text
stringlengths 199
648k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 14
419
| file_path
stringlengths 139
140
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 50
235k
| score
float64 2.52
5.34
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
From: European Space Agency
Posted: Friday, February 1, 2013
With ESA's largest scientific event of the year just nine months away, the deadline for abstract submissions is fast approaching.
Organised with the support of the UK Space Agency, ESA will host the Living Planet Symposium on 9-13 September in Edinburgh, UK.
At the event, scientists and users will present their latest findings on Earth's environment and climate derived from satellite data.
It will also provide an opportunity to introduce missions in development from ESA - such as the Sentinels, Earth Explorers and meteorological missions - as well as from national space agencies. The deadline for the submission of abstracts is just around the corner. Interested parties need to send in their ideas for papers and posters by 15 February for the Scientific Committee's review. For more information, visit the symposium website.
The symposium is open to anyone interested in remote sensing or involved in the development and exploitation of Earth observation missions. This includes ESA Principal Investigators, co-investigators, Sentinel users, scientists, students, representatives from national, European and international space agencies and value-adding industries.
The event follows the previous symposia held in Bergen (2010), Montreux (2007) and Salzburg (2004).
At the 2010 symposium - which saw more than 1400 scientists and users - ESA's Earth Explorers GOCE, SMOS and CryoSat took centre-stage. The first global gravity model based on GOCE satellite data was presented, along with early results from the SMOS mission on microwave radiation and the first ice-thickness data from CryoSat.
This year, scientists will report on the new results from these missions and look ahead to the next Earth Explorer mission, Swarm, which will provide information on Earth's magnetic field. Recent advances in the generation of consistent, long-term records of Essential Climate Variables and on confronting observations and climate models will also be presented. In addition, the operational services made possible with the upcoming Sentinel series of satellites will be introduced, with focus on the readiness and launch of the Sentinel-1 mission.
Sentinel-1 is a polar-orbiting, all-weather, day-and-night radar imaging mission, to be used mainly for land and ocean services. It will ensure the continuity of C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, building on ESA's and Canada's heritage SAR systems on ERS-1, ERS-2, Envisat and Radarsat. The Sentinels, being developed under Europe's Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme, will provide the data to help decision-makers manage the environment, understand and mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure civil security.
Call for abstracts
// end //
|
<urn:uuid:87fdcca8-b8a0-4e78-ad40-7ce95e5c5b52>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=43283
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00192-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911695 | 577 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Federal Student Aid uses the data on your FAFSA to calculate an Expected Family Contribution (EFC). The EFC is an indicator of your family's financial strength to pay for education after high school. Your school will subtract your EFC from your total cost of attendance. The result is your financial need. The EFC is not the amount of money that your family must provide. Rather, you should think of the EFC as an index that colleges use to determine how much financial aid (grants, loans or work-study) you would receive if you were to attend their school. Your application results are transmitted to the school(s) listed on your FAFSA, and the school(s) uses the EFC amount to determine the amount of financial aid that you are eligible to receive. Many states and schools also use the FAFSA data to award aid from their programs. Some states and schools also may require you to complete additional applications.
|
<urn:uuid:48dfda80-abc1-467f-95f5-8cc929be90de>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.pdx.edu/faqs/why-complete-fafsa
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975335 | 195 | 3.25 | 3 |
WHAT DO DISTRICT MANAGERS DO?
District managers are the people in charge of entire regions where multiple stores operate. Whatever branches of their company operate within their district is their responsibility. District managers managers are in charge of the operational practices of all stores making sure each runs smoothly, cleanly and meets any budget and sales goals and is complying with any marketing campaigns and promotions.
District managers interview, hire, coordinate and discipline store managers, and check in on individual stores to make sure the store is stocked, clean and in proper working order. District managers create and maintain budgets, and coordinate with and report to senior management in the company.
HOW MUCH DO DISTRICT MANAGERS MAKE?
This depends a lot on what kind of field you are in and what sort of company you are hired to manage. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, for example, restaurant and food service managers make a median income of $48,130, or $23.14 per hour. Pay will vary depending on occupation and years of service, among other factors.
WHAT ARE THE EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS?
Again, this varies greatly depending on the field of work, but on-the-job experience in the line of work is a must. There are many general management courses that you can take, and even specialized secondary education majors, that might shorten the time it takes to reach management level in your field. But most managers have spent years as general employees in their respective fields before reaching a leadership level.
People looking to advance to district manager positions might want to get a degree in business management, restaurant and hospitality management, or similar fields.
JOB SKILLS AND REQUIREMENTS
- Leadership Skills: District managers have to keep your employees motivated, resolve conflicts and make hard decisions. A successful district manager is a good leader.
- Time Management: District managers work with multiple stores and managers across a large region, coordinate visiting these stores from time to time. District managers might have to create schedules, order supplies and write reports. Time management is essential to make sure everything gets done.
- Math and Budgeting: District managers are expected to keep and maintain a budget in almost every field. You will need to be confident in using math skills to make sure you know where your company's money is going.
- Analytical Skills: District managers are in charge of hiring new store managers, and being a good judge of character will help ensure that you hire the right people to maintain an efficient and motivated team. You will also need analytical skills to be able to solve problems that may come up during a typical work day.
- Decision-Making Skills: The buck stops with you. Whether it is dealing with employees, management or vendors, you will have to make decisions that affect the company. Having the ability to make hard and fast decisions is crucial to your success.
- Speaking and Writing: District managers do a lot of communicating. This might be in front of a group of employees, or in a meeting with management. You might be called upon to write reports, recommendations, or reasons for termination. Great verbal communications and writing skills will help you in any of these scenarios.
|
<urn:uuid:b14b11ec-6b1c-4be0-a038-9b64bda1f341>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.snagajob.com/job-descriptions/district-manager/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954924 | 644 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Unix for Beginners
Unix Shell Programming
Unix Useful References
Unix Useful Resources
Copyright © 2014 by tutorialspoint
iopl() - Unix, Linux System Call
iopl - change I/O privilege level
int iopl(int level);
iopl() changes the I/O privilege level of the current process, as specified in
This call is necessary to allow 8514-compatible X servers to run under
Linux. Since these X servers require access to all 65536 I/O ports, the
ioperm() call is not sufficient.
In addition to granting unrestricted I/O port access, running at a higher
I/O privilege level also allows the process to disable interrupts. This
will probably crash the system, and is not recommended.
Permissions are inherited by
The I/O privilege level for a normal process is 0.
This call is mostly for the i386 architecture.
On many other architectures it does not exist or will always
return an error.
On success, zero is returned. On error, -1 is returned, and
errno is set appropriately.
level is greater than 3.
This call is unimplemented.
The calling process has insufficient privilege to call
CAP_SYS_RAWIO capability is required.
iopl() is Linux specific and should not be used in processes
intended to be portable.
Libc5 treats it as a system call and has a prototype in
<unistd.h>. Glibc1 does not have a prototype. Glibc2 has a prototype both in
<sys/io.h> and in
<sys/perm.h>. Avoid the latter, it is available on i386 only.
|
<urn:uuid:e783e1d2-1080-480f-b52f-5e75b88c29ed>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/unix_system_calls/iopl.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.796916 | 360 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Asking people to reduce their dietary salt intake can help them slightly lower blood pressure, but it doesn’t seem to have any effect on their risk of heart attack or heart-related death, according to a new review of existing research.
Professor Rod Taylor of the University of Exeter and his team looked at data from seven previously published randomized controlled trials that tracked salt intake and rates of death or serious cardiovascular events (like heart attack, heart surgery or stroke) among nearly 6,500 participants, with a follow-up of at least six months.
Although lowering dietary salt resulted in a small dip in blood pressure, the researchers found no strong evidence that it reduced rates of death in people with high or normal blood pressure. One study suggested that restricting salt in patients with congestive heart failure could even potentially increase risk of death.
Overall, the authors of the review concluded that there wasn’t enough data in the pooled studies to make a conclusion about the impact of salt reduction on the risk of major cardiovascular events. Further rigorous, large and long-term studies are needed.
Still, there is plenty of data — and consensus among experts — that excess dietary salt does affect blood pressure and cardiovascular health. Reported the Wall Street Journal:
Taylor tells the Health Blog that he doesn’t question the notion that salt consumption is linked to cardiovascular risk. But he says giving individuals dietary advice alone isn’t likely to cut it as a means of permanently lowering their salt intake, and therefore isn’t likely to have a long-term impact on health outcomes. “What’s not working is the advice,” he says.
Taylor notes that the tabletop salt shaker is not the real problem: 75% of our salt intake comes from restaurant meals and packaged food in the form of “invisible salt.” So, telling people to reduce salt without simultaneously getting food manufacturers to use less salt is not likely to result in significant reductions in consumption.
Americans eat an average of 3,400 mg of sodium each day, significantly more than the limits set by government dietary guidelines, which recommend that healthy adults stick to 2,300 mg daily and that those over age 51, African Americans of any age, and people with hypertension, kidney disease or one of several other conditions consume less than 1,500 mg of sodium per day.
The easiest way to get enough sodium — which is essential to good health — without going overboard is to cut out processed, packaged foods in favor of whole fruits, vegetables and meats.
So, what’s the right amount of sodium for you? “There is a healthy amount of sodium we all need in our diet,” Dr. Stephanie Moore, a cardiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, told ABC News. “Define [a] healthy amount of sodium — there is the study we need.”
|
<urn:uuid:c52be886-d401-4975-a7d8-75320ebff0bc>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://healthland.time.com/2011/07/07/cutting-salt-may-not-reduce-heart-attacks-or-risk-of-death/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955058 | 589 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Supporting your Student
It can be difficult for parents to support their student from afar.
Stay connected-Listen but stay away from giving too much advice. College is a time for your student to learn about themselves and solve their own problems.
Ask questions- Show that you are interested in what your student is doing, how they are adjusting, or what they are learning about. Even if they do not talk in-depth about anything every time, they will know that when they do need someone to talk to you- you are there for them.
Expect change- Your student is learning about themselves
Know campus resources- Become familiar with the resources on campus so you can guide your student if necessary.
Try to avoid giving too much advice and trust your student- College is a time when your student is learning to be independent and make decisions on their own. They will make mistakes; it is a part of development and learning. Trust that they will be able to solve most of their own problems, and be ready for when they really need your help.
|
<urn:uuid:cc37f039-e3c2-4d91-b684-e571bff39739>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.sjsu.edu/counseling/Parents/supporting_your_student/index.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980382 | 214 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Although the United States has been dubbed “the graveyard of languages” for its lack of heritage language support, today’s children’s futures need not be so bleak. Given the right encouragement, immigrant families can pass on the best of both worlds to their children: a home language in addition to the community language.
For many decades there has been a common misconception that immigrant families will help their children most by completely switching to English in the home. The belief is that the more a family uses English together, the stronger their English language skills will become. While it is true that family members can help one another by practicing English together, English should not supplant the native language in the home. In fact, dropping the home language in favor of English can end up having many negative consequences.
Why would a family do this? A strong desire to prepare children for a competitive education system is one very common reason. Parents are unaware of the fact that they are actually hindering rather than helping their children by going this route. Other parents, desperate to prove that they are adapting to their new country, eagerly drop their native tongue in favor of an English-only approach. The desire to fit in can be overpowering.
While immigrant parents should certainly do everything they can to learn English, they should also be encouraged to continue speaking their native language at home with their children. Teachers and school administrators can play a key role in helping to make this happen by providing information, support and language resources. At the very least, parents can be reassured that their children will have a better chance at academic success when a home language is maintained.
Here are 4 key points that teachers and administrators can share with students’ parents:
- Academics: When children discuss their class work and homework with their parents, it is important that these discussions take place in a language that feels comfortable and natural. To help children achieve academic success, parents must be able to discuss a variety of topics with increasing difficulty and complexity as academic levels increase. Regardless of language, being able to understand and work with ideas and concepts is what education and academic success is all about. In fact, studies suggest that if children build a strong foundation in their home language, they will learn to speak, read and write English (or the community language) even better.
- Emotions: Our native language resides deep within us. How often have we heard stories of a family member who spoke another language only in childhood yet reverted back to it in old age? Language is about more than just words. It is the repository of personal experience. To connect with our children fully, we need to be able to use words that have a depth of meaning for us. To sooth a skinned knee, to talk about new teenage love, or to share something personal about our own childhood, we need to use a language that taps into our own emotions.
- Connections: By choosing to switch to the community language, we are sending a message to our children that our native language, culture, history and extended family are somehow inferior to the American culture, language and way of life. It is important to show our children that our heritage is important. We should do all we can to help our children stay connected to it. Our children may even travel to our native homeland when they are older to learn more about their roots.
- Opportunities: While many American families are desperately trying to find ways to help their children learn additional languages, families who can pass on a language at home will be doing their children a disservice if they switch to English. Children may not appreciate it now, but down the road they will be thankful that their parents gave them the gift of a home language. Being bilingual is becoming more and more a door to a variety of business and cultural opportunities.
Parents want to do what is best for their families. When they switch to English at home, they do so from a misconception that it will benefit their family as a whole. They believe this will give their children a better chance at a successful future.
When people in positions of authority (teachers, administrators, doctors, etc.) let families know that speaking a home language provides the best academic and emotional support possible for their children, families will be motivated to pass on their language and heritage. At the very least, parents will be able to provide their children with the gift of bilingualism – a gift of which many in the United States are envious.
Photo credit: Stuart Richards
Do you have students in your class whose parents have chosen to switch to English at home? Have you spoken with the parents to find out why they made this choice? What have been their answers?
|
<urn:uuid:2e205c17-9a72-4c6c-bc48-87a95ee29ab9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blog.languagelizard.com/2012/01/11/supporting-bilingualism-4-reasons-parents-should-speak-heritage-languages-at-home/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973534 | 952 | 3.34375 | 3 |
This thesis assesses the extent to which fourteenth-century Middle English poets were interested in, and influenced by, traditions of thinking about logic and mathematics.
Political Science in Late Medieval Europe: The Aristotelian Paradigm and How It Shaped the Study of Politics in the West
Connecting Theory and Practice: A Review of the Work of Five Early Contributors to the Ethics of Management
Valla wrote about Epicureanism before the Renaissance rediscovery of classical Epicurean texts. Poggio Bracciolini had not yet circulated his newly-discovered manuscript of first century Epicurean philosopher Lucretius’ De rerum natura, and Valla wrote without access to Diogenes Laertius’ Lives of the Philosophers, which discussed Epicurus’ teachings in greater detail.
All legislation of Byzantium from the earliest times also condemned abortions. Consequently, foeticide was considered equal to murder and infanticide and the result was severe punishments for all persons who participated in an abortive technique reliant on drugs or other methods. The punishments could extend to exile, confiscation of property and death.
Let me begin my own discussion of Aquinas by saying that it seems to me that Cohen adequately proved that it was a mistake to view the sensible form as existing in the soul rather than the organ, and that Aquinas is not denying to the sensible form as received by the sensor a place in the physical world, or indeed physical existence, when he says it exists immaterially or spiritually.
Exegesis According to the Rules of Philosophy or the Rule of Faith?: Methodological Conflict in the Ninth-Century Predestination Controversy
The development of biblical exegesis, as Contreni shows, was rapid, but not homogeneous. On the one hand, one of the main ways to acquire biblical wisdom was to rely on the interpretations and teaching of the Holy Fathers, whose texts were studied, assimilated, simplified, collected, and taught. On the other hand, Alcuin’s revival of the liberal arts6 paved the way for the rise of another method of biblical exegesis.
In “spending most of his life out of doors, in all seasons” Francis defies the basis of what we call civilized existence; if history is about progress in terms of making human life secure from nature’s vagaries, Francis rejects such a conception of history, along with its false sense of security, in order to situate human life in and as the natural world.
In the philosophical part of the project we chose not to use Abelardís work Dialogue of the Philosopher with a Jew and a Christian, which explains his views on different religions. Since we decided to use the Letters of Direction in order to get an overview about Abelardís view on Christianity, there appeared to be little need for the aforementioned book.
However, as G. Théry later discovered, Traube’s point of departure—the citations of Dionysius in Hincmar’s treatise on predestination—was faulty. Since Traube published his notes on the manuscripts of the Versio, Théry has proven that the citations in Hincmar’s Liber de praedestinatione come from Hilduin’s translation rather than that of Eriugena.
|
<urn:uuid:9033bccc-cc5c-47a8-aa94-f7b25f96ccef>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.medievalists.net/tag/philosophy/page/2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950169 | 691 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Understanding controlled trials: What are pragmatic trials?BMJ 1998; 316 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.316.7127.285 (Published 24 January 1998) Cite this as: BMJ 1998;316:285
- Martin Roland, director of research and developmenta,
- David J Torgerson, research fellowb
- National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL
- National Primary Care Research and Development Centre, Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York YO1 5DD
- Correspondence to: Professor Roland
Trials of healthcare interventions are often described as either explanatory or pragmatic. Explanatory trials generally measure efficacy-the benefit a treatment produces under ideal conditions, often using carefully defined subjects in a research clinic. Pragmatic trials measure effectiveness-the benefit the treatment produces in routine clinical practice.
An explanatory approach recruits as homogeneous a population as possible and aims primarily to further scientific knowledge. By contrast, the design of a pragmatic trial reflects variations between patients that occur in real clinical practice and aims to inform choices between treatments. To ensure generalisability pragmatic trials should, so far as possible, represent the patients to whom the treatment will be applied. The need for purchasers and providers of health care to use …
Log in using your username and password
Log in through your institution
Register for a free trial to thebmj.com to receive unlimited access to all content on thebmj.com for 14 days.
Sign up for a free trial
|
<urn:uuid:1c79aed0-96eb-418f-bdf7-d51dba50973a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bmj.com/content/316/7127/285
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.896047 | 324 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Environment Ministers Meet in Colombia on the Road to the World Summit
on Sustainable Development
Environment Ministers Meet in Colombia on the Road to the World Summit on Sustainable Development
Nairobi/Cartagena, 21 January 2002 - A pioneering new initiative to protect the world's people and its environment from hazardous chemicals will be one of the key issues facing ministers meeting in Cartagena, Colombia, this week.
In recent years, there has been a trend towards moving chemical manufacturing from industrialised to developing countries.
Experts have told the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) of their concern that many poorer nations may not have adequate safeguards or emergency response systems in place to deal with chemical spills or accidents of the kind that occurred in Bopal, India, 15 years ago.
Meanwhile the number of chemicals coming onto the market has dramatically increased with an estimated 80,000 introduced over the last half century.
There is concern that many of these have not been tested for their full range of health and environmental effects including their potential to disrupt the hormonal systems of animals and human beings.
Some experts believe existing and new chemicals also need to be better evaluated for their impacts on vulnerable groups including children and pregnant or breast feeding mothers.
Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director of UNEP, said: "UNEP was asked by governments at our last Governing Council to prepare a report on a new strategy for the management of chemicals. We will present our findings to environment ministers in Cartagena. It is our considered opinion that a new, strategic, approach is needed that mobilizes the skills and financial resources of scientists, industry and governments. Such a strategy would also build bridges between the various chemicals agreements and conventions to make the world's response to how we use chemicals more effective and safety-concious".
"If the Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GMEF), meeting in Cartagena, give this the green light then it will form a key submission to the crucial UN World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) taking place in Johannesburg later in the year," he said.
Mr Toepfer emphasised that UNEP was not anti-chemical and that the organization was active in working with governments and others to develop and deliver chemical agreements including the recently approved Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
"Chemicals, in areas such as medicine and agriculture, have played an important role in improving quality of life. But, as we learn more about the way some chemicals interact wildlife and people, how many chemicals together can have surprising impacts, and how long term exposure can increase the risk, we realise we must be careful and prudent about balancing the economic and social benefits with the environmental and health questions, "he said.
The new approach, suggested in the UNEP report, outlines 18 key areas of action.
These include improving the ability of developing countries to deal with chemicals and the issues surrounding them, so called capacity building, promoting cleaner chemicals production and a shift from "highly toxic chemicals to those with lower toxicity or non-chemical alternatives".
A crackdown on the illegal trade in banned chemicals including action to prevent smuggling and dumping of outlawed substances and better labelling and safer packaging.
A harmonization of risk assessments for existing and new chemicals and the development of methods to assess the endocrine (hormonal) disruption potential of chemicals.
Jim Willis, head of UNEP's Chemicals Unit based in Geneva, Switzerland, said a survey of governments had also flagged up a range of other issues that a new initiative might tackle.
"These include improving developing country access to the wealth of information on chemicals that already exists, boosting their scientific skills on chemicals management and emergency response to accidents, financing specific environmental projects such as the disposal of obsolete and stockpiled pesticides, setting up emission inventories, improving storage and disposal facilities and supporting education and research in developing countries on environmentally friendly pesticides and non-chemical pest control products," he said.
The particular difficulties facing the Least Developed Countries and the special vulnerability of small island states, including the threat of contamination of atolls, freshwater and the marine environment, should also be addressed in any new initiative, the report suggests.
A large number of environment ministers are expected to be in the Colombian, northern seaside, city for the Seventh Special Session of UNEP's Governing Council and the GMEF meeting which is taking place between the 13 and 15 of February.
Klaus Toepfer, UNEP's Executive Director, said: "The importance of this meeting in Cartagena cannot be under estimated as it comes in the run up to WSSD. Real progress has been made in tackling environmental issues since 1972 and the Rio Earth Summit of 10 years ago. But it is clear that a great deal more needs to be done".
"New and even more complex issues have emerged in recent years including the environmental impacts of international trade and the globilisation of markets, the consumption patterns of the rich versus the poorer parts of the world and the massive and rapid industrialization of large parts of South East Asia. Levels of poverty, which have a critical relationship with the environment, have become even more acute over recent years on Continents like Africa," he said.
"Meanwhile the huge debts of countries, particularly in Africa, is stifling their prospects for economic growth, and therefore environmental improvements, because they simply cannot afford to act. The huge growth in environmental agreements, while welcome, has not been matched by a political will to make these binding or enforceable. We urgently need to overhaul the environmental machinery, make better and more targeted use of our resources both human and financial and modernise the way we all work to achieve a better, cleaner and healthier world, " said Mr Toepfer.
"Unless we manage this better we face, indeed we already are facing, a similar situation to the imaginary, llama-like, Pushmi-Pullyu animal found in the books and films featuring Dr Dolittle. The animal had two heads, one at the front and one at the back, which meant it was difficult for the creature to decide which direction it should be going in and became exhausted even trying," he said.
Apart from discussions on chemicals, a wide range of other pressing subjects which will feed into the WSSD summit happening between August 24 and September 6, are on the table.
International Environmental Governance and the Multi-Lateral Environmental Agreements
Urgent action is needed to reform the operation of the burgeoning number of environmental agreements and conventions. Experts believe they are falling short of what is needed to fight the environmental threats facing the planet and deliver sustainable development.
There are more than 500 international treaties and agreements related to the environment, 302 or 60 per cent of which have come into being since the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment which led to the formation of UNEP.
Attending conferences and meeting the reporting requirements of these agreements is placing a huge burden and financial cost, particularly on developing countries.
Experts believe that streamlining these so called multilateral environmental agreements, which cover everything from wildlife and desertification to climate and environmental information, could free up much needed funds for environmental projects on the ground.
Options include co-locating or clustering the secretariats of conventions operating in similar areas and better and more efficient ways of working together.
It is generally agreed that many of these agreements lack "teeth" and need to be given more powers so that countries comply with environmental codes and rules. UNEP will present to ministers draft guidelines aimed at improving the compliance and enforcement of agreements.
Financing and Boosting the Authority of UNEP and the Global Ministerial Environment Forum (GMEF)
Strengthening UNEP to make it more potent in environmental protection, with its important impacts on poverty eradication, human health and sustainable development, will also form part of the Cartagena talks.
Mr Toepfer said: " It is essential that UNEP is given stable, predictable and adequate funding. One option may be to introduce voluntary, assessed, contributions so that countries are clearly aware of their financial responsibilities to the organization".
UNEP is working hard to boost the number of nations contributing to its finances so as to improve cash flow and a wider sense of ownership among countries.
Mr Toepfer will, in Cartagena, outline his goal to have 100 countries or just over half the world's nations contributing by the end of 2002, up from close to 80 now.
Meanwhile, a stronger and broader GMEF could serve as an umbrella, decision-making or policy setting body, to ensure the better functioning of the international environmental machinery and improved funding for UNEP and the environment generally.
The ministers will also review UNEP's work over the past 12 months including its work in preparing for WSSD and devising a strategy to better engage civil society, which includes trade organizations and environmental pressure groups.
The review will also examine progress on phasing out lead in petrol and a request that UNEP carry out a global assessment of mercury, a heavy metal linked with a variety of health impacts to humans and wildlife.
Note to Editors:
The seventh special session of the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme and third Global Ministerial Environment Forum will take place at the Centro de Convenciones y Exposiciones Cartagena de Indias, Cartagena, Colombia, from 13 to 15 February 2002, with parallel events beginning on 12 February 2002.
For documents and schedule see: http://www.unep.org/governingbodies/gc/specialsessions/gcss_vii/
For accreditation see: UNEP's web site: http://www.unep.org Please note that the Colombian government may require visas.
A special chemical edition of UNEP's Our Planet magazine (www.ourplanet.org) has been produced to coincide with the Cartagena meeting. Contributors include David Anderson, the Canadian Environment Minister and President of UNEP's Governing Council, Kjell Larsson, the Swedish Environment Minister, and Margot Wallstrom, the European Commissioner for the Environment.
For More Information please contact Tore J Brevik, Spokesman/Director of the UNEP Division of Communications and Public Information, on Tel: 254 2 623292, Fax: 254 2 623297, E-mail: [email protected] or Nick Nuttall, UNEP Head of Media, on Tel: 254 2 623084, Mobile: 254 (0) 733 632755, E-mail: [email protected]
Please check UNEP web site nearer the date of the meeting for contact numbers in Cartagena
UNEP News Release 2002/04
|
<urn:uuid:e19b9b48-9713-414b-abbc-6c18db33851a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.grida.no/news/press/2236.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94227 | 2,197 | 2.671875 | 3 |
|Subscribe to this newsletter at www.drmcdougall.com|
Meat in the Human Diet
Human beings have been consuming meat as part of their diet for most of their existence and will likely continue this behavior until the last living animal is gone from the earth. However, public awareness of meat-associated health hazards, such as heart attacks, colon cancer, and fatal E. coli bacterial infections, has caused great concern and shifts in many people’s eating habits. The number of vegetarians has been growing worldwide, especially among better-educated and younger people. An astonishing contradiction to this trend is today’s most popular weight loss diet – the Atkins Diet – almost entirely meat. Obviously, there is still much disagreement and confusion.
There is no more important question to be answered for mankind than, “What is the proper diet for human beings?” What is the diet that allows us to look, feel, and function at our best? Not just to survive or lose weight. Is it vegetarian? Does it contain meat? How much meat? There must be a correct answer. Just like there is one diet best for horses, one for cats, one for dogs, and one for each kind of bird – there must be one diet best for people.
Why have we not discovered this diet? It is certainly not because of lack of interest. Russell Henry Chittenden, the father of American biochemistry and professor of physiological chemistry at Yale Medical School, wrote, a century ago (1904), “We hear on all sides widely divergent views regarding the needs of the body, as to the extent and character of food requirements, contradictory statements as to the relative merits of animal and vegetable foods; indeed, there is a great lack of agreement regarding many of the fundamental questions that constantly arise in any consideration of the nutrition of the human body.” You would think that after so many years of investigation using the latest scientific methods and employing modern technology that this matter of such grave importance would have been settled beyond a doubt. Coexistence today of enthusiastic advocates of “all meat” and “no meat” diets, and everything in between, proves this matter is far from settled.
I Believe, the Less Meat, the Better
Over my past 25 years of medical practice I have taken the position that meat at most should be considered a delicacy, reserved for consumption on special occasions by healthy people. The consequence of this belief is my patients lose excess weight and become healthy – and stay this way for a long lifetime. Regardless of how much others may argue the merits of their opinions on the best diet (supported, of course, by all the latest “facts”), they do not have the same glowing outcomes with their patients – I’ve seen the consequences. For me, as a practicing doctor, the bottom line is patient results. Fortunately, there is an overwhelming amount of undeniable scientific data and observations clearly supporting my conclusions. I will share this information with you.
Should We Follow Our Ancestors’ Diets?
Many scientists use the diet of our ancestors as the justification for what we should eat today. That may be a useful approach, but which ancestors are we to follow? Differences of opinion arise because throughout human history people have consumed a wide variety of foods. The early ancestors of modern humans, from at least 4 million years ago, followed diets almost exclusively of plant-foods. Beginning at least 250,000 years ago, many of the hunter-gatherer societies consumed meat as a large part of their diet.1 However, more recently, over the past 12,000 years of agricultural development, people’s diets have been mostly based upon starches, like rice in Asia, corn in North America, potatoes in western parts of South America, wheat in Europe and Northern Africa. In terms of the time line of evolution, 12,000 years, and even 250,000 years, is only a brief moment.
Out of the Garden of Eden
The Bible story of Adam and Eve’s eviction from the Garden of Eden is closely analogous to the actual shift from early plant-eating humans to hunter-gatherers.2 While in the Garden God said, “I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.” Upon expulsion humans were instructed by God, “By the sweat of your brow you will eat your food.”
For the most part hunter-gatherers (i.e., exiles from the Garden) had a subsistence standard of living, eating foods that extended from one extreme to the other in proportions of plant vs. animal foods – from the raw flesh and fat of marine mammals – the Arctic Eskimos – to diets composed largely of wild plants of the Western Desert – Australian Aborigines.3 Hunter-gatherers took advantage of any dependable sources of food from their wild local environments. Because of the ease and dependability (compared to obtaining animals), gathering fruits and vegetables was a primary source of food for most hunter-gatherer societies – the emphasis on hunting increased in higher latitudes because of plant scarcity.4
Undoubtedly, all of these diets were adequate to support growth and life to an age of successful reproduction. To bear and raise offspring you only need to live for 20 to 30 years, and fortuitously, the average life expectancy for these people was just that. The few populations of hunter-gatherers surviving into the 21st Century are confined to the most remote regions of our planet – like the Arctic and the jungles of South America and Africa – some of the most challenging places to manage to survive. Their life expectancy is also limited to 25 to 30 years and infant mortality is 40% to 50%.5 Hunter-gatherer societies fortunately did survive, but considering their arduous struggle and short lifespan, I would not rank them among successful societies.
The Importance of Meat
So why has meat been an important part of the diet of so many of these hunter-gatherer societies?6 Throughout human history, especially before the development of agriculture-based living, acquiring food for survival was a full time job – food scarcity, even starvation, plagued most of these people, at least some of the time. Meat represented a gold mine of concentrated calories and nutrients whenever it was obtained. For those societies who found a plentiful supply, survival on a meat-based diet simply attests to the resilience and adaptability of the human frame.
Because many hunter-gatherer societies obtained most of their calories from the fat of meat does not mean meat is the ideal diet for modern people. Almost every scientist readily admits that the composition of wild game available to our ancestors was far different from the grain-fed domesticated high-fat meat people eat these days. Furthermore, even if humans have been eating meat for centuries, it has not been with the ease that wealthy Westerners acquire it today. Without refrigeration and other means of preserving meat in a near fresh state, consumption was limited to within a few days of the kill – until the meat spoiled. (With the advent of fire people learned to preserve meat by smoking it.)
During difficult times meat provided more benefits than harms, but in a society where food is plentiful and life is physically easy, meat can become a serious health hazard. A traditional Arctic Eskimo, living in a subfreezing climate, could expend 6000 calories and more a day just to keep warm and hunt for food. The high-fat animal food sources – fish, walrus, whale, and seal – from his local environment were the most practical means of meeting the demands of those rigorous surroundings. Modern Eskimos living in heated houses and driving around in their climate-controlled SUVs, still consuming a high-meat diet, have become some of the fattest and sickest people on earth. Of course, they now use a “green lure” (a $10 bill) to catch their fish (sandwich).
Our Anatomy and Physiology Provide the Undeniable Evidence3,4,8,9-13
Evolution in the animal kingdom dates back hundreds of millions of years and the evolution of humans began over 4 million years ago. The ancestors of modern humans were believed to live primarily on plant foods, eating wild fruits, leaves, roots, and other high quality plant parts with a few animal foods in their daily diet. These pre-humans ate like our nearest primate relatives, the apes of today.3 Now, biologists at Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit, Michigan, provide new genetic evidence that lineages of chimpanzees and humans diverged so recently that chimps should be reclassified as members of our genus Homo, along with Neanderthals, and all other human-like fossil species.7 “We humans appear as only slightly remodeled chimpanzee-like apes,” says the study.
Most apes living today eat essentially as vegetarians – consuming a diet composed of the fruits, leaves, flowers, and bark, with sporadic consumption of very small amounts of insect material (like termites) and less commonly, small animals.8 These meat-eating activities may be purely social in nature and unrelated to any real nutritional needs.
Behavior can be changed overnight, but our anatomy and physiology only evolve from selective pressures of the environment over millions of years. Food is the strongest contact with our environment. Therefore, the present state of the human body accurately reflects how our kind has eaten during most of our human and pre-human existence. These indisputable anatomical and physiological characteristics clearly identify the best diet for people today.
We Have the Mouth of a Plant-Eater
“Johnny, eat your beef, you have to get your protein.” Worried about her growing child, my mother said this to me at almost every dinnertime. “But Mother, I can’t chew it,” I tried to explain. To make her happy I mashed the bite-size piece of roast beef with my teeth into a leathery lump, still too big to comfortably swallow. Eventually, jaw tired, wanting to be excused from the table, I slipped the remains under the edge of my plate. All this distress could have easily been avoided if my mother had known enough truth about good nutrition to simply say “Of course you can’t chew that meat – you have the wrong kind of teeth, Johnny – give it to the dog.”
Our dentition evolved for processing starches, fruits, and vegetables, not tearing and masticating flesh. Our oft-cited "canine" teeth are not at all comparable to the sharp teeth of true carnivores. I lecture to over 10,000 dentists, dental hygienists, and oral specialists every year, and I always ask them to show me the “canine” teeth in a person’s mouth – those that resemble a cat’s or dog’s teeth – I am still waiting to be shown the first example of a sharply pointed canine tooth.
If you have any doubt of the truth of this observation then go look in the mirror right now – you may have learned to call your 4 corner front teeth, “canine teeth” – but in no way do they resemble the sharp, jagged, blades of a true carnivore – your corner teeth are short, blunted, and flat on top (or slightly rounded at most). Nor do they ever function in the manner of true canine teeth. Have you ever observed someone purposely favoring these teeth while tearing off a piece of steak or chewing it? Nor have I. The lower jaw of a meat-eating animal has very little side-to-side motion – it is fixed to open and close, which adds strength and stability to its powerful bite. Like other plant-eating animals our jaw can move forwards and backwards, and side-to-side, as well as open and close, for biting off pieces of plant matter, and then grinding them into smaller pieces with our flat molars.
In a failed attempt to chew and swallow pieces of food, usually meat, approximately 4,000 people die each year in the U.S.14 They choke on inadequately masticated chunks that become stuck in their throats. The Heimlich maneuver was specifically designed to save the lives of people dying from these “café coronaries.”14.
Our Digestive System Assimilates Plant Foods4,8
From our lips to our anus our digestive system has evolved to efficiently process plant foods. Digestion begins in the mouth with a salivary enzyme, called alpha-amylase (ptyalin), whose sole purpose is to help digest complex carbohydrates found in plant foods into simple sugars. There are no carbohydrates in meats of any kind (except for a smidgen of glycogen), so a true carnivore has no need for this enzyme – their salivary glands do not synthesize alpha amylase.
The stomach juices of a meat-eating animal are very concentrated in acid. The purpose of this acid is to efficiently break down the muscle and bone materials swallowed in large quantities into the stomachs of meat-eaters. Digestion of starches, vegetables and fruits is accomplished efficiently with the much lower concentrations of stomach acid found in the stomachs of people, and other plant-eaters.
The human intestine is long and coiled, much like that of apes, cows, and horses. This configuration makes digestion slow, allowing time to break down and absorb the nutrients from plant food sources. The intestine of a carnivore, like a cat, is short, straight, and tubular. This allows for very rapid digestion of flesh and excretion of the remnants quickly before they putrefy (rot). There are also marked sacculations (many sac-like enlargements that bulge out along our large intestine), like those found in all apes, which strongly supports the view that we are primarily plant-eating animals. Overall, the intestines of meat-eaters are noticeably simpler than ours.
Cholesterol Overwhelms a Plant-eater’s Liver15
Cholesterol is only found in animal foods – no plant contains cholesterol. The liver and biliary system of a meat-eating animal has an unlimited capacity to process and excrete cholesterol from its body – it goes out, in the bile, passing through the bile ducts and gallbladder, into the intestine, and finally, out with the stool. For example, you can feed a dog or cat pure egg yolks all day long and they will easily get rid of all of it and never suffer from a backup of cholesterol. Humans, like other plant-eating animals, have livers with very limited capacities for cholesterol removal – they can remove only a little more than they make for themselves for their own bodies – and as a result, most people have great difficulty eliminating the extra cholesterol they take in from eating animal products. This apparent “inefficiency” is because humans have evolved on a diet of mostly plant foods (containing no cholesterol), and therefore, they never required a highly efficient cholesterol-eliminating biliary system. The resulting cholesterol buildup, when people eat meat, causes deposits in the arteries (atherosclerosis), in the skin under the eyes (xanthelasma), and in the tendons. Bile supersaturated with cholesterol forms gallstones (over 90% of gallstones are made of cholesterol). About half of all middle-aged women who live on the Western diet have cholesterol gallstones. (See my April and May 2002 Newsletters.)
Our Requirements are for Plant Nutrients4,8
To believe we require the body parts of other animals in our diet for good health supposes the human body evolved over many millions of years on a diet predominantly of meat – and deficient in plants. This is not what is seen when the nutritional requirements of people are examined.
When plants have been for eons a plentiful and reliable part of the diet, an animal can become dependent upon specific nutrients found in these foods. For example, ascorbic acid – found preformed and ready to use in plant foods – is called vitamin C in the diet of people. Insufficient amounts of this vitamin cause scurvy. Vitamins are essential micronutrients that cannot be synthesized by the body; and therefore, must be in the food. Because ascorbic acid has not been reliably available to them, meat-eating animals have retained the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid from basic raw materials found in their meat diet – therefore, it is not a vitamin for them. (In other words it is not “vital” or essential to be preformed in their food supply.)
Because humans have lived throughout most of their evolution on diets with very little animal matter, they have had to develop or retain the ability to synthesize some substances they need that are abundantly found in meat. For example, humans, and other plant-eating animals, have the ability to make vitamin A from a precursor found in large quantities in plants, called beta-carotene. Carnivores cannot utilize beta-carotene as a precursor of vitamin A. They have no need to; throughout their evolution they have always had a plentiful supply of preformed vitamin A (Retinol) found in the meat. Carnivores have also lost the ability to synthesize Niacin, which is plentiful in meat. Remember, efficiency is necessary for survival of a species and it is inefficient to keep manufacturing processes in the body that are useless.
Our Instincts Are for Plants
For most enlightened people in modern Western nations, the idea of chasing down and killing an animal is revolting; and the thought of consuming that freshly killed flesh is repulsive. (And to eat decaying flesh, as a vulture does, would be next to impossible.) Even when meat is cooked, most people are disgusted by the thought of eating a slice of horse, kangaroo, rat, or cat. Cows, chickens and pigs are acceptable to most Westerners only because we have eaten them all of our lives. Yet even then, to make meat palatable, its true nature must be covered up with a strong flavored sauce made with salt, sugar, and/or spices – like sweet and sour, marinara, barbecue, or steak sauce. Few people enjoy boiled beef or chicken.
People do not have a negative reaction to unfamiliar fruits and vegetables. Consider, I could ask you to try an unfamiliar “star fruit” from the tropics for the first time and you would eat and enjoy it without hesitation. Why? Because your natural instincts are to eat fruits and vegetables.
You Should Eat Like You Act
So many human characteristics clearly say we evolved to be primarily plant-eaters. Do you want to read more? Our hands are made for gathering plants, not ripping flesh. We cool ourselves by sweating, like most other plant-eating animals. Carnivores cool their bodies by panting. We drink our beverages by sipping, not lapping like a dog or cat. The exhaustive factual comparisons of our body traits with that of other animals prove we have evolved over eons in an environment of plant-based foods – the only real contradiction is our behavior. The results of our aberrant behavior can be catastrophic – let me begin to explain that harm with one example about macho men.
A Man’s Behavior Contradicts His Anatomy
Men traditionally have been the hunters who carry back the slain animals to feed the village – you know, “they bring home the bacon.” Scientific research confirms meat is viewed as a superior masculine food.16 The acts of killing, butchering and eating animals are associated with power, aggression, virility, strength, and passion – attributes desired by most men – and eating meat has long been associated with aggressive behaviors and violent personalities. Men say they need more, and they do eat more meat, especially more red meat, than women. However, based on male anatomy, real men should be vegetarians.
Human males have seminal vesicles – no other meat-eating animal has these important collecting-pouches as part of their reproductive anatomy.17 The seminal vesicles are paired sacculated pouches connected to the prostate, located at the base of the bladder. They collect fluids made by the prostate that nourish and transport the sperm. Ejaculation occurs when the seminal vesicles and prostate empty into the urethra of the penis. In many ways ejaculation is the ultimate act of male performance – seminal vesicles are essential organs for proper male function and therefore, they should tell us much about his true nature.
His Aberrant Behavior Ruins His Potency
Eating meat diminishes sexual performance and masculinity. The male hormone testosterone that determines sexual development and interest has been found to be 13 % higher in vegans (a strict plant diet – no animal products of any kind) than in meat-eaters.18 Meat-eaters are likely to become impotent because of damage caused to the artery system that supplies their penis with the blood that causes an erection.19 Erectile dysfunction is more often seen in men with elevated cholesterol levels20 and high levels of LDL “bad” cholesterol21– both conditions related to habitual meat-eating.
The greatest threat to a man’s virility is from the high levels of environmental chemicals concentrated in modern meats of all kinds. These chemicals interfere with the actions of testosterone. Decreased ejaculate volume, low sperm count, shortened sperm life, poor sperm motility, genetic damage, and infertility result from eating meat with estrogen-like environmental chemicals.22 These chemicals in the meat, eaten by his mother, influence the development of the male fetus, increasing the risk that the baby boy will be born with a smaller penis and testicles, as well as deformity of the penis (hypospadia) and an undescended testicle (cryptorchism). Estimates are 89% to 99% of the chemical intake into our body is from our food, and most of this is from foods high on the food chain – meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products.23,24
A Deviant Diet Causes Deadly Diseases
The enlightened diet for humans today is centered around starchy plant foods with the addition of fruits and vegetables – the use of clean meat is limited to special occasions – like Thanksgiving and Christmas – and consumed only by healthy people.25 If your diet deviates too far from that which you evolved on over eons of time then you will likely suffer serious consequences – these are the chronic diseases affecting people living on the Western diet. Next month I will continue this discussion of the health problems produced when we attempt to live with meat as a significant part of our diet.
1) Wood B. Human evolution: We are what we ate. Nature 1999;400:219 - 220
2) Bible (New International Version): Genesis 1:29 and 3:19
3) Milton K. Back to basics: why foods of wild primates have relevance for modern human health. Nutrition. 2000 Jul-Aug;16(7-8):480-3.
4) Milton K. Hunter-gatherer diets-a different perspective. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Mar;71(3):665-7.
5) Nestle M. Animal v. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal? Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 May;58(2):211-8.
6) Cordain I. The paradoxical nature of hunter-gatherer diets: meat-based, yet non-atherogenic. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002 Mar;56 Suppl 1:S42-52.
7) Chimpanzees are also in the Homo species: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/05/0520_030520_chimpanzees.html
8) Milton K. A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Evol Anthropol 1999;8:11-21.
9) W. Collens, “Phylogenetic Aspects of the Cause of Human Atherosclerotic Disease,” Circulation (suppl II) 31-32 (1965): II-7.
10) C. Prosser, Comparative Animal Physiology , 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1961, p. 116
11) E. Nasset, Movements of the small intestine, P. Bard, Medical Physiology, 11 ed. C. V. Mosby, 1961, St. Louis, p. 440
12) Carpenter KJ. Protein requirements of adults from an evolutionary perspective. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 May;55(5):913-7
13) Mills M. The Comparative Anatomy of Eating http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/2062/ana.HTML
14) H. Heimlich, “A Life-Saving Maneuver to Prevent Food-Choking,” JAMA 234 (1975): 398-401.
15) Dietschy J. Regulation of cholesterol metabolism. 3. N Engl J Med. 1970 May 28;282(22):1241-9.
16) Roos G. Men, masculinity and food: interviews with Finnish carpenters and engineers. Appetite. 2001 Aug;37(1):47-56.
Coffey D. Similarities of prostate and breast cancer:
Evolution, diet, and estrogens.
18) Allen NE. Hormones and diet: low insulin-like growth factor-I but normal bioavailable androgens in vegan men. Br J Cancer. 2000 Jul;83(1):95-7.
19) Feldman HA. Erectile dysfunction and coronary risk factors: prospective results from the Massachusetts male aging study. Prev Med. 2000 Apr;30(4):328-38.
20) Bodie J. Laboratory evaluations of erectile dysfunction: an evidence based approach. J Urol. 2003 Jun;169(6):2262-4.
21) Walczak MK
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in erectile
22) Rozati R . Role of environmental estrogens in the deterioration of male factor fertility. Fertil Steril. 2002 Dec;78(6):1187-94.
23) Duarte-Davidson R. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the UK population: estimated intake, exposure and body burden. Sci Total Environ. 1994 Jul 11;151(2):131-52.
24) Liem AK. Exposure of populations to dioxins and related compounds. Food Addit Contam. 2000 Apr;17(4):241-59.
25) Segasothy M. Vegetarian diet: panacea for modern lifestyle? Q J Med 92:531-544, 1999.
|
<urn:uuid:3a1e7e44-cf62-4835-aad4-4ac6f480625c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nealhendrickson.com/mcdougall/030700pumeatinthehumandiet.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944071 | 5,586 | 2.828125 | 3 |
A scientific argument for why women can't get pregnant during their periods might go something like this: Since menstruation involves flushing an unfertilized egg out of the uterus, it doubles as a foolproof contraceptive window. But just as a baby's arrival isn't as simple as a stork dropping off a special delivery, getting pregnant involves plenty of intricacies and uncertainties. In fact, the menstrual cycle's variability is a primary reason why having a period doesn't temporarily render women infertile.
The typical menstrual cycle lasts 28 days, split into the follicular and luteal phases. In a nutshell, the follicular phase consists of a healthy egg developing in the ovaries, while the luteal phase is the post-ovulation preparatory period for that egg to meet up with a sperm in the fallopian tubes. A more detailed daily breakdown of how all of that happens within a single cycle goes as follows:
- Days 1 -- 5: Menstruation commences as the lining of the uterus called the endometrium sheds and an unfertilized egg exits the uterus.
- Days 6 -- 10: Estrogen promotes the regrowth of endometrial cells in the uterus in preparation to receive an egg once again.
- Days 11 -- 18: Ovulation, the peak of female fertility, happens when a mature follicle releases an egg into the fallopian tubes.
- Days 19 -- 28: Hormone secretions prompt the uterine lining to continue thickening to create a nurturing environment for embryo implantation should fertilization occur.
If, in those final days, a sperm never reaches the released egg, the menstrual cycle begins anew. Otherwise, the wheels are set in motion for pregnancy, and the hormone secretions associated with the luteal phase continue for the following nine months [source: Freudenrich]. However, those menstrual markers aren't identical for every woman, so even though it might appear impossible to get pregnant while on your period, it's plausible for an expectant egg and an enterprising sperm to meet at any point during the month [source: Shih].
|
<urn:uuid:6d0dab05-2778-413a-a45d-943c81984fe2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://health.howstuffworks.com/pregnancy-and-parenting/pregnancy/fertility/pregnant-during-period.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.91861 | 432 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Learning how to draw trees need not be difficult. Just follow the few simple steps
described and you'll be drawing believable trees of all kinds that you never ...
How To Draw A Tree: Step by step tutorial with photos showing how to draw
seven different trees.
www.ask.com/youtube?q=How to Draw Trees?&v=ID5H9VVyz4U
Jan 23, 2014 ... Learn How to Draw a Tree in this narrated pencil drawing of an oak tree, step by
step. Watch Next: How to Draw Trees Playlist: ...
How to draw trees - tutorial in graphite pencil by Diane Wright.
Learn how to draw trees with pencil with this free step by step tutorial by Artist
Find and save ideas about Tree Drawings on Pinterest, the world's catalog of
ideas. | See more about How To Draw Trees, Drawing Lessons and Drawings.
Dec 13, 2013 ... Learn how to draw a realistic tree with this easy to follow step by step approach to
Feb 10, 2014 ... If you want to learn to draw trees, here is a drawing tutorial that you will like.
Today we will show you how to draw an oak tree with easy to follow ...
Oct 2, 2015 ... There may be thousands of types of trees, but they're easy to draw with a little
practice. Learn how to draw a realistic tree with this tutorial on ...
How to draw a realistic tree using a structured approach. This drawing technique
can applied to any tree.
|
<urn:uuid:47d146f3-5e1e-4a58-bd32-2f02526766c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ask.com/web?q=How+to+Draw+Trees%3F&qsrc=6&o=16149&l=dir&gc=1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.861405 | 314 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Idaho Students Hold Their Own When Compared To Other Countries
Idaho teachers and education policy makers often talk about the importance of students' ability to compete in the global economy. A big part of that is comparing student performance across state lines and international borders. Now, a recent study gives Idaho educators data to back up their battle cries.
In the study, Idaho students rank just behind Finland and Israel in math, and slightly ahead of England and Hong Kong in science.
The study by the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), wants to bridge a big problem in comparison; U.S. states and other countries take different tests. Countries are often compared using a test known as Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, TIMSS for short. But only a handful of U.S. states take TIMSS (Idaho is not one of them.) So, using scores from a test that all states do take, NCES tried to figure out how U.S. 8th graders in 2011 would have done if they had taken TIMSS.
The study compares each U.S. state with 38 countries, some Canadian provinces, and a handful of cities like Hong Kong and Taipei. Idaho ranked above the U.S and international TIMSS averages and between the intermediate and high benchmarks. In math Idaho was in the lower-middle of the pack of U.S. states, but only nine places outside the U.S. did better.
In science, Idaho also beat the U.S. and international averages and was closer to the high benchmark. Idaho students ranked in the middle for all U.S. states, topping all but eight places outside the U.S.
Copyright 2013 Boise State Public Radio
|
<urn:uuid:a1fc0467-4b61-4dad-9e58-756c5fee03d7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://boisestatepublicradio.org/post/idaho-students-hold-their-own-when-compared-other-countries
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00071-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949448 | 360 | 2.5625 | 3 |
|Double－Seventh Day |
The Double－Seventh Day refers to the seventh day of the seventh month on the Chinese lunar calendar. The day is not as well known as many other Chinese festivals. But almost everyone in China, young and old, is very familiar with the story behind this festival.
A long long time ago, there was a poor cowherd, Niulang. He fell in love with Zhinu, “the Girl Weaver". Virtuous and kind, she was the most beautiful being in the whole universe. Unfortunately, the King and Queen of Heaven were furious finding out that their granddaughter had gone to the world of Man and taken a husband. Thus, the couple was separated by a wide swollen river in the sky and can only meet once a year on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.
The poor couple of Niulang and Zhinu each became a star. Niulang is Altair and Zhinu is Vega. The wide river that keeps them apart is known as the Milky Way. On the east side of the Milky Way, Altair is the middle one of a line of three. The end ones are the twins. To the southeast are six stars in the shape of an ox. Vega is to the west of the Milky Way； the star around her form in the shape of a loom. Every year, the two stars of Altair and Vega are closest together on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.
This sad love story has passed down from generation to generation. It is well known that very few magpies are seen on the Double－Seventh Day. This is because most of them fly to the Milky Way, where they form a bridge so that the two lovers might come together. The next day, it is seen that many magpies are bald； this is because Niulang and Zhinu walked and stood too long on the heads of their loyal feathered friends.
In ancient times, the Double－Seventh Day was a festival especially for young women. Girls, no matter from rich or poor families, would put on their holiday best to celebrate the annual meeting of the cowherd and the Girl Weaver. Parents would place an incense burner in the courtyard and lay out some fruit as offerings. Then all the girls in the family would kowtow to Niulang and Zhinu and pray for ingenuity.
In the Tang Dynasty about 1,000 years ago, rich families in the capital city of Chang'an would set up a decorated tower in the courtyard and name it Tower of Praying for Ingenuity. They prayed for various types of ingenuity. Most girls would pray for outstanding sewing or cooking skills. In the past these were important virtues for a woman.
Girls and women would gather together in a square and look into the star－filled night sky. They would put their hands behind their backs, holding needle and thread. At the word “Start”, they would try to thread the needle. Zhinu, the Girl Weaver, would bless the one who succeeded first.
The same night, the girls and women would also display carved melons and samples of their cookies and other delicacies. During the daytime, they would skillfully carve melons into all sorts of things. Some would make a gold fish. Others preferred flowers, still others would use several melons and carve them into an exquisite building. These melons were called Hua Gua or Carved Melons.
The ladies would also show off their fried cookies made in many different shapes. They would invite the Girl Weaver to judge who was the best. Of course, Zhinu would not come down to the world because she was busy talking to Niulang after a long year of separation. These activities gave the girls and women a good opportunity to show their skills and added fun to the fesstival.
Chinese people nowadays, especially city residents, no longer hold such activities. Most young women buy their clothes from shops and most young couples share the housework.
The Double－Seventh Day is not a public holiday in China. However, it is still a day to celebrate the annual meeting of the loving couple, the Cowherd and the Girl Weaver. Not surprisingly, many people consider the Double－seventh Day the Chinese Valentine's Day.
|
<urn:uuid:d54a85cb-3741-4dfc-b293-bbcd5ed3ecfe>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.cctv.com/english/TouchChina/School/Culture/20020725/100056.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976233 | 907 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Concerning the comparison of learning experiences using graphing calculators. I'm sure many different forms of well designed controlled experiments can and have been conducted. Be careful with the appeal to argument by analogy with that of FDA's rules for approving a "newly invented alternate" to aspirin. The rules (procedure) are complex and involve clinical trials. These trials are designed so that significant differences (if they exist) can be measured with credible statistical power. Even if a manufacturer want's to introduce a different colored aspirin (let alone a new formulation or variation of), some form of well designed trial is necessary.
Does it all matter ? People in the industry tell me that not all aspirins are the same. While they may all deliver the same therapeutic value for a given set of conditions, the quality of what happens outside these bounds vary drastically.
From my own limited experience with graphing calculators, I know that there are great differnces from model to model. Not all use the same programming logic (e.g. reverse Polish logic). Maybe some are more pedagogically sound than others? Think of all the programming languages available for use. As technology moves on, less mental labor will be needed to generate highly informative graphics. Maybe some will soon deliver in colors.
We need to start teaching about the concepts underlying the calculations. What is a function ? What do the graphs of this or that class of functions look like under these or those conditions... Is there always an asymptote ? etc.. These kind of questions are not answerable by the same forms of logic necessary to bang out an answer on the calculator. I'm appealing to the geometric aspect of math- matics of course. We need to develop our geometric intuition more. This is occuring more among researchers as they learn to exploit the power of the computer. Not suprisingly, geometry has never been a "big" thing in school. We have algebra I, algebra II, advanced algebra, algebra and trig, and so on. Have often do you see a geometry I, II, etc ? Geometry seems to have been on the decline since the 1920s; maybe earlier. I don't know why. My guess is that our technology moved in a direction which required the logic underlying algebraic manipulation. I don't really know. There are many forms of geometries. With these graphing calculators we have the opportunity of opening our student's minds to them.
|
<urn:uuid:070cdc9e-6837-4d42-b120-22da38e93b10>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://mathforum.org/kb/thread.jspa?threadID=480140
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953794 | 497 | 2.8125 | 3 |
desert or mountain of the dried-up ground, a general name for the whole mountain range of which Sinai was one of the summits ( Exodus 3:1 ; 17:6 ; 33:6 ; Psalms 106:19 , etc.). The modern name of the whole range is Jebel Musa. It is a huge mountain block, about 2 miles long by about 1 in breadth, with a very spacious plain at its north-east end, called the Er Rahah, in which the Israelites encamped for nearly a whole year. (See SINAI .)
M.G. Easton M.A., D.D., Illustrated Bible Dictionary, Third Edition,
published by Thomas Nelson, 1897. Public Domain, copy freely.
[N] indicates this entry was also found in Nave's Topical Bible
[H] indicates this entry was also found in Hitchcock's Bible Names
[S] indicates this entry was also found in Smith's Bible Dictionary
Bibliography InformationEaston, Matthew George. "Entry for Horeb". "Easton's Bible Dictionary".
|
<urn:uuid:70c0b191-4c19-4cdd-8f6f-4f0d5b4489c4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/horeb/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935118 | 224 | 2.953125 | 3 |
- Download PDF
2 Answers | Add Yours
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was decidedly not a "Rebel Waiting for a Cause." For most of his life, he was a avid proponent of the British Empire, having lived for a time in England and eventually securing his son William (1731-1813) the post of Royal Governor of New Jersey in the 1760's, as Ben had influence with the Prime Minister at the time.
However, Franklin turned revolutionary after he was publicly humiliated at the "cockpit" in London for his actions in the Whatley Letter scandal in 1774 (see link below) which effectively ended his political and public life with Britain, although he had not done anything wrong.
Realizing that his own reputation in Britain was destroyed, and that reconciliation with the British was unattainable not only by himself but by any diplomat, he put forth his considerable efforts towards American Independence via an alliance with France.
As with all parsing of an individual's life prior to their entry into the political realm, there is complexity. Franklin's life is no different. Certainly, Franklin was not the first voice to demand Colonial political activism. Franklin's life was devoted to living out the traits from his Poor Richard's Almanack: "thrift, industry, and frugality." These do not lend themselves to rebellion and advocating a voice of dissent.
However, as Franklin's prominence in Colonial society became more pronounced and more evident, his leadership role and willingness to become more of a political force also increased. Franklin was not opposed to using his printing press to help publish documents that advocated the reexamination of political realities in the Colonies. As early as 1729 with the publication of A Modest Enquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Currency, Franklin demonstrated himself willing to serve as a voice of leadership in Colonial identity. He formed guilds and associations with other merchants such as the "Junta" that could be seen as political activism in its earliest stages. Franklin's leadership during the French and Indian War, advocating Colonial unity in support of England helped to move him into the realm of political leadership and guidance, something that would propel him as a major figure in the battle for Colonial independence.
We’ve answered 327,520 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
|
<urn:uuid:908b3cc9-8854-4506-be16-58eb6aa89d4f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/franklins-life-citizen-public-servant-before-457776
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00124-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.986927 | 478 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Can Extreme Weather Make Climate Change Worse?
Devastating drought in the Southwest, unprecedented wildfire activity, scorching heat waves and other extreme weather are often cited as signs of a changing climate. But what if those extreme weather events themselves cause more extreme weather events, fueling climate change?
That’s one of the possibilities raised by a study released Wednesday that was conducted by a team of scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena, Germany. The researchers have shown that extreme weather events may reduce an ecosystem’s capability to absorb carbon and create a damaging cycle in which extreme weather fuels climate change by preventing forests from absorbing carbon, allowing more of it to remain in the atmosphere.
Low water levels in Lake Medina northwest of San Antonio, Texas.
Credit: Mike Fisher/flickr
Ecosystems absorb about 11 billion fewer metric tons of carbon dioxide every year because of extreme climate events than they would if the extreme weather didn’t occur, according to the study. Eleven billion tons is about the same as a third of a year’s worth of global carbon emissions.
The most damaging kind of extreme weather is the kind of drought that ravaged the Southwestern U.S. early in the last decade, and the kind that is devastating the Southwest and the southern Great Plains today.
“Any extreme can be as damaging as another if it is strong enough,” said Max Planck Institute Director Markus Reichstein, who is leading the study. “We found, however, that globally, the effect of droughts is largest, because they tend to have the largest spatial extent.”
Droughts put extreme stress on ecosystems, and as trees and other plants die, the ability of the drought-stricken ecosystem to absorb carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is greatly diminished.
During a 2003 heat wave that struck central and southern Europe, scientists documented how the extreme heat affected the carbon cycle — the exchange of carbon dioxide between ecosystems, such as forests, and the atmosphere.
Reichstein’s study concludes that it’s possible that droughts, heat waves and storms weaken ecosystems’ “buffer effect” on the climate.
In the past 50 years, plants and soil have absorbed up to 30 percent of the carbon dioxide that humans have emitted, according to the study. The less healthy those plants are, the less carbon they may be able to absorb.
As extreme weather events become more frequent because of climate change, climate researchers believe their impacts on ecosystems could cause a vicious cycle of extreme weather, Reichstein said.
“That is scientifically the most interesting question,” he said. “We cannot answer how strong this vicious cycle is. Increasing carbon dioxide emissions cause a warming climate and, associated with that, increase the intensity of extreme events.”
Drought has been an ongoing crisis for many in West Africa.
And those extreme events may damage ecosystems, causing them to absorb less carbon dioxide and allow more of that carbon dioxide to remain in the atmosphere, intensifying the warming of the planet, he said.
More research needs to be done before such a cycle is proven, however.
“This is the logical cycle that can be anticipated,” Reichstein said. “There is no evidence this is happening. We only have evidence for pieces — for individual pieces.”
To gather that evidence, Reichstein and his team used satellite images from 1982 and 2011 to reveal how much light plants in an area absorb so they can perform photosynthesis. From those images, Reichstein’s team determined how much biomass an individual ecosystem accumulates during or after extreme weather.
The team used a global network of 500 stations that record carbon dioxide and air concentrations near ground level and in forest canopies to determine how much carbon dioxide absorption occurs in each ecosystem studied.
Using complex computer models, the team concluded that on average, vegetation absorbs 11 billion fewer metric tons of carbon dioxide than it would in a climate that doesn’t experience extreme weather events.
Reichstein singled out the ongoing drought in the Southwest as a particularly damaging extreme weather event that could affect ecosystems’ carbon dioxide absorption in the U.S.
“I think counting on the biosphere’s ability to absorb carbon is a risky thing because you don’t know how long it will continue to take up carbon dioxide that we emit,” he said.
8 Images to Understand the Southwest's Drought
A Nation Divided By Drought
Drought Puts Trees the World Over 'At the Edge'
2012 Global Carbon Emissions
Study Downplays Risk of Catastrophic Amazon 'Dieback'
|
<urn:uuid:573d38dc-e558-4d2a-a561-157a59c2adfa>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.climatecentral.org/news/can-extreme-weather-make-climate-change-worse-16345
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934957 | 966 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Kinases catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate from adenosine 5´-triphosphate (ATP) to proteins, lipids, sugars, or other acceptors. This process, termed phosphorylation, forms the cornerstone of most signal transduction cascades. Kinases regulate virtually all cellular activities and have important roles in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Dysregulated kinase activity contributes to a wide range of human disorders including cancer. As such, kinases are currently prime pharmacological targets, and simple, accurate assays used to measure kinase activity are crucial for rapid drug discovery.
Currently available kits typically fall into two general categories. Most are kinase-specific and are based on antibodies that recognize phosphorylated products. In contrast, universal kinase assays are designed to measure the common donor substrate ATP, or the product ADP, and can be used for virtually all kinases. Because of their flexibility, universal assays are desirable for high-throughput screening (HTS) and are the focus of this article.
A new Universal Kinase Activity Kit (Catalog # EA004) has been developed by R&D Systems. This assay utilizes a specific phosphatase to release the β-phosphate from adenosine 5´-diphosphate (ADP) produced during the kinase reaction. The amount of free phosphate is then measured and is used as an indicator of kinase activity. This new assay offer several advantages over currently available universal kinase assays.
|
<urn:uuid:a2b1629a-1834-49a9-b520-bbfb59f61c77>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/advertorial-introduction-of-a-convenient-non-radioactive-universal-kinase-activity-assay-suita/4639/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937477 | 316 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Oxygen always has an oxidation number of -2 and
Hydrogen always has an oxidation number of +1.
Many other elements have more than one oxidation number.
Example 1: SO2
In SO2, there are 2 oxygen and each oxygen has a -2 charge.
2 x -2 = -4. Oxygen contributes a -4 charge to the molecule.
The molecule is neutral, so S has to have a charge that balances out oxygen's -4.
S + -4 = 0
Sulfur's charge is +4.
Example 2: (SO4)2-
In (SO4)2- there are 4 oxygen and each oxygen a -2 charge.
4 x -2 = -8. Oxygen conrtributes a -8 charge to the polyatomic ion.
Overall the polyatomic ion has a -2 charge.
Sulfur's charge plus oxygen's charge must equal -2.
S + -8 = -2
Sulfur's charge is +6.
|
<urn:uuid:52747cd7-752e-47cb-9578-ccf766290a6f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.sartep.com/chem/tutorials/tut.cfm?tutorial=Oxidation%20Numbers%20of%20Elements%20in%20a%20Covalent%20Compound&chap=7
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.901014 | 216 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Subtitles and Transcript
0:11 In terms of invention, I'd like to tell you the tale of one of my favorite projects. I think it's one of the most exciting that I'm working on, but I think it's also the simplest.
0:21 It's a project that has the potential to make a huge impact around the world. It addresses one of the biggest health issues on the planet, the number one cause of death in children under five. Which is ...? Water-borne diseases? Diarrhea? Malnutrition? No. It's breathing the smoke from indoor cooking fires -- acute respiratory infections caused by this. Can you believe that?
0:48 I find this shocking and somewhat appalling. Can't we make cleaner burning cooking fuels? Can't we make better stoves? How is it that this can lead to over two million deaths every year? I know Bill Joy was talking to you about the wonders of carbon nanotubes, so I'm going to talk to you about the wonders of carbon macro-tubes, which is charcoal.
1:12 So this is a picture of rural Haiti. Haiti is now 98 percent deforested. You'll see scenes like this all over the island. It leads to all sorts of environmental problems and problems that affect people throughout the nation. A couple years ago there was severe flooding that led to thousands of deaths -- that's directly attributable to the fact that there are no trees on the hills to stabilize the soil. So the rains come -- they go down the rivers and the flooding happens.
1:41 Now one of the reasons why there are so few trees is this: people need to cook, and they harvest wood and they make charcoal in order to do it. It's not that people are ignorant to the environmental damage. They know perfectly well, but they have no other choice. Fossil fuels are not available, and solar energy doesn't cook the way that they like their food prepared. And so this is what they do. You'll find families like this who go out into the forest to find a tree, cut it down and make charcoal out of it. So not surprisingly, there's a lot of effort that's been done to look at alternative cooking fuels.
2:20 About four years ago, I took a team of students down to Haiti and we worked with Peace Corps volunteers there. This is one such volunteer and this is a device that he had built in the village where he worked. And the idea was that you could take waste paper; you could compress it and make briquettes that could be used for fuel. But this device was very slow. So our engineering students went to work on it and with some very simple changes, they were able to triple the throughput of this device. So you could imagine they were very excited about it. And they took the briquettes back to MIT so that they could test them. And one of the things that they found was they didn't burn. So it was a little discouraging to the students.
3:03 And in fact, if you look closely, right here you can see it says, "US Peace Corps." As it turns out, there actually wasn't any waste paper in this village. And while it was a good use of government paperwork for this volunteer to bring it back with him to his village, it was 800 kilometers away. And so we thought perhaps there might be a better way to come up with an alternative cooking fuel.
3:27 What we wanted to do is we wanted to make a fuel that used something that was readily available on the local level. You see these all over Haiti as well. They're small-scale sugar mills. And the waste product from them after you extract the juice from the sugarcane is called "bagasse." It has no other use. It has no nutritional value, so they don't feed it to the animals. It just sits in a pile near the sugar mill until eventually they burn it. What we wanted to do was we wanted to find a way to harness this waste resource and turn it into a fuel that would be something that people could easily cook with, something like charcoal. So over the next couple of years, students and I worked to develop a process.
4:07 So you start with the bagasse, and then you take a very simple kiln that you can make out of a waste fifty five-gallon oil drum. After some time, after setting it on fire, you seal it to restrict the oxygen that goes into the kiln, and then you end up with this carbonized material here. However, you can't burn this. It's too fine and it burns too quickly to be useful for cooking. So we had to try to find a way to form it into useful briquettes. And conveniently, one of my students was from Ghana, and he remembered a dish his mom used to make for him called "kokonte," which is a very sticky porridge made out of the cassava root. And so what we did was we looked, and we found that cassava is indeed grown in Haiti, under the name of "manioc." In fact, it's grown all over the world -- yucca, tapioca, manioc, cassava, it's all the same thing -- a very starchy root vegetable. And you can make a very thick, sticky porridge out of it, which you can use to bind together the charcoal briquettes. So we did this. We went down to Haiti. These are the graduates of the first Ecole de Charbon, or Charcoal Institute. And these --
5:17 That's right. So I'm actually an instructor at MIT as well as CIT. And these are the briquettes that we made.
5:27 Now I'm going to take you to a different continent. This is India and this is the most commonly used cooking fuel in India. It's cow dung. And more than in Haiti, this produces really smoky fires, and this is where you see the health impacts of cooking with cow dung and biomass as a fuel. Kids and women are especially affected by it, because they're the ones who are around the cooking fires.
5:53 So we wanted to see if we could introduce this charcoal-making technology there. Well, unfortunately, they didn't have sugarcane and they didn't have cassava, but that didn't stop us. What we did was we found what were the locally available sources of biomass. And there was wheat straw and there was rice straw in this area. And what we could use as a binder was actually small amounts of cow manure, which they used ordinarily for their fuel. And we did side-by-side tests, and here you can see the charcoal briquettes and here the cow dung. And you can see that it's a lot cleaner burning of a cooking fuel. And in fact, it heats the water a lot more quickly. And so we were very happy, thus far. But one of the things that we found was when we did side-by-side comparisons with wood charcoal, it didn't burn as long. And the briquettes crumbled a little bit and we lost energy as they fell apart as they were cooking. So we wanted to try to find a way to make a stronger briquette so that we could compete with wood charcoal in the markets in Haiti.
6:51 So we went back to MIT, we took out the Instron machine and we figured out what sort of forces you needed in order to compress a briquette to the level that you actually are getting improved performance out of it? And at the same time that we had students in the lab looking at this, we also had community partners in Haiti working to develop the process, to improve it and make it more accessible to people in the villages there. And after some time, we developed a low-cost press that allows you to produce charcoal, which actually now burns not only -- actually, it burns longer, cleaner than wood charcoal.
7:33 So now we're in a situation where we have a product, which is actually better than what you can buy in Haiti in the marketplace, which is a very wonderful place to be. In Haiti alone, about 30 million trees are cut down every year. There's a possibility of this being implemented and saving a good portion of those. In addition, the revenue generated from that charcoal is 260 million dollars. That's an awful lot for a country like Haiti -- with a population of eight million and an average income of less than 400 dollars. So this is where we're also moving ahead with our charcoal project.
8:13 And one of the things that I think is also interesting, is I have a friend up at UC Berkeley who's been doing risk analysis. And he's looked at the problem of the health impacts of burning wood versus charcoal. And he's found that worldwide, you could prevent a million deaths switching from wood to charcoal as a cooking fuel. That's remarkable, but up until now, there weren't ways to do it without cutting down trees. But now we have a way that's using an agricultural waste material to create a cooking fuel.
8:42 One of the really exciting things, though, is something that came out of the trip that I took to Ghana just last month. And I think it's the coolest thing, and it's even lower tech than what you just saw, if you can imagine such a thing. Here it is. So what is this? This is corncobs turned into charcoal. And the beauty of this is that you don't need to form briquettes -- it comes ready made. This is my $100 laptop, right here. And actually, like Nick, I brought samples.
9:14 So we can pass these around. They're fully functional, field-tested, ready to roll out.
9:26 And I think one of the things which is also remarkable about this technology, is that the technology transfer is so easy. Compared to the sugarcane charcoal, where we have to teach people how to form it into briquettes and you have the extra step of cooking the binder, this comes pre-briquetted. And this is about the most exciting thing in my life right now, which is perhaps a sad commentary on my life.
9:52 But once you see it, like you guys in the front row -- All right, yeah, OK. So anyway --
9:59 Here it is. And this is, I think, a perfect example of what Robert Wright was talking about in those non-zero-sum things. So not only do you have health benefits, you have environmental benefits. But this is one of the incredibly rare situations where you also have economic benefits. People can make their own cooking fuel from waste products. They can generate income from this. They can save the money that they were going to spend on charcoal and they can produce excess and sell it in the market to people who aren't making their own. It's really rare that you don't have trade-offs between health and economics, or environment and economics. So this is a project that I just find extremely exciting and I'm really looking forward to see where it takes us.
10:49 So when we talk about, now, the future we will create, one of the things that I think is necessary is to have a very clear vision of the world that we live in. And now, I don't actually mean the world that we live in. I mean the world where women spend two to three hours everyday grinding grain for their families to eat. I mean the world where advanced building materials means cement roofing tiles that are made by hand, and where, when you work 10 hours a day, you're still only earning 60 dollars in a month. I mean the world where women and children spend 40 billion hours a year fetching water. That's as if the entire workforce of the state of California worked full time for a year doing nothing but fetching water.
11:39 It's a place where, for example, if this were India, in this room, only three of us would have a car. If this were Afghanistan, only one person in this room would know how the use the Internet. If this were Zambia -- 300 of you would be farmers, 100 of you would have AIDS or HIV. And more than half of you would be living on less than a dollar a day. These are the issues that we need to come up with solutions for. These are the issues that we need to be training our engineers, our designers, our business people, our entrepreneurs to be facing. These are the solutions that we need to find.
12:21 I have a few areas that I believe are especially important that we address. One of them is creating technologies to promote micro-finance and micro-enterprise, so that people who are living below the poverty line can find a way to move out -- and that they're not doing it using the same traditional basket making, poultry rearing, etc. But there are new technologies and new products that they can make on a small scale.
12:46 The next thing I believe is that we need to create technologies for poor farmers to add value to their own crops. And we need to rethink our development strategies, so that we're not promoting educational campaigns to get them to stop being farmers, but rather to stop being poor farmers. And we need to think about how we can do that effectively. We need to work with the people in these communities and give them the resources and the tools that they need to solve their own problems. That's the best way to do it. We shouldn't be doing it from outside. So we need to create this future, and we need to start doing it now.
13:26 Thank you.
13:32 Chris Anderson: Thank you, incredible. Stay here. Tell us -- just while we see if someone has a question -- just tell us about one of the other things that you've worked on.
13:43 Amy Smith: Some of the other things we're working on are ways to do low-cost water quality testing, so that communities can maintain their own water systems, know when they're working, know when they treat them, etc. We're also looking at low-cost water-treatment systems. One of the really exciting things is looking at solar water disinfection and improving the ability to be able to do that.
14:03 CA: What's the bottleneck preventing this stuff getting from scale? Do you need to find entrepreneurs, or venture capitalists, or what do you need to take what you've got and get it to scale?
14:15 AS: I think it's large numbers of people moving it forward. It's a difficult thing -- it's a marketplace which is very fragmented and a consumer population with no income. So you can't use the same models that you use in the United States for making things move forward. And we're a pretty small staff, which is me.
14:33 So, you know, I do what I can with the students. We have 30 students a year go out into the field and try to implement this and move it forward. The other thing is you have to do things with a long time frame, as, you know, you can't expect to get something done in a year or two years; you have to be looking five or 10 years ahead. But I think with the vision to do that, we can move forward.
|
<urn:uuid:13eb21b2-18d8-45c5-b97e-098090f72188>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_smith_shares_simple_lifesaving_design/transcript?language=en
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00169-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.98083 | 3,211 | 2.859375 | 3 |
or: Battery Testing with Pictures Battery Testing Basics:
Batteries are the heart of any tractor, auto or truck electrical system. How the battery functions and how to test a battery are usually not understood very well with many myths associated with them. I will try and provide a simple insight into this complex subject. Remember the goal here is to promote understanding not to teach chemical or electrical engineering.Rule # 1: Safety:
Batteries contain Sulfuric Acid with is very caustic and will burn exposed skin, eyes and clothing. Handle batteries with care. Batteries when being charged or discharged give off hydrogen gas and oxygen; this is a HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE mixture. Personal protection equipment is a MUST. SAFETY GLASSES are a requirement when working on batteries. I personally have been up front and personal on two battery explosions, I was not hurt in either one but believe me when I tell you it is a BOMB. All it takes is a spark to ignite the gas, be careful when hooking chargers and jumpers. Even static electricity can ignite the gas, SO be careful.Battery Fundamentals:
Batteries are a electrical storage devices. Batteries store electricity in a chemical state to be reversed at a later time back into electricity. A battery in its simplest of forms can be described as follows; two dissimilar metals, separated by an insulator, surrounded by a corrosive agent. For instance we can all recall the picture of a piece of copper and aluminum stuck into a lemon that results in enough power to run a small fan. Automotive batteries are a little more complex than that, but it is the same theory. Automotive batteries use a mixture of different materials with the bulk of materials being lead. To build this type of battery we will take several wafers of lead and an insulator and make a sandwich of sorts. Let’s put together about a dozen of these sandwiches and pack them into one compartment of the battery case, This will comprise a unit of the battery that we will call a CELL. The CELL is made up of enough sandwiches to give a chemical to electrical output of 2 volts. To build a 6 volt battery we would have a battery case that would be large enough for 3 cells, a 12 volt battery would require 6 cells. To make our cells function we need to have a corrosive agent which is called an electrolyte which is sulfuric acid or (H2SO4
, remember this for later use) Typical Battery Construction:
The charging and discharging of the battery is simply a function of moving the Sulfur ( the S in (H2SO4[/i) in and out of the lead plates. A fully charged battery will have the majority of its SULFUR contained in solution as Sulfuric Acid. A discharged battery has the bulk of the Ssulfur contained in the lead plates, this in turn leaves the solution with NO sulfur component you then have ([i]H2O
or water). The more charge a battery has the higher the acid concentration of the solution, the more discharged a battery is the higher the concentration of water is in the solution. The action of the electrical current applied to the battery moves the sulfur out of the lead plates and into the electrolyte and provides a storage or charged function. When providing an electrical current or discharging the sulfur leaves the electrolyte and moves into the lead plates. The more sulfur that leaves the electrolyte the weak the acid becomes until it is mostly water, that is why discharged batteries freeze solid in cold weather. However,
not all of the sulfur leaves the plates during charging and discharging, a fraction of an amount stays. This process is called Sulphation. Sulphation leaves a coating that builds up on the plates that hinders the battery charging/discharging process. This process is the reason that batteries age and become ineffective over time. This leads us to our first test.Hydrometer test:
A hydrometer is only used for testing a lead acid battery to tell the user the specific gravity of the solution. Specific gravity is a relative weight of density and measure corrected to a equal volume of water. The specific gravity of water has been established at 1.0000 as the first line on the float and is an indication of a measurement of pure water a fully discharged battery will be about 1.100 of specific gravity on the hydrometer.
On the other end, the specific gravity of a fully charged battery’s electrolyte is 1.265. as a reading on the hydrometer (means it has a high acid content or a lot of sulfur present in the solution. When the float floats and is read correctly, it is simply 1.265 heavier than a equal amount of water.
On the el cheapo discount store styles, the float or balls may not have the same calibration of a professional style that costs more and accuracy will be affected. A much easier way of measuring the state of charge is with a DVOM
on the voltage scale.State of Charge Voltage Test:
An easier test is the state of charge voltage test. Let me give a little background first.
Battery individual cell voltage ranges from 1.9999 discharged to a little more than 2 volts fully charged. A battery is made up of a group of cells that multiplied together comprise the Battery. Example a 6 volt battery has 3 cells to make up a 6 volt battery (3 x 2 volts) , a 12 volt battery will have 6 cells (6 x 12 volts) to make up a 12 volt battery.
Since a battery is a computation of it’s individual cells, it is important to remember that a discharged cell has a reading of just less than 2 volts whereas a fully charged cell will have a voltage of a little more than 2.1 volts, THAT IS NOT MUCH DIFFERENCE
. However it is the multiplication of the cells together that determined the state of charge.
A fully charged (100% capacity) 6 volt battery will have 6.5 volts whereas a fully discharged (0% capacity) will have 6 volts. Example a battery with 6.3 volts will have a 50% charge. THAT is not much difference but it is all in the individual cell voltages.
Kyle’s battery shows about a 60% charge.
A fully charged 12 volt battery will show 12.6 volts fully charged to 12 volts fully discharged. Again a percentage of charge applies to voltages that fall in between 12.6 & 12 volts.
This 12 volt battery shows about a 25% charge.
Both batteries will need to be charged before we can go to the load or capacity test. The state of charge voltage test is the easiest way to test the batteries charge.Battery Capacity Test:
Once we have determined that our battery has the correct charge we need to find out if it has any capacity (can it convert chemical into electrical energy).
To do this we have to pull a load on a battery to see if it has capacity or power to provide electrical energy. The battery needs to be above 40 degrees F temperature to be fairly accurate on the capacity test.
There are several ways to do this, but this is a low buck how to so I will stick to the tests with the best results for the dollar.
The first way to pull a load is with the starter on the tractor. Crank the tractor with ignition disabled for 15 seconds while you observe the voltage of the battery. The range will be 5.5 volts to no less than 4.5 volts. A good battery will fall into those ranges of voltages.
Kyle’s battery in his tractor does a good job on the battery in the vehicle load test.
The other way to test a battery is with a fixed load battery tester (weenie roaster). These are inexpensive the one pictured is about $41.00 and has a scale for 6 and 12 volts (I have other tests that I do with mine that I will share later).. These testers pull a fixed 125 amp load when you throw the switch. BE CAREFUL these testers get HOT. Hold the switch for about 15 seconds and read the voltage on the meter. The meter has a green through red scale to indicate the batteries condition under load.
Here is a picture of the tester:
This picture shows basic tester hook up. Red on positive, black on Negative.
This picture shows a load test on the battery. And the battery holds up well.
This picture shows Kyle’s 6 volt battery after being charged for ½ hour. It has a good charge as evidenced by the voltage reading.
Next we pulled our 125 amp load on this battery with the tester and it held up real good.
Kyle’s battery should hold up good as evidenced by the date code. This battery was made in June of 2008. The January of 2009 is when the battery should be removed from stock and sent back to the manufacturer. All batteries have this born on date and it is wise to check this when buying or testing to get an idea of the batteries health by how old it is.Summary:
The goal is to provide answers to common questions concerning electrical testing. Having the knowledge plus good basic inexpensive testing tools will make all the difference in solving your tractor problems. The testing equipment shown DVOM $28.00US, Battery tester $41.00US. Battery testing is not hard but like everything else it takes practice.
Remember batteries do get old and they do wear out. Buy a battery assuming a 3 year life expectancy, anything after that is a gift. Batteries are a PASS
component. It will either do the job or it will not. There is no in between. Batteries will lose ½ of there capacity from 32 degrees to 0 degrees. The chemical reaction slows down.
Batteries are cheap compared to the problems they can create. Buy the largest capacity battery that will physically fit in your application there is not much difference in price and it will do the job better and longer. Always keeping a good battery in your tractor or car will save your starter and your generator/alternator from premature failure.
Hope this helps someone out there.
|
<urn:uuid:3945a0d0-919f-49a2-abd0-96cea584f26a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.farmallcub.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=38357
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942548 | 2,110 | 3.484375 | 3 |
|Coat of arms of United Arab Emirates|
His nearest neighbors are Saudi Arabia in the West and South; Qatar and Oman to the North East. The original name of this country, namely, "Ittihad Al-Imarat" which capitalized on the "Abu Dhabi". The language used in this country, among others, Arabic (official language), Persia, India and the United Kingdom. Currency used, namely, Dirhams. These countries produce among other things: vegetables, tobacco, fruits, dates, etc.
The greatest natural resource in this country that is, oil. The big day (independence day) this country fall on December 2, 1971. The country's founding fathers, among others: Zayed bin Sultan Al-Nuhayyan, Rashid Ibn Said Al-Maktum.
- Abu Dhabi,
- Ras At Khaimah,
- Sharjah and
- Umma Al-Qaiwain.
|State flag of United Arab Emirates|
|
<urn:uuid:0cfcb6ae-e29c-4317-aba8-baf069d284ba>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://ar310.blogspot.com/2013/08/United-Arab-Emirates.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.809177 | 206 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Adam Hilary Bernard Chmielowski was born on 20 August 1845 in Igołomia, on the outskirts of Krakow, Poland, to a wealthy aristocratic family. He was one of four children of Adelbert Chmielowski and Josephine Borzyslawska. His parents died when he was young, however, and he was raised by relatives. When he completed his schooling, he studied agriculture in order to manage the family estate. Again, however, tragedy intervened: he lost a leg when he was 18 after he got involved in the Polish Nationalist Uprising of 1863. He then had to live in exile for a time in Belgium, where he discovered he had a talent for painting.
He returned to Krakow in 1874 and became a well-known and well-liked artist. His interests in politics and art made him keenly aware of the human misery around him, and he felt called to help those in need. Albert believed that the great calamity of our time was that people refused to see and relieve the suffering of their unfortunate brothers and sisters. The ‘haves’ lived away from the ‘have-nots’ in order to ignore them and to leave their care to others.
Becoming a Franciscan tertiary, he took the name ‘Albert’ and abandoned painting. He began a life of working with and for the poorest of Krakow. In 1887 he founded the Brothers of the Third Order of Saint Francis, Servants of the Poor, known as the Albertines or the Grey Brothers. In 1891 he founded the women’s congregation of the Order. The Albertines organized food and shelter for the poor and homeless.
He died in Krakow on Christmas Day 1916 in the shelter for the homeless that he had founded.
In 1949, Father Karol Wojtyla (later John Paul II) wrote a play about Albert which eventually became a film in 1997, called Brother of Our God. John Paul II later said that he found great spiritual support for his own vocation in the life of St Albert, whom he saw as an example of leaving behind a world of art, literature and theatre to make a radical choice for the priesthood.
Albert was canonized by John Paul II in 1983.
|
<urn:uuid:c33d4c37-edec-4cba-8fba-5626e09a54df>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://spirituality.ucanews.com/2014/06/17/st-albert-chmielowski-2/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.987253 | 475 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Wed Nov 21, 2012, 11:58 PM
Whovian (2,866 posts)
Why Mass Incarceration Defines Us As a Society (Smithsonian. From Slavery to Prisons)
A lengthy article but well written and terribly informative.
Bryan Stevenson crusades for thousands of young people in America's prisons.
It is late in the afternoon in Montgomery. The banks of the Alabama River are largely deserted. Bryan Stevenson and I walk slowly up the cobblestones from the expanse of the river into the city. We pass through a small, gloomy tunnel beneath some railway tracks, climb a slight incline and stand at the head of Commerce Street, which runs into the heart of Alabama’s capital. The walk was one of the most notorious in the antebellum South.
“This street was the most active slave-trading space in America for almost a decade,” Stevenson says. Four slave depots stood nearby. “They would bring people off the boat. They would parade them up the street in chains. White plantation owners and local slave traders would get on the sidewalks. They’d watch them as they went up the street. Then they would follow behind up to the circle. And that is when they would have their slave auctions.
“Anybody they didn’t sell that day they would keep in these slave depots,” he continues.
We walk past a monument to the Confederate flag as we retrace the steps taken by tens of thousands of slaves who were chained together in coffles. The coffles could include 100 or more men, women and children, all herded by traders who carried guns and whips. Once they reached Court Square, the slaves were sold. We stand in the square. A bronze fountain with a statue of the Goddess of Liberty spews jets of water in the plaza.
“Montgomery was notorious for not having rules that required slave traders to prove that the person had been formally enslaved,” Stevenson says. “You could kidnap free black people, bring them to Montgomery and sell them. They also did not have rules that restricted the purchasing of partial families.”
We fall silent. It was here in this square—a square adorned with a historical marker celebrating the presence in Montgomery of Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy—that men and women fell to their knees weeping and beseeched slave-holders not to separate them from their husbands, wives or children. It was here that girls and boys screamed as their fathers or mothers were taken from them. /snip
Read more: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Why-Mass-Incarceration-Defines-Us-As-a-Society-179994441.html#ixzz2Cv802iaS
1 replies, 685 views
Always highlight: 10 newest replies | Replies posted after I mark a forum
Replies to this discussion thread
Why Mass Incarceration Defines Us As a Society (Smithsonian. From Slavery to Prisons) (Original post)
|
<urn:uuid:9424796e-47ba-4f12-9154-b86908fad2af>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.democraticunderground.com/10021866023
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955188 | 645 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Pope, in a letter dated September 1, 1718, sent Lady Mary a copy of his verses.
ON JOHN HUGHES AND SARAH DREW
When Eastern lovers fear’d the fun’eral
On the same pile the faithful pair expire!
Here pitying Heav’n that virtue mutual found,
And blasted both, that it might neither wound.
Hearts so sincere th’ Almighty saw well pleas’d,
Sent his own lightning and the victims seiz’d.
Think not by vig’rous judgment seiz’d,
A pair so faithful could expire;
Victims so pure Heav’n saw well pleas’d,
And snatch’d them in celestial fire.
Live well, and fear no sudden fate:
When God calls virtue to the grave;
Alike ’tis justice, soon or late,
Mercy alike to kill or save.
Virtue unmov’d can hear the call.
And face the flash that melts the ball.
These verses she acknowledged in a letter which, written while on the homeward path, she sent from Dover, where she arrived at the beginning of November.
“I have this minute received a letter of yours, sent me from Paris. I believe and hope I shall very soon see both you and Mr. Congreve; but as I am here in an inn, where we stay to regulate our march to London, bag and baggage, I shall employ some of my leisure time in answering that part of yours that seems to require an answer.
“I must applaud your good nature, in supposing that your pastoral lovers (vulgarly called haymakers) would have lived in everlasting joy and harmony, if the lightning had not interrupted their scheme of happiness. I see no reason to imagine that John Hughes and Sarah Drew were either wiser or more virtuous than their neighbours. That a well-set man of twenty five should have a fancy to marry a brown woman of eighteen, is nothing marvellous; and I cannot help thinking, that, had they married, their lives would have passed in the common track with their fellow parishioners. His endeavouring to shield her from the storm, was a natural action, and what he would have certainly done for his horse, if he had been in the same situation. Neither am I of opinion, that their sudden death was a reward of their mutual virtue. You know the Jews were reproved for thinking a village destroyed by fire more wicked than those that had escaped the thunder. Time and chance happen to all men. Since you desire me to try my skill in an epitaph, I think the following lines perhaps more just, though not so poetical as yours:
|
<urn:uuid:99b8c342-b824-41a3-bcce-09d57f4c04ce>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bookrags.com/ebooks/10590/94.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972076 | 574 | 2.546875 | 3 |
HPV & Cervical Cancer
- Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus (womb), which opens into the vagina.
- The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2006, about 9,700 women in the United States will develop cervical cancer and about 3,700 will die from it.
- Cervical cancer kills 288,000 women annually worldwide. It is the second-most- common type of cancer that affects women - behind only breast cancer.
- Cervical cancer is the only cancer with a single known cause - the human papillomavirus (HPV).
- HPV is a very common sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is estimated that 80 percent of women will have one or more types of the virus at some time by the age of 50.
- There are more than 100 strains of HPV. Of these, about 13 high-risk types are known to cause nearly all cases of cervical cancer. Two of these types (16 and 18) are believed to cause 70 percent of these cases.
- Although HPV is very common, cervical cancer is not. In most cases, the body's immune system fights off or suppresses the virus before it causes cancer or any other problems. It's only when infection with high-risk types of HPV persists that the risk of developing dysplasia (pre-cancerous cells) and cervical cancer increases significantly.
- There is evidence that other factors may increase the risk of cervical cancer when combined with HPV, including smoking and illnesses that reduce the body's ability to fight off infections (such as HIV/AIDS).
- HPV cannot be treated, which makes early detection of abnormal cells essential.
- A Pap test, the only detection method for nearly 60 years, fails to identify between 15 percent and 49 percent of women with abnormal cells before they become invasive cervical cancer.
- A study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute found that one-third of all cervical cancer cases are due to Pap-detection failure.
- The Digene® HPV Test was approved by the FDA in 2003 for cervical cancer screening, in conjunction with the Pap, for women age 30 or older (those most at risk for cervical cancer). It is the only FDA-approved HPV test currently available. With this combination approach, the ability to identify women at risk is nearly 100 percent - thus allowing treatment if necessary before abnormal cell changes become more serious.
- A comprehensive approach that combines HPV and Pap testing with the new vaccine that prevents infection with two high-risk types of HPV could make cervical cancer the first malignancy that is actually eliminated.
- Girls and young women who are not yet sexually active will benefit most from the new HPV vaccine. However, because the vaccine targets just two of more than a dozen types of HPV that can cause cervical cancer, that protection won't be complete if they are not also screened regularly when they are older.
- For mature women - those who are already sexually active and thus likely have been exposed to the targeted types of HPV - the data available today do not indicate any substantial benefit from the vaccine. That means that for the vast majority of women today, and for many in the future, regular screening is their first and primary weapon against this disease.
For more information about cervical cancer and HPV, click here.
Created: 7/6/2006 - Donnica Moore, M.D.
All the content contained herein is copyrighted pursuant to federal law. Duplication or use without
the express written permission of DrDonnica.com subjects the violator to both civil & criminal penalties.
Copyright © 2006 DrDonnica.com. All rights reserved.
| Today on DrDonnica.com
| Meet Dr. Donnica
| TV Appearances
| Clinical Trials
Diseases & Conditions
| Celebrity Speak Out
| Guest Experts
| Women's Health Champions
| Women’s Health Resources
| Books & Tapes
| Site Certification
| Advanced Search
| What’s New?
| Press Room
| Contact Us
|
<urn:uuid:9ab5fec9-abd0-4fc3-a0b3-f1135b5888ec>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://drdonnica.com/fastfacts/00009728.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931819 | 847 | 3.171875 | 3 |
From Old French galerie, gallerie (“a long portico, a gallery”), from Medieval Latin galeria (“gallery”), perhaps an alteration of galilea (“church porch”), probably from Latin Galilaea, Galilee, region of Palestine. More at Galilee.
gallery (plural galleries)
- An institution, building, or room for the exhibition and conservation of works of art.
- An establishment that buys, sells, and displays works of art.
- Uppermost seating area projecting from the rear or side walls of a theater, concert hall, or auditorium.
- A roofed promenade, especially one extending along the wall of a building and supported by arches or columns on the outer side
- as a whole, the spectators of an event.
2011 November 12, “International friendly: England 1-0 Spain”, in BBC Sport:
- Capello was missing his son's wedding in Milan to take charge – yet his reshaped England team gave him cause for a double celebration as they overturned the odds in front of a delighted Wembley gallery.
- (computing) A browsable collection of images, font styles, etc.
- a gallery of image thumbnails
- a clip-art gallery in a wordprocessor
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.
- (Trinidad and Tobago) To show off
- gallery in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913
- gallery in The Century Dictionary, The Century Co., New York, 1911
- gallery at OneLook Dictionary Search
|
<urn:uuid:1b030afe-3c6a-4bc3-a3b4-405baa6e66fd>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/gallery
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.84372 | 378 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Setting Limits for Your Baby
In This Article:
How should you enforce the limits you set? Most parents start by saying, "No!" More often than not, this warning in itself is effective in stopping your baby from doing something dangerous, harmful, or destructive. The tone you use (even more than the word itself) probably stops your infant in his tracks. With this single word, he instantly gets the message: What he was doing, or was about to do, was unacceptable and you don't like it when he does that.
Depending on his personality, your baby may collapse into tears when you say "No!" If so, then go to him and offer him comfort and the reassurance that you love him even when you don't like what he's doing. Remain firm about your limits: Don't let him resume the behavior when he's calmed down, but demonstrate your love at the same time.
When you say, "No!", try to sound stern without yelling or getting angry. Keep in mind that your baby is only a baby. Don't let him get away with murder, but don't get really angry at him for behaving like a baby either. The sharpness and sternness of your voice will startle your baby; yelling or anger will frighten him. And once you scare your baby--no matter how appropriate it may seem after he's bit someone or been caught halfway up the stairs--you lose him. Any chance of teaching a lesson about safety or fairness is gone.
Don't Get Mad, Get Even (Tempered)
If you often lose your temper at your baby, try to figure out why. Could you be angry about anything else? Or angry at someone else? Are you angry at yourself? Do you feel abandoned and/or overwhelmed? Have you set standards for your baby's behavior that are unreasonable? You may need the help of a professional to sort it all out.
If you do blow up at your baby, give yourself a few minutes to calm down and regain control of your emotions. Then immediately go to your baby (and your partner) and apologize. Your baby needs reassurance that you love her no matter how angry you feel.
You may be surprised how angry you can get at an innocent little baby. Even though she can't be held responsible or blamed for her behavior, you have every right to get angry at your child. At times, especially when she does something unsafe or something that hurts others, you may even lose your temper and yell at your infant.
No doubt you feel terrible; you should. Your anger almost certainly frightens your baby. But occasional angry outbursts will do her no lasting harm. In fact, letting your anger out may do less long-term harm than holding it in. Bottled-up anger and resentment can eat away at the good relationship you're trying to maintain with your baby. By contrast, an isolated outburst of anger (if handled properly) can quickly be put behind you, allowing you and your baby to relish each other's company again. So don't worry too much about your tirades unless they become habitual.
If your anger does seem out of control, calm yourself down rather than try to discipline your child at that moment. When coupled with rage, "discipline" can quickly escalate into abuse. By waiting, you may miss the chance to connect your scolding with the "misbehavior" that occasioned it because your child will no longer remember what she did that was so bad. But better to deal with correcting her behavior next time than to do damage to your child now.
By regaining control of your anger, you will (eventually) serve as a role model for your baby. She will learn from you more constructive ways of expressing anger than through yelling or hitting. Isn't this part of the discipline you want to teach her, too?
More on: Babies
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Bringing Up Baby © 1997 by Kevin Osborn. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit the Idiot's Guide web site or call 1-800-253-6476.
|
<urn:uuid:8e193313-9c4d-4d37-988e-f02227bfd05a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://life.familyeducation.com/child-proofing/baby/50740.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966891 | 874 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In 1879, the miners in Maryport went on strike. Their wages had been cut by 37 per cent. The region was suffering in the economic recession. The west Cumberland iron miners were working only nine days out of twelve. Weavers in Carlisle and threadworkers in Cockermouth were forced to take a pay cut of ten per cent. Pay cuts and unemployment were exacerbated by poor and late harvests on the farms. Thirty years later families in Egremont “were begging for food . . . not having any money at all” and soup kitchens were opened in the town.
Life in the nineteenth century could be very hard. People sought to escape overseas, to the colonies, to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and to the United States. They sought a better life, often pursuing the life they had known back home, working on the land or going down the mines.
This vast movement of people, that, in little more than two centuries populated the Americas and Australasia, is one of the most momentous occurrences in human history. Many left England, perhaps over five million in the latter half of the nineteenth century alone, and Cumberland and Westmorland played their part.
In that period the population of England and Wales increased by eighty per cent. During the same years the number of people in Cumberland rose by just over a third and in Westmorland by less than twenty per cent. New people were coming to the two counties, but many more were leaving to find work in the expanding industrial and urban areas elsewhere in Britain or taking the huge step of emigrating to a strange and unknown country.
They were pushed by poverty, but they were also pulled by the possibilities that an adventurous new life might offer. Some made their fortunes. William Workman from Clifton, just south of Penrith, became a pioneer of the American West, owned land in San Francisco, including Alcatraz, and became a leading banker and a founding citizen of Los Angeles. Andrew Veitch, having worked on the railways in Carlisle, rose to become General Superintendent of the Chicago-Alton Railroad. Fisher Thwaites of Keswick, having began life in Australia as a fencer, came to own an extensive sheep run which, like many of his fellow migrants, nostalgic for his home country, he named Newlands. In 1873, William Collins, who was living in the Orange Free State in South Africa, named his farm St. Bees.
The emigrants – often the men went first and their wives and families followed later – took much of their home culture with them. There are Carlisles, Penriths, Wigtons and Whitehavens around the world.
Margaret Shepherd, an Emeritus Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge, has undertaken the immense task of uncovering the lives of the thousands of anonymous people who made up the emigration statistics of the nineteenth century. Through their descendants, through local newspapers and through the letters and documents and other traces, she has discovered the lives of four thousand people who emigrated from these counties in that remarkable century of change and growth, of terrible poverty and immense wealth.
Her study provides a balanced, quantified picture of where the people came from and where they went,. It also enables us to see something of who they were, the lives they led before and after emigration and their successes and failures. We catch a glimpse of brave, sometimes desperate people, undertaking the greatest adventure of their lives. It is a fascinating, little regarded and vitally important part of our local history.
Doctor Shepherd is a leading expert in historical population studies, and this interesting and scholarly book will be essential reading for anyone concerned with the history of Cumbria.
|
<urn:uuid:de91e862-d19d-4756-a5eb-0b3acdae9fd4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bookscumbria.com/cgi-bin/trolleyed_public.cgi?action=showprod_3512
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980624 | 763 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Washington (Nov. 7)
A restitution law which will return millions of dollars to tens of thousands of Jews and non-Jews whose property was stolen in Germany by the Nazis is expected to be proclaimed in the United States zone of Germany on Monday by General Lucius D. Clay, American military commander there. The law will make it possible for the Jewish Restitution Committee, composed of representatives of major Jewish organizations in the U.S. and England, to gain control of heirless Jewish property.
The law will seek to restore Nazi looted property to the rightful owners. It will be applied in the entire U.S. zone, with the exception of the American sector of Berlin. Individuals who were deprived by the Nazis of identifiable property between Jan. 30, 1933 and May 8, 1945 for reasons of race, religion, nationality, ideology, or political opposition to Hitlerism, will have the right, under this law, to reclaim their property.
No official estimate of the value of property which may be subject to restitution is available. Unofficially, however, the amount of property in the American zone subject to restitution is estimated at 4,000,000,000 marks. Of this, about two-thirds was seized from non-Jewish owners.
OTHER THREE OCCUPYING POWERS EXPECTED TO FOLLOW U.S. EXAMPLE
In promulgating the restitution law, the U.S. will become the first of the four occupying powers to arrange for the return of looted property. Efforts by the American authorities to havethe other three powers — Britain, France and Russia — join in issuing a uniform law for all the occupation zones did not succeed. However, it is hoped that the other powers will soon follow Gen. Clay’s example.
The restitution law will, it is understood, provide that returned property or its proceeds cannot be taken out of Germany. The drafting of this law began in the summer of 1946. On the initiative of the American Military Government, the work was undertaken by a commission of German legal experts, assisted by U.S. military officials and experts on the devious processes by which the Nazis stole the property.
The procedure for filing individual claims will be announced on Monday simultaneously with the promulgation of the law. It is understood that claims will have to be cleared through a cetral agency which will be established in one of the larger cities in the U.S. zone. With regard to heirless property, it is learned that the restitution law provides that such property can be claimed by approved successor organizations representing the various groups of victims.
|
<urn:uuid:cbef2886-121d-4234-9d0f-05af85e6bb77>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.jta.org/1947/11/09/archive/restitution-law-to-be-proclaimed-in-u-s-zone-of-germany-jews-to-recover-property
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00144-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956328 | 526 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Vocabulary Instruction Across the Content Areas
Until now “assign, define, and test” has been the default strategy for teaching vocabulary in many classrooms. Unfortunately that will not close the word gap that learners experience. In this Web seminar, presenters Doug Fisher and Carol Rothenberg demonstrate the benefits of focusing on a five-part framework for teaching vocabulary, addressing these main goals: Make it intentional: purposefully select words for instruction and use the word lists wisely; Make it transparent: model word-solving and word-learning for students; Make it useable: offer peer collaboration and oral practice to lock in concepts; Make it personal: provide independent practice so students own words; and, Make it a priority: create a school-wide initiative for word learning.
The web seminar linked above is in a file format that requires you to have the most recent version of Java installed on your electronic device. Please visit the Java website to download and install Java.
Access to this resource has been provided by the National Council of Teachers of English, an NCLE Stakeholder Organization.
|
<urn:uuid:4ec045c1-7ae9-4175-86fa-b7eeb0d4f01e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.literacyinlearningexchange.org/vocabulary-instruction-across-content-areas
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.90975 | 221 | 3.78125 | 4 |
In any country an effective housing policy is important for both social and economic reasons. Access to decent housing is a tool in the fight against poverty. A functioning housing market influences, and is influenced by, the national economy. In the South African context housing was used as a political tool to implement and entrench apartheid. Therefore housing has great political and emotional significance.
The UDM’s policy framework will meet the housing challenges in a sustainable, qualitative and developmental manner geared at providing adequate and decent housing for the nation. That means that houses without jobs are not acceptable, and one/two room houses are morally and socially wrong. In the long-term government should ensure that people have jobs and infrastructure is provided in communities, so that people can build or buy their own homes, therefore subsidised housing should not be a never-ending responsibility of government.
Job creation through housing construction must be part of any housing strategy.
Fairness, transparency and equitable distribution of resources will be the guiding principle in the UDM housing policy.
The UDM embraces the constitutional right of all South Africans to adequate and decent housing as enshrined in the Bill of Rights.
The UDM believes that the best way to combat homelessness is to avoid people being home-less in the first place. Therefore the UDM government will take proactive and comprehensive steps to ensure that poverty and homelessness is eradicated.
To the UDM poverty, unemployment and fragmented government policies are the three biggest causes or reasons why people are still homeless. For this reason this policy framework advocates an integrated approach whereby housing policy falls within a larger economic strategy to create jobs, in order to successfully combat and eradicate homelessness and poverty.
The quality and size of housing units is another area of serious concern to the UDM. Houses ought to be a shelter, large enough, to accommodate a family. The present policy of sacrificing quality, size and standards in the interest of quantity is not acceptable. People should be empowered to build their own houses so that they can cater for their needs in terms of size and quality.
The UDM recognises that all basic human needs culminate in a proper shelter. It is the cornerstone of service delivery. The UDM will promote ownership and the acquisition of collateral, leading to economic empowerment. Housing will thus restore the human dignity and pride to all South Africans by providing adequate shelter.
2. Housing strategy
This Housing strategy will be in line with the Planned Sustainable Development programmes proposed in the UDM Economic and Public Works policies which will be driven by government through the department of Public Works. This means that all housing settlements should occur within a broad economic development framework so that affected communities will be able to find jobs and access social services within their areas. This will make such communities economically viable and self-reliant. The aim is to create productive and safe environments and improve the quality of life of affected communities.
2.1. This strategy, as far as housing is concerned, aims to achieve the following:
• Stabilising the housing environment.
• Mobilising housing credit.
• Providing subsidy assistance.
• Supporting community house building programmes.
• Improve the institutional capacity of the Housing department.
• Facilitate the speedy release and servicing of land.
• Coordinating government investment in development.
• Provide rental accommodation of different types.
2.2. This strategy will entail the following:
• The setting of a minimum standard for the size of a housing stand, to provide for future expansion.
• Securing tenure or ownership of private property for all South Africans.
• Ensuring that homeowners, and future homeowners, all have access to capital or financing. The formal banking sector must come to the table to negotiate, instead of government forcing their cooperation through legislation.
• The size of the housing subsidy limits the choices of the beneficiaries. The poor can be assisted much better, by for example ensuring that they receive serviced plots, rather than structures without services.
• Integrating informal settlements and townships into urban areas, and giving attention to public transport, water, sanitation, schools, clinics, environmental issues and recreational facilities.
2.3. Current Housing policy can be accused of exacerbating poverty.
• New developments often take place on peripheral, relatively unstable land, far from job and other opportunities.
• Housing development is often isolated from necessary social services/facilities like schools and clinics.
• New housing development often entails relocation, disrupting existing social net works and survival strategies of the poor.
2.4. To deal with poverty the UDM proposes a Basic Service Subsidy to assist poor people to afford basic service rates.
2.5. The UDM advocates a harmonisation of urban and rural settings, modern and traditional communities, and cultural diversity. For example, the size of plots in rural areas must accommodate and cater for the traditional gardens or domestic small-scale farming. Any attempts to try and use urban specifications for size in rural areas, would inevitably be a recipe for disaster, and should be avoided.
2.6. The UDM will not settle people in an area with no prospects of job opportunities in their vicinity. People must be empowered by all available means to have sources of survival and income generation. That is the only way communities will be in a position to afford to pay for services rendered and to be economically viable.
2.7. The UDM favours a partnership approach between government, the private sector and communities in the creation of viable housing settlements.
2.8. The UDM proposes a shift from crisis management of housing to a more proactive approach.
3. Specific critical areas that will be addressed
3.1. Housing backlogs and poor quality housing
The policies of separate development of previous regimes have led to enormous housing backlogs in the country. The fragmented policies of the present government are making matters worse, since most of the so-called housing units are of sub-standard quality, and worse if compared to those of the previous regime.
The housing backlog in the country runs into the millions (3 million units currently) and is growing at a rate of 178 000 units per annum. On the other hand, many houses that were built are falling apart.
There are more than 720 000 sites in urban areas that will need upgrading to meet minimum standards of accommodation. Another 450 000 hostel units may need to be converted into proper family units. Most of the backlogs are in previously disadvantaged areas, which are predominantly rural, or in township and semi-urban areas. Most township houses are already catering for more than one family.
3.1.1. Specific problems to address are:
• Inappropriate and small size of housing units.
• Differences in requirements between provinces.
• Special needs for women and marginalised groups.
3.1.2. The UDM proposes that in urban areas the state can provide housing units either for rent or for purchase at subsidised rates.
3.1.3. The UDM will support, where appropriate and practical, the conversion of Hostels into family units. This may go a long way towards restoring family and community values and create a stable social environment.
3.1.4. The nation must be empowered to house themselves by building their own homes.
4. Land tenure
The fragmentation, contradictions and proliferation of all of the laws, policies and ordinances on Housing and Land, create problems for potential beneficiaries. The legal intricacies involved in this web of laws and policies mean that often only lawyers and professional practitioners can understand and interpret them. The above has the effect of alienating the very people targeted for help and makes them vulnerable to abuse by unscrupulous consultants.
On the other hand, the slow pace of providing well-located land is hampering development and stifling housing delivery. Some private landowners deliberately demand exorbitant payments for the release of land to homeless communities. The process of providing well-located land for housing purposes is generally disastrous and too slow. The UDM proposes in its Land policy specific strategies to speed up the equitable distribution of land to address the failure of the current government to deliver.
Secure tenure to homeowners is fundamental to any housing intervention strategy. This will go along way in reducing the risk of evictions and the easier provision of essential services and care to communities.
The UDM further believes that recognition must be given to all forms of tenure, including communal tenure systems practiced in rural communities. We believe that there is indeed enough room, within the framework of the law, that provision can be made for individual title deeds within a communal land tenure system. Traditional leaders will be recognised in the process of reviewing communal tenure.
On the other hand rapid reforms targeted at urban and semi-urban communities must be urgently addressed. The government must speedily release land in its custody to house the homeless.
5. Bureaucratic lapses, self-enrichment, discrimination and politicisation of housing delivery
The present housing system is in shambles to say the least. Corruption and self-enrichment by officials are the order of the day.
5.1. Bribery and favouritism is widespread within many housing departments.
5.2. Politicians and officials are allocating projects to friends, family members and questionable developers.
5.3. In some areas, houses are being built without secure tenure and without proper consultation. People are even refusing to occupy the units built by government because they were never consulted properly.
5.4. In other areas fraudulent applications with fictitious names have been approved.
5.5. Many communities are reporting discriminatory practices along party political lines. Most local councillors are reported to be, not only biased towards their party political allegiances, but also along tribal and ethnic lines. Political bickering, tribal and ethnic undertones mar many housing projects.
The UDM government will take pro-active steps to ensure that all communities are treated equally. Every housing project will be delivered in a fair and consultative manner. Development as a whole will be separated from party political activities.
|
<urn:uuid:115cde7a-6467-4340-9344-317dd4585aa3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://udm.org.za/housing-policy-proposals/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948027 | 2,054 | 3.125 | 3 |
This exam is organized in 4 parts. Part one includes Physics Questions, Part second has the questions of Chemistry, part third includes questions related to Logical Reasoning and English Proficiency and last part-IV contains the questions of Mathematics. The information about the other important Books for BITSAT of all these is available on our portal. Students book are the best and most reliable guardian that anybody can have, as they guides you at every walk of your life. Birla Institute of Technology And Science Aptitude Test Books also proves to be same for you as they contain needed information about al that that is necessary to know for a student who want to pursue engineering. Because the course content which an engineering students would have to study during their whole academic session of four years is the expanded and detailed version of the same concepts that students have in studied in their 11th and 12th class. For further information regarding BITSAT Books, BITSAT or the other information relevant to them just visit our website and avail whatever we have available for you that too all at one place, saving your searching time.
BITSAT Text books by Subject
Maths a subject that tests your Problem-solving approach, it uses different numbers, variables, functions and theorems to reach to the solution of any problem. BITSAT Maths Books information that you can found on this portal is what that helps you learning this interesting and useful subject. This is one out of the three subjects that are decided to be asked from students in the B...Read More
In BITSAT the subjects included are Physics, Maths and Chemistry. For this you need books to study, BITSAT physics books are available here for the students along with the books of other subjects. NCERT Course Books are must to study for this exam as they guide you with what to study and in how much depth. BITSAT books for physics have the same syllabus as that you have studied...Read More
Books the necessary to have to prepare for any exam either it is a competitive exam or it is your regular school exam. For Chemistry for BITSAT we are offering you BITSAT Chemistry books that will help you to study chemistry in a very familiar and interactive way. If we do not have the books we have to waste our precious time in searching for the course content, so here we a...Read More
Excel in your exam with Edurite.
|
<urn:uuid:5779d779-54cf-4bd8-877e-9c21d1058af3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://exams.edurite.com/bitsat-book~b1Wr.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963145 | 493 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Native or Introduced:
Nutrient Removal Rating:
Rooted or Floating:
Tolerates partial shade but better suited to full sun
Maximum Water Depth:
Blue flag iris produces dense clumps of branched rhizomes that serve as storage organs. These rhizomes are typically covered with remnants of old leaves. Fleshy roots and weak stems originate from the rhizomes. Leaves are basal and range in color from gray green to bright green and are highly flexible.
Flowering stalks are solid – usually producing 2-3 flowers. Flower colors range from white to blue to purple. Blue flag irises bloom from May to June in much of the eastern half of the US. Flowers are very attractive.
Blue flag iris prefers acidic soils.
|
<urn:uuid:76718357-15e0-407c-836b-3308b85b9395>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.clemson.edu/extension/horticulture/nursery/remediation_technology/constructed_wetlands/plant_material/blue_flag_iris.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900924 | 159 | 2.9375 | 3 |
See what questions
a doctor would ask.
APUDoma: An endocrine tumor arising from APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) cells. Often occurs in the pancreas, prostate and ampulla of Vater. As the tumor can arise in a variety of parts of the body, the symptoms will depend on the location of the tumor and the amount and type of hormone secreted e.g. insulinoma, gastrinoma. More detailed information about the symptoms, causes, and treatments of APUDoma is available below.
Home medical testing related to APUDoma:
Read more about causes of APUDoma.
Commonly undiagnosed diseases in related medical categories:
Research related physicians and medical specialists:
Other doctor, physician and specialist research services:
Research quality ratings and patient safety measures for medical facilities in specialties related to APUDoma:
Choosing the Best Hospital: More general information, not necessarily in relation to APUDoma, on hospital performance and surgical care quality:
Rare types of diseases and disorders in related medical categories:
Read about other experiences, ask a question about APUDoma, or answer someone else's question, on our message boards:
Search Specialists by State and City
|
<urn:uuid:d47205a2-2b78-417b-8bfe-c7d1f6b61a31>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/a/apudoma/intro.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903012 | 259 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The Android phone in your pocket could help scientists do a better job of predicting the weather — exactly where you are.
Atmospheric scientists are working with an app developer to take air pressure information that is already being collected from thousands of Android phones and feed it into sophisticated new climate models. If they get enough buy-in from Android owners, you may be able to receive warning hours in advance about thunderstorms and tornadoes coming to your precise location with far more certainty than you can today.
“The first I heard about these [Android] pressure sensors I said, ‘Oh my god, this could be a huge game changer,'” said Cliff Mass, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington. “My vision is someone needs to collect all these observations across the country — we could have a million an hour – and use that to radically improve weather prediction.”
With Android 3.0, Google added support for atmospheric sensors into the operating system. The point wasn’t to enable barometer apps, although there are many of those now, but to help with location finding. Atmospheric pressure changes with altitude, so comparing the pressure reading collected from a phone against readings taken from nearby stationary weather stations will help pinpoint the altitude of the phone.
Mass and his colleagues at UW were on the lookout for sources of atmospheric pressure data to include in their models in hopes of improving weather prediction. “The idea is to use the pressure to figure out a high-resolution structure of the atmosphere before a thunderstorm develops or becomes intense,” he said.
Mass calls atmospheric pressure, which is a measure of the weight of the atmosphere above you, a “uniquely valuable observation…. It’s the only surface parameter that expresses the deep atmosphere,” Mass said.
Right now forecasters can vaguely tell you that there’s a chance of thunderstorms the next day. But if researchers can incorporate a large volume of pressure readings into climate models to define features associated with severe weather events, they can begin predicting when a severe storm will hit a specific part of a city up to six hours in advance. “You couldn’t do that now with any skill,” Mass said.
The pressure data currently available to Mass and his colleagues is limited in both quality and volume. The orders of magnitude more atmospheric pressure data they could collect from Android phones could make a big difference. Mass sees the potential data from Android phones as “an extraordinarily high resolution observation network over the land.”
Pressure sensors are well suited to mobile phones. By comparison, temperature sensors are impacted by wind, direct sunlight, and shade or whether the sensor is indoors or out. “There are all these exposure issues for all other parameters except pressure,” Mass said.
Mass has been working with Jacob Sheehy and Phil Jones, the developers of an Android app called PressureNet. They say it’s the only barometer app on Android that not only shows users the pressure reading in their location but collects the data and shares it back to all users. The app lets users zoom into a location on a map to see a graph of the collected readings from that region.
When Mass first talked to Sheehy and Jones earlier this year, they were collecting only around 80 data points an hour worldwide. “He said, ‘great, but you need to grow bigger before your data is useful’,” Sheehy said.
Then Hurricane Sandy hit and Sheehy and Jones did some marketing. Downloads of the app grew to around 14,000 worldwide, resulting in around 3,000 to 4,000 readings per hour, which Mass says is starting to be useful.
But it’s still nowhere near a million, pointing out just one of a few challenges this group faces. They’ll need to convince users of the Galaxy Nexus, Nexus 4, Nexus 10, Galaxy S3 and Galaxy Note to get the app. These and a few others are the only phones and tablets that currently have atmospheric sensors.
Also, presumably most users of the app spend most of their time on land, limiting the types of weather conditions researchers might be able to better predict. Anticipating hurricanes, which form over oceans, won’t get any better. But Mass thinks they may be able to significantly improve predictions of thunderstorms and tornadoes over land. Ultimately, the idea is that the forecasts could feed back into an app that accurately shows when and where storms are coming.
There are hurdles before Mass can even get the data. Sheehy and Jones have only just started looking into privacy implications. Because pressure changes with elevation, it helps to tie the pressure data to a phone in order to determine if the pressure is in fact changing or if the reading is changing because the phone user has moved up a hill or an elevator. They envision different levels of sharing that end users can choose from, including sharing only with academic researchers or in any way the developers see fit.
In the meantime, aware that some people may be interested in the data who don’t have phones with sensors, Sheehy and Jones have built a web site that anyone can visit to see the collected data. It’s still under development and they’re currently manually adding data but it’s a taste of the kind of data that’s possible to collect from Android phones.Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article.
|
<urn:uuid:9b3d7ddc-6f7f-4d36-92fc-429c13d7d659>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.wired.com/2013/01/android-weather-prediction/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945962 | 1,122 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Don't Ask For Whom The Bell Tolls
|[ Sizes: Orig | Large | Med | Small | Thumb ]|
Telephoto of Bell Rock from approximately 6 miles to the north.
You can see how the landform got its name.
After the ancestral Rocky Mountains were formed, the area which is now
Sedona rose as tidal flats from an ancient sea.
Sand was blown into the sea. As the sea receded, the accumulated layers
became the red-hued sandstone making up Bell Rock.
September 16, 2009
|
<urn:uuid:431c70b1-709f-4535-a923-fd23ea65073b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.summitpost.org/don-t-ask-for-whom-the-bell-tolls/560215
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952991 | 118 | 2.546875 | 3 |
|Platforms:||Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7|
|Requirements:||.NET Framework 3.5|
|Date:||November 30, -0001|
In this article we will learn to make a image editing tool with the help of C#. In this image editing tool we include re-sizing image, cropping image,brightness and contrast in images,rotation and other various common image editing functionality.
first we learn that how to implement these functionality in image one by one. so first we need to learn that how to show an image in windows form? for this we can take a picturebox control, picturebox control able to load an image file format like bmp, jpeg, gif,tiff file also.
So let start with our first step.
Start a new windows application and add one splitcontainer, picturebox, menustrip, toolstrip on windows form. Arrange controls on the form like this.
Now we need to open image on the form so we use open filedialog class for selecting image file.
- Declare Img as object of Image class. Image class is the member of System.Drawing namespace, it is abstrat base class that provides functionality for raster images(bitmaps) and vector images(Metafile) descended classes.
- Use openfiledialog on OpenToolStripMenuItem_Click event
- <pre lang="csharp"> private void OpenToolStripMenuItem_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
- OpenFileDialog Dlg = new OpenFileDialog();
- Dlg.Filter = "";
- Dlg.Title = "Select image";
- if (Dlg.ShowDialog() == System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult.OK)
- Img = Image.FromFile(Dlg.FileName);
- //Image.FromFile(String) method creates an image from the specifed file, here dlg.Filename contains the name of the file from which to create the image
- private void LoadImage()
- //we set the picturebox size according to image, we can get image width and height with the help of Image.Width and Image.height properties.
- int imgWidth = Img.Width;
- int imghieght = Img.Height;
- PictureBox1.Width = imgWidth;
- PictureBox1.Height = imghieght;
- PictureBox1.Image = Img;
- OriginalImageSize = new Size(imgWidth, imghieght);
Suppose that your picturebox or image size is smaller than background panel than image will show in the corner of the panel in upperside and this is not professional look of tool so we set the picturebox or image location on panel.
After doing this image will always show in center of panel
- private void PictureBoxLocation()
- int _x = 0;
- int _y = 0;
- if (SplitContainer1.Panel1.Width > PictureBox1.Width)
- _x = (SplitContainer1.Panel1.Width – PictureBox1.Width) / 2;
- if (SplitContainer1.Panel1.Height > PictureBox1.Height)
- _y = (SplitContainer1.Panel1.Height – PictureBox1.Height) / 2;
- PictureBox1.Location = new Point(_x, _y);
- private void SplitContainer1_Panel1_Resize(object sender, EventArgs e)
You can try this code for making image editing tool,in this article you learn that how to show image on form, in next article of this series describe to Resize image….thanks
Other related articles of this series:
|
<urn:uuid:0d326eed-68ac-47f2-9280-f7461018c175>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.authorcode.com/making-image-editing-tool-in-c/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.713878 | 816 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Grade Cluster: 3-5
NETS-S: Creativity and Innovation
What was life like "back then" compared to now? Students discovered answers to this question during a unit on VT history. Using books, maps, and web resources, students began to create questions and find answers. Students learned about primary sources and interviewed local residents. They created their own questions, videotaped the conversation, and then used the resulting media to create their interpretation of Vermont Village Life: Then and Now.
What was village life like when your parents, your grandparents, or your great grandparents were young? This question and many others were explored when students worked on a Vermont history unit. Students began this unit in the typical fashion. What do you know about Vermont? They read books like Over the River and Through the Ages For Children, Book One and Book Two (Blaisdell), Green Mountain Hero (Jackson), and Vermont: The State with the Storybook Past (Cheney). Students also completed many of the lessons from two history kits borrowed from the Vermont Historical Society. In the kit Schooling in Early VT students were able to handle elements from a nineteenth century schoolhouse. Primary documents were read and discussed and students were able to draw some conclusions about the size of classes back then as well as the length of the school year and how students learned their lessons. In the Village Life in VT kit students were exposed to artifacts that helped them understand life as a farmer and as a storekeeper in the early 1800's. Several field trips complimented this unit. Students visited The Kipling house (Naulahka) in Brattleboro, the Round School House in Brookline, and the Calvin Coolidge Homestead in Plymouth, VT. All during these experiences, students kept a journal of their thoughts and feelings.
As a culminating activity, students interviewed several groups of local residents. At the Round School House in Brookline, students met with Lester Allbee, a gentleman who had attended the school when he was young. Students eagerly asked him questions, and he happily answered them as he showed them around Brookline’s Round School House. In several other sessions, students interviewed Townshend and Bellows Falls residents about village life. They also interviewed local farmers about farming and farm life. Student’s videotaped and audiotaped these sessions. In their classroom, they viewed sections of video and reviewed their questions with the corresponding visitor answers. They brainstormed aspects of Village life in the 20's, 30's and 40's that intrigued them. They then took this list and divided it up so that each student could illustrate something from "back then" and could create a drawing that illustrated the "but now..." Next students scanned their pictures and recorded their voices explaining their illustrations. For example, one student recorded, "Back then most people walked to work, but now most of us drive a car." Finally each student’s clip with illustrations and voices was spliced in between sections of video from the interviews. The THEN and NOW project was shared on line and posted on the classroom website. It is our hope to show it at an historical society meeting as well as at a local chamber of commerce meeting. As a community connection, we hope to have a blog or comment section so others could share their then and now stories.
Student Standards: NETS-S
1. Creativity and Innovation--A, B, C
2. Communication and Collaboration--A, B, D
Teacher Standards: NETS-T
1. Facilitate and Inspire Student Learning and Creativity--A, C, D
2. Design and Develop Digital-Age Learning Experiences and Assessments--A, B
3. Model Digital-Age Work and Learning--B, D
4. Promote and Model Digital Citizenship and Responsibility--B, C, D5. Engage in Professional Growth and Leadership--A, B, C
Content Grade Expectations:
H&SS3-4:8 Students connect the past with the present by explaining differences between historic and present day objects in Vermont and identifying how the use of the object and the object itself changed over time (e.g., evaluating how the change from taps and buckets to pipelines has changed the maple sugaring industry), and describing ways that life in the community and Vermont has both changed and stayed the same over time (e.g., general stores and shopping centers).
H&SS3-4:9 Students show understanding of how humans interpret history by identifying and using various sources for reconstructing the past: documents, letters, diaries, maps, textbooks, photos, and others.
|
<urn:uuid:faa4ceba-5576-42ab-86b8-fe4b237d8a6d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://sites.google.com/a/wnesu.com/trending-toward-transformation/vermont-then-now
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965206 | 947 | 3.78125 | 4 |
From the back cover:
"This book focuses on counting and simple math, and contains thirty-two original response verses that are designed to teach and reinforce early math skills. Associated with NCTM Standards, these creative activities strengthen the key math skills students are required to master. Reproducible activity pages, including a mix of puzzles, patterns, creativity-boosters, and exercises, follow all verses. The chants consist of modified verse patterns from public domain songs, sports cheers, and folk sources. This is a great resource for teaching counting and simple math to kindergarten and first-grade students."
|
<urn:uuid:7941b0de-e06e-480d-9261-896f5a6de741>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.lindajarmstrong.com/one__two__three_follow_me__math_puzzles_and_rhymes__grades_k_1_44182.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00120-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925435 | 118 | 2.84375 | 3 |
What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
On occasion, many of us may worry about whether or not we left the stove on before leaving the house or if we locked our doors. This worry may prompt us to return home to make sure that everything is all right. While this type of worry and behavior is normal, some people experience extreme anxiety about these issues. Often the anxiety is so intense that it impacts a person’s ability to live a normal life. To reduce the anxiety, the person may engage in repetitive actions and may experience an increase in anxiety if these actions are not performed. When this occurs, the person may be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder or OCD.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder. People who develop this disorder have uncontrollable thoughts and fears (obsessions). These obsessions cause repetitive behaviors (compulsions) that the person uses in an effort to stop the obsessions. People with this disorder may realize that their obsessions are unreasonable, and they may try to stop their compulsive behavior. Stopping the compulsive behavior increases anxiety and distress, driving the person to resume performing the behavior.
What Causes Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
The causes of OCD are not clearly understood. Most people who have the disorder develop it before the age of 30. OCD has been linked to head injuries and certain types of infections. There is no evidence that people with OCD have any brain abnormalities. In some patients, OCD may be linked to Tourette syndrome.
Three theories have been developed to explain the cause of OCD. These include:
- Biological causes—OCD may be caused by genetic abnormalities. People with OCD often have a close relative that has the disorder.
- Environmental causes—OCD may develop as a result of behaviors that have been learned over time.
- Insufficient levels of serotonin—OCD may occur if levels of serotonin in your brain decrease. Serotonin is a chemical that can help you regulate emotions.
What Are the Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder can be broken into two areas: obsessions and compulsions. Most people with OCD have symptoms from both areas. Some people with the disorder have only obsessive or compulsive symptoms.
Although obsessive and compulsive symptoms are different for each person, there are some common obsessive thoughts. Examples of obsessive thoughts include:
- a fear of germs, illness, or disease
- a fear of hurting oneself or others
- violent thoughts of a sexual nature
- a fear that you will lose things that are important to you
- a focus on preciseness and order
- a focus on superstitions
- strict devotion to religious beliefs
Compulsions are behaviors and while behavior will vary for each person with OCD, there are some common compulsions. These include:
- checking and rechecking tasks that have already been completed
- continually calling friends and family to see if they are safe
- counting or repeating words
- excessive cleaning or washing
- ordering things
- excessive praying
- accumulating trash that has no value or worth
How Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Diagnosed?
If you have symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, your doctor may perform some tests to rule out other health conditions. He or she will complete a physical exam and will order blood work. Your doctor may also recommend a psychological evaluation. During your psychological evaluation a doctor will talk to you about your symptoms. He or she may also ask you to complete tests such as the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). These tests can help diagnose OCD.
Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
If you are diagnosed with OCD, your doctor may offer several treatment options.
Drugs and Medication
Typically, your doctor will prescribe medications to help reduce obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. Medications known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or SSRIs are often the first medications prescribed for this disorder. Examples of SSRIs include:
- citalopram (Celexa)
- fluoxetine (Prozac)
- fluvoxamine (Luvox)
- paroxetine (Paxil)
- sertraline (Zoloft)
If these medications are not effective, your doctor may try other medications, including tricyclic antidepressants.
Your doctor may also recommend therapy to help you learn to cope with your symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to reduce obsessions and compulsions in patients with OCD. When combined with medication, CBT can enhance treatment success.
What Is the Long-Term Outlook for Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
If you are diagnosed with OCD, treatment will be helpful in reducing your symptoms. OCD is a long-term or chronic illness. Most people with this condition experience periods of active symptoms. These periods are followed by improvement and a reduction in symptoms. OCD is recurrent and for many patients, the symptoms do not completely disappear even with treatment.
|
<urn:uuid:64cbb86f-4174-4033-aafa-4ebd0fc145aa>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://www.aarpmedicareplans.com/health/obsessive-compulsive-disorder
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00058-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935414 | 1,051 | 3.5 | 4 |
Period: Late Triassic
Location: South America (Argentina)
Length: 10 feet (3 meters)
This carnivore weighed perhaps 500 pounds and stood about four feet tall at the shoulders. Herrerasaurus was one of the dominant theropods of the Late Triassic of South America. The skull is unknown, but the other parts of the skeleton show that Herrerasaurus was a meat-eater that had muscular jaws, cutting teeth, and claws on the front feet. The pubis of Herrerasaurus is unusual; it looks much like the pelvis of later ornithischian dinosaurs. Herrerasaurus may be close to the ancestry of several major groups of dinosaurs.
Herrerasaurus lived among groves of ferns and tall conifer trees in a cool, moist habitat. It probably captured small animals by ambush and surprise. Its prey included rhynchosaurs, thecodont reptiles, and other early dinosaurs.
Herrerasaurus lived around 230 million years ago, when dinosaurs first appeared in the Triassic Period but were not yet dominant. These earliest dinosaurs were all small predators, like Coelophysis in North America. They competed with more powerful nondinosaur carnivores for food, including the rauisuchids, some of which were like huge crocodiles. Larger predators ate Herrerasaurus and other small dinosaurs.
Herrerasaurus represents the roots of dinosaur evolution. It cannot be classified as either a Saurischia or Ornithischia. This early and very primitive dinosaur had four toes on its back feet. This separates it from other meat-eating dinosaurs, which had three toes. It was advanced in other ways, however. Its pelvis and vertebrae (back bones) were similar to the advanced theropods of the Jurassic and the Cretaceous Periods.
Staurikosaurus, which some paleontologists place in the same family with Herrerasaurus, also had four toes on its back feet. Herrerasaurus was slightly more advanced in the hips, however, showing that it may be an ancestor that led to the prosauropod dinosaurs.
Herrerasaurus is known best from the Ischigualasto Formation in the Valle de la Luna (Valley of the Moon) National Park in San Juan, Argentina. A goat farmer, Victorino Herrera, found the skeleton and the dinosaur was named after him. The barren landscape has hills of red, purple, green, and tan shale. It is similar to the landscape in the Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona, where the Chinle Formation of about the same age has produced similar dinosaurs.
|
<urn:uuid:d1e6939d-bf0d-436f-b49b-4d5305276d7d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://animals.howstuffworks.com/dinosaurs/herrerasaurus.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953613 | 548 | 4.125 | 4 |
I was wondering how Al Khwarizmi's method of multiplication worked? I was hoping for a simple explanation in layman's terms.
For those of you unfamiliar with the method its basically this:
If you have two numbers, x and y, write them beside each other. Then repeat the following: divide the first number (x) by two , rounding the result (if it has a 0.5 if the number was odd) and then double the second number. Keep repeating till the first number is one. Then strike out all the rows where the first number is even, and add up whatever remains in the second column.
i.e. 11 * 13.
2 52 (strike out)
13 + 26 + 104 = 143
|
<urn:uuid:84747203-12e3-4e00-989d-85b10b9bacd9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/118639/how-does-mutliplication-work
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.921712 | 153 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Windows provides settings for using visual cues to replace sounds in many programs.
You can adjust these settings on the Use text or visual alternatives for sounds page in the Ease of Access Center.
Open the Use text or visual alternatives for sounds page by clicking the Start button , clicking Control Panel, clicking Ease of Access, clicking Ease of Access Center, and then clicking Use text or visual alternatives for sounds.
Select the options that you want to use:
Turn on visual notifications for sounds. This option sets sound notifications to run when you log on to Windows. Sound notifications replace system sounds with visual cues, such as a flash on the screen, so that system alerts are noticeable even when they're not heard. You can also choose how you want sound notifications to warn you.
Turn on text captions for spoken dialog. This option causes Windows to display text captions in place of sounds to indicate that activity is happening on your computer (for example, when a document starts or finishes printing).
|
<urn:uuid:67560ff2-38e8-4166-8d0d-58ce9488722c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-ca/windows7/use-text-or-visual-alternatives-to-sounds
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.835008 | 202 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Duna-Dráva National Park was established along the Danube and Dráva rivers, covering an area of some 50.000 hectares. Water played the main role in the formation of its natural landscape. The two rivers and their water resulted in the development of a great variety of habitats, where a colourful ecosystem can be found. Almost the whole of the national park is located in an area, which was formerly a flood-plain.
The Danube region
The protected area is located along the Danube, from the mouth of the Sió canal to the Southern border of the country. Gemenc and Béda-Karapancsa can be found here, which belong to the Great Plain. At this stage, the steepness of its bed is reduced, resulting in a slower speed, so the river becomes here of a middle stage character. It used to meander, building bars of sand and silt, changing its bed all the time. The over-developed curves were naturally crossed, so dead channels or lakes at deeper locations were formed. The management of the river changed profoundly this situation. During the regulation of the river, bends were crossed to achieve an easier abatement of icy floods and to improve ship traffic, embanking the river. The water, flowing faster, deepened the bed, so its level was reduced, resulting in a significant lowering of the ground water level. In the Sárköz region, where dead channels make the landscape more exciting, the embankments were built relatively farther from the river, at the border of the Kalocsa Arcbishop’s domain. So remained Gemenc, one of the largest continuous flood-plains of Europe. Until the end of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the region did not attempt to prevent floods. To the contrary, they tried to connect larger and larger areas to this natural ‘breathing’ system. The tremendous amounts of water that arrived annually through the Danube were lead to lakes suitable for fishing, holes, hayfields, and orchards, via artificial canals, ‘foks’, as they called them. As the flood was slowly rising, the people were saving their values and animals. This method was called the ‘fok culture’ and it reduced the damage of the flood to a minimum, while providing a living to the people, first of all, giving them a bountiful harvest of fish. Beside fishing, the most important form of farming in the flood plain was grazing animal husbandry, especially that of horse and grey cattle (Bos primigenius taurus hungaricus). The foks assured the operation of the system. Certain foks carried water to a number of lakes. Maintenance of the foks required high level expertise and significant amounts of working force.
When the embankments were built, the dead channels were separated from the Danube and as the water level got lower, the foks were disconnected as well. At the protected side, no floods occurred any more so they started to dry up and an aggradiation process started. The National Park preserves the remains of this natural living system of the flood-plain and is of particular value in the protection of nature since hardly any other flood-plain habitats in such a large area have remained in Europe.
The sand-bars of the Danube are constructed of rough sand, so when the level of the water is low, the habitat gets rather dry. At such places, purple willow or almond willow bush bosks can be found. Along the dead channels, at the banks covered by silty sand, bosks of willow trees occur. They can be recognized easily as white willow has a silver coloured foliage. They are usually flooded in the spring. Summer snowflake is our typical plant. We can see a picturesque landscape when they bloom in masses.
White and fringed water lilies paint the dead channels of Gemenc white or yellow in May. Both are protected. The only representative of the mare’s tail’s family that lives today blooms also in May, in the sandy bed of the dead channels of Béda. The common bladderwort, which is well-known for catching insects, is also spectacular when blooming. Water chestnut is a species that remained from the Warm Age. Its rhomboid shaped leaves cover the surface of the water like a mosaic. People used to harvest and eat its chestnuts. It is protected today. Two species of water ferns, water clover and salvinia natans, are also common. They reproduce by sporulation and both are also protected. At the riverside, the water vegetation is surrounded by swamp plants. Reed beds are followed by high land plant communities.
Park forests of oak, ash, and elm can be found in the high flood plain, which is only flooded when the flood itself is a major one. Such species of trees can be found both in the flood plain and the protected area. Oak, broad-leaved elm, and Hungarian ash constitute the forest. Under the trees, rich undergrowth developed, including the protected woodbine and wild grape. At the level of herbs, we can find the checkered lily, of which flower has pinkish-brownish spots, arranged like a chessboard. The remains of these forests, which are rich in species, can be found in the Béda-Karapancsa area. Hungarian thorn is a protected and native shrub of the lower valley of the Danube.
Research has proved the occurrence of 51 fish species in the Danube region. Of the Danube fish, sterlet and burbot still occur quite often. Pike is the predator fish of the dead channels.
Many species of amphibians live in this region. Of the reptiles, grass-snakes and European pond turtles can be seen most frequently. Concerning the avifauna of Gemenc and Béda-Karapancsa, the black stork and white tailed eagle populations of the region are of European importance. The protection of the largest black stork population of Hungary is one of the most important tasks of the National Park. The white tailed eagle is among the rarest birds of prey in Europe and uses its huge nest for decades, built high above ground level. Untroubled nesting must be assured to both bird species because they are very sensitive to disturbance. Black kite is common in the Béda-Karapancsa area, which, being sensitive to environmental changes, can be considered as an indicator species. Of the crane species, little egrets, great egrets, night herons, purple herons, and some couples of Eurasian bitterns nest in the reed-beds. The common grey heron nests in willow hursts. In the Southern part of the area, the greylag goose occurs in isolated groups. In the migration period, thousands of guest birds are seeking for food and places to have a rest, in the flood plain. Ducks, geese, and cormorants overwinter often. The endangered bat species, pond bats and barbastelles, find shelter in the holes of old trees for giving birth, or to spend the day. Otters, accommodated to water, eat fish. The European beaver was reintroduced in Gemenc, as it died out in the 19th century. So it reproduces here again and makes the Nature even more colourful. Wild cats are active during the night. They only like the undisturbed forests, surrounded by seed-beds. Deer antlers brought down in Gemenc are world-famous. The population living here has an outstanding genetic composition, with a powerful, yet proportional body with gentle lines.
|
<urn:uuid:a4a2c39b-3115-4f36-a724-27004149318f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ddnp.hu/index.php?lang=en
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96198 | 1,603 | 3.421875 | 3 |
While Ford and other automakers are knocking themselves out to find new ways to distract drivers (a la Internet connectivity), I was delighted to hear that some others are actually coming up with things that will reduce distraction for drivers and make the roads safer for all of us.
MIT’s Technology Review reports that distracted driving kills an estimated 3,000 people yearly in the United States, triggering calls for bans on one of the causes, mobile phone use in vehicles. Now, however, the wireless industry is ramping up its anti-distraction efforts. AT&T Labs has developed a vibrating steering wheel that promises to deliver navigation information to drivers more safely than on-screen instructions or turn-by-turn GPS commands.
In the prototype, a clockwise pattern of vibrations on the steering wheel means “turn right”; counterclockwise means “turn left,” says the MIT report. While the initial focus has been on improving delivery of GPS navigation instructions, other applications are under development, such as notifying drivers if cars are in their blind spots. The technology underlying these tactile cues is known as haptics.
AT&T’s study of the gadget in driving simulators found that it provided clear benefits: participants’ eyes stayed on the road longer. When younger drivers—with an average age of 25—used the haptic steering wheel along with the usual visual and auditory methods of receiving navigation instructions, their inattentiveness (defined as the proportion of time their eyes were off the road) dropped 3.1 percent, says the MIT report.
This is particularly encouraging news, because one of the main culprits in youthful inattention to the road is certainly their tendency to text each other at any and all times. Admittedly, 3.1 percent is not a huge drop in inattentiveness, but a few lives saved is certainly better than none. At the same time, we must not make the mistake of thinking that such technology advances are sufficient to allow us to ignore the horribly irresponsible behavior of texting or other screen-based behavior while driving.
It will also be interesting to see if auto insurers drop premiums for vehicles equipped with anti-distraction devices. Obviously, such vehicles represent a lower risk and should cost less to insure. I’ll be looking for Flo to include that on her list of discounts in her next Progressive commercial.
|
<urn:uuid:c04a67cd-146e-43ef-b204-ed31f66ed334>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://aratremblytechnology.com/blog/2012/03/26/at-last-technology-that-boosts-attentiveness-behind-the-wheel/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00028-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958272 | 486 | 2.546875 | 3 |
- For Libraries
- For Researchers
- Products & Services
- For Customers
ProQuest Research Companion is ProQuest’s flagship information literacy product. It was built to help students do more effective scholarly research and to support educators as they teach the core information literacy principles of finding, evaluating, and using information.
Check out this video for a quick overview of the power of a research companion…ProQuest Research Companion.
More than 80 short videos are organized into nine Learning Modules that answer questions like "How do I choose a topic?" "Where do I find information?" and "How do I evaluate sources?" Different kinds of "pre" and "post" assessment questions make the viewing experience more interactive, while allowing educators to measure students’ learning and identify gaps in their understanding.
Using data from Ulrich’s Web and Bowker Books in Print, several interactive tools automate parts of the research process and allow students to focus on the things that interest them most. ProQuest Research Companion is a new cloud-based information literacy solution for student researchers and educators. Aligned both to ACRL Information Literacy and Common Core English Language Arts standards, Research Companion provides a framework and foundation for information literacy instruction.
It easily guides students through the research process and helps them develop their critical thinking and information literacy skills. Studies have shown that today's researchers are unequivocally overwhelmed with too much information and data—throughout all the stages of research process. Developed by writing instructors and librarians, Research Companion combines multimedia-based learning modules and powerful quick-start evaluator tools into one resource.
Provide support to your literacy instruction Learning Modules with Assessment The Learning Modules are organized into easily digestible sections and are structured as nine commonly asked researcher questions which provide a foundation and context for finding, evaluating, and using information. The modules cover such topics as "Where do I start?" to "How do I avoid plagiarism and find my own voice?" to “What's the best way to revise?” They are delivered as a series of visually compelling and inventive videos, or in a full-text, readable format and are written in a conversational style that improves learning outcomes and maximizes retention.
Pre- and post-assessment questions make the viewing experience interactive, while allowing educators to evaluate students' performance and identify gaps in their understanding. Tools Organized as Topic and Search Aids, and Source Evaluation Aid, researchers get right to the information they need. These quick and easy-to-use tools automate the basic parts of the research process by leveraging the power of ProQuest data sources—including Ulrich'sWeb and Books In Print, and the expert ProQuest editorial team.
Harnessing the Power of ProQuest Presented in an easy-to-use and collaborative format, ProQuest Research Companion can be effortlessly incorporated into the student researcher's workflow to get to answers and context quickly. ProQuest Research Companion gives librarians and educators the tools and resources to:
Learn more, gain a better understanding of how this new information literacy resource can change the way you currently teach information literacy and research skills. Connect with your ProQuest Account Manager to learn more, set up a trial, and request pricing.
|
<urn:uuid:a3fe6355-bf48-47aa-9e57-4013397b66bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.proquest.com/products-services/rescomp.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909264 | 659 | 2.78125 | 3 |
We are in a global age. The world has become a global village due to technological advances in communications and other spheres of human endeavor. Being a world citizen can create international cooperation on all levels, uniting everyone and making the world a better and safer place for all; the mentality of "us against them" has caused untold, useless suffering worldwide. Too Utopian? Let's follow the steps, and find out.
1Understand the world doesn't end in your home village, town, city, state or country.
- Recognize that events happening in the far end of the world away from your country can have a real impact on your life, e.g 9/11, global warming, etc.
- Learn about other countries and cultures.
- Get interested about international news.
- Be interested in the life and struggles of other peoples and cultures and find out how you can help. Participate in international discussions like on the BBC, CNN, ETC or the internet.
3Be tolerant and respectful of other people's cultures.
4Resist, react, repeal, speak against xenophobia and intolerance in all its forms.
6Value each human life as you value your own.
7Feel welcome in whatever region of the world where you happen to find yourself.
9Teach other people in normal conversation. For example, if someone says something ignorant, say "Don't generalize. There is no reason to include a whole race."
10Don't refer to your special group if you intend your message to be universal.
11Individuals are not representations of their cultures. Be cautious to not emphasize differences too much and "other" what you don't know. We are all humans before anything else.
12Be active and contribute. You can do this by being active in your community and other things.
13Learn from wise people and redistribute your knowledge.
14Learn about the past in order to help build a better future.
My brother has been deported to Haiti even though he was born in the Bahamas. He is in the process of becoming a world citizen and he still possess his U.S. green card which is valid for another 7 years. Can he use the world passport along with the green card to travel to the Bahamas?
- Becoming a world citizen requires a conscious effort.
- Read New Internationalist.
- Question all aspects of "nationalism," both the bad (e.g. "war" ) and even the good (e.g. your country's legal and ethical obligation and prerogative to "watch your back" while you're overseas" for any reason).
- World Citizen Passports are not valid passports.
- You may start to feel out of place, with the loss of feeling for self-identity.
- You may be seen as traitors to your country.
Categories: Social Activism
In other languages:
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 73,305 times.
|
<urn:uuid:4be90808-ccff-4442-9e32-1521b14db68c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.wikihow.com/Be-a-World-Citizen
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936386 | 618 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies
Translation by R. C. F. Hull
1970 Princeton University Press (MJP Books publisher)
Jung tells us that modern reports of UFOs began during the final years of World War II with sightings in Sweden and Germany. They continued after the war with sightings chiefly in America, but also in Europe, Asia, the Sahara, and the Antarctic.
Jung believed that enough hard evidence wasn't’t available to form any conclusions regarding the physical reality of UFOs. However, enough evidence existed to examine their psychological significance. He does so by examining dreams and art objects in which UFOs occur.
Regardless of whether they exist physically, UFOs are psychologically significant and the increase in reports regarding them may be evidence that humanity is creating a new myth. Jung feels that in a progressively materialistic world, there’s a need to replace the function formerly served by religion with a new mythos, perhaps one involving UFOs.
I can’t say that I entirely agree with this conclusion. While it is certainly true that some people have adopted a scientific viewpoint that is skeptical of many traditional teachings, others have rejected outright such scientific theories as the evolution of species or the antiquity that science assigns to the earth.
Jung also believes that threats to individuality, such as communism or fascism are an additional factor causing people to develop a new mythos. UFOs, being round, are reminiscent of mandalas, which are archetypal expressions of the self. Mandalas often appear in dreams when individuals are struggling to unify the disparate aspects of personality which together constitute the self.
I’m not convinced that what’s behind the UFO mythos is a threat to individuality. Communism was not the only threat during the cold war. The possibility of nuclear oblivion was also considered very real at the time Jung wrote this essay. It makes sense that many UFOs were observed in the proximity of military installations. Perhaps people desired the intervention of a more advanced civilization to protect mankind from itself.
Symbols, in Jung’s view, can have multiple meanings. This certainly seems to apply to UFOs. When Jung was writing, UFOs presented a possible mechanism for mankind’s salvation. This was before the literature became crowded with accounts of alien abductions. Jung does not address those who claim to have been prodded and probed, not to mention, violated and raped by aliens. Those reports came later, and what they signify, I can only speculate. Perhaps it indicates a rejection of a redeeming alien civilization in favor of one which would manipulate us for its own ends.
In addition to their appearance in dreams and art, UFOs could also be psychic projections, according to Jung. “At various times all sorts of other projections have appeared in the heavens besides the saucers.” These include the visions seen by troops at Mons during World War I, by crusaders during a siege of Jerusalem, and the visions of three children at Fatima, Portugal.
Perhaps visions are not that unusual. Perhaps what is unusual is their frequent appearance in saucer form since World War II. Yet it is also possible that UFOs are both real and psychic phenomena. In this case, their appearance would often be what Jung considers synchronistic events, that is, coincidences that are psychically significant. Since UFOs sometimes show up on radar screens, Jung reasons they may sometimes be physical phenomena. Unless, of course, psychic phenomena also shows up on radar.
This slender volume was originally published in “Civilization in Transition” which is the 10th volume in Jung’s collected works. Jung wrote it in 1958. The first English translation appeared in 1959.
|
<urn:uuid:f417ae6e-d851-4245-9378-cdb382190704>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.truthandtalltales.com/flying-saucers.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970367 | 759 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Man's best friend has a new job in South Korea - protecting cultural heritage from termites, officials said.
The dogs have been given the task of sniffing out termites which eat away at historic buildings, most of which were built of wood, officials of the Cultural Heritage Administration said.
In a demonstration before TV cameras on Oct. 31, two English springer spaniels easily detected termites hiding in wooden pillars at the majestic Gyeongbok Palace in central Seoul.
The dogs, aged three and four, then sat back and wagged their tails before their handlers came up. They have been trained not to scratch or lick infested areas in case they damage cultural relics.
"The dogs will greatly reduce the time and cost of detecting termites," Kim Byung-Gi, a senior official of the heritage administration said, adding it takes three to six months to find termites by laying traps.
Some 20 percent of South Korea's 2,600 historic wooden buildings are feared to be infested by termites.(AFP)
1. termite n.
白蟻 (bai2 yi3)
例: The walls were full of termites.
2. detect v.i./v.t.
察覺 (cha2 jue2)
例: I thought I detected a smell of smoke.
3. infested adj.
大批出沒 (da4 pi1 chu1 mo4)
例: The waters are infested with piranhas.
4. relic n.
遺跡 (yi2 ji1)
例: The archaeologists found several important relics at the site.
|
<urn:uuid:ccb51efe-d6a3-43a3-a987-9a5f3b036649>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/lang/archives/2007/11/13/2003387582
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.714055 | 361 | 2.875 | 3 |
Global premier of the documentary, Thin Ice: The inside story of climate science
April 22 -
Six years in the making, the documentary follows 40 scientists at work in the Arctic, Antarctic, Southern Ocean, New Zealand, Europe and the United States (including Purdue’s Matthew Huber). The film is a joint initiative between Oxford University, United Kingdom, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (VUW), and London-based DOX Productions. In this documentary, Prof. Simon Lamb seeks to give the audience the chance to find out just what scientists working in this field are doing, and why their findings cause them so much concern. Excerpts from the 73-minute film are now available, and the full feature willbe available online at no charge for two days from the beginning of Earth Day in New Zealand (midnight 22 April, 2013) at THIN ICE.
- Cindy Fate
|
<urn:uuid:5db87d5d-7a95-4388-9abf-a3f9d5ca7932>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://purdue.edu/discoverypark/environment/events/view.php?id=1290
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.883436 | 184 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
(Ordo Militaris Crucigerorum cum Rubea Stella.)
A religious order famous in the history of Bohemia, and accustomed from the beginning to the use of arms, a custom which was confirmed in 1292 by an ambassador of Pope Nicholas IV. The grand master is still invested with a sword at his induction into office, and the congregation has been recognized as a military order by Popes Clement X and Innocent XII, as well as by several emperors.
There is much discussion as to the real beginnings of this order, some authorities, among others the Bollandists, tracing it back to Palestine, where the first members were supposed to have borne arms against the Saracens. On the other hand, however, is the contemporary custom of establishing a religious congregation at the time of the foundation of a hospital, as well as the fact that in no document is there any trace of the Palestinian Cruciferi having gone to Bohemia. Moreover, in a parchment Breviary of the order dated 1356 the account of foundation contains no allusion to such a lineage. The order is first found in Bohemia as a fraternity attached to a hospital at Prague under a community of Clarisses, established by Princess Agnes, daughter of Przemysl Ottokar I and Queen Constantia, in 1233. In 1235 the hospital was richly endowed by the queen with property formerly belonging to the German order, a gift confirmed by Pope Gregory IX (18 May, 1236), who stipulated that the revenues should be divided with the Clarisse monastery. After three years, during which the head of the congregation had gone to Rome as the accredited representative of Abbess Agnes, and the congregation had been formally constituted an order under the Rule of St. Augustine by Gregory IX (1238), the abbess (1239) resigned all jurisdiction over the hospital and its possessions into the hands of the Holy See. Twelve days later the pope formally assigned these to the recently confirmed Knights of the Cross, who were to hold them forever in fief to the Holy See, on condition of the yearly payment of a nominal sum. Blessed Agnes for the order a new hospital at the Prague Bridge, which was taken as the mother-house, and to the title of the order was added in latere (pede) pontis (Pragenis) [at the foot of the (Prague) bridge]. She also petitioned the Holy See for some mark to distinguish these knights from other Cruciferi, with whom they bore in common the red crusader. To this was added by Bishop Nicholas of Prague, on the authorization of the pope, a red six-pointed star (10 Oct., 1250), probably from the arms of the first general, Albrecht von Sternberg.
The order, which by 1253 had extensive possessions in Bohemia, soon spread to neighbouring lands. The Breslau house in particular was the centre of many other foundations. It is Bohemia, in an especial manner, to which the knights have rendered incalculable services. Their success in hospital work is evidenced by the rapidity with which their houses multiplied, and the frequent testimony borne to it in documents of kings and emperors. Within two decades after their foundation the care of souls had become as important as their hospital work, so quickly had the majority of lay brothers been replaced by priests. Numberless churches were entrusted to them in all parts of Bohemia, particularly the West, where they formed a bulwark of the Faith during the ravages of heresy in that region; the Taborites murdered the pastor of St. Stephen's at Prague, and the Hussites destroyed the mother-house and brought the order almost to the point of dissolution, but it recovered sufficiently to the offer strenuous resistance to the advance of the Reformed teachings. In the war with Sweden the members of the order justified their claim to the title of knights during the siege of Eger, fighting side by side with the townspeople, and sharing with them their last crust. Their hospital at Prague was also the first refuge of other orders who came to work for souls in Bohemia, among others the Jesuits (1555) and Capuchins (1599). For almost a hundred and fifty years the archbishops of Prague held the post of grand master and were supported almost entirely by the revenues of the order. Only on the restoration of the possessions of the archdiocese at the end of the seventeenth century was the grand master again elected from among the members, and a general reform instituted. George Ignatius Paspichal (1694-99), the first grand master under the new regime, showed great zeal for the restoration of the primitive ideals, especially that of charity. Even to the present day the Prague monastery supports twelve pensioners and distributes the so-called "hospital portion" to forty poor.
Many knights have won enviable reputations in the world of learning, among others Nicholas Kozarz Kozarowa (d. 1592), celebrated mathematician and astronomer: John Francis Bekowsk (d. 1725), who established at Prague an herbarium which is still in existence, and Zimmermann, the historian.
At the present time, besides the mother-house at Prague, there are about 26 incorporated parishes, and 85 professed members, several of whom are engaged in gymnasia and the University of Prague. There are benefices at Hadrisk, Vienna, where the order has been established since the thirteenth century, Eger, Brüx, and Schaab.
HÉLYOT, Histoire des ordres religieux (Paris, 1859); JANSEN in Kirchenlex; JACKSCHE, Gesh. des ritterl. Ordens der Kreuzherren mit dem roten Sterne (Vienna, 1882); Regula, statuta et constitutiones ordinis crucigerorum (Prague, 1880); VON BRENENBERG, Analekten zur Geschichte des Militär-Kreuzordens mit dem rothen Stern (Prague, 1787).
APA citation. (1910). Knights of the Cross. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08671a.htm
MLA citation. "Knights of the Cross." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08671a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Czeglédi Erzsébet.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.
|
<urn:uuid:69147b9c-1335-4a00-a233-25843c553342>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://[email protected]/cathen/08671a.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953519 | 1,534 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The rescue of the 33 Chilean miners last Wednesday and Thursday from their 69 days of entrapment following a cave-in provided a welcome break from the dismal news of the days. It also begs the question: Would a similar rescue of trapped American miners be undertaken with the same resolve and success?
It’s an unfair question, but one has to wonder if the American government could move as quickly and efficiently in response to such a disaster. We’ve watched a hugely inept response to Hurricane Katrina and been forced to endure three months of BP’s massive oil spill, both of which raised questions about government’s ability — and desire — to respond to disaster.
The scope of the American disasters, which covered thousands of square miles and affected hundreds of thousands of people, was far greater than the Chilean mine collapse. They required broader, more comprehensive, longer and more costly responses, and in the case of the BP spill, forced Americans to trust the perpetrators of the disaster with ending it. So, perhaps a comparison is unfair.
But Chile’s president, Sebastian Pinera, could teach American leaders about how to react. He became personally involved from day one in marshaling the country’s resources and helped the rescue become a matter of national pride. As a result, Chileans came out of this misfortune with a perception that their government cares about their lives. That’s a concept unfamiliar to most Americans.
|
<urn:uuid:0e13443d-9b52-410a-9369-af9ae589cbd7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.commercenewstoday.com/archives/4061-Could-mine-rescue-have-happened-here.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966103 | 294 | 3.015625 | 3 |
- Historic Sites
F.D.R. Vs. The Supreme Court
Did the President, as he claimed, lose a battle but win a war in his attempt to pack the Supreme Court? Historical perspective suggests another answer
April 1958 | Volume 9, Issue 3
It was Cummings who finally came up with the idea of naming new judges to replace the aged men on the bench. The fact that Justice McReynolds, when he had been attorney general in 1913, had advanced such a plan for driving overage judges of the lower courts into retirement made this approach irresistible. To the President’s delight, Cummings shrewdly camouflaged the scheme in the trimmings of judicial reform. With the aid of a few trusted lieutenants, he drafted and redrafted a bill and a presidential message to Congress.
There was no discussion of the bill with the Cabinet, congressional leaders, or members of the court. F. D. R. gave his annual dinner for the judiciary on the evening of February 3, 1937, without breathing a word of his secret to the judges. On the morning of February 5 he disclosed the contents of his message to an incredulous group of Cabinet and congressional leaders a few minutes before he jubilantly explained it to the press. Both his aloofness in working out the plan and his manner of presenting it suggested that he regarded it as almost a fait accompli .
The President represented his bill as a reform aimed at correcting injustice and relieving the court of congestion. His inference was that aged justices on the Supreme Court bench were keeping their calendar clear by rejecting an excessive number of petitions for review—a charge that almost every lawyer knew to be false. Though he called for a “persistent infusion of new blood” into the judiciary, there was only a vague hint of the bill’s real purpose in his suggestion that it would obviate the need for more fundamental changes in the powers of the courts or in the Constitution.
The heart of the bill was the provision giving the President authority to name an additional federal judge for every incumbent who had been on the bench ten years and had not resigned within six months after reaching the age of seventy. As six members of the Supreme Court had passed that age limit, F. D. R. could immediately have appointed six new justices. If Chief Justice Hughes and his five aged associates had chosen to remain, the membership of the court would have been enlarged from nine to fifteen.
Legislators gasped over the boldness of the plan, yet many of them gave it immediate support. Others who dared to speak out against it assumed their opposition would be futile; Senator Carter Glass summed up his despair by exclaiming: ”Why, if the President asked Congress to commit suicide tomorrow, they’d do it.”
The impact on the justices varied. Roberts, the youngest among them and therefore not a direct target of the President’s campaign, decided to resign if the measure were passed. Hughes, then 74, told his intimates, “If they want me to preside over a convention, I can do it.” Brandeis, the eldest of the so-called Nine Old Men and one of the greatest liberals who ever sat on the Supreme Court bench, was cut to the quick by the President’s indiscriminate assault upon age. Without exception, the justices were hostile to the scheme and resented the President’s false inference that they were not able to keep up with their work.
The first jolt that the bill sustained was a wave of public reaction against the deceptive trappings of reform in which F. D. R. and Cummings had tried to camouflage their assault upon the court. Many, even among those who thought the conduct of the court had forced the President’s hand, were critical of this indirection. It placed the Administration forces on the defensive from the very beginning.
A second severe jolt came when Senator Burton K. Wheeler read a letter from Chief Justice Hughes to the Senate Judiciary Committee, which was conducting hearings on the bill. Leaders of the fight in the Senate had asked the Chief Justice to appear in person, and he had agreed to do so if Justice Brandeis would accompany him. When he found that Brandeis believed strongly that no justice should testify in person, he contented himself with sending a letter setting forth the facts about the work of the court.
With cool logic, Hughes showed that the Supreme Court was fully abreast of its work, that it was very liberal in granting petitions for review, and that an increase in the size of the court would impair rather than enhance its efficiency. “There would be more judges to hear,” he wrote, “more judges to confer, more judges to discuss, more judges to be convinced and to decide.” Without touching on the major question of policy, Hughes left the President’s arguments a shambles.
The Senate hearings produced a chorus of opposition to the bill from distinguished leaders in many walks of life. Such an outpouring of public opinion stiffened the spines of many legislators who had been worried but silent. The Republicans wisely kept in the background and let opponents of the bill in the President’s own party lead the fight. The White House was increasingly alarmed by the disaffection of loyal New Dealers, but the President continued to scoff at any suggestion of compromise. To anxious members of his official family his stock answer was: “The people are with me; I know it.”
|
<urn:uuid:dceb3c74-93b9-46a9-bdc4-90612d574316>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.americanheritage.com/content/fdr-vs-supreme-court?page=3&nid=51031
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983087 | 1,138 | 3.703125 | 4 |
4 Answers | Add Yours
This is Hamlet's statement that he wishes he were dead, that his body, all too physical, could just melt away "into a dew" or that God had not forbidden suicide, "fixed his canon against self-slaughter" as he will say later. He has lost all interest in the things of this world ("weary, stale, flat and unprofitable" says it all). What was once, by implication, a flourishing garden is now gone to seed with only things "disguisting and decaying" growing there.
This tells us that his depression is very serious. It also tells us that he does feel very isolated and alone in his grief: "an unweeded garden / That is going to seed." He has lost interest in the things that once gave him pleasure (a classic sign of depression), and he is contemplating suicide, stopped only by the fact that he just can't "disappear," and that God has forbidden him to act on his desire to die. And this is a theme we will see developed in other parts of the play.
O that my too, too solid body would melt,
Thaw, and change itself into a dew!
Or that the Everlasting God has forbidden
Suicide! O God! O God!
How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable
All the habits of this world seem to me!
Shame on it! O for shame! It is an unweeded garden
That is going to seed, only things that are decaying and
Disgusting grow there. That it should come to this!
Only dead for two months! No, not so much, not two.
He does feel isolated. He can't understand how his mother could remarry after just one month ("No, not so much, not two") after she lost her husband, Hamlet's father. He is grieving for his father and angry at his mother. He feels betrayed by her and is trying to come to terms with what has happened.
Hamlet is suffering because his mother is getting remarried and on top of that she is marrying a killer that committed a crime. He killed his brother. Claudius is making it hard for Hamlet.
hamlet's in his soliloquy tells abouts his despair ......he has lost faith in his relations and he wants to die. however, this scene also shows his christian virtues that he can not commit suicide as it would result in his eternal damnation. furthermore this soliloquy shows how the satus of women has fallen in hamlet's eyes...he can not believe that his mother who really loved his father has married is uncle so quickly...
We’ve answered 328,310 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
|
<urn:uuid:439ecf96-839d-4fb1-9be9-b1219817428d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-hamlets-first-sliloquy-tell-us-about-his-46431
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.991872 | 582 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Crawling along a simulated overhead transmission line shield wire at roughly 1 mph (1.6 kmph), a robot called “Ti” is moving us closer to realizing the promise of the smart grid. Ti is fully armed with an array of remote-sensing technologies, including LiDAR, high-definition cameras, RF sensors, an electromagnetic interference detector and GPS. This mechanical inspector is collecting critical data on the state of the transmission grid.
Today, Ti is crawling along a line in EPRI's High-Voltage Test Laboratory in Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. In the future, Ti might be crawling along energized lines at your utility.
Ti, one of EPRI's more complex attempts, is intended to be a permanent fixture on transmission lines, making two circuits of an approximately 80-mile (129-km) loop per year. Because Ti will draw power directly from the line, it is expected to have a life expectancy on the order of a decade, although routine maintenance will be performed every two years.
When fully operational, Ti will be on the job 24/7, 365 days a year, replacing both ground patrols and flybys, and providing more and better quality data. With its suite of sensors, the robot will be able to pick up subtle abnormalities often missed by living and breathing inspectors, and, as such, can be considered a transmission line inspector itself.
Ti's suite of sensors offers many features:
High-definition visual and infrared cameras that not only will determine clearances between conductors, trees and other objects in the right-of-way, but also will be able to compare present and historical images of components to spotlight dangerous changes.
A Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor that measures exact distances, such as conductor height and position, vegetation height, nearby structures and obstructions in the right-of-way.
An electromagnetic interference detector that will collect data on discharge activity, such as arcing or corona.
Bringing It All Together
A communications system that will pick up and relay data to system operators from both the on-board sensors and any number of RF sensors (lightning, vibration, leakage current) along the transmission line right-of-way, providing a real-time assessment of conditions and actionable information on components such as insulators, conductors and compression connectors. Histograms will be available to help system operators enable assessment and set limits that trigger maintenance.
A weather station to measure temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, and barometric pressure.
A microphone to listen for line audible noise.
A GPS and inertial tracking system to identify both the robot's location and speed, as well as the location of existing and potential problem areas and components along the ling.
Of necessity, in addition to all its “smartness,” the robot is designed to be very agile. While its primary home is a transmission line shield wire, it can glide by structures and travel over armor rod splices and other obstacles, such as marker balls, relatively easily by automatically disconnecting itself from the shield wire, moving onto a pre-installed bypass system, then re-engaging the shield wire to continue inspecting. Further, if an outage occurs farther down the transmission line, the robot can be accelerated up to 5 mph (8 kmph), in many cases getting to the outage site to assess the situation before field crews arrive.
Composite insulators can flash under due to moisture ingress, then dry out again to give the appearance of a good insulator. When investigating the cause of outages, Ti can be sent to the flashover location (typically within a few hours) and also monitor subsequent activity when the line is re-energized. The robot can do a detailed visual survey to find flash marks or the carcass of a bird before the coyotes take it away. It also can sit at the outage location and do some monitoring for a few days to identify intermittent causes.
Using a smart phone, system operators or line workers can control where Ti goes, how long it stays there and what is does in the process. If Ti is probing a transmission line in some truly remote regions of the Rockies or Southwestern desert, for example, then controllers could operate the robot using satellite communications. Of course, if Ti encounters severe ice, a broken strand wire or some other obstacle that prohibits movement, it is smart enough to stay put and call for help, just like any other commuter heading to work.
We, indeed, have a lot of work yet to do to make our power grids truly “smart.” Sensing devices like our industry robot, Ti, will be one of the many as we look to truly understand and appropriately respond to the health of our network.
Andrew Phillips ([email protected]) is the director of transmission and substations research at EPRI.
|
<urn:uuid:d8aa2e94-2958-4641-809c-e034a57b2965>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://tdworld.com/print/distribution/sensing-smarter-future
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00066-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931808 | 1,008 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Passover Recipes From A Pittsburgh ChefPassover is a yearly festival celebrated by people of the Jewish faith to mark remembrance of the story of the Exodus when the Israelites were freed from their Egyptian slavers. The date for passover is based on the Gregorian calendar and changes from year to year, falling on March 25 to April 2 this year. One of the most important observations during the Passover is that no leavened flour or grain can be consumed. For that reason, many recipes and food traditions have developed around recipes that are made this way. Whether you observe Passover every year or are new to Jewish traditions these adaptations on Passover favorites from local Chef Kate Cunning are sure to have you ready for the season.
|
<urn:uuid:4c4efd55-45c6-4c86-b323-6f094acedc92>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/tag/kosher/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971592 | 146 | 2.875 | 3 |
Mount Greylock Students Learn From Annual Debates
|Eighth-graders at Mount Greylock Regional Middle School have been debating constitutional issues for more than a dozen years. This year's topics included free speech, equal rights and the death penalty.|
WILLIAMSTOWN, Mass. — It is not every day you hear Sen. Dianne Feinstein and Robert Bork quoted on the same side of a political issue.
But Mount Greylock Regional School eighth-grader Santana King managed to pair up the political odd couple on a recent Thursday morning in the school's auditorium.
King was one of the students participating in series of constitutional debates that have been conducted for about a dozen years at the school.
Students took on topics ranging from the death penalty to the Equal Rights Amendment.
King's topic was flag desecration. Specifically, she was arguing for the following resolution: "There should be an amendment to the Constitution to ban burning the American flag so that it cannot be protected by the First Amendment."
Teams of five students debated each side of the issue for about 30 minutes. It was the culmination of a several-week, interdisciplinary project coordinated by social studies teacher Pat Blackman and English teachers Sharyn Dupee and Janean Laidlaw.
"This is a challenging project," Blackman told the audience at the conclusion of the last debate in the series. "We mean it to be that. We all have been frustrated over the last few weeks. I have been, and the students have been. We mean it to be that way."
The challenge is worth it, Blackman said later.
"By far, it's a growth experience, especially since we added the paper," he said.
The process began in November when the students expressed an area of interest from among the seven topics up for debate. After they were assigned to the topic, each student researched his or her assigned issue and wrote a paper arguing for or against the resolution.
"In the past, there was not a position paper," Blackman said. "But persuasive writing is a main feature of the common core. Since we were doing this anyway, it seemed like a good fit."
After the papers were completed, the teachers divided the students in each topic into two teams, and a coin was flipped to see which team would argue affirmatively and which would argue the negative position.
On Thursday, Blackman polled the flag-desecration teams after the debate, and several said their personal opinions on the issue had been changed through the process.
No matter what those personal opinions may have been, each of the 10 students maintained a strong debating posture — respectfully challenging the assertions of the other team and attempting to persuade the audience, mostly their classmates with a few parents who were able to attend.
Most employed arguments they uncovered during their research. King, for example, found a quote from right-wing icon Bork, who once said, "Preventing [the flag's] desecration does not prevent you from expressing an idea," and coupled it with a quote from liberal legend Feinstein, who said in '06, "In a sense, I think, our flag is the physical fabric of our society."
The affirmative team seized on that sense of the flag as a special, even sacred civic object and argued repeatedly that burning a flag is a physical act, not speech.
The negative side, on the other hand, turned their opponents' patriotic argument around, maintaining, "Taking away freedom disrespects the veterans more," as Ethan Schoorlemmer put it.
Maia Hirsch strengthened that argument by bringing out the words of a Navy veteran quoted on the website of the American Civil Liberties Union.
"To have a law passed that effectively disables the First Amendment would be a slap in the face to me and to everyone else who has donated part or all of their life to preserving those freedoms," the site quotes John Magruder as saying.
Blackman said the debate series, which he helped start 13 years ago, is one of five interdisciplinary programs throughout the school year that allow students to look at social studies topics while honing their language skills.
Mount Greylock has no debate team or Model U.N. program, but Blackman said he would like to see something like that happen down the road.
"It's not an idea that's dead for me," he said. "The Gettysburg trip — I wanted to do that for five or six years before it happened. This will be our sixth year."
Blackman referenced the eighth grade's annual end-of-the-year trip to Gettysburg, Pa., at the end of the two-day series of debates last week.
"I'd rather have lawyers fighting it out in the courts than soldiers fighting it out on the battlefield," he said.
"The way we do debate today in this age of social media and such, we seem to ... move away from using reason and logic. We scream our opinions out in our status updates or on Twitter or wherever and expect that that's enough.
"It's not enough. It's allowed. We certainly have freedom of speech. You have a right to speak. That doesn't mean you have a right to be heard. You want to be heard. You want to persuade. You want to influence. Reason and logic is where it's at. That's what works. When that fails, things go bad."
Tags: constitution, MGRHS, school program,
|
<urn:uuid:19f110b4-83c7-446e-9eac-b3b447507323>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.iberkshires.com/story/45414/Mount-Greylock-Students-Learn-From-Annual-Debates.html?source=top_stories
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975492 | 1,132 | 2.75 | 3 |
No statesman would launch a war when his generals make it clear that a military defeat is expected. The fact that countries happen to suffer defeat in wars they themselves have instigated indicates that it is not rare for generals to be wrong when it comes to assessing their own military power or estimating the enemy?s capabilities.
In 1967, Egyptian generals promised their president at the time, Gamal Abdel Nasser, a resounding victory over Israel. Putting his faith in these promises, Nasser sat with his pilots in Bir-Gafgafa and, with a confident smile, challenged to come and make war. The outcome we know. In six days, the Egyptian army was brought to its knees, the generals? promises had faded in the smoke of battle, and Nasser resigned ?(withdrawing his resignation soon after in light of ?public demand??).
Saddam Husein?s generals promised that their army would defeat Iran in a matter of weeks. The Iraqi president, relying on the assessment of his military experts, launched a blitz war against Iran, a campaign that went on for eight years and claimed the lives of two million Iranians and Iraqis.
But it?s not only in the Middle East that generals tend to make empty promises and underestimate their opponents. Hitler?s generals presented him with war plans for a Soviet Union campaign and promised a swift and overwhelming victory. Hitler approved Operation Barbarossa, and the German army began its advance on Moscow. The defeat the German army suffered on Soviet ground ?(with tremendous casualties on both sides?) led to the inevitable process of Germany?s defeat in World War II.
The U.S. entanglement in Vietnam also originated, to a large extent, in unfounded promises made by generals to presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Incidentally, one of the results of that war was that the U.S. Congress subsequently decided that a president can not declare war without House approval.
There is also no doubt that George Bush?s decision to go to war in Iraq relied on the assessments and promises of his generals that victory would be swift and casualties low. This war, which the United States is still trying to end but is getting progressively more stuck in it, points to one of the major problems that lie in the dependence of policy-makers on generals: Senior officers view the world through rifle sights, and on many occasions they tend to disregard the social, cultural, political and regional aspects of the problem they wish to solve by using military force.
In order to reduce the dependency on generals, most modern democracies have established professional control bodies. The duties of such bodies are to examine the army?s assessments, its war plans, its intelligence, its recommendations for policy guidelines, and also to suggest alternative policies. An example for such a body is the U.S. National Security Council.
Parliaments in Western democracies also often serve as effective control instruments. Parliament committees monitor military activity, examine army plans and provision processes, and ask for full reports on war plans. Occasionally, these committees publish professional reports on combat doctrines, army provision, and defense budget management. In the U.S. Congress, committees even call hearings for generals in which they testify under oath.
And this is precisely the difference between us and the others: While in all other democracies, a certain dependency of policy-makers on generals is apparent, together with attempts to reduce it, in Israel, the case is not only one of dependency but the fact that our policy-makers are held captive by the generals.
The security policy-making process is in fact the domain of the Israel Defense Forces and the defense establishment. In the absence of non-IDF national security planning bodies, the major part of the planning ? not only operational and tactical planning but also strategic and political planning ? is done within the army.
The result is that military considerations have often become more dominant than political ones. Thus, Israel?s foreign policies have come to be based on an essentially belligerent perception that favors military considerations over diplomatic ones. Violence is seen not only as a legitimate instrument in international affairs, but almost as the only means that can bring positive results.
As a result, the chief of staff in Israel is afforded power that exceeds that of his counterparts in other Western armies. He is the one to decide on the policy recommendations that will be presented to the prime minister and his ministers. This, of course, gives him great political power.
In general, the Knesset and the government do not intervene in the operations of the defense establishment, which enjoys almost full autonomy when it comes to policy-making ? beginning with major issues such as the size and content of the defense budget, and including even the formulation of war plans that are presented to the government for approval only after the planning is done.
Therefore, it is no surprise that to this day, two weeks after the outbreak of the second Lebanon war, the Knesset has not held even one session on the conflict, its objectives, and the IDF operations.
It all started in the time of David Ben-Gurion, who throughout his terms as prime minister and defense minister opposed the establishment of a civilian control system over the defense establishment. Civilian control was replaced by his own charismatic control, which relied both on his status as prime minister and defense minister, and on his being the supreme authority on defense in the country.
Ben-Gurion also long opposed the establishment of a ministerial committee for security affairs. He consented only in 1953, but continued even after to keep the ministers out of the security policy-making process. One example is the Sinai War, the preparations for which were kept a secret from the members of the committee.
It is true that not all of Ben-Gurion?s successors enjoyed his authority on security, but the pattern remained the same. The civilian element did not even try to assume any control or supervisory role over the army, which enjoyed a free range in its operation and planning. In actual fact, the defense establishment shaped Israeli policy, and did not always bring it before the government to be approved.
?Things are taking place [in the defense establishment]?, said former prime minister Moshe Sharet with much frustration, ?that do not come to my attention. I hear announcements on Israel Radio and later read about them in the paper, without knowing their true background?.
Sharet was referring to the retribution actions the IDF carried out in the 1950s, some of which were not even brought before the prime minister beforehand.
One of the Knesset members? major duties should have been the overseeing of of the defense establishment, and instead they were escaping it like the plague. The Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee is at best a rubber stamp for army decisions. Even the most effective controling device, budget allotment, was not used by Knesset members.
?Obviously we must trust the General Staff when it tells us there is a need for extra rockets or tanks, even if there is someone in the committee that thinks different?, explained former Knesset member Israel Kargman, who served for many years as chairman of the Knesset Finance Committee. ?Who are we to make that decision? We know nothing about this?.
When one analyzes Israeli policy since the country?s establishment, only four cases come up in which the prime minister came up with something that the army did not suggest or approve of. Three of these cases involve ex-generals as prime ministers; and in the fourth instance, the prime minister was backed by two generals in his government.
In 1977, Menahem Begin decided on a peace agreement with Egypt that came with a price ? the withdrawal from Sinai, which sparked opposition from IDF commanders. But Begin enjoyed support from then defense minister Ezer Weizman and the foreign minister at the time, Moshe Dayan, both former generals. Yitzhak Rabin, a former chief of staff, decided to go along with the Oslo Accords in 1993, despite opposition from the army. Ehud Barak, also a former chief of staff, took the IDF out of Lebanon, despite very loud and public protests by army commanders. And Ariel Sharon, another general, decided on the Gaza disengagement plan and its execution despite strong objection from former chief of staff Moshe Ya?alon and his senior officers.
In all other cases, decisions regarding national security were based on proposals the IDF placed on the prime minister?s desk.
The current events followed the exact same pattern. The abduction of the soldiers in the north gave rise to a need ?to do something.? The prime minister and his government had only army assessments, intelligence the army presented to them, and the ready war plans before them. In fact, they had no other alternative but to approve what the IDF suggested for there is no other body or mechanism that can come up with suggestions for a policy in Lebanon.
This is precisely what happened 24 years ago. In a government session on June 5, 1982, in which the ministers voted on launching an offensive in Lebanon, they faced only two options: Approve the IDF and defense minister?s proposal to go to war, or don?t approve it. Since the government found it hard to disperse with no action set in motion, especially when faced with a security issue that had to be addressed, it chose to approve the alternative suggested by the defense establishment.
I find it fitting to close with words written in the 1960s by Yigal Allon, one of Israel?s few politicians who tried to both influence the shaping of the national security policy and to deal with defense issues with other than military means: ?The need to defend the country against aggression, the military confrontations on the borders... the military achievements, the mass drills... all of these create an atmosphere that necessarily harbors acute social and moral dangers. The danger of the spreading of chauvinist and vulgar militarism is a real danger in Israel... The culture of arms bears with it the danger of losing social, moral and cultural values, to the point of the blurring of the nation?s image as an enlightened society... This applies to all civilians and the youth, and also military personnel, who may be intoxicated by the very charm of involvement with arms.?
Want to enjoy 'Zen' reading - with no ads and just the article? Subscribe todaySubscribe now
|
<urn:uuid:66e9a2b5-dc0b-4ba9-98e1-f22d8d1c0c44>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/prisoners-to-the-generals-1.193877
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00185-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973265 | 2,119 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Acclaimed historian and biographer Johnson (Humorists: From Hogarth to Noel Coward, 2010, etc.) offers a short celebration of the life and influence of the Athenian philosopher.
An unapologetic fan, the author faces, as do all who write of distant times, the insurmountable problem of uncertainty. Socrates wrote nothing we know of, so we must rely on the records and testimony of others—generally a risky business. Johnson argues that Plato’s dialogues are initially reliable, then less so as Plato became more fond of his own ideas. Johnson chides Plato repeatedly—even compares him with Victor Frankenstein—for putting into the mouth of Socrates words that more properly belonged in his own. At other times, the author resorts to phrases like “I suspect” and “I assume” to keep his argument flowing. Johnson highlights numerous Socratic principles, most notably the separation of the body and soul, Socrates’ devotion to the law (he would not attempt to escape it, even when it meant his own safety), the immorality of revenge, the need to educate women and the corrosive desire to possess things. He notes that Socrates dearly loved Athens and Athenians, enjoyed wandering the streets and engaging people of all sorts in discussions about the meaning of apparently ordinary things. Socrates knew that clarity was essential in human discourse. Johnson also notes that Socrates’ use of humor and irony were certain to be lost on many—and were techniques disastrous to his own defense at his trial. The author also points out similarities between ancient Athens and today—e.g., our love/hate relationships with celebrities.
A succinct, useful exploration of life in ancient Athens and of the great philosopher’s essential beliefs.
|
<urn:uuid:574d7826-5c26-4223-b06f-b3d188e69fc9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/paul-johnson/socrates-man-our-times/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964449 | 358 | 3.03125 | 3 |
BREAST HEALTH TIP #14: Avoid Alcohol Avoid alcohol and drink “health-promoting drinks” like organic fruit juices, green tea, and purified water instead. Here’s why: researchers have found one drink a day can increase your risk of breast cancer by 11%; two drinks a day by 22 to 40%; and three drinks a day by 33 to 70%. >
Scientists have uncovered several explanations for alcohol’s high risk. Alcohol increases the production of estrogen and prolactin. Both of these hormones speed up cell division in breast tissue. The faster breast cells divide -- the higher your risk of breast cancer. Alcohol also interferes with the function of liver enzymes. Liver enzymes are necessary to break down toxins and carcinogens. They also break down estrogen and prepare it for elimination from our bodies. If your liver enzymes don’t function properly, the level of estrogen, toxins, and carcinogens in your body will go up and so will your risk of breast cancer.
Instead of alcohol, consider drinking organic grape juice. Grapes contain something called "resveratrol". Resveratrol inhibits the initiation of breast cancer and decreases the growth of breast tumors. It is a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Scientists have found both of these properties help protect against and fight breast cancer. In addition, if you have breast cancer and require radiation, resveratrol can help the radiation kill more tumor cells.
Our bodies have an amazing capacity to heal. The moment you drop unhealthy habits and adopt healthy ones, your body will begin repairing itself. Enjoy your holidays – and at the same time honor your health.
|
<urn:uuid:c7e457c2-e5c1-414b-885c-86f9defad39e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.healthy.net/scr/column.aspx?ColumnId=35&Id=689
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.900701 | 337 | 2.6875 | 3 |
TEACHER'S GUIDE: SUGGESTIONS FOR CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES
- Examples of poems the groups may want to read include Emerson's "Concord Hymn" and Longfellow's "Paul Revere's Ride," both of which were taught to generations of American schoolchildren.
- You may want to ask students whether they are familiar with the current poet laureate. How many members of the class read poetry on their own, and why do they enjoy it? Why do other students not read poetry? How many members of the class write poetry -- including song lyrics? What issues do they wish to address in these writings?
- Possible questions include: What was life really like inside a tenement? What happened to all the animal waste that accumulated on the street? What kinds of plays were popular at the time? Was crime a serious problem, and if so, what kinds of crime were most common?
- Students may want to learn more about a particular person because he or she came from the student's community, shares the student's first or last name, or for any other reason. In many cases, an online search that includes the person's name and home town will generate biographical information on the person in question.
- "Song of Myself" was not titled as such in the 1855 edition; it is the first poem in the collection. "Word Out of the Sea" was later called "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking."
Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this Web site do not necessarily represent those of the National Endowment for the Humanities.
|
<urn:uuid:29229df1-48f7-4a9f-905f-8bc6142931bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/whitman/tguide/hints.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975326 | 336 | 3.625 | 4 |
The Chassepot Rifle, named for its designer Antonie Alphonse Chassepot, was a French bolt action rifle, developed in response to the growing use of breechloading firearms across the world. The Chassepot served the French Army from 1867 to 1874 and saw heavy use in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 (which resulted in a French defeat).
The most significant feature of the Chassepot was the bolt action mechanism. The Chassepot design was founded upon the design of the Dreyse system (found on the Dreyse Needle gun) developed in the 1840s. However the Chassepot mechanism, however, was vastly improved, largely due to the fact it was simple. A perfect seal around the breech (which meant that all the pressure from the expanding gas produced when a cartridge is fired would escape by pushing the bullet down the chamber, rather than escaping by going through the joint of breech and mechanism) was difficult to acheive (the Dreyse was known to suffer from this issue). The Chassepot solved the issue with a rubber seal at the rear of the breech which expanded when the cartridge was fired to seal it, preventing gas escaping.
Otherwise the Chassepot was much like the Minie Rifles it replaced. The barrel was made from iron and contained a basic rifling pattern. A bayonet lug was added to allow the use of a bayonet (although the Chassepot was considered accurate at ranges of over 1,000 yds) and a ladder sight was mounted with various gradients marked upon it.
Yet the Chassepot did suffer from flaws. The most significant of these was the rubber seal that sealed the breech, which after heavy use would wear out, no longer producing a perfect seal. The seal would need to be replaced frequently to prevent the issue arising, although the concept itself held with other designers using different materials for their seals (for example Charles Ragon de Bange used greased aspestos to form a seal on the de Bange 90mm Cannon). Other issues that could arise concerned the firing pin (which would suffer from frequent use) as well as fouling of the barrel (a result of the continued use of blackpowder).
AmmunitionEditThe Chassepot fired, rather suprisingly given the rate of development of metallic cartridges, a paper cartridge which contained a .43in (11mm) calibre lead bullet. The cartridge itself contained the bullet, blackpowder and an inverted percussion cap which could be ignited by a firing pin (rather than a hammer strike as percussion lock firearms used).
The Chassepot, with its specifically developed cartridge, was capable of acheiving muzzle velocities in excess of 1,300ft/s (396m/s), a 33% improvement over the older Dreyse Needle gun. The Chassepot also had a greater effective range, almost exactly double that of the Dreyse.
The Chassepot was first introduced in 1866, becoming officially known as the Fusil Modele 1866. It replaced the infamous group of rifled muskets collectively known as the Minie Rifles, a large number of which had been converted to Tabatiere rifles (a conversion which involved the addition of a breechloading mechanism). Once introduced more than 1,000,000 Chassepot rifles would be produced, the majority of which were used in the Franco-Prussian War.Antonie Alphonse Chassepot's design was the key firearm of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), although its superiority over the Dreyse Needle gun (wielded by the Prussian forces alongside the various Vereinsgewehr and Werndl-Holub rifles of Prussia's allies) was not enough to prevent a French defeat. The conflict itself would result in the creation of Germany as a single nation, as well as breeding an ill-ease between the two nations which would help to cause both the First and Second World Wars. The Chassepot, on the otherhand, demonstrated the direction that firearms were being developed in. The use of a rubber seal prompted further development of seals across the globe, both for infantry arms and artillery. From 1867 until 1874 the Chassepot served as France's main firearm, before being replaced by the Gras rifle in 1874. The Chassepot would continue in production through until 1875 and with production figures in excess of 1,000,000 units, the Chassepot was one of the most mass produced firearms of the 19th century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chassepot-diag.jpg - Chassepot image origin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chassepot_IMG_3574.JPG - Cartridge image origin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fusil_Gras_M80_1874.jpg - Gras rifle image origin
The World's Greatest Rifles - Roger Ford - ISBN: 1-897884-33-8
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Firearms - Ian V. Hogg - ISBN: 0-906286-41-7
|
<urn:uuid:fe301a5c-e031-4d6e-9ae8-142772c047b1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://guns.wikia.com/wiki/Chassepot_rifle
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967217 | 1,083 | 3.390625 | 3 |
A team at London's City University has been granted a patent on a new 'green' technology that stops phone, laptop and MP3 chargers eating electricity even when nothing is connected to them.
Most consumers are aware of the issue of connected devices continuing to eat power even when batteries have fully charged, but few realise that this also applies to a small but measurable extent even if the device is then removed while the charger is left plugged into the mains
Called 'vampire' power loss, the phenomenon has largely been ignored by consumers and device makers until recently, because the amounts of energy consumed -around 0.1 watts per adaptor per day on average use cycles - were seen as being small.
With the patent now granted, the City University engineers, headed by Professor Sanowar Khan, have released full details of their solution to the issue in the form of a tiny micro-switch. This would be integrated with the phone or laptop interface cable, cutting power drain from then mains completely once the charging device has been physically removed form the other end.
According to Khan, a number of rival technologies have been tried to achieve the same aim but the team's micro-switch is the first do so without itself drawing any power.
"Sixty-five percent of UK mobile phone owners leave their chargers plugged in once a week, but the redundant adapters continue to use power," said Khan. "With around 70 million handsets in the country [2006 figures], conservative estimates suggest that six gigawatt-hours of energy - equivalent to six large power stations working for one hour each - is wasted in this way every year."
Helped by the University's the City Research & Enterprise Unit (CREU) technology transfer team, he hopes that the energy-saving reulation will require such a technology to be built into the next generation of device chargers as standard.
"I hope that a large mobile telephone company will embrace the technology," said Khan.
The issue could be how far the industry and its regulators want to go to eliminate energy wastage when bigger targets remain to be tackled. But as long as adaptors are used to charge devices from mains power, the day could arrive when even tiny savings on offer from Khan's micro-switch start to add up into a necessary economy.
|
<urn:uuid:5e826233-9bba-47d1-924a-f3a31c49ecdc>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/article/360669/new_mobile_charger_cuts_vampire_power_drain_zero/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398075.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962419 | 469 | 2.703125 | 3 |
“My experience and observation lead me to believe that while men admit the superiority of women in many respects, the latter do not care so much for this admission as they do for an acknowledgement of their equality.” (Franklin S. Richards)
Following on from my previous post, this post is also prompted by observations noted during my research for a presentation I was asked to give in a Relief Society lesson, looking at the role of Utah women in women’s suffrage. One of the papers I came across “Woman’s Place is in the Constitution: The Struggle for Equal rights in Utah in 1895” by Jean Bickmore White (and found in this issue of the Utah Historical Quarterly) includes some of the arguments for and against including female suffrage in the Utah state constitution, as that constitution was being drawn up. Quotes in this post have been taken from White’s paper.
This paper was interesting for three reasons: firstly, Utah women had been in position to vote from 1870-1887 before they had been disenfranchised by the Edmunds-Tucker Act less than a decade previously, so it would have seemed reasonable to me that including female suffrage in the new state constitution should have been a no-brainer; secondly, some of the arguments against that inclusion sound an awful lot like the platitudes women hear from the pulpit today, including at the last General Conference; thirdly, the arguments as a whole seem to me to mirror the arguments we have seen both for and against greater inclusion of women in church governance and/or the ordination of women.
Some women didn’t feel the need to have a vote. White notes that: “Emmeline B. Wells, editor of the Exponent, observed that some women in the territory felt no need of extending the political rights to their sex because they were sitting in “luxury and ease.“” One of the fears of including suffrage was that it would draw negative votes for the proposed constitution and thus delay statehood, and “perhaps put their whole work in jeopardy.” Consequently, it was necessary for those favouring suffrage to mobilise themselves, and campaign for the right to vote to be included in the constitution.
In a speech given on March 28 1894, B H Roberts “pleaded with women to give up their struggle for enfranchisement in order to further the cause of statehood”, and argued in later speeches that “the franchise should be given only to individuals who could act independently, free from dictation. Since most women over twenty-one were married, they could not act freely but would — and should — be ruled over by their husbands.” and that “voting was a privilege, not a right. Historically, he pointed out, there had been qualifications of age, property ownership, and literacy imposed as a condition for voting.” He further argued that:
“men and women were no doubt equal as to abilities and mentality, but they were different in their dispositions, tastes, and constitutions. Men needed women as a civilizing influence..
““…let me say that the influence of woman as it operates upon me never came from the rostrum, it never came from the pulpit, with woman in it, it never came from the lecturer’s platform, with woman speaking; it comes from the fireside, it comes from the blessed association with mothers, of sisters, of wives, of daughters…””
Those arguing for suffrage during the debates included Franklin S. Richards (son of Franklin D. and early suffragist Jane S., and married to suffragist Emily S.):
“Richards asserted that the vote for women was the next necessary step in the march of human progress. Richards said he had never known a woman who felt complimented by the statement that she was too good to exercise the same rights and privileges as a man. “My experience and observation lead me to believe that while men admit the superiority of women in many respects, the latter do not care so much for this admission as they do for an acknowledgement of their equality, and that equality we are bound in honor to concede. . . .“”
And Orson F. Whitney argued that:
“It is a noble science— the science of government — and it has a glorious future. And I believe in a future for woman, commensurate with the progress thereby indicated. I do not believe that she was made merely for a wife, a mother, a cook, and a housekeeper. These callings, however honorable — and no one doubts that they are so — are not the sum of her capabilities.”
“This great social upheaval, this woman’s movement that is making itself heard and felt, means something more than that certain women are ambitious to vote and hold office. I regard it as one of the great levers by which the Almighty is lifting up this fallen world, lifting it nearer to the throne of its Creator. . .”
White suggests the success of the suffrage movement was down to the following factors:
- The suffragists were respectable, establishment, and the wives and daughters of church leaders.
- Women voting, whilst a radical move in the wider US, was not particularly radical in Utah, it had happened before with no terrible consequence.
- There had been a lot of groundwork put in for grass root support for suffrage beforehand.
What implications do you see for, or what lessons can be learned by, if any, those involved in the events of the past year?
|
<urn:uuid:7368c6a9-b39f-410a-9ef9-745bb09d874b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.wheatandtares.org/13168/womans-place/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.982222 | 1,171 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Lesson 11: Putting It All Together
- Approximate the guys using axis-aligned boxes rather than cylinders. Each guy will just be a square in the x-z plane. Each side of the the square should be slightly smaller than twice the the radius of the cylinders we were using.
- Make all of the guys walk backwards by rotating them by 180 degrees and reversing the animation.
- Instead of drawing the number of collisions at the top of the screen, draw it as 3D text hovering above the center of the terrain. Don't have the text follow the camera; make it always face the same direction.
- Have the terrain change into the terrain from the lesson on terrains when the user presses 't' and change back when the user presses 't' again. You don't need to worry about making the guys change height smoothly.
Next is "Part 3: Special Effects".
|
<urn:uuid:d97ac708-647d-4359-8132-cf89095c54a5>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://videotutorialsrock.com/opengl_tutorial/blockhead/exercises.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.904016 | 185 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Neolithic and Early Minoan periods. From around 6000 B.C. to Early Minoan phase (Pre-Palatial period). A Neolithic fertility goddess among the statuettes. Stone jars, pottery, miniature sculpture including a clay bull with acrobats clutching its horns (related to later bull sports) Engraved seal stones, including one from Mesopotamia. Jewelry.
Middle Minoan period. Objects from earliest occupation of Malia and Knossos. Miniature glazed reliefs of Minoan houses at Knossos ('the town mosaic') ; devotional offerings from sanctuaries including figurines with arms crossed on the chest, tiny animals, and 'taximata' or representations of parts of the human body which needed healing (something one can see in Greek chapels and churches of present times; Kamares ware pottery, often with intricate white and red decoration on a darker background, which was esteemed highly by the Egyptians.
Same periods as Room 2, but at Phaestos. Most elaborate Kamares ware pottery, (discovered in and name for sacred caves of Kamares) which reached its acme at Phaestos, and exemplified by a vase with white flowers in bas relief which is part of a set used for royal banquets.
Famous Phaestos disc with 242 hieroglyphic symbols inscribed in spiral pattern from edge to center which were stamped on the clay with sealstones before the disc was fired and cited by many as first example of printing. Symbols as of yet undeciphered but the grouping of signs has been interpreted as scholars to represent words, possibly prayers.
|
<urn:uuid:1235fb9e-fbd5-4731-918c-39bcf729f03d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.greeceathensaegeaninfo.com/destinations-greece-heraklion-museum2.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9566 | 343 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Published on June 13th, 2010 | by Tina Casey1
Researchers Mine Microbes for New Wastewater-to-Energy Process
June 13th, 2010 by Tina Casey
The energy pipeline of the future will draw from many sources other than fossil fuels, and one of the most intriguing new alternatives is the use of wastewater to generate electricity and hydrogen. The process works by harnessing the biochemical reactions in microbes as they feed on human or farm wastewater, or even plain seawater. Now researchers at Arizona State University have discovered a key to making a microbial fuel cell that can function far more efficiently than earlier versions.
The new process focuses on using wastewater as a feedstock to produce hydrogen, which otherwise relies on natural gas and other fossil fuels for production. Since hydrogen fuel cells are emerging as a low-emission alternative to internal combustion engines, the recycling of wastewater to manufacture hydrogen is, sustainably speaking, icing on the cake.
Microbial Fuel Cells and Sustainability
The field of microbial fuel cells is still relatively new, but it has been developing rapidly thanks in part to interest by the U.S. military’s move away from fossil fuels. The U.S. Navy’s work with microbial fuel cells is one example. At Arizona State, a research team headed by Dr. Prathap Parameswaran has developed a way to reconfigure the cells, using the biochemical process to release hydrogen gas instead of generating an electric current. They also found that the efficiency of the process can be boosted by increasing the presence of certain bacteria. To top it off, they were able to tweak the process to reduce the effect of other microbes that would otherwise weaken the current.
Wastewater and Sustainability
Microbial fuel cells are just one means of recycling wastewater for energy. New Zealand researchers have been exploring a process for reclaiming high pressure steam from wastewater, which can be used to generate electricity. Here in the U.S., Infospi is one of a number of companies that are converting wastewater to biofuel. The EPA and the Department of Agriculture have also just launched an ambitious new program to introduce biogas production from farm waste to the U.S. dairy industry.
Fossil Fuels, Wastewater, and Sustainability
Fossil fuel harvesting is rapidly becoming a dead weight on the U.S. economy that destroys jobs to say nothing of its effect on the environment and public health. In less than two months BP’soil spill has accomplished in the Gulf of Mexico what mountaintop coal mining has been doing to the Appalachian region for years. In BP’s case the connection to the international fossil fuel market is transparent but Appalachian coal has also been sent overseas to power factories; in other words, the U.S. has allowed itself to be recolonized through fossil fuels. Instead of a $2.7 billion subsidy for fossil fuel companies in the federal budget, President Obama has called for more investment in clean energy, and in that regard sewage is looking fine: an endless supply is close at hand (so to speak), and massive quantities are collected each day through existing infrastructure with no harm to fish or fowl.
Image: Sewer pipes by Marc from Borft on flickr.com.
Keep up to date with all the hottest cleantech news by subscribing to our (free) cleantech newsletter, or keep an eye on sector-specific news by getting our (also free) solar energy newsletter, electric vehicle newsletter, or wind energy newsletter.
|
<urn:uuid:eb8ae8d9-d280-4c65-b8f8-c8a2a7f3967c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://cleantechnica.com/2010/06/13/researchers-mine-microbes-for-new-wastewater-to-energy-process/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00110-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948248 | 721 | 3 | 3 |
Queen Anne Style is one of the most recognizable styles of Victorian architecture in America. With castle-like turrets, colorful “painted lady” details, and grand porches, they’re hard to miss. These stately homes often required teams of skilled builders, carpenters and craftsmen to construct, which of course came at a high cost. Often the style of choice for the lumber barons and railroad tycoons of the day, these romantic mansions captured the hearts of Americans coast to coast— and still do today!
Not surprisingly, the popular, late 19th century style also appeared in dollhouses. But how did toy manufacturers shrink the intricate Queen Anne Victorian details for mass dollhouse production? Toy makers at the R. Bliss Manufacturing Company had the perfect solution. Instead of hand carving and applying all of the spindles, lattice work, and shingles (just think of the choking hazards!), the dollhouse’s ornate details were printed on chromolithographed paper facades. These colorful details applied to the sturdy Bliss dollhouse structure made for a perfectly playable and mass-producible Queen Anne dollhouse. After all, what little girl wouldn’t want a dollhouse fit for a queen?
|
<urn:uuid:0efc2222-2f9d-45b8-963d-9e58d4305d39>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://toyandminiaturemuseum.org/toys/pint-sized-painted-ladies/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.922397 | 254 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Listen, we get it. Sometimes our daily schedules are very busy, including time in the morning. The last thing that we usually think about before we hit the door is breakfast. It is usually by the time you get to your place of employment that you even remember that you didn’t have time to eat.
Sometimes we trade a few extra minutes of crawling underneath the covers, hitting the snooze button. But truth be told, eating a healthy breakfast during your morning not only will help you be more productive in the day, but help you maintain a healthy weight.
Many people think that skipping breakfast will help you shed those unwanted pounds. At first consideration, it seems to make sense. Eating less calories will make it so your body has less calories to burn, and therefore burn fat instead. However logically this may sound, in most cases it is not true. Here are a few reasons why:
- Our bodies run on energy provided by calories in the foods we eat. Here are 7 important reasons why you should eat breakfast:
- Eating a bigger breakfast and a smaller evening meal helps the body utilize energy more efficiently. That is because eating breakfast provides your body with the fuel it needs to be more active and productive because it restores sugar levels. When you don’t eat breakfast it can lead to an energy deficiency because you haven’t eaten since dinner the night before.
- Skipping breakfast leads to slumps mentally and physically in those who skip breakfast.
- Feeding your body all the nutrients it needs to operate at peak efficiency is difficult without eating breakfast. When we lack good nutrition, our bodies and energy levels pay the price and we are less productive overall.
- Making breakfast part of your daily routine can boost your metabolism by as much as 10 percent.
- Breakfast helps with mental performance and enhances concentration.
- Eating breakfast can affect mood, too. When our bodies are hungry it can lead to irritability and mood swings. This not only affects you, but all the people who interact with you.
What Should I Eat for Breakfast?
Now that we understand the importance of breakfast it is just as important to understand what kind of foods to eat for breakfast. Let’s face it, stuffing a toasted pastry down your throat on the way out the door does not constitute a healthy breakfast. Choosing the right foods can help keep hunger at bay throughout the morning until you are ready for lunch. This cuts back on mid-morning snacking and/or eating a large lunch and can help you lose weight even though you ate breakfast.
Many studies that link breakfast with successful weight loss or weight control consider a “healthy” breakfast to be one that is made up of:
- Protein and/or whole grains
- Low fat foods
- Low calorie foods
Making wise choices when selecting breakfast foods is an important factor in eating breakfast. You want to avoid high-sugar, high-fat foods, especially if you want to lose weight. How much you eat should be determined by how many calories you burn throughout your day, whether or not you exercise and whether or not you are trying to lose weight or just maintain your current weight.
If you follow these tips, you will see a dramatic increase in energy, productiveness, and desire to maintain healthy eating habits.
|
<urn:uuid:f2de53ed-2159-4ee4-bd75-fd4efa8df13d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://creativebioscience.com/blog/breakfast-health-benefits/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00051-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95877 | 677 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The artificial island of Jurong, lying off the southern coast of western Singapore, is a world-leading centre for the region’s downstream industries. Reclaimed from an archipelago of seven smaller islands between 1995 and 2009, the sprawling industrial site has, over the past decade, helped Singapore become a global player in oil refining and processing despite its lack of natural reserves. Home to more than 100 global petroleum and petrochemical firms, the island has attracted investment of some $42 billion since land reclamation began.
As the government and industry look to the future, changes have been set in motion to further improve Jurong Island’s long-term prospects. Through the Economic Development Board and Ministry of Trade and Industry’s Jurong Island Version 2.0 (JIv2.0) expansion plan, improvements are underway in the areas of energy, logistics and transportation, feedstock, environment and water supply, preparing Jurong Island, Singapore and the region as a whole for a changing world.
ISLAND CONSTRUCTION: The Jurong Island project was conceived in the 1980s. Buoyed by a rapid industrialisation and a successful but space-restricted refining sector, the government of Singapore decided to merge seven small offshore islands. The site was chosen for its proximity to the mainland town of Jurong, and its position at the mouth of the Malacca Strait. By 1991, contractors had been appointed to begin the task of creating 1,022 hectares of new land, and a completion date of 2030 was announced. The project was bold – by viewing the development as an interconnected whole from the outset, the designers planned shared facilities, common corridors and centralised logistics, reducing capital investment and minimising operational costs. In the years since, their synergised and clustered approach to business has been vindicated.
In 1995, land reclamation began, with contactors Penta-Ocean and Koon Construction dredging material from the seabed around Batam Island in neighbouring Indonesia, before transporting it to Jurong by barge and depositing it onto newly-created sand keys around the Jurong site. A complex system of phases meant existing businesses on the islands could keep functioning, and by 1996 the first of these were underway. Phase one linked the islands of Pulau Merlinau, Pulau Seraya, Pulau Ayer Chawan, Pulau Ayer Merbau and Pulau Sakra, while phase two joined Pulau Pesek and Pulau Pesek Kecil, before linking the two sections.
Phases 3A and 3B followed, the former linking the final two islands, and the latter, valued at some $2 billion, forming the largest reclamation contract in history and providing for a road link between the new island and the Singaporean mainland. In April 1999, the bridge was completed, and the first trucks trundled across. Though still almost 10 years from its eventual completion (some 20 years ahead of schedule) in 2009, the island was already home to some of Singapore’s most important industrial tenants.
BUSINESS AFLOAT: By 2000, when Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong officially opened the site, a roster of energy and chemical majors had already begun operations on the island, including DuPont, Sumitomo, Chevron, Exxon, Mobil, Celanese, Mitsui and Lonza. In their wake had come operational service firms, including SembCorp, Vopak and Oiltanking Singapore - output from the island was estimated at $13.5 billion (S$23.7 billion) in the preceding year, and thousands of new jobs had been created. A ‘plug and play’ network for feedstock, logistics and utilities meant new business could set up quickly and operate efficiently.
Jurong Island’s planners had created a regional powerhouse – in 2005, the island’s output was estimated at $39.9 billion (S$66.5 billion) , an increase of more than 30 percent over the previous year – in 2006, the Associated Press claimed Jurong Island had “a GDP bigger than some nations.” Five years later, the island’s refineries were processing 1.3 million barrels of crude oil per day, making Singapore the third-largest refiner of oil globally, despite its lack of oil reserves. Development continued apace, and by 2009 the planned reclamation was completed. Business on the island had grown further, and it was now home to facilities run by CIBA, Huntsman, Natural Fuel, Nexsol, Tate & Lyle and a host of other new energy and chemical players
Keen to capitalise on the project’s success and stay ahead of a changing global industry, the government of Singapore has, since official completion of the island, begun planning for further expansion and modernisation. In May 2010, Singapore’s Trade and Industry Minister Lim Hng Kiang announced JIv2.0, a wide-ranging initiative focused on “areas such as system-level energy efficiency solutions” and “new competitive feedstock and logistics options” over the coming 10 to 15 years.
The expansion project was conceived with the help of Singapore’s Economic Development Board (EDB), JTC Corporation, the Maritime Port Authority, the Singapore Land Transport Authority, the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources, the Public Utilities Board and firms based on the island.
SUB-PROJECT PLANNING: Aside from seeking new efficiencies and building existing business, JIv2.0 includes major sub-projects, each linked with existing or planned facilities on the island. One of these, announced by the island’s operator JTC Corporation, is the possible use of tapping wasted ‘cold’ energy from Singapore LNG’s terminal to power a new seawater desalination plant. Another involves Shell Chemicals, which, following the construction of a $3-billion petrochemical complex on the island, announced plans for a new high-purity ethylene oxide plant to start operation in 2013 . Combined with the plug and play nature of the services, this may attract detergent manufacturers and others, helping to generate a new high-purity chemicals hub.
Another project under the JIv2.0 umbrella is the introduction of new feedstock, including coal-based synthetic gas, liquefied petroleum gas and biorenewables. Long-term competitive access to feedstock is considered a priority – ExxonMobil Chemical is currently constructing a 1-million-tonne-per-year flexible-feed cracker and on the island, due for completion at the end of 2012, while Japan-based firm Asahi Kasei is building a 100,000-tonne-per-year solution-styrene butadiene rubber plant, due to go come online gradually between June 2013 and early 2015. German firm LANXESS is following suit, with plans for the world’s largest neodymium polybutadiene rubber plant – it is slated for completion in mid-2015.
In March 2012, JTC announced that 10 projects under JIv2.0, including the construction of a second road bridge to the Singaporean mainland, had been researched with positive results, and that some were “already in the process of being implemented.”
CHEMICALS CENTRE: Though Jurong Island now accounts for a significant portion of Singapore’s manufacturing economy, JIv2.0 also seeks to build on the long-term intellectual value inherent to the chemicals industry. According to one Economic Development Board spokesman, Singapore’s longstanding tradition of intellectual property rights protection has brought growth as a centre for the development and marketing of proprietary chemical products – secure facilities help to protect efforts in research and development.
A green campus, opened on the island in October 2012 by US management consultancy McKinsey & Company, builds on the research-oriented environment in Singapore, offering training in sustainable development and energy efficiency. According to McKinsey, Jurong offers not only a home for the new campus but an example of its principles, using advanced mechanisms to harness wasted energy, while sharing logistics and infrastructure to reduce emissions.
NORTHERN COMPETITION: As JIv2.0 presses forward in its aim to help Singapore become Asia’s premier chemical and refining hub, it will face challenges, not least from rivals in China and the Middle East. As China seeks to grow its own capacity and reduce imports, local production of commodity petrochemicals has been ramped up, leaving Singapore struggling to keep pace. Middle Eastern producers, already benefiting from their own oil and gas reserves, are able to produce commodities at a lower price.
In this competitive environment, Singapore has sought to move up the value chain, meaning JIv2.0 has a particular focus on producing advanced, high-margin chemicals. This leaves the country dependent on imports, and as China become more self-reliant and the traditionally large Western chemicals market slows, Jurong and Singapore’s wider manufacturing sector may find itself squeezed.
Another potential challenge lies with Singapore’s lack of access to renewable energy. With no immediately available hydro or geothermal energy resources, an average wind speed of just 2 metres per second, and a lack of space for solar installations, efficiency is key. JIv2.0 seeks in part to counter this through energy audits, shared systems and industrial recycling, but some commentators have called for changes in subsidies and regulation to slow domestic consumption. Space, ever a consideration in the city-state of Singapore, may present another challenge as Jurong’s importance grows.
JURONG STRONG: Despite the potential pitfalls, Jurong Island will remain a major feature of the regional and international energy and industrial landscapes. As the global economy pivots east, Singapore must rise to new challenges, building on its location and expertise while fending off rivals and mitigating its natural limitations. As Singapore fights for its position, so too must Jurong Island, more firms must be attracted, and diversification sought.
Since its inception, Jurong Island has consistently exceeded expectations – it was completed some 20 years early and became home to a businesses from across the world, before defying the financial downturn and cementing its place at the heart of Singaporean manufacturing. If the Jurong Island version 2.0 expansion plan can help steer a course through the coming years, the future may be just as bright.
|
<urn:uuid:4eace4ed-3081-4781-b230-ae2a912202e5>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.theoilandgasweek.com/191212/article.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944164 | 2,137 | 2.515625 | 3 |
A neurologist criticizes the emerging new language that attaches the prefix “neuro” to economics, linguistics, marketing and attempts to explain market crashes by fMRI brain scans.
Burton (On Being Certain: Believing You Are Right Even When You're Not, 2008, etc.) warns of a dangerous trend in which what once were considered to be “metaphysical musings” by neurologists, are now increasingly being “offered and seen as scientifically based facts.” The author takes issue with those eminent neuroscientists and philosophers who suggest that “the explanation of consciousness is around the corner.” Beginning with the early use of EEGs to explain mental functions by referencing brain waves, he traces the use of modern technology, such as fMRI, to bridge the mind–brain gap, which is an effort that is inherently flawed. Burton explains that using brain scans to observe which areas of the brain are activated is informative but limited. At the neuro-atomic level, scientists have yet to determine the number of cells in a typical brain or the relationship between neurons and the surrounding gray matter that has been thought to play a supporting role but may actually be involved in thought processes. While neuroscientists can observe mental activation, it is impossible for them to determine when (or whether) it is conscious without the subjects' own reports of their thought processes. People form intentions consciously, and they are then carried out in large measure by brain activities (sensations, beliefs, biases) of which we are only dimly aware. A brain scan shows areas of activation but cannot distinguish between conscious and unconscious thought processes. Burton makes clear that neuroscience is “improving both our daily lives and our self-understanding,” but he takes issue with the role assumed by neuroscientists as “the preeminent narrators of the modern story of the mind.”
An informative, witty, provocative meditation on the mind–brain paradox.
|
<urn:uuid:8690d21f-7916-4570-990d-7b2b36d8eae4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/robert-a-burton/a-skeptics-guide-to-the-mind/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00012-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959051 | 403 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Unless you are willing to invest a lot of money (or your landlord is) it’s nearly impossible to make your apartment or room completely soundproof. However, it is possible to add sound absorbing materials and reduce unwanted noise. Let’s start with understanding the basics of sound and noise.
Sound is an audible wave that can travel through air, water and even glass. How our brain perceives this sound can vary. The way we perceive sound can be affected by the frequency of the noise as well as vibration. The loudness of sound is measured in decibels; the higher the decibel reading, the louder the noise. A human breathing measures 10 decibels, the average home is about 50 decibels, and a loud rock concert is about 110 decibels.
Dealing with noisy neighbors or neighborhoods
Living in a multi-family dwelling, like an apartment building, can often be noisier compared to a single-family home in the suburbs. People living in an urban setting generally accept a louder environment – whether that noise is from thin walls, old windows, construction, or street noise. You may not be able to completely remove the noise but there are usually ways to diminish the amount or reduce the decibel level. There are several apps on the market that can measure the decibel level in your home. If the reading is high enough, it might be something to bring up with your landlord, especially if this noise is controllable.
Noisy neighbors? Focus on the source, then see if you need sound blockers or sound absorbers. – Tweet this!
Soundproofing versus sound absorbing
Soundproofing means that there is no noise entering or leaving a space. Sensitive spaces like conference rooms or recording studios may employ soundproofing design to limit the amount of noise entering or leaving a space. If a home has a media room it may have been constructed using specialize insulation or carpet padding to ensure that noise doesn’t escape the space. Completely soundproofing a space might include applying material to the ceiling, walls and flooring but might also include specially designed windows or installing sound blocking materials within the walls.
Unlike blocking noise from entering a space, sound absorbing materials reduce ambient sounds within a room. The next time you’re at a restaurant take a look around – most likely they’ve installed acoustical tiles on the ceiling or hung fabric from the ceiling to help reduce the amount of noise bouncing off of surfaces. Absorbing noise from inside a space involves using sound absorbers like foam, hanging baffles or acoustical tile. If your home has a lot of interior noise (like from noisy roommates or a loud TV), you may want to use sound absorbing materials to reduce noise.
How to soundproof
There are plenty of sites that offer sound reduction materials for residential spaces but if they are too expensive you can use more DIY methods. Decorative fabric can cover some of these industrial materials or you can devise a way to hide the material behind objects. When it comes to soundproofing your space, there are generally two types of materials: sound blockers and sound absorbers. To keep noise from entering your space, look for sound blockers. These products can be applied over doors, windows, and walls or in between cracks where these items meet. Soundproofing materials are measured by how much noise they block (you can read more about the rating system here at Soundproof Cow).
How do I know what I need?
In order to reduce noise in your apartment you’ll first want to determine, as best you can, the source of the noise. Noisy neighbors? Construction site across the street? Loud roommates? Focus on the worst sound offenders and figure out where most of the noise is coming from. This will help you focus on which areas of your home to address.
Blocking noise through windows
Glass is a terrific conductor of light, heat and noise. And this doesn’t always work to your advantage. Just like cold air, noise can easily enter a single pane of glass and amplify noise. Upgrading windows to a triple pane is usually out of the question for apartment dwellers so you can try a couple of DIY applications. At night (when noise might bother you the most) hang the heaviest or thickest drapes you can and consider several layers of fabric. You can also purchase thick pieces of sound blocking materials like this temporary sound blocking quilt. Although not pretty, this can be hung up during noisy periods of time and removed when not needed. Check the seals around the windows for gaps and get those sealed (ask your landlord before applying anything permanent). Sealing gaps will also help with drafts.
Blocking noise through ceiling and walls
If you are tired of the loud footsteps coming from above your head, you’ll have to have a discussion with your landlord or neighbor. Some cities have guidelines regarding how much flooring within an apartment needs to be covered with carpeting or rugs – this is to help reduce noise. The flooring above you might also have squeaking issues, which will have to be fixed either in the flooring above or in the floor joists.
If your walls feel “thin” and you are able to hear your neighbors TV through your walls, you can do a few things. Adding bookshelves and other thick pieces of furniture can help. You can make it even more noise-proof by adding a thick piece of foam like this commercial foam composite between the wall and the piece of furniture. If you have a decent relationship with your neighbors, you might also start a conversation with them about adding more sound absorbing or sound blocking materials to their home, thus ensuring that less noise travels through the walls.
Reducing noise inside your home
If the irritable noise is stemming from inside your home (from other rooms or people) you’ll want to focus on sound absorbing materials like thick cotton, felt, or foam. These materials are designed to be applied directly to walls and ceilings but could also be placed on other furniture items like tall bookcases, room dividers or on doors. Adding decorative fabric on top of the foam can help make it look more attractive.
Remember that sound travels around a room and will tend to bounce off of hard surfaces and be absorbed into soft surfaces. An empty room is more echo-y than a room filled with furniture. You may need to add more upholstered goods like sofas and chairs or soft materials like rugs. You can also get creative with your wall art by hanging colorful, sound absorbing felt (try a company like Filz Felt). White noise can be another way to mitigate outside noises (try a fan or a white noise machine), so can old-fashioned earplugs.
|
<urn:uuid:c28241dc-2f06-46e0-a919-18104ca252b5>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://porch.com/advice/whats-best-way-soundproof-apartment/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00166-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937029 | 1,389 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Dental decay is the most common chronic disease affecting children. It affects speech, learning, nutrition and self-esteem. Dental care for young children is very important, as an estimated 30 percent of all school aged children have multiple decayed teeth. Poor diet, lack of oral hygiene and limited access to dental care contribute to this problem.
Providing dental care for the economically challenged of Missouri is especially difficult. Many families exist at or slightly below the 100 percent federal poverty income level. Those children can qualify for the free or reduced price lunch program at school but may not qualify for Missouri Medicaid, including dental care. Also, once a person turns 21, they typically lose eligibility for dental care under Medicaid.
Safety net clinics such as those at Truman Medical Center Lakewood attempt to address these gaps in dental care coverage. TMC has also developed a mobile dental clinic to actually provide on-site dental care at certain area schools.
The American Dental Association designated February as National Children’s Dental Health Month. Dentists all over the nation join in activities to promote Children’s Dental Health Month. One program is “Give a Kid a Smile.” You may have seen something on the nightly news about dentists treating needy children for a day at no charge. The Greater Kansas City Dental Society provides this service at the UMKC School of Dentistry. At this one-day event in 2013, dental society members provided over $38, 000 worth of dental care for 128 children. Nationally over 400,000 children were seen at over 1700 events in February of 2013.
Another program, “Into the Mouths of Babes,” is an effort to educate and collaborate with Pediatricians and Family Medicine Physicians to understand the importance of early dental examinations and early preventive dental care. Current recommendations include dental examinations for children as young as a year and a half.
Fluoride supplements may also be recommended if you live in an area with non- fluoridated water. These efforts help reduce the number of children with Early Childhood Decay Syndrome, where children under the age of 5 have five or more decayed teeth. So ask your children’s physician about the need for dental care.
Finally, the Missouri Dental Association provides an annual opportunity for children and the rest of the family to have access to free dental services. It is called Missouri Mission of Mercy. The location moves around the state. We had one here in Kansas City four years ago. The last one was held in 2013 in Cape Girardeau where they saw 1,777 patients and provided an estimated $960,000 worth of dental care. All of these programs bring into focus the extreme need for dental services in our state and community.
John Dane is the Dental Director for Truman Medical Center Lakewood. Dane also serves as a member of the Health Education Advisory Board for the City of Lees Summit.
|
<urn:uuid:f70c904b-5fc6-427b-b205-3de0096f137a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.lsjournal.com/2014/03/14/112470/childrens-dental-health.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00061-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956848 | 594 | 3.375 | 3 |
Sorin Cosoveanu has provided me with some documentation about changes in Equatorial Guinea. A new city,
Oyala, has been built as a future capital. Its name has been changed to Djibloho; formal name, Djibloho de
Obiang Nguema Mbasogo. And now it has been split from Añisok district as a new district, and simultaneously
made a new province, split from Wele-Nzas province, both named Djibloho.
ISO 3166-2 Newsletter II-3 is dated 2011-12-15. This update changes the spelling of some province
names. Following ISO, I have removed the accent from Wele-Nzás.
|Short name||EQUATORIAL GUINEA|
At the start of the 20th century, there were three Spanish colonies called Elobey, Annobón y
Corisco; Fernando Póo; and Guinea Continental Española. In 1909 they were united under one
administration, forming Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea. The more convenient name Guinea
Española was used increasingly, and finally became official. On 1968-10-12 it became an
Other names of country:
- Danish: Ækvatorialguinea, Republikken Ækvatorialguinea
- Dutch: Equatoriaal-Guinea, Equatoriaal Guinee, Republiek Equatoriaal-Guinea (formal)
- English: Republic of Equatorial Guinea (formal)
- Finnish: Päiväntasaajan Guinea
- French: Guinée f équatoriale
- German: Äquatorialguinea n
- Icelandic: Miðbaugs-Gínea
- Italian: Guinea f Equatoriale
- Norwegian: Ekvatorial-Guinea, Republikken Ekvatorial-Guinea (formal)
- Portuguese: Guiné Equatorial, República f da Guiné f Equatorial (formal)
- Russian: Республика Экваториальная Гвинея (formal)
- Spanish: Guinea Ecuatorial, República f de Guinea f Ecuatorial (formal)
- Swedish: Ekvatorialguinea
- Turkish: Ekvatoral Gine Cumhuriyeti (formal)
Origin of name:
Descriptive: lies near the equator and on the Gulf of Guinea (see Guinea)
Equatorial Guinea is divided into eight provinces.
|I||5,232 ||17||7||San Antonio de Palea|
|Bioko Sur |
|Centro Sur |
|8 provinces ||1,222,442||28,051||10,830|
- HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes.
- ISO: Province codes from ISO standard 3166-2.
- FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10-4.
- Reg: Region (for key, see "Further subdivisions" below).
- Population: 2015-07-19 census, preliminary results (Source )
See the Districts of Equatorial Guinea page.
Equatorial Guinea also uses a subdivision into two regions. ISO 3166-2 lists them, assigning
them the one-letter codes shown below, and FIPS assigns them the four-character codes shown.
These regions were the former provinces of the country.
|ISO||ISO name||FIPS||FIPS name|
Before 1963, Fernando Póo was subdivided into four regional districts, and Río Muni was
subdivided into 11 municipios.
Litoral province contains the islands of Corisco, Elobey Chico, and Elobey Grande in the Muni
The UN LOCODE page for Equatorial Guinea lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions.
Origins of names:
- Annobón: From Portuguese anno bom: happy new year, discovered on 1471-01-01.
- Bioko: After Adolfo Bioco, who in turn was born in a village named Bioko. Norte: North. Sur:
- Centro Sur: Spanish for Center-South.
- Fernando Póo: after the Portuguese navigator Fernando Póo, who discovered it and called it Ilha
Formosa (beautiful island).
- Litoral: Spanish for Coastal.
- Macías Nguema Biyogo: After Francisco Macías (later Masie) Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong, dictator
from 1968 until his overthrow in 1979.
- Río Muni: From the estuary at the southwestern corner of the territory, misnamed as a river by
early explorers. Muni is a Pamue word for big.
- 1935-04-16: Guinea Española colony subdivided into two districts: Fernando Póo (capital Santa
Isabel, included Annobón Island) and Guinea Continental (capital Bata, included Corisco and Elobey).
- 1960-04-01: Status of districts changed to Spanish overseas provinces. Guinea Continental renamed
- 1963-12-20: Fernando Póo and Río Muni province were combined to form Guinea Ecuatorial autonomous
- 1973: Name of Fernando Póo island and province changed to Macías Nguema Biyogo (sometimes
given as just Macías Nguema); name of Río Muni province changed to Mbini; name of national capital
changed from Santa Isabel to Malabo; name of Annobón island changed to Pagalu.
- 1979: Name of Macías Nguema Biyogo changed to Bioko; name of Mbini restored to Río Muni; name
of Pagalu restored to Annobón.
- ~1990: The provinces became regions, and were subdivided into the seven new provinces.
- 2015-08-03: Djibloho province split from Wele-Nzas (former HASC code
Sources for census data: 2015 - , 2001 - , 1994 -
Other names of subdivisions:
Fernando Póo: Fernando Po (variant)
- FAO: Documento de Perspectiva -
República de Guinea Ecuatorial (retrieved 2007-05-18). Cites
"Estado de población: Resultados del II Censo de Población y II de Viviendas de 1994".
- Evolución y
Distribución de la población total por sexo y región . Dirección
General de Estadística y Cuentas Nacionales (retrieved 2007-06-05). Paolo Pagani has pointed out
that the implied growth rate from 1994 to 2001 is impossibly high. The earlier census may be
understated, or the later one exaggerated.
- Censo de
Población 2015: Resultados Preliminares . Ministerio de Economía,
Planificación e Inversiones Públicas (retrieved 2016-03-06).
- "Solemn
inauguration of the new city of Djibloho ". Equatorial Guinea’s
Press and Information Office (dated 2015-08-03, retrieved 2016-04-22).
|
<urn:uuid:e732f1d3-0629-4b30-8673-dcc02f0f5f45>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.statoids.com/ugq.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.662922 | 1,650 | 2.796875 | 3 |
10/10/2011 7:34:52 AM
A patient's ability to ride a bicycle can help doctors determine whether the patient has Parkinson's disease or atypical parkinsonism, regardless of the terrain or riding situation, a new study indicates. Atypical parkinsonism includes disorders that appear similar to Parkinson's disease but respond differently to treatment. It was already known that patients with atypical parkinsonism lose the ability to cycle early in their illness, while Parkinson's patients can still ride well.
comments powered by
|
<urn:uuid:b3b64567-f0fa-4153-a742-532ab9d62c59>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.biospace.com/News/bicycle-may-speed-up-parkinsons-diagnosis-wakayama/235898
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00095-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.952961 | 109 | 2.515625 | 3 |
This page has been archived on the Web
Information identified as archived is provided for reference, research or recordkeeping purposes. It is not subject to the Government of Canada Web Standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived. Please contact us to request a format other than those available.
Supplementary Guide for Reporting to the National Pollutant Release Inventory - Alternate Thresholds 2000
- List of Tables
- List of Figures
- Section 1: Introduction
- Section 2: Overview of Reporting Criteria
- Section 3: Mercury (and its Compounds)
- Section 4: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
- Section 5: Dioxins/Furans and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
- Section 6: Wood Preservation
- Section 7: Examples of How to Estimate Releases
- Appendix 1: Acronyms and Abbreviations
- Appendix 2: Measurement Factors
- Appendix 3: Alphabetical Listing of NPRI
- Appendix 4: Definition of Biomedical Waste
- Appendix 5: Definition of Hazardous Wastes
- Appendix 6: NPRI Consultations
- Appendix 7: Potential Sources of PAHs and Mercury (and its Compounds)
- Appendix 8: Reported Mercury Content of Various Products and Materials
- Appendix 9: NPRI Emission Factor Database for Alternate-Threshold Substances
- National and Regional NPRI Offices
- Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Appendix 6: NPRI Consultations
- A6.1 Introduction and History
- A6.2 CEPA List of Toxic Substances
- A6.3 Toxic Substances Management Policy
- A6.4 Persistent Organic Pollutants Protocol
- A6.5 Canada-Wide Standards
- A6.6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
In the latter half of 1997, Environment Canada held consultations with stakeholders to gather input on priority issues for the development and improvement of the NPRI. As part of its response to the input received, Environment Canada established the NPRI Multistakeholder Ad Hoc Work Group on Substances. The Work Group was comprised of industry, government and environmental representatives. One of its mandates was to examine candidate substances for addition to the NPRI at alternate reporting thresholds (other than the 10-tonne manufacture, process or otherwise use threshold).
Together, Environment Canada and the Work Group developed a list of candidate substances for addition to the NPRI at alternate thresholds. In identifying these candidate substances, the Work Group considered several lists of substances. The substances identified to have the highest priority for addition to the NPRI were dioxins, furans, HCB and PAHs, for reasons discussed below. The need to lower the 10-tonne reporting threshold for mercury was also identified as a priority.
Environment Canada presented background information to the Work Group on these substances so that Work Group members could make recommendations to Environment Canada on appropriate reporting criteria for these substances. Details of the Work Group recommendations and Environment Canada's response are available on the NPRI Web site or from NPRI offices. Some of this information is covered in Sections 3.1, 4.1 and 5.1 of this Supplementary Guide.
Mercury, PAHs, HCB, dioxins and furans are listed on the CEPA (1999) List of Toxic Substances. Dioxins, furans and HCB are CEPA Track 1 substances that are slated for virtual elimination. Virtual elimination of a toxic substance released into the environment as a result of human activity is defined in subsection 65(1) of the CEPA (1999) as "the ultimate reduction in the quantity or concentration of the substance in the release below the level of quantification".
Twelve substances were identified for virtual elimination under Environment Canada's Toxic Substances Management Policy (TSMP) Track 1. Eight of these substances are pesticides not currently registered for use in Canada, and the other four are dioxins, furans, HCB and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The TSMP provides a framework based on two key objectives:
- virtual elimination from the environment of toxic substances that are persistent, bioaccumulative and result primarily from human activity (Track 1), and
- life-cycle management of other toxic substances and substances of concern to prevent or minimize their release into the environment (Track 2).
Canada has signed a protocol on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), negotiated under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE) Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Included on the list are the 12 TSMP Track 1 substances, and PAHs. The criteria for selecting these substances included a potential for, or evidence of, long-range transboundary atmospheric transport, a toxicity criterion (potential to adversely affect human health and/or the environment), and established persistence and bioaccumulation levels.
Canada-Wide Standards (CWSs) are based on a framework in which federal, provincial and territorial Environment Ministers work together to address key environmental protection and health risk-reduction issues that require common standards across the country. CWSs can include qualitative or quantitative standards, guidelines, objectives and criteria for protecting the environment and reducing the risk to human health. CWSs will include a numeric limit (e.g., ambient, discharge, or product standard), a commitment and timetable for attainment, a list of preliminary actions to attain the standard and a framework for reporting to the public. CWSs have been developed for mercury emissions and dioxins/furans.
Pollutant Release and Transfer Registries (PRTRs) such as the NPRI have also been established in other countries. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) administers the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), which is a publicly-accessible database similar to the NPRI. Since the Commission for Environmental Cooperation under the NAFTA reports PRTR data from both programs together, it is preferable to have similar reporting criteria in the NPRI and the TRI, where possible.
In previous years, the US EPA required reporting by certain facilities of their releases, transfers and other waste-management practices for certain toxic chemicals if they were manufactured, processed or otherwise used at certain thresholds. The reporting thresholds are 25 000 pounds (11 364 kg) for chemicals that are manufactured or processed, and 10 000 pounds (4 545 kg) for chemicals that are otherwise used. For the 2000 reporting year, the US EPA revised the reporting thresholds for certain substances that persist and bioaccumulate in the environment, modified other reporting criteria for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic chemicals, and added several other chemicals. Further information can be obtained from the US EPAWeb site at www.epa.gov.
- Date modified:
|
<urn:uuid:27205c44-d51a-4b8d-acbe-a12d14574d6b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=C76EF462-1&offset=17&toc=show
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911795 | 1,407 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Flying robots at the FRAC Centre in Orléans, France, have built a nearly 20-foot-tall structure based on blueprints designed by Swiss architects Fabio Gramazio and Matthias Kohler, with assistance from Zurich roboticist and professor Raffaello D’Andre. The tower was built by four quadrocopters—worker-bee-like mobile flying machines that use four rotors for better agility—that were programmed to lift, carry, and assemble 1,500 polystyrene foam bricks to complete the design.
Entitled "Flight Assembled Architecture," the exhibition, which opened on December 4, is a 1:100 scale version of a large-scale, 2,000-foot-tall "vertical village" that could house 30,000 inhabitants. This "revolutionary assembly apparatus," the architects say, addresses a new way of thinking about architecture as "a physical process of dynamic formation." In other words, they’re re-imagining the role of the architect in a new digital environment. "We do not design architecture solely by drawing," they wrote in advance of the show, "but conceive spatial relationships and contextual behavior through programming." Each quadrocopter uses three pins to puncture, hold, and carry the bricks while a motion capture system on the ceiling directs where the foam bricks are placed.
So yeah, it’s not quite Jetsons-level. But in the video above, the little machines move around pretty efficiently. They lower the foam bricks into place aggressively, after testing showed that gentler landings were more affected by turbulence. And to avoid collisions, the vehicles use two "freeways" around the tower by reserving the space required for any particular flight trajectory.
This isn’t the first time we’ve heard from Gramazio and Kohler—in 2009, we reported about their project for NYC, in which they used car-assembly robots to create an undulating brick wall. Ho-hum. Those robots didn’t fly.
|
<urn:uuid:6e1d012b-606f-46cb-9cbe-d19e7d4cedde>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.fastcodesign.com/1665592/first-time-ever-flying-robots-build-20-foot-tall-tower-video
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951491 | 417 | 3 | 3 |
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Phaedrus used the number zero as a means of showing
(a) subjective elimination.
(b) classic formalism.
(c) scientific materialism.
(d) reductio ad absurdum.
2. If Quality exists in the object,
(a) it is just a fancy name for a bunch of nonsense.
(b) people should be able to see and feel it.
(c) Phaedrus should be able to define it.
(d) scientific instruments should be able to detect and measure it.
3. Which of the following did NOT draw up a system of geometry?
4. The concept that "a thing exists if a world without it can't function normally" is which branch of philosophy?
5. Value is all the following EXCEPT
(a) an irrelevant off-shoot of structure.
(b) the leading edge of reality.
(c) the preintellectual awareness.
(d) the predecessor of structure.
Short Answer Questions
1. The Narrator is so busy with his Chautauqua that he
2. Chris found some funny plants out on the rocks in the ocean, but it turned out the plants were really animals called
3. Which is NOT a way in which the Narrator knows that Chris is exhausted?
4. A branch of philosophy concerned with the definition of Quality is known as
5. Which of the following is NOT a description of a world without Quality?
This section contains 261 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)
|
<urn:uuid:c06d7478-91bd-4137-81d2-97653210b041>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/zen-art-of-motorcycle-maintenance/test4.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00125-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.889395 | 362 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Raise Smart Toddler
When your baby turns one year old, he becomes a toddler, a very young child.
She will gain enough control of her growing body to walk, climb, jump, run, and manipulate objects. She will learn to use language to communicate, ask questions, tell you what she needs, and tell stories.
Her learning style is becoming more evident. Her personality will be forming, as the genes she inherited interacts with the quality of her environment and your parenting.
Your toddler wants to be independent, but at the same time is scared of it all. She wants your help but at the same time, she doesn’t want it. This shift in emotions can give rise to tantrums. But this will ease as your child learns to talk better to express her feelings.
This is the stage where your kid grows so fast and changes so much.
Researchers from the University of Texas found that fat toddlers have a high rate of iron deficiency, and Hispanic youngsters are more affected by this than other groups. Iron deficiency ca... Read more
Tablets and smartphones – either using the iOS (iPad and iPhones) or Android (including Kindle Fire) platform – are among the recent technology advancements that can contribute to making lea... Read more
|
<urn:uuid:b605d89c-8723-414a-9306-57ac4b685d61>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.raisesmartkid.com/1-to-3-years-old
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.954254 | 258 | 2.921875 | 3 |
For Release: February 7, 2008
DOE Announces 21st Century After-school Science Project
A new science project for children in 21st Century Community Learning Centers statewide was unveiled this week by Department of Education officials.
The program, sponsored by the DOE’s federal funding in collaboration with the Liberty Science Center in Jersey City and the New Jersey School-Age Coalition in Westfield, gives students in grades 4 through 8 hands-on experiences with science projects in their after-school programs that will reinforce what they learn during the school day and spark their interest in the field of science.
“After-school programs play an increasingly important role in the lives of New Jersey’s families,” said Education Commissioner Lucille E. Davy. “This new program enables students to use their language arts and math skills as they experiment, question and learn new information about the world around them. We are excited to provide children with this opportunity and hope to cultivate young scientists. ”
The model, called the 21st Century After-school Science Project, is two years in the making. It includes a facilitator guide, 21 lesson plans and student field journals. The lessons focus on the properties of water, the vital role water plays in our lives, and how vulnerable Earth’s aquatic ecosystems are to human impact. It was unveiled Monday at a regional demonstration session for 21st Century Community Learning Center program staff at the R.W.J. Health and Wellness Conference Center in Hamilton.
21st Century Community Learning Centers are federally-funded programs supported by the New Jersey Department of Education for out-of-school time programs in New Jersey, which include before-school, after-school or summer.
The centers serve children with four key services: academic remediation and enrichment, cultural and artistic enrichment, health, nutrition, recreation and physical activities, and parental involvement and educational activities. There are presently 55 centers in the state that serve approximately 15,000 children.
DOE will host two additional training sessions: Friday, Feb. 8 at the Essex County Environmental Center in Roseland and on Friday, Feb. 29 at Ocean County College in Toms River.
All after-school programs will be able to access the materials free of charge through the 21st CCLC Web site (http://www.state.nj.us/education/21cclc) and Liberty Science Center Web site (www.LSC.org) by the end of February.
For more information about the science project, please contact the Department of Education Public Information Office at (609) 292-1126.
|
<urn:uuid:b95a0478-729e-4f67-9af7-7de4f863c3f2>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://nj.gov/education/news/2008/0207sci.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943637 | 534 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Wallops Island, VA – June 28 – UH Maui College ECET/ET students, Dominic Agabin and Derric Torricer attended the Rockon 2014 workshop on June 21 – 26, 2014 at the NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), VA. They were accompanied by Jung W. Park, PhD, Assistant Engineering Technology Professor and Associate Director of the Hawaii Space Grant Consortium (HSGC). During the workshop, they built a sounding rocket payload from a kit in three days and launched it into space on June 26, 7:30 am. The WFF provided the rocket (two stage Terrier-Orion) and launch operations during the workshop that was supported by the Colorado and Virginia Space Grant programs with significant cost sharing from Wallops and NASA Education.
Here’s what they had to say about the experience:
Between June 21, and June 26, Dr. Jung Park, (UHMC faculty), Dominic Agabin, and Derrick Torricer (Juniors in the Engineering Technology program) attended the RockOn 2014 workshop at the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia to construct a research payload–under the guidance of the staff at the RockOn workshop–that would be launched with a sounding rocket. The rocket carried objects used in research into space momentarily in order to collect data on the environment there.
Working on the research payload was an exciting experience. We were able to learn about and implement sensors we had yet to work with. The payload was able to measure, radiation, pressure, temperature, humidity, acceleration and orientation. In addition, we were also excited about learning more about programming languages, such as C to incorporate with micro controllers like the Arduino board which was a central component in controlling the sensors in the research payload. When all the sensors were in place and tested the payload was then complete and ready to be integrated with the other participants’ research payloads into the rocket. The vast amount of testing and precautions taken in order to launch a sounding rocket was intriguing to see.
The rocket sections needed to be bolted in many places and had to be pressurized. In the middle of the construction, the processes were halted due to the inner pressure of the rocket being off by about 0.5 psi. To remedy this, every inch of the rocket’s connections was inspected to find where the leak was. Such careful considerations showed us all how accurate the rocket needed to be to meet specs for its launch. When the rocket was constructed, its structural integrity was then tested by applying weights on various points on the rocket and subjecting it to motions similar to those that the rocket would experience in flight. Prior to launch day we were allowed to get up close to the rocket. They added on another stage to the rocket which increased the rocket’s size. Thinking of the levels of science and engineering put into the rocket itself was quite humbling. On launch day, over a nearby speaker the preparations for the launch could be heard going on behind the scenes. Many variables were being considered. From weather to the evacuation of the boats off the shore, many things were being accounted for. Even test rockets were fired to examine the current environment.
The launch was originally scheduled for 5:30 am, but was delayed due to more evacuations of off-shore boats. By around 7:00 am the rocket was ready to launch. Although the wait was longer than expected, the excitement of the launch experience was worth the delay. When the rocket launched, it was reminiscent of seeing and hearing a thunderstorm. We had seen the rocket lift off, and suddenly we were shaken by its thunderous roars. The sound was so loud that a car alarm went off. Later in the day the rocket returned to earth and our research payload was removed. We were all excited to find out whether or not the data was properly collected. For some reason the SD adapter that we were using to plug into the laptop was not working properly, which caused the card not to be read.
Our initial thoughts were that the card itself was damaged and we would be unable to read the data. But after swapping a card adapter for the USB Adapter for the card, the screen showed that the data was stored and ready for processing. Using the RockOn Workshop’s decoder program, the raw data on the card was translated into understandable values. This data was then transferred into an Excel Spreadsheet where we could view the data in a graph which would show how the environment changed for the research payload. Such representation of the data gave a much clearer and in-depth view of what the payload was experiencing through various stages of flight. Overall, the entire experience was surreal.
The three of us feel very fortunate to have been able to attend. Attending the RockOn workshop has also inspired and motivated us as students to learn more, especially in the Engineering disciplines. There were so many amazing sights and information to absorb. We would definitely recommend any of our peers to take the chance to experience what we have at the RockOn Workshop.
|
<urn:uuid:58daefe3-27b9-4a1e-ad15-362cacec63b7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://maui.hawaii.edu/news/uhmc-engineering-students-help-launch-rocket/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983925 | 1,021 | 2.546875 | 3 |
First Conservation “Fish Bank” Along Coastal California
NOAA Approves First Conservation
“Bank” Along Coastal
NOAA’s (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries Service has approved the East Austin Creek Conservation Bank designed to permanently preserve and restore over 400 acres of prime habitat for the preservation and recovery of federally endangered Central California Coast Coho salmon and threatened steelhead. The bank will be managed by the Wildlife Heritage Foundation in perpetuity.
A conservation bank is a free-market enterprise that offers landowners an economic incentive to protect, preserve and restore habitats for species listed as protected under the Endangered Species Act. In exchange, the landowner banks habitat “credits” that may be sold to groups like the Federal Highway Administration, the California Department of Transportation, local agencies, and others to compensate for adverse impacts on threatened or endangered species, or their habitats, caused by proposed projects.
The East Austin Creek Conservation Bank is located in the lower Russian River drainage and adjacent to the Austin Creek State Recreation Area; an area with perennial flows of cold water provide good habitat for salmon and steelhead, particularly during the critical summer rearing period. The location of the bank is designated in the draft Central California Coast coho salmon federal recovery plan as a “core recovery area;” the highest priority site for habitat restoration and preservation for critically endangered coho salmon.
The bank owner, Mrs. Nancy Summers, is not only conducting extensive restoration work but is also providing a new home for young coho salmon produced from broodstock raised in captivity by the collaborative Russian River Coho Salmon Captive Broodstock Program. The landowner has allowed program staff access to the bank property for in-stream habitat monitoring, fall out-planting of coho salmon this year, monitoring of adult returns and possible additional out-planting in later years. This represents a significant achievement of agency and landowner partnership on endangered species issues. The preservation and restoration of the property will also have ecosystem benefits by providing habitats to many of the rare and endemic plants and animals that depend on these habitats to thrive.
For more information regarding the bank please visit www.mccollum.com/mitigation and scroll down to the East Austin Creek Conservation Bank.
NOAA’s mission is to understand and predict changes in the Earth's environment, from the depths of the ocean to the surface of the sun, and to conserve and manage our coastal and marine resources. Visit us at http://www.noaa.gov or on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/usnoaagov.
On the Web:
Photos of East Austin Creek Conservation Bank: http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/media/east_austin_creek.htm
North Central California Coast Recovery: http://swr.nmfs.noaa.gov/recovery/
NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov
Russian River Captive Broodstock Program: http://groups.ucanr.org/RRCSCBP/
|
<urn:uuid:b8eb3918-67ca-4330-945d-17daee6ec434>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://sonomacountygazette.blogspot.com/2010/12/first-conservation-fish-bank-along.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.882041 | 642 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Harvard biological anthropologist and primatologist Richard Wrangham has explored eating, self-medication, dominance, and violence in chimpanzees. In his new book, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, Wrangham lays out a problem about our own species that has bothered him for years: Why do humans cook? Though it’s all a chimp needs, raw food simply does not deliver the calories needed for a human to survive and reproduce, Wrangham writes. This led him to the fundamental fact that heating food increases its calories and that humans evolved eating cooked food—Catching Fire’s ultimate claim.
Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human | Out now | Buy
Wrangham’s book takes the reader through a number of profound ruminations on the physiological effects of cooking (he says it explains our small mouths and guts and big brains) and then moves on to its thought-provoking cultural consequences (he says cooking led to marriage). Veronique Greenwood spoke to Wrangham about his “cooking hypothesis” and its potential implications for calorie counting and the human pair bond.
Seed: In your book, you articulate an energy theory of cooking: Cooked food yields dramatically more calories than raw. How does this work?
RW: When you cook, you increase the digestibility of the compounds in food, and you make it less costly for the body to digest: The more we cook it, the more its energy is available to us, and the less [our bodies] pay for it. What’s striking about that observation is that it is not reflected in the standard tables of nutritional composition of food. Those tables, on the USDA website or in books by institutes of food chemistry, report that the calorie value per gram is the same in food whether it’s cooked or whether it’s raw.
Seed: Why is the energy theory of cooking such a revolutionary idea?
RW: Well, it’s so amazing that nobody’s ever thought of it before. It’s astonishing that the energy theory of cooking is not something that’s part of standard science. It’s not that complicated!
Seed: Can you explain further why the current calorie count system is inaccurate?
RW: Under the current system, which was developed more than a hundred years ago, we work out how much of each of the types of organic compounds—carbohydrates fat, protein—there are in food, then estimate the food’s caloric content by multiplying the proportion of each of those compounds by their calories. How do you find their caloric content? You blow them up in a bomb calorimeter and see how much heat is released. The problem with this is that in our bodies we don’t blow food up. We have to use various chemical and physical processes to extract the energy from the food; as a result we get less energy from it than calorimetry predicts.
Seed: If the calorie counts on the sides of boxes are theoretical maximums, does that mean that we need fewer calories than we thought? Fewer than 2,000?
RW: This is a fascinating question, and I don’t know the answer. It certainly raises some pretty severe questions. When we developed the concept of how many calories you needed, the food people were eating was less processed than it is now. That means they were getting less out of their food at that point, which makes me suspect that the calculations of how many calories we need per day were overestimations.
There is a group of nutritional scientists who have been objecting for some years and saying we need to amend the convention to draw people’s attention to the fact that less processed food gives you fewer calories. Apparently, the debate has so far been resolved in favor of conventional wisdom, which says that it really doesn’t matter that much.
Seed: It’s ironic, then, that dieting supplements are some of the most processed foods out there—ground soy protein, shakes, etc.
RW: It’s exactly the opposite of what it should be! All those liquid protein diets…I mean, it’s hilarious. I’d be fascinated the find out the extent to which the proteins have been denatured and made even more calorie-rich by the addition of chemicals as well.
Seed: You move directly from the energy theory of cooking to the anthropology of cooking. Can you explain the relationship you see between male violence and cooking?
RW: The argument I present is that what cooking does is create a problem of ownership. When you cook, you have to leave your food exposed to view for a certain amount of time. And that means you can no longer do what a chimpanzee can do, which is pick a fruit from a tree and put it directly into your mouth. Among chimps, there would be fighting over it. But humans don’t fight at all. There are social rules against that. The rule is the woman is not allowed to feed any man other than her husband and is required to feed her husband. Those rules mean that her food is [protected from other males by her husband]. This makes sense if you see marriage, the pair bond, as a kind of protection racket in which the woman is required to feed a man because of the threat of having her food taken by other men.
Seed: Why would women be any more vulnerable to food thievery by males than would other physically weak groups like young adults?
RW: If there aren’t females, young males are forced to do the cooking. In polygynous societies [where men take on more than one wife, leaving some men with no wives], “boy slaves” are sometimes forced to do the cooking. But women are easier targets. I think about it from a female chimp’s perspective. A female chimp is totally vulnerable: If the males want something, they take it. The bigger ones are bullies.
Seed: Why wouldn’t everyone just cook for themselves?
RW: Well, everyone wants to reap the benefits of cooking. You could say that initially everyone cooks their own food. But perhaps someone comes home late and has had bad luck, they see someone else’s fire, they think great, there’s food there, and they can go and compete for the food. You need a system of social regulation to stop that.
Seed: At the end of the book, you arrive at the conclusion that the point of marriage is not sex or status, it’s food.
RW: Yes. There’s this huge distinction in most cultures between the status of men as bachelors or married men. It’s only when the man is married that he gains status and he gains it because he can do two things: He can go off during the day to do manly things—to hunt or raid the neighboring group or check on girlfriends in neighboring camps or sit around chatting and politicking—and still count on the evening meal. And the second thing: When another man invites him for a meal, he can reciprocate. And until he can reciprocate, he’s not part of the community of equals.
This is what the social anthropologists say, and to me it seems completely convincing. Cooking underlies this whole critical distinction because until the bachelor can rely on someone providing him cooked food, he must do the work himself, which means he can’t do the manly things properly.
Seed: This is a grim picture of pair bonding.
RW: Frankly, I don’t think there’s a real consensus about the anthropology of pair bonds. This is an area of the book that I’m sure that other people will think is speculative. My guess is that people will not agree with [some of these ideas], but on the other hand, I’ve thought about them for about 10 years, and I feel pretty comfortable with them.
Originally published June 9, 2009
|
<urn:uuid:eb794fb7-f572-48e0-8143-664487ae4381>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/did_cooking_make_us_human/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967976 | 1,683 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Until the twentieth century, the idea of space travel was too advanced kinds of scientists or writers with great imagination.
The knowledge of space, if only you could see with the naked eye, was limited and often based more on magic or religious beliefs in reality.
Since 1600, studies of Kepler, the invention of the telescope and Galileo observations changed the scene. But despite the improved observation instruments, still hooked to ground.
Since the end of the Second World War in 1945, the space race intensified. The Germans had perfected the rockets and expertise were crucial to the Russians and Americans.
When you get cross the Earth’s atmosphere began the space age, satellites and probes first, then with manned spacecraft.
The Soviets (now Russians are called) launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, on 4 October 1957. A month later, on November 3, sent the first living being, the dog Laika, aboard Sputnik II.
In February 1958, the U.S. put into orbit on Explorer I, its first satellite. On April 12, 1961 the Soviets made the first manned flight and Yuri Gagarin was the first astronaut. After the American Alan B. Shepard left about fifteen minutes outside his capsule. It was the first spacewalk.
Since 1966 the aim was the moon and the Americans arrived earlier. On July 21, 1969 Apollo XI capsule remained in lunar orbit while the module Eagle down to the surface. Neil Armstrong became the first human walked on the moon.
Russians also came to the moon and also from 1971 dedicated their efforts to build a space station. After the Americans did. Europe and Japan created their own space agencies and began to participate. Space exploration thus became an international project.
In addition to manned trips have been sent into space with instruments spacecraft exploring the solar system: The Voyager, which has been photographed up close almost all the planets, the Mars Pathfinder, which has been ridden by Mars, or the Hubble telescope placed in orbit and, from outside the atmosphere, picture the universe as we had never seen.
|
<urn:uuid:7c604096-ece0-4d1e-b58d-99a552d4725d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.australianscience.com.au/space-exploration/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961129 | 419 | 3.375 | 3 |
Facts about this animal
With a total length of 25 to 35 cm (up to even 42 cm), whereby the tail measures 2/3 of the total length, the Lacerta viridis belongs to the “giants” among the lizards of the family Lacerdidae. The body of the males is a brilliant emerald green (hence its German name) punctuated with small yellow and black spots that are more pronounced upon its back. The throat is clear blue in the adult males in particular during the mating season. The colour of the females is more variable and young animals are rather brown. The belly of the males is yellow, that of the females pale yellow to greenish. Around mid March the first males leave their winter quarters and expose themselves to the sunlight. About two weeks later the females follow. The green lizard is active at daytime with a peak of activity in the morning. Usually it stays on the ground, but in cooler wather this thermophile reptile may also climb on low branches for basking. After sunset it can be found on stillwarm stones or rocks. The preferred temperature lies between 32 to 33 °C But it can tolerate temperatures as low as 15 °C outside the den. Therefore it retires to the winter quarters around mid October. Green lezards are not vagrant and the male soften defend a territory of 200 to 1200 m². The mating period lasts from April to mid June. The males chase each other with muich noise through the vegetation and may fight quite vigorously. When mating, males bite the female into the tail and walk with it and finally hold fast to it with ist front legs. A male can mate with several females and those also mate several times before egg laying After three to six weeks the females lay 6 to 23 eggs, not too deep into lose sand or clay soil. 50 to 100 days later (depending upon the weather conditions) the young hatch. They are 3 to 4.5 cm long and unfortunately are sometimes eaten by the adults. Adults eat a variety of fod items, but mainly invertebrae, like beetles, locusts, caterpillars, woodlice, spiders, worms and snails, but also the juice of ripe berries (blackberries, red grapes or strawberries). Rarely they eat newborn lizards and small mice. Enemies of the green lizard are numerous (martens, weasel, birds of pray, snakes and house cats).
Did you know?
In 1991, scientists divided the former one species of green lizards into two, a Western Green Lizard (Lacerta bilineata) and an Eastern Green Lizad (Lacerta viridis). There are however only very slight morphological differences and it could well bet hat further studies might show that they indeed are only one species and revert their nomenclature again to the previous situation. As all lizards (and geckos) also the green lizard can actively lose its tail in dangerous situations, i.e. when threatened by a predator like a marten, a weasel a bird of prey or a house cat. This is called “autotomy”. Beginning with the sixth, each tail-vertebra of the green lizard has a pre-prepared site of fracture. By a strong and sudden contraction of the circular tail musculature it can separate itself from a bigger or a smaller portion of the tail as need arises. Due to the still functioning autonomous nervous system of the tail fragment the detached body part does still move vigurously up to twenty minutes, thus catching the attention of the persecutor and allow the now tailless lizard to get away. Thus by sacrificing a non vital body part, in most cases the lizard succeeds in saving its life. After a while the lizard grows a new tail, however this substitute is not supported by another vertebral column but by a cartilaginous and unbreakable rod.
|Name (Scientific)||Lacerta viridis|
|Name (English)||Green Lizard|
|Name (French)||Lézard vert|
|Name (German)||Östliche Smaragdeidechse|
|Name (Spanish)||Lagarto verde|
|Local names||Czech: Jesterka zelená
Hungarian: Zöld gyík
Rumansh: Luschard verd
|CITES Status||Not listed|
|CMS Status||Not listed|
Photo Copyright by
|Range||Western Green Lizard (Lacerta bilineata): Northern Spain, France, Switzerland, Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz and Baden-Württemberg), Italy. Eastern Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis):.Eastern Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovinia, Croatia, Hungary, Balkan region, Southern Ukraine and Northwestern Anatolia.|
|Habitat||Dry, sun-exposed areas such as bushy meadows,edges of forests,grassy wineyards with stone cairns, screes, ledges, precipes, dry stone walls, waysides and/or light hedges. with a sufficient degree of humidity and a mixture of open structures and tesselated growth of vegetation.|
|Wild population||Much of their habitat is destroyed by intensive agriculture, but they are also threatened by road traffic, stray cats and pesticides.|
|Zoo population||28 reported to ISIS (2008)|
In the Zoo
How this animal should be transported
For air transport, Container Note 41 of the IATA Live Animals Regulations should be followed.
Find this animal on ZooLex
Photo Copyright by
Why do zoos keep this animal
The green lizard is one of the largest and most attractive European lizards. It is kept almost exclusively by European zoos, who keep it for educational reasons, as an example of the neative herpetofauna, and as an ambassador for the conservation of European reptiles, most of which are at least regionally threatened.
|
<urn:uuid:4b99d09b-3b3b-4b09-9dd6-f43ba201ada7>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.waza.org/en/zoo/choose-a-species/reptiles/lizards-and-tuatara/lacerta-viridis
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913494 | 1,253 | 2.8125 | 3 |
State park visitors are accustomed to seeing park rangers patrol the parks in trucks and cars, but in reality there’s no telling what you’ll see a ranger use to patrol. The job of a park ranger not only varies day-to-day, but sometimes hour-to-hour, so
different vehicles are needed to complete different tasks. Depending on the job, a ranger could be riding a lawn mower in the morning, a tractor in the afternoon and a pick-up truck in the evening.
The equipment that rangers are asked about the most is the ATV. Visitors are curious about these vehicles because an ATV looks more like fun than work. The S.C. State Park Service is fortunate to have a Honda Corporation ATV manufacturing plant in Florence. Honda has donated several Honda Foreman ATVs to the park service over the past several years, making it easier for rangers to serve the public and protect the parks’ natural resources. ATVs make it possible to patrol rough trails and beaches or to do maintenance in hard to reach places.
While ATVs are fun to ride, park rangers can spend an entire shift “in the saddle” of an ATV which can make for a rough day. Rangers must be in good condition and have the ability to ride an ATV anywhere from eight to 12 hours over a variety of terrain and in harsh weather.
Rangers prepare for this type duty by participating in an operating instruction and riding course.
The course provides four hours of classroom instruction where rangers learn how the ATV can be used for customer service, resource protection, search and rescue and rider safety. There is also a five hour riding instruction course where rangers must maneuver through a variety obstacles, terrain and weather conditions.
No matter if a park ranger is patrolling a beach to look for a lost child or hauling supplies to maintain a hiking trail, the ATV is a valuable piece of equipment for the park service, that requires training and must be handled with care.
|
<urn:uuid:387b0896-d519-4030-a1dd-ec277fc3d952>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.southcarolinaparks.com/our-mission/teams-recognition/atv-training/default.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943846 | 414 | 2.515625 | 3 |
- Home Page
- Interactive Labs
- Support Materials
Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
To explain the concept of the production function, and to describe how firms can minimize their costs of production by utilizing an optimal combination of inputs and scale of operation.
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate: The bulk of the nation’s productive capacity is controlled by...
just a few hundred of our largest firms.NEXT QUESTION
The assumption that firms generally attempt to maximize profits is...
pretty much true, though it’s an oversimplification.NEXT QUESTION
In economic terms, current technology sets limits on the...
total possible production achievable in a given time period.NEXT QUESTION
Studebaker Automobiles manufactured three styles of passenger cars and two models of trucks. During a given month in the life of Studebaker, which of the following would MOST LIKELY be classified as a fixed input?
This would be the input most difficult to change over a short period of time. The last option is a product, not an input.NEXT QUESTION
Whether an input is considered variable or fixed depends MAINLY on...
the length of time under consideration.NEXT QUESTION
If the marginal product of a man-year of labor is 50 units of output, and the price of labor is $2,500 per man-year, then the marginal product of a dollar’s worth of labor is...
.02 units of output.RESTART QUIZ
|
<urn:uuid:080d0743-a9d7-4010-8bda-f1b92506bd95>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.learner.org/series/econusa/unit02/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.892642 | 329 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Translation of "meaning" - English-Traditional Chinese dictionary
meaning noun [C or U] (OF WORD/WRITING/SIGN, ETC.)
› The meaning of something is what it expresses or represents
The word 'flight' has two different meanings: a plane journey, and the act of running away.
The meaning of his gesture was clear.
His novels often have (a) hidden meaning.
Meaning and significanceTypifying, illustrating and exemplifying
Translations of “meaning”
||anlam, mana, gaye…
|in Chinese (Simplified)
||符号或字词, 意思，意义, 含义…
|
<urn:uuid:130b8cab-77aa-42e2-abde-4878386a195c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-chinese-traditional/meaning_1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.714804 | 161 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Download the data collected during the 2014 International Coastal Cleanup.
The Ocean Trash Index presents state-by-state and country-by-country data about ocean trash collected and tallied by volunteers around the world on one day each fall during Ocean Conservancy's International Coastal Cleanup®.
Volunteers have collected data since 1986, and the numbers are used to raise awareness, identify hotspots for debris or unusual trash events, and inform policy solutions.
Cleanups alone can’t solve this pollution problem. Nevertheless, the Ocean Trash Index provides a snapshot of what's trashing our ocean so we can work to prevent specific items from reaching the water in the first place.
Help keep the ocean healthy for sea turtles, polar bears, whales and people like you.
|
<urn:uuid:2e479b38-1ec1-4626-93d9-8e3b4823cf35>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.oceanconservancy.org/our-work/international-coastal-cleanup/2015-ocean-trash-index.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.864213 | 156 | 3.125 | 3 |
When the shape of an object is known, its appearance is determined by
the spatially-varying reflectance function defined on its surface.
Image-based rendering methods that use geometry seek to estimate this
function from image data. Most existing methods recover a unique
angular reflectance function (e.g., BRDF) at each surface point and
provide reflectance estimates with high spatial resolution. Their
angular accuracy is limited by the number of available images, and as
a result, most of these methods focus on capturing parametric or
low-frequency angular reflectance effects, or allowing only one of
lighting or viewpoint variation. We present an alternative approach
that enables an increase in the angular accuracy of a
spatially-varying reflectance function in exchange for a decrease in
spatial resolution. By framing the problem as scattered-data
interpolation in a mixed spatial and angular domain, reflectance
information is shared across the surface, exploiting the high spatial
resolution that images provide to fill the holes between sparsely
observed view and lighting directions. Since the BRDF typically varies
slowly from point to point over much of an object's surface, this
method enables image-based rendering from a sparse set of images
without assuming a parametric reflectance model. In fact, the method
can even be applied in the limiting case of a single input image.
EGSR 2005 Video: [Quicktime, 83MB]
SIGGRAPH 2005 Technical Sketch: [PDF]
SIGGRAPH 2005 PPT Slides (includes animations): [15MB ZIP]
Todd Zickler, Ravi Ramamoorthi, Sebastian Enrique and Peter Belhumeur,
"Reflectance Sharing: Predicting Appearance from a Sparse Set of Images of a Known Shape."IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. Accepted.
Todd Zickler, Sebastian Enrique, Ravi Ramamoorthi and Peter Belhumeur,
"Reflectance Sharing: Image-based Rendering from a Sparse Set of Images."
Rendering Techniques 2005 (Proc. Eurographics Symposium on Rendering). pp. 253-265.
|
<urn:uuid:880effaf-19f7-4b92-9e83-a08abf326a2f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~zickler/projects/rs.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.78952 | 458 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Model results show that temperature trends could overshoot and then drop again below temperature limits as a result of natural “sinks” acting to gradually reduce the atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gases over time. However, since this process occurs slowly, it is expected that once temperatures overshoot a target, they will drop below the target only on the time-scale of a century (Lowe et al 2009). This process could be accelerated, if negative CO2 emissions were achieved as discussed earlier (Azar et al 2006, Azar et al 2010).
Overshoot pathways often arise in three different contexts: (1) deliberate policy choice to minimise mitigation costs; (2) failure to meet certain emission targets or goals; or (3) late participation by all major emitters in global mitigation efforts (Clarke et al. 2009, van Vlietet al. 2009). While deliberate overshoot may minimise mitigation costs over time, it does run the risk of lock-in of further fossil fuel use and thereby limiting the rate at which emissions can decline in subsequent years.
In the assessed IAM pathway set, four pathways have a temporary temperature overshoot before dropping below 2° C again35. All of these pathways have global negative CO2 emissions to help achieve the target. In these pathways the constraint on 2020 emissions is relaxed slightly, and the peak is postponed to 2020 and beyond.
Delayed action may have economic benefits (as noted above), but also has risks associated with the higher, albeit temporary, temperatures. These include higher mitigation costs over the long term and later and larger damages from climate change impacts. Huntingford and Lowe (2007) argue that there are significant risks from exceeding temperature limits during overshoot scenarios, due to uncertainty about so-called tipping points. An additional risk of overshooting temperature limits is that positive feedbacks, not known in advance, might result in a larger temperature increase than anticipated.
|
<urn:uuid:3fd578cd-3e2d-438b-934d-7be43e54f09f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://unep.org/publications/ebooks/emissionsgapreport/chapter2/Box2b.asp?height=420&width=550
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934449 | 392 | 3.34375 | 3 |
The burial of paupers and the records this creates is an interesting resource for local and family history. These records, if they can be located, can provide an abundance of information regarding the less fortunate members of society. Because these records concerned the finances of the city, some accounting was maintained. By examining cemetery records and city records, some details can be uncovered about the impoverished and destitute in our communities. In addition, these records tell us a great deal about the communties in which our ancestors lived.
As an example, in the the City of Atlanta, Georgia, paupers were buried in the city cemetery, Oakland. For a time the cemetery kept a careful listing on the paupers' graves. A list of burials from 1870 to 1876 is contained in the manuscript collection of Oakland Cemetery. The collection is held at the James G. Kenan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center. It is manuscript number 618. In that time,the 1870s, annual negotiations between the city and coffin makers of Atlanta determined the treatment of paupers' remains. In 1875 the city paid $1 for each paupers' coffin. In 1880, the contract for paupers' coffins was awarded to Y. B. Cragilo, who would produce coffins at a cost of 88 cents per coffin. In 1884, the city moved the paupers' cemetery to West View Cemetery.
Close scrutiny of city and cemetery records may provide genealogists, family historians, and local historians with new information and new resources about our ancestors and the communties that they lived in. Exploring these resources can be enlightening and aid our research in a variety of ways.
|
<urn:uuid:170d2d7d-a4a4-45c6-bdd0-b1ca2c17e756>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://historybybrubaker.blogspot.com/2007/07/how-they-treat-paupers.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00108-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.942601 | 346 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Salvation (from the Latin salus, "health," "safety," "well being") is a religious concept that refers either to the process through which a person is brought from a condition of distress to a condition of ultimate well being or to the state of ultimate well being that is the result of that process. The meaning of the concept varies according to the different ways religious traditions understand the human plight and the ultimate state of human well being. Ideas of salvation may or may not be linked to the figure of a savior or redeemer or correlated with a concept of God.
In Christianity, salvation is variously conceived. One prominent conception emphasizes justification - the process through which the individual, alienated from God by sin, is reconciled to God and reckoned just or righteous through faith in Christ. Other religions present other views. In certain forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, for example, salvation is understood as liberation from the inevitable pain of existence in time by means of religious disciplines that ultimately achieve a state of being that is not determined by time bound perceptions and forms of thought.
|BELIEVE Religious Information Source - By Alphabet Our List of 2,300 Religious Subjects|
William S Babcock
K Klostermaier, Liberation, Salvation, Self Realization: A Comparative Study of Hindu, Buddhist, and Christian Ideas (1973); A W Pink, The Doctrine of Salvation (1975); C R Smith, The Bible Doctrine of Salvation: A Study of the Atonement (1969).
Salvation is perceived in a variety of ways by different Christians and even different Christian Churches. The Salvation process is unique to each individual. In some cases, it can be a slow, methodical procedure. In others, an instantaneous flash of insight causes a miraculous transformation! For most people, the Salvation process is somewhere between these extremes.
In all cases, the central human condition involved for Salvation is absolute total trust in God.
A very analytical way of looking at it involves the following:
(This presents a generalized Protestant perspective. Catholics and Orthodox are taught rather different views on Salvation.)
Conversion essentially initiates the process of Salvation, by representing a willingness to seriously consider the value of Christian Faith.
The Indwelling Holy Spirit is especially helpful here. ALL people are exposed to many sources who / which claim to present the Truth. Discernment of what is True and what is not, is often quite difficult, as the sin-driven sources are often extremely believable in their lies and partial truths. A Christian or a Seeker often needs to rely on the Holy Spirit for guidance on discerning the value of unusual statements.
Regeneration occurs when a person realizes that Faith in Jesus Christ is the correct and valuable Path.
Justification occurs privately but is then publicly acknowledged in the Church in a Baptism ceremony. The Baptism is the Scriptural method for the Church to recognize that Justification has occurred.
Adoption is essentially an "automatic" follow-up to Justification, where God applies the benefits of Redemption that came to exist in the Justification.
Many Christian Churches consider only some of these 'stages' to be part of the Salvation process. Various Denominations describe their concept of Salvation in different ways. In addition, the indwelling Holy Spirit understands what unique sequence and process is necessary for each individual, so sweeping generalities (like this description!) are often incorrect. These matters make precise general discussion on the subject somewhat difficult.
In addition, this listing is a specifically Protestant description. Catholic and Orthodox desciptions have some differences, and generally discuss fewer "stages". Also, where Protestant beliefs insist on Salvation being totally by the Grace of God, with no input by the person, Catholic beliefs include finding substantial value in the Good Works of the person.
(BELIEVE contains individual presentations on these different matters. See the very end of this page for links to them.)
The saving of man from the power and effects of sin.
Soteria therefore gathered a rich connotation from LXX to carry into NT. There, too, it means deliverance, preservation, from any danger (Acts 7:25; 27:31; Heb. 11:7). The roots saos, sozo, however, add the notion of wholeness, soundness, health, giving "salvation" a medical connotation, salvation from affliction, disease, demon possession, death (Mark 5:34; James 5:15; etc.). Sometimes this meaning is literal; peace, joy, praise, faith are so interwoven with healing as to give "saved" a religious significance also. Jesus' self description as "physician" (Mark 2:17) and the illustrative value of the healing miracles in defining his mission show how readily physical and spiritual healing unite in "salvation" (Luke 4:18 - 19).
Much of the most frequent use of soteria and derivatives is for deliverance, preservation from all spiritual dangers, the bestowal of all religious blessings. Its alternative is destruction (Phil. 1:28), death (2 Cor. 7:10), divine wrath (1 Thess. 5:9); it is available to all (Titus 2:11), shared (Jude 3), eternal (Heb. 5:9). It is ascribed to Christ alone (Acts 4:12; Luke 19:10), "the pioneer of salvation," and especially to his death (Heb. 2:10; Rom. 5:9 - 10). In that sense salvation was "from the Jews" (John 4:22), though for Gentiles too (Rom. 11:11). It is proclaimed (taught) as a way of thought and life (Acts 13:26; 16:17; Eph. 1:13), to be received from God's favor by faith alone, a confessed confidence and trust (Acts 16:30 - 31; Eph. 2:8) focused upon the resurrection and Lordship of Christ (Rom. 10:9), "calling" upon him (Acts 2:21; Rom. 10:13). Once received, salvation must not be "neglected" but "held fast," "grown up to," humbly "worked out" (Heb. 2:3; 1 Cor. 15:2; 1 Pet. 2:2; Phil. 2:12), some being only narrowly saved in the end (1 Cor. 3:15; 1 Pet. 4:18).
(1) By what we are saved from. This includes sin and death; guilt and estrangement; ignorance of truth; bondage to habit and vice; fear of demons, of death, of life, of God, of hell; despair of self; alienation from others; pressures of the world; a meaningless life. Paul's own testimony is almost wholly positive: salvation has brought him peace with God, access to God's favor and presence, hope of regaining the glory intended for men, endurance in suffering, steadfast character, an optimistic mind, inner motivations of divine love and power of the Spirit, ongoing experience of the risen Christ within his soul, and sustaining joy in God (Rom. 5:1 - 11). Salvation extends also to society, aiming at realizing the kingdom of God; to nature, ending its bondage to futility (Rom. 8:19 - 20); and to the universe, attaining final reconciliation of a fragmented cosmos (Eph. 1:10; Col. 1:20).
(2) By noting that salvation is past (Rom. 8:24; Eph. 2:5, 8; Titus 3:5 - 8); present (1 Cor. 1:18; 15:2; 2 Cor. 2:15; 6:2; 1 Pet. 1:9; 3:21); and future (Rom. 5:9 - 10; 13:11; 1 Cor. 5:5; Phil. 1:5 - 6; 2:12; 1 Thess. 5:8; Heb. 1:14; 9:28; 1 Pet. 2:2). That is, salvation includes that which is given, freely and finally, by God's grace (forgiveness, called in one epistle justification, friendship; or reconciliation, atonement, sonship, and new birth); that which is continually imparted (santification, growing emancipation from all evil, growing enrichment in all good, the enjoyment of eternal life, experience of the Spirit's power, liberty, joy, advancing maturity in conformity to Christ); and that still to be attained (redemption of the body, perfect Christlikeness, final glory).
(3) By distinguishing salvation's various aspects: religious (acceptance with God, forgiveness, reconciliation, sonship, reception of the Spirit, immortality); emotional (strong assurance, peace, courage, hopefulness, joy); practical (prayer, guidance, discipline, dedication, service); ethical (new moral dynamic for new moral aims, freedom, victory); personal (new thoughts, convictions, horizons, motives, satisfactions, selffulfillment); social (new sense of community with Christians, of compassion toward all, overriding impulse to love as Jesus has loved).
In Jesus' openness and friendship toward sinners, the loving welcome of God found perfect expression. Nothing was needed to win back God's favor. It waited eagerly for man's return (Luke 15:11 - 24). The one indispensable preliminary was the change in man from rebelliousness to childlike trust and willingness to obey. That shown, there followed life under God's rule, described as feasting, marriage, wine, finding treasure, joy, peace, all the freedom and privilege of sonship within the divine family in the Father's world.
Peter also called to repentance (Acts 2:38), promising forgiveness and the Spirit to whoever called upon the Lord. Salvation was especially from past misdeeds and for conformity to a perverse generation (vss. 23 - 40); and with a purpose, inheritance, and glory still to be revealed (1 Pet. 1:3 - 5; etc.).
In John's thought salvation is from death and judgment. He restates its meaning in terms of life, rich and eternal (thirty six times in Gospel, thirteen in 1 John), God's gift in and with Christ, beginning in total renewal ("new birth"); illumined by truth ("knowledge," "light"); and experienced as love (John 3:5 - 16; 5:24; 12:25; 1 John 4:7 - 11; 5:11).
Paul saw his own failure to attain legal righteousness reflected in all men and due to the overmastering power ("rule") of sin, which brought with it death. Salvation is therefore, first, acquital, despite just condemnation, on the ground of Christ's expiation of sin (Rom. 3:21 - 22); and second, deliverance by the invasive power of the Spirit of holiness, the Spirit of the risen Christ. The faith which accepts and assents to Christ's death on our behalf also unites us to him so closely that with him we die to sin and rise to new life (Rom. 6:1 - 2). The results are freedom from sin's power (vss. 7, 18; 8:2); exultation in the power of the indwelling Spirit and assurance of sonship (ch. 8); increasing conformity to Christ. By the same process death is overcome, and believers are prepared for life everlasting (6:13, 22 - 23; 8:11).
Later, the Eastern Church traced the effect of Adam's fall chiefly in man's mortality, and saw salvation as especially the gift of eternal life through the risen Christ. The Western Church traced the effect of Adam's fall chiefly in the inherited guilt (Ambrose) and corruption (Augustine) of the race, and saw salvation as especially the gift of grace through Christ's death. Divine grace alone could cancel guilt and deliver from corruption.
Anselm and Abelard explored further the relation of man's salvation to the cross of Jesus as satisfaction for sin, or redeeming example of love; Luther, its relation to man's receiving faith; Calvin, its relation to God's sovereign will. Roman Catholic thought has emphasized the objective sphere of salvation within a sacramental church; and Protestantism, the subjective experience of salvation within the individual soul. Modern reflection tends to concentrate on the psychological process and ethical results of salvation, emphasizing the need to "save" society.
R E O White
(Elwell Evangelical Dictionary)
L H Marshall, Challenge of NT Ethics; H R Mackintosh, Christian Experience of Forgiveness; V Taylor, Forgiveness and Reconciliation; E Kevan, Salvation; U Simon, Theology of Salvation.
There are four major ways of ordering the soteriological elements of God's eternal decree.
The distinction between infralapsarianism and supralapsarianism has to do with the logical order of God's eternal decrees, not the timing of election. Neither side suggests that the elect were chosen after Adam sinned. God made His choice before the foundation of the world (Eph. 1:4), long before Adam sinned. Both infras and supras (and even many Arminians) agree on this.
SUPRALAPSARIANISM is the view that God, contemplating man as yet unfallen, chose some to receive eternal life and rejected all others. So a supralapsarian would say that the reprobate (non-elect) vessels of wrath fitted for destruction (Rom. 9:22) were first ordained to that role, and then the means by which they fell into sin was ordained. In other words, supralapsarianism suggests that God's decree of election logically preceded His decree to permit Adam's fall, so that their damnation is first of all an act of divine sovereignty, and only secondarily an act of divine justice.
Supralapsarianism is sometimes mistakenly equated with "double predestination." The term "double predestination" itself is often used in a misleading and ambiguous fashion. Some use it to mean nothing more than the view that the eternal destiny of both elect and reprobate is settled by the eternal decree of God. In that sense of the term, all genuine Calvinists hold to "double predestination" and the fact that the destiny of the reprobate is eternally settled is clearly a biblical doctrine (cf. 1 Peter 2:8; Romans 9:22; Jude 4). But more often, the expression "double predestination" is employed as a pejorative term to describe the view of those who suggest that God is as active in keeping the reprobate out of heaven as He is in getting the elect in. (There's an even more sinister form of "double predestination," which suggests that God is as active in making the reprobate evil as He is in making the elect holy.)
This view (that God is as active in reprobating the non-elect as He is in redeeming the elect) is more properly labeled "equal ultimacy" (cf. R.C. Sproul, Chosen by God, 142). It is actually a form of hyper-Calvinism and has nothing to do with true, historic Calvinism. Though all who hold such a view would also hold to the supralapsarian scheme, the view itself is not a necessary ramification of supralapsarianism.
Supralapsarianism is also sometimes wrongly equated with hyper-Calvinism. All hyper-Calvinists are supralapsarians, though not all supras are hyper-Calvinists.
Supralapsarianism is sometimes called "high" Calvinism, and its most extreme adherents tend to reject the notion that God has any degree of sincere goodwill or meaningful compassion toward the non-elect. Historically, a minority of Calvinists have held this view.
But Boettner's comment that "there is not more than one Calvinist in a hundred that holds the supralapsarian view," is no doubt an exaggeration. And in the past decade or so, the supralapsarian view seems to have gained popularity.
INFRALAPSARIANISM (also known sometimes as "sublapsarianism") suggests that God's decree to permit the fall logically preceded His decree of election. So when God chose the elect and passed over the non-elect, He was contemplating them all as fallen creatures.
Those are the two major Calvinistic views. Under the supralapsarian scheme, God first rejects the reprobate out of His sovereign good pleasure; then He ordains the means of their damnation through the fall. In the infralapsarian order, the non-elect are first seen as fallen individuals, and they are damned solely because of their own sin. Infralapsarians tend to emphasize God's "passing over" the non-elect (preterition) in His decree of election.
Robert Reymond, himself a supralapsarian, proposes the following
refinement of the supralapsarian view: (See Robert Reymond, Systematic
Theology of the Christian Faith, 489).
Notice that in addition to reording the decrees, Reymond's view deliberately stresses that in the decree of election and reprobation, God is contemplating men as sinners. Reymond writes, "In this scheme, unlike the former [the classic supra- order], God is represented as discriminating among men viewed as sinners and not among men viewed simply as men." Reymond's refinement avoids the criticism most commonly leveled against supralapsarianism, that the supralapsarian has God damning men to perdition before He even contemplates them as sinners. But Reymond's view also leaves unanswered the question of how and why God would regard all men as sinners even before it was determined that the human race would fall. (Some might even argue that Reymond's refinements result in a position that, as far as the key distinction is concerned, is implicitly infralapsarian.)
All the major Reformed Creeds are either explicitly infralapsarian, or else they carefully avoid language that favors either view. No major creed takes the supralapsarian position. (This whole issue was hotly debated throughout the Westminster Assembly. William Twisse, an ardent supralapsarian and chairman of the Assembly, ably defended his view. But the Assembly opted for language that clearly favors the infra position, yet without condemning supralapsarianism.)
"Bavinck has pointed out that the supralapsarian presentation 'has not been incorporated in a single Reformed Confession' but that the infra position has received an official place in the Confessions of the churches" (Berkouwer, Divine Election, 259).
Louis Berkhof's discussion of the two views (in his Systematic Theology) is helpful, though he seems to favor supralapsarianism. I take the Infra view, as did Turretin, most of the Princeton theologians, and most of the leading Westminster Seminary men (e.g., John Murray). These issues were at the heart of the "common grace" controversy in the first half of the Twentieth Century. Herman Hoeksema and those who followed him took such a rigid supralapsarian position that they ultimately denied the very concept of common grace.
Finally, see the chart (above), which compares these two views with Amyraldism (a kind of four-point Calvinism) and Arminianism. My notes on each view (below) identify some of the major advocates of each view.
Amyraldism is the doctrine formulated by Moise Amyraut, a French theologian from the Saumur school. (This same school spawned another aggravating deviation from Reformed orthodoxy: Placaeus' view involving the mediate imputation of Adam's guilt). By making the decree to atone for sin logically antecedent to the decree of election, Amyraut could view the atonement as hypothetically universal, but efficacious for the elect alone. Therefore the view is sometimes called "hypothetical universalism." Puritan Richard Baxter embraced this view, or one very nearly like it. He seems to have been the only major Puritan leader who was not a thoroughgoing Calvinist. Some would dispute whether Baxter was a true Amyraldian. (See, e.g. George Smeaton, The Apostles' Doctrine of the Atonement [Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1991 reprint], Appendix, 542.) But Baxter seemed to regard himself as Amyraldian. This is a sophisticated way of formulating "four-point Calvinism," while still accounting for an eternal decree of election. But Amyraldism probably should not be equated with all brands of so-called "four-point Calvinism." In my own experience, most self-styled four-pointers are unable to articulate any coherent explanation of how the atonement can be universal but election unconditional. So I wouldn't glorify their position by labeling it Amyraldism. (Would that they were as committed to the doctrine of divine sovereignty as Moise Amyraut! Most who call themselves four-pointers are actually crypto-Arminians.) A H Strong held this view (Systematic Theology, 778). He called it (incorrectly) "sublapsarianism." Henry Thiessen, evidently following Strong, also mislabeled this view "sublapsarianism" (and contrasted it with "infralapsarianism") in the original edition of his Lectures in Systematic Theology (343). His discussion in this edition is very confusing and patently wrong at points. In later editions of his book this section was completely rewritten.
P R Johnson
(Greek soteria; Hebrew yeshu'ah).
Salvation has in Scriptural language the general meaning of liberation from straitened circumstances or from other evils, and of a translation into a state of freedom and security (1 Samuel 11:13; 14:45; 2 Samuel 23:10; 2 Kings 13:17). At times it expresses God's help against Israel's enemies, at other times, the Divine blessing bestowed on the produce of the soil (Isaiah 45:8). As sin is the greatest evil, being the root and source of all evil, Sacred Scripture uses the word "salvation" mainly in the sense of liberation of the human race or of individual man from sin and its consequences. We shall first consider the salvation of the human race, and then salvation as it is verified in the individual man.
I. SALVATION OF THE HUMAN RACE
We need not dwell upon the possibility of the salvation of mankind or upon its appropriateness. Nor need we remind the reader that after God had freely determined to save the human race, He might have done so by pardoning man's sins without having recourse to the Incarnation of the Second Person of the Most Holy Trinity. Still, the Incarnation of the Word was the most fitting means for the salvation of man, and was even necessary, in case God claimed full satisfaction for the injury done to him by sin (see INCARNATION). Though the office of Saviour is really one, it is virtually multiple: there must be an atonement for sin and damnation, an establishment of the truth so as to overcome human ignorance and error, a perennial source of spiritual strength aiding man in his struggle against darkness and concupiscence. There can be no doubt that Jesus Christ really fulfilled these three functions, that He therefore really saved mankind from sin and its consequences. As teacher He established the reign of truth; as king He supplied strength to His subjects; as priest He stood between heaven and earth, reconciling sinful man with his angry God.
A. Christ as Teacher
Prophets had foretold Christ as a teacher of Divine truth: "Behold, I have given him for a witness to the people, for a leader and a master to the Gentiles" (Isaiah 55:4). Christ himself claims the title of teacher repeatedly during the course of His public life: "You can call me Master, and Lord; and you say well, for so I am" (John 13:13; cf. Matthew 23:10; John 3:31). The Gospels inform us that nearly the whole of Christ's public life was devoted to teaching (see JESUS CHRIST). There can be no doubt as to the supereminence of Christ's teaching; even as man, He is an eyewitness to all He reveals; His truthfulness is God's own veracity; His authority is Divine; His words are the utterance of a Divine person; He can internally illumine and move the minds of His hearers; He is the eternal and infinite wisdom of God Incarnate Who cannot deceive and cannot be deceived.
B. Christ as King
The royal character of Christ was foretold by the Prophets, announced by the angels, claimed by Christ Himself (Psalm 2:6; Isaiah 9:6-7; Ezekiel 34:23; Jeremiah 23:3-5; Luke 1:32-33; John 18:37). His royal functions are the foundation, the expansion and the final consummation of the kingdom of God among men. The first and last of these acts are personal and visible acts of the king, but the intermediate function is carried out either invisibly, or by Christ's visible agents. The practical working of the kingly office of Christ is described in the treatises on the sources of revelation; on grace, on the Church, on the sacraments, and on the last things.
C. Christ as Priest
The ordinary priest, is made God's own by an accidental unction, Christ is constituted God's own Son by the substantial unction with the Divine nature; the ordinary priest is made holy, though not impeccable, by his consecration, while Christ is separated from all sin and sinners by the hypostatic union; the ordinary priest draws nigh unto God in a very imperfect manner, but Christ is seated at the right hand of the power of God. The Levitical priesthood was temporal, earthly, and carnal in its origin, in its relations to God, in its working, in its power; Christ's priesthood is eternal, heavenly, and spiritual. The victims offered by the ancient priests were either lifeless things or, at best, irrational animals distinct from the person of the offerer; Christ offers a victim included in the person of the offerer. His living human flesh, animated by His rational soul, a real and worthy substitute for mankind, on whose behalf Christ offers the sacrifice. The Aaronic priest inflicted an irreparable death on the victim which his sacrificial intention changed into a religious rite or symbol; in Christ's sacrifice the immutation of the victim is brought about by an internal act of His will (John 10:17), and the victim's death is the source of a new life to himself and to mankind. Besides, Christ's sacrifice, being that of a Divine person, carries its own acceptance with it; it is as much of a gift of God to man, as a sacrifice of man to God.
Hence follows the perfection of the salvation wrought by Christ for mankind. On His part Christ offered to God a satisfaction for man's sin not only sufficient but superabundant (Romans 5:15-20); on God's part supposing, what is contained in the very idea of man's redemption through Christ, that God agreed to accept the work of the Redeemer for the sins of man, He was bound by His promise and His justice to grant the remission of sin to the extent and in the manner intended by Christ. In this way our salvation has won back for us the essential prerogative of the state of original justice, i.e., sanctifying grace while it will restore the minor prerogatives of the Resurrection. At the same time, it does not at once blot out individual sin, but only procures the means thereto, and these means are not restricted only to the predestined or to the faithful, but extend to all men (1 John 2:2; 1 Timothy 2:1-4). Moreover salvation makes us coheirs of Christ (Romans 8:14-17), a royal priesthood (1 Peter 2:9; cf. Exodus 19:6), sons of God, temples of the Holy Ghost (1 Corinthians 3:16), and other Christs--Christianus alter Christus; it perfects the angelical orders, raises the dignity of the material world, and restores all things in Christ (Ephesians 1:9-10). By our salvation all things are ours, we are Christ's, and Christ is God's (1 Corinthians 3:22-23).
II. INDIVIDUAL SALVATION
The Council of Trent describes the process of salvation from sin in the case of an adult with great minuteness (Sess. VI, v-vi).
It begins with the grace of God which touches a sinner's heart, and calls him to repentance. This grace cannot be merited; it proceeds solely from the love and mercy of God. Man may receive or reject this inspiration of God, he may turn to God or remain in sin. Grace does not constrain man's free will.
Thus assisted the sinner is disposed for salvation from sin; he believes in the revelation and promises of God, he fears God's justice, hopes in his mercy, trusts that God will be merciful to him for Christ's sake, begins to love God as the source of all justice, hates and detests his sins.
This disposition is followed by justification itself, which consists not in the mere remission of sins, but in the sanctification and renewal of the inner man by the voluntary reception of God's grace and gifts, whence a man becomes just instead of unjust, a friend instead of a foe and so an heir according to hope of eternal life. This change happens either by reason of a perfect act of charity elicited by a well disposed sinner or by virtue of the Sacrament either of Baptism or of Penance according to the condition of the respective subject laden with sin. The Council further indicates the causes of this change. By the merit of the Most Holy Passion through the Holy Spirit, the charity of God is shed abroad in the hearts of those who are justified.
Against the heretical tenets of various times and sects we must hold
that the initial grace is truly gratuitous and supernatural;
that the human will remains free under the influence of this grace;
that man really cooperates in his personal salvation from sin;
that by justification man is really made just, and not merely declared or reputed so;
that justification and sanctification are only two aspects of the same thing, and not ontologically and chronologically distinct realities;
that justification excludes all mortal sin from the soul, so that the just man is no way liable to the sentence of death at God's judgment-seat.
Other points involved in the foregoing process of personal salvation from sin are matters of discussion among Catholic theologians; such are, for instance,
the precise nature of initial grace,
the manner in which grace and free will work together,
the precise nature of the fear and the love disposing the sinner for justification,
the manner in which sacraments cause sanctifying grace.
But these questions are treated in other articles dealing ex professo with the respective subjects. The same is true of final perseverance without which personal salvation from sin is not permanently secured.
What has been said applies to the salvation of adults; children and those permanently deprived of their use of reason are saved by the Sacrament of Baptism.
Publication information Written by A.J. Maas. Transcribed by Donald J. Boon. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIII. Published 1912. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, D.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York
Salvation is the goal of Christianity, and the purpose of the Church. The theology of salvation is called Soteriology. Orthodox Christianity strongly believes that God became man, so that man may become like God. This concept of theosis, rejects that salvation is a positive result to a legalistic dilemma, but is instead a healing process. Orthodoxy views our inclination to sin as a symptom of a malady that needs treatment, not just a transgression that requires retribution. One of the distinctive characteristics of Orthodox Christian thinking is that it sees the Gospel message not as law, but as relationship. It speaks of the mystery of the Holy Trinity in terms of the relationship of love that exists among them. To join in that love is the work that will lead to salvation.
To be like God, through the gift of God, is the essence of man's being and life. In the scriptures it says that God breathed into man, the "breath (or spirit) of life" (Gen 2:7). This teaching has given rise to the understanding in the Orthodox Church that man cannot be truly human, truly himself, without the Spirit of God.
The image of God signifies man's free will, his reason, his sense of moral responsibility, everything, which marks man out from the animal creation and makes him a person. But the image means more than that. It means that we are God's 'offspring' (Acts 27:28), his kin; it means that between us and him there is a point of contact, an essential similarity. The gulf between creature and Creator is not impassable, for because we are in God's image we can know God and have communion with him.
The Church teaches that when we do not respond to God's love, we are diminished as human beings. The act of faith that he asks of us is not so very different from the faith and trust we place in those people who surround us. When we do not respond to the love given us by the people who love us, we become shallow and hardened individuals.
God did not abandon his people after Christ's ascension into heaven. His Church, starting on Pentecost, is still with us today.
The final coming of Christ will be the judgment of all men. His very presence will be the judgment. For those who love the Lord, his presence will be infinite joy, paradise and eternal life. For those who hate the Lord, the same presence will be infinite torture, hell and eternal death.
The Church is the unity of those united with the Trinity. The One Church united as the three persons of Trinity are united. If one in the Church makes proper use of this Church, for communion with God, then he will become 'like' God, he will acquire the divine likeness; in the words of John Damascene, he will be 'assimilated to God through virtue.' To acquire the likeness is to be deified, it is to become a 'god by grace,' [not by nature or essence].
Arising of Jesus
This page - -
- - is at
This subject presentation was last updated on - -
Send an e-mail question or comment to us: E-mail
The main BELIEVE web-page (and the index to subjects) is at: BELIEVE Religious Information Source - By Alphabet http://mb-soft.com/believe/indexaz.html
|
<urn:uuid:563edd81-bd3a-45d3-9899-087db8617580>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://mb-soft.com/believe/text/salvatio.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946675 | 7,396 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Philippines: Living Landscapes And Cultural Landmarks (World Heritage Sites In The Philippines)
by Villalon, Augusto F. (Text)
About This Book
The Philippines is home to eight Unesco World Heritage Sites. They are: the Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park; the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park; the Rice Terraces in the Philippine Cordilleras; the Historic Town of Vigan in Ilocos Sur; and the four Baroque churches of Santo Tomas de Villanueva in Iloilo, San Augustin in Ilocos Norte, Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion in Ilocos Sur, and San Augustin in Manila.
This book tells you how you can get there, and evocative text describes the history and the uniqueness of these places. Rich colour photographs with captions are included.
Please note that this book may not be in stock. We will confirm availability upon receipt of your order. * Actual charges are made in Singapore Dollars (SGD). SGD1.00 = US$0.72
|
<urn:uuid:fb023d08-63b0-4f6d-961e-5ff555f986c0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.selectbooks.com.sg/getTitle.aspx?SBNum=038019
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.785407 | 229 | 2.625 | 3 |
|Battery Point (Crescent City), CA|
Description: In 1855, the ship America burned in the harbor at Crescent City. Three cannons were salvaged from the wreckage and mounted nearby on the point at the northern side of the harbor's entrance. The cannons, which were often fired during Fourth of July celebrations, resulted in the point being named Battery Point, and although the cannons have since disappeared, the name remains affixed to the point.
Although not included in the 1852 contract for the first eight west coast lighthouses, Battery Point Lighthouse was actually lit ten days before Humboldt Harbor Lighthouse, the last of the original eight to become operational. Battery Point Lighthouse, like most of the original eight, was built in a Cape Cod style, with a central brick tower protruding from the roof of a one-and-a-half-story stone keeper’s dwelling. The fourth-order Fresnel lens in the lantern room first illuminated the night sky at Crescent City on December 10, 1856.
As Theophilus Magruder, the first official keeper, didn’t arrive at the lighthouse until fifteen days after it was first lit, a temporary keeper was initially responsible for the light. Magruder’s starting salary was $1,000 per year, but it was reduced by forty percent on September 1, 1859, prompting Magruder’s resignation a few weeks later.
Magruder had arrived in Oregon in 1845 with his friend James Marshall, but the pair soon went their separate ways. In January 1848, Marshall was building a sawmill for John Sutter in California when he found a few flakes of gold that triggered the California Gold Rush. Marshall’s discovery led to an influx of immigrants that resulted in the establishment of lights along the west coast and the employment of his old friend.
In 1875, the Lighthouse Board published the following on the lighthouse at Crescent City:
This station is in a dilapidated condition, and should be rebuilt if the light is to be continued. The entire wood-work of the keeper’s stone dwelling must be removed. The ends of many of the lower floor-timbers are entirely gone, and the floor is held up by shores. …the light itself is of little consequence. No vessel can enter Crescent City harbor at night, and no vessel bound up or down the coast can, with safety, run near enough to make the light. The rocks off Point St. George are one of the chief dangers to navigation on the coast. A first-order light should be placed there. When that is done the Crescent City station should be discontinued.With Saint George Reef lying roughly six miles northwest of the harbor, mariners felt that approaching the harbor at night was too risky and typically remained well at sea. A light was established on St. George Reef in 1892, but mariners discovered that the harbor light was still required for safe nighttime navigation.
John Jeffrey became keeper of Battery Point Lighthouse in 1875, during the time when the lighthouse’s future was uncertain. Jeffrey and his wife Nellie served for nearly forty years at the station, and for part of that time, Nellie was employed as an assistant keeper. They raised four children at the station, and the life must have been somewhat agreeable as their son George also entered the lighthouse service, accepting his first assignment in 1894 as an assistant keeper on nearby St. George Reef Lighthouse. George D. Jeffrey was keeper of Oakland Harbor Lighthouse from 1903 to 1914, which time coincided with the last decade of his father’s service at Crescent City.
In 1879, while Jeffrey was in charge of the lighthouse, a giant wave struck the wooden, lean-to kitchen that had been added to the west side of the lighthouse. The addition’s chimney was toppled, and the kitchen stove fell to the floor, starting a fire. The Jeffrey family frantically began drawing water with the cistern’s pump to fight the fire, but a second wave soon swamped the island, sending enough water down through the chimney hole to douse the flames.
The lighthouse hasn’t always been white. The color of the dwelling was changed from a stone-color to a light buff in 1880, and the tower was painted white. In 1887, the lighthouse was painted white, the daymark it has since retained.
In May 1907, a new fourth-order lens was installed in the lantern room, changing the station’s light characteristic from a white flash every ninety seconds to a white flash every fifteen seconds.
Crescent City Lighthouse was automated in 1953, and a modern 375mm lens replaced the fourth-order Fresnel lens. After automation, the Del Norte Historical Society leased the lighthouse, and the lighthouse eventually became home to a museum and curators.
With its exposed location atop a rocky mound, the lighthouse was often battered by storms and waves. One rogue wave broke three panes of glass in the lantern room and deposited water in the tower.
Remarkably, the lighthouse was not harmed when Crescent City received the worst tsunami damage ever suffered along the west coast of the lower forty-eight states. On March 27, 1964, the strongest earthquake ever recorded in the northern hemisphere struck Alaska near Prince William Sound, generating a series of waves that raced south at a speed of nearly 600 mph. The waves reached Crescent City around midnight with crests of up to twenty feet.
The following is Peggy’s account after the third wave had flooded the city:
The water withdrew as if someone had pulled the plug. It receded a distance of three-quarters of a mile from the shore. We were looking down, as though from a high mountain, into a black abyss. It was a mystical labyrinth of caves, canyons, basins, and pits, undreamed of in the wildest of fantasies.
Eleven people in Crescent City were killed by the tsunami. Twenty-one boats were destroyed in the harbor, and ninety-one homes in town were damaged. The total cost of all the destruction was in excess of seven million dollars.
The lighthouse survived the ordeal intact, but the following year, the modern beacon that replaced the Fresnel lens in the tower was switched off, and a flashing light at the end of the nearby breakwater served as the harbor’s navigational aid. On December 10, 1982, the light in the lighthouse tower was lit again, as Battery Point Lighthouse became a private aid to navigation.
Today, caretakers live in the lighthouse and conduct tours of the premises. The fourth-order Fresnel lens used in the lighthouse is on display along with historic photos and other lighthouse memorabilia.
The lighthouse is located on a small island just outside Crescent City's Harbor. The lighthouse is owned by Del Norte County. Grounds open, dwelling/tower open in season.
The lighthouse is owned by Del Norte County. Grounds open, dwelling/tower open in season.
Notes from a friend:Kraig writes:
While in town, you can check out a couple of reminders of the devastating 1964 tsunami. First, between H and K Streets along what was Second Street you will find a memorial plaque at Tsunami Landing listing the names of the eleven people who lost their lives. Along Front Street, you can see a giant tetrapod, over a thousand of which make up the outer breakwater at Crescent City. This tetrapod, which weighs 25 tons, was moved almost three feet by the tsunami.Marilyn writes:
Definitely worth a day time and sunset picture. Be careful to watch the tide coming back in at the end of the day or you may be spending the night outside of the lighthouse.
See our List of Lighthouses in California
Pictures on this page copyright Kraig Anderson, Russell Barber, used by permission.
|
<urn:uuid:ff3511b1-65fe-4add-bfaf-311efbc56926>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.lighthousefriends.com/light.asp?ID=58
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975498 | 1,630 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Anemia is a condition which arises due to reduction in the number of oxygen carrying red blood cells, thus leading to the reduced supply of Oxygen to body organs. Before we try to understand Anemia, we need to briefly analyze what is the process which is solely responsible for this disorder. RBC also known as Red Blood Cells, which give red color to the blood, contain a complex molecule called ‘hemoglobin‘, which separates Oxygen from the air we breath and carries it several organs of the body. The whole process is mediated by the king of the organs,” the heart”. While hemoglobin has Oxygen bound to it, it has a deep red color, and when the oxygen is released to the cells of the body it gains dark blue color. Before we move ahead we need have this process clear to make ourselves aware of the consequences of this disorder.
We can call this a disorder rather than a disease because, it is caused by the deficiency of Iron (in most cases), vitamin B12 and folic acid. In other cases it may be caused due to a genetic or inherited disorder, chronic illness which may disrupt intake of nutritious food or prolonged intake of antibiotics.
Moreover Anemia can be classified into three types based on amount of blood loss, i.e.
a) Hemorrhage ( excessive blood loss)
b) Hemolysis (excessive red blood cell destruction)
c) Deficiency in hematopoiesis i.e the process of blood formation
* Breathlessness, tiredness, giddiness and fast palpitations.
* Pale appearance of the skin
* Fainting frequently
* A weak and fast pulse
* Inflammation of the tongue and cracks at the corners of mouth
* Nervous disorders, depression, decreased brain functions
* Difficulty in walking or doing any work etc.,
Natural Treatment of Anemia :
* Have two boiled eggs daily, and make sure you have a light exercise for these eggs to be digested. The reformation of blood differs from person to person, but the person should not worry if he observes dark or black colored feces due to this diet.
* About 100 ml of beet juice intake will help to regain the iron deficiency as it is rich in iron.
* Sufficient intake of vegetables and fruits like spinach, lettuce, wood apple , Fenugreek, grapes in any natural form without cooking proves helpful in combating anemia.
Apart from the above mentioned natural remedies, it is really important to consult a doctor and undergo proper medication under medical supervision, this way we ensure that we practice good health habits by having healthy diet as well reduce any complications arising out of anemia.
|
<urn:uuid:431aa62c-fb75-4b39-b39d-842713b2f4ca>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.hourlybook.com/let-us-gain-resistance-to-anaemia/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.929886 | 555 | 3.375 | 3 |
There is no doubt in our minds that reading a good book provides much more than knowledge. Reading a book opens your imagination, providing a television in your mind.
Good authors write well enough to allow readers to envision the scenes and the characters. The characters come to life with their personalities and actions, the scenes in our minds become more vivid and imaginative than any movie or television show could ever provide.
Unlike television or movies, books allow us to have our own interpretations of the stories. How often have you heard, "the book was better than the movie."? Of course the book is always better. A book has time to unfold the scene, expose the characters, and reveal the plot.
A movie only has around two hours to tell a story, much of the story gets cut, and often leaves nothing for our imaginations to work on.
Reading is as important to adults as it is for children. Watching children learn to read and then progress into reading on their own is a joy. It is nothing less than magic when children share their interpretation of a story they read. You know it is a good book when children even share their interpretation of the characters' personalities.
For an adult it is no different. A good book takes us away to a place other than where we are now. It becomes a means of relaxing and a way to travel to exotic places with characters who come to life. A book allows us to return to those places over and over again should we choose.
Reading is also inexpensive and a book will never scratch, skip, or break like a movie or DVD will. Walk into any library and you will have endless avenues of adventures laid out on row upon row of shelves. Books will take your imagination to anyplace you want to go at anytime you want to go. Let your imagination be your television.
|
<urn:uuid:d5edb124-8dd5-43c9-98ad-d1336ba6dc10>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.chronicletimes.com/story/1149857.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971785 | 371 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.