of Shakespeare a very talented physician wife, a Mrs. M.M. Faill was practicing her china painter abilities as an amateur. She left an impressive body of work, some 500 pieces which were sold by the estate and dispersed recently. From the few pieces available we conclude that she probably used mostly Limoges blanks, which were the most common and least expensive at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th in Canada. (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 - Small plate, signed M.M.F. in red. Woody shore lake landscape, elaborate border in raised paste, Ontario, ca. 1910.
Dated at about the same time, a Limoges jardinière or fruit bowl was painted and signed by another amateur, a lady named Myrtle Zoe Thomas who was living probably in Galt, Ontario as testified by the inscription in black on the bottom that reads "Myrtle Zoe Thomas/ Started in Brampton/ Finished in Galt". (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6 - Jardinière or fruit bowl signed Myrtle Zoe Thomas from Galt, in black on a Limoges blank. Painted in a vaguely Art Nouveau style, Ontario, ca. 1903, as attested by the Parotaud Frères mark.
We can speculate that Ada B. Sparks was an amateur china painter, probably from Ottawa . Her 1920 tall, 12 inches vase, is decorated with a geometrical lustered pattern, recalling the emergent Art Deco style and the stylistic tendencies of the period when these amateur painters produced their pieces. (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7 - Ada Sparks' vase, Ottawa, Ontario 1920.
Teaching privately china painting was a vocation with Gwladys Williams Menzies. She was born in Carleton Place in 1891. At the turn of the century the family moved to Ottawa. Gwladys's artistic talent found expression in china painting at a relatively early age, and after only a few lessons she set up her own studio. The first pieces she signed are dated 1912, when she was 21. Gwladys soon became the foremost teacher of china painting in the Ottawa area. She produced many complete lunch, tea and dinner sets for her family, but did not accept commissions. Gwladys favoured fine china blanks - usually Limoges, although occasionally she used Beleek or English factories. On completion she signed, dated and numbered each piece chronologically on the back over the glaze. Her first two finished pieces were plates, dated 1912. Her work combines an amazingly skilful technique with originality of design. She painted entirely freehand and loved to paint flowers and butterflies, both true to nature and stylised. But she also produced fine geometric designs showing the influence of Art Nouveau and Art Deco. Gwladys maintained her studio until about 1930 - her last pieces are dated 1933. Gwladys Williams Menzies died in Ottawa in 1977, at the age of 86. (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8 - Similar cups and saucers with butterflies, one signed M.S.C. / 1936 – Ottawa in front of a photograph of a Gwladys Williams Menzies creation from the same period.
Young female students were given instruction in many cases in convent school, as is the case with a Limoges tea set seen by the author, where the inscription on base read: “This set was done in the month of May of the year 1919 at St. Mary’s Academy, Winnipeg, Man., with Sister Michfield’s assistance. Irene La Berge”. After learning the technique of china painting in school or in a studio with a private teacher, the students were given blanks to produce a piece in accordance with their ability. (Fig. 9 & 10).
Fig. 9 - Example of uninspired china painting, illustrated by a gilded celery tray painted in Ottawa, dated 26 March 1914, decorated with roses on a blank Limoges, by a young student, E.M. Fraser, inscribed “For Uncle Bobo and Mrs. Bobo”.
Fig. 10 - Students’ samples of china painting, British Columbia? 1929. Two of the four students, Anna and Frances Jordan, were probably sisters.
To avoid the dilemma of provenance for this kind of collectables, Dorothy Kamm, in her book Antique Trader’s Comprehensive Guide to American Painted Porcelain with Values , published in 1999, concentrated solely on the functionality of china painted pieces. The same type of classification is embraced by Debby DuBay in three of her more recent publications.
Decorative pieces (portrait or decorative chargers and plates; vases, decorative bowls, etc.) (Fig. 11 & 12).
Fig. 11 - Decorative plates from Ontario and Alberta, 1st half of 20th century.
Fig. 12 - Small vases originating from the Maritime Provinces and Ontario, 1890s to 1950s.
Utilitarian pieces (table, luncheon or tea sets, celery trays, mustard and comfiture sets and salts and peppers, etc.) (Fig 13 & 14).
Fig. 13 - Breakfast set of creamer, sugar, comfiture pot and dish acquired in Ottawa, Ontario, 1920s?
Fig. 14 - Mustard, and two salt and pepper sets from the 1920s (right) and 1930s (left), Ottawa and Christies, Ontario.
According to the Kamm classification, the objects could also be considered by their use in the household, as pieces appropriate for the different rooms of the house (card treys for the front hall, dresser sets or pin dishes for the bedroom, tobacco jars for the library, lemonade sets and bonbon dishes for the parlour, breakfast sets for the small dinning room, etc.), thus covering a great variety of objects, from the majestic illustration of historical events on museum size platters to the humble hair receivers or hatpin holders . (Fig. 15 & 16).
Fig. 15 - For the parlour, popular shape of cider or lemonade pitcher signed F.H. 1907, Ontario.
Fig. 16 - For the boudoir, Limoges dresser set from Toronto, Ontario, signed Marie Clifford, c. 1914.
Sometimes these objects find their resting place in the house of relatives. This is the case of Louise Mahala Smith, born in 1870 to Joseph Henry Smith and Elizabeth Markle near Dundas, Ontario. She was an aunt to Sherry, who keeps preciously the creations of her aunt. Louise Smith was a professional artist who worked in oils, watercolours and pastels. Her subjects were preferably flowers and sometimes landscapes and sailboats, as she lived for a while in Boston, Massachusetts. She also painted china, mostly on Limoges blanks and she worked mainly in the Hamilton area. Louise Smith died in 1947. (Fig. 17).
Fig. 17 - Large platter decorated with grapes on vine by Louise Mahala Smith, Ontario, 1930s?
Museums can host collections dedicated to a specific artist, as is the case with some of Alice Mary Hagen china paintings and pottery production found in the Nova Scotia Museum, or the Museum of Civilization and their complete Griffiths collection . Born in England, the Griffiths brothers learn the craft of china painting in the Minton factory, in Stoke-on-Trent. John Howard Griffiths, the better known of the two brothers for china painting, credited James for establishing in Canada critical standards for judging the quality of painted decoration on china. It was also James Griffiths who induced provincial exhibition committees to include china painting as a category in prize lists. John Howard Griffiths had come to Canada as an investor and, though a reluctant farmer, possessed his own farm. He made his mark as the china painter and teacher of china painting who prepared many women to earn a livelihood by decorating china in the later years of the century. Roses of all varieties were his preferred subjects, and it was in the treatment of flowers that John Griffiths reached the peak of his skills on porcelain. He also painted figures and bird themes, as well as arrangements of fruits and various flowers besides roses. The prizes he took at exhibitions, both in Ontario and beyond provincial borders, established John Griffiths as one of the best-known china painters in Canada. In 1887, he painted a tea set that was one of Canada's official gifts to Queen Victoria on the occasion of her Golden Jubilee. Before it went off to London, England, this set was displayed in London, Canada.
The same is true for the Jennie Carson Hele artefacts hosted in the Dufferin County Museum and Archives in the Mulmur Township, Ontario. Krista Taylor tells her story in an article published in the Antique Showcase magazine. Jennie Carson Hele was born in Newbridge, Ontario, in 1865. Jennie studied china painting in New York. In 1883, at the age of 18, Jennie Carson married William Hele of Elora, settling in Wingham. Jennie began to use her talent as a means of support, selling her paintings locally for extra money for her-self, her husband and her two children. In 1900 Jennie Hele left her husband, and moved to Toronto. Here, Jennie began to support herself and her two chil¬dren by painting china. Jennie's training in New York paid off. After her arrival in Toronto, she first worked for an un¬known ceramics painter, and then opened up her first stu¬dio on Yonge Street. She moved to 15 Bloor Street circa 1905. Her Bloor Street studio had a large bay win¬dow facing the street, perfect for displaying her work. Jennie Carson Hele's work, cre-ated in her Bloor Street studio, was characteristic of the Art Nouveau era. Jennie's talents were not restricted to ceramic painting. She was proficient in watercolours, pastels and oils. However, china painting remained her main source of income. Jennie Carson Hele died unexpectedly on May 31, 1933.
China painting almost disappeared in Canada and the United States as an art form during the Second World War, due not only to historic hardship, but also to the disappearance of cheap imported blanks.
From the 1940s to the 1970s sporadic hand painted china was produced by amateurs, as is evident by the scarcity of pieces of that period. At the end of the 1970s trade was resumed with China, and blank pieces of porcelain once again became readily available to the china painter. Amateur china painters became active again in all Canadian provinces as testified by a tea set of an amateur china painter from British Columbia. She used Chinese and Spanish blanks with some defects on the rim of the creamer and sugar, covering the chips and cracks with gilding and decorating the set with pink rosehip flowers. The tea set was evidently painted for family use. (Fig 18).
Fig. 18 - Ann Skuse tea set, Victoria, British Columbia, 1979.
In the United States it is due to Nettie Pillet who began publishing The China Decorator magazine in 1956, that the fine art of china painting was not lost.
Currently, there are two major organizations that promote the art of painting on porcelain: The International Porcelain Artists and Teachers Inc., widely known as IPAT Inc., and the World Organization of China Painters (WOCP). These organizations publish "Porcelain Artist", and "The China Painter", respectively, and along with "The China Decorator" newsletter are the major sources for information for the china painter today.
Individual professional artists, to name only a few, like Amy Boyer and Steven Crouse of Fredericton in New Brunswick, Sol Lobos Brian and Betty Grothe of Montreal, Louise Savard of Beausejour, Aline Crête of Magog in Quebec, Sundus Abraham and Maria de Lourdes Barradas of Toronto, Patricia Burt of Mississauga, Evelyn Piriano of Dundas and Barbara Gibson-Dutton of Merrickville in Ontario, Betty-Anne Binstead of Chilliwack, Anne Millar of Victoria and Mary Jane Phillips of Surrey, British Columbia, continue in Canada this noble tradition of china painting as well as teaching, as much an art as it is a specialized craft. (Fig. 19)
Fig. 19 - Red Iris decorative tile created by professional china painting artist and teacher Maria de Lourdes Barradas from Toronto, 2008.
Stylistically speaking, there is an evolution of taste and motifs in china decoration over the decades, and it sometimes helps with dating unmarked pieces. Also the manufacturer’s mark can give an indication of the period when a piece was created. But all too often the lack of background for this kind of artefact makes impossible any speculation as to the artist, place or time of creation. As these pieces are inscribed in the best of cases only with the name and the year of the creation, one of the greatest difficulties on identifying the place where a hand painted item was created is its anonymity. Hence in most of cases only the place of acquisition can give some geographical background to the collectible and the only type of classification is by functionality. The intrinsic beauty of the piece is often the only motivation for the hardened collector.
This article is based on the author’s collection of hand painted china.
§ Louise Ade Boger: The Dictionary of World Pottery and Porcelain, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1971. p. 228.
§ Elizabeth Collard: Nineteenth Century Pottery and Porcelain in Canada, Second Edition, McGill-Queen’s University Press, Kingston and Montreal, 1984.
§ Gail Crawford: Studio Ceramics in Canada, Goose Lane Editions, Toronto, 2005.
§ Debby DuBay: Living with Limoges, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen PA, 2001.
§ Debby DuBay: Antique Limoges at Home, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen PA, 2002.
§ Debby DuBay: “Hand Painted Porcelain: Women Played a Major Role” in The Journal of Antiques and Collectibles, Sturbridge Massachusetts, February 2003.
§ Debby DuBay: Collecting Hand Painted Limoges Porcelain: Boxes to Vases, Schiffer Publishing Ltd., Atglen PA, 2004.
§ Stanley W. Fisher: Fine Porcelain and Pottery, Octopus Books Ltd, London 1974, p. 24-90.
§ Mary Frank Gaston: The Collector's Encyclopaedia of Limoges Porcelain, Collector Books, 2000.
§ Paula Gornescu Vachon: "Collecting Canadian Hand Painted Porcelain from the 1880's Onward" in Muzeul National, Vol. XX, Bucharest, 2008, p. 249-260 & 6 p. illustrations.§ Dorothy Kamm: Antique Trader’s Comprehensive Guide to American Painted Porcelain with Values, Antique Trader Books, Dubuque, 1999.
§ Colin S. MacDonald: A Dictionary of Canadian Artists, Vol. 2, Canadian Paperbacks, Ottawa, 1968, p. 335-337.
§ Keith A. McLeod: “This Splendid Gift” in Antique Showcase, April 1998, p. 46-50.
§ Harold Osborne, Editor: An Illustrated Companion to the Decorative Arts, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, Ware, Hertfordshire, 1989, p. 49-50.
§ Dr Ilya Sandra Perlingieri: “Paintresses Victorian Women China Painters and Potters” in New England Antiques Journal, March 2007: http://www.antiquesjournal.com/Pages04/Monthly_pages/march07/paintresses.html
§ Alan B. Reed: Collector's Encyclopedia of Pickard China with Additional Selections Other Chicago China Studios: Identification & Values, Collector Books, Paducah KY, 1995.
§ Dr. Paul Robertson: China Painting - The Art of Master Painter Gwladys Williams Menzies (exhibition pamphlet), Ottawa, 1999.
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A typical structure of a DBMS with its components and relationships between them is show. The DBMS software is partitioned into several modules. Each module or component is assigned a specific operation to perform. Some of the functions of the DBMS are supported by operating systems (OS) to provide basic services and DBMS is built on top of it. The physical data and system catalog are stored on a physical disk. Access to the disk is controlled primarily by as, which schedules disk input/output. Therefore, while designing a DBMS its interface with the as must be taken into account.
Components of a DBMS
The DBMS accepts the SQL commands generated from a variety of user interfaces, produces query evaluation plans, executes these plans against the database, and returns the answers. As shown, the major software modules or components of DBMS are as follows:
(i) Query processor: The query processor transforms user queries into a series of low level instructions. It is used to interpret the online user's query and convert it into an efficient series of operations in a form capable of being sent to the run time data manager for execution. The query processor uses the data dictionary to find the structure of the relevant portion of the database and uses this information in modifying the query and preparing and optimal plan to access the database.
(ii) Run time database manager: Run time database manager is the central software component of the DBMS, which interfaces with user-submitted application programs and queries. It handles database access at run time. It converts operations in user's queries coming. Directly via the query processor or indirectly via an application program from the user's logical view to a physical file system. It accepts queries and examines the external and conceptual schemas to determine what conceptual records are required to satisfy the user’s request. It enforces constraints to maintain the consistency and integrity of the data, as well as its security. It also performs backing and recovery operations. Run time database manager is sometimes referred to as the database control system and has the following components:
• Authorization control: The authorization control module checks the authorization of users in terms of various privileges to users.
• Command processor: The command processor processes the queries passed by authorization control module.
Integrity checker: It .checks the integrity constraints so that only valid data can be entered into the database.
Query optimizer: The query optimizers determine an optimal strategy for the query execution.
• Transaction manager: The transaction manager ensures that the transaction properties should be maintained by the system.
• Scheduler: It provides an environment in which multiple users can work on same piece of data at the same time in other words it supports concurrency.
(iii) Data Manager: The data manager is responsible for the actual handling of data in the database. It provides recovery to the system which that system should be able to recover the data after some failure. It includes Recovery manager and Buffer manager. The buffer manager is responsible for the transfer of data between the main memory and secondary storage (such as disk or tape). It is also referred as the cache manger.
Execution Process of a DBMS
As show, conceptually, following logical steps are followed while executing users to request to access the database system:
(I) Users issue a query using particular database language, for example, SQL commands.
(ii) The passes query is presented to a query optimizer, which uses information about how the data is stored to produce an efficient execution plan for the evaluating the query.
(iii) The DBMS accepts the users SQL commands and analyses them.
(iv) The DBMS produces query evaluation plans, that is, the external schema for the user, the corresponding external/conceptual mapping, the conceptual schema, the conceptual/internal mapping, and the storage structure definition. Thus, an evaluation\ plan is a blueprint for evaluating a query.
(v) The DBMS executes these plans against the physical database and returns the answers to the user.
Using components such as transaction manager, buffer manager, and recovery manager, the DBMS supports concurrency and recovery.
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Upper respiratory infection in cats is common. The death rate in kittens that have upper respiratory infection is about 50 percent. It is highly contagious and spreads quickly. It cannot be transmitted to humans nor can our colds be transmitted to cats.
Eighty to 90 percent of upper respiratory infections belong to either the herpesvirus group which includes feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) or calicivirus group which includes the feline caliciviral disease. It is important to get you cat to your veterinarian immediately to catch it in the early stages. Symptoms are sneezing, congestion, runny nose, cough, clear to colored nasal discharge, gagging/drooling, fever, decreased or loss of appetite, rapid breathing, nasal and oral ulcers, squinting or rubbing of eyes, open-mouth breathing, depression. Depending on the type of virus or severity of the case it can be mild or severe.
Bottom line with this is getting your cat to the vet. That cute little kitten with matted eyes is sick, that is not normal keep it away from the other cats in your house and wash your hands left untreated it can lead to pneumonia and even death.
Vaccines can prevent respiratory infections however once a cat has had the infection it can still carry the virus and have it come back. The vaccine can help minimize the severity of the recurrences and the cat can recover more quickly when treated. Make sure you get the booster or your vaccine won't work. Treatment requires antibiotics.
So what causes upper respiratory infection? It's a virus that is in the air and everywhere just like the viruses we get. The virus is easier to catch where multiple cats are as in stray cats that keep multiplying infect each other. Your outside cat that is in contact with them will bring the infection home to any other cats you have inside or out.
To help your cat to fight off any infection and recover more quickly from illness make sure you provide plenty of clean fresh water at all times, quality food and a clean environment. Getting your cats spay/neutered especially your outside cats will help from spreading this and other infections by keeping the number of cats to a minimum. Less is better.
NeuterScooter will be spay/neutering cats in Byesville March 21; you must register your cat at Neuterscooter.com
Lisa Bell is a volunteer humane officer for Guernsey County and a regular columnist for The Jeffersonian.
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The Dominican Republic sustained strong economic growth over the past two decades, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the region. Between 2001-11, the economy grew annually by 5.3 percent on average, surpassing the growth rate of the region (3.4 percent). Income per capita also increased between 2000-10 by 45 percent, from USD $2,793 to USD $4,049.
Assessing the impact of this economic growth on poverty was difficult due to the lack of an official poverty measurement methodology. A high-quality methodology to measure household wellbeing is key for evidence-based policy making as it helps identify the magnitude of poverty (i.e. how many people live below a poverty threshold) along with characteristics (i.e. who is poor, where they live, if poverty affects genders, ethnicities, regions, etc. differently).
Instead of using one consistent methodology to determine poverty estimates, the country was simultaneously following several methodologies developed by different international institutions. This often resulted in estimates that were not comparable, moved in opposite directions and painted vastly different pictures of poverty in the country.
Overall, key stakeholders and the public generally distrusted the poverty numbers which were perceived to lack credibility and believed to sometimes be influenced by political interests over policy objectives.
Drawing from past experiences, the World Bank proposed that the government convene an inter-institutional technical poverty committee to gather key domestic and international institutions to define the country’s new poverty measurement methodology in a transparent and participatory way.
Both domestic and international institutions were included to ensure buy-in and ownership from the government while also providing a seal of approval from the international community.
The poverty committee was a three tiered structure. At the highest level was a small group of high-level officials whose role was to review and endorse the recommendations coming out of the poverty committee. This helped ensure that the technical poverty committee did not operate in isolation from the rest of government.
The second tier was the core technical working group where all topics and aspects of the poverty measurement methodology were debated and finalized for high-level review and endorsement.
The third tier was comprised of the technical and analytical team responsible for responding to committee demands for modeling different scenarios, providing technical inputs, and testing results. This group began as a separate tier, but was later incorporated into the second tier given their technical expertise and perspectives.
The grant objectives were to:
(1) Establish a poverty committee as a forum for discussing poverty issues;
(2) Identify and provide technical inputs and analytical work for developing the poverty measurement methodology to ensure comparability of poverty numbers between 2000-11 and poverty diagnostics (poverty profiles, micro-simulation analysis, etc.); and
(3) Build technical capacity in domestic institutions working on poverty measurement, monitoring and analysis.
In regards to the first objective, the poverty committee successfully convened an influential and collaborative committee with a range of key domestic and international institutions working on poverty measurement.
To achieve the second objective, all inputs to the methodology were validated with consensus in poverty committee discussions and the high-level officials subsequently endorsed and legitimized the process and results. The new methodology and poverty numbers for the period 2000-11 were officially launched at an event chaired by the Ministry of Economy, Planning and Development (MEPyD) and the Director of the National Statistics Office (ONE) at the National Palace on July 30, 2012.
The last objective was achieved, first, by empowering national institutions not previously involved in poverty measurement and diagnostics (such as ONE) by giving them a seat at the table. Second, capacity building and knowledge dissemination efforts were also successful through a series of technical trainings for those within the poverty committee institutions and also for those in the greater poverty community.
Bank Group Contribution
The IBRD supported the Dominican Republic through a USD $250,000 Institutional Development Fund grant. World Bank also staff participated in poverty committee meetings and provided technical support when needed. The World Bank also participated in dissemination workshops and was in charge of a microsimulations workshop aimed at assessing the impact of different policies on poverty.
Throughout this process, the World Bank played a key role in convening the committee and developing many partnerships. MEPyD was the key government counterpart on this project.
Other domestic institutions on the committee included ONE, Central Bank, Ministry of Labor, Vice Presidency (Cabinet for the Coordination of Social Policies), and Ministry of Health. On the international side, participants included the World Bank, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and CEPAL which joined later in the process.
The goal is that the committee will continue on as a space for national and international institutions to come together to discuss, monitor and debate the intricacies of poverty measurement in the Dominican Republic.
The poverty committee remains informal and has not yet been institutionalized by the government, but discussions are currently underway regarding the preparation of a law or decree to formally institutionalize it.
Additionally, as a result of the trainings, technicians both internal and external to government will continue to monitor the application and results of the poverty measurement methodology for years to come.
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Sekeres, Mikkael A. MD, MS
How Henry Kaplan Changed the Fate of Hodgkin Lymphoma
The list of cancers for which we have developed successful therapies, where cure rates far exceed failures and we can unequivocally say, “We done good,” is unfortunately small. Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is one. Testicular cancer is another. And Hodgkin lymphoma was probably the first cancer that was cured with some regularity, even when it was not localized.
For those of us who completed our oncology training within the past decade or two, it is difficult to appreciate the universal mortality associated with a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in the first half of the 20th century. In her book, Henry Kaplan and the Story of Hodgkin's Disease, Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs, MD, Professor of Medicine in the Division of Oncology at Stanford University School of Medicine, takes us there, starting with the almost forgotten characterization of the disease by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832, moving us quickly to Dorothy Reed's description of the cell that has become the sine qua non of the diagnosis, and her challenge to the theory that it represented a form of tuberculosis, in 1902, and the publication in the same year of William Allen Pusey's application of Roentgen's cathode rays to the neck lymph nodes of a four-year-old boy with Hodgkin lymphoma, with subsequent regression of the nodes.
Yes, it's true—the first successful therapies, and ultimately cures—for lymphoma were at the hands of radiation oncologists, albeit with crude technology, limited dosing (50-75 kilovolts), and universal skin burns. This improved in the 1930s, with the Coolidge tube and fractionated radiotherapy, but it wasn't until the linear accelerator was applied that Hodgkin's lymphoma had met its match. And much of the use of this technology can be credited to Henry Kaplan.
Henry Seymour Kaplan was born in Chicago in 1918, the first son to Jewish immigrants from Kiev. Although raised by his ambitious mother to be a “great man of the world”—to compensate intellectually for what she perceived to be a grossly disfigured hand—his was not an easy childhood. He had few friends and limited social skills. When Henry was 16, his father died of lung cancer, and the family almost became destitute with the loss of income.
As a result, Henry worked constantly when he wasn't attending the University of Chicago or Rush Medical Center, and vowed to dedicate his life to curing the cancer that had killed his father. Interestingly, some of the other “great men and women” who would play major roles in curing Hodgkin lymphoma—Vera Peters, Saul Rosenberg, and Vince DeVita, among others—were described as being similarly brilliant, driven, and the first to attend college in their families. Perhaps to these scientists and clinicians, they saw in the attempt to cure cancer the same struggle they had already faced to overcome socioeconomic adversity, and it was thus familiar ground. Kaplan went on to the University of Minnesota for advanced radiology training, and then to Yale University, where he conducted research on radiation-induced leukemias and lymphomas in mice, finally landing at the National Cancer Institute to continue his work in carcinogenesis. In 1948, he was recruited by Stanford University to become head of radiology, which included radiation oncology.
Charlotte DeCroes Ja...Image Tools
At Stanford, Kaplan built what would become the premier radiation oncology program in the country. He recruited faculty, some of whom would go on to become Nobel Prize winners, and used his formidable personality to secure funding, laboratory, and office space.
In her acknowledgments, Jacobs thanks Kaplan's widow, Leah, who instructed the author to “portray the man as he was, not a saint.” Kaplan was not universally beloved, and many of the book's pages are devoted to his political battles at Stanford; his failure to recognize Peters for her contributions to establishing the curability of Hodgkin lymphoma and to accurately staging the disease; and to his disrespect of Rosenberg, probably his greatest faculty recruit.
Kaplan also convinced Stanford physics professor Edward Ginzton to use his six-million-volt linear accelerator, a technology developed by the British as radar to detect approaching enemy aircraft, for medical therapeutic purposes. Kaplan's genius was in bringing the accelerator to the clinic and demanding that it be maneuverable, to maximize flexibility in designing therapeutic fields. The first patient, an infant boy with a retinoblastoma, was successfully treated in January 1956.
The book takes us through the Stanford L, S, and C protocols, and deftly weaves patient stories into the text, even starting the book with a moving account of a patient reunion at Stanford to celebrate 20 years of progress in Hodgkin's Disease.
REVIEWED BY MIKKAEL ...Image Tools
While Kaplan's colleagues often took issue with his authoritarian approach to science and leadership, his patients adored him, and he was a gifted clinician. It was Rosenberg who insisted on studying different therapeutic approaches methodically, via clinical trials, whereas Kaplan wanted to treat based on instinct.
This was an exciting time, and for those of us who were not yet practicing medicine at the times of the Rye and Ann Arbor meetings, or when DeVita first presented his findings on combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma at the American Association for Cancer Research in 1965, we can feel the tension, and disbelief, in the meeting rooms—Hodgkin lymphoma was becoming curable, even most of the time.
Also Sensitive to Collateral Damage, Both on Doctors & Patients
The book is also sensitive to the collateral damage of this successful therapy, both on doctors and patients. It took Kaplan five years to have a child, likely because of radiation-induced infertility, and ultimately he died of lung cancer—a non-smoker, he attributed it to his exposure to radon paste as a resident in Chicago.
Other radiation therapists who died of occupational exposures in a non-OSHA era are also discussed, as was the impact Kaplan's scientific focus had on his family: Leah called Henry's laboratory his “mistress,” and his relationship with his son and brother were distant at best.
Patients suffered side effects to the new therapies, the most serious of which were secondary malignancies, considered uniformly deadly. We empathize with both patients and doctors when these cancers come to light, as they were equally devastated.
While the book at times lapses into the minutiae of university politics and can be somewhat redundant, it is a good read—a great read for those of us who trained in an era of evidence-based medicine, and want to learn what it was like to actually create the evidence, and for the first time make a difference in our patient's lives.
© 2010 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
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Name: Sudarshan Iyer
Research and Development Specialist
Name: Ujwala Vaka
Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Emily Herring
Experimental Protocol Planner
Name: Garrett Repp
Open PCR Machine Engineer
Name: Joseph Del Rosario
Open PCR Machine Engineer
LAB 1 WRITE-UP
The Original Design
PCR Machines allow us to make copies of different DNA samples by heating the DNA to the point of denaturing. Once the two strands of DNA are separated, an enzyme builds complimentary strands using the original strands as a template. The PCR Machine is able to be programmed to running multiple cycles of this heating phase. Each cycle results in doubling the previous amount, so by the end of the 30th cycle, you have just over 1,000,000,000 (one billion) copies of the original DNA. This allows the DNA to be analyzed and tested for any defects.
Experimenting With the Connections
The Open PCR Machine we received was number 13. When we unplugged the PCB Board of the LCD from the Open PCR Circuit Board, the machine's LCD screen turned off.
When we unplugged the white wire that connects the Open PCR Circuit Board to the 16 Tube PCR Block, the machine could not register or measure the temperature. The LCD screen displayed seemingly random numbers including -40 degrees Celsius (which is not possible because the Open PCR Machine was not changing the temperature at that time).
On October 18, 2012, our group first tested the Open PCR Machine number 13. At first, the machine seemed overwhelming in its design. However, after following the instructions and advice from peers and professors, we were able to determine how to properly setup, program, and run a simple test.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction is a technology that amplifies a single piece of DNA. This technology works very similarly to the natural DNA replication cycle. One PCR cycle consists of three basic steps, denaturation, annealing and extension. In the denaturation step, heat (usually about 95 degrees Celsius) is used to separate the DNA into two strands. Then in the annealing step, the temperature is decreased to 50 degrees Celsius and the DNA primer, specific to the target sequence for that organism, anneal to the separated strand of DNA. The primers mark the beginning and the end of the targeted DNA sequence. Finally, the extension step required the temperature to be raised to 72 degrees Celsius so that the DNA polymerase is activated. The DNA polymerase begins synthesis at the DNA primer. This results in two double stranded target DNA sequences. The PCR cycle is repeated many times to amplify the targeted strand.
There are typically many cycles that need to take place in the PCR in order to amplify a patient's DNA.
Cycle 1: the thermal cycler heats up to 95 degrees Celsius, or 203 degrees Fahrenheit, which is almost at boiling point. At this temperature, DNA double helix separates, creating two single-stranded DNA molecules. Gradually the temperature begins to cool to 50 degrees Celsius so the primers will attach. Then the temperature is raised to 72 degrees DNA polymerase is activated and locates primers attached to the single-strand DNA, which will then begin to add complementary nucleotides onto the strand. This process continues until it gets to the end of the strand and falls off.
Cycle 2: the same three steps occurring in cycle happen in cycle 2. The temperature is raised again to separate the DNA strands, the temperature is lowered so that the primers may attach, and the temperature is raised again slightly to stimulate DNA polymerase to copy the strand.
Cycle 3: the two desired fragments begin to appear—two strands that begin with primer one and end with primer two—and these are the DNA copies of the segment of DNA you’ve targeted. These products will increase (become the majority) as the cycle continues.
Cycle 4: at the end of this cycle, you‘ll have 8 fragments that contain only your target sequence (see Table 2).
Cycle 5: at the end of this cycle, you‘ll have 22 fragments that your target sequence and only ten longer length copies.
After 30 cycles there are over a billion fragments that contain only your target sequence and only 60 copies of the longer length molecules. You now have a solution of nearly pure target sequence.
After the DNA has been through the thermal cycler, mix each new DNA sample with the the PCR master mix (Taq DNA polymerase, dNTP's, MgCl2, forward primer, and reverse primer) into 8 different Eppendorf tubes using separate pipettes to reduce contamination (see Table 1).
|Template DNA (20ng)
|10 μM forward primer
|10 μL reverse primer
|GoTaq master mix
| DNA Sample Descriptions (8 Samples)
| Positive Control: Cancer DNA Template
|| Patient 1 Replicate 1: 65685
|| Patient 1 Replicate 2: 65685
|| Patient 1 Replicate 2: 65685
| Negative Control: No DNA Template
|| Patient 2 Replicate 1: 58278
|| Patient 2 Replicate 2: 58278
|| Patient 2 Replicate 3: 58278
|| Eppendorf tube Label
|| Pipette Label
|SYBR Green I Solution
||Blue dot at top
|DNA Calf Thymus, 2 microg/mL
||Red dot at top
|Patient 1 Replicate 1
|Patient 1 Replicate 2
|Patient 1 Replicate 3
|Patient 2 Replicate 1
|Patient 2 Replicate 2
|Patient 2 Replicate 3
Fluorimeter Assembly Procedure
1) Turn on the excitation light using the switch for the blue LED.
2) Place a smart phone on the cradle at a right angle from the slide.
3) Adjust your camera settings as follows:turn off the flash, set the ISO to 800 or higher, increase the exposure to the maximum, and turn off autofocus (optional).
4) Move the smartphone in the cradle as close possible to the first two rows of the slide so that you will get a clear image.
5) The pipette should be filled with liquid only to the bottom of the black line. Then use the pipette to place two drops of water (each drop should be between 130-160 microliters) in the middles of the first two rows of the slide.
6) Move the slide so that the blue LED light is focused on the the drops of water to the middle of the black fiber optic fitting on the other side of the drop.
7) Cover the fluorimeter with the light box so that much of the stray light will removed, but make sure you can still access your smartphone to take pictures.
8) While being careful not to move the smartphone, take three picture of the water droplet.
9) When removing the light box, be careful not to move the smartphone because that could make the analysis more complicated.
10) Use a clean plastic pipette to remove the water droplets from the slide.
11) Push the slide in so that you are now in the next set of two holes.
12) Repeat steps 5-10 four more times in 5 different positions.
13) Record the following: type of smartphone used, the distance from the base of the smartphone cradle to the measurement device (in cm), and attach one image for each position of the drop (5 images total).
After assembling the fluorimeter, you can now determine if you've amplified the targeted DNA in your PCR experiment. Using the Fluorimeter, you can calculate the relative amount of DNA through fluorescence, which is generated by excitation and emission wavelengths. In order to detect fluorescence when dsDNA is present, you'll be using SYBR Green I because it's more safer compared to other dyes. With that being said, gloves must be worn when handling any liquid containing SYBR Green I. The fluorimeter itself is a very simple machine because it uses optical caustic, a special type of optics that completely removes the need for lasers, mirrors, or lenses. Also the flourimeter is battery-powered, lightweight and portable; this allows every student to have one of these at their lab table. Following the steps below, you can easily learn how to dye your amplified DNA.
1)On your lab table, you'll find eight samples from the Open PCR, 1 DNA sample(calf thymus standard at 2 micrograms/mL), and water from the scintillation vial (white cap) to analyze.
2)With a permanent marker, label your Eppendorf tubes and number your pipettes (on the bulb part) so that no cross-contamination will occurs. At the end, you should have 10 Eppendorf tubes and 10 pipettes clearly labeled (see Table 3). REMINDER: Use only 1 transfer pipette per sample!!!
3)Transfer each sample separately (using 1 pipette per sample) into an Eppendorf tube containing 400 mL of buffer. Clearly label this tube with the number of the sample and make sure to get all of the sample into the Eppendorf tube. ONLY use the sample number transfer pipette to place a drop onto the fluorescence measuring machine, and then discard it.
4)Take Eppendorf tube labelled SYBR Green I and using the specially labeled pipette, place 2 drops on the first two centered drops.
5)Now take your diluted sample and place 2 drops on top of the SYBR Green I solution drops.
6)Let the smartphone operator take as many pictures as needed.
7)Now you may either rerun the sample again or discard the sample pipette, but keep the SYBR Green I labelled pipette. Also you can only run 5 samples per glass slide. If more are needed ask your lab TA or professor.
8)Before completing the lab, run the water from the scintillation vial as a BLANK using the same procedure.
Transferring the images from your smartphone to the laptop that has ImageJ
1) Connect your smartphone to your laptop using a USB sync cable.
2) Click Start and then click My Computer or Computer where under Portable Devices, you should find your smartphone icon and double-click on this icon.
3) Once you have opened it, double click folder DCIM, and next double-click the folder Camera.
4) From the Camera folder, press down on CTRL and click on the images you want to transfer and right-click and copy these images. NOTE: Do not take your finger off the CTRL key until after you right-click.
5) Under the Libraries folder, click on the Pictures tab and right-click and go to New and select Folder. Name this new folder ImageJ Pictures and double click on this folder. You can now right-click and paste the images taken by your smartphone into this folder.
6) Go to your desktop and double-click on the ImageJ icon and when ImageJ opens, go to the top left of the bar and click on File, next click Open.
7) A folder will appear on your screen, and on the left click the Libraries icon, next double-click the Pictures icon. In the Pictures folder, find the ImageJ Pictures folder you previously created and double-click on that folder.
8) In the ImageJ Picture folder, select an image (you can only select one image at a time) and click Open. In a few seconds, the image will be appear on your screen.
Research and Development
Specific Cancer Marker Detection - The Underlying Technology
The reason that the cancer-associated SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) rs17879961 will produce a DNA signal while the non-cancer DNA sequence will not produce a DNA signal lies in the arrangement of nucleotides at the molecular level. More specifically, the lack of a DNA signal is due to the inability of the reverse primer to bind to the forward strand during the annealing phase of PCR. To detect the cancer-associated sequence of r17879961, the reverse primer is used. This is because the cancer-associated mutation is represented by a single nucleotide in a particular triplet: instead of the normal ATT, the middle T mutates into a C, thus rendering a triplet of ACT (which one can see in the reverse primer shown above). In contrast, the normal sequence with the normal triplet ATT would read . At the protein level, this mutation of 1 nucleotide changes the coded protein from isoleucine to threonine. As a result, the primer will not attach to the normal r17879961 DNA sequence as it will not have the corresponding nucleotides (AGT) on the forward strand in the particular section of DNA that the mutated sequence would have, but will rather have the triplet AAT.
The results of ImajeJ analysis of SYBR Green.
| Sample || Integrated Density || DNA μg/mL || Conclusion
| PCR: Negative Control || 808932 || 3.858 || Negative
| PCR: Positive Control || 1233507 || 5.884 || Positive
| PCR: Patient 1 ID #####, rep 1 || 504095 || 2.404 || Negative
| PCR: Patient 1 ID #####, rep 2 || 357380 || 1.705 || Negative
| PCR: Patient 1 ID #####, rep 3 || 801881 || 3.825 || Negative
| PCR: Patient 2 ID #####, rep 1 || 375662 || 1.792 || Negative
| PCR: Patient 2 ID #####, rep 2 || 472779 || 2.255 || Negative
| PCR: Patient 2 ID #####, rep 3 || 407989 || 1.946 || Negative
- Sample =
- Integrated Density =
- DNA μg/mL =
- Conclusion =
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Solid state physics is the study of how atoms arrange themselves into solids and what properties these solids have. By examining the arrangement of the atoms and considering how electrons move among the atoms, it is possible to understand many macroscopic properties of materials such as their elasticity, electrical conductivity, or optical properties. The Institute of Solid State Physics focuses on organic, molecular, and nanostructured materials. Often detailed studies of the behavior of these materials at surfaces are made. Our research provides the foundation for important advances in technology such as energy efficient lighting, solar cells, electronic books, environmental sensors, and medical sensors.
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Balancing Sustainability with Economic Development in Developing Countries – The Case Study of Indonesia
Natural resources have historically been responsible for growing economies. Much of the developed world has long ago been through the cycle of utilizing natural resources to bring people out of poverty. By contrast, developing countries are relatively new to this process. Yet despite their newcomer status, some emerging economies have been quick to learn from both the successes and failures of developed nations in the quest to build their economies, while simultaneously conserving their natural heritage. Indonesia is one of these countries.
Indonesia: Nation on the Move
Revered as the world’s largest archipelago, Indonesia is spread over thousands of islands spanning from Asia to Australia and contains some of the most diverse flora and fauna populations on earth. Indonesia is home to the world’s third largest tropical forest, which is considered not only a national asset and global public good, but also an important contributor to the country’s GDP. World Bank figures show that forestry, agriculture, and mining together contribute approximately 25 percent of Indonesia’s GDP and nearly 30 percent to overall government budget revenue. Importantly, the forest also remains central to the livelihoods of nearly 35 percent of Indonesians who live in rural areas, below the poverty line.
In recent years, Indonesia has suffered an unprecedented number of setbacks that have impacted its economy, including the tsunami of December 2004, earthquakes in 2005 and 2006, a global spike in rice, and other food and energy commodity prices, along with random terrorist attacks. Against this backdrop, Indonesia has established priorities to ensure sustainable development occurs. These priorities are economic development to alleviate poverty, social welfare and environmental protection, which includes protection of high conservation value forests, biodiversity, endangered species and actions to tackle climate change. As in the developed world, it requires the government, NGOs, consumers and the private sector to work together to take action on these priorities and ensure success.
The Corporation’s Role in Sustainable Economy Building
Multinational corporations, NGOs and governments around the world each play a critical role in helping to solve the challenges of effecting societal improvements with natural resource preservation. This begins of course with job creation. In Indonesia, we know that the income multiplier effect for non-food agriculture, such as forestry is estimated at 2.30. For every $1 (USD) increase in non-food agriculture production, Indonesian incomes are estimated to rise by $2.30 (USD) . Indonesians employed by the forestry industry and those in ancillary industries enjoy a better quality of life, often preventing a slide into poverty when basic living costs outpace standard incomes.
Corporations can also provide direct private investment in country programs that support education, skills-training, some provision of medical care, entrepreneurial community enterprises and disaster relief, which often make a dramatic and immediate impact in the lives of the people who need it most. Clearly, it’s important that the corporation evaluates where these investments are earmarked, but the fact remains that many organizations in the developing world are the true drivers of change and positive growth for populations who are otherwise underserved.
Sustainability in Tandem with Economic Development
While corporations making these and other economic development investments are critical drivers of growth in developing countries, their focus must also be rooted in drivers that in turn enhance sustainability. Irrespective of geography, the focus of a company’s sustainability program most readily ties to the company’s core business.
Climate change is an increasingly pressing and critical global issue, which can only be addressed through a strong commitment to sustainability. Whether at the international, national or sub-national level, sustainability is everybody’s business. The global paper industry, like others, is in the process of making significant changes, which in turn opens the opportunity to reduce its environmental impact.
Some forest companies operating in the Asia-Pacific region are deploying more efficient paper making technology, which allows them to produce on average, lower carbon emissions than most Northern European or American paper makers. What’s more, regional pulpwood plantations sequester 30 times more carbon than those found in other major paper-making geographies. Unlike other industries such as fossil fuel and mining, pulp and paper making is a 100 percent renewable, recyclable resource. Taking reforestation efforts one step further, in addition to supporting government and NGO-backed conservation reserves, corporations can also develop their own land conservation programs to protect and manage areas of significant biodiversity and/or cultural significance.
Given the size of the challenge though, reforestation is a concern that can only be properly addressed when governments, NGOs, indigenous people and the private sector work together to ensure sustainable forest management. In so doing we also alleviate poverty. In Indonesia, like many developing nations, poverty is the root cause of illegal logging. Eliminate poverty and you eliminate the root cause of unsanctioned forest management.
The twin needs of economic development and sustainability make effective program development and implementation in developing countries a particular challenge. In the end, the same drive, dedication and collaboration evidenced in the private sector will also lead the effort to innovate lasting improvements for developing countries. Together, we have much to gain for the generations to come.
Ian Lifshitz is the Sustainability & Public Outreach Manager for Asia Pulp and Paper in North America. APP is one of the largest vertically integrated pulp and paper companies in the world, with production facilities among the most advanced and environmentally efficient in the global pulp and paper industry. The company recognizes that a combination of social and economic best practices is the foundation for long-term business success, and is a leader in economic development in all of the communities in which it operates. The APP Group operates within globally recognized and verified standards in all of its production facilities; ensuring pulpwood suppliers meet stringent guidelines, guaranteeing sustainable forest management.
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Wadena Cracker Company
Lina Belar, Wadena County Historical Society
At the beginning of the 20th century, the leading manufacturing company in Wadena was the Wadena Cracker Company. Like many successful ventures it had a humble origin.
It was started in the fall of 1895 by Lars Ericsson and at the time was more in the nature of a bakery than anything else. Mr. Ericsson possessed a great deal of energy and he was constantly expanding the business. In the spring of 1900 he took into partnership with him, Jim Weeks, and they began to experiment with making crackers. A factory was built and ovens were put in and it was soon discovered that there was a ready market for the product. In the fall of that year, the company was further strengthened by the advent of W.H. Benson who took an interest in the concern. The firm was then known as Ericsson, Weeks & Co. Weeks and Benson went on the road as traveling salesmen and business grew so rapidly that in 1902 the firm was incorporated under the laws of the state with a capital of $25,000 and the name of the Wadena Cracker Company. A large addition was made to the plant. The gasoline engine was thrown out and a large steam engine put in and an electric light and heating plant installed. These improvements doubled the capacity of the factory and by 1903 the company had five regular traveling salesmen and employed forty people. Its payroll averaged $600 per week and sales were $10,000 per month. The company manufactured bread, crackers, ginger snaps, Swede toast, and cookies of all kinds and their wares sold readily throughout northern Minnesota.
The business of the factory kept constantly increasing until November 1904 when fire gutted the mechanical department of the factory, destroying practically all of the expensive machinery and the ovens. It also ruined an immense stock of flour and other product. Facing the catastrophe of the fire, the stockholders of the company set out to rebuild the plant. The old factory had been erected piece meal, and the burned building for this reason had not been properly planned to give the best results. Local business men came forward with liberal stock contributions and when the rebuilding operations began enough stock had been subscribed to give the company a paid up capital of $60,000. In a few months the business was up and running and production had increased from 1,500 to 2,000 loaves a day and there was a steady and growing demand for Swede toast.
After several years of successful production, the Wadena Cracker Company closed on March 13, 1913 and the affairs of the concern were liquidated. It is hard to determine just what caused the downfall of the Wadena Cracker Company but probably the main factor was the growth of large national companies manufacturing similar products, such as the National Biscuit Company.
From issues the Wadena Pioneer Journal 1900-1905, compiled by Robert C. Zosel. Lina Belar is the interim executive director of the Wadena County Historical Society.
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|Biosphere Reserve Information|
The Algerian El Kala Biosphere Reserve borders to the Mediterranean Sea. It includes a mosaic of ecosystems, mainly evergreen sclerophyllous forests, lakes, mountains, woodlands or scrubs, coastal and marine ecosystems. The area is known for its rich biodiversity. Many species are endemic or threatened.
El Kala has 87,000 inhabitants and some 30,000 annual tourists (2001). International tourism does not exist, however ecotourism might turn out to be a great opportunity for the region. Main concerns of the area are the increasing urbanization and water consumption and the extension of agriculture and infrastructure. Public education and awareness programmes such as guided tours are aimed at both schools and the public at large. An eco-museum, a mini-zoo and several bird watching towers attract people to visit the biosphere reserve. Research is done, for example on waterbirds, dragonflies, forests and aquatic vegetation.
|Major ecosystem type||Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, woodlands or scrub including coastal/marine systems|
|Major habitats & land cover types||Littoral (dunes) habitats with Malcolmia parviflora, Ophrys pallida, Euphorbia dendroides,Odontites lutea etc.; marine habitats with Posidonia oceanica; lacustre habitats with Nymphaea alba, Nuphar luteum, Trapa natans and Marsilea diffusa; highland habitats with Quercus suber, Q. faginea, Laurus nobilis, Platanthera bifolia, Ilex aquifolium etc.|
|Location||36°55' to 36°90'N; 08°16' to 08°43'E|
|Transition area(s) when given||1,791|
|Altitude (metres above sea level)||-5 to +1,200|
|Administrative authorities||Parc National d'El Kala|
|Last updated: 10/09/2001|
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Is there a moment when a learning innovation, like online learning, officially becomes a best practice? When adjectives like "experimental" and "promising" give way to "tried and true" and "proven success?"
Seasoned researchers, trained to be skeptical, have not been quick to anoint online learning a best practice. Educators whose data sets are measured in a student's enthusiastic response to homework, or the swiftness with which her virtual hand shoots up to answer a query, are often more keen. But either way, there's no denying that the online learning movement is marching steadily to the day when it becomes an integral part of the educational mainstream.
When that day comes, a lot of schools will deserve hearty applause, including pioneers like the Florida Virtual School, Michigan Virtual School, and Idaho Digital Learning Academy, as well as more recent converts to the cause. One of those is a network of free, public charter schools in San Jose, California, called Rocketship Education, who just this week crossed a very important milestone.
Closing the Achievement Gap
Rocketship schools have made it their mission to close the achievement gap that holds back students in under-served communities. They practice what they call the "
For instance, a 1st grader will attend four periods of study in a day. One or two of those will be in the "learning lab," a discreet area (see photo below) where they sit at the computer and answer queries in an educational game-like interface. They do this for both math and literacy, and advance at their own pace as they master the answers and prompts required.
Rocketship's results have been very impressive. Their students, almost all of whom qualify for free and reduced lunch, are among the highest performers among their peers statewide. Their performance equals that of schools in nearby affluent suburbs like Palo Alto. And yet there hasn't been a lot of formal research into how and why. There has been plenty of press coverage about their corps of very devoted, accomplished teachers who put in long hours and take great pride in their work. But no one has pulled apart the online learning component from the teacher-driven part. Until now.
A recent study shows that students in Rocketship Education's Learning Lab (above) have significantly improved academic performance using adaptive, online, learning technology to master math skills.
Last week Rocketship Education announced the results of an independent 16-week study by SRI International that showed that students who had greater access to online instruction in math, specifically a learning program called Dreambox Learning, achieved significant gains in mathematics scores. That is to say, the kids who had the typical regimen of online math instruction, as opposed to those kids who received only traditional classroom math instruction, did better -- more than five points in percentile ranking better (50 percent to 55.5 percent -- on the Northwest Evaluation Association's math standards test).
Nice for them, you might say, but so what? Well, for starters, it is unusual that an effort as modest as 40 minutes a day for less than a semester's time would yield any result at all. Most don't move the needle. Second, it should be noted that this improvement occurred without any integration with teacher-driven math teaching in the classroom periods. As Rocketship Chief Schools Officer, Aylon Samouha, put it, "Imagine what would happen if there were a focus on a parallel classroom experience." And lastly, the online learning that occurred here is not extraordinarily expensive, the computers required are basic, the software generally free or very affordable. Scalability is not out of reach.
One unfortunate fact is that there hasn't yet been any sharing of success strategies with San Jose Unified School District (SJUSD), in which Rocketship resides, something Rocketship says they are open to, "but have not been approached." Shouldn't that be part of the deal when a public charter opens in a district? I know Rocketship is keen to provide tours to interested parties (contact [email protected]), and they have participated in "white papers" aimed at assisting districts and charters that want to share best practices. Is an unsolicited entreaty to SJUSD in order?
But to get back to hard-bitten skeptical researchers whose job it is to study data -- not imagine solutions that could be relevant for under-performing schools -- what do these results actually mean? "Important, promising, and it opens up many more questions," says Dan Humphrey, associate director of SRI's Center for Education Policy. Then came the familiar words, "But more study is needed." And he is right. Would 80 minutes a day make for even better results? What would be the effect if classroom teachers coordinated their efforts more closely with the online learning programs? And how about teaching reading and literacy? Rocketship and the researchers decided not to test the impact of those online programs. Was it because the same level of potential was not there to be found?
So, yes. One study by one pioneer school organization does not a best practice make. But the cross-over moment is coming, and when it does we will see a major change roll across the world of K-12 learning. Schools like Rocketship will have important lessons to share.
What are your experiences with online and blended learning? Have you seen it help close the achievement gap? What impact have you seen on student achievement?
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Polio, the dreaded paralyzing disease stamped out in the industrialized world, is spreading in Nigeria. And health officials say in some cases, it's caused by the vaccine used to fight it.
In July, the World Health Organization issued a warning that this vaccine-spread virus might extend beyond Africa. So far, 124 Nigerian children have been paralyzed this year - about twice those afflicted in 2008.
The polio problem is just the latest challenge to global health authorities trying to convince wary citizens that vaccines can save them from dreaded disease. For years, myths have abounded about vaccines - that they were the Western world's plan to sterilize Africans or give them AIDS. The sad polio reality fuels misguided fears and underscores the challenges authorities face using a flawed vaccine.
Nigeria and most other poor nations use an oral polio vaccine because it's cheaper, easier, and protects entire communities.
But it is made from a live polio virus - albeit weakened - which carries a small risk of causing polio for every million or so doses given. In even rarer instances, the virus in the vaccine can mutate into a deadlier version that ignites new outbreaks.
The vaccine used in the United States and other Western nations is given in shots, which use a killed virus that cannot cause polio.
So when WHO officials discovered a polio outbreak in Nigeria was sparked by the polio vaccine itself, they assumed it would be easier to stop than a natural "wild" virus.
They were wrong.
In 2007, health experts reported that amid Nigeria's ongoing outbreak of wild polio viruses, 69 children had also been paralyzed in a new outbreak caused by the mutation of a vaccine's virus.
Back then, WHO said the vaccine-linked outbreak would be swiftly overcome - yet two years later, cases continue to mount. They have since identified polio cases linked to the vaccine dating back as far as 2005.
It is a worrying development for officials who hope to end polio epidemics in India and Africa by the end of this year, after missing several earlier deadlines. "It's very disturbing," said Dr. Bruce Aylward, who heads the polio department at the World Health Organization.
This year, the number of polio cases caused by the vaccine has doubled: 124 children have so far been paralyzed, compared to 62 in 2008, out of about 42 million children vaccinated. For every case of paralysis, there are hundreds of other children who don't develop symptoms, but pass on the disease.
When Nigerian leaders suspended polio vaccination in 2003, believing the vaccine would sterilize their children and infect them with HIV, Nigeria exported polio to nearly two dozen countries worldwide, making it as far away as Indonesia.
Nigeria resumed vaccinations in 2004 after tests showed the vaccine was not contaminated with estrogen, anti-fertility agents or HIV.
Experts have long believed epidemics unleashed by a vaccine's mutated virus wouldn't last since the vaccine only contains a weakened virus strain - but that assumption is coming under pressure. Some experts now say that once viruses from vaccines start circulating they can become just as dangerous as wild viruses.
"The only difference is that this virus was originally in a vaccine vial," said Olen Kew, a virologist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The oral polio vaccine used in Nigeria and elsewhere contains a mild version of the live virus. Children who have been vaccinated pass the virus into the water supply through urine or feces. Other children who then play in or drink that water pick up the vaccine's virus, which gives them some protection against polio.
But in rare instances, as the virus passes through unimmunized children, it can mutate into a strain dangerous enough to ignite new outbreaks, particularly if immunization rates in the rest of the population are low.
Kew said genetic analysis proves mutated viruses from the vaccine have caused at least seven separate outbreaks in Nigeria.
Though Nigeria's coverage rates have improved, up to 15 percent of children in the north still haven't been vaccinated against polio. To eradicate the disease, officials need to reach about 95 percent of the population.
Nigeria's vaccine-linked outbreak underlines the need to stop using the oral polio vaccine as soon as possible, since it can create the very epidemics it was designed to stop, experts say. WHO is researching other vaccines that might work better, but none is on the horizon.
Until a better vaccine is ready, WHO and U.S. CDC officials say the oral vaccine is the best available tool to eradicate polio and that when inoculation rates are nearly 100 percent it works fine.
"Nigeria is almost a case study in what happens when you don't follow the recommendations," Kew said.
Since WHO and partners began their attempt to rid the world of polio in 1988, officials have slashed the disease's incidence by more than 99 percent.
But numerous deadlines have been missed and the number of cases has been at a virtual standstill since 2000. Critics have also wondered whether it is time to give up, and donors may be sick of continuing to fund a program with no clear endgame.
"Eradication is a gamble," said Scott Barrett, an economist at Columbia University who has studied polio policies. "It's all or nothing ... and there is a very real risk this whole thing may fall apart."
Aside from Nigeria, polio persists in a handful of other countries, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Chad, Angola and Sudan.
Aylward agreed the Nigeria situation was another unwelcome hurdle, but was confident eradication was possible. "We still have a shot," he said. "We're throwing everything at it including the kitchen sink."
© 2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Learning how to respond to people with aphasia
In an emergency, communication is key. But what happens when someone is unable to communicate to first responders or medical personnel? First-year graduate student Jim McMahon and Professor Julia King, Ph.D. from the UW-Stevens Point School of Communicative Disorders visited the Stevens Point Fire Department this week to present about aphasia, an impairment of language ability, and how to assist victims during an emergency. [Photo Gallery]
Over one million Americans struggle with aphasia (1 in every 250 people). Aphasia is usually caused by stroke, head injury, brain tumor or neurological conditions. It impairs a person’s ability to speak, process language, and sometime understand others. While aphasia is most common among older people, it can occur in people of all ages, races, nationalities and gender.
McMahon and King presented the facts about aphasia and provided the fire fighters communication tips for when they encounter a person with aphasia, including minimize background noise, keep your voice at a normal level, and ask “yes” and “no” questions. The National Aphasia Association has introduced aphasia ID cards and window decals to help those with aphasia identify themselves.
For more information about aphasia, visit www.aphasia.org and watch the videos below:
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|Everyone is familiar with the damage weather can do to consumer electronics, in the form of rain and damaging weather conditions such as tornadoes and hurricanes. However, many people are not aware of the damage potential of other weather effects, such as cold, heat, humidity, wind, lightning and solar radiation.
Electronics do not operate as well under very cold conditions. When electronics are run in very cold environments, device shut-downs, malfunctions and component damage can occur.
Consumer electronics generate heat simply by operating, and most are designed with fans or other cooling systems in order to keep the heat levels down. However, when the device is exposed to other heat sources, such as high temperatures or direct sunlight, the temperature levels can exceed the device's limits, leading to shut-down, malfunctions or component damage. Batteries are particularly susceptible to heat damage. For example, if a cell phone is left in a vehicle, the heat buildup in the vehicle during hot months is enough to significantly shorten the battery's life. Extreme heat can also melt and warp plastic enclosures and cases.
The lower the humidity, the more likely it is that damaging static charges will build up quickly. Static discharges can easily damage electronic components. In addition, very high humidity can lead to condensation within the electronics, which can cause corrosion. Finally, electronic devices which are moved between two different environments (such as an arid storage area and a humid room) should be given time to adjust to the room temperature in order to allow condensation caused by the differences in humidity and temperature to evaporate. Some devices, such as VCR's, will have a humidity sensor that will prevent the device from powering up when dangerous condensation levels are detected.
In and of itself, wind does not present a threat to electronics. However, wind usually carries with it particulate matter, from dust to sand to debris. Dust and sand can cause severe damage to electronics over time, and care should be taken to protect your devices.
When people think of weather that can damage electronics, lightning is often the first element that comes to mind. Lightning causes a great deal of damage to electronics every year, but direct lightning strikes are rare. The usual method for protecting against static discharges (such as but not limited to lightning) is to properly ground your equipment and antennas. While nothing can completely prevent a direct lightning strike, grounding your equipment ensures that static discharges caused by nearby strikes or by static buildup in the atmosphere are directed harmlessly into the ground, rather than through your electronic devices.
Solar radiation is a serious problem for the communications industry. Solar activity can garble radio transmissions and fry the electronics on satellites and in antennas. During periods of heightened solar activity, shortwave communications are particularly curtailed, with range being significantly affected for the worse. Solar activity also affects satellite operation, such as those used in global positioning systems, satellite television and radio.
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An example of perverse is when you disobey your mother even as you know she is watching you disobey her direct order.
- deviating from what is considered right or good; wrong, improper, etc. or corrupt, wicked, etc.; specif., sexually perverted
- persisting in error or fault; stubbornly contrary
- obstinately disobedient or difficult; intractable
- characterized by or resulting from obstinacy or contrariness
Origin of perverseMiddle English pervers ; from Old French ; from Classical Latin perversus, past participle of pervertere: see pervert
- Contrary to what is right or good; wicked or depraved: a perverse world of sinners.
- a. Characterized by or resulting from willful opposition or resistance to what is right, expected, or reasonable: “Geneticists have the perverse habit of naming genes by what goes wrong when they mutate” (Richard Dawkins).b. Willfully opposing or resisting what is right, expected, or reasonable: an understanding of the text that only a perverse reader could reach.
- Having an effect opposite to what is intended or expected: “Regulation [of child care] to increase quality may have the perverse effect of driving some children into unregulated care” (Kathryn M. Neckerman).
Origin of perverseMiddle English pervers, from Old French, from Latin perversus, past participle of pervertere, to pervert; see pervert.
(comparative more perverse, superlative most perverse)
- From Latin perversum, past participle of pervertere > per- 'thoroughly' + vertere 'to turn'. So, "thoroughly turned".
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SUNDAY, June 12 (HealthDay News) — Researchers have identified three genes linked to migraine headache and found that people who inherit any one of these genes have a 10 to 15 percent greater risk for the condition.
Migraine headache — an abnormality in the response of nerve cells to stimuli — is characterized by recurring severe headaches, which often result in nausea as well as sensitivity to light and sound.
In examining genetic data from more than 23,000 women, including over 5,000 migraine sufferers, the researchers found an association between the headaches and variations in three genes: TRPM8 (which plays a role in sensitivity to cold and pain), LRP1 (a gene involved in the transmission of signals between neurons) and PRDM16.
"While migraine remains incompletely understood and its underlying causes difficult to pin down, identifying these three genetic variants helps shed light on the biological roots for this common and debilitating condition," the study's lead author, Dr. Daniel Chasman, assistant professor in the preventive medicine division at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, said in a hospital news release.
One migraine expert called the findings "very exciting."
"The thinking for a long time was that migraine is most commonly a multi-genetic condition with potentially many genetic variations that contribute," noted Dr. Audrey Halpern, clinical assistant professor in the department of neurology at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City. "We clearly understand now that migraine is a condition characterized by disordered sensory processing."
Although the study authors said the findings are encouraging, they noted that more research is needed to better understand exactly how each of these three genes is associated with migraine.
Halpern agreed that much more study lies ahead to unravel the genetics of migraine.
"This current research will help us more fully understand what happens during migraine, but there is also much more to learn," she said. "We've always known it's a genetic condition — but the last 10 years we've learned it's a neurological condition. This study brings those two ideas together."
The report is published in the June 12 online edition of the journal Nature Genetics.
Last Updated: 6/13/2011
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President Barack Obama’s proposal to hike America’s minimum wage has sparked controversy not only in the United States, but Canada as well. And as some see it, it’s a useless move.
Useless as an anti-poverty strategy because the overlap between minimum-wage earners and people under the poverty line is quite low.
An hourly wage rate is a poor proxy for yearly household income, because it fails to include the number of hours worked, income from other jobs and investments, income of other household members, or even if the person has a job to begin with.
For an anti-poverty measure to be successful, it needs to target total annual family income, not hourly personal labour income. There are methods for this, including increased GST/HST credits.
All of this should raise the question: If raising the minimum wage for anti-poverty purposes is, at best, pointless, then would lowering it also have little effect on poverty? What if it were abolished entirely?
This point was not lost on others.
On Twitter, an advocate of higher minimum wages argued that the minimum wage is necessary, as without it we would have more Canadians working for zero wages.
But zero wages are perfectly legal under minimum wage laws, whether it be through volunteer work, unpaid internships (with some restrictions) or simply by mowing one’s own lawn rather than through hiring. Home production is still a form of labour, though one with a zero wage due to the lack of a market transaction.
The minimum wage does not prevent zero salaries; instead it prevents workers and employers from agreeing to an $8 an hour salary.
Since that option is off the table, the pair must agree to one of the following: A labour contract at the minimum wage, some form of volunteer or unpaid internship relationship, or simply decide to part ways.
While many will choose the higher wage, some non-zero proportion of that work will end up being completed either through volunteering, unpaid internships or from the employer doing the work herself. Through that mechanism, the minimum wage increases, not decreases, the amount of work done for zero wages.
Rejection of the minimum wage as a labour market policy should not be seen as a rejection of the idea that those in poverty need our assistance.
Rather the issue is the ability of the minimum wage (or increasing the minimum wage) to achieve society’s goals.
If the goal is to reduce poverty in Canada, the minimum wage is pointless; if the goal is to prevent people from working for nothing, the minimum wage is counterproductive.
There are policies that would be useful in achieving those noble goals, such as the GST/HST credit, which is long overdue for an increase.
Mike Moffatt is an assistant professor in the Business, Economics and Public Policy group at the Richard Ivey School of Business, University of Western Ontario.Report Typo/Error
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Benedict XVI today sent a message for the 900 year anniversary of the death of St. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury and doctor of the Church, whose feast day is celebrated today. In the letter, the Holy Father praised the saint’s wisdom and encouraged all people to draw close to him by studying his teachings on the Church.
"Recalling with a devoted heart the figure of this saint," writes the Pope in his Latin-language message addressed to Fr. Notker Wolf, abbot primate of the Benedictine Confederation, "we wish to exalt and illustrate the treasure of his wisdom so that the people of our time, especially Europeans, may draw close to him and receive his sound and abundant doctrine."
St. Anselm was born in Aosta, Italy, in 1033 and entered the monastery at the age of 27. Three years later, he was made a prior.
The saint is also known for his extensive writings in all areas of theology. They include: Monologium on the metaphysical proofs of the existence and nature of God; Proslogium, a contemplation of God's attributes; On Truth; On Freewill; On the Fall of the Devil (or On the Origin of Evil); On the Conception of the Virgin; On Original Sin; and a book on the art of reasoning called Grammarian.
In 1093, he was named Archbishop of Canterbury. He refused to accept the title until lands which had been taken from the Church by the king were returned and Urban II was acknowledged as the lawful Pope.
However, his time as bishop was frought with problems, leading him to govern Canterbury from Italy and France, from 1097 to 1109. Still, he continued to write, completing “Why God Was Made Man” and “On the Faith of the Trinity and Incarnation.”
St. Anselm died on April 21, 1109 and was name a Doctor of the Church in 1720.
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Local food is food that is grown within a reasonable distance from where it is eaten. Exactly how local food is defined is as varied as the consumers that buy it. The commonality amongst local food consumers is a commitment to purchase food that ensures social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Buying local food reduces the number of "food miles" between farm and plate, and helps to keep agricultural profits in the local economy.
Frequently Asked Questions on Food Regulations for Small Market Food Producers, Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
Learning About Local: a Resource Guide to Iowa Organizations and Programs Supporting Local and Regional Food Systems, Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
Sustaining Local Food Systems
There are many local and national funding sources that have been utilized to develop community-based local food systems. The following list of “Best Practices” and "Case Studies" were developed from a North Central Regional Center for Rural Development Policy project that looked at how seven local food systems programs in the Midwest sought and utilized alternative funding to support their programs and projects.
Organizations Involved in Local/Regional Foods
- Beginning Farmer Program - Beginning farmers may be at early stages of their working life, mid-career, or retired from another occupation. No matter the path to a farming business or the type of farm enterprises involved, good information is important for the success of these new start-ups. The VAA Program has compiled resources to assist new producers in their efforts.
- Buy Fresh, Buy Local - organized through Practical Farmers of Iowa
- Drake University Agricultural Law Center
- Farm to ISU, Iowa State University Dining Services
- Iowa Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association
- Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture
Resources and Links
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Veggie production slows to a feeble crawl as winter sets in, but below ground, microorganisms in the soil keep working year-round. To support this process, you can mulch over beds with leaves, grass clippings, straw, or another biodegradable material, or grow cold-hardy cover crops.
Letting your beds go through winter naked is a cruel option that exposes soil to the triple threat of compaction from rain and ice, erosion caused by wind and water, and nutrient loss from leaching. Mulches and cover crops cushion and protect the soil, and as they decompose they improve the soil's ability to retain nutrients by increasing its organic matter content.
Use leaves, stockpiled grass clippings, old hay, or whatever you have to tuck in your beds for winter.
Consider Your Options
At this late date, mulch is the most practical option for most of us. Use whatever you can get your hands on, and pile it on thick. You can keep mulching all through winter if you don't have snow, because there is no such thing as too much winter mulch. In spring, when you want your beds to dry out and warm up, simply rake the mulch into pathways, or pile it up and re-use it later on, when your plants are up and growing.
Hardy grains including oats, rye and wheat make great winter cover crops because their extensive roots do a good job of improving the soil's structure, and they will often germinate in cold soil. If you have a small garden, try sowing small patches using handfuls of whole grains purchased at the health food store. The seeds will sprout during mild breaks in the weather. In spring, you can chop the plants into the soil or pull them up and compost them.
Nitrogen-fixing legumes are an even better choice, particularly hairy vetch, Austrian winter peas and crimson clover. These crops need a bit of a head start in fall (planting dates range from September in the North to October in the South), but if you can get them established before winter, you'll have a dream situation in spring. Simply use a sharp hoe to sever each plant at the soil line. Let the foliage dry into a mat for a few days, and then make openings in the mulch to plant your veggies.
What are your beds wearing this winter? Use the comments section below to share your favorite winter soil-soothing techniques.
Winter wheat grown from bulk-bin wheat berries make a fine winter cover crop in a small garden.
Contributing editor Barbara Pleasant gardens in southwest Virginia, where she grows vegetables, herbs, fruits, flowers and a few lucky chickens. Contact Barbara by visiting her website or finding her on Google+.
Photos by Barbara Pleasant.
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QuantumSphere Inc. will report Tuesday (July 15) at Semicon West in San Francisco that its nanoparticle-coated electrodes can make hydrogen an economical alternative to natural gas and gasoline.
By increasing the surface area of conventional electrodes by more than 1,000 times, the company claims that electrolysis could soon be the least-expensive way to produce hydrogen for industrial and consumer applications. In addition, electrolysis creates no greenhouse gases, whereas making a pound of hydrogen from natural gas produces 4 pounds of greenhouse gases.
"Electrodes coated with our Nano NiFe [nickel-iron] catalyst take the clean-energy economy another step forward," said Kevin Maloney, president and CEO of QuantumSphere (Santa Ana, Calif.). "Eventually, I envision a distributed hydrogen economy with different-sized electolyzers for different applications--from small home units to refuel your car, to medium-sized generators for manufacturing, to giant, industrial-sized units that replace today's steam-reformation units."
The biggest producers of hydrogen today are oil refineries, which use steam reformation to strip hydrogen atoms from natural gas molecules (CH4) and use them to upgrade oil--that is, add hydrogen atoms to today's thicker oil, making thinner, lightweight oil. Refineries require lightweight oil because they were designed years ago when the top layers of oil fields were being pumped. Today, crude oil is thicker because it is pumped from the bottom of the well, and therefore needs to be thinned by adding hydrogen.
Historically, upgrading oil by adding hydrogen using electrolysis has been more expensive than steam reformation using natural gas. QuantumSphere's nanoparticle-coated electrodes aim to make the electricity powering electrolysis less expensive than the natural gas powering reformers.
"Oil today is much heavier than it used to be, and it gets a little heavier every day as resources get used up," said Glenn Rambach, a researcher at QuantumSphere. "Historically, using natural gas in reformers has been cheaper than electricity for electrolysis. But with our nanoparticle electrodes, we believe that getting hydrogen from water with electrolysis can be less expensive than stripping it from natural gas."
Eventually, QuantumSphere wants consumers to be able to recharge fuel cells for their car in the garage. The company also claims to be able to lower the cost of the fuel cells themselves by using nanoparticle-coated steel electrodes in place of today's expensive platinum electrodes. However, until fuel-cell-powered cars are available, the company plans to concentrate on near-term applications that retrofit existing applications with nanoparticle-coated electrodes.
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The concept is simple – when you’re hot a cold cloth applied to your skin helps you feel cooler and the same is true when you’re cold. A change in temperature on your skin makes you perceive an a different overall thermal comfort. So using that concept, students at MIT developed Wristify, a thermoelectric bracelet that changes temperature to help you be more comfortable. The concept goes further than just helping you feel cooler on a hot day, imagine that if everyone wore this little device how much we could reduce air conditioning or heating inside a building and save a load of energy and money.
PREVIOUSLY ON ECOUTERRE: Climate-Controlled Clothing Keeps You at the Perfect Temperature
Wristify was developed by MIT students Sam Shames, Mike Gibson, David Cohen-Tanugi, and Matt Smith, who competed and won first prize in the annual MADMEC competition. This year’s competition asked students to create products that provides Materials Science Solutions for Sustainability. As Sam Shames explains about their winning prototype, “What we developed is a wearable, wrist-based technology that leverages human sensitivity, can detect and perfect rates of change, and can maintain overall thermal comfort while reducing the need to heat and cool buildings.”
Human skin is very sensitive to rapid changes in temperature and a small change in a localized portion can affect the overall feeling throughout the body. The Wristify’s team learned that by applying a change of 0.1 C per second to a part of the skin can make the person feel warmer or cooler by a few degrees. Their prototype is a watch-like device that can be powered, for up to eight hours, by a lithium polymer battery. On top is a custom copper-alloy-based heat sink that works to dissipate heat or cold, while a control system manages the intensity and duration of the thermal pulses delivered to the heat sink. Temperature sensors monitor skin and ambient air temperature to help the device adjust accordingly.
Such a device used by many people can help reduce the need for indoor climate control and thus save energy and money and improve sustainability. The team’s first prize at the MADMEC VII competition awarded them $10,000, which was sponsored by MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saint Gobain, BP, and the Dow Chemical Company. Now the team plans to use the winnings to further develop the prototype and create more advanced algorithms to better control the thermal pulses.
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| 0.937971 | 514 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This is an introductory study of vector calculus and functions of several variables.
Calculus&Mathematica is a complete, modern calculus course developed recently at the University of Illinois and Ohio State University. The course, which is based on an interactive electronic text written as a series of Mathematica notebooks, fully integrates the numeric, symbolic and graphic capabilities of Mathematica as tools to explore calculus concepts, methods and applications. As such, it differs markedly in content emphasis and organizational style as well as in its underlying pedagogy from "traditional" calculus courses. Calculus&Mathematica (C&M) is a college-level course that is taught at a number of universities and high schools throughout the country.
NetMath courses have been taught at a distance from the University of Illinois Campus for the past 6 years.
Students are each assigned a mentor to help them through the course, answer questions, and grade their homework assignment.
- Directional derivatives
- Change of variables in multiple integrals
- Maxima and minima
- Line and surface integrals
- Theorems of Gauss, Green, and Stokes
- Infinite series
- Uniform convergence
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| 0.940826 | 240 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Planting a Rainbow is one of my many favorites by Lois Ehlert. Her illustrations are striking and her text is simplistic yet descriptive. Planting a Rainbow follows the story of a mother and child as they plant a rainbow of colors in their garden. It follows the process of planting bulbs, seeds, and seedlings, and tending them as they grow, and grow, and grow. Finally they can gather a rainbow bouquet, knowing they can grow another rainbow the following year!
You can make this part of an author study by pointing out other books by Lois Ehlert (with one particular group, we had read Growing Vegetable Soup in conjunction with this seed activity, so I was able to hold the two up and make comparisons.) Talk about how Lois Ehlert is unique in that she doesn’t do her illustrations using crayons or markers or paint. She makes her pictures by cutting paper and gluing the shapes to make a picture. Go through the book a few pages and look at some of the shapes she uses to make different images. (Some children may be a little confused, since they can only see one smooth picture in the book. It may help to make a similar picture yourself so that the children can see the paper pieces put together. Then explain that Ehlert’s pictures are copied onto one flat paper that they see in their book.)
After reading the story, Planting a Rainbow, show the children how to make their own rainbow garden by using paper to create a picture. Please be careful here! Do not show them a model of what to create, but do demonstrate some techniques they can use if they wish. After the demonstration, they should be able to use the materials as they see fit. (Read more about my thoughts on the Spectrum of Preschool Arts and Crafts.)
As supplies, gather background paper, colored crepe paper or tissue paper cut into small squares (about 2 inches square), glue, and unsharpened pencils. Tell them that the different colors can be used to make a picture of a rainbow garden, similar to the one they read about in the book.
Show them that they can glue the colored paper onto their background paper. They can glue it right on, they can crumple it a little and glue it on, or they can wrap their colored paper onto a pencil and dip it in the glue and stick it on that way. Ask if they have any other ideas about how to use the materials to make a garden picture. Tell them to let you know if they get any new ideas as they’re working! Let them know that they can also use the crayons to add to the picture if they need to (markers don’t fare so well in the glue). Then set them loose!
Some will experiment with different ways to apply the colored paper.
Others will know exactly what they want to do.
This is the way I learned to do this technique way back when I was a child.
However, I’ve also seen it done this way, which may be easier for younger children.
Either way, the children are building fine motor skills as well as creativity. As you talk about the pictures and make connections to the book, the children are also building language and literacy skills and becoming more familiar with names of colors.
Enjoy watching your rainbows grow!
For more Seeds & Plants activities, click here.
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| 0.965729 | 702 | 4.28125 | 4 |
The Chinese Government has given the final go-ahead to what is expected to be one of the world's largest water-transfer projects.
Authorities plan to build three entirely man-made waterways to get water from China's Yangtze River to the country's arid north.
The project, which was formally launched by the Chinese prime minister Zhu Rongji on Friday, has been under discussion for decades. It has been held up by serious doubts over its environmental impact, and the potential for corruption.
The project means that by the year 2010, people in Beijing may be washing in water from the Yangtze river, delivered from more than 625 miles away.
The massive, communist-style project will cost the Chinese Government $60 billion and force nearly 400,000 people to move out of the way.
Authorities say they have no choice. Officials in Beijing say that they are facing a water crisis. They have to feed one fifth of the world's population with just a fraction of its arable land and clean water.
Northern China is extremely dry. Many farmers around Beijing now have to dig very deep wells to get water.
More than 400 cities face water shortages and officials say that could spark civil unrest. But critics accuse the government of trying to tame nature and of ignoring environmental risks.
They argue that the new, man-made waterways will deliver contaminated water to the north -- polluted by industry and agriculture -- and cause flooding.
A BBC correspondent in Shanghai says critics are worried because, given the fuzzy dividing lines between government and big business in China, the billions of dollars going into the scheme could provide fuel for kickbacks on an equally monumental scale.
According to China's official Xinhua news agency, the project actually consists of three canals running through the country's eastern, middle and western parts. The canals will be built in three stages and link up the country's four major rivers, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, Huaihe and Haihe.
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| 0.955318 | 404 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Tapeworm infection is caused by ingesting food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae. If you ingest certain tapeworm eggs, they can migrate outside your intestines and form larval cysts in body tissues and organs (invasive infection). If you ingest tapeworm larvae, however, they develop into adult tapeworms in your intestines (intestinal infection).
An adult tapeworm consists of a head, neck and chain of segments called proglottids. When you have an intestinal tapeworm infection, the tapeworm head adheres to the intestinal wall, and the proglottids grow and produce eggs. Adult tapeworms can live for up to 30 years in a host. Intestinal tapeworm infections are usually mild, but invasive larval infections can cause serious complications.
Many people with intestinal tapeworm infection have no symptoms. If you do feel the effects, your symptoms will depend on the type of tapeworm you have and its location. Invasive tapeworm infection symptoms vary depending on where the larvae have migrated.
Signs and symptoms of intestinal infection include:
- Loss of appetite
- Abdominal pain
- Weight loss and inadequate absorption of nutrients from food
If tapeworm larvae have migrated out of your intestines and formed cysts in other tissues, they can eventually cause organ and tissue damage, resulting in:
- Cystic masses or lumps
- Allergic reactions to the larvae
- Bacterial infections
- Neurological signs and symptoms, including seizures
When to see a doctor
If you experience any of the signs or symptoms of tapeworm infection, seek medical attention.
A tapeworm infection starts after ingestion of tapeworm eggs or larvae.
- Ingestion of eggs. If you eat food or drink water contaminated with feces from a person or animal with tapeworm, you ingest microscopic tapeworm eggs. For example, a pig infected with tapeworm will pass tapeworm eggs in its feces, which gets into the soil. If this same soil comes in contact with a food or water source, it becomes contaminated. You can then be infected when you eat or drink something from the contaminated source. Once inside your intestines, the eggs develop into larvae. At this stage, the larvae become mobile. If they migrate out of your intestines, they form cysts in other tissues, such as your lungs, central nervous system or liver.
- Ingestion of larvae cysts in meat or muscle tissue. When an animal has a tapeworm infection, it has tapeworm larvae in its muscle tissue. If you eat raw or undercooked meat from an infected animal, you ingest the larvae, which then develop into adult tapeworms in your intestines. Adult tapeworms can measure more than 50 feet (15.2 meters) long and can survive as long as 30 years in a host. Some tapeworms attach themselves to the walls of the intestines, where they cause irritation or mild inflammation, while others may pass through to your stool and exit your body.
Factors that may put you at greater risk of tapeworm infection include:
- Poor hygiene. Infrequent washing and bathing increases the risk of accidental transfer of contaminated matter to your mouth.
- Exposure to livestock. This is especially problematic in areas where human and animal feces are not disposed of properly.
- Traveling to developing countries. Infection occurs more frequently in areas with poor sanitation practices.
- Eating raw or undercooked meats. Improper cooking may fail to kill tapeworm eggs and larvae contained in contaminated pork or beef.
- Living in endemic areas. In certain parts of the world, exposure to tapeworm eggs is more likely. For instance, your risk of coming into contact with eggs of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) is greater in areas of Latin America, China, sub-Saharan Africa or Southeast Asia where free-range pigs are common.
Intestinal tapeworm infections usually aren't complicated. The complications that do sometimes develop include:
- Digestive blockage. If tapeworms grow large enough, they can block your appendix, leading to infection (appendicitis); your bile ducts, which carry bile from your liver and gallbladder to your intestine; or your pancreatic duct, which carries digestive fluids from your pancreas to your intestine.
- Brain and central nervous system impairment. Called neurocysticercosis (noor-o-sis-tih-sur-KOE-sis), this especially dangerous complication of invasive pork tapeworm infection can result in headaches and visual impairment, as well as seizures, meningitis, hydrocephalus or dementia. Death can occur in severe cases of infection.
- Organ function disruption. When larvae migrate to the liver, lungs or other organs, they become cysts. Over time, these cysts grow, sometimes large enough to crowd the functioning parts of the organ or reduce its blood supply. Tapeworm cysts sometimes rupture, releasing more larvae, which can move to other organs and form additional cysts. A ruptured or leaking cyst can cause an allergy-like reaction, with itching, hives, swelling and difficulty breathing. Surgery or organ transplantation may be needed in severe cases.
For a tapeworm infection, you might first see your primary physician. However, in some cases, he or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in infectious diseases or a doctor who specializes in disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (gastroenterologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what you can expect from your doctor.
What you can do
- Write down the symptoms you're experiencing, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.
- Write down key personal information, including any recent travel, especially to other countries. Tell your doctor if you believe you've been exposed to food or water contaminated with tapeworm.
- Make a list of all medications, vitamins and supplements you're taking.
- Write down questions to ask your doctor.
Your time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time together. For tapeworm infection, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
- What's the most likely cause of my symptoms?
- Are there other possible causes?
- What kinds of tests do I need, if any?
- What treatments are available and which do you recommend?
- Are there any dietary restrictions that I need to follow?
- Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take home with me? What websites do you recommend visiting?
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment.
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor may ask that you bring a stool sample to your appointment for testing. Your doctor may also ask you questions about your condition, such as:
- When did your symptoms begin?
- How severe are your symptoms?
- Does anything seem to improve your symptoms?
- Does anything make your symptoms worse?
- Have you traveled recently? To what areas?
- Could you have been exposed to food or drink contaminated with tapeworm?
What you can do in the meantime
While you're waiting to see your doctor, try to stay well-hydrated.
To diagnose a tapeworm infection, your doctor may rely on one of the following:
- Stool sample analysis. For an intestinal tapeworm infection, your doctor may check your stool or send samples to a laboratory for testing. A laboratory uses microscopic identification techniques to check for eggs or tapeworm segments in your feces. Because the eggs and segments are passed irregularly, the lab may need to collect two to three samples over a period of time to detect the parasite. Eggs are sometimes present at the anus, so your doctor may use a piece of transparent adhesive tape pressed to the anus to collect eggs for microscopic identification.
- Blood test. For tissue-invasive infections, your doctor may also test your blood for antibodies your body may have produced to fight tapeworm infection. The presence of these antibodies indicates tapeworm infestation.
- Imaging exam. Certain types of imaging, such as CT or MRI scans, X-rays, or ultrasounds of cysts, may suggest invasive tapeworm infection.
Some people with tapeworm infections never need treatment, for the tapeworm exits the body on its own. Others don't realize they have it because they have no symptoms. However, if you're diagnosed with intestinal tapeworm infection, medication will likely be prescribed to get rid of it.
Treatments for intestinal infections
The most common treatment for tapeworm infection involves oral medications that are toxic to the adult tapeworm, including:
- Praziquantel (Biltricide)
- Albendazole (Albenza)
- Nitazoxanide (Alinia)
Which medication your doctor prescribes depends on the species of tapeworm involved and the site of the infection. These drugs target the adult tapeworm, not the eggs, so it's important to avoid reinfecting yourself. Always wash your hands after using the toilet and before eating.
To be certain that your tapeworm infection has cleared, your doctor will probably have your stool samples checked at certain intervals after you've finished taking your medication. Successful treatment — meaning that your stool is free of tapeworm eggs, larvae or proglottids — is most likely if you receive appropriate treatment for the type of tapeworm causing your infection.
Treatments for invasive infections
Treating an invasive infection depends on the location and effects of the infection.
- Anthelmintic drugs. Albendazole (Albenza) can shrink some tapeworm cysts. Your doctor may monitor the cysts periodically using imaging studies such as ultrasound or X-ray to be sure the drug is effective.
- Anti-inflammatory therapy. Dying tapeworm cysts can cause swelling or inflammation in tissues or organs, so your doctor may recommend prescription corticosteroid medication, such as prednisone or dexamethasone, to reduce inflammation.
- Anti-epileptic therapy. If the disease is causing seizures, anti-epileptic medications can stop them.
- Shunt placement. One type of invasive infection can cause too much fluid on the brain, called hydrocephalus. Your doctor may recommend placing a permanent tube (shunt) in your head to drain the fluid.
- Surgery. Whether cysts can be removed surgically depends on their location and symptoms. Cysts that develop in the liver, lungs and eyes are typically removed, since they can eventually threaten organ function. Your doctor might recommend a drainage tube as an alternative to surgery. The tube allows aggressive rinsing (irrigation) of the area with anti-parasitic solutions.
To prevent tapeworm infection:
- Wash your hands with soap and water before eating or handling food and after using the toilet.
- When traveling in areas where tapeworm is more common, wash and cook all fruits and vegetables with safe water before eating.
- Eliminate livestock exposure to tapeworm eggs by properly disposing of animal and human feces.
- Thoroughly cook meat at temperatures of at least 125 F (52 C) to kill tapeworm eggs or larvae.
- Freeze meat for at least 12 hours and fish for at least 24 hours to kill tapeworm eggs and larvae.
- Avoid eating raw or undercooked pork, beef and fish.
- Promptly treat dogs infected with tapeworm.
Dec. 02, 2014
- Mandell GL, et al. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 21, 2014.
- Goldman L, et al. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. http://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed Oct. 21, 2014.
- Harhay MO, et al. Epidemiology and control of human gastrointestinal parasites in children. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 2010;8:219.
- Leder K, et al. Intestinal tapeworms. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Oct. 21, 2014.
- White AC Jr. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of cysticercosis. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Oct. 21, 2014.
- White AC Jr. Treatment of cysticercosis. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Oct. 21, 2014.
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Gardening Articles: Flowers :: Perennials
by Michael MacCaskey
As a third-generation native of southern California, my gardening roots are deep in the mild-climate West. There, as elsewhere, most garden action occurs in spring. Invariably, come July and August, someone would ask which bulbs to plant for color and interest during those otherwise dry and hot months. I might have suggested tuberous begonias or dahlias -- summer stalwarts of gardeners everywhere. Or, in that climate, I might have just as well recommended tiger flower or rain lily, tender and lovely plants that thrive in zones 9 and 10 with little fuss.
But now that I'm in the Northeast, I've realized why not grow these "exotics" here too? If we northerners are willing to dig our glads and cannas and store them in the basement or garage, why not do the same with Acidanthera, Bletilla and Galtonia? There are so many wonderful but tender bulblike plants to brighten our gardens when the earth is baking and the rains retreat. Don't think of this kind of gardening as difficult -- it's no more work than planting annuals. The true lilies are an exception. They are hardy, so can be planted in fall as well.
Exactly when bulbs will appear in your local nursery depends upon your climate. All of the following are available from mail-order suppliers in January or February, and most through March and April. Plant large bulbs in a hole twice as deep as the bulb is thick. In other words, if the bulb is two inches thick top to bottom, plant it in a four-inch-deep hole. The same holds true for smaller bulbs, but it's okay to set them a bit deeper.
You'll see terms such as "corm," "tuber" and "rhizome." Although botanically distinct, all are handled in much the same way.
If gophers, squirrels or other animal pests are common in your area, planting tasty bulbs, such as lilies, in open soil is a waste of time. Protect them by planting inside a hardware-cloth basket.
Grow frost-sensitive bulbs in cold climates by planting the bulbs in large pots. Bury the pots into garden soil once it thaws and frosts are past. Lift them out again in fall before freezes.
Here are nineteen different bulbs to grow for summer blooms.
Acidanthera (Acidanthera bicolor)
Consider fragrant and creamy white Acidanthera a more relaxed, more romantic gladiolus. (In fact, you might find this plant listed as Gladiolus callianthus.) Plant corms 3- to 4-inches deep, 6-inches apart in spring a week or so before the last frost. They'll grow 2- to 3-feet tall and bloom, depending upon your climate, in August or late September. Flowers are 2- to 3-inches wide, nearly 5-inches long and marked with either brown or purple blotches. They're long lasting as cut flowers. Corms aren't hardy, so you'll need to dig them in fall before soil freezes if you plan to replant.
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Engineers in all disciplines use electronics in their designs for sensing, actuation, and real-time control. Today there are few exceptions. A common component is an operational amplifier (op-amp), which most engineers treat as a black box containing many transistors and resistors. Its performance is primarily determined by the components (e.g., resistors and capacitors) surrounding it as long as the op-amp has negative feedback and its limitations are not exceeded.
Another common electronic component is the H-bridge. Any engineer who has ever controlled a motor has most likely used the H-bridge, but perhaps treated it as a black box with no thought as to how it works and how it affects overall system performance. The H-bridge needs to be thoroughly understood for model-based design and optimum system performance.
The H-bridge, as shown in the diagram above, is named because of its configuration. It has four power devices (transistors, MOSFETs are a good selection, like the p-channel for the high side and n-channel for the low side in the diagram) with the load (usually brushed dc or stepper motor) at the center. The diodes are of the Schottky type with short turn-on delay. The four transistors can be turned on and off independently. If transistors 2 and 3 are turned on, the motor turns in one direction; turn transistors 1 and 4 on and the motor turns in the opposite direction. The transistors are usually controlled in a pulse-width modulated (PWM) fashion. When the transistor is on, it behaves like a small temperature-dependent resistor, the lower the value the better for heat dissipation.
When the transistor is completely off, it conducts no current. MOSFETs are voltage-driven devices; the gate forms a parasitic capacitor with the source, and this capacitance limits the speed at which the transistor can be turned on and off. In the transitional periods, the power dissipation due to switching is significant, especially when the switching frequency is higher than a few hundred Hz. The role of the diodes is often overlooked. While the bridge is on, two of the four transistors carry the current and the diodes have no role.
However, when the load is inductive, as with motors, and the bridge is commanded to turn the load off, the electromagnetic field associated with it will collapse and the stored energy will start to dissipate either through the bottom transistors and diodes or through the top transistors and diodes. The dissipated heat from the diodes can be of the same order of magnitude as the heat dissipation from the transistor switching.
The load (motor) is modeled as an inductor (Lm), resistance (Rm), and speed-dependent voltage (back emf) in series. The motor torque depends on the current flowing through this series combination. There are two extremes. When the motor runs with no load, the current is low and the motor terminal voltage is close to the back-emf voltage. When the motor is stalled, the back-emf voltage is zero and the motor acts like an inductor.
The H-bridge can be driven in many different ways. In general, the on-time behavior is rather simple: turn on one high-side transistor and the opposite low-side transistor to allow current to flow through the motor. It is the off-time drive that makes the difference. Since transistors 1 and 2 (or 3 and 4) should never be turned on at the same time, there are only three different combinations for those two switches: transistor 1 conducts, or transistor 2 conducts, or neither conducts. There are many different drive modes. Andras Tantos has provided an excellent, detailed explanation here. I highly recommend it.
The understanding of the internal behavior of the H-Bridge is of fundamental importance for motor control system design and also to mitigate electromagnetic effects while controlling inductive loads, which can affect the performance and behavior of surrounding circuits.
This article originally appeared in EBN's sister publication EDN.
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| 0.949327 | 846 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Software access point
A software access point is used when you want your computer to act as an wifi access point for the local wireless network. It saves you the trouble of getting a separate wireless router.
- A nl80211 compatible wireless device (e.g. ath9k)
Setting up an access point comprises two main parts:
- Setting up the wifi link layer, so that wireless clients can associate to your computer's "software access point" and send/receive IP packets from/to your computer; this is what the hostapd package will do for you
- Setting up the network configuration on you computer, so that your computer will properly relay IP packets from/to its own Internet connection from/to wireless clients.
Wifi Link Layer
The actual Wifi link is established via thepackage. That package is compatible with WPA2.
Create the config file of hostapd
Adjust the options as necessary. Especially, change the
ssid and the
ssid=YourWifiName wpa_passphrase=Somepassphrase interface=wlan0 bridge=br0 auth_algs=3 channel=7 driver=nl80211 hw_mode=g logger_stdout=-1 logger_stdout_level=2 max_num_sta=5 rsn_pairwise=CCMP wpa=2 wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK wpa_pairwise=TKIP CCMP
For automatically starting hostapd, enable the
There are two basic ways for implementing this:
- bridge: create a network bridge on your computer (wireless clients will appear to access the same network interface and the same subnet that's used by your computer)
- NAT: with IP forwarding/masquerading and DHCP service (wireless clients will use a dedicated subnet, data from/to that subnet is NAT-ted -- similar to a normal WiFi router that's connected to your DSL or cable modem)
The bridge approach is more simple, but it requires that any service that's needed by your wireless clients (like, DHCP) is available on your computers external interface. That means it will not work if you have a dialup connection (e.g., via PPPoE or a 3G modem) or if you're using a cable modem that will supply exactly one IP address to you via DHCP.
The NAT aproach is more versatile, as it clearly separates wifi clients from your computer and it's completely transparent to the outside world. It will work with any kind of network connection, and (if needed) you can introduce traffic policies using the usual iptables approach.
Of course, is possible to combine both things. For that, studying both articles would be necessary. (Example: Like having a bridge that contains both an ethernet device and the wireless device with an static ip, offering DHCP and setting NAT configured to relay the traffic to an additional network device - that can be ppp or eth)
See Bridge with netcfg for details.
Note that, you should not add the wireless device (like
wlan0) to the bridge; hostapd will add it on its own.
See Internet Share for details.
On that article, the device connected to the lan is
net0. That device would be in this case your wireless device (which probably is
WLAN is very slow
This could be caused by low entropy. Consider installing haveged.
NetworkManager is interfering
hostapd may not work, if the device is managed by NetworkManager. You can mask the device by adding
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| 0.86755 | 749 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Radiation therapy is the use of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation interrupts the ability of cells to divide and kills the cell. Cancer cells are normally more sensitive to radiation than healthy cells so fewer healthy cells are damaged during the process. Healthy cells cannot typically tolerate large doses of radiation, however, so treatments are normally spread out over 5-8 weeks. This provides enough radiation to kill the cancer cells but allows enough time for healthy cells to recover from the radiation.
Willis-Knighton Health System’s department of Radiation Oncology is one of the nation’s leading centers for radiation therapy. As one of a handful of radiation oncology departments nationwide to receive accreditation from both the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the American College of Radiation Oncology (ACRO), the expertise at Willis-Knighton is unparalleled. The department of Radiation Oncology provides services that other local centers simply cannot offer:
Learn more about:
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| 0.944274 | 197 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Yes, Revelation is a complex text, but it is also action-packed! It is full of imagery, visions of destruction, gender-bending, and God’s triumph over evil (to name a few). How do you think the first-century Christian inhabitants of Asia Minor may have heard or read this text? Modern New Testament scholars have tackled this question by analyzing this text in its first-century historical, social, political, and religious settings. We will explore this conversation. Do you think they got it right? We will also aim to situate the book of Revelation in our contemporary world by examining how it has been interpreted in other critical discourses such as feminist/womanist studies, masculinity studies and queer theory; liberation hermeneutics and postcolonial studies; and ecotheology and ecocriticism. Let’s reveal Revelation together!
If you are not enrolled in a degree program but wish to register for this course, use the Online Registration for Special Students and Auditors.
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| 0.939678 | 204 | 2.625 | 3 |
On September 29, 2011, the United Network for Organ Sharing notified CDC of two patients who tested positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection approximately 6 months after receiving kidney transplants from a deceased donor. Before transplantation, the donor had tested negative for HCV antibody by the organ procurement organization. Tissue also was procured from the donor for possible transplantation. The tissue bank performed an HCV antibody test on the donor's serum specimen that was negative and nucleic acid testing (NAT) that was positive, but misread as negative. Retesting of the donor specimen during the investigation confirmed the NAT results as positive. Donated tissue included 43 musculoskeletal grafts and one cardiopulmonary patch, which were distributed to health-care facilities in several states. An investigation was initiated to 1) identify potential sources of the donor's infection, 2) document the mode of transmission to the organ recipients, and 3) ensure timely notification of the implanting surgeons and testing of tissue recipients. Implantation of infected HCV tissue occurred after recognition of new HCV infection in the organ transplant recipients, highlighting the need for rapid communication between transplant centers, organ procurement organizations, tissue banks, and public health authorities regarding suspected transplantation transmission events.
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| 0.962455 | 254 | 2.65625 | 3 |
ANCHORAGE - Scientists and conservationists are expressing alarm at the appearance of thousands of walrus on Alaska's northwest coast, a dramatic demonstration of the effects of diminished Arctic sea ice brought on by global warming.
Sound off on the important issues at
Alaska's walruses, especially breeding females, in summer and fall are usually found on the Arctic ice pack. But the lowest summer ice cap on record put sea ice far north of the outer continental shelf, the shallow, biomass-rich shelf of ocean bottom in the Bering and Chukchi seas.
Walruses feed on clams, snails and other bottom creatures. Given the choice between an ice platform over water beyond their 630-foot diving range, or haulouts on shore, thousands of walruses picked Alaska's rocky beaches.
"It looks to me like animals are shifting their distribution to find prey," said Tim Ragen, executive director of the federal Marine Mammal Commission. "The big question is whether they will be able to find sufficient prey in areas where they are looking."
According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center at the University of Colorado at Boulder, September sea ice was a whopping 39 percent below the long-term average from 1979 to 2000. Senior scientist Mark Serreze said in response that sea ice cover is in a downward spiral and may have passed the point of no return, with a possible ice-free Arctic Ocean by summer 2030.
Starting in July, several thousand walruses abandoned the ice pack for haulouts between Barrow and Cape Lisburne, a remote stretch of Alaska coastline covering some 300 air miles.
The immediate concern of new, massive walrus groups for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is danger to the animals from stampedes. Panic caused by a low-flying airplane, a boat or an approaching polar bear can send a herd rushing to the sea. Young animals can be crushed by adults weighing 2,000 pounds or more.
Longer term, biologists fear walruses will suffer nutritional stress if they are concentrated on shoreline rather than spread over thousands of miles of sea ice.
Walruses need either ice or land to rest. Unlike seals, walruses cannot swim indefinitely and must pause after foraging.
Historically, Ragen said, walruses have used the edge of the ice pack like a conveyor belt. As the ice edge melts and moves north in spring and summer, sea ice gives calves a platform to rest while females dive to feed.
There's no conveyor belt for walruses on shore.
"If they've got to travel farther, it's going to cost more energy. That's less energy that's available for other functions," Ragen said.
Young animals weaning and learning to fend for themselves are most vulnerable, Ragen said, if they must swim with their mothers to forage. They don't have an adult's buffer of stored fat, which acts as an energy reserve and a thermal regulator in the cold sea water. Like small children, they lose heat faster because of a larger surface-to-volume ratio.
Nutritional stress likely would next affect reproductive females. Fetuses might not fully develop. Calves might suffer low birth weight. Reproduction is a tremendous energy drain for females, Ragen said.
Eventually, healthy adults could be affected by nutritional stress, he said.
Deborah Williams, a former Interior Department special assistant for Alaska under President Bill Clinton, and now president of Alaska Conservation Solutions, said melting of sea ice and its effects on wildlife were never even discussed during her federal service from 1995 to 2000.
"That's what so breathtaking about this," she said. "This has all happened faster than anyone could have predicted. That's why it's so urgent action must be taken."
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| 0.953694 | 779 | 3.25 | 3 |
Second Middle Ages
The Second Middle Ages was a medieval era on Earth taking place at the 24th century. It began in 2308 from the First Destruction of New York City, when Bender destroyed Stockholm, Old New York and most likely many other Earth's cities. After that, New York was built again as medieval-style city. The era ended when the medieval cities were destroyed again by unknown aliens. After that, New New York was built. Although many buildings were destroyed in these ages, some (such as Statue of Liberty) have been survived that or rebuilt later.
- The Third Middle Ages will take place at the 2526th century. (6ACV07)
- The Fourth Middle Ages will take place at the 10001st century. (6ACV07)
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| 0.980122 | 159 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The Milk Brother is designed to fit into a moka pot, which works by passing steam through ground coffee.
Usually a pump is required to produce enough steam pressure to make hot milk foam, but Milk Brother simply makes use of the steam created in the coffee brewing process.
The aluminium device fits into the moka pot to create a space where the steam can be stored under pressure.
When the coffee has been poured, the pressurised steam is released into a jug of milk to heat and froth it, without the need for additional machine power.
Po-Chih Lai graduated from the RCA's Design Products course. We recently featured his design for a skateboard that can go down stairs, which is on display at Show RCA 2012 until 1 July. Course leader Tord Boontje gave Dezeen a tour of the show – see it here.
Here's more information from the designer:
The MILK BROTHER / MOKA MILK FROTHER is inherited from the moka pot, also known as a macchinetta (literally 'small machine') or Italian coffee pot, a stove top coffee maker which produces coffee by passing hot water pressurized by steam through ground coffee. Moka pot was first patented by inventor Luigi De Ponti for Alfonso Bialetti in 1933. Bialetti Industrie continues to produce the same model under the name Moka Express.
MILK BROTHER is used to create hot milk foam via an intermediary middle valve. Hot milk foam generally relies on steam pressure which normally requires a pump, this pot employs an additional area where steam is stored under pressure‚ ready to be used for frothing milk. The combination of milk frother and moka pot provides a concise concept for a simple, integrated and lightweight solution which continues in the spirit of the original product‚ one which has inspired the public for the past 80 years. This project aims to eliminate any unnecessary tooling, design artefacts and functions. There is no pump machine, hand power, electrical requirement or extraneous function.
The vertical arrangement of the assembled product combination affords an easily comprehensible interaction and usage scenario. Steam breaks through the ground coffee from the bottom to the top, the MILK BROTHER further leverages the thermal transmission to an additional end‚ adding value and potential to the coffee making experience. Same Pot, Same Heat, More Potential.
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| 0.93175 | 501 | 2.515625 | 3 |
File: <description.htm> <Home>
Sedgwick County, Southeastern Kansas
The value of this site is indicated by the low energy geology of shallow sea sediment covered by loess or flood muds flowing over a very flat area where there was insufficient energy to BREAK quartz. The U. S. Geological Survey has already established a relative date for the area adjacent to the site at a minimum of 10,000 years old but most likely older than 35,000 years and possibly 1.6 million years old due to its terraced position 170 feet above a major river. But a definite date could not be given for the site where the artifacts were found. The subsurface rocks at this site were known as “Rio Blanco” in early geological reports. The site is also over one hundred miles south of the farthest advance of any of the known glaciers. No scratches from dragging by ice have been discerned on these artifacts like those that can occur on rocks from northwestern Iowa farm fields. Both round and angular rocks have been found together with some flakes in the same area. The rocks appear to be located in thin patches but not in solid coverings. Smooth split quartzite cobbles account for a small percentage of the rocks, and fossils of any type are very rare. The large pieces of sandstone like those found at the left end of the large pile are mostly distributed on one side but have all been badly damaged by ploughs and erosion. About five tons of surface rocks were excavated (see <kan3-collection>). With a water source being at least five miles away, this is probably not an area that hominids would have chosen to camp.
This site is at the divide between two large (for Kansas) rivers on what seems to be an old riverbed that is more protected from erosion by the clay. There is more chert material North of here and higher loess dunes covering the Wellington in spots that have not eroded away. It is at the feathered edge of a flat plain and this is why the rocks have been exposed in the surrounding fields at slightly lower elevations, but not long enough to account for the total erosion. The rocks exposed by the farmer's pan breaker have a little less erosion and are sharper edged but are still too dull to cut flesh. According to the Geologists there was about 2000 feet of Wellington Formation that has been removed by erosion before the McPherson covered the area. The tools and footprint showing traces of footgear was between these formations covered either loess or flood mud.
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| 0.974884 | 525 | 3.5 | 4 |
This article is part of the Instruction for a Help series.
Congratulation! You have a fruit!
A fruit is not ready currently. You must prepare a fruit. The color of a fruit is green. The color of a fruit to taste great and put inside your body is red.
A fruit when green is furious.
You propose that? Not a good idea!
A green fruit become a food is bad. A fruit at green carries a vengeful riposte.
Do not bite. Get a pot.
A fruit is small when green. A pot is small.
To love a life a fruit needs earth. Take some up from your earth and give it to a pot.
Tenderly place a fruit on a side. The knife cuts deep. The sharper the edge, the less the pain.
Speak to a fruit within the trauma. "You are not all we need," tell a fruit. "We need the top only. I love you fruit. You will be happy. You will be happy."
The blade is through. The eyes of a fruit close and a tear comes. Do not cry, fruit. Say it.
"Do not cry, fruit."
All things in this world feel pain. A lobster, a fruit, a man, a cat, a pearl, a window, a kite. They suffer. You must respect them all. A man who brings pain wantonly brings that pain onto his own self times three.
"Shhhh," tell a fruit and lift it up in your soft hands.
We clear up the BREXIT for confused Americans wondering why the global economy is collapsing this time.
BEEP! BOOP! ZAP! Video games aren't for my dad anymore! Because he's dead.
The Something Awful front page news tackles anything both off and on the Internet. Mostly "on" though, as we're all incredible nerds.
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| 0.93788 | 399 | 2.875 | 3 |
Pink noise. Within the scientific literature the term pink noise is sometimes used a little more loosely to refer to any noise with a power spectral density of the form where f is frequency and 0 < α < 2, with exponent α usually close to 1. These pink -like noises occur widely in nature and are a source of considerable interest in many fields. The distinction between the noises with α near 1 and those with a broad range of α approximately corresponds to a much more basic distinction. The former (narrow sense) generally come from condensed matter systems in quasi-equilibrium, as discussed below. The latter (broader sense) generally correspond to wide range of non-equilibrium driven dynamical systems.
The term flicker noise is sometimes used to refer to pink noise, although this is more properly applied only to its occurrence in electronic devices due to a direct current. Description Web Site for Perfectly Random Sampling with Markov Chains: There is a chapter on ``Coupling from the past,'' by James G. Propp and David B. Wilson, Chapter 22 of the textbook ''Markov Chains and Mixing Times,'' by David A. Levin, Yuval Peres, and Elizabeth L. Wilmer, to be published by the American Mathematical Society, 2008. Introduction and Scope Random sampling has found numerous applications in physics, statistics, and computer science. In most cases one simply does not know how many Markov chain steps are needed to get a sufficiently random state. In the past decade there is been much research on obtaining rigorous bounds of how many Markov chain steps are needed to generate a random sample.
In recent years there have been a large number of algorithms developed for sampling from the steady state distribution of suitably well-structured Markov chains, which require no a priori knowledge of how long the Markov chains take to get mixed. Is placed next to those articles that contain simulation results or give sample outputs. Lévy flight.
The term "Lévy flight" was coined by Benoît Mandelbrot, who used this for one specific definition of the distribution of step sizes. He used the term Cauchy flight for the case where the distribution of step sizes is a Cauchy distribution, and Rayleigh flight for when the distribution is a normal distribution (which is not an example of a heavy-tailed probability distribution). Later researchers have extended the use of the term "Lévy flight" to include cases where the random walk takes place on a discrete grid rather than on a continuous space. A Lévy flight is a random walk in which the steps are defined in terms of the step-lengths, which have a certain probability distribution, with the directions of the steps being isotropic and random.
The particular case for which Mandelbrot used the term "Lévy flight" is defined by the survivor function (commonly known as the survival function) of the distribution of step-sizes, U, being for some k satisfying 1 < k < 3. John Nolan's Stable Distribution Page. Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity. ARCH(q) model Specification Suppose one wishes to model a time series using an ARCH process.
Let denote the error terms (return residuals, with respect to a mean process) i.e. the series terms. These are split into a stochastic piece and a time-dependent standard deviation characterizing the typical size of the terms so that The random variable is a strong White noise process. Is modelled by where and An ARCH(q) model can be estimated using ordinary least squares. Estimate the best fitting autoregressive model AR(q) .Obtain the squares of the error and regress them on a constant and q lagged values: where q is the length of ARCH lags.The null hypothesis is that, in the absence of ARCH components, we have for all .
GARCH Nakagami distribution. Credit Scoring, Data Mining, Predictive Analytics, Statistics, StatSoft Electronic Textbook. "Thank you and thank you again for providing a complete, well-structured, and easy-to-understand online resource.
Every other website or snobbish research paper has not deigned to explain things in words consisting of less than four syllables. I was tossed to and fro like a man holding on to a frail plank that he calls his determination until I came across your electronic textbook...You have cleared the air for me. You have enlightened. You have illuminated. You have educated me. " — Mr. "As a professional medical statistician of some 40 years standing, I can unreservedly recommend this textbook as a resource for self-education, teaching and on-the-fly illustration of specific statistical methodology in one-to-one statistical consulting. . — Mr. "Excellent book.
. — Dr. "Just wanted to congratulate whoever wrote the 'Experimental Design' page. . — James A. Read More Testimonials >> StatSoft has freely provided the Electronic Statistics Textbook as a public service since 1995. Proper citation:
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| 0.928557 | 1,046 | 3.25 | 3 |
Franklin Roosevelt said he was going on a fishing trip. Winston Churchill slipped out of London without anyone noticing. They rendezvoused off the coast of Canada and hammered out the Atlantic Charter, articulating out their aims for the postwar world.
The document strikes some modern readers as an idiosyncratic laundry list. It wasn't. Rather, it captured the two leaders' views of what caused global conflict and how to resolve those problems.
Roosevelt viewed Article 7, ensuring "freedom of the seas," as particularly crucial. The world's oceans keep America connected to its vital interests around the world. And he knew -- months before Pearl Harbor -- that the German threat to traffic in the Atlantic sea lanes had made all but inevitable that the U.S. would be dragged into World War II.
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| 0.960302 | 161 | 2.875 | 3 |
National Digital Newspaper Program topic of lecture
Deborah Thomas of the Library of Congress will present “The National Digital Newspaper Program” at 4 p.m. Sept. 23 in the Ernest F. Hollings Special Collections Library at the University of South Carolina.
The lecture is free and open to the public. Participants should enter through the Thomas Cooper Library.
Thomas, the program’s coordinator, will discuss how the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the Library of Congress has created a freely searchable database of U.S. newspapers between 1860 and 1922 (www.chroniclingamerica.loc.gov) and how the database will help preserve the nation's cultural memory.
In 2009, the Digital Collections department at USC was awarded a $350,000 grant from NEH to establish the South Carolina Digital Newspaper Program. Under the direction USC digital collections librarian Kate Boyd, library staff will scan, enhance and provide an estimated 100,000 pages from select South Carolina newspapers to the Library of Congress by 2011.
The first digitized newspaper, the “Columbia Phoenix” (1865–78), will be available on the Chronicling America Web site this month. Seventeen newspapers were selected for this grant cycle, including the Reconstruction-era African American papers the “Free Press” and “Georgetown Planet.”
For more information about the University Libraries’ digital collection department and the South Carolina Digital Newspaper Program, visit the website: http://sc.edu/library/digital/index.php.
The National Digital Newspaper Program
- What: Lecture on how NEH and Library of Congress have created a searchable database of U.S. newspapers between 1860 and 1922
- Who: Deborah Thomas, Library of Congress
- When: Sept. 23, 4 p.m.
- Where: Ernest F. Hollings Special Collections Library
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| 0.883922 | 392 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The story of Squanto, the Native American who helped the pilgrims and journeyed to England.
I read Squanto, Friend of the Pilgrims, aloud to my almost 5-year-old, and I have to say I’m a little obsessed. First of all, I was prepared to stop if it veered into anything offensive, like a noble savage stereotype, and that never happened. All I felt like I needed to explain was that we don’t say “Indian” anymore, we say “Native American.” Bulla does give Squanto a stilted way of speaking when he’s meant to be speaking English, but it was not sterotypical dialect (and therefore laughable), but rather served to easily remind a young reader that Squanto is a fish out of water.
Apart from that I felt like the book was an age-appropriate introduction to an important part of American history and even presented some of the complex issues surrounding our nation’s origins without getting too didactic. You really do get a sense of the impact that the settlers had on the Native Americans through Squanto’s own journey, and personally I think that’s the best way to approach complicated issues.
Now, Squanto’s own story is just incredible! I had no idea what this man went through. He was fascinated by the first Englishmen who came over to trade, and decided to travel with them for a time. Then, he was invited to London and ended up staying there for years waiting for a ship home. He finally got a voyage back to Massachusetts, but before he could leave the English and look for his village, he was kidnapped and taken to Spain to be sold into slavery. He was rescued by some monks, then worked for them until he could get passage back to England. He then worked for several more years in England before finally getting another voyage home. Once home, he discovered that his village was gone because all of his people were wiped out by illness. Homeless and without a people, Squanto decided then to give the Puritans his help after seeing that they lacked essential survival skills. He had heard of them during his time in England and appreciated their desire to be free to practice their beliefs. What really shines through in this book is the importance of looking forward in hope no matter what your circumstances. Personally, I was very inspired!
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See also Cheshire acre, Churchland acre, Cornish acre, Cunningham acre, Forest acre, Devonshire acre, Herefordshire acre, Inverness acre, Irish acre, Lancashire acre, Leicester acre, Rhynland acre, Scottish acre, Somersetshire acre, Staffordshire acre, Welsh acre, West Derby acre, Westmoreland acre, Wiltshire acre, Woodland acre
The statute acre, in the English-speaking world, before 8th – 21st century, the principal unit of land area. At one time many different acres existed in England (notice the see-also list above), and this acre was often called the “statute acre”, to indicate it was the one established by law, at least as early as the 14th century. In places like the United States, where the statute acre is overwhelmingly predominant, the word “statute” is usually omitted. The (statute) acre is:
In the United States, because the acre is a land measure it is currently based on the U.S. survey foot and not on the international foot. One acre is about 4,046.873 square meters.
A square plot of ground 208.7 feet on a side will cover an acre. An American football field, 360 feet by 160 feet, is about 1.3 acres; 12 high school basketball courts are a little more than 1 acre. Here's a way for city dwellers to use a Google map of their neighborhood to get a feel for how big an acre is.
The acre is not a measure of surface area on the actual surface of the earth, but on an imaginary, hill-less, standardized ellipsoid. That result comes from using only strictly horizontal dimensions in calculating acreage. For more information, please see the FAQ.
The rest of this entry on the statute acre contains the following sections:
1. What are the dimensions of the acre?
“I just wanted to know what are the dimensions of an acre—how many feet wide and long?”
“If an acre is a square or rectangular why doesn't anybody on the web know what the measurements are in feet, not sq. feet. I have looked in about 1000 different places and no one has an answer that simple.”
“If I am to measure an acre as length x width what would that measure be? I have looked up many sites but cannot find this measurement.”
Answer: Since the Middle Ages the acre hasn’t had any fixed length or width. It is purely an area of 43,560 square feet. The two sides of a 1-acre rectangular lot can be any lengths as long as multiplying one by the other gives 43,560 (if they are measured in feet). For example, imagine a sidewalk 5 feet wide. If it were (43560 ÷ 5 = ) 8712 feet long it would take up an acre, a long skinny acre. On the other hand, if the 1-acre lot were a square, its sides would be only 208.7 feet long.
2. What is the perimeter of an acre?
“Can you tell me [if the distance around] one acre of land is more than a mile? I want to purchase property, but I want the distance around the property to be at least 1 mile.”
Answer: Because the acre is a measure of area, it has no definite perimeter. For example, using the examples in question one, the perimeter of the long, skinny sidewalk acre would be 17,434 feet (more than 3 miles), but the perimeter of the square acre would be 835 feet. If you don’t know the shape of the lot you can’t determine the perimeter.
3. How are acres measured on hillsides?
“If I buy a hill, it being sold as 242 acres, how are the acres measured? Are they as if the hill were cut off and the land was level? Or up one side of the hill and down the other as if it were covered with a blanket and then the size of the blanket was measured?”
Answer: It's as if the hill were cut off and the land was level. To quote from an old authoritative surveying text, by two professors at MIT:
Horizontal Lines. -- In surveying, all measurements of lengths are horizontal or else are subsequently reduced to horizontal distances. As a matter of convenience, measurements are sometimes taken on slopes, but the horizontal projection is afterward computed. The distance between two points as shown on a map then is always this horizontal projection.
Charles B. Breed and George L. Hosmer.
The Principles and Practice of Surveying, Vol 1.
New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1908.
Download a printable, letter-size chart (as seen at the right) to convert between acres and hectares visually.
The calculator below gives the number of acres in a rectangular field. Or, enter the acreage and a width, and the length will be calculated.
Sometimes when sowing seed or applying fertilizer to hilly ground, it is useful to know the actual surface area, as if the land were flat. The calculator below makes a rough estimate based on the slope of the ground.
The acre was originally the amount of land that could be plowed in a single day with oxen, or actually, what could be done by midday, since refueling took all afternoon (the oxen had to be put out to pasture). Similar units of land area are found wherever animals are used for plowing. The German Morgen and Roman jugerum had much the same meaning.
Like many units of land area, the acre was first thought of as a piece of land having certain fixed dimensions. An acre was 40 perches long and 4 perches wide. The length of the acre, 40 perches, was roughly the distance a team of oxen could plow before needing a breather (this furrow-long became the furlong, 220 yards). Ploughmen prefer long furrows, because turning a team of oxen is a cumbersome process.
A strip 40 perches long and 1 perch wide was called a rood (not to be confused with the rod, a name from the Saxon gyrd used by the 13th century as a synonym for the perch.) So 1 acre was 4 roods. Not until much later (the 16th century, according to R. D. Connor) did most people begin to think of the acre as so many square feet or square rods.
In actual use in the Middle Ages the size of the acre varied greatly, generally being larger in poor land than in good. In some contexts it was almost synonymous with “small holding.”
Another complicating factor is that there were a variety of perches. As you can see, the area of the acre depends on the length of the perch.
The king's rod or perch, however, remained constant for eight centuries at 16½ feet, and that perch set the size of the statute acre.
In 1979, Council Directive 80/181/EEC of the European Community1, governing standardization on metric units in the European Union, included an exception that permitted Ireland and the United Kingdom to continue using the acre for a limited time. The Council was supposed to set an end date by 31 December 1989. In 1989, the directive was amended to leave the setting of the date to the U.K. and Ireland. Finally in 2007 the exception was allowed to expire2, since Ireland had finished converting its land registration system to meters by the end of 1998, and the U.K. sometime afterwards. Beginning 1 January 2010 the acre could no longer be used in the U.K. for any economic, public health, public safety or adminstrative purpose.
In Australia, the acre was abandoned in 1987.
In New Zealand, the Weights and Measures Act 1987 provided that "Weights and measures of the metric system shall, except as expressly provided in this Act, be the only weights and measures used for trade in New Zealand," and the hectare is listed in the schedule of units. The hectare is currently (2012) in use, but in real estate advertisements, for example, it is often supplemented by the size in acres.
In Canada, the Weights and Measures Act 1985 permits use of the acre and the hectare, as well as certain old French units for land in Quebec granted under seigneurial tenure.
1. Council Directive of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to units of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC. On the web at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1980L0181:19791221:EN:PDF
2. Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directive 80/181/EEC on the approximation... On the web at http://europa.eu/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2007:0510:FIN:EN:PDF See item 6.
Statutum de Admensuratione Terre
Statute for the Measuring of Land
[Undated but attributed to the 33rd year of Edward I (1305), though the substance is older. The great bulk of the statute is given over to a lengthy list of pairs of lengths and widths of fields which, multiplied, make 160 square rods (one acre), beginning with 10 rods by 16 rods and ending at 80 rods by 2 rods. It then concludes, here translated from the Latin:]
And Be it Remembered, That the Iron Yard of our Lord the King, containeth three feet and no more. And a Foot ought to contain Twelve inches, by the right measure of this Yard measured; to wit, the Thirty-Sixth part of this Yard rightly measured maketh one Inch, neither more nor less. And Five Yards and a half make one Perch, that is Sixteen Feet and a half, measured by the aforesaid Iron Yard of our Lord the King.
Statutes of the Realm, vol. 1, page 206.
Some men will tell you that a plough cannot work eight score or nine score acres yearly, but I will show you that it can. You know well that a furlong ought to be forty perches long and four wide, and the king's perch is sixteen feet and a half; then an acre is sixty-six feet in width.
Walter of Henley's Husbandry, page 9. Written (in French) about 1280.
Because acres are not all of one measure, for in some countries they measure by the perch of eighteen feet, and in some by the perch of twenty feet, and in some by the perch of twenty-two feet, and in some by the perch of twenty-four feet,…
Anonymous. Seneschaucie, page 69. Probably written in
Elizabeth Lamond, editor and translator.
Walter of Henley's Husbandry, together with an anonymous Husbandry, Senschaucie and Robery Grosseteste's Rules.
London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1890.
For a more recent version, see
Walter of Henley and Other Treatises on Estate Management and Accounting.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
¶ The Fourme and the Mesur to mete Land by.
... V. yardis di. make a perche in Londo to mete lande by, and that perch is xvi. fote di. longe. In dyuers odur placis in this lande they mete grounde by pollis gaddis and roddis som be of xviij. foote som of xx. fote and som xxi. fote in lengith, but of what lengith soo euer they be C.lx. perches make an akir, for as a mark of English monei conteyneth an C. lx. pence soo euery akir lande conteyneth C. lx. perchies, and as a noble conteyneth lxxx. pense soo half an aker lade conteyneth Ixxx. perchis, etc., and as the half a noble conteyneth xl. d'. soo a roede lande coteyneth xl. perchi etc., and a perche of grounde shal coteyngne I lengith of the perche euery wey i the maner of a cheker soo y it be as loge as brode.
Five and a half yards make a perch in London to measure land by, and that perch is 16½ feet long. In various other places in this land they measure ground by poles, gads and rods; some are 18 feet, some 20 feet and some 21 feet in length, but of what length soever they be 160 [square] perches make an acre, for as a mark of English money contains 160 pence so every acre of land contains 160 [square] perches, and as a noble contains 80 pence so half an acre of land contains 80 [square] perches, etc., and as half a noble contains 40 pence, so a rood of land contains 40 [square] perches, etc. A [square] perch of ground shall contain the length of a perch in both directions, in the manner of a square, so it is as long as broad.
The Customs of London, otherwise called Arnold’s Chronicle.
London: Printed for F. C. and J. Rivington; T. Payne; etc., 1811.
The first edition appeared in Antwerp around 1502.
A list of some local values of the acre in Britain in the 18th century is given in the Second Report of the Commissioners... (1820, page 5).
In England, 11th – 19th century, a unit of length = 4 perches or rods, = 66 feet, the width of the original acre. In medieval documents it usually, if not always, appears as part of a qualifying phrase that indicates that the width is meant. For example:
“three acres wide”
#781 in Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici.
“..iii acera bræda...”
Legis Æðelstan, IV 5.
“...ix acrae latitudine...”
Legis Hen I, cap. xvi.
In the 17th century this distance became the length of the surveyor's chain. This length is also the distance between wickets in cricket, and the width of the strip of land that could be acquired by eminent domain for a road in the less-developed parts of the British Commonwealth.
The acre survived as a 66-foot unit of length into the 19th century in Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire. In Derbyshire it could be either 84 or 96 feet, while in Yorkshire as a unit of length the acre was 84 feet.¹
1. Second Report. Page 6.
In England the acre was also a unit of tax assessment. As such, it was not strictly related to the actual dimensions of the property. The following terms are mostly used by modern scholars:
In Anglo-Saxon and Norman England, the acre as a unit of assessment of the king's geld, the crown tax. So for example, a person down in the tax rolls as the holder of 40 geld acres might, but probably didn’t, hold 40 areal acres (6400 square rods) of land. If the tax were, say, 2 shillings per acre, he owed 80 shillings, regardless of the actual size of his property.
In East Anglia, 1/120th of a carucate (also in this case not an areal unit), a unit of assessment of taxes due the king that were to be paid in something other than money (for example, in fodder for horses).
A related unit of land area in Normandy, which is described in a separate entry, because this page is already too long.
Copyright © 2000-2014 Sizes, Inc. All rights reserved.
Last revised: 24 February 2014.
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Jezebel was the daughter of Ethbaal, king of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre, and wife of Ahab, king of Israel (1 Kgs 16:31), in the mid-ninth century b.c.e. She was undoubtedly the chief wife of Ahab and co-ruler with him. It is implied that she was the mother of Ahab’s son and successor Ahaziah (1 Kgs 22:53) and alternately implied and stated that she was mother of the next king, Jehoram (2 Kgs 3:2, 13; 9:22). Ahab had other unnamed wives as well and many unnamed sons (1 Kgs 20:3, 5, 7; 2 Kings 10). Hence, whether Jezebel had other children or, specifically, was Athaliah’s mother is unclear.
The extent of Jezebel’s power is evidenced by the necessity for Jehu, the founder of the next royal dynasty in Israel, to murder her before his rule can be established (2 Kgs 9:30–37)—even though her royal husband and sons are by now dead. The biblical text insists that she is evil through and through.
Jezebel is the enemy of YHWH’s prophets: she “killed the prophets of the Lord” (1 Kgs 18:13). On the other hand, there are “the four hundred fifty prophets of Baal and the four hundred prophets of Asherah, who eat at Jezebel’s table” (v. 19). Elijah kills Jezebel’s prophets on Mount Carmel (chap. 18). As a result, she swears that she will kill him (19:3). He takes her threat seriously and flees to the south, beyond the Israelite territory. His fleeing indicates Jezebel’s power in the realm.
Another indication of her power is the story of Naboth (1 Kings 21). Ahab wishes to buy Naboth’s vineyard, which is adjacent to the royal complex in Jezreel. Naboth refuses to give or sell it, claiming its status as nontransferable ancestral land. Ahab is depressed by this but cannot do anything. Jezebel, who sees the matter as a test case of monarchic power (v. 7), finds a way: she writes to the elders and dignitaries of Jezreel, asking them to bring two false witnesses to claim that Naboth has cursed the king and God. Such behavior signifies treason; Naboth is stoned to death, and his property reverts to the king. Although the letter is ostensibly signed with the king’s seal (v. 8), the report comes back to Jezebel (v. 14). She tells Ahab that he can inherit Naboth’s land, and he does so. Elijah protests to Ahab, “Thus says the Lord: Have you killed, and also taken possession?” (v. 19); he prophesies that Ahab’s male descendants will die prematurely, his dynasty will perish, and that the “dogs shall eat Jezebel within the bounds of Jezreel” (v. 23). Ahab dies a brave soldier’s death in Samaria (1 Kings 22); his son and Jezebel’s, Ahaziah, succeeds to the throne for two years and then dies. His brother Jehoram succeeds him and is killed by Jehu, the new contender for the throne (2 Kings 9). Jezebel is killed by Jehu as well (2 Kgs 9:31–37): as she regally awaits Jehu and her doom in the Jezreel palace, some palace officials drop her through the lattice window. By the time Jehu has finished eating and orders that she be buried “for she is a king’s daughter” (2 Kgs 9:34), the dogs have already eaten most of her carcass—in keeping with Elijah’s prophecy.
Jezebel is characterized as totally evil in the biblical text and beyond it: in the New Testament her name is a generic catchword for a whoring, non-believing female adversary (Rev 2:20); in Judeo-Christian traditions, she is evil incarnate (see Pippin). The Bible is careful not to refer to her as queen. And yet, this is precisely what she seems to have been. Some early Jewish, albeit postbiblical, sources deconstruct the general picture: “Four women exercised government in the world: Jezebel and Athaliah from Israel, Semiramis and Vashti from the [gentile] nations” (in a Jewish Midrash for the Book of Esther, Esther Rabbah). Clearly, Jezebel acted as queen even though the Bible itself refuses her the title and its attendant respect, not to mention approval. In the biblical text, as Trible notes, Jezebel is contrasted with and juxtaposed to the prophet Elijah, to the extent that they both form the two panels of a mirrored dyptich. She is a Baal supporter, he is a YHWH supporter; she is a woman, he is a man; she is a foreigner, he is a native; she has monarchic power, he has prophetic power; she threatens, he flees; finally he wins, she is liquidated. The real conflict is not between Ahab (the king) and Elijah, but between Jezebel (the queen in actuality, if not in title) and Elijah. Ultimately the forces of YHWH win; Jezebel loses. It remains to be understood why she gets such bad press.
It seems reasonable that Jezebel, a foreign royal princess by birth, was highly educated and efficient. Also, although her son’s theophoric names have the element yah or yahu (referring to YHWH) in them, she seems to have been a patron and devotee of the Baal cult. It is not incomprehensible that, whereas Ahab devoted himself to military and foreign affairs, Jezebel acted as his deputy for internal affairs: the Naboth report comes back to her, as if the king’s seal was hers (see Avigad’s identification of a seal, “lyzbl,” as possibly Jezebel’s); she has her own “table,” that is her own economic establishment and budget; she has her own “prophets,” probably a religious establishment that she controls. All these point toward an official or semiofficial position that Jezebel held by virtue of her character, her royal origin and connections, her husband’s and later her children’s esteem, and her religious affiliation to the Baal (possibly also Asherah) cult. Perhaps she had the status of gebira “queen mother” (Ben-Barak), or of “co-regent” (Brenner). At any rate, there is no doubt that the biblical and later accounts distort her portrait for several reasons, among which we can list her monarchic power, deemed unfit in a woman; her reported devotion to the Baal and Asherah cult and her objection to Elijah and other prophets of YHWH; her education and legal know-how (shown in the Naboth affair); and her foreign origin. Ultimately, the same passages that disclaim Jezebel as evil, “whoring,” and immoral are witness to her power and the need to curb it.
Avigad, Nahman. “The Seal of Jezebel.” Israel Exploration Journal 14 (1964): 274–276.
Ben-Barak, Zafrira. “The Status and Right of the Gebira.” Journal of Biblical Literature 110 (1991): 23–34.
Brenner, Athalya. The Israelite Woman: Social Role and Literary Type in Biblical Narrative. Sheffield, England: 1985.
Meyers, Carol, General Editor. Women in Scripture. New York: 2000.
Pippin, Tina. “Jezebel Re-Vamped.” In A Feminist Companion to Samuel and Kings, edited by Athalya Brenner, 196–206. Sheffield, England: 1994.
Trible, Phyllis. “The Odd Couple: Elijah and Jezebel.” In Out of the Garden: Women Writers on the Bible, edited by Christine Büchmann and Celina Spiegel, 166–179, 340–341. New York: 1994.
How to cite this page
Brenner, Athalya. "Jezebel: Bible." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 20 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on June 29, 2016) <http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/jezebel-bible>.
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Dog internal systems, organs
Canine muscular system: The dog has nine muscle groups comprised mainly of the dorsal, head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvic region, trunk, tail and pelvic and thoracic extremities. The muscles are joined to the bones by tendons. Dogs have both voluntary muscles that are used for movement etc… and involuntary muscles such as the heart and lungs that provide the life support system of the dog. There are also muscles that allow for the control of the dog's hair and whiskers both on its muzzle and on certain parts of its body.
Canine respiratory system: Oxygen reaches the dog's lungs by way of the nasal canals, larynx and trachea. The right lung is always slightly larger than the left and the lung cavity is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm.
Canine digestive system:
The dog's digestive system is what is responsible for turning foods into usable substances for the dog's bodily organs.
- Beginning in the mouth the is chewed and becomes mixed with saliva. It then passes down through the esophagus that runs inside of the dog's neck and through the diaphragm into the stomach.
- The dog's stomach, which varies in size according to the build of the dog, is held up by ligaments. When a dog has a full stomach it is very dangerous for it to play or jump as the stomach can become twisted on itself. This is a life threatening condition that can only be treated by emergency surgery.
- The dog's stomach is connected to the intestines where all of the nutritious substances are filtered out of the . The small intestine is connected to the liver and pancreas whereas the large intestine ends at the dog's anus.
Canine urinary system: The urinary system is where the soluble wastes are disposed and usable fluids reclaimed. The kidneys are responsible for filtering the wastes out of the body's fluids and sending this on to the bladder. The bladder holds this liquid waste until it exits the body through the urethra.
Male dog genitals: The canine male genital apparatus is made up of the testicles in the scrotum and the penis that is covered by a sheath of skin and only becomes visible when erect. When copulating the dog's penis engorges and this is why male and femalecan be seen stand back to back after the act of copulation. Do not try to force them apart as this can cause internal injury to both sexes. Once the males penis losses its rigidity they will separate on their own.
Female dog genitals: The female canine's genital apparatus consists primarily of the ovaries, the uterus and the vagina.
Canine anal glands: A dog's anal glands are the two small sacks bracketing the anus. They release a fluid that covers the dog's feces when eliminating. This anal sack fluid carries important information and"read" this information by smelling the feces of other .
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Women pharmacists before the 20th century
Women have always been involved in the production and administration of medicines. However, in the history of the Pharmaceutical Society, the status of female pharmacists was not explicit from the start.
When Elizabeth Garrett (afterwards Mrs Elizabeth Garrett Anderson) attended lectures at the Society’s School of Pharmacy in the 1860s, the Society’s Council responded by passing a resolution prohibiting women in the school.
223 female pharmacists on the first
Register in 1869
(1.9% of 11,638 in total)
The Pharmacy Act of 1868 required all practising pharmacists to register with the Society. Most of the 223 women in the first compulsory Register of 1869 had qualified for inclusion because they had been in business before August 1 1868. It was not particularly unusual for women to take over businesses established by their fathers or husbands.
The "petticoat peril" -
X- Rayser, The Chemist and Druggist,
October 28 1905
If the inclusion of women on the 1869 Register provoked any comment, it was not recorded. Women took the Society’s exams alongside their male counterparts (although they were not eligible for the prizes, or to work in the Society’s chemical laboratories). Fanny Deacon (nee Potter) of Fleckney, Leicestershire was the first woman to pass the "Modified" exam after the 1868 Act. Alice Vickery was the first woman to qualify as a Chemist and Druggist by passing the Society’s Minor exam in June 1873. However, women were not permitted to become members. They could work as pharmacists, but had no rights in the Society and therefore no role to play in the regulation of the profession.
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Kanban is an important concept in lean manufacturing. Kanban is a method that enables pull and can help create flow in a system. Kanban has several benefits:
- Kanban can prevent overproduction because it is the mechanism that tells a station or cell what to create and how much and by when and also where the goods are to be delivered
- Kanban care enable Pull because the request will come from the process upstream telling the process downstream what it needs
- When each station is linked to each other in a tight way, enabled by Kanban, then there can be flow.
Here’s a short video on the Kanban Card Template which we are making available as a free download.
Here are the key aspects and what can (and probably) included on a Kanban Card:
- Part Number: This identifies the name of the “thing” that should be created
- Quantity: How many of the “thing” should be manufactured
- Lead Time: This tells the recipient of the Kanban Card how long they have to manufacture and deliver – when the items are due
- Card x of y: There is usually a fixed number of cards in a system and this identifies which card number this one has relative to the others
Depending on the type of Kanban, there are possibly other items needed. For now, these are likely the critical items. Adjust the template to whatever might suit your needs.
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| 0.947499 | 295 | 2.515625 | 3 |
At least 49 teenage drivers could be saved every year if the state of Indiana improved its graduated driver’s licensing programs. In fact, according to a study by the National Safety Council, at least 2,000 lives of teenage drivers could be saved every year if such programs were strengthened and included more restrictions.
According to transportation safety experts, the ideal graduated driver’s licensing program will include 7 components.
1. It will include a minimum age of 16 for a person to get a learner’s permit,
2. It will require that a person have at least 6 months of supervised driving 3. It will require a minimum of 30 hours of supervised driving when the person is in the learner stage 4. It will set 16 ½ as the minimum age for an intermediate license
5. It will have nighttime driving restrictions that would begin at 10 PM 6. It will restrict the number of non-family passengers to just one for intermediate license holders 7. It will set a minimum age of 17 for a full license.
Currently, only New York and Delaware have a graduated driver’s licensing program that includes all 7 components. Indiana’s graduated driver’s licensing program could do with more than a few tweaks. For instance, in Indiana, the minimum age to get a learner’s permit is 15 years. Even the nighttime driving restrictions for intermediate license holders are phased, with a limit of between 10 pm and 5 am during the first 180 days after which, the restrictions are relaxed a little.
However, Indiana personal injury lawyers don’t expect the graduated driver’s licensing program in Indiana to change anytime soon. In fact, the provision that sets a minimum age of 15 to obtain a learner’s permit is not likely to change very quickly because of the opposition to such changes. According to the National Youth Rights Association, it is discriminatory to set a minimum wage for a person who wants to get a learner’s permit. Any proposed changes like this are likely to face a lot of challenges.
However, transportation safety agencies and teen rights groups also need to consider the fact that automobile accidents are the number one cause of unnatural death for teenagers in the United States. Teenagers are not only at a higher risk of traffic accidents, but also at a much higher risk of alcohol-related car accidents and distracted driving accidents. While there has been a lot of progress made in reducing the number of alcohol-related car accident fatalities involving adults, little progress has been made in reducing the number of drunk driving accidents involving teen motorists. Also, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has found it hard to crack down on the practice of texting while driving and using cell phones while driving among teen drivers.
The Indiana personal injury lawyers at Montross Miller Muller Mendelson Kennedy represent persons who have been injured in car and auto accidents across Indiana.
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<urn:uuid:c4c5413e-bc04-419d-81f7-e0f664f7daaf>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.indianalawyerblog.com/2011/12/stronger_gdl_laws_could_save_4.html
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|
en
| 0.961223 | 585 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Earlier this month PepsiCo published its CSR report which touted its gains in human, environmental, and talent sustainability. However, the company has its own bottled water called Aquafina, “the single biggest bottled water brand.” Americans drank about 615 gallons of Aquafina in 2008, according to the social network site, ThePoint.com.
Bottled water can hardly be called sustainable or environmentally-friendly. A 2001 report by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) stated that about 1.5 million tons of plastic are used to bottle 89 billion liters of water every year.
Americans spent $15 billion on bottled water in 2007, more than on “ipods or movie tickets.” As an in-depth article on FastCompany.com put it, a billion bottles of water are moved “around a week in ships, trains, and trucks in the United States alone,” equivalent to 37,800 18-wheelers.
The Fast Company article pointed out that in 1976 Americans drank only 1.6 gallons of bottled water a year, and in 2007 28.3 gallons, or 18 half-liter bottles a month. Bottled water harms the environment “due to their unregulated use of valuable resources and their production of billions of plastic bottles.”
In a Triple Pundit post last November, the author pointed out that “major corporations…are slowly but surely privatizing public water supplies, bottling the water, and selling it back to us at hundreds, even thousands of times the cost of tap water.” A public resource has been turned into a “$100 billion market.”
The Environmental Working Group (EWG) released a study in October 2008 about chemical contaminants present in bottled water. The study examined ten different bottled water brands, including Wal-Mart’s Sam’s Choice and Giant Supermarket’s Arcadia brands. The other eight brands were not identified. The levels of chemical contaminants found in all the ten brands studied, are the same as those “routinely found in tap water.”
The big difference between municipal water and bottled water, according to the study, is that municipalities legally have to notify the public about chemical contaminants found in public drinking water and bottled water companies do not.
The study also pointed out the environmental impact of bottled water. Only a fifth of all the bottles of water consumed in 2006 were recycled, and the rest “ended up in landfills, incinerators, and as trash on land and in streams, rivers, and oceans.” Bottled water companies “place a strain on rivers, streams and community drinking water supplies” when they extract water. The study calls it “water mining,” and criticizes the practice because it “can remove substantial amounts of water that otherwise would have contributed to community water supplies or to the natural flow of streams and rivers.”
The U.S. Conference of Mayors’ 2007 resolution stated that every year U.S. water bottle production uses 1.5 million barrels of oil, which could power 250,000 homes or provide fuel for 100,000 cars.
Tap water is cheaper for businesses
Responsible Purchasing Network’s (RPN) guide about bottled water alternatives for procurement professionals, Think Outside the Bottle: the Responsible Purchasing Guide to Bottled Water Alternatives, cited an estimate by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concerning the cost of treating, filtering and delivering tap water versus bottled water. Tap water’s treatment costs only 0.2 cents per gallon, about 750-2,700 times cheaper than bottled water.
Several alternatives to bottled water exist for businesses. Bottle-less water coolers, which connect to tap water lines and have filtration systems, are one alternative. Bottle-less water coolers cost half what it does to have bottled water delivered. The cost savings of switching to a bottle-less water cooler can be up to 80 percent, according to the RPN’s estimates.
Reusable water bottles are another alternative. There are several types to choose from, including metal and plastic. Plastic bottles are usually much cheaper than metal bottles. However, supplying reusable bottles for every employee might make having a bottle-less water cooler installed.
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<urn:uuid:3c979b3e-3370-4b56-88d5-3d684990db4a>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.triplepundit.com/2009/01/can-a-company-that-produces-bottled-water-be-sustainable/
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|
en
| 0.949685 | 887 | 2.828125 | 3 |
May have also been known as Isabel (sic) Cemetery at one time.
Far west Tarrant County, at the west end of Western Oaks Road which runs
off of Silver Creek Road.
This cemetery is very difficult to access. It is located in an active quarry,
and safety is major concern for the quarry owners. The cemetery is located
on high pedestal in the northwestern portion of the quarry. The quarry operators
have piled fill against the eastern face of the pedestal to make the cemetery
accessible for visitors, however, the quarry owners are very reluctant to
let visitors into the Tannahill Cemetery due to heavy truck traffic and
quarrying.. The cemetery appears to have been enclosed by a barbed wire fence
at one time. Only the fence posts remain. The cemetery is overgrown and
neglected, and it is not a map feature. Many of the headstones have fallen
or are damaged. There appear to be 25-50 burials dating from ca. 1860-1945
(During the survey, we did not record specific dates, only a time frame for
burials, so there may not actually be burials from 1945 or 1860. This goes
for the number of burials as well).
Photos, both digital and film were taken, maps drawn, and the locations recorded
with a GPS. All the data now resides with the Texas Historical Commission
in Austin. Because the sites are on private property and were not recorded
on any public maps, I believe the State will not release the survey data
to the public.
This information comes courtesy of Greg
Staples, who visited the cemetery in 2005.
Two interesting stories were published on pages 104 and 107 of the August 2008 issues of Footprints, quarterly publication of the Fort Worth Genealogical Society.
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<urn:uuid:f2dc402b-e2fb-4998-8e66-6ca5d6dc6ac9>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~txtarran/cemetery/info-tannahill.htm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96115 | 372 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Influenza and Pneumonia Mortality Trends 2000-2007 DS 10-10000
Among the leading causes of death in California, influenza and pneumonia ranked 8th from 2005 to 2007, which is a decrease from the previous four years when influenza and pneumonia ranked 6th. 1 The two diseases are traditionally classified together, as influenza frequently progresses to pneumonia. Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus, whereas pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs often caused by bacteria, viruses, or other infectious agents.2 Since the influenza virus is continually mutating and severity can vary, the number of annual influenza deaths fluctuates.
People considered at high risk for influenza and pneumonia include the elderly, the very young, and those with underlying health problems, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and sickle cell disease.2 Adults aged 65 and older are more likely to have serious complications from influenza. Throughout the study period, California residents who were 85 and older accounted for over 50 percent of influenza and pneumonia deaths and when measured from 65 and older accounted for 90 percent of these deaths (Table 1a (PDF)). It is anticipated the H1N1 influenza virus may affect the age distribution of these deaths for calendar years 2009 and 2010; however, no data is available at this time.
Vaccinations are effective in preventing influenza as well as some strains of bacterial pneumonia, and are recommended for high-risk groups. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services developed a 10-year plan to improve the health of the nation. Known as Healthy People 2010 (HP2010), the plan includes objectives related to increasing the number of people vaccinated against influenza and pneumonia.3 In addition, Goal 1 in the California Department of Public Health Strategic Plan includes objectives to increase the proportion of adults who are vaccinated against influenza and pneumonia.4 Measuring the success of these objectives requires specific data collection methods not covered in this report.
Data on California resident deaths due to influenza and pneumonia from 2000 through 2007 are presented in this report. The data are extracted from vital statistics records with the underlying cause of death attributable to influenza or pneumonia as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes J09-J18, in accordance with National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reports.5 This code range includes almost all infectious causes of pneumonia (bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic), but excludes aspiration pneumonia, lung abscesses, Legionnaire’s Disease, and SARS.
This report presents different measures of influenza and pneumonia mortality, including number of deaths; crude, age-specific, and age-adjusted death rates; and rate differentials and percent change. The report presents data in four major sections. The first section discusses the number of deaths by age, sex, and race. It further examines crude, age-specific, and age-adjusted rates for all Californians. The second section examines the total number of deaths, and crude, age-specific and age-adjusted rates by sex. The third section reviews the total number of deaths, and crude, age-specific, and age-adjusted rates by race/ethnicity groups. The last section of the report examines death trends among California residents at the county level. In addition, data from the last year under consideration are analyzed in more depth.
Detailed tables are also provided. Table 1a (PDF) shows raw counts by age groups and ethnicity. Table 1b (PDF) and Table 1c (PDF) show the same information by sex and race/ethnicity for years 2000 through 2007. Table 2a (PDF) shows age-specific death rates by age group, and Table 2b (PDF) and 2c (PDF) show the same information by sex and race/ethnicity. Table 3 (PDF) shows age-adjusted rates and 95 percent confidence intervals by sex and race/ethnicity from 2000 2007. Table 4 (PDF) presents raw counts of deaths by county. Table 5 (PDF) displays age-adjusted rates by county of residence for 2000 through 2007, and Table 6 (PDF) shows 95 percent confidence intervals for the age-adjusted rates in Table 5 (PDF).
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<urn:uuid:7e8bdeb7-35e2-44b8-a4d6-5b74001e9cca>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/ohir/Pages/IandP2007Background.aspx
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|
en
| 0.924804 | 862 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Definition of waterflood
n. - A flood of water; an inundation.
The word "waterflood" uses 10 letters: A D E F L O O R T W.
Direct anagrams of waterflood:
Words formed by adding one letter before or after waterflood (in bold), or to adefloortw in any order:
s - floodwaters waterfloods
Words within waterflood
not shown as it has more than seven letters.
List all words starting with waterflood, words containing waterflood or words ending with waterflood
All words formed from waterflood by changing one letter
Other words with the same letter pairs: wa at te er rf fl lo oo od
Browse words starting with waterflood by next letter
Previous word in list: waterfalls
Next word in list: waterflooded
Some random words: oolachan
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<urn:uuid:dcc05b02-f688-449b-b964-e3b339631ff4>
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CC-MAIN-2016-26
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http://www.morewords.com/word/waterflood/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.799324 | 198 | 2.75 | 3 |
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