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diving and undersea medicine for the non-medical diver, the non-diving
physician and the specialist.
Inner Ear Problems
Dr. Murray Grossan feels that the best way to diagnose
fistula is as follows:
"I notice that one of the reasons perilymph fistula is missed so often is that the "textbooks" state to use the otoscope and rubber bulb to increase pressure on the middle ear to elicit dizziness. This doesn't work.
It is actually necessary to use a tympanometer and an
audiologist who has done many of these tests. In tympanometry, the ear
is sealed and an exact pressure is placed against the ear drum, both
and negative. By putting excessive pressure - measured by the machine -
can then determine if dizziness occurs and if you can see nystagmus. I routinely see cases missed because they relied on the otoscope and rubber bulb for the test."
Inner Ear Decompression Sickness (IEDCS)--manifested by tinnitus, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and hearing loss--is usually associated with deep air or mixed gas dives, and accompanied by other CNS symptoms of decompression sickness (DCS). Early recompression treatment is required in order to avoid permanent inner ear damage. They present an unusual case of a scuba diver suffering from IEDCS as the only manifestation of DCS following a short shallow scuba dive, successfully treated by U.S. Navy treatment table 6 and tranquilizers. This case suggests that diving medical personnel should be more aware of the possible occurrence of IEDCS among the wide population of sport scuba divers. Aviat Space Environ Med 61 (6): 563-566 (Jun 1990)
Inner ear decompression sickness (IEDCS) is one
of Type II decompression sickness. Most cases of IEDCS have been
with saturation dives, so there are very few reports of occurrence
shallow scuba dives. They present a case of a diver who suffered from
following a shallow scuba dive (30m), and was successfully treated by
protocol outlined in U.S. Navy treatment table 6. This case suggests
there is the possibility of occurrence of IEDCS, even following a
scuba dive, if proper decompression procedures are not adhered to. In
detailed analysis of diving profiles should be used to distinguish the
inner ear dysfunction seen in some divers from inner ear barotrauma
may be attributable to IEDCS. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 95 (4):
Ernest Campbell, MD, FACS All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:e523130e-3184-464f-b00c-3f127d3511a8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scuba-doc.com/inearprobs.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905873 | 558 | 2.78125 | 3 |
1. What does James Axton do in Europe?
James Axton is an analyst for a firm that assesses corporate risk. He travels to countries in the Eurasian regions east of Greece and determines what levels of civil and political unrest exist, as well as what level of ant-America sentiment. This is used to inform American corporations whether they should establish offices in these countries.
2. Why is James ridiculed by his friends in the beginning of Chapter 1?
In the beginning of Chapter 1, James is driving in Athens with a group of a American colleagues. They discuss the fact that James has yet to see the Acropolis despite the fact that he lives in Athens. Charles Maitland, an old friend, reprimands him for his senseless dithering, but Ann Maitland understands
3. Describe Tap Axton.
Tap Axton is the nine-year-old son of James and Kathryn Axton. He is absurdly precocious for his age and is in the process of writing a novel that is a prairie epic. He and Kathryn often speak to each other in a made-up language called Ob.
This section contains 4,050 words
(approx. 14 pages at 300 words per page) | <urn:uuid:2545c8cb-c09d-4bdf-8e70-be29ece46275> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/the-names/shortessaykey.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960537 | 252 | 2.703125 | 3 |
General information on Tetanus
Tetanus is a rare non-contagious bacterial infection that usually gets into the dogs body by the contamination of a wound with the bacteria Clostridium tetani. Clostridium tetani lives in the intestines of horses and cows and can be spread by cow or horse manure.
The bacteria will grow and create a toxin that affects the dogs nervous system causing muscle contractions, dehydration and lockjaw.
Symptoms of Tetanus
Symptoms of Tetanus can show up anywhere from days to weeks after injury and exposure. The dogs legs may spasm and contract and possibly become rigid and stiff. Muscle retraction in the face and head can make the ears stand up and the dogs face may appear to have a permanent frozen smile. The jaws may also become locked, hence the name “Lock Jaw”.
Treatments for Tetanus
Tetanus is usually treated with antibiotics and antitoxins. If the dog is dehydrated the vet may need to administer intravenous fluids. When your dog gets a cut or puncture wound, make sure to clean and disinfect the wound thoroughly. Early intervention by a vet is advised as Tetanus can be fatal.
If you have personal pet experience with Tetanus
share your information here - Click Here
Tetanus - personal experiences
Tetanus experience by - Dr wati
my pet dog didnt allow even to pat or touch,so nervous n scared that only barking seems to relieve him.i suspected rabies though he recieved the primary anti-rabies vaccination few months back.i was as nervous as he did then on the 2nd day i saw his neck with a noticeable swelling and commencement of partial paralysis on his hind limbs,n dehydration with body temperature reaching 106.5 F. and then i knew exactly it was tetanus.
View all personal experiences on Tetanus
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a disease from A to Z - Click Here - Diseases A to Z
Remember, this information is for reference only. Always contact your vet or pet profesional for advice.
The information contained on this site is for the sole purpose of
being informative and is not and should not be used or relied upon as medical
Seek the advice of your vet
or other qualified pet care provider before you decide on any treatment or
for answers to any questions you may have regarding a canine medical symptom or medical condition. | <urn:uuid:baa4575d-a06d-4f89-8c5d-4de1456889b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.helpmyhound.com/diagnosis.php?dname=1271 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00148-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932322 | 506 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The tasks in Configuring PAP Authentication show how to set up PAP authentication over the PPP link. The procedures use as an example a PAP scenario that was created for the fictitious “Big Company” in Example of a Configuration for Dial-up PPP.
Big Company wants to enable its users to work from home. The system administrators want a secure solution for the serial lines to the dial-in server. UNIX-style login that uses the NIS password databases has served Big Company's network well in the past. The system administrators want a UNIX-like authentication scheme for calls that come in to the network over the PPP link. So, the administrators implement the following scenario that uses PAP authentication.
The system administrators create a dedicated dial-in DMZ that is separated from the rest of the corporate network by a router. The term DMZ comes from the military term “demilitarized zone.” The DMZ is an isolated network that is set up for security purposes. The DMZ typically contains resources that a company offers to the public, such as web servers, anonymous FTP servers, databases, and modem servers. Network designers often place the DMZ between a firewall and a company's Internet connection.
The only occupants of the DMZ that is pictured in Figure 16–3 are the dial-in server myserver and the router. The dial-in server requires callers to provide PAP credentials, including user names and passwords, when setting up the link. Furthermore, the dial-in server uses the login option of PAP. Therefore, the callers' PAP user names and passwords must correspond exactly to their UNIX user names and passwords in the dial-in server's password database.
After the PPP link is established, the caller's packets are forwarded to the router. The router forwards the transmission to its destination on the corporate network or on the Internet. | <urn:uuid:6ba48f0e-c51a-4461-9833-d2c67d59a22e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/816-4555/pppsvrconfig.p2plink-220/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920921 | 393 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Definition of superphosphate
1 : an acid phosphate
2 : a soluble mixture of phosphates used as fertilizer and made from insoluble mineral phosphates by treatment with sulfuric acid
First Known Use of superphosphate
Learn More about superphosphate
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about superphosphate
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up superphosphate? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:347918b3-ed0e-4d35-a1ec-b4321bf1dc7d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/superphosphate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.851594 | 104 | 3.390625 | 3 |
03 December 2013
An OECD report (OECD PISA) reveals that for the first time, the UK does not make the top 20 in any subject, in international tests taken by 15 year olds in maths, reading and science.
Stephanie Fernandes, IET Principal Policy Advisor, said: “GCSEs in the STEM subjects are the first crucial stepping stone to progressing into not just the engineering and technology sector but a wide range of careers and it is therefore crucial that a high level of uptake and attainment is achieved.
“However, GCSEs do not always provide the level of practical experience that employers need. The IET’s Skills & Demand in Industry Report 2013 showed that 42 per cent of employers have expressed disappointment with the skills of new employees. This can be addressed in schools via work experience placements or by completing an apprenticeship after students have taken their GCSEs.
“It is vital that we encourage more students, particularly females, to study these key enabling subjects. Currently, some students effectively rule themselves out of an engineering career by not studying maths and science. We must change this so that students can make informed subject choices.”
Interview opportunities are available with IET spokespeople from a broad range of engineering and technology disciplines including cyber-security, energy, engineering skills, innovation, manufacturing, technology, transport and women in engineering.
The IET is one of the world’s largest organisations for engineers and technicians. We have nearly 160,000 members in 127 countries around the world.
The IET is working to engineer a better world. We inspire, inform and influence the global engineering community, supporting technology innovation to meet the needs of society.
The IET is the Professional Home for Life® for engineers and technicians, and a trusted source of Essential Engineering Intelligence® and thought leadership. | <urn:uuid:59cc7d0d-f672-40db-960f-671f7a29c7df> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theiet.org/policy/media/press-releases/20131203.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945049 | 378 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Portrait of Mr. William P. C. Barton, Professor of Botany, Physician, and Botanist
William James Hubard, American (born England), 1807 - 1862
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William P. C. Barton--distinguished botanist, botanical illustrator, professor, and medical doctor--combined art and science in his work. He wrote about the usefulness of his "own habitual freedom in the use of the pencil and the brush" in translating his scientific observations into visual images.
Barton is shown here on one of his rambles through the outskirts of Philadelphia in search of new botanical specimens. Samuel Gross, his student at Jefferson Medical College and later the subject of Thomas Eakins's masterpiece The Gross Clinic, fondly remembered these excursions. Gross reminisced that Barton "experienced as great delight in the discovery of a new plant as Audubon did at the sight of an undescribed bird."
Explore the Collections
* Works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. Although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit. | <urn:uuid:8978b8fb-c479-4d5b-9596-f0ed34c44738> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/306943.html?mulR=2223%7C2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943781 | 292 | 2.609375 | 3 |
A search squad from the US Coastguard has discovered the remnants of a plane that went down in Greenland during WWII. According to a report published by the New York Times, the team found the grounded US Grumman Duck aircraft near Koge Bay on the southeast coast of the North Atlantic territory, almost seven decades after it went down with three US troops onboard.
Military officials said the wreck will be unearthed and that the remains of all three servicemen will be returned to their families in the United States.
The find comes after nearly two years of search efforts by the US Coastguard and private search firm North South Polar Inc. Officials said they were hoping to find the wreck before the last of the victims’ families had passed on.
Eighty-nine-year-old Nancy Pritchard Morgan, whose brother was onboard the rescue aircraft when it went down, said that the discovery had answered her prayers.
The Grumman Duck crashed in 1942 as it was trying to traverse a major snowstorm in Comanche Bay, Greenland. A US military aircraft spotted the wreckage days later and reported no signs of survivors.
Previous efforts to locate the crash, including a major Coastguard search in 2010, were unsuccessful. | <urn:uuid:ad7717ae-2342-4c71-bc9e-d8b8ba509c4e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.icenews.is/2013/01/28/wwii-plane-wreck-discovered-by-greenland-search-team/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981943 | 246 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Genetics, Punnett Squares, and probability.
Standards: *Note: I have many ELD standards as well, but am not including them on the website for lack of space.*
7.2. A typical cell of any organism contains genetic instructions that specify its traits. Those traits may be modified by environmental influences. As a basis for under standing this concept:
b. Students know sexual reproduction produces offspring that inherit half their genes from each parent.
d. Students know plant and animal cells contain many thousands of different genes and typically have two copies of every gene. The two copies (or alleles) of the gene may or may not be identical, and one may be dominant in determining the phenotype while the other is recessive.
· Laboratory worksheet “Genetics with a Smile” (see Attached) – one for each student
· “Genetics with a Smile Directions” Sheet (see Attached) – one for each student
· “Smiley Face Traits” Sheet (see Attached) – one for each student
· Red Poker chips with “D” on one side and “r” on the other – one for each student
· Blue Poker chips with “D” and multiple “X”s on one side and “r” and multiple “Y”s on the other – one for each student
· One box of coloring supplies for each group of four students
Students will already have considerable practice with Punnett Squares and the following vocabulary terms and their meanings: dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous, purebred and hybrid. They must also be able to determine the probability of traits occurring. They will already be aware that the options for a trait’s probability are 0/4, ¼, 2/4, ¾, or 4/4; they will also know that these fractions can be expressed in percentages as 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, respectively.
Part A - Choosing traits
1. Check to make sure all supplies are present.
2. Each member will need an orange characteristic paper to draw their baby.
3. Each member will need a red chip to represent mom’s DNA and a blue chip to represent dad’s DNA.
4. Flip the red chip (female) for the first trait (Face Shape).
5. Circle whether you flipped a dominant (C) or a recessive (c) under female in your data table.
6. Flip the blue chip (male) for the first trait (Face Shape).
7. Circle whether you flipped a dominant (C) or a recessive (c) under male in your data table.
8. Repeat directions 4-7 for all traits.
9. Use the orange characteristic paper to write all the genotypes and phenotypes based on what you flipped.
Part B - It's a boy! It's a girl!
10.Flip only the blue chip to determine the sex of your baby because male sperm cells carry the 2nd X chromosome for girl or the Y chromosome for boy.
11.If your baby is a girl, she must have a pink bow. If your baby is a boy, he must have a blue bow.
12. Draw your baby.
13. Answer the questions.
The purpose for this experiment is to solidify the concept of inheritance; specifically, the students will gain an understanding of how half of the traits come from the female parent and the other half from the male parent. By flipping the chip for each trait, students should realize that the chances of inheriting each allele 50% from each parent. They will also continuously write the new genotypes and phenotypes and gain practice in these tasks. The repetition ought to be enough to ingrain in them the concept of inheritance. The sketching is a fun way to put all of these concepts together (literally), and it gives the students an opportunity to be creative. It is also a way to synthesize a "baby" from the traits.
1. Why did you only need to flip the male parent chip in order to determine the gender of the baby?
If you looks on the traits page, you will see that the genotype for female gender is XX. If you were to put an X on one side of a chip and another X on the other and flipped the chip, you would ALWAYS get an X. Henceforth, you would not need to flip the female chip because you would get an X no matter what. The genotype for male gender is XY, however. You need to flip the male chip because the male determines the gender of the baby.
2. Uncle Smiley, who is heterozygous for a yellow face (Yy), married a woman with a green face. Create a Punnett square to show the possible face color genotypes for their children.
3. Aunt Smiley has the cutest pointed ears (vv) and would love to have children with pointed ears! What type of ears would her husband need to have in order to get her wish? Give the genotype and phenotype as part of your answer.
Her husband would need to either have pointed ears as well (vv) or be heterozygous for curved ears (Vv). If her husband had the heterozygous curved ears, however, her children would only have a 50% chance of having pointed ears. In order to guarantee pointed eared children, Aunt Smiley should marry a pointed eared man.
The first application to everyday life that this experiment addresses is inheritance of traits from parents to children. They are flipping the chips to show that to inherit a trait from a parent is both dependent upon genotype and chance. They will actually be able to look at their own parents’ traits and their own traits and perhaps understand why they look like a combination of their parents’ traits.
The second application comes in when the students determine their baby’s gender and when they answer the first question. It is intended to have students think about why the baby’s gender is not determined by the female parent. It also relates back to being homozygous or heterozygous for a trait; except, here we talk about a whole chromosome.
Finally, this experiment is applicable to everyday life because it will solidify that dominant traits are always expressed over recessive. They will be able to conjecture why some traits (on an animal, plant, or anything) are more numerous and expressed.
C. Waishwile, personal interview. April 4-8, 2011. | <urn:uuid:c9e9dadf-c96a-4ee3-a01e-5a8a019f194a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://sites.google.com/site/sed555f11/previous/555s11-presenat/kayla-r---7th-grade-science | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947088 | 1,376 | 4 | 4 |
This one-teacher school was built for the 1923-24 school year. It was constructed on two acres of land and cost $1,900. Of this total, $200 came from the black community, $1,300 from public funds (provided by the Durham County school board), and $400 came from the Rosenwald Fund. The Union School was located in Patterson Township and was completed during the tenure of Jeanes supervisor Carrie Jordan.
In 1922 the black community that would be served by the Union School began pursuing its construction. Like other black communities where Rosenwald schools were built, approval came after the community pledged to provide funding, materials, and labor for the project.
|October 2, 1922||W. O. Carlton, Doc Scott, Mrs. Hedgepath, Joseph Eades, W. P. Green, C. E. Carlton| | <urn:uuid:e58bc48b-0469-4de3-85ae-2410cb5d4f91> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://durhamcountylibrary.org/exhibits/jeanes/schools/union.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982878 | 175 | 2.875 | 3 |
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How do I go about planting yams? We have already started the roots forming in a jar of water but need to know how to plant them. Thanks for your response. Duane
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Sweet potatoes (often called yams, although they are technically different plants) are a long warm season crop. You will be more successful growing them in southern Utah because of their longer season and warmer temperatures.
You can read details about growing sweet potatoes in USU Extension's publication "Sweet Potatoes in the Garden", at http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/sweetpotato2006-10.pdf
In Northern Utah, I would recommend pre-heating the soil in the area you will grow the sweet potatoes. Cover it with black plastic for a week or so before planting. Then you may cut planting holes and plant the slips in those holes, with the black plastic still covering the soil in the row. This works best with drip irrigation.
During the cooler nights of early summer, cover the rows with floating row cover to keep the plants warmer.
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- The last few years, I have had persistent grass growth in my vegetable garden. I till the area each fall and spring, and pull out and discard all the vegetable plants. For the first couple of months, its easy to control the weeds and grass, then about 2/3 of the way through the summer, the grass starts to take over. By the time I pull out the plants in the fall, I practically have a lawn underneath them. Now that everything is pulled up, should I spray Round-up or another grass killer on the entire garden area? Or is there a better way to control the grass? | <urn:uuid:6a6c6cbe-0921-4f84-94b9-b2b6099b86df> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://extension.usu.edu/htm/faq/faq_q=974 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945647 | 570 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Town--location and history
Judge rules Town of Hempstead must elect Town Council from districts.
What will the districts look like? (Hempstead and elsewhere)
Where do you draw the line?
Travel around the town--links to community resources: museums, organizations, education, businesses, government, lists of links
Complaints about town government.
Enter our poetry-reading contest. No prizes!
Promote browser freedom.
We welcome your questions and comments.
Located at about 40° 40' N, 73° 40' W, the Town of Hempstead is on the South Shore of Long Island, the Atlantic Coast, just east of the City of New York and west of the Town of Oyster Bay. The town was orignally somewhat larger in area. In the 17th century, the town included territory from Port Washington to Breezy Point. In the 18th century, the Town of North Hempstead was created on the North Shore. In the 19th century, the City of New York annexed the Rockaway Peninsula, including the Village of Far Rockaway. In the 20th century, the City of Long Beach was incorporated from part of a barrier island in the town.
Historical peculiarities and rigid inertia have made Hempstead the only town in the United States with a population over 700,000. For six decades, it was notable for having two supervisors, instead of the usual one. Together, the two cast more than half of the votes on the Nassau County Board of Supervisors, although never a majority for passage. In 1994 the County was divided into legislative districts. However, the town continued to elect council members at-large.
A federal court has abolished the monolithic government structure of the Town of Hempstead (pop. 725,000), which provided the power base for prominent Republican politicians, including former (1981-1988) U.S. Sen. Alfonse D'Amato. Hempstead's Republican organization is recognized as one of the few remaining old-style political machines. Located in Nassau County NY, Hempstead is the most populated town in the USA, exceeding Boston, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, Miami, New Orleans, St. Louis, Kansas City, Minneapolis, Milwaukee, Seattle, six states, and several foreign countries.
Republicans have held all offices in town government since 1907. Because of the cost of campaigning, only the Republican machine has been able to mount the town-wide campaign required for election of council members. Thus, loyal party soldiers are elected to all town offices. Critics are kept at bay. The Republican party has taken full advantage of this comfortable insulation, funnelling a percentage of the town's high taxes into a huge campaign war chest used to elect Republican candidates.
As a result of the court ruling, council members will run in smaller local districts. It certain that members of town government will be more diverse and independent after the implementation of the ruling. This will likely result in closer scrutiny of budgets, contracts, and appointments, keeping tax receipts from reaching campaigns. Without this ample stream of cash, it will be more difficult for machine politicians to swamp their opponents. (Click here for a poetic interpretation of the Hempstead story.)
The ruling could have made the system democratic without creating electoral districts, if a proportional system of voting had been used. These methods are described at the Center for Voting and Democracy.
In May, 1997, the town presented an embarrassingly feeble plan to keep consolidated machine control. They proposed creating a black district with one council seat--and no other districts! The rest of the town would remain a five-seat doughnut (around a black hole, so to speak). This move can be interpreted as a desperate attempt to delay the inevitable. How likely is it that the court will consider a system that was ruled unconstitutional in the 1960's for electing Hawaii's legislature?
Hempstead's machine may have been weakened a bit when Alfonse D'Amato lost his seat in the U.S. Senate in 1998. (Many of us were relieved that he retired while still the junior senator.) However, D'Amato and his friends still wield some influence in state politics.
Following the lead established at the county level, a more democratic form of government is to be established in the Town of Hempstead. A six-district plan is most likely. What will it look like?
"It seems as if Babylon Turnpike in Roosevelt has become a truck stop. Amazingly, on Monday, April 11th 2005, Nassau County police car #117 drove by every truck and did not write one single summons. Isn't it illegal to park a tractor trailer on a that has a weight limit?
"Where are the legislators when it comes to enforcing quality of life issues? Babylon Turnpike has become a highway with heavy traffic from sun up to sun down. This road was never intended to handle this volume of traffic, nor was it anticipated that trucks would use this thoroughfare as a parking lot. Isn't if odd that I don't see any tractor trailers parked on Babylon Turnpike in Merrick. Why are they allowed to do so in Roosevelt?
"Signed: Disgusted at the truck stop!"
"Please something needs to be done about Jerusalem ave just north of Hempstead Tpke in Levttown. The left hand lane is gross. Everyone tries to drive in the middle of the two lanes and makes it difficult for people to pass. Please can someone check it out."
Questions? Comments? Send mail to [email protected].
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Last altered: 1 January 2012
Last revised: 5 November 2012
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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 4/10/2013 (997 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
Chickens will eat just about anything -- grains, grass, small lizards, even mice. But what if their meals featured moist bread and gourmet salad trimmings? Would they taste different -- better -- when it was their turn to be on the plate? New York's top chefs are addressing that question in an experiment that's either ingenious or preposterous (or both).
According to a recent New York Times article, the chickens at a poultry farm in Pennsylvania have been dining on scraps sent to them by chefs from some of the city's finest restaurants. (The birds are also eating soy and corn.) The chickens started appearing on menus late last month.
"Listen, if the chickens ate ginger and lemon, you would have a gingery, lemony chicken, I think," chef David Burke suggested in the article.
Is that really how it works? Not exactly.
Here's what we do know. An ordinary commercial chicken eats corn for carbohydrates and soy for protein, plus a variety of vitamin and mineral supplements. Research has suggested that dramatically changing the carbohydrate source affects the flavour of the meat. In 2004, for example, USDA scientists fed chickens soybeans plus either corn, wheat or sorghum, then boiled the meat in plastic bags and fed it to nine blindfolded taste-testers. The testers reported that corn-fed chickens tasted more strongly of meat broth and were less chewy than the wheat- or sorghum-fed birds.
That doesn't necessarily mean you can deliberately manipulate the flavour of chicken meat through the bird's diet, or, even if you could, that it's as simple as feeding the bird foods you want it to taste like.
"Feeding a chicken lemon juice will not make it taste like lemon," said Doug Smith, who studies poultry processing at North Carolina State University, "but there's a chance the ginger would come through" if you added that spice to the bird's diet.
To see why, you need to understand some chemistry and anatomy.
Smith explained that a chicken's flavour is largely expressed through its fat. Fat-based molecules are therefore more likely to make it from the chicken's mouth to your mouth. Citric acid, which is not a fat, dominates the flavour of lemon juice. A chicken would digest and utilize the acid, but it wouldn't influence the flavour of the bird's flesh.
The flavour of ginger, on the other hand, comes from its essential oils. The same is true of many spices. There is a chance that those oils would survive the chicken's digestive tract intact, then make it into the bird's fat stores and have some influence on the flavour of the fowl.
There's a possibility that you could impart a lemony flavour, but you'd have to use lemon peel, which contains essential oils rather than lemon juice.
Would a chicken eat a lemon peel, you ask? Absolutely.
"Chickens have very little in the way of taste buds," Smith said. "The insides of their mouths have a lot of hard surfaces because of the beak, and their tongue has more cartilage than the soft human tongue. Unlike most animals, they'll even eat hot peppers."
-- The Washington Post | <urn:uuid:d68cb26a-1b25-4d5d-9733-ca84daed870d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/life/sci_tech/raising-a-spicy-lemon-chicken-226561891.html?story=Raising%20a%20spicy%20lemon%20chicken | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96028 | 691 | 2.734375 | 3 |
. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it. ... Drehem, 100,000,
Details of the Sumerian cuneiform script, the world's oldest writing system, which
was used to write Sumerian, a semitic language spoken in Mesopotamia ...
Akkadian Cuneiform, Chapter The cuneiform writing system, Section: ... Top-20
sign list in Codex Hammurabi · Signs used as determinatives; initial ... Subsection
of Chapter `Cuneiform' of John Heise's `Akkadian language' with some ...
Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of
Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000 BCE. It is considered the most significant...
Akkadian Writing and Grammar contain practically the same number of pages,
the second ... of T. Jacobsen, The Sumerian King List (AS XI) minus 276 years.
In the second half of the second millennium B.C., the cuneiform writing .... of
lexical lists is the word list, which was known from the inception of writing and ...
Apr 12, 2016 ... The Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) sees as one of its major goals the
implementation of an online sign list for the early phases of cuneiform, ca. ...
attempt to clarify graphic sign development of that period of writing.
An introduction to Akkadian grammar and to cuneiform writing by J. Heise.
Akkadien Personal site of A. Lassine with a list of around 600 Akkadian
Before we get into the nitty gritty of reading Sumerian in cuneiform, we should ...
problems inherent in the script itself that make understanding both cuneiform ...
we are automatically treated to a huge list of Sumerian words that Akkadians
Cuneiform was the most widespread and historically significant writing system in
the ancient Middle East. Its active history comprised the last three millennia bce, ... | <urn:uuid:7000f975-5c76-4cd5-9686-58ecfe54023c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ask.com/web?qsrc=6&o=102140&oo=102140&l=dir&gc=1&qo=popularsearches&ad=dirN&q=List+of+Cuneiform+Alphabet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.83101 | 430 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Exploring "Who Did It?" with Forensic Science
Image from http://www.phys.ttu.edu/
The session was the brainchild of Manfred Fink, a professor of physics at the University of Texas who teaches a highly popular undergraduate course in forensic science, often to standing-room-only crowds of more than 200 students. "I am limited every time by the size of the classroom," he says, and tries to tie the subject matter into what students have seen on TV, from drug and alcohol toxicology, to DNA testing, to forgery, or how Napoleon died. "O.J. Simpson has done [forensics] a fantastic favor, because it really highlighted the sensitivity of these technologies, so this is a fashionable topic."
DNA testing has been an area of intense public interest ever since its pivotal role in the Simpson murder trial several years ago, and the field continues to advance at a rapid pace. According to Lisa White, a research scientist with the Houston-based Identigene, it is now possible to obtain sufficient DNA samples from the handle of a suitcase, cigarette butts, used Kleenex, bubble gum and soda cans - in fact, from almost anything that comes into close contact with blood, saliva, skin cells or other bodily fluids. "There's just no way to escape DNA analysis anymore," says White, pointing out that the human body sheds 10,000 cells day.
Identigene specializes in laser-based technology for all kinds of DNA analysis, including paternity testing, criminal testing, forensic testing, and family reconstructions. DNA analysis has been used to identify body parts retrieved in the aftermath of the recent Egyptian Air disaster, or body parts scattered from graves in cemeteries during the recent floods in North Carolina, and reassemble them. The company's latest innovation is a DNA microarray called APEX, capable of identifying 70 different genes with nearly absolute certainty. As for the Simpson acquittal and the subsequent controversy surrounding DNA evidence introduced in court, "The science itself is hardly ever questioned," says White. "When defense attorneys object to DNA evidence, it's not the actual results they're fighting, it's how someone gathered the evidence."
Roland Menzel, a professor at Texas Tech University and director of its Forensics Science Center, discussed techniques for fingerprint analysis, opening with a sample obtained from the days of the Civil War, using one of the most primitive methods: laser detection of the inherent fluorescence of fingerprint residue. In addition to occasional casework consulting in forensics, Menzel is developing a new technique that involves tagging fingerprints with photoluminescent semiconductor nanocrystals, which, because they have long luminescent lifetimes, can enable time-resolved imaging to get rid of unwanted backgrounds for a clearer image of the print.
Also featured at the session was W. Ginn, Jr. of the Texas Department of Safety Crime Laboratory, who described how drug and alcohol toxicology methods have helped law enforcement personnel locate and confiscate various contraband substances, such as heroin, cocaine and marijuana. Even standard spectrometry techniques have improved to the point where analysts can now test for 160 different drugs in the body simultaneously, from a single drop of blood, and within two minutes, according to Fink.
However, while the physics and technology for better and more accurate forensic analysis is there, Fink emphasizes that forensic methods are useful primarily if one has a target subject to which one can compare the results. Also, as the LAPD discovered in the Simpson trial, there must be immaculate handling of the collection of the sample to be analyzed in order for the results to be useful as evidence in courts of law. Menzel conducts the occasional workshop for law enforcement employees to train them in various aspects of forensic analysis, including the correct procedure for collecting samples. "Even the most modern technology cannot help you if the sample isn't handled correctly," says Fink. "So we must educate the rest of the world."
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Plant of the Week
Golden Tickseed (Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt.)
By Wayne Owen
A hardy, upright annual, native to the southern United States, golden tickseed has spread throughout much of North America. Leaves are finely divided occurring mostly in the lower portion of the plant. A prodigious bloomer, having vibrant yellow flowers with maroon centers. Golden tickseed prefers full sun in various soil types. It is an ideal plant for areas that have poor drainage or remain soggy for an extended period.
With shiny green stems and ball-shaped brown buds, these airy plants are one of the major color makers in any meadow in any region. The clusters of bi-colored golden flowers with mahogany centers literally “light up” a meadow, and have a long blooming season. They are also great for cutting. This is a plains species, but is very widespread. It is called “calliopsis” in the South, where it is enjoyed right down into Florida. The coreopsis was recently designated the official State Wildflower of Florida.
One of North America's best-loved annuals, Plains Coreopsis is also one of the easiest to grow. Plant spring or fall, and you will soon see thin thread-like plants with shiny green stems and very small leaves. Once the seedlings are about 12-inches tall, perfectly round, brown-colored buds will appear, and soon you will have the beautiful sprays of small butter yellow flowers with dark red centers. This species is great for cutting, each stem adding a whole flush of small flowers to any arrangement, but do not cut them all. Plains coreopsis is perhaps the very best native annual for reseeding. This means that even though the plants may die with frost, others will probably sprout in their places next spring.
For More Information: PLANTS Profile - Coreopsis tinctoria, Golden Tickseed | <urn:uuid:0f5bbfae-84d1-4dc9-8637-020541f14e58> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/coreopsis_tinctoria.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950533 | 398 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Global Bioenergies Creates a Bacterial Prototype With Artificial Metabolic Pathway that Produces Isobutene from Glucose
6 October 2010
Global Bioenergies has engineered an initial series of bacterial strains that can produce isobutene—a key chemical building block that can be converted into transportation fuels, polymers and various commodity chemicals—by transforming glucose in vivo.(Earlier post.) Isobutene belongs to the family of light olefin hydrocarbons, and is presently obtained from petroleum.
We have achieved our goal to bioproduce isobutene in vivo ahead of target. We are now concentrating our efforts on increasing both the rate and scale of fermentation. We plan to carry out pilot plant tests prior to the industrial exploitation of the process. This phase will require new financial investment.—Marc Delcourt, co-founder and CEO
Global Bioenergies’s pathway involves enzymes carrying out reactions unobserved in nature. The process—essentially a biological analog of the Fischer-Tropsch process, but one that does not require a high-temperature step—involves the production of a gas that spontaneously volatilizes during the reaction.
We have taught a bacterium to convert glucose to isobutene through an entirely novel process. The metabolic layout that we established passes by 3-hydroxyisovalerate (also called 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate). This chemical intermediate, which is absent from natural bacteria is, in turn, enzymatically converted into isobutene in our strains. The process is set up in accordance with the patent application filed in July 2008.—Philippe Marlière, co-founder and designer of the process
The process is designed to be used downstream from three sugar production pathways: sugar, starch and cellulose. The process can thus be used with cellulosic biomass, following pretreatment and hydrolysis.
This is the first time that an artificial metabolic pathway, which leads the production of a light olefin from renewable resources, has been designed and assembled in a micro-organism. These results set a precedent for the in-depth changes which the worldwide chemical industry will have to undergo in the 21st century.—Jean-Marc Paris, professor at the Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie (Paris Tech) and a member of the Scientific Advisory Board
Global Bioenergies is also targeting the bioproduction of other molecules of the light olefin family, such as ethylene and propylene.
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BLM Issues Decision on Vegetation Treatment and Fuels Reduction
Management and control of vegetation on public lands is an important facet of the BLM’s multiple-use mission. To better meet this responsibility, in 2001 the BLM launched an effort to develop a programmatic environmental impact statement (PEIS) containing national guidance for using herbicides and other vegetation treatments on BLM-administered public lands in 17 western states.
The study responded to direction from the President and Congress in the National Fire Plan and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 to more aggressively reducing the risk of catastrophic on public lands.
Vegetation treatments are also an important part of the Department of Interior's Healthy Lands Initiative to undertake landscape-level restoration for enhancement of sensitive wildlife habitat and continued multiple use of public lands.
The Vegetation Treatments Programmatic EIS replaces analyses contained in four existing Environmental Impact Statements completed between 1986 and 1992 for 14 Western states, and adds analysis of vegetation treatments in two other Western states and Alaska.
The PEIS is a comprehensive National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) document that BLM field-level staff can use during local land-use and project planning. The accompanying Programmatic Environmental Report (PER) provides an assessment of the expected impacts of the use of herbicides and other vegetation treatment methods - including prescribed fire, mechanical, manual and biological - on up to 6 million acres of public land per year.
The Final PEIS will guide the BLM’s actions to treat vegetation on approximately 932,000 acres annually in 17 western states in the United States, including Alaska, using 14 currently approved and four new herbicide active-ingredients.
The Final PER will guide the treatment of 5.1 million acres by other means, including prescribed fire and manual, mechanical, and biological methods.
Together, these treatments will reduce the risk of catastrophic wildfires by reducing hazardous fuels and restoring fire-damaged lands; improve ecosystem health by controlling weeds and invasive plant species, and managing vegetation to benefit fish and wildlife habitat; improve riparian and wetlands areas; and improve water quality in priority watersheds.
The BLM uses herbicides selectively and conservatively in combination with other treatment methods to achieve specific goals. Once the natural cycles and ecological systems of an area are re-established, herbicide use can be reduced and eventually may be eliminated in favor of other, non-chemical means of control, such as mechanical or manual removal of vegetation and biological control.
Vegetation PEIS Project Webpage (Final PEIS, Final PER and ROD in .pdf)
Draft PEIS Documents
BLM Office of Fire and Aviation
NEWS: BLM Post-Fire Season Land Rehabilitation Efforts
National Fire Plan
Healthy Lands Initiative (HLI)
BLM Sage-Grouse and Sagebrush Habitat Conservation
Healthy Forests Initiative (HFI) | <urn:uuid:7f1090ee-1701-4e08-abd3-a612c9fa1bc6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/veg_eis/0.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89697 | 583 | 3 | 3 |
LHASA, April 23 (Xinhua) -- Glaciers on Mount Qomolangma, known in the West as Mount Everest, have shrunk by 10 percent over the past 40 years due to global warming, a researcher said on Wednesday.
Kang Shichang, a researcher at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said the data was based on long-term remote sensing and on-site monitoring.
The glacial lake downstream, as a result, is 13 times bigger than four decades ago, said Kang, who has headed several glacier inspection teams to the Mount Qomolangma area.
Glaciers in the Tibetan Plateau combined cover an area of about 50,000 square kilometers, accounting for more than 80 percent of the country's total, data showed.
Glaciers are very sensitive to climate change and therefore serve as monitors, he said.
Climate change has impacted the plateau, which has the highest altitude in the world.
Kang said glaciers started to shrink since the 20th century and speeded up since the 1990s.
Compared with 20 years ago, the serac forest was now at higher altitude and glaciers had more and bigger cracks, the researcher told Xinhua.
He said glaciers on the plateau are supplementary water sources of many inland rivers and lakes and shrinkage could reduce water flow downstream. | <urn:uuid:5f5800ec-42b1-4bba-b638-a43d1c9ceff4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://english.cntv.cn/2014/04/23/ARTI1398249718481914.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968544 | 283 | 3 | 3 |
World oil demand continues to rise despite efforts to limit demand. Renewable energies such as solar and wind have the potential to limit our dependence on hydrocarbon fuels, but one issue remains prominent – storing energy. While the sun provides radiation for solar and generates wind, when its cloudy or dark we are unable to produce solar energy. One must provide a means to store that energy for when it is needed. Fuel cells enable energy conversion and fill a reliable role in alternative energy strategies.
A chart compiled by Wasserstoff-Energie-Systeme GmbH (h-tec) provides an easy to understand depiction of how fuel cells integrate with solar and wind energy solutions. Fuel cells provide the enabling technology that allows hydrogen to serve as the storage and transport agent. The solar energy that is produced during the daylight hours is used in an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen that in turn, is then used to operate the fuel cell producing electricity at night when it is needed. This process is called the solar-hydrogen energy cycle. Figure 1 illustrates the importance of energy storage in adopting alternative energies.
Figure 1 Solar-Hydrogen Energy Cycle
Demand for oil and hydrocarbon fuels continues to grow despite effort to conserve. Total Petroleum Consumption shows increasing oil demand from China and India while demand in the U.S. grows at a slower pace. With improving efficiencies and lower production costs, fuel cells could provide a solution to our appetite for oil in motor vehicles. Figure 2 describes how fuel cells and electrolyzers (fuels running in reverse) work.
Figure 2 Fuel Cells
Fuel cells are devices that convert chemical to electrical energy – in essence; it’s an electrochemical energy conversion device. In the chemical process of a fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen are combined into water, and in the process, the chemical conversion produces electricity. In the electrolyzer, an electrical current is passed through water (electrolysis) and is the reverse of the electricity-generating process occurring in a fuel cell.
Hydrogen fuel cells offer tremendous opportunity for storing and transporting energy enabling broad applications for home, business, motor vehicle and large-scale energy projects. The follow provides a review of current technologies applicable to hydrogen fuel cells. Factors to consider in using hydrogen fuel cells include operating efficiency, operating temperature range, and material used for the electrolyte (the catalyst that separates hydrogen) and fuel oxidant (that transfers the oxygen atoms).
Figure 3 Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technologies
One of the most practical fuel cell technologies for motor vehicle use include Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) because it operates at normal ambient temperatures and offers high electrical efficiency. There are several useful web sites that illustrate the benefits of hydrogen fuel cells. h-tec and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory provide some very useful information on hydrogen fuel cells.
We are also seeing progress on fuel cell vehicles that could ultimately ameliorate are demand for oil, if not eliminate it entirely, all with no carbon dioxide or other harmful emissions. We see most major automakers developing hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicles. GM is making progress introducing several models using GM’s Fuel Cell Technology.
Honda’s experimental hydrogen refueling station in Torrance, CA uses solar to produce hydrogen for their hydrogen fuel cell vehicle Honda’s FCX .
The bottom line is that the availability of cheap oil is on the decline and without further research on alternative energies we may find the global economy in a very tenuous position. Further research into solar and hydrogen fuel cells could significantly reduce our dependence on oil. | <urn:uuid:6c85e843-a30d-43f3-9f85-2db9337353ca> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://greenecon.net/hydrogen-fuel-cells-%E2%80%93-energy-conversion-and-storage/energy_economics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393533.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908931 | 722 | 3.5 | 4 |
One of the first, and best remembered of the rail barons was Cornelius Vanderbilt, also known as "Commodore." Vanderbilt, who not only never attended college but also never even finished public school (quitting at age 11) started out his career in the steamboat business in the 1820s, right around the time the railroad industry was taking off. His earliest years were spent working on his father's ferry in New York Harbor as a boy. After becoming quite successful as an adult in the industry he turned his attention to railroads, eventually taking control of the New York and Harlem Railroad in 1863. Vanderbilt had already established himself as a no-nonsense businessman who could be ruthless in getting what he wanted.
The Legendary Railroad Tycoons
Charles Crocker, Building The Central Pacific
Collis P. Huntington, Railroad Promoter And Part Of The Central Pacific's "Big Four"
Cornelius "Commodore" Vanderbilt, Visionary Of The New York Central
Daniel Drew, Speculator With Ties To The Erie Railroad
Edward Harriman, Who Revived The Union Pacific
George Gould, Son Of Tycoon Jay Gould
Jim Fisk, Speculator Involved In The "Erie War"
James J. Hill, "The Empire Builder" Who Built The Great Northern
Jay Cooke, Financier Of The Northern Pacific
Jay Gould, Successful Businessman And Well-Known Tycoon
Leland Stanford, Central Pacific Financier And Part Of The "Big Four"
Mark Hopkins, Last Member Of The Central Pacific's "Big Four"
He oversaw significant growth of the NY&H and laid its future foundations as a world-class carrier. He immediately changed the railroad’s name to the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad when he merged the original New York Central with his own Hudson River Railroad. Later including the New York & Harlem as well, the NYC&HR now held a commanding presence in New York City and after gaining control of the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern it reached Chicago on a northern route that was virtually flat (late known as the Water Level Route), in comparison to Pennsylvania Railroad’s main line through the Alleghenies. The NYC&HR would go on to become the legendary New York Central System.
Of course, Vanderbilt was not the only baron as there were many others such as Collis Huntington who was part of the "Big 4" that helped build the transcontinental Central Pacific Railroad, he also oversaw the growth of the Southern Pacific and Chesapeake & Ohio railroads; Edward Harriman who oversaw the early years of the Union Pacific and also controlled other systems like the Southern Pacific and Illinois Central; and James Hill who was the visionary behind the Great Northern, which spanned the northern states from Minnesota to Washington (his dream of merging the GN; Northern Pacific; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy; and Spokane, Portland & Seattle was finally realized in 1970).
Most of the barons we know so well today lived during the mid-19th century through the first or second decade of the 20th century. During their time they oversaw much of the growth of our national rail network, which consisted of just a few thousand miles in 1840 and exploded to more than 250,000 by 1916 (the peak year for mileage). Below is a timeline between those two dates:
1840: 2,808 Miles
1850: 9,021 Miles
1860: 30,000+ Miles
1870: 52,922 Miles
1880: 93,267 Miles
1890: 163,597 Miles
1900: 193,346 Miles
1916: 254,037 Miles
While celebrated for the accomplishments they achieved the general public at the time, and even to some extent today, looked at these businessmen as caring for nothing more than their ever-increasing profits (numerous newspaper articles and cartoons were published during the 19th century depicting the villainous nature of railroads and their presidents). In any event, to a greater extent this was true. Because there was no agency to oversee or regulate the railroad industry for much of the 19th century it flourished and earned massive profits. This was often at the public's expense since there was also no type of laws in affect to oversee the safe operations of passenger, or freight trains, and thus railroads had no incentive to put such measures in place. As a result many passengers and employees during this time were killed during derailments and collisions, which was not only due to a lack of laws and regulations but also because of the inferior technology available.
In any event, is it true that many of the tycoons truly were wretched folks who cared nothing about the general public's welfare aboard their railroads? Probably not, at least not intentionally for most of these individuals (in the case of James Hill he actually encouraged folks to settle near his railroads and even paid to move them there). It is simply that because there was no regulations in place they took advantage of the situation, earning as much money as they could in the process (because, in essence they had a monopoly on the country at the time being that nearly everything moved via rail). For more information about many of these barons please visit the links above, which also highlights a number of the famed presidents like the Baltimore & Ohio's Daniel Willard of the 20th century.
The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), a result of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, and Safety Appliance Act of 1893 helped to finally bring regulation and oversight to the industry. However, it can likewise be argued that the pendulum was swung too far in the other direction as railroads were so heavily regulated during the 20th century that they were nearly all bankrupted by the 1970s. Without the railroads, and the well-known individuals which created them, it is probably safe to say that our country would not be the world leader that it is today and without them in the future there is little chance we, as a nation, could remain the power that we are. Yes, we may not have the most advanced high speed passenger rail system in the world (which, quite honestly is rather embarrassing) but we do have the most efficient and advanced freight system, which is marveled and emulated by other countries.
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About Yad Vashem
Righteous Among the Nations Award Ceremony Honoring Krolina and Mikolaj Kmita, Poland
On Wednesday, 4 November 2009, a ceremony was held at Yad Vashem honoring the late Krolina and Mikolaj Kmita of Poland, Righteous Among the Nations. Participants in the ceremony included the Kmita’s grandchildren, Mr. Jan Kmita and Ms. Ewa Nowakowska, and other family members who came especially from Poland for the event, H.E Mrs. Agnieszka Magdziak Miszewska, Polish Ambassador to Israel, Dr. Moshe Bronstein, son of the late Sophia Bronstein née Gwirtzman, Holocaust survivor, family and friends, Holocaust survivors and members of the Commission for the Designation of the Righteous Among the Nations. Also present were educators from Poland taking parting a seminar run by the International School for Holocaust Studies in cooperation with the Auschwitz Museum.
Krolina and Mikolaj Kmita were recognized as Righteous Among the Nations in 1967, and in 1972, survivor Sophia Bronstein planted a tree in their honor at Yad Vashem, but for various reasons, the award ceremony could not be held until now. 45 years later, Dr. Bronstein brought the Kmita family to Israel for the ceremony.
After a memorial ceremony in the Hall of Remembrance, the Righteous Among the Nations medal and certificate of honor were awarded to the Kmita’s grandchildren, Mr. Jan Kmita and Ms. Ewa Nowakowska, next to the tree planted by the late Sophia Bronstein in 1972 in honor of her rescuers, Krolina and Mikolaj Kmita.
The Rescue Story
On the eve of World War II, some 13,000 Jews lived in the city of Kowel, Poland (today Ukraine). In June 1941, the Germans occupied Kowel, and mass persecution ensued. Jewish businesses were nationalized and sanctions imposed, and Jews were captured and murdered. Several weeks later, the Germans collected the Torah scrolls from all the synagogues in the city, and burned them. By the end of 1941, approximately 1,000 Kowel Jews had been murdered.
Towards the end of May 1942, two ghettos were established. In one ghetto, all the “useless” Jews – those who could not be exploited for forced labor - were incarcerated. They were murdered one month later, in June 1942. Liquidation of the second ghetto started in August 1942. Many tried to escape and hide, and hundreds of Jews were caught and forced inside the Great Synagogue of Kowel. There, before they were slaughtered and buried in pits that they were forced to dig themselves, they scratched their names and last testaments on the walls of the synagogue. These Jews were murdered over a period of two months.
In October 1942, the last Jews of Kowel were eliminated. Only a few survived, having managed to flee to the surrounding forests. Sophia Sarah Bronstein, then 21, was amongst the survivors. After the first Aktion in the ghetto, Sophia fled to her apartment on Monopoliova Street, where she met her neighbor Elsa Kmitova. Elsa gave Sophia documents, and sent her with her mother-in-law Krolina Kmita and her husband Mikolaj to their farm in the adjacent village of Boza Drobka. The Kmitas covered Sophia’s eye, as though she were ill, and took her to their home in a cart, presenting her as a relative.
On 2 September 1942, while the first Aktion against the Jews was taking place in the nearby town of Holuby, the Kmitas dug a pit in their courtyard, and hid Sophia and four other Jews there.
“Grandma” Krolina brought them food, water and clothes each day. After two weeks, the other four Jews left, and Sophia was left by herself. During the day, she would go up to the house, returning to the pit every night. In November 1942, the persecutions worsened, and the Germans ordered all the remaining Jews in the area to come to Holuby. Krolina refused to give Sophia up, and would not let her go, despite her family’s demands to evict the Jewess. For eight months, Krolina hid Sophia in the pit that she had dug in the adjoining field, covering her with straw, and at night, in the cold and snow, she would come to visit her, bringing food and warm clothing. After 8 months, Sophia returned to the pit on the farm, until a young woman who helped with the housework discovered her hiding place, at which point, Krolina hurriedly moved Sophia to the attic. Sophia hid in the Kmita’s house until the liberation in March 1944.
In the course of the war, the Kmita’s home was open to all those seeking refuge, and other Jews hid there for various lengths of time. Krolina also brought food and clothing to Jews hiding in the forests. The couple acted altruistically and courageously, at great personal risk, out of love for their fellow human beings.
Krolina and Mikolaj Kmita were recognized as Righteous Among the Nations on 1 January 1967, and a tree was planted at Yad Vashem in their honor in 1972. | <urn:uuid:042cb941-9c85-484b-9072-5c08684d4dfb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/events/2009/righteous_kmita.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974909 | 1,130 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Gruber's Complete GRE Guide 2013
THE BEST PRACTICE PLUS COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIES FOR HIGHER SCORES ON THE GRE
For more than 30 years, the Gruber Method has helped millions of students raise their standardized test scores on major tests like the SAT, ACT, and the PSAT/NMSQT. Now Dr. Gruber brings his critical analysis and innovative test preparation strategies to the GRE, the #1 test for graduate school admission.
After a recent major overhaul of the GRE test, you need the most up-to-date information from a trusted source. Gruber's Complete GRE Guide combines powerful study tools with 4 adaptive practice tests to help you prepare for the real thing.
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-Includes 3 full-length practice tests
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GET THE SKILLS THAT UNLOCK THE ANSWERS
With the explanation to a question, you can answer that one question. With the Gruber strategies, you
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Title: Gruber's Complete GRE Guide 2013
Author: Gary Gruber
More Study Aids
Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics Extended Practice Book 2013 US$ 10.66 214 pages
Cambridge IGCSE Mathematics Core and Extended Coursebook 2015 US$ 22.14 890 pages | <urn:uuid:00d66d66-41bb-4e3d-82d3-e79eff3a7240> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ebooks.com/949662/gruber-s-complete-gre-guide-2013/gruber-gary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.824179 | 410 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Computers, solving problems, and Donald Knuth
The problems he posed to his class were previously unsolved problems related to computer science or potentially solvable by computer science techniques. It wasn't clear at the start whether there were solutions to many of these problems; they were indeed exploring new territory. Watching that series taught me three things:
- We can often solve problems most effectively when we combine human and machine reasoning in ways to maximize their unique contributions. Perhaps that's part of why I find simulation techniques such as system dynamics intriguing and why I don't feel compelled to make system dynamics models that provide all the answers by themselves; it's important to have humans involved.
- It's important to think when using a computer. The problems his students solved were indeed challenging, and the dialog they had on the tapes was far-ranging and intense. The computer was used as a laboratory for exploring possible hypotheses, not as the provider of answers.
- It's important to think about how you present problems, ideas, and solutions to make them as clear as you can.
In writing this, I discovered that the tapes from one of his seminar series are online, along with a written report of the class. While I'm pretty sure this is not the same set I viewed, those of you who are somewhat technically inclined might be interested in viewing the tapes and wrestling with some of the ideas yourselves. You won't see a polished, inspirational (in the traditional sense) series of lectures; you'll see smart people wrestling with tough ideas, not yet sure which approach might be most fruitful.
The Stanford Center for Professional Development has more of his "musings" online, too. | <urn:uuid:1e4db8fb-8758-4a65-826c-cd99e1dfd9a9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://makingsense.facilitatedsystems.com/2006/04/computers-solving-problems-and-donald.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00092-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985722 | 338 | 2.671875 | 3 |
During the fourth and fifth centuries CE, statues populating the open areas of the Roman Forum preserved memories of the individuals represented in portraits. This visualization project contextualizes the now-dispersed statues and their inscribed bases in the public space of the late antique Forum. By following consecutively through the "Introduction," "Ritual Experience," and "Spatial Context" links above, one can navigate through the spaces in which the statues once appeared. The statues are explained through their inscribed statue bases in the "Inscription Database" section and tied to display locations under the "Mapping Statues" heading.
Launch project in | <urn:uuid:ddf5ac08-9c5e-4305-b1da-96abf0b5a0cf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://inscriptions.etc.ucla.edu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945327 | 125 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Interest in traditional Chinese furniture has increased in recent decades as we in the west have become more familiar with the beauty and craftsmanship of Chinese design. As China has opened its doors to tourism and foreign enterprise, so more and more westerners have started to appreciate the elegance and artistry of these beautiful pieces.
Initially interest was in the hardwood pieces – cabinets, chairs and altar tables in Huanghuali, Zitan and Jichimu wood, which were popular among the Chinese elite during the Ming and Qing dynasties. More recently though more and more collectors have learned to appreciate the beauty and value of furniture from China’s regions – painted red and black lacquer cabinets from Shanxi, walnut furniture from Gansu and the brightly coloured furniture of Tibet and Mongolia.
These pages have been developed as a resource for collectors of Chinese antiques or for those with a general interest in Chinese furniture. We have tried to provide enough detail to satisfy the enthusiast, but for further information we would recommend that you see our resources section for a list of recommend books and publications.
The materials used in the production of Chinese furniture varied depending not only on the region the furniture was produced, but also on function and whom it was to be made for. The lifting of a ban on the import of tropical hardwoods during the late Ming Dynasty saw the introduction of luxurious woods such as Zitan and Huanghuali, which were made into the finest furniture for the ruling classes. Outside of these circles, the selection of wood depended largely on availability and suitability for the type of piece produced in terms of flexibility, durability, colour and grain. In some regions more than one type of wood would be used in the same piece. For example an inferior wood such as fir may have been used for the frame of a cabinet while a harder, more durable wood suitable for carving, such as camphor, was used to add decorative panels.
Other than the hardwoods used for court furniture and for the upper classes, most furniture was constructed from indigenous woods. Unlike in the west where the term ‘softwood’ refers to coniferous woods such as fir, pine or cedar as opposed to coniferous hardwoods, in China the term simply suggests the indigenous woods used for furniture making and so include woods like walnut, elm and oak. A description of some of the most common woods used in Chinese furniture making is outlined below:
Northern Elm (Yumu)
By far the most common wood used for furniture production in northern parts of China, ‘northern’ elm has a yellowish-brown sapwood and darker heartwood. It has a medium density and most varieties have fairly low strength, but is it popular in furniture making as it is easy to work, quite resistant to decay and has an attractive, wave-like grain. There are more than twenty varieties of elm throughout China but they are more concentrated in the north. Varieties particularly noted for furniture making include Japanese Elm (‘chunyu’), Manchurian Elm (‘lieye yu’) and Siberian Elm (‘bai yu’), which is slightly stronger than other varieties.
Southern Elm (Jumu)
Popular for furniture making in the Suzhou region, ‘Southern’ elm has a slightly darker heartwood than sapwood, varying in colour from a yellowish-brown to a coffee brown. It is again widely distributed throughout China, but particularly in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. It has a more refined grain that distinguishes it from ‘northern’ varieties of elm, and is slightly denser and stronger.
Cypress, or cedar wood, is found in various parts of China, most notably Sichuan where ‘Weeping Cypress’, the most highly regarded variety, can reach up to thirty metres tall. The heartwood of Weeping Cypress is yellowish brown in tone but the colour becomes deeper over time. The weight, density and strength are all medium to high and, although it needs a long drying process, the timber is highly resistant to rot and to damage by insects. The wood has a strong fragrance, is easy to work and can be polished to a bright finish.
‘Nanmu’ is part of the laurel family, an evergreen tree that grows from 10 to 40 metres in height and up to a metre in diameter. It has a smooth, fine texture and is olive brown in colour. In China it is concentrated south of the Yangtze river, particularly in the south west. It is similar in appearance to walnut but is a softer wood. It is also shares characteristics with Cedar, including a strong aroma, but is not related. It was a popular wood for cabinet making as it is highly resistant to decay.
Walnut is similar in appearance to ‘Nanmu’ but has a more open grain and is more golden-brown or reddish-brown in colour. More highly regarded than the more common ‘northern elm’, walnut was used for fine furniture making in northern and north western provinces such as Shanxi and Gansu. China has several species of walnut that are suitable for furniture-making. True Walnut has a reddish-brown to chestnut-brown heartwood with a light-coloured sapwood. It is mainly found in the north and north-west, reaches 20 metres in height and produces the edible walnut that we are familiar with. Manchurian walnut is not used for producing fruit and is therefore often used in the place of True Walnut for timber. It is found throughout northern and north-eastern China and has a slightly lower density.
Camphor (‘Xiangzhang’ or ‘Changmu’)
Camphor ranges in colour from a yellowish sand colour to a richer warm yellowish-brown. Because its strong aroma acts as a natural insect repellent it has been used for centuries in China for making cabinets and chests for storing clothes, bedding and fabrics. It is distributed across southern China, with concentrations especially on Hainan Island, Taiwan, Jiangxi and Fujian. Part of the laurel family, camphor trees grow to up to 50 metres in height and can reach up to 5 metres in diameter. The reddish-brown heartwood contrasts against the much paler sapwood, giving an attractive grain. In some varieties this is particularly pronounced. The wood is light to medium in density and is relatively stable, with a fine, even texture.
There are a dozen or so varieties of pear distributed throughout China, with the majority being concentrated in the north and east. Although generally cultivated for their fruit, there are some varieties, notably the Birchleaf Pear and Callery Pear, which are highly regarded for their exceptional timber. The wood is ideal for carving and has long been used for making musical instruments as well as for carved panels on furniture. It ranges from a light grey to a reddish-brown colour, is of medium to high density and hardness and has a fine, even texture.
Catalpa is considered as a secondary wood in furniture making but, being particularly stable and decaying very slowly, it is ideal for the panels of lacquered furniture. It was frequently used for making musical instruments as well as for panels in furniture. The wood is light yellow to yellowish-grey in colour and is found mainly in China’s southern provinces such as Sichuan, Hubei and Yunnan.
Often found as a secondary material in furniture from Shanxi province, poplar is used mainly for decorative panels and other carved areas of a piece, such as aprons or spandrels. There are more than sixty species of Poplar found in China, most of which grow in the northern provinces. The heartwood and sapwood are both light in colour, with a straight grain and even texture. Poplar is easy to grow and the timber dries quite easily without cracking, but the wood has little resistance to moisture or to insects.
Fir and the related Spruce and Larch are distributed throughout China, generally found in areas above 2000 metres. Used mainly for construction, there are some varieties that are hard and dense enough and have an even enough texture to be used for furniture making. The grain is straight and even and the colour ranges from a pale cream to a pale brown. It was particularly popular for furniture making in Fujian province, where it grows in abundance.
Pine is found in northern and western regions such as Mongolia, Gansu and Tibet. The wood is softer than northern elm and is yellowish in colour. The texture of pine is considered inferior to that of other woods and the furniture made from in these regions would almost always be painted so that the material was not visible.
Considered to be the king of hardwoods, Huanghuali was first imported into China following the lifting of a ban on foreign timber from Southeast Asia in 1572, thus ushering in the era of fine hardwood furniture. Most fine furniture that has survived from the Ming and early Qing dynasties is made from Huanghuali, although it was seldom used after the mid Qing period. The timber was sourced from the island of Hainan off China’s south coast, but primarily from Thailand and southern Vietnam – the only area where it can still be found. The term ‘huali’ literally means ‘flowering pear’ while the prefix ‘huang’ refers to the yellowish-brown colour of the wood. The colour actually ranges from a pale honey to a purple brown, and the wood has a distinctive grain which is reminiscent of mountain landscape. It has a golden sheen when polished, which gives an almost translucent quality, and is resistant to insects.
Zitan is the heaviest, most closely grained and hardest of all the hardwoods. Its colour ranges from a dark purple brown to a reddish brown, with some examples being as black as lacquer. It may once have grown in the southern provinces of Guandong and Jiangxi but became extinct in these areas due to excessive felling. Instead it was imported in large quantities during the Ming and early Qing dynasties from India and the South Pacific Islands. Initially used for small luxury items like game boards and musical instruments, Zitan was later used for furnishing the emperor’s palaces, but supplies diminished to such an extent that the emperor ordered for it to be preserved. Despite this supplies were nearly exhausted by the end of the Qing dynasty. Very few examples of Ming furniture made from Zitan exist today but there are many pieces remaining from the mid-Qing dynasty onwards, suggesting that not many pieces were made before this time.
Hongmu is a variety of Southeast Asian rosewood, also referred to as blackwood, that resembles Zitan but lacks that wood’s lustrous surface and unusual grain. Large quantities of furniture during the second half of the Qing dynasty were made from Hongmu, particularly in Southern China, but there is almost no reference to it before the eighteenth century, suggesting that it was not a material commonly used before then.
Jichimu, or ‘chicken-wing wood’, has a fine tangential grain made up of purplish-brown and yellow lines which resemble feathers and which gives the material its name. It is a Southeast Asian hardwood although not as dense as Huanghuali or Hongmu. Varieties also still grow on Hainan Island and in Fujian province.
Elm Side Table, Shanxi Province, Circa 1875
Walnut Cabinet, Gansu Province, Circa 1860
Camphor Trunk, Beijing, Circa 1900
Huanghuali Altar Table, Beijing, Circa 1900 | <urn:uuid:ff54f6c0-53b9-4ceb-857b-3fa1fb395618> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chinesefurniture.co.uk/wood.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97188 | 2,453 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Yennecott was name given to the land stretching from Orient Point to Wading River by the Corchaug Indians. Founded in 1640 as Southold, the Puritans who came from the colony of New Haven, settled the area and acquired title to the land. The Reverend John Youngs and his Puritan followers left New Haven in October of that year. Eventually, the Indians who originally owned the land were forced to leave or were enslaved.
By the 1670s, shipping had developed into a major industry as the only way to transport goods was by boat. Through the years, the governor of New York, at the time, required all ships to stop and clear through customs in New York to prevent smuggling. Shipping remained a major industry until the railroad arrived almost two centuries later.
The Revolutionary War left Southold for an empty town as most its people left for Connecticut, leaving the British to occupy Southold from 1776 through 1783 when the war ended.
In 1838, Greenport Village became a major shipping and whaling center, thus attracting most of Southold's shipping and ship building industry. With the advent of the Long Island Rail Road in 1844, the train was now the major transporter of goods and people. Southold had remained an agricultural town and with its history of horse racing, became the home of the breeding farms in the 19th Century.
Southold School District | <urn:uuid:72c4dddb-8822-423f-8485-154174aa2b2a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://albertsonrealty.com/Southold | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983829 | 285 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Q. My fish smelled funny when I opened it and when I tasted it, it was obviously bad.
A. Otolith’s seafood is intended to be the highest quality available healthful and sustainable wild fish. However, when dealing with multiple pounds of a targeted harvest, it is possible for one fish out of thousands to have missed the opportunity to be handled in the manner and fashion that Otolith requires. In any case, you are entitled to receive another piece of fish with our apologies for this rare incident and an additional 20% OFF any one item of Otolith fish or shellfish.
Q. What is an Otolith?
A. An otolith is one of several small bones located in the inner ear canal. In fish, this bone is used to stabilize balance and maintain equilibrium.
Q. How are otoliths significant to sustainable seafood?
A. The size and composition of fish otoliths constitute some of the most significant data for empirical age and growth studies of fish — studies that allow scientists to understand large-scale environmental characteristics such as the timing and magnitude of spawning, larval and juvenile duration, habitat use, and population age structure. Such knowledge is, in turn, important for designing appropriate fishery management policies.
Q. What does the Otolith assurance of “sustainable” seafood mean?
A. Otolith “sustainable” seafood has been designated by a knowledgeable industry professional or association as meeting standards that will ensure continued viability of the species. In particular, Otolith seafood must be in strict compliance with environmental standards in three key areas: (1) the fishery management of the species, (2) the harvest technique implemented to procure the species, and (3) the distribution network by which the seafood is brought to market.
Q. How does farmed fish compare nutritionally to wild fish?
A. Farmed salmon has more fats in total thus more calories per serving than wild salmon, and farmed salmon has a concentration of toxic omega-6 fatty acids that is 9 times greater than found in wild salmon. A Scientist working on behalf of the farmed salmon industry, Research Fellow Ida-Johanne Jensen at the Norwegian College of Fishery Science, admits, “omega-6 fatty acids create hormone-like substances that stimulate infection reactions by causing the blood vessels to harden and contract so that the blood can coagulate more easily,” The ratio of toxic omega-6 to beneficial omega-3 in farmed salmon is out of balance with the needs of our bodies causing inflammation and triggering involuntary auto-immune response that would be unfavorable to persons who are healthy or being treated for illness. In contrast, wild fish is generally higher in essential trace minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, iron, selenium, and potassium all naturally present in wild fish.
|Farmed Fish||Wild Fish|
|Nutrition||Serving Size||100 g||100 g|
|Total Fat per Serving /grams||7.67-10.85 g||4.5-7 g|
|% Total Fat that’s beneficial Omega-3’s||16-17 %||22-27 %|
|Total Fat that’s inflammatory Omega-6’s||9 x Value||Value|
Wild fish harvested for food are caught live and have survived their environment by means of adaptation, naturally occurring resistance, and access to sufficient diet and environment capable of supporting their continued health. While farmed fish are raised in captivity, their exposure to life threatening disease is managed by way of continuous disinfection and/or routine administering of antibiotics and other anti viral medications. According to the CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Antimicrobial resistance is one of our most serious health threats. Infections from resistant bacteria are now too common, and some pathogens have even become resistant to multiple types or classes of antibiotics (antimicrobials used to treat bacterial infections). Antibiotic resistant infections can also come from the food we eat.” | <urn:uuid:89e8bdb4-8f32-4735-b873-3b08ae7d7ec8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.otolithonline.com/info/location/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935779 | 832 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In recent years, much discussion has been held regarding grass and beef production. The concept of integrating the two production activities seems like a no-brainer. If it was just the cows visiting with each other, that would be true. However, it is inevitable that people will get in the mix and that's when the no-brainer starts getting complicated.
The Dickinson Research Extension Center has slowly been moving the basic beef- production model to a grass-production model. The process is complicated because three very large industries meet at the crossroads, which are the cow and grass business and the business of putting beef in front of the consumer.
As has been noted many times, one fundamental point is prevalent among all the charts, trends and rhetoric about the beef business: The beef business does not exist without the business of the cow because the cow is the foundation. Without cows, there is no beef or beef business.
Likewise, without grass or some similar forage plants, the cow business does not exist.
So we're back to doing what those in academia do, which is ask questions and seek answers. As the center has inched its way to establishing a different model of cow, grass and beef production, each meeting ends with more questions. What if this? What if that? Do we really know? From the onset, there are more questions than answers.
In the process, the center is trying to sort out some fundamental issues that besiege newness. For example, technology is good and improvements are even better. However, one of the first stumbling blocks of working cows within a grass model is that much of the technology was developed for a grain-based industry. This is not a negative. However, the delivery systems to implement the technology meant that the cows essentially were brought to the technology.
Therefore, developed were better cattle-handling facilities and better delivery and feeding systems to handle cattle within the more confined facilities. Also developed were more improved methods of handling waste products generated in the confined facilities. This process was started and certainly encouraged as crop producers became more efficient at crop production.
Because the ability to produce bountiful yields accelerated quicker than the human population could distribute and consume the increased crop production, the current animal industry (including cows) slowly morphed into a grain-consuming business.
In the big picture, almost all, if not all, producers were educated, started and perfected their careers, and now are getting ready to retire. Their education and careers were based on a system of food production that started in the middle of the last century.
What is wrong with that? If one might answer one's own question, nothing is wrong with that. Crop production continues to perfect itself in an effort to meet the human demand for food. The challenge is that not all plants are intended for direct human consumption. Not all land is suitable for crop production. Not all land is required to house or entertain people. So the question, debate or what we do next rests with the usage of the remaining lands.
Yes, cattle work well while grazing these lands. As the center proceeds, the first step is to identify those weak spots in the production system that could be improved through research. Much like the example of technology implementation, once the question is asked, baseline observations can be noted and future questions answered through good research.
The center has baseline data on the cost of implementing technology within a cow herd. For example, to start with, affordable and creditable records need to be established. Something as simple as putting on an ear tag has costs. The center has estimated that per-calf costs are $5 for tags, data management and verification, and $7 for working the calves, tag placement and documentation. If more knowledge is desired, feedlot and harvest data collection and chute fees easily may be $8 per head, so the total cost estimate per calf worked on the ranch is $20.
When the center measured shrink in the cattle we have worked, estimated costs of up to $10 to $20 in lost income potential per calf can be documented.
The immediate goal is to establish cow-calf production on grass and then record what is or is not working. Simply moving all the overhead from winter- or early spring-based calving programs to May is not an option.
Again, moving to grass is great and subtracting costs is the goal. Keeping and improving technology also is desired. However, the road gets a little bumpy when the how-to questions start coming. More on that later.
May you find all your ear tags. | <urn:uuid:e128b897-cae8-428c-891b-39f683a8ac50> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cattlenetwork.com/cattle-news/BeefTalk-Integrating-a-new-grass-and-beef-production-model-156304845.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971372 | 928 | 3.25 | 3 |
If your search came up wrong, you may be looking for the Lizard Man. You may also be looking for the Loveland Frog.
A Reptilian is a half Human, half Lizard creature, and they're found in many aspects of mythology, from the Greek god Boreas, a man with serpent legs, to Chinese dragon kings.
Even the serpent found in the book of Genesis in the Bible might be considered a reptilian, since the text sometimes describes it as having legs. There have been multiple claims of reptilian sightings throughout the years.
One of the earliest ones occurred in 1955 in Loveland, Ohio. Named the Loveland Frog, this creature was described as having the body of a human with a frog's facial features.
Reportedly seen standing near a bridge, this reptilian was short in stature with patchy green skin and webbed hands and toes. This eyewitness account was the only one to come out of Loveland until nearly 20 years later when, in 1972, police said they saw a creature of the same description.
A more recent reptilian sighting occurred in 1988 in Lee County, S.C. That's when 17-year-old Christopher Davis said he saw a "Lizard Man" in Scape Ore Swamp one evening.
The reptilian was reportedly 7 feet (2.1 meters) tall with a muscular build, scaly green skin and glowing eyes. His hands were supposedly equipped with pads that allowed him to stick to objects. Davis claimed the lizardlike creature began chasing his car and jumped on the roof, causing damage to the automobile. After this first sighting, more reports involving the mysterious swamp creature cropped up.
Reptilians are at the center of several conspiracy theories involving the government. The most notable theorist is David Icke, who claims that 43 U.S. presidents and England's Queen Elizabeth are all reptilians.
Icke believes there's an entire underworld of lizard people who receive protection from the government and live in tunnels deep within Earth's shell. Although this theory may seem outrageous, many people believe Icke's claims and think it's possible that reptilians are hiding right under our feet.
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|South America||Bloop • Megaconda • Minhocão|
Ahool • Alien • Bishop-fish • Chupacabra • Demon Dog • Dragon • Foo Fighters • Ghost • Globster • Goblin • HMS Deadalus Sea Serpent • Kraken • Reptilian • Sasquatch • Sea Monk • Shadow People • Thunderbird • Zaratan • Zombies
|Cryptids with green text are authentic. Cryptids with yellow text are presumed authentic. Cryptids with blue text have an unknown authenticity status. Cryptids with orange text are assumed hoaxes. Cryptids with red text are hoaxes. Cryptids with purple text are found in religion. Cryptids with italic text have been featured articles.| | <urn:uuid:ed9a8f65-1de6-44a6-a081-1b5c89b9bbbb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://cryptozoologycryptids.wikia.com/wiki/Reptilian | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903063 | 734 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Vasantharajan, VN and Bhat, JV (1968) Interrelations of micro-organisms and mulberry II. Phyllosphere microflora and nitrogen fixation in leaf and root surfaces. In: Plant and Soil, 28 (2). pp. 258-267.
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The mulberry leaves were shown to harbour substantial populations of bacteria, streptomycetes, yeasts, and moulds. Azotobacter and Beijerinckia were observed to contribute to nearly 5 to 10 per cent of the bacterial population. When grown in water culture under sterile conditions, Azotobacter inoculation on the leaf or root surface was found to increase plant growth, dry wt, and nitrogen content of the mulberry. The beneficial effect of Azotobacter was largely influenced by the presence of a carbon source in the plant nutrient solution. The root inoculation in comparison to leaf application was found to confer greater benefits to the growing plant. The presence of carbohydrates and amino acids in the leaf leachates of mulberry was shown. The mutual beneficial nature of the association of the plant and Azotobacter has been brought to light.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Additional Information:||Copy right of this article belongs to Springer.|
|Department/Centre:||Division of Biological Sciences > Microbiology & Cell Biology|
|Date Deposited:||14 May 2010 04:58|
|Last Modified:||08 Jul 2011 07:18|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:a4014498-875b-495e-94a3-5b68c38d6f9c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/27739/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872915 | 345 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Congress ordered nationwide rail safety measures in 2008 that may have prevented Sunday’s Metro-North tragedy — but the MTA wants to delay implementation because of technological hurdles.
The law requires commuter railroads across the country to install by 2015 a system called positive train control, which can reduce a train’s speed through a computer in emergency situations.
“For more than 20 years, the NTSB has recommended the use of positive train control technology,” said board member Earl Weener at a press conference about the Bronx derailment.
“It’s possible positive train control could have prevented it.”
The law was passed after a horrific 2008 California train crash where an engineer blew a red signal while texting, killing 25 people.
The MTA has sought a three-year extension to implement PTC, which will cost almost $1 billion.
“Much of the technology is still under development and is untested and unproven for commuter railroads the size and complexity of Metro-North and LIRR,” the MTA said in a statement on Tuesday, noting that the radio spectrum necessary to operate it isn’t available yet.
Many railroads have opposed installing PTC because of the high costs and huge technological challenges of using radio, GPS and Wi-Fi to track the locations of trains and their speed.
“It’s very expensive. I know it’s been controversial,” Gov. Cuomo said on WNYC radio. “But there’s no doubt that there are electronic systems that can help a train operate.”
So far only Amtrak has installed PTC, using it on sharp curves and other sections in its Northeast Corridor. | <urn:uuid:8df03662-18db-44fa-adec-74f035daeacd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nypost.com/2013/12/04/mtas-safety-delay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945884 | 353 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Fog vs Mist
We are all accustomed to seeing fog, mist, dew, and frost and do not give them much importance let alone trying to differentiate between these weather phenomenons. However, knowledge is always helpful especially if you live in an area where fog and mist are a common phenomenon. This article will try to find out differences between fog and mist though for many, these two weather conditions are same.
Fog can be described as cloud formation at a very low level, so much so that those walking around can feel the clouds across their faces. When air in atmosphere has sufficient moisture and the conditions are cool, condensation of water starts to take place. Tiny droplets of water in the air, when they condense, make clouds that decrease visibility drastically and it becomes potentially hazardous as motorists cannot see beyond a small distance that may lead to accidents. There are days and times when fog formation is more than on other days and times. Fog is never uniform and you see it more at one place than at a place nearby. Some places notorious for having fog more frequently than others are streams, creeks, and valleys. Normally fog is more at nights and early mornings. But it is not uncommon to see fog not clearing up till late in the afternoon at some places. Fog clears up when temperature rises during daytime so that no more condensation of water droplets is possible, and winds blow up fog.
We have so far talked only about fog. But we often hear the term mist from people when you think they are actually referring to fog. It is actually a concept that is same as that of a fog. The only difference between a fog and mist is the difference in their densities. Technically speaking, if one can see less than 1km in a cloud of water droplets, it is called a fog. However, the same fog becomes a mist when a person can see through a distance of more than 1km. So it all boils down to the density of the water clouds around you to be classified as fog or mist.
What’s the difference between Fog and Mist?
Fog and mist are formed in conditions of light winds and cool weather. At nights, air is too cool to hold its moisture and condensation of air takes place resulting in formation of water droplets. Thick fog is formed when air can hold a lot of moisture. Though mist is also formed the same way (it is essentially the same process), the cloud cover is thinner and one can see over the top of mist. Mist and fog form over areas where there is a lot of moisture such as rivers, streams and valleys.
Fog vs Mist
• When conditions are such that temperatures are low and light wind is blowing, moisture in the air starts to condense into tiny water droplets. These droplets look like a cloud and reduce visibility to a great extent. This natural weather phenomenon is referred to as fog.
• Mist is similar to fog and the only difference lies in their densities. A mist is much less dense than fog and it is said to be a mist if visibility is greater than 1km. It becomes a fog if one can see less than 1 km. | <urn:uuid:97e0ca67-303b-44e6-95a8-b4db0ea3ad6b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-fog-and-vs-mist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967693 | 648 | 2.953125 | 3 |
I was never really any good at writing essays, I never really seen them as that important. But as I got a bit older, and the essays began to equate to something, I decided to start really trying, and I've gotten so into it that I've picked up a few tips here and there.
First thing is, is that whenever you're reading the piece in class before the essay actually comes about, is the literally note down all the quotes you think are relevant and a little page reference.- Writing an essay is tiring enough as it is without having to find all the quotes, so save yourself some time.
Another thing to do during class time would to be to make sure to look at whatever piece you're working on, and look at it from a different perspective.- Instead of looking at it from the character's point of view, look at it from the Author's point of view, and give you're own interpretation of it. Opinion, evidence and evaluate!
Whenever you're writing the essay, have breaks here and there, you're brain can't do it all at once.
Make sure you look at things that happen earlier in the piece, and see if they foreshadow any of the later events. If you can find something that is symbolic and represents something that happens later on, you are on your way to a high grade.
Remember, everything has a more detailed, symbolic meaning to it. Try to look past the obvious, and think about how the author has tried to tie it in with the past, present and future events. Comment on the atmosphere etc, don't just focus on the dialogue.
Also, try and not use the same words over and over, look for synonyms of words you already know- But don't just use any synonym, they are only similar words, they don't mean the same! You could get caught out and look a bit of an idiot, so be careful! | <urn:uuid:0f6201a5-4406-42a6-90d1-33b996fd6ed6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://simplyluke.blogspot.com/2010/10/how-to-write-better-english-literature.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983039 | 394 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Forty Most Frequent Prefixes and Suffixes : Forty Most Frequent Prefixes and Suffixes Word Beginnings and Endings
You Can Really Use What Are Prefixes? : What Are Prefixes? Prefixes are first syllables like “non-” and “re-” that have their own meaning.
Prefixes combine with words to create new meanings.
Pre + View = Preview (first look)
Super + Star = Superstar (top player) Why Learn Prefixes? : Why Learn Prefixes? Prefixes add meaning to thousands of words.
Learn a few prefixes, and you open up the meaning of thousands of words.
The four most frequent prefixes are 97% of prefixed words! Most Common Prefixes : Most Common Prefixes Anti = against : anti-war
De = opposite : destroy
Dis* = not, opposite of : disagree
En(m) = cause to : encode, embrace
Fore = before : forecast
In(m) = in : intake, implant
Inter = between : interact Do you know common prefixes? : Do you know common prefixes? Anti
Inter A. between
B. cause to
G. opposite Most Common Prefixes : Most Common Prefixes Mid = Middle : Midway
Mis = Wrongly : Mistake
Non = Not : Nonsense
Over = Over : Overlook
Pre = Before : Preview
Re* = Again : Return
Semi = Half : Semicircle Do you know common prefixes? : Do you know common prefixes? Mid
14. Semi Wrong
Before Most Common Prefixes : Most Common Prefixes 15. Sub = Under : Submarine
16. Super = Above: Superstar
17. Trans = Across : Transport
18. Un* = Not : Unfriendly
19. Under = Under : Undersea
20. In, Im, Il, Ir * = Not : Injustice,
Impossible, Illiterate, Irreligious. Do you know common prefixes? : Do you know common prefixes? 15. Sub
20. In, Il, Ir Across
Below What Are Suffixes? : What Are Suffixes? Suffixes are last syllables like “ed” and “ly” that have their own meaning.
Suffixes combine with words to create new meanings.
Turn + ed = Turned (in the past)
Quick + ly = Quickly (how it turned) Why Learn Suffixes? : Why Learn Suffixes? Suffixes add meaning to thousands of words.
Learn a few Suffixes, and you open up the meaning of thousands of words.
The four most frequent suffixes are 97% of suffixed words! Most Common Suffixes : Most Common Suffixes -able, ible = can be done : doable
-al, ial = has property of : personal
-ed* = past verb : turned
-en = made of : golden
-er = comparative : higher
-er = one who : doer, actor
-est = superlative : best, biggest Do you know common suffixes? : Do you know common suffixes? -able
Superlative Most Common Suffixes : Most Common Suffixes 8. –ful = full of : careful, joyful
9. –ic = having property of : linguistic
10. –ing* = present participle : running
11. –(t)ion = act, process : action
12. –(i)ty = state of : infinity, sanity
13. –(t)ive = adjective : motive, votive
14. –less = without : fearless, careless Do you know common suffixes? : Do you know common suffixes? 8. –ful
14. –less Present participle
Having property of
Without Most Common Suffixes : Most Common Suffixes 15. –ly* = having : quickly, quietly
16. –ment = action, process : enjoyment
17. –ness = state of : kindness
18. –ous = having : joyous, religious
19. –s* = more than one : books
20. –y = having : happy, windy
Use these suffixes correctly, and
you look and sound pretty smart. Do you know common suffixes? : Do you know common suffixes? 15. –ly*
20. –y Action
Having Can you use common affixes? : Can you use common affixes? I have a different idea; I __agree.
That can’t be; it’s just __possible.
Say that again; please __peat it.
Aliens look bad; they are __friendly.
Tina took the car since she want__ it.
Now the car is run__ down the road.
Tina is in a hurry; she’s driving quick__.
Do you think that she has any ticket__? | <urn:uuid:361712ff-125e-4038-843e-eb4471da071f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/Fabione_1972-224200-affixes-study-education-ppt-powerpoint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.836614 | 1,051 | 3.390625 | 3 |
The Roman Cult of Mithras
The Roman deity Mithras appears in the historical record in the late 1st century A.D., and disappears from it in the late 4th century A.D. Unlike the major mythological figures of Graeco-Roman religion, such as Jupiter and Hercules, no ancient source preserves the mythology of the god. All of our information is therefore derived from depictions on monuments, and the limited mentions of the cult in literary sources.
The temples of Mithras were always an underground cave, featuring a relief of Mithras killing the bull. This "tauroctony", as it is known today, appears in the same format everywhere, but with minor variations. Other standard themes appear in the iconography.
The cult was all male. There were seven degrees of initiation. Different ritual meals were associated with each stage.
The modern study of Mithras begins just before 1900 with Franz Cumont's Textes et Monuments (TMMM). This two volume work collected all the ancient evidence. Cumont presumed that Mithras was merely the Roman form of the ancient Indo-Persian deity Mitra or Mithra. In the mid-50's Cumont's pupil Maarten Vermaseren published a new collection of monuments, the CIMRM, which added the archaeological discoveries of the last 50 years, but also highlighted how poorly the archaeology supported the Cumontian theory. At the 1971 international conference on Mithraic studies, Cumont's theory was abandoned in favour of a Roman origin for the cult. Vermaseren himself rejected Cumont's theory in 1975.1
The ancient writer Justin Martyr referred to one of the ritual meals of the cult as being a parody of Christianity. In some speculative passages Cumont sometimes tried to interpret some Mithraic ideas in Christian terms. Consequently various modern myths came into being. These appear as fact in older scholarly literature, and sometimes in non-specialist academic literature even today. For the most part these errors appear in non-scholarly literature.
1. The cult myth
The basic version of the cult myth is attested by literary sources, but, primarily, by depictions in the cult images in the temples. The latter are difficult to interpret.
It is certain that Mithras is born from a rock.2 He is depicted in his temples hunting down and slaying a bull in the tauroctony (see section below). He then meets with the sun, who kneels to him. The two then shake hands, and dine on bull parts. Little is known about the beliefs associated with this.3 The ancient histories of the cult by Euboulos and Pallas have perished.4 The name of the god was certainly given as Mithras (with an 's') in Latin monuments, although Mithra may have been used in Greek.5
Some monuments show additional episodes of the myth. In the paintings at Dura Europos (CIMRM 42), the story begins with Jupiter fighting against the giants. This is followed by a mysterious depiction of a bearded figure reclining against a rock, with the leaves of a tree above. This figure is sometimes thought to be Oceanus. Then the normal myth is depicted. The same episodes appear as a prologue also in CIMRM 1430, a relief from Virunum, and CIMRM 1359 from Germany.
In the painted Mithraeum at Hawarte in Syria, further scenes appear. Mithras is depicted with a chained demon at his feet, while in another scene he is depicted attacking a city manned by the demons. These scenes appear to follow the normal myth.
In antiquity, texts refer to "the mysteries of Mithras", and to its adherents, as "the mysteries of the Persians."6 But there is great dispute about whether there is really any link with Persia, and its origins are quite obscure.7
During the 2nd and 3rd centuries, the archaeology includes a great many Mithraea, some of which are rebuilt and enlarged during this period.
It is difficult to trace when the cult of Mithras came to an end. Beck states that "Quite early in the [fourth] century the religion was as good as dead throughout the empire."10 Inscriptions from the 4th century are few. Clauss states that inscriptions show Mithras as one of the cults listed on inscriptions by pagan senators in Rome as part of the "pagan revival" among the elite.11 There is no evidence that the cult still existed in the 5th century.12
3.1. The Mithraeum
The architecture of a temple of Mithras is very distinctive.13 Porphyry, quoting the lost handbook of Eubolus14 states that Mithras was worshipped in a rock cave. The Mithraeum reproduces this cave, in which Mithras killed the bull.15 The format of the room involved a central aisle, with a raised podium on either side.16
Mithraic temples are common in the empire; although very unevenly distributed, with considerable numbers found in Rome, Ostia, Numidia, Dalmatia, Britain and along the Rhine/Danube frontier; while being much less common in Greece, Egypt, and Syria.17 More than 420 Mithraic sites have now been identified.18
Mithraea are commonly located close to springs or streams; fresh water appears to have been required for some Mithraic rituals, and a basin is often incorporated into the structure.19 There is usually a narthex or ante-chamber at the entrance, and often other ancillary rooms for storage and the preparation of food. The term mithraeum is modern; in Italy inscriptions usually call it a spelaeum; outside Italy it is referred to as templum.20
In Rome and Italy at least, the temples of Mithras were usually set up in public buildings, rather than private houses.21
3.2. Associated figures
Mithras is often depicted by two smaller figures, dressed like himself, bearing torches. These torchbearers are named on the monuments as Cautes and Cautopates.
Also found in some reliefs is a mysterious lion-headed figure, who may perhaps have been called Arimanius.
On various monuments there appears a male figure with a full beard, reclining. This appears to be Oceanus, a personification of the Ocean.
The name Caelus occurs on some monuments, such as CIMRM 1127, where Cautes, Cautopates, Oceanus and Caelus all appear and are named. The Mithraic deity Caelus is sometimes depicted as an eagle bending over the sphere of heaven marked with symbols of the planets or the zodiac.22 In a Mithraic context he is associated with Cautes23 and might perhaps be a Caelus Aeternus ("Eternal Sky").24 Doro Levi claimed that Ahura-Mazda is invoked in Latin as ''Caelus Aeternus Iupiter''.25 The walls of some mithrea feature allegorical depictions of the cosmos with Oceanus and Caelus. The mithraeum of Dieburg represents the tripartite world with Caelus, Oceanus, and Tellus below Phaeton-Heliodromus.26
3.3. The Tauroctony
See the Tauroctony.
In every Mithraeum the centrepiece was a representation of Mithras killing a sacred bull; the so-called tauroctony.27
The image may be a relief, or free-standing, and side details may be present or omitted. The centre-piece is Mithras clothed in Anatolian costume and wearing a Phrygian cap; who is kneeling on the exhausted bull, holding it by the nostrils with his left hand, and stabbing it with his right. As he does so, he looks over his shoulder towards the figure of Sol. A dog and a snake reach up towards the blood.28 A scorpion seizes the bull's genitals. The two torch-bearers are on either side, dressed like Mithras, Cautes with his torch pointing up and Cautopates with his torch pointing down.29
The event takes place in a cavern, into which Mithras has carried the bull, after having hunted it, ridden it and overwhelmed its strength.30 Sometimes the cavern is surrounded by a circle, on which the twelve signs of the zodiac appear. Outside the cavern, top left, is Sol the sun, with his flaming crown, often driving a quadriga. A ray of light often reaches down from the sun to touch Mithras. Top right is Luna, with her crescent moon, who may be depicted driving a chariot.
In some depictions, the central tauroctony is framed by a series of subsidiary scenes to the left, top and right, illustrating events in the Mithras narrative; Mithras being born from the rock, the water miracle, the hunting and riding of the bull, meeting Sol who kneels to him, shaking hands with Sol and sharing a meal of bull-parts with him, and ascending to the heavens in a chariot.
3.4. The Banquet of the Sun
The second most important scene after the tauroctony in Mithraic art is the so-called banquet scene.32 The two scenes are sometimes sculpted on the opposite sides of the same relief. The banquet scene features Mithras and the Sun god banqueting on the hide of the slaughtered bull. On the specific banquet scene on the Fioro Romano relief, one of the torchbearers points a caduceus towards the base of an altar, where flames appear to spring up. Robert Turcan has argued that since the caduceus is an attribute of Mercury, and in mythology Mercury is depicted as a psychopomp, the eliciting of flames in this scene is referring to the dispatch of human souls and expressing the Mithraic doctrine on this matter. Turcan also connects this event to the tauroctony: the blood of the slain bull has soaked the ground at the base of the altar, and from the blood the souls are elicited in flames by the caduceus.33
3.5. The lion-headed figure
See also Aion.
A unique feature of the Mithraeum is the naked lion-headed figure sometimes found in Mithraic temples.34 He is entwined by a serpent, with the snake's head often resting on the lion's head. The lion's mouth is often open. He is usually represented having four wings, two keys (sometimes a single key) and a scepter in his hand. Sometimes the figure is standing on a globe inscribed with a diagonal cross. A more scarcely represented variant of the figure with a human head is also found. Although animal-headed figures are prevalent in contemporary Egyptian and Gnostic mythological representations, the Leontocephaline is entirely restricted to Mithraic art.35
Although the exact identity of the lion-headed figure is debated by scholars, it is largely agreed that the god is associated with time and seasonal change.36 An example is CIMRM 78-79 from the Mithraeum in Sidon.
In one monument only the name Arimanius appears against what seems to be the same figure. This label is probably derived from the Greek translation of the name of the Zoroastrian demon Ahriman. The inscriptions refer to "Arimanius" as "deus" (= "a god").37
4. Initiation into the mysteries of Mithras
In the Byzantine encylopedia known as the Suda there is an entry "Mithras", which states that "no one was permitted to be initiated into them (the mysteries of Mithras), until he should show himself holy and steadfast by undergoing several graduated tests."38 Gregory Nazianzen refers to the "tests in the mysteries of Mithras".39
A series of five frescos at the Mithraeum of ancient Capua (today Santa Maria Capua Vetere in Campania) depict what may be the rituals for some of the grades of initiation. They are very damaged and hard to interpret. The first shows a blindfolded naked man; in the second he is also kneeling and his hands are bound behind him; in the third he is no longer blindfolded and is being crowned; in the fourth he is being restrained from rising; in the fifth he is lying on the ground as if dead.40 | <urn:uuid:2ae508ff-a73e-4ade-a772-46261dbdef0a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/mithras/display.php?page=main | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961248 | 2,602 | 3.71875 | 4 |
ACIS is a powerful solid
modelling kernel used in many CAD systems, such as AutoCad and Microstation. It
uses typical entities for the boundary repr esentation of a solid,
including bodies, lumps, shells, faces, edges, loops, vertices, surfaces,
directions and points. For data archival it stores this information in
files in a special format ( ACIS .sat files ). STEP is the international standard for
product data exchange(ISO 10303), and defines generic as well as
application specific information models. Examples of the former include geometry and topology models while
examples of the latter include application protocols for printed circuit
assemblies of NC process plans for machined parts.
The STEP entities for geometry and topology are similar to the ones
used by ACIS for shape representation; however, certain basic differences
exist in the contents and format of these entities as well as in the
structure of the two information models. A s a part of an ongoing project
in the Optimal Selection of Partners in Agile Manufacturing (OSPAM) we
have studied these differences, determined ways to construct one
information model given t he data of the other, and have built ACIS to
STEP and STEP to ACIS translators for boundary representations. In doing
so, we have used the STEP standard to define the schema of an Object
Oriented database (OODB), in which the STEP information models are stored.
The ACIS to STEP translator accepts an ACIS .sat file, performs the
necessary information transformation and stores the results in the STEP
OODB; the reverse is performed by the STEP to ACIS translator.
For this VM project, the ACIS to STEP translator has been extended to
accept ACIS .sat files and provide STEP files. In addition it can be
called from the VM Web site, made to accept an ACIS sat file from a remote
site and return a STEP file to that remo te site. Figure (1) describes
the functionality of the extended translator. A user from a remote site
may call the translator by clicking on the VM Web site. In response the
user will be taken to the web site at which the translator description is
prese nt. The remote user can then access the user
manual or the translator
directly from the translator web site by clicking on the appropriate
hypertext. The translator routine then reads the appropriate ACIS .sat
file, performs the necessary data transformations and populates the STEP
OODB database. Subsequently, a file generator routine accesses this OODB
and converts into the STEP file. The STEP file is then both displayed on
the screen and sent to the user by email.
To demonstrate the ability of the translator we have included an example (cube with a cylindrical through hole) of a STEP file which has been translated from an ACIS .sat file usin g the UMCP/ACIS-STEP translator. | <urn:uuid:214fad51-9ad2-4035-90d9-faeb5c88f1cf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.isr.umd.edu/Labs/CIM/vm/xlator/vmxlator.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.898491 | 622 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Decimals are just another way to express
fractions. After all, to produce a decimal, you simply divide the
numerator of a fraction by the denominator. For example,
2 = .5.
Like fractions, comparing decimals can be a bit deceptive.
As a general rule, when comparing two decimals such as .3 with .003,
the decimal with more leading zeroes is the smaller one. But if
asked to compare .003 with .0009, you might be tempted to overlook
the additional zero, and because 9 is the larger integer, choose
.0009 as the larger decimal. That would be wrong. Use caution to
avoid such mistakes. It might help to line up the decimal points
of the two decimals:
- .0009 is clearly smaller than .0030
- .000900 is smaller than .000925
Converting Decimals to Fractions
Knowing how to convert decimals into fractions and fractions
into decimals are useful skills. Sometimes you’ll produce a decimal
while solving a question, and then you’ll have to choose from fractions
for test choices. Other times, it may just be easier to work with fractions.
Whatever the case, both conversions can be done easily.
To convert a decimal number to a fraction:
Remove the decimal point and make the decimal number
the denominator be the number 1 followed by as many zeroes as there are
decimal places in the decimal number.
Let’s convert .3875 into a fraction. First, we eliminate
the decimal point and make 3875 the numerator:
Since .3875 has four digits after the decimal
point, we put four zeroes in the denominator:
Then, by finding the GCF of 3875 and 10,000, which is
125, we can reduce the fraction:
To convert from fractions back to decimals is a cinch.
Simply carry out the necessary division on your calculator, such
as for 3/5: | <urn:uuid:94738486-e69f-4d27-a7d0-b9f194ff9a7e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/math1c/chapter4section6.rhtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.861611 | 437 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Depending on the soil, weather, and overall conditions, last week’s planting of 60,000 8-inch shrub willow shoots should yield about 900 dry tons of biomass over a 20-year period — a drop in the proverbial bucket considering that Colgate currently burns about 100 tons of woodchips per day in its environmentally friendly steam-fired boiler.
But the small-scale experiment, made possible by the Class of 2008 gift to the Colgate Sustainability Fund, is an important first step.
The project grew out of ENST 480, an environmental studies seminar offered last spring. With the guidance of faculty members Ian Helfant, Robert Turner, and Beth Parks, four Colgate students — Jeremy Bennick ’08, Andrew Holway ’08, Elizabeth Juers ’08, and Rachel Surprenant ’08 — researched the feasibility of growing willow biomass on Colgate-owned land in order to reduce Colgate’s carbon emissions as well as its dependence on fossil fuels.
The report concluded that Colgate should experiment with willow production.
“Central New York represents an ideal place for willow production,” said Helfant, who spearheaded the three-year research and planning phase. “Down the road, we hope that Colgate can partner with local farmers or landowners to consider larger scale plantings.”
Colgate’s foray into willow farming is consistent with its commitment to increasing its use of renewable energy sources.
The university’s steam-generating wood-burning facility now satisfies more than 70 percent of the campus’s heat and domestic hot water needs, yet the price of woodchips continues to rise and there is growing concern over the greenhouse gas emissions generated while transporting the chips to campus.
By this fall, the shoots planted last week will be 3 to 8 feet tall. They then will be cut to just 1 to 2 inches above the ground, causing the willow to grow outward (bush-like), maximizing the rate of growth and total biomass over the next two growing seasons.
“This landmark event is an instructive example of how sustainability connects our curriculum to campus operations, said John Pumilio, Colgate’s new sustainability coordinator. “In a dynamic way, this project is an important step in Colgate’s ongoing pursuit to provide our university with 100 percent carbon-neutral, renewable energy.” | <urn:uuid:99154b35-c4e7-430f-9744-87bfca7ea7ec> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.colgate.edu/2009/05/willow-experiment-aims-to-gene.html/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00029-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914017 | 505 | 2.875 | 3 |
Larry Eisenberg had a vision. "Amazing," he called it. "Spectacular."
The Los Angeles Community College District would become a paragon of clean energy. By generating solar, wind and geothermal power, the district would supply all its electricity needs. Not only would the nine colleges sever ties to the grid, saving millions of dollars a year, they would make money by selling surplus power. Thanks to state and federal subsidies, construction of the green energy projects would cost nothing upfront.
As head of a $5.7-billion, taxpayer-funded program to rebuild the college campuses, Eisenberg commanded attention. But his plan for energy independence was seriously flawed.
He overestimated how much power the colleges could generate. He underestimated the cost. And he poured millions of dollars into designs for projects that proved so impractical or unpopular they were never built.
These and other blunders cost nearly $10 million that could have paid for new classrooms, laboratories and other college facilities, a Times investigation found.
The problems with Eisenberg's energy vision were fundamental. For starters, there simply wasn't room on the campuses for all the generating equipment required to become self-sufficient. Some of the colleges wouldn't come close to that goal even if solar panels, wind turbines and other devices were wedged into every available space.
Going off the grid did not make economic sense either. Given the cost of alternative energy technology, it would be more expensive for the district to generate all its own electricity than to continue paying utilities for power.
Weather and geology also refused to cooperate.
You know what does work, in any weather? What provides non-polluting, relatively inexpensive electricity using a mature technology? Nuclear power plants. We should have more of those. | <urn:uuid:f975eeb5-eba4-4a8e-9b4c-2cb417d02fe9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://rightontheleftcoast.blogspot.com/2011/03/solar-et-al-is-nice-in-theory-but.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970515 | 357 | 2.78125 | 3 |
How is Salmonella Infection Diagnosed?
Salmonella infection is diagnosed through testing of a stool sample. Salmonella can sometimes also be isolated from blood, urine or tissue samples.
Salmonella bacteria can be detected in stool. [5, 15] In cases of bacteremia or invasive illness, the bacteria can also be detected in the blood, urine, or on rare occasions in tissues. The test consists of growing the bacteria in culture. [5, 6] A fecal, blood or other sample is placed in nutrient broth or on agar and incubated for 2-3 days. After that time, a trained microbiologist can identify the bacteria, if present, and confirm its identity by looking at biochemical reactions.
Treatment with antibiotics before collecting a specimen for testing can affect bacterial growth in culture, and lead to a negative test result even when Salmonella causes the infection. | <urn:uuid:d2f29284-3855-4589-bc87-873140bbcb98> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.about-salmonella.com/salmonella_diagnosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919698 | 188 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Fossils tell stories. I’ve written about this beautiful fact over and over again, but the multiple perspectives on prehistoric life afforded by even the most mundane petrified scrap never cease to impress me. Fossils are not merely individual facts of nature that educate us simply by their identification and accumulation. They are more than that – primeval touchstones that can send us down any number of pathways as we trace evolutionary history. Such ancient inspirations can be as simple as a fragment of turtle shell or a shed trilobite exoskeleton, and, as recently shown by paleontologist Gareth Dyke and colleagues, as grand as the remnants as a drowned bird colony.
The details of the incredibly rich deposit were published earlier this year in Naturwissenschaften. As described by Dyke and co-authors Mátyás Vremir, Gary Kaiser, and Darren Naish, the small boneyard is a short, seven-inch-thick lens of mudstone packed with eggshell and bones from a colony of archaic birds that nested together right at the end of the Age of Dinosaurs.
Vremir noted the existence of the shell-filled rock in a 2010 survey, but the new paper draws out what the site can tell us about the biology and mating habits of prehistoric birds called enantiornithines. These birds are part of a long-lost avian radiation – creatures between modern birds and their feathery non-avian dinosaur forebears. Enantiornithines could fly and resembled the typical bird archetype, but many retained the teeth and hand claws of their raptor-like ancestors, too.
Given the state of the evidence, it isn’t possible to tell which species of enantiornithine nested in Late Cretaceous Transylvania. The deposit is effectively a slurry of eggshell with a few bones and some matrix. The bones resemble those of a primordial bird called Enantiornis found in the Late Cretaceous of Argentina, but, lacking more complete skeletal material, we don’t yet know exactly what species the Transylvania specimens represent. Nevertheless, such a dense collection of egg remnants and bird bones indicates that behaviors we associate with modern birds actually reach far back into the fossil record, when avian and non-avian dinosaurs still lived alongside each other.
In this case, the story isn’t just in the fossils. The way the shells and bones were laid down provides critical clues. Geological context is essential for figuring out how particular creatures came to rest in the positions that paleontologists have found them in. According to Dyke and collaborators, the details of the site show that the shell-packed swath was created when a local flood transported eggs and birds into a shallow pond created by rising water. A handful of complete fossil eggs attest to the fact that the various elements of the bird colony had not been transported far from the nesting site.
The hypothesized proximity of the bird colony with the site where the eggs and bones were dropped might mean that the prehistoric birds had a penchant for aquatic prey. Modern birds that nest near water tend to be “aquatic foragers”, Dyke and co-authors point out, and the unfortunate enantiornithines may have followed the same pattern. Yet the fact that this behavior goes back over 66 million years is a puzzle. Modern shorebirds are strong flyers who can gather food from a wide area to bring back to their nests. While enantiornithines could fly, they weren’t quite so skilled in the air. Without more complete skeletal material, it’s hard to say whether the adults in the drowned bird colony would have been able to bring home meals from afar. Instead, Dyke and colleagues suggest, the Cretaceous birds might have timed their breeding season with a yearly abundance of local prey. Floods would sometimes overwhelm their nests, a tragic turn of circumstance that still happens to birds today, but at least one of these catastrophes locked a snapshot of these ancient birds in stone.
For a more detailed look at this find, see Darren Naish’s blog post at Tetrapod Zoology.
Dyke, G., Vremir, M., Kaiser, G., Naish, D. (2012). A drowned Mesozoic bird breeding colony from the Late Cretaceous of Transylvania Naturwissenschaften, 99 (6) DOI: 10.1007/s00114-012-0917-1 | <urn:uuid:23ebf8c9-935c-4e19-9bdc-239cce25135b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wired.com/2012/10/tales-in-eggshell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935118 | 931 | 3.5 | 4 |
This image shows a DNA computer simulation. DNA carries out its activities "diluted" in the cell nucleus. In this state it synthesises proteins and, even though it looks like a messy tangle of thread, in actual fact its structure is governed by precise rules that are important for it to carry out its functions. Biologists have studied DNA by observing it experimentally with a variety of techniques, which have only recently been supplemented by research in silico, that is to say, the study of DNA by means of computer simulations. This is a recent area of study, but it has already given a major contribution to knowledge in this field. Angelo Rosa, a theoretical physicist of the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Trieste, with the collaboration of Christophe Zimmer, an experimental physicist from the Pasteur Institute in Paris has assessed the state of the art of this novel but powerful approach in a systematic review that has just been published in the journal International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. | <urn:uuid:3b35e2a1-6aac-4bd7-b16a-dc02f488e16d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biologynews.net/archives/2014/01/03/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968309 | 203 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Hi there ... my very first forum post :confused:Can some one please explain the difference between Double.parseDouble and Double.toString and when I might use either or both?
Re: Java commands
As the functions names explain:
parseDouble passes a string as parameter and returns a double from it. For example if the string is "123" it returns a double 123. So simply take a numeric string and return it as double.
But toString returns a string from a double:
Oracle docs have the info for that: Double Class
|All times are GMT +5.5. The time now is 23:03.| | <urn:uuid:729e577b-bf87-4e78-9697-2913c4a4d2da> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.go4expert.com/printthread.php?t=28510 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00173-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.753853 | 134 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Joelle Pineau, Sebastian Thrun, Dieter Fox
Mapping is the problem of generating models of a mobile robot's environment based on sensor data. Based on a stream of measurements from the robot's sensors, the goal of mapping is to determine the location of various entities, such as landmarks or obstacles, in a global frame of reference. To generate consistent maps of large-scale environments, the robot also has to solve a concurrent localization problem, which arises because robot odometry is often erroneous. Thus, the problem addressed in our research is a chicken-and-egg problem: Mapping is considered simple if the robot's location is known; and localization is considered simple if a map is readily available; but in combination the problem is hard.
Most successful navigation algorithms require the availability of maps, yet we lack general and scalable methods for automatically generating such maps. Such methods would facilitate the installation of mobile robots in indoor environments and enable robots to adapt to changes therein. At present, maps are usually generated manually, which involves significant time and money. This research, if successful, can also become a crucial step towards true robot autonomy. It can be combined with existing exploration and path planning strategies (in fact, we have done this in our lab), enabling robots to autonomously explore and build maps of large-scale environments.
Over the past two decades, the problem of building maps in indoor environments has received significant attention in the mobile robotics community. Previous approaches suffer from scaling limitations. Many of them make highly restrictive assumptions on the nature of the environment and the sensor input. With very few exceptions, previous approaches have not been able to map cyclic environments. They were often only tested in simulation.
Our approach is pervasively statistical in nature. It phrases the problem of concurrent mapping and localization as a constrained maximum likelihood estimation problem, where the objective is to find the most likely map given the data. With appropriate independence assumptions, the map likelihood function can be shown to be a function of two basic probabilistic models, a motion model, and a perceptual model. The motion model describes the effect of actions on a robot's pose, where pose comprises location and orientation. The perceptual model describes possible sensor readings for situations where both the map and the robot's pose are known. For mobile robots equipped with proximity sensors, both models are easily derived from the robot's physical properties.
Our approach applies the EM algorithm to find the most likely map under the data. EM is a well-known, efficient statistical algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation in high-dimensional spaces. In the context of our mapping problem, EM iterates two steps, a localization step and a mapping step. In the localization step, the map is fixed, and our approach computes probabilities over the robot's various poses in the data set. Since the map is assumed to be known, this step is a generalized version of Markov localization. In the mapping step, our approach computes the most likely map based on the pose estimates generated in the localization step. Since the robot's poses are fixed, generating the most likely map is mathematically straightforward. Our approach, thus, tackles the concurrent mapping and localization problem by solving two simpler problems: the problem of localization with a fixed map, and the problem of mapping under knowledge of the robot's poses. The iteration of these two steps leads to a local maximum of the map likelihood function, which usually coincides with the global maximum, and thus the most likely map.
This statistical approach has been implemented with two different representations; one in which all probabilities are approximated using piecewise constant functions, and one in which they are approximated using Normal distributions (Kalman filters). The first approximation is able to represent multi-modal distribution, hence can deal with global ambiguities that often arise in large-scale and cyclic environments. The second approximation can estimate the location of obstacles with floating-point accuracy, thus yields highly accurate maps. In combination, these methods have been found to generate maps whose size and accuracy are orders of magnitude better than maps generated with previous methods. Figure 1 shows examples of maps generated in environments of sizes up to 100 by 70 meters. In one case, the cumulative odometric error was larger than 70 meters.
Our current approach builds a single most likely representation of the entire mapped area. This is generally infeasible for larger environments, due to the processing requirements of applying the EM algorithm to very large data sets. A hierarchical map building approach will be considered to address scalability limitations. This approach relies on the construction of smaller-scale maps representing subsets of the environment. Maximum likelihood estimation is performed independently on each of these sub-maps. Contiguous sub-maps can then be combined into a larger map, assuming that the sub-maps are internally known with high confidence. The maximum likelihood estimation for the larger map optimizes the arrangement of the sub-maps, and consequently re-adjusts them necessary. This method would significantly increase flexibility. Arbitrary sized maps, representing subsets of the environment, could be built and used independently, without having to compute a map of the entire environment. The extension to multi-robot mapping and mapping of dynamic environments will be addressed. We also intend to develop an extension of the approach for autonomous exploration. Finally, the present approach will be adapted to generate and modify maps in real-time, such that only a limited history of past sensor readings need to be memorized. | <urn:uuid:27d73222-3a3d-48b7-a950-5ef1d55272a6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~rll/overview/jpineau_01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93609 | 1,099 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Ponsonelli was the foremost sculptor active in Genoa in the first third of the 1700s. He worked for patrons all over Europe, and according to written sources he even sent sculptures to Latin America. This sculpture is his only work in an American museum.In order to accentuate the supernatural vision of the Immaculate Madonna standing on clouds, on the crescent moon and a dragon (symbol of the defeated sins), the Virgin's clothes are shown in tumultuous movement, darting off in different directions with speedy lines. The energetic and abstract drapery movement was a characteristic of Baroque painting in Genoa as well. Ponsonelli masterfully pushes the divine tornado of textiles into the third dimension, and takes it to new extremes. | <urn:uuid:2e3d406a-72ce-4134-a6a5-a594d4308673> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.artsconnected.org/resource/133589/immaculate-madonna-gallery-label-current | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96515 | 155 | 2.53125 | 3 |
This moment could be considered one of the bleakest times in Papuan history due to escalating conflict and violence in the region. There have been several causalities reported both civilians and military/police officers.
What attracted public attention is the locations of violence, which have tended to shift from isolated areas, normally in the highlands or mountainous areas to the capital of Papua, Jayapura.
In addition, these “mysterious shootings” have occurred in broad daylight and have hit their “targets” in public areas and near police and military offices.
There are a few lessons that we could learn from the aforementioned escalating conflict and violence in Papua. First, we can question whether President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s program of the Presidential Unit for the Acceleration of Development in Papua and West Papua (UP4B) is indeed the right “panacea” to solve the complex problems in Papua.
Also, is the program effectively implemented and enthusiastically welcomed by the Papuans? There have been numerous reports which show people’s skepticism about the program which may be rooted in the failure of Special Autonomy.
Second, escalating violence and conflict is also a sign that the government is overwhelmed by the complexity of the issues in Papua and an inability to restore order. Authorities are unable to catch and bring to trial the perpetrators of such violence.
This is certainly a sad story. Unable to solve the problem, the government tends to make unnecessary or defensive statements. For example, they claimed that the violence was caused by a separatist movement.
This statement was indeed premature and lacked evidence, especially when knowing that in the recent mysterious attacks the victim have been shot in vital organs. The gunmen are certainly trained |people.
There are just too many “invisible hands” meddling in Papua, especially when the case in Papua is about power politics and vested economic interests (Macleod and Martin, 2012).
Therefore, the government needs to update their data on the mapping of violence and conflict in this region. Various violent incidents in Papua could be committed by several “actors”. Therefore, the government should not easily scapegoat local Papuans as perpetrators of such attacks. The government must also have the courage to publish the conflict and violence mapping as clear evidence.
An article by Macleod and Martin ( 2012 ) clearly stated that there are segments of the population in Papua which are indeed opting for a nonviolent struggle. They argued that a nonviolent struggle, is definitely more desirable than an armed struggle, which causes less loss of life and greater participation of ordinary people.
Another repetitive and unreasonable statement by the government is that these perpetrators of conflict are difficult to capture because of the isolated and geographic conditions in Papua. This may be true in one sense, but as media reported, quoting from the statement by Neles Tebay, mysterious shootings and snipers are currently operating in the city of Jayapura. How hard could it be to locate these shooters in Jayapura, which is geographically a small city?
Third, with the rise of conflict and violence occurring lately, it is a clear sign of deepening distrust between the Papuans and the government. The government is seen as incapable or not serious about solving problems in Papua. The mysterious shootings and snipers only exacerbate the already heated situation there.
When distrust is deepening between the two parties, what is then the prospect of dialogue? Dialogue seems to be a more popular word, recently compared to any other catchword, when one talks about Papua.
The questions that follow in dialogue, which should be publicly understood, are who should be involved? What should be the content of dialogue? What is the time frame? What is the measurement of success or failure in a dialogue? What are the objectives, outcome and output indicators of a dialogue? What are the key activities in a dialogue and so forth?
Dialogue is only a means or even a tool to solve problems in Papua and not an end in itself. There are pre-conditions that need to be taken into consideration before dialogue could be implemented effectively. In other words, there are “prerequisites” for effective dialogue. We need to remember that “winning trust” is one of the main objectives of dialogue.
Supported by UNDEF, CSIS is currently conducting a project to promote Social Accountability in Papua. We have worked with various elements of civil society. In Australia we have also talked with several academicians to obtain their insights on the situation in Papua.
It is interesting that during our project activities, elements of civil society and Australian academicians frequently stressed the importance of meeting these pre-conditions before any other programs or even dialogue could be effectively implemented.
When these preconditions are met, there is hope that the government could win the long awaited trust from the Papuans.
In our discussion with elements of civil society and Australian academicians, the preconditions for Papua are clarification on the history of Papua’s integration, investigating human rights violations and bringing to trial the perpetrators, a fair trial for Papuans “convicted” for involvement in separatist actions, eliminating Papuan marginalization, and improving the welfare of Papuans.
Does the government have the political will to deal with these preconditions in a timely manner? Let’s say Papuan integration is final and not considered a topic which needs further discussion; there are still other preconditions which are seemingly manageable to be sorted out.
To conclude, we could say that the current instability and chaos in Papua is the price that the government must pay for neglecting or even underestimating the complexity of the problems in Papua. The government and other stakeholders need a breakthrough and not treating Papua just as business as usual to restore peace and order.
One possible solution is bringing onto the discussion table a third party negotiator, whether a prominent national or international figure who is trusted and respected by the Papuans.
The government should not be paranoid about bringing international parties, especially when it is clearly stated beforehand that a referendum in not an option and the history of integration is final. Another solution is again making more serious efforts to meet the preconditions for Papua mentioned earlier. These are indeed urgent tasks to help avoid further disruptions in Papua.
The writer is a researcher at the Department of Politics and International Relations, Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Jakarta. | <urn:uuid:d3feebb6-2d24-4791-a067-11b2b7000ecb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/06/14/pre-conditions-papua.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955767 | 1,312 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Osteoarthritis is actually the most well-known sort of joint disease, affecting over 20 million individuals with regard to the United States alone. It represents a heterogeneous group of conditions which outcome in well-known histopathologic not to mention radiologic changes. It is very a degenerative disorder that results within the biochemical breakdown of articular (hyaline) cartilage within the synovial joints. But unfortunately, the current concept holds that osteoarthritis involves definitely not simply the particular articular cartilage nevertheless the entire entire joint organ, such as the actual subchondral bone then synovium.
Osteoarthritis predominantly involves the weight-bearing joints, most notably the knees, hips, cervical plus lumbosacral spine, as well as feet. Various commonly impaired joints consist of the entire distal interphalangeal (DIP) and even proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints associated with the hands. This informative article primarily concentrates on osteoarthritis of the hand, knee, plus hip joints.
Though osteoarthritis is considered largely due to excessive wear and rip, secondary nonspecific inflammatory changes could very well also affect the particular joints. Consequently, the actual term degenerative joint condition typically is no longer appropriate whenever referring that would osteoarthritis.
Historically, osteoarthritis has been separated into main plus secondary types, although this particular division is slightly synthetic. Secondary osteoarthritis is conceptually easier to comprehend. It refers that would degenerative condition of the synovial joints which results from a few of the predisposing condition, typically trauma, which has adversely altered the particular articular cartilage and/or subchondral bone tissue associated with the affected joints.
Secondary osteoarthritis commonly occurs within comparatively young individuals. The entire description of primary osteoarthritis typically is more nebulous. Even though main osteoarthritis is actually associated with the aging procedure as well as usually happens inside elder people, in the broadest sense associated with the term, it is actually a great idiopathic phenomenon, happening in previously intact joints then having not an obvious initiating element.
Some clinicians maximum main osteoarthritis in order to the entire joints associated with the hands (specifically the DIP not to mention PIP joints then joints at the actual base associated with the thumb), whereas other people consist of the actual knees, hips, spine (apophyseal articulations), and hands as potential websites of participation. Because underlying causes of osteoarthritis are really noticed, the actual term main, or alternatively idiopathic, osteoarthritis can become obsolete. By way of example, numerous investigators believe that a lot of instances of primary osteoarthritis associated with the cool may, indeed, be due in order to subtle or simply additionally unrecognizable congenital or perhaps developmental defects.
No particular laboratory abnormalities are associated with osteoarthritis; it happens to be usually diagnosed on the basis of clinical not to mention radiographic results.
The entire objectives of osteoarthritis medication include pain alleviation plus improvement of practical status; nonpharmacologic interventions happen to be the particular cornerstones of osteoarthritis therapy and additionally include individual education, temperature modalities, body weight loss, exercise, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and also joint unloading within certain joints (eg, knee, hip).
Intra-articular pharmacologic therapy includes corticosteroid injection and even viscosupplementation, that might supply pain relief as well as include a great anti-inflammatory impact on the actual impaired joint. Start treatment with acetaminophen for mild or simply moderate pain without having obvious inflammation; generally if the medical response to be able to acetaminophen is actually not In case every other modalities are ineffective and also osteotomy is actually definitely not viable, and / or if perhaps a patient cannot perform their daily activities despite maximal therapy, arthroplasty typically is indicated.
The significant prevalence of osteoarthritis entails significant fees in order to society. Direct costs of osteoarthritis consist of clinician visits, medications, and also surgical intervention. Indirect fees include these products as time lost from function. Costs associated alongside osteoarthritis is really immense for elderly people, whom face probability loss of independence and even whom can require assist alongside daily living activities. Because the populations of developed countries age over the actual coming decades, the requirement for greater learning of osteoarthritis as well as for improved healing options can continue that would grow. If you are looking for more information about Osteoarthritis, Check out: degenerative joint disease | <urn:uuid:5d811e9c-5fac-455f-b8fe-4a695463c234> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://hybrid-graphics-linux.tuxfamily.org/index.php?title=SattlerTandy870 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925477 | 955 | 3.203125 | 3 |
was still a young country in the 1850’s and there was very little settlement west of the
at that time. In an effort to encourage pioneer movement toward the Pacific, Congress authorized the Postmaster General to contract for mail service from
The mail would be delivered via stagecoach and would run twice a week and not exceed 25 days in duration. A map showing the original route is shown above. A description of the overall route can be read by clicking on "BUTTERFIELD OVERLAND MAIL"
A route was selected that passed through the southern portion of the territory that included North Texas and
. The contract was awarded to
native John Butterfield in 1857 and service started the next year.
The original route the stage followed through this area was from
to Jacksboro that included three stops between these two towns and followed a path located in northern
. According to A.C. Greene, author of 900 Miles on the Butterfield Trail, passengers were able to get a quick meal while the team of horses was changed in
and then on to the next station operated by Dr. J.F. Davidson. Twenty miles west of Davidson was the next stop called Connolly located three miles southeast of the present town of
Captain Joseph Earhart’s house was situated just inside
and was the next station on the route. From here, the line crossed the West Fork of the
east of Jacksboro but the stage often encountered a flooded river that made the crossing more difficult and time consuming. A route map of this section through
may be viewed by clicking on “Map”. The original route is shown in “Blue” on the map.
About that time, a Colonel William Hunt and several colleagues from
received a charter from the state to build a toll bridge across the West Fork of the Trinity. Butterfield was persuaded to re-route the stage across the toll bridge and dropped the previous stations in favor of the toll bridge route. The new route traversed the area just north of Wizard Wells and included a stop in
. This route is shown in “Red” on the “Map”
The Butterfield Overland Mail operated in
from 1858 until 1861 when the route was moved farther north for various reasons. The original wooden toll bridge collapsed and was later replaced with a steel bridge in 1883. The old town and toll bridge were located south of
on Highway 920 and the site is noted with a state historical marker.
The decision to send the mail over the southern route changed
history. Towns such as
helped establish the frontier and the “impossible” stage ride through what is now our backyard helped create a legend symbolizing the Old West. This heritage and spirit is continued and celebrated today during the annual Butterfield Stage Days held each May. Prior to the annual Butterfield Stage Coach Days in 2008, a replica of Butterfield Stage Coach was purchased by the Bridgeport Chamber of Commerce and was displayed to the public in March of 2008. Photos of this display can be viewed by clicking on "Stage Coach".
A description of the coaches used on the southern route can be found in Gerald T. Ahnert's report titled "Butterfield Overland Mail Company Stagecoaches and Stage (Celerity) Wagons used on the Southern Trail" To read this report click on "Southern Trail".
Additional discussions on how the Butterfield Overland Mail Company initiated the development of
can be read by clicking on “Old
This information and maps complied by Ken Sprecher | <urn:uuid:c92e6df6-e84d-4080-a6df-3588089e4628> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bridgeporttxhistorical.org/Pages/Butter%20Field%20Overland%20Mail%20Co.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9668 | 729 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Fertilizing your roses provides soil nutrients and amends deficient soil. Temperature, aeration, moisture, and soil PH are also very important, but if your soil lacks the nutrients that your plants need to grow, none of those things will matter. There are six macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S).There are seven micronutrients: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn).
Most commercial fertilizers contain three key ingredients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K). Other elements, such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur also need to be present. iron, boron, chlorine, manganese, molybdenum, copper, and zinc are important too, but rarely need to be supplemented. Other necessary elements such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are taken from the air and water, not from the soil.
The N, P, and K are the three ingredients represented by the numbers in the fertilizer name. For example, an all-purpose fertilizer might be called 10-10-10 because all three elements are present in equal proportions; 10 percent nitrogen, 10 percent phosphorus and 10 percent potassium. The rest of the bag is called ‘filler’.
Nitrogen (N) is most important for green growth in the spring. Later in the season, when your plants should be entering dormancy, green growth is unwanted, and nitrogen intake should be reduced. Also, too much nitrogen will prevent blooms from developing. N is water soluble and moves through the soil very quickly, so it must be replaced more often than the other elements. Sources: commercial fertilizer, Bloodmeal, manure.
Phosphorus (P) promotes root growth, fruit ripening, and seed development, and it is especially important for very young plants and right before plants go into dormancy for winter. Phosphorous naturally occurs in composting organic matter in the soil. Sources: commercial fertilizer, earthworms, compost.
Potassium (K) Often called 'potash', this element is important for development of fruit and leaves, and it is responsible for the overall health of the plant. The most obvious sign of deficiency is scorched leaves. Sources: commercial fertilizer, wood ash, seaweed meal, compost, manure.
Calcium (Ca) When calcium fertilizer is used it lowers the pH of the soil reducing the toxicity of the soil. It will stimulate the ammonium absorption by plants by as much as 100%. Some of the ammonium is changed to nitrate so the precipitated calcium gets resolubilized which increases the amount of calcium available for use in the soil. Photosynthesis increases and the amount of carbon dioxide captured by the plants is also increased. If you use a soluble calcium to stimulate plant growth you will see remarkable improvements in the survival rates of your plants through the winter but don't stop there, using it throughout the year will yield you impressive results through the growing season. In fact you can expect a considerable increase in yield from your garden.
Magnesium (Mg) Gardeners apply Epsom salts to tomatoes, peppers, and roses, hoping to produce more flowers, greener plants, and higher yields. This natural mineral, discovered in the well water of Epsom, England, has been used for hundreds of years, not only to fertilize plants but to treat a range of human and animal ailments. Who hasn't soaked sore feet in it at least once?
Chemically, Epsom salts is hydrated magnesium sulfate (about 10 percent magnesium and 13 percent sulfur). Magnesium is critical for seed germination and the production of chlorophyll, fruit, and nuts. Magnesium helps strengthen cell walls and improves plants' uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. The causes and effects of magnesium deficiencies vary. Vegetables such as beans, peas, lettuce, and spinach can grow and produce good yields in soils with low magnesium levels, but plants such as tomatoes, peppers, and roses need high levels of magnesium for optimal growth. However, plants may not show the effects of magnesium deficiency until it's severe. Some common deficiency symptoms are yellowing of the leaves between the veins, leaf curling, stunted growth, and lack of sweetness in the fruit.
Magnesium tends to be lacking in old, weathered soils with low pH, notably in the Southeast and Pacific Northwest. Soils with a pH above 7 and soils high in calcium and potassium also generally have low magnesium levels. Calcium and potassium compete with magnesium for uptake by plant roots, and magnesium often loses. Sometimes, a soil test will show adequate magnesium levels in soil, but a plant grown in that soil may still be deficient because of that competition.
Gardeners add magnesium when they apply dolomitic lime to raise the soil's pH. However, this product (46 percent calcium carbonate, 38 percent magnesium carbonate) breaks down slowly, and the calcium can interfere with magnesium uptake. For soils with a pH above 7, many gardeners use Sul-Po-Mag (22 percent sulfur, 22 percent potassium, 11 percent magnesium) to increase magnesium. Although dolomitic lime and Sul-Po-Mag are inexpensive ways to add magnesium, Epsom salts' advantage over them is its high solubility.
Sulfur (S) Sulfur, a key element in plant growth, is critical to production of vitamins, amino acids (therefore protein), and enzymes. It's also the compound that gives vegetables such as broccoli and onions their flavors. Sulfur is seldom deficient in garden soils in North America because acid rain and commonly used animal manures contain sulfur, as do chemical fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate. Sulfur slowly breaks down (with help from oxygen from the air and water) to produce an acid that lowers the pH of the soil. The lower pH of the soil helps make the iron naturally in the soil more available to the grass as a nutrient. Iron helps provide a deep green color. The black clay soils in north Texas have a tendency to have a high pH and benefit from the use of sulfur. An excellent way to introduce sulfur to lawn is to use 'sulfur-coated urea' (SCU), which provides sulfur and nitrogen (the nitrogen is from the urea).
Boron (B), Boron is an essential micronutrient for growth and development of healthy plants. In small concentrations boron compounds are used as micronutrients in fertilizers, in large concentrations they are used as herbicides, algaecides and other pesticides. Boron is essential for maintaining a balance between sugar and starch and functions in the translocation of sugar and carbohydrates. Boron is also important in pollination and seed production, and is necessary for normal cell division, nitrogen metabolism and protein formation.
Boron is an essential element for plants’ development, growth, crop yielding and seed development by helping the transfer of water and nutrition in plants. Though plants’ boron requirement is very low in amount, their growth and crop yielding are severely affected when there is a boron deficiency in the soil.
Chlorine (Cl) Needed for photosynthesis; stimulates root growth and aids water circulation in plants
Copper (Cu) Copper deficiencies are mainly seen on sandy soils which are low in organic matter. Copper uptake decreases as soil pH increases. Increased phosphorus and iron availability in soils decreases copper uptake by plants. Small leaves with necrotic (dead) spots and brown areas near the leaf tips. Rosetting of the leaves and dieback of terminal shoots.
Iron (Fe) New leaves are the most symptomatic and when iron deficiency is most severe they can be all yellow or white but still have green veins. Overall you see yellow leaves with green veins leading to marginal scorching or browning of leaf tips. Tip leaves, especially basal areas of leaflets, intense chlorotic mottling; stem near tip also yellow. Fruits have poor color. Shoot diameter is small. Iron deficit often occurs when the soil pH is higher than 7.5 meaning it is more alkaline. Lack of Fe is common in plants living next to concrete walls, foundations etc.
Manganese (Mn) Manganese deficiency is similar to Nitrogen deficiency, leaves display marginal scorching, rolling and reduced width. Yellowing may also occur between leaf veins or total yellowing on youngest leaves.
Molybdenum (Mo) Molybdenum deficiency is only a problem with brassicas like broccoli, cauliflower, etc. in acid soil. Heads can fail to form properly, leaves will become thin, elongated and rippled.
Zinc (Zn) Zinc deficiencies are mainly found on sandy soils low in organic matter and on organic soils. Zinc deficiencies occur more often during cold, wet spring weather. New and intermediate leaves are small, yellow, sometimes with a grayish cast. Narrow and older leaves may drop. Small shoots may show resetting, followed by dieback. | <urn:uuid:993eadef-895a-4581-bafd-31ce460e1281> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kxii.com/morningshow/headlines/Gardening-Texoma--196314431.html?site=full | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933129 | 1,902 | 3.890625 | 4 |
Psych & Life: Correlation Does Not Equal Causation
A correlation exists when 2 variables are related to one another in an orderly way. However, correlation does not equal causation. In other words, correlations don’t tell us whether a cause and effect relationship exists between 2 variables. For example, a child development researcher may want to investigate if the amount of time children spend in daycare is related to aggressive behavior when they enter kindergarten. A correlation between time spent in daycare and aggressive behavior will indicate if the variables are related and how strongly. It is important to note that a correlation NOT will tell the researcher whether or not time spent in daycare causes aggressive behavior.
When the results of research studies are published in the media, they are often written or discussed in a confusing and misleading manner. Articles and news broadcasts may not explicitly state whether the results of the study are based on a correlational study or an experimental study. Think about the catchy lines that the evening news uses to grab your attention (e.g., “Does walking your dog cause cancer? Find out during our 11 o’clock news show.”). However, often these news shows and articles don’t give you the details about how a study was performed so that you can make informed decisions about the results. Read the following 2 articles (i.e., "Luckiest People are born in the summer" and "Eating pizza cuts cancer risk) and examine the graph (i.e., Pirates & Global Warming). Write a 3-4 page reaction paper that addresses the following issues/questions:
1. Did the articles make it clear that correlations were used and that the results did not indicate causation? What parts of the articles made this clear? What parts of the articles did you find misleading?
2. How would you interpret the results of the graph? Why do you think that such a graph may be misleading if it was shown in a newspaper or on a morning news show?
3. What did you find interesting about these articles and graph?
4. Describe another example of correlation
being confused with causation. This can be one that you create or one that you
find in the media. If you find the example, be sure to tell me where you got
5. How can you use the information learned in this exercise?
Luckiest people 'born in summer' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3622817.stm)
Eating pizza 'cuts cancer risk' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3086013.stm)
Pirates and global warming | <urn:uuid:ff15593a-6890-4e9d-b286-decff44b4133> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bama.ua.edu/%7Esprentic/101%20Psych%20&%20Life--Correlation-causation.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93252 | 553 | 3.34375 | 3 |
L’Encyclopédie de l’histoire du Québec / The Quebec History Encyclopedia
The Jesuits of Canada
The Society of Jesus was founded by Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish nobleman, in 1534. Wounded while defending Pampluna against the French in 1521, Ignatius retired to convalesce in his castle of Loyola . There his confinement forced him to think of more serious things than the military glory which had hitherto filled his mind. On his recovery, he decided to devote himself to God's service. After some years of study and preparation, he founded with a few companions the religious order to which he gave the name "Society of Jesus", and the motto Ad majorem Dei gloriam (To the greater glory of God). The order spread rapidly throughout Europe, and from its earliest years devoted itself to foreign missions. Before the first Jesuits landed in Canada in 1611, the great apostle, St. Francis Xavier, had traversed vast tracts of India and had preached the Gospel in Japan ; other Jesuit missionaries had entered Ethiopia, had penetrated to the court of the Great Mogul, and had founded the Reductions in Paraguay .
It was in keeping with the missionary zeal of the order that Fathers Biard and Masse should have sailed for New France as early as 1611. They landed in Port Royal to preach the gospel to the Indians living near the bay of Fundy. But the opposition of Biencourt, the acting-governor of Port Royal, and the attack on the mission and capture of the missionaries by Argall, an English raider from Virginia, put an early end to the mission. In 1625 the Jesuits returned to Canada, this time in answer to an appeal from the Recollet friars, who were not numerous enough to cope with the difficulties of the Indian missions. Fathers Masse, Brébeuf, and Charles Lalemant landed at Quebec, and began work among the Montagnais of that region. As soon as it was possible, Brébeuf set out for Huronia, that part of Ontario which stretches north to the Georgian bay between lake Simcoe and the Nottawasaga river. Except for occasional trips to Quebec and his enforced absence from the country for a few years after Quebec had fallen to the English in 1629, Brébeuf remained in Huronia till his death in 1648. Among others who joined him there were Ragueneau, LeMoyne, Jogues, who was put to death by the Mohawks in 1646 in what is now New York state, and Brébeuf's companion in martyrdom, Jerôme Lalemant. In spite of the suspicions of the Hurons, who blamed all their misfortunes on the missionaries, and despite the horrors of living the life of the savages, the missionaries persevered in their work of evangelization. They established their headquarters on the river Wye near the present town of Midland, building a small fort which they called Fort Ste. Marie, the ruins of which still exist. They had hoped that this centre would be the beginning of a series of Reductions such as their brethren had founded in Paraguay, but the Iroquois, who had long been threatening Huronia, invaded the country in 1648, destroyed the missions and frustrated the hopes of the missionaries. Brébeuf and Lalemant were put to death after hideous tortures, and Father Daniel was slain and thrown into his burning chapel. The Jesuits, finding their flock dispersed, moved Fort Ste. Marie to Christian island, about twenty miles distant. This new centre, strongly fortified against Iroquois attacks, was intended to serve the Petun, nation; but the following year (1649) the Iroquois again raided the settlements. Father Garnier was shot and tomahawked as he was giving absolution to his dying neophytes, and Father Chabanel was slain by an apostate Huron. Disease and famine added to the misery of the Hurons; and to preserve the remnants of the nation, the priests were forced to abandon their island fortress and to return to Quebec . The Huron mission was ended.
In the meantime, the Jesuits were consolidating their work in Quebec. A college was founded there in 1635, and the missionaries began to go further afield along the banks of the St. Lawrence to Three Rivers and Montreal , where churches were built and centres of spiritual activity founded. Abortive attempts to reach Hudson 's bay were finally crowned with success when Father Albanel reached its shores in 1670. But the enmity of the English and the hatchet of the assassin made the continuance of the mission impossible. In 1642 Father Jogues, while returning to Quebec from Fort Ste. Marie, was captured by Iroquois and taken to the Mohawk country. There he was tortured for a year, till the Dutch at Fort Orange enabled him to escape to Europe. He soon returned to Canada, and finding the Mohawks willing to be the allies of the French, he set out from Quebec to establish a mission amongst them. After a short visit he returned again; but the temper of the Mohawks had changed. They seized Jogues and his companion, La Lande, tortured them for some months, and finally slew there. It was some years before the Jesuits could gain any converts among the warlike and fickle Iroquois, and then only at the constant risk of their lives.
As time went on, the Jesuits pushed their mission outposts further and further west. In 1660 they began the evangelization of the Ottawa, a term covering the numerous tribes lying in the region west of lake Huron to the Mississippi and north of the Ohio river. The most famous missionary was Father Marquette, who set out with the explorer Jolliet to discover if the Mississippi was. a passage to the Pacific and so to the Far East. They went down the Mississippi as far as its confluence with the Arkansas before returning. Marquette died on the way home, but not before he had preached the gospel to many friendly tribes along the route. From their headquarters in Sault Ste. Marie, the missionaries continued the work Marquette had begun.
In the eighteenth century the Jesuits turned their eyes to the far West, and in 1731 Father Mesaiger in company with La Vérendrye and a small party crossed lake Superior, went up the Kaministikwia river, made a portage till they reached the Rainy river, and so on to the lake of the Woods, where Fort St. Charles was built. Father Aulneau, who had replaced Father Mesaiger, was slain a few years later by a band of Sioux warriors while on his way east for provisions. Later Father Coquart went as far as the shores of lake Winnipeg. All these missions were carried on under the greatest difficulties, for besides the immorality and the indifference, if not the utter .hostility, of the Indians themselves, there was the greed of the fur-traders and government officials, who cared little enough for the welfare of the Indians, provided they could buy their furs for cheap brandy and make a fortune for themselves.
In the midst of their labours, the missionaries still found time to write that mass of material on the history, condition, and character of the natives, which is known as the Jesuit Relations. These were letters written to Superiors in Europe, not necessarily (though they often were) intended for publication. They were begun by Father Biard in 1616, and continued more or less regularly till 1672. In the following year, to prevent further disputes over the Malabar rites, Clement X forbade the publication of books concerning the missions without the consent of Propaganda. Parkman says of the Relations that the closest examination had left him in no doubt that "the Relations hold a high place as authentic and trustworthy documents". He praises the Jesuits of the seventeenth century for having used their unrivalled opportunities of studying Indian superstitions "in a spirit of faithful inquiry, accumulating facts and leaving theory to their successors". Thwaites is no less emphatic: "The authors of the journals which formed the basis of the Relations were for the most part men of trained intellect, acute observers, and practised in the art of keeping records of their experiences.The Jesuits performed a great service to mankind in publishing their annals, which are for the historian, geographer, and ethnologist, among our first and best authorities." Indeed, men who had to write under such appalling conditions as faced these missionaries could have no motive for telling anything but the truth. Thus Father Bressani writes to the Father General: "I do not know if your Paternity will recognize the handwriting of one whom you once knew very well. The letter is soiled and ill-written, because the writer has only one finger of his right hand left entire, and cannot prevent the blood from his wounds, which are still open, from staining the paper. His ink is gunpowder mixed with water, and his table is the earth."
Even if the English after the conquest in 1760 had not forbidden the Jesuits to recruit new subjects, the suppression of the Society of Jesus by Clement XIV in 1773 would have meant the death-blow to the Jesuit missions in Canada. As it was, the long line of missionaries came to a close with the death of Father Casot in 1800.
The Society of Jesus was restored in 1814 by Pius VII. In 1842 Mgr. Bourget, the bishop of Montreal, requested that some Jesuits be sent to work in his diocese. Once more the Jesuits set sail from France. Six priests arrived in Montreal, and were given the parish of Laprairie, on the south bank of the St. Lawrence opposite the city, by the parish priest Father Power, who was leaving to become first bishop of Toronto. In a few years the Jesuits moved to Montreal, where they opened St. Mary's College. Their subsequent history is a record, in the main uneventful, of slow and steady progress. The lack of English subjects amongst them hampered their growth in Upper Canada. Thus two or three invitations to open a college in Toronto had to be refused; an attempt to man Regiopolis College in Kingston lasted only a year (1849). Other priests arrived on the Canadian Mission, Polish, Austrian, Swiss, French; but their numbers were small for the size of the vast territory they covered. Parishes and schools were founded in Chatham, Sandwich, and Guelph ; and from these centres the priests went out to minister to the Catholics in the surrounding districts, going as far north as Georgian bay. The country was still a missionary one; but as time went on and more parishes were erected, the Jesuits ceded the parish work in great part to the secular clergy and continued their missionary work further north and west. The Indian missions were re-established, and to date extend from Georgian bay to James bay on the north and along lake Superior to the west.
Bishop Power died in 1847. The Pope appointed as his successor in the see of Toronto a Jesuit working on the Canadian Mission, Father Larkin, a former classmate of Cardinal Wiseman in England. The brief of nomination had been given him, but the bishop-elect begged to be freed from the responsibility of the office, and Pius IX acceded to his request.
After many years of debate, Honoré Mercier, prime minister of Quebec and a former pupil of the Jesuits in Montreal, succeeded in passing through the provincial legislature in 1888 the famous Jesuits Estates Bill, which partly indemnified the Society for the properties confiscated by the British Crown after the cession of Canada. The Jesuits received a part only of the $400,000 voted, the rest being divided between Laval University, the Catholic bishops, and the Protestant Board of Education.
The Society of Jesus is composed of "Provinces", named after the countries where the members of each Province live. In 1924 the Province of Canada was divided into the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada , the former working among the English-speaking Catholics of the Dominion, the latter among the French Catholics. The Lower Canada Province, the more numerous, has three colleges in Montreal , besides two houses of study for its own members, colleges in Quebec , Gaspé, Sudbury , St. Boniface, and Edmonton. It serves the Iroquois mission at Caughnawaga, and has an extensive mission in China. The Upper Canada Province has colleges in Montreal (Loyola), Kingston (Regiopolis), Winnipeg, and Regina, as well as the Indian missions in Ontario and parishes in Port Arthur, Winnipeg, and Vancouver . It also has charge of the shrine of the Jesuit martyrs near old Fort Ste. Marie, which is visited every summer by 100,000 pilgrims from Canada and the United States. Its novitiate at Guelph was raided during the war by military police. The raid resulted in a Royal Commission, which completely exonerated the Jesuits from the charge of harbouring "slackers". Both Provinces are actively engaged in phases of social welfare work, in preaching popular missions and giving closed retreats to the laity. They number to date 926 members, of which 333 are priests, 431 scholastics or students for the priesthood, and 162 lay-brothers.
See R. G. Thwaites (ed.), The Jesuit Relations and allied documents (73 vols., Cleveland, 1896-1901), C. Martin, Relations des jésuites (Quebec, 1859), G. M. Shea, History of Catholic missions among the Indians (New York, 1855), C. de Rochemonteix, Les Jésuites et la Nouvelle France (Paris, 1895), F. Parkman, The Jesuits in North America (Boston, 1868), T. G. Marquis, The Jesuit missions (Toronto, 1915), and R. Lecompte, Les jésuites du Canada au xixme siècle (Montreal, 1920).
Source : W. Stewart WALLACE, ed., The Encyclopedia of Canada, Vol. III, Toronto, University Associates of Canada, 1948, 396p., pp. 297-301.
© 2005 Claude Bélanger, Marianopolis College | <urn:uuid:d1623ee8-4f0b-404d-8163-664ab9cb943e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/QuebecHistory/encyclopedia/CanadianJesuits-JesuitsofCanada.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974967 | 2,988 | 3.578125 | 4 |
O'Brien, P.P. (2015) How the War Was Won: Air-Sea Power and Allied Victory in World War II. Series: Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107014756
Full text not currently available from Enlighten.
The Second World War is usually seen as a titanic land battle, decided by mass armies, most importantly those on the Eastern Front. Phillips O'Brien shows us the war in a completely different light. In this compelling new history of the Allied path to victory, he argues that in terms of production, technology and economic power, the war was far more a contest of air and sea supremacy. He shows how the Allies developed a predominance of air and sea power which put unbearable pressure on Germany and Japan's entire war-fighting machine from Europe and the Mediterranean to the Pacific. Air and sea power dramatically expanded the area of battle and allowed the Allies to destroy over half of the Axis's equipment before it had even reached the traditional 'battlefield'. Battles such as El Alamein, Stalingrad and Kursk did not win World War II; air and sea power did.
|Glasgow Author(s) Enlighten ID:||O'Brien, Professor Phillips|
|College/School:||College of Arts > School of Humanities > History|
|Publisher:||Cambridge University Press| | <urn:uuid:d32ef80d-7bdc-4578-8d1b-e937361a2fd6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/66920/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00175-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848483 | 284 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space
UNH Space Scientist Studies Dancing Northern Lights
By Carmelle Druchniak
UNH News Bureau
DURHAM, N.H. -- It's a winter light show most of us have seen, but while we may wonder why the Northern Lights glow, Kristina Lynch wonders why they dance.
The research associate professor's work at the University of New Hampshire Space Science Center focuses on the dynamics and structure of the aurora borealis, commonly known as the Northern Lights.
"I began with an interest in astronomy, and have been coming down lower in altitude ever since," says Lynch, who didn't see the Northern Lights herself until she was four years out of college. "I enjoy the elegant physics -- electrodynamics -- which controls the aurora."
Instead of looking at the chemistry in the lower atmosphere that causes the light show most of us have seen in the winter sky, Lynch examines the acceleration processes at more than 1,000 kilometers above the Earth, processes which accelerate particles into the atmosphere and create the visible displays. "An analogy would be, we study the electron beam in the TV set, not the phosphor screen," she explains.
The aurora, or Northern Lights (the counterpart seen in the Southern Hemisphere is the aurora australis, or Southern Lights) is driven by the interaction of the solar wind -- the Sun's "atmosphere" that travels far into space -- and the Earth's magnetosphere. Accelerated particles then collide with particles in the Earth's atmosphere. The result is visible bands of light, clearer in areas surrounding the Earth's magnetic north and south poles.
So, why does the aurora dance? Lynch explains: "The electric currents, which drive the particle precipitation down into the atmosphere -- and then make the light -- are subject to instabilities that make them move and curl."
The best conditions for viewing aurora is 65 to 75 degrees latitude, near and after midnight, typically 8 p.m. to dawn, often around 2 a.m. The aurora peaks in January and February, and in August. New Hampshire sky-watchers occasionally see brightly structured aurora, but locally it is more typically a diffused glow; at higher latitudes, the lights are more structured and dynamic.
At the UNH Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, Lynch, along with Space Science Center Director Roger Arnoldy, and College of Engineering and Physical Sciences Dean Roy Torbert study the acceleration processes above the aurora by launching sounding rockets, with flights lasting a mere 20 minutes. The rockets, often launched from Poker Flat Research Range in Fairbanks, Alaska, include particle and field detectors.
"The auroral ionosphere is reachable by small sounding rockets, making it a great laboratory for plasma physics in space," Lynch explains.
Lynch, Arnoldy and Torbert took part in three rocket launches last winter, two from Poker Flat and one supervised by Arnoldy from Norway. Two more experiments are scheduled for launch in 2001.
October 18, 1999 | <urn:uuid:cfa8ba8a-7ffb-476e-a0f3-a519799b7444> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.unh.edu/news/news_releases/1999/october/cd_19991018lights.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930912 | 633 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The Cost of the Diet
A novel tool for understanding the barriers to improving child nutrition.
The Cost of the Diet (CoD) is an exciting new tool developed by Save the Children UK, as part of our work to reduce child malnutrition.
The CoD calculates the cost of the cheapest diet that meets the nutritional requirements of families using just the foods available locally. This data is combined with information developed by interviewing members of households about what they eat and how they live (called Household Economy Approach assessments).
It can also be used to estimate the proportion of households in a region that are unable to afford a nutritious diet, as well as the size of the gap between current income and the amount of money needed to meet the needs of a household.
It provides a unique perspective on seasonal changes in nutrition security and can be used to highlight which vitamins and minerals are lacking in the diets of poor families.
The CoD is intended to be used to inform programme design, as part of baseline assessments and alongside nutrition/food security surveillance. We envisage that the CoD will continue to be developed and improved based on the experiences of those who use it. We welcome feedback on it. We're also keen to collaborate with other organizations on its use. Comprehensive CoD guidelines and analysis software are available on request. | <urn:uuid:bf056ed0-14e3-4a5f-88c6-33076a48e96b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/resources/online-library/the-cost-of-the-diet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95522 | 264 | 3.203125 | 3 |
There are services which will let you name a star in the sky after a loved one. You can commemorate a special day, or the life of an amazing person. But can you really name a star?
The answer is yes, and no.
Names of astronomical objects are agreed upon by the International Astronomical Union. If this name sounds familiar, it’s the same people who voted that Pluto is not a planet.
There are a few stars with traditional names which have been passed down through history. Names like Betelgeuse, Sirius, or Rigel. Others were named in the last few hundred years for highly influential astronomers.
These are the common names, agreed upon by the astronomical community.
Most stars, especially dim ones, are only given coordinates and a designation in a catalog. There are millions and millions of stars out there with a long string of numbers and letters for a name. There’s the Gliese catalog of nearby stars, or the Guide Star Catalog which contains 945 million stars.
The IAU hasn’t taken on any new names for stars, and probably won’t ever. The bottom line is that numbers are much more useful for astronomers searching and studying stars.
But what about the companies that will offer to let you name a star? Each of these companies maintains their own private database containing stars from the catalog and associated star names. They’ll provide you with a nice certificate and instructions for finding it in the sky, but these names are not recognized by the international astronomical community.
You won’t see your name appearing in a scientific research journal. In fact, it’s possible that the star you’ve named with one organization will be given a different name by another group.
So can you really name a star after yourself or a loved one?Yes, you can, in the same way that you can name an already-named skyscraper after yourself. Everyone else might keep calling it the Empire State Building, but you’ll have a certificate that says otherwise.
There are a few objects that can be named, and recognized by the IAU.If you’re the first person to spot a comet, you’ll have it named after you, or your organization. For example, Comet Shoemaker-Levy was discovered simultaneously by Eugene Shoemaker and David Levy.
If you discover asteroids and Kuiper Belt Objects, you can suggest names which may be ratified by the IAU. Asteroids, as well as comets, get their official numerical designation, and then a common name.
The amateur astronomer Jeff Medkeff, who tragically died of liver cancer at age 40, named asteroids after a handful of people in the astronomy, space and skeptic community.Kuiper Belt Objects are traditionally given names from mythology. And so, Pluto Killer Mike Brown’s Caltech team suggested the names for Eris, Haumea and Makemake.
So what about extrasolar planets? Right now, these planets are attached to the name of the star. For example, if a planet is discovered around one of the closer stars in the Gliese catalog, it’s given a letter designation.
An organization called Uwingu is hoping to raise funds to help discover new extrasolar planets, and then reward those funders with naming rights, but so far, this policy hasn’t been adopted by the IAU.
Personally, I think that officially allowing the public to name astronomical objects would be a good idea. It would spur the imagination of the public, connecting them directly to the amazing discoveries happening in space, and it would help drive funds to underfunded research projects.
And that would be a good thing.
Note: You can also visit a non-profit adopt-a-star program that supports Kepler research called the Pale Blue Dot Adopt-A-Star project! | <urn:uuid:62f648c1-dc4b-4ee2-8878-a2fe302a670f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.universetoday.com/104134/can-you-really-name-a-star/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939222 | 802 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Have you ever wondered why the Postal Service offers free rates for the blind, balloting materials for overseas voters, and items sent by some consular officials? Or why it offers reduced rates to qualified nonprofit organizations, election officials, local newspapers, and publishers of educational material? It is because Congress mandates that the Postal Service provide free or reduced rates to these mailers and then appropriates money to reimburse the Postal Service for the revenue “forgone.”
Initially, Congress reimbursed the Postal Service for all types of reduced rate mail. Over the years, as rates increased and the number and size of nonprofit organizations grew, the revenue forgone appropriation more than doubled from $441 million in fiscal year (FY) 1972 to $970 million in FY 1985. The increase spurred a debate about who should bear the cost of reduced rates: taxpayers or other mailers. To address these concerns as well as other matters, the Congress passed the Revenue Forgone Reform Act of 1993. Under the Act, the annual appropriation for free postage for the blind, overseas absentee balloting materials, and consular officials continued; however, new appropriations for reduced rate mail stopped. The Act required nonprofit mailers to cover more institutional or overhead cost and shifted the rest of these costs to other mailers.
Currently, nonprofit mailers that use Standard Mail pay approximately 60 percent of commercial Standard Mail regular rates. The remaining share is absorbed within rates charged to other mailers. Congress continues to reimburse the Postal Service for revenue forgone for free mail, but the amount appropriated is usually less than the Postal Service requests. For example, although the Postal Service requested $124 million in FY 2008 to cover the costs of revenue forgone, free mail and adjustments from previous years, it received only about $89 million.
What do you think are some of the pros and cons of offering free or reduced rates to certain organizations? Tell us what you think. | <urn:uuid:4e389874-6b2d-4fb7-8cfe-19beb0359ea5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.uspsoig.gov/blog/free-and-reduced-rates | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941311 | 386 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Download Full Text (2.3 MB)
The Japanese have ambivalent attitudes toward death, deeply rooted in pre-Buddhist traditions. In this scholarly but accessible work, authors Iwasaka and Toelken show that everyday beliefs and customs--particularly death traditions--offer special insight into the living culture of Japan.
Utah State University Press
Iwasaka, Michiko and Toelken, Barre, "Ghost and the Japanese: Cultural Experience in Japanese Death Legends" (1994). All USU Press Publications. Book 65. | <urn:uuid:ad6d88a0-249f-41e5-9470-81cbada8124e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/65/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00045-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.702473 | 110 | 2.6875 | 3 |
I only had a few changes here for grammar..
University of Phoenix
Social disorganization is the failure of social institutions or social organizations such as schools, business or social networks in certain communities or neighborhoods to adequately serve its community members. In criminology, social disorganization is usually treated as both perspective and theory.
Social disorganization occurs when there are inequalities in a society. The poor members of society often turn to crime as a way to gap the inequalities amongst its members. Another form of social disorganization is ethnic succession, which basically means that when one group exhausts its resources, another group will take its place and go through the same cycle. When immigrants come to this country from another country, they may find people of the same ethnicity struggling to make a life for them. After so many failed attempts at success, the new immigrants may then turn to crime. There will be a distinct difference in how many members of that group participate in crimes as compared to those who refrain. For example, when the Irish immigrated to America a rise in crime by the Irish was observed. The crime pattern was cyclical: once the Irish were able to establish themselves in the community, a different immigrant group took their place in the world of crime.
As it happens, the pattern is continuing, and we are experiencing the same situation today in America. When you look at the ratio of the population, there are more blacks per 100,000 who are incarcerated or are under some form of supervision than whites (Bureau of Justice, 2009). We are also seeing an increase in Hispanic arrest rates. This is due to the high number of immigrants coming into the country who are at a social disadvantage, are not able to obtain jobs, and are not able support themselves legally.
With the research of organized crime several theories used to explain organized crime functions, which are directly related to the social environment. Those theories would also relate to the individual and the group that are involved in organized crime. "Some researchers link criminality to social conditions prevalent in neighborhoods. Many of them believe that the reasons crime rates are high in these areas are urban decay, a general deterioration of the ecology of inner cities, and general social and familial deterioration." (Lyman, Potter, 2007)
In some scenarios the record seen with criminal socialization could have to do with the status of where a person is within their community. “Socioeconomic stratification, which is based on monetary, ethnic, racial or even charismatic circumstances, deals with how humans are ranked in their social system.” (Associated Content) Some people have other resources where as others do not which will cause different circumstances then the rest of their community. This can cause whole lot of stress, which can reflect their decision-making.
Social disorganization may also be a result of the rules of society members ignoring the established rules of a society--in this case organized crime and its disregard for the normal actions of members within the society where it exists. The deterioration of the family structure can also be a cause of social disorganization and, in turn, fuel some types of organized crime, particularly street gangs with national prominence. In many cases street gangs are approached as a replacement family. For those belonging to a gang, criminal activities become a simple fact of their lives and as such, when they become part of the gang and the crime scene, find it difficult to leave. Demand for goods and services banned or not acceptable within normal society also may result in organized crime filling that need.
Political organizations and organized crime in the United States have had a colorful and
long history of working together to retain control. Political figures have long used the influence that organized crime holds to run successful campaigns and gain power through use of political favors given to those controlling organized crime.
"In the early twentieth century, the Irish played the dominant role in organized crime in Chicago. They ran major gambling syndicates, were leaders in labor racketeering, and, as an outgrowth of these rackets, became involved in politics and even law enforcement careers. In short, they were at the apex of both the city's political and criminal hierarchy." (Organized Crime)
In many cases the Jewish, Sicilian and Irish mobs that existed early on in the United States were all involved in politics through the use of bribes, and political capital traded for a "blind eye." The concept of Social Disorganization applies here as well given that politics in the United States are supposed to operate fairly and with regard to the people and their desires. However, when an organization controls or at least directly or indirectly influences decisions made within the political scene the system itself breaks down and no longer functions the way it was initially set up thereby exhibiting classic social disorganization. It should be noted that generally this is a result of corruption, which is not always prevalent, though as some have said, with power comes corruption.
Social disorganization, while being a theory, is perfectly acceptable to describe both organized crime and political organizations. After all, the entire goal of a good criminal and political organization is the ability to guide the thoughts and ideals of those who look to either for guidance. As we can see, organized crime can and generally does have community-based support, which allows it to continue and even, thrive in many cases, just as political parties do. Overall, the idea allows criminal justice professionals to view organized crime from a standpoint that allows a social outlook that is similar and yet still separate from what we may term normal society as well.
Associated Content retrieved on August 27, 2010 from
Organized Crime, Fourth Edition Chapter 2: Theories of Organized Criminal Behavior
Author: Michael D. Lyman, Gary W. Potter copyright © 2007 Pearson Education | <urn:uuid:f4a895e6-a4fc-4413-af02-20598f9d7826> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.justanswer.com/law/3y0k5-oyu-help-assignment-need-reword-paper.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970047 | 1,165 | 2.859375 | 3 |
For the task of shooting a moving ball, the passer's behavior was predetermined: it accelerated as fast as it could until it hit the ball. We varied the velocity (both speed and trajectory) of the ball by simply starting the passer and the ball in different positions.
However, in a real game, the passer would rarely have the opportunity to pass a stationary ball that is placed directly in front of it. It too would have to learn to deal with a ball in motion. In particular, the passer would need to learn to pass the ball in such a way that the shooter could have a good chance of putting the ball in the goal (see Figure 8).
Figure 8: A collaborative scenario: the passer and the shooter must both learn their tasks in such a way that they can interact successfully.
Our approach to this problem is to use the low-level template learned in Section 4 for both the shooter and the passer. By fixing this behavior, the agents can learn an entirely new behavior level without worrying about low-level execution. Notice that once the passer and shooter have learned to cooperate effectively, any number of passes can be chained together. The receiver of a pass (in this case, the ``passer'') simply must aim towards the next receiver in the chain (the ``shooter'').
The parameters to be learned by the passer and the shooter are the point at which to aim the pass and the point at which to position itself respectively. While in Section 4 the shooter had a fixed goal at which to aim, here the passer's task is not as well-defined. Its goal is to redirect the ball in such a way that the shooter has the best chance of hitting it. Similarly, before the ball is passed, the shooter must get itself into a position that gives the passer the best chance at executing a good pass.
Figure 9 illustrates the inputs and outputs of the passer's and shooter's behavior in this collaborative scenario. Based on the Passer-Shooter Angle, the passer must choose the Lead Distance, or the distance from the shooter (on the line connecting the shooter to the goal) at which it should aim the pass. Notice that the input to the passer's learning function can be manipulated by the shooter before the passer aims the pass. Based on the passer's relative position to the goal, the shooter can affect the Passer-Shooter Angle by positioning itself appropriately. Since the inputs and outputs to these tasks are similar to the task learned in Section 4, similar neural network techniques can be used.
Figure 9: The parameters of the learning functions for the passer and the shooter.
Since both the passer and the shooter are learning, this scenario satisfies both aspects of Weiß's definition of multiagent learning: more than one agent is learning in a situation where multiple agents are necessary. The phenomenon of the different agents' learning parameters interacting directly is one that is common among multiagent systems. The novel part of this approach is the layering of a learned multiagent behavior on top of another.
Continuing up yet another layer, the passing behavior can be incorporated and used when a player is faced with the decision of which teammate to pass to. Chaining passes as described above assumes that each player knows where to pass the ball next. However, in a game situation, given the positioning of all the other players on the field, the receiver of a pass must choose where it should send the ball next. In a richer and more widely used simulator environment [NodaNoda1995], the authors have used decision tree learning to enable a passer to choose from among possible receivers in the presence of defenders [Stone VelosoStone Veloso1996b]. In addition, in this current simulator, they successfully reimplemented the neural network approach to learning to intercept a moving ball as described in this article. | <urn:uuid:e6f08229-0389-4b0b-a558-3906007b2c5d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~pstone/Papers/96ijhcs/node16.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953301 | 775 | 3.40625 | 3 |
This resource provides guidelines for effectively combining shorter, simpler sentences into longer ones.
Last Edited: 2013-03-22 07:16:02
Writing shorter sentences is an easy strategy for getting your thoughts down fast when you’re writing first drafts, and for avoiding grammar mistakes, but in the end it weakens the effectiveness of your writing. If you can combine simpler sentences into longer and more complex ones, your writing will have a lot more variety. It will also help you to communicate more content to your audiences—when you combine sentences, you can efficiently tell your readers about the relationships between different things.
The following will give you some basic information on how to combine sentences, and then you will have the chance to practice sentence combining yourself. | <urn:uuid:39c35773-b253-4af7-a065-999537fec022> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/972/01/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919103 | 152 | 2.953125 | 3 |
On November 6, 1945, prayers were answered when the first group of Mexican Latter-day Saints arrived at the Mesa Arizona Temple to receive temple ordinances in their native tongue. José Gracia, then president of the Monterrey Branch said, “We have come to do a great work for ourselves and for our fathers. … Perhaps some of us have made sacrifices, but those that we have made are not in vain. We are joyous in having made them.”1
President Gracia and those who traveled to the temple followed in the footsteps of early Mexican Latter-day Saint pioneers, who likewise sacrificed for the restored gospel.
Laying the Foundation
A land of mountains, deserts, jungles, and exquisite coastlines, ancient Mexico was home to peoples who built beautiful temples and cities. Over the centuries, Mexicans built a strong foundation of faith and prayer that has helped them weather difficult times.
While the Saints were establishing the Church in Utah, the Mexican people were working to restructure their society, including writing a new constitution that separated church and state. The gospel message came to Mexico in 1876 with the first missionaries, who carried selections from the Book of Mormon, which they mailed to prominent Mexican leaders. Baptisms soon followed.
During a special Church conference held on April 6, 1881, branch president Silviano Arteaga, several local leaders, and Apostle Moses Thatcher (1842–1909) climbed the slope of the volcano Mt. Popocatépetl. Elder Thatcher then dedicated the land for the preaching of the gospel.
At the conference President Arteaga prayed, and Elder Thatcher related: “Tears flowed down his wrinkled cheeks, for the deliverance of his race and people. … I never heard any man pray more earnestly, and though praying in a language which I do not comprehend, yet I seemed to understand by the Spirit, all that he was pleading for.”2
During this same time, several Mexican branches were established in the area. Desideria Yañez, an elderly widow in the state of Hidalgo, had a dream about Parley P. Pratt’s pamphlet A Voice of Warning. She sent her son to Mexico City to obtain a copy of the pamphlet, which had just been translated into Spanish. She joined the Church in 1880, becoming the first woman to join the Church in Mexico.3
From that time on many members of the Church in Mexico remained faithful through decades of revolution, persecution, poverty, and isolation.4
Examples of Faithful Pioneers
One example of this faithfulness is found in the branch of San Pedro Martir, organized in 1907. Early members met together just south of Mexico City in an adobe building built by newly baptized Agustin Haro, who was called to preside over the branch. During the difficult years of the Mexican Revolution, when at least one million Mexicans were killed, many Saints sought refuge in San Pedro as their states became a battleground. The Relief Society sisters in San Pedro provided these refugees with much compassionate service.5
Members were also blessed with dedicated leaders such as Rey L. Pratt. Called as president of the Mexico Mission in 1907, he served in that calling until his passing in 1931. He loved the history, culture, and people of Mexico and gained their love and trust as they worked together to strengthen the Church’s foundation there. President Pratt’s efforts to build up native Mexican Church leaders proved especially important in 1926 when the Mexican government began enforcing the law that prohibited nonnatives from presiding over congregations in Mexico.6 During this time a group of members formed what was called the Third Convention and began calling their own leaders and building meetinghouses.
Building on the Foundation
Arwell L. Pierce was called as president of the Mexican Mission in 1942. Drawing upon his experiences while growing up in Chihuahua and serving a mission in Mexico, President Pierce reached out with love and understanding as he taught, strengthened, and helped unify the members. He also worked with the members of the Third Convention to resolve their concerns.
One of President Pierce’s goals was to help members get to the temple.7 In 1943 efforts to make temple blessings available to more members were underway. After meeting with local Church leaders in Arizona, USA, Elder Joseph Fielding Smith (1876–1972), then a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, said, “I see no reason why the English language should monopolize the temple session.”8 Elder Antoine R. Ivins of the Seventy and Eduardo Balderas in the Church’s translating department were asked to translate the temple ordinances into Spanish. This translation set the stage for temples to be built in other lands.9
With the temple ceremony available in Spanish at the Mesa Arizona Temple and with a visit from Church President George Albert Smith (1870–1951) to Mexico in 1946 to help unify the Mexican Saints,10 the Church began to grow in a way that earlier generations had only imagined. New missions and stakes were created throughout the country, and Church-sponsored schools encouraged education.
In 1964 the Church dedicated El Centro Escolar Benemérito de las Américas, a school that served the educational, social, spiritual, and leadership needs of the members until becoming a missionary training center in 2013.11 Sister Lorena Gómez-Alvarez, who graduated from the school, says, “Benemérito helped me to discover and develop my talents and to gain a background and a knowledge of the gospel that has blessed my life. It will now help missionaries spread the gospel and will still bless people’s lives, just in a different way.”12
An Era of Growth
The 1972 Mexico City area conference was another turning point in Church growth. Members traveled great distances to hear President Harold B. Lee (1899–1973), his counselors, several Apostles, and other leaders. The Tabernacle Choir performed there, adding to the spiritual feast. Conference attendees exclaimed, “It is more than we would have imagined possible—a conference in our own land.”13
The 1970s were an exciting time of growth in Mexico. In 1970 there were nearly 70,000 members in the country; by decade’s end there were close to 250,000. Three years after the area conference, Elder Howard W. Hunter (1907–95) divided three existing stakes to create 15 stakes in one weekend, calling many young Mexican members as leaders.14
Missionary work also expanded during this time. The Mexico Mission, officially opened in 1879, was divided for the first time in 1956; now Mexico has 34 missions.15 Brother Jorge Zamora, who served as a missionary in the Mexico City North Mission in the 1980s, has witnessed the growth. He recalls an area of his mission where members had to travel an hour to attend church; now a stake is there. He says, “It is amazing to me the way the Lord works to build the Church, regardless of what the country or culture is.”
Temples Dot the Land
Mexican members love the temple’s saving ordinances and are willing to make great sacrifices of time and money to worship there. Just over 100 years after Elder Thatcher dedicated the land for the preaching of the gospel, a temple was built in Mexico City. The 1983 open house helped bring the Church out of obscurity in Mexico as thousands visited the temple and requested more information. Within 30 years, 11 more temples were dedicated throughout the country, and another one is under construction.
Isabel Ledezma grew up in Tampico and remembers when her parents were sealed in the Mesa Arizona Temple. “It took two days to travel to Arizona and was very expensive,” she says. “When the Mexico City Mexico Temple was dedicated, the distance was cut to 12 hours by car. With the temple now in Tampico, we can attend often.”
Limhi Ontiveros, who served as president of the Oaxaca Mexico Temple from 2007 to 2010 says, “Those who have a deep, abiding testimony of the gospel find a way to come, even with the challenges of distance and finances, and they see the temple as a beacon of refuge.”
Sister Ledezma adds, “We need the Spirit in our cities, and having the temple here helps. When we have problems, when we are sad, the temple is close and we find peace there.”
Mexican members face common challenges and temptations, but they know that they and their fellow Saints are children of a loving Father; economic status and social status are not factors in how they treat each other.
The Mendez family lives in a small mountain town near the city of Oaxaca, in southern Mexico. They say, “There are challenges of time, finances, and distance, but the will to do what our Savior wants us to do motivates us to overcome any obstacle.”
Gonzalo Mendez, age 15, says, “When you live in a place where there is danger, temptations can be very difficult, but with the help of prayer we don’t partake of the enticements of the world, and we stand as witnesses to a better way of life.”
Looking toward the Future
The gospel has long been established in Mexico, but there are still areas where the Church is developing. Jaime Cruz, age 15, and his family are the only members of the Church in their small town in the mountains above Oaxaca City. He and his friend Gonzalo work on home-study seminary during the week. Every Saturday they travel two hours by bus to go to the nearest chapel for seminary class with other youth from their ward. Jaime shares what he learns in seminary with his classmates at school and answers their questions. Jaime’s younger brother, Alex, a deacon, is a leader among his friends. Alex says that when he asks them nicely not to use bad language or wear inappropriate clothing, they listen to what he says. Jaime and Alex both know that holding the priesthood is an honor and a responsibility. “I know that the priesthood is given to young men to glorify God’s name by serving others and preaching the gospel,” Jaime says.
During a recent visit to Mexico, Elder Neil L. Andersen of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles met with the youth from three stakes in the city of Cancun. Of his time with these youth, he said, “We saw the light in their eyes and the hope in their faces and the dreams they have. I kept thinking about what a beautiful future Mexico has.”16
A People Favored of the Lord
“Who can doubt that out of the present struggle will grow a greater and better Mexico. … The way [will] be prepared for the teaching of the true Gospel unto the people of that land, the Gospel that is to bring about their redemption and make them a people favored of the Lord.”17
Rey L. Pratt, president of Mexico Mission during the Mexican Revolution
An Astounding Future
“I think the future of the Church in Mexico is going to astound everyone, even those who have been involved with it. Mexicans are very familiar with the society they live in, and there are some things in it that they don’t want. They look at what the gospel offers; they want it, and they are willing to pay any price for it.”18
Elder Daniel L. Johnson, Mexico Area President
Agrícol Lozano Herrera: First Mexican Stake President
Agrícol Lozano Herrera was a young member of the Church when he heard President Spencer W. Kimball (1895–1985), then a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, encourage the members in Mexico to get an education in order to help strengthen their country. Brother Lozano decided to become a lawyer and an advocate for the indigenous people of his country. He was also the chief counsel for the Church in Mexico and served as the first Mexican stake president, as a mission president, as a regional representative to the Twelve Apostles, and as president of the Mexico City Temple.19
1810: Mexico declares independence and becomes independent in 1821 after 300 years of Spanish rule.
1830: Book of Mormon published and the Church organized in Palmyra, New York, USA.
1846–1848: Mexican-American War; Mormon pioneers settle in the Western United States.
1857–61: President Benito Juárez reforms Mexican government and establishes religious liberty.
1875: Portions of the Book of Mormon translated into Spanish and printed.
1876: First missionaries journey to Mexico.
1885: Mormon colonies established in Mexico.
1886: Full text of the Book of Mormon published in Spanish.
1889: Missionaries withdraw from central Mexico.
1901: Proselyting resumes in Mexico City area.
1910: Start of the Mexican Revolution.
1912: Exodus from Mormon colonies, in northern Mexico.
1913: Missionaries withdraw due to revolutionary activities; mission president Rey L. Pratt leads the Church in Mexico through correspondence and works with Spanish-speaking people in the United States.
1921: Missionaries reassigned to Mexico City area.
1926: Mexican nationalism leads to the expulsion of all foreign clergy.
1930s: Local leaders maintain stability of the Church in Mexico.
1945: Temple ceremony translated into Spanish; beginning of excursions to the Mesa Arizona Temple.
1946: President George Albert Smith visits Mexico.
1950s: Districts and branches created in nearly all Mexican states.
1961: The Mexico City Stake created with Harold Brown as president.
1964: Benemérito School opens in Mexico City.
1967: Second stake in Mexico City organized; Agrícol Lozano Herrera called as first Mexican stake president.
1972: Area Conference in Mexico City.
1975: 12 new stakes organized in several areas of Mexico.
1983: Mexico City Temple dedicated.
1993: Church legally recognized in Mexico.
2000: Nine small temples dedicated.
2009: First all-Mexican Area Presidency called.
2013: Missionary training center opens in Mexico City.
Growth of the Church in Mexico
As of June 2013
Temples: 12 with 1 more announced in Tijuana
Wards and Branches: 2,000
Henry A. Smith, “200 Lamanites Gather in History-Making Conference, Temple Sessions,” Church News, Nov. 10, 1945, 8.
Moses Thatcher, in Moses Thatcher Journal, 1866–1868, 54.
See Brittany A. Chapman and Richard E. Turley Jr., Women of Faith in the Latter Days, vol. 1, 1775–1820, 461–470.
See Orson Scott Card, “It’s a Young Church in … Mexico,” Ensign, Feb. 1977, 17–24.
See Kirk Henrichsen, “Mexican Mormon Pioneers,” a 2010 exhibit in Mexico City Mexico Temple Visitors’ Center.
See Gerry R. Flake, “Mormons in Mexico: The First 96 Years,” Ensign, Sept. 1972, 20–21.
F. LaMond Tullis, “A Shepherd to Mexico’s Saints: Arwell L. Pierce and the Third Convention,” BYU Studies, vol. 37, no. 1 (1997): 127–151.
See Eduardo Balderas, “Northward to Mesa,” Ensign, Sept. 1972, 30.
See Eduardo Balderas, “Northward to Mesa,” 30–31.
See “The Church Moves On,” Improvement Era, July 1946, 446; John D. Giles, “Father Lehi’s Children,” Improvement Era, Sept. 1946, 556.
See Joseph Walker, “Missionary surge prompts LDS Church to open new MTC in Mexico,” Deseret News, Jan. 30, 2013, www.deseretnews.com.
This quotation and subsequent quotations from modern members of the Church in Mexico came from interviews with the author on Feb. 7, 2013.
In Jay M. Todd, “The Remarkable Mexico City Area Conference,” Ensign, Nov. 1972, 88.
See Eleanor Knowles, Howard W. Hunter (1994), 202.
See Don L. Searle, “One Million in Mexico,” Ensign, July 2004, 34; Kristine Miner, “The Church in Oaxaca, Mexico,” Ensign, Apr. 2001, 78.
From an interview with Audiovisual Department, Apr. 2012.
Rey L. Pratt, in The Young Woman’s Journal, vol. 25, no. 9 (1914), 539.
From an interview with the author on Apr. 5, 2013.
See “Agricol Lozano Herrera: Mexican Mormon Church Leader,” http://mittromneymormon.net/meet-some-mormons-2/meet-some-mormons-2/agricol-lozano-herrera-mexican-mormon-church-leader. | <urn:uuid:e718ebfc-c765-4d5a-90f2-1bf144063e16> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.lds.org/liahona/2014/01/mexico-unfurled-from-struggle-to-strength?lang=eng | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962473 | 3,627 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Beautifully illustrated with color photos and period art throughout, this history of hunting by a devotee of the sport is a meditation on the meaning of hunting spiritually and culturally as well as a personal hunting account. Rupert Isaacson justifies and celebrates hunting in ancient and modern societies around the world, while acknowledging the realities of a modern world of heightened compassion.
"Beginning with the prehistoric hunter-gatherer ritual of the 'sacred chase,' Isaacson examines in detail the evolving stages of the practice of hunting. In the process, he examines some intriguing connections between the practices of such hunting cultures as the San (Bushmen) of the Kalahari and the Cree of northern Quebec and present-day, highly formalized versions of the hunt. Isaacson opens his investigation with a question: Is there still a place for such an arcane—many would say barbaric—ritual in our modern world? Although his consideration of the question is both balanced and nonconfrontational, his closing reflections reveal where his sympathies lie: 'Formalized and ritualized as hunting has become, it is still very much a part of this symbiotic relationship between man and the planet on which he relies'."—Library Journal | <urn:uuid:30871a2a-24ca-4867-8baa-472aff898aae> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.daedalus-books.com/Products/Detail.asp?ProductID=98363&Media=Book&SubCategoryID=2160&ReturnUrl=%2FProducts%2FCategoryMain.asp%3FMedia%3DBook%26MajorCategoryID%3D27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966139 | 241 | 2.875 | 3 |
From Our 2013 Archives
Red Night Light Better for Blue Mood: Animal Study
Latest Depression News
TUESDAY, Aug. 6 (HealthDay News) -- The color of your night light may make a big difference in your mood, research conducted in hamsters suggests.
The study found that hamsters exposed to blue or white light at night had more depressive-like symptoms and depression-related changes in the brain than those that were exposed to red light.
The only hamsters that did better than those exposed to red light were those that had total darkness at night, according to the study in the Aug. 7 issue of the Journal of Neuroscience.
Although results obtained in animal studies are not always replicated in humans, the results may prove important for people, particularly those whose work on the night shift makes them susceptible to mood disorders, said study co-author Randy Nelson, a professor of neuroscience and psychology at Ohio State University.
"Our findings suggest that if we could use red light when appropriate for night-shift workers, it may not have some of the negative effects on their health that white light does," Nelson said in a university news release.
"In nearly every measure we had, hamsters exposed to blue light were the worst off, followed by those exposed to white light," Nelson added. "While total darkness was best, red light was not nearly as bad as the other wavelengths we studied."
In addition to shift workers, others may benefit from limiting their light at night from computers, televisions and other electronic devices, the researchers pointed out. And, if light is needed, the color may matter.
"If you need a night light in the bathroom or bedroom, it may be better to have one that gives off red light rather than white light," study co-author Tracy Bedrosian, a former graduate student at Ohio State who is now a postdoctoral researcher at the Salk Institute, said in the news release.
"Light at night may result in parts of the brain regulating mood receiving signals during times of the day when they shouldn't," Bedrosian suggested. "This may be why light at night seems to be linked to depression in some people."
-- Robert Preidt
SOURCE: Ohio State University, news release, Aug. 6, 2013 | <urn:uuid:b075d0ae-cec6-4a79-91ec-889a156cb00f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=172381 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967599 | 464 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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People are often concerned about their weight because fashion trends and celebrities’ physical appearances influence popular body-image ideals—but these ideals do not necessarily represent healthy weight ranges.
Since people usually increase their body fat when they gain weight, overweight often leads to health risks. However, not all weight gain represents excessive fat. Weight gain in bodybuilders, for example, is due to increases in muscle that is part of the body’s lean mass, and there is no evidence that increased lean body mass is unhealthful. Similarly, weight gain during pregnancy is a natural and essential process for supporting fetal growth. Health concerns about overweight are actually concerns about the effects of excess body fat on disease or the risk of disease.
In 1998, a report containing the conclusions of a panel of health experts set guidelines for deciding when excess weight should be considered a health risk. They determined that three pieces of information were needed to decide whether weight loss should be recommended to improve current and future health:
Health professionals currently use the Body Mass Index (BMI) to estimate the health risks associated with being overweight or underweight. BMI is calculated by one of the following methods:
You can also obtain a simple measurement of BMI using following chart. Find your height in the left-hand column, then follow the bottom row to the right until you reach your weight. From left to right, the four chart areas show the ranges of low, normal, high, and very-high BMI.
The Body Mass Index is only one tool for assessing health risks associated with weight. To learn more, read this full article and see a health professional for a more precise assessment.
Note: For a very muscular person, a high BMI does not necessarily indicate overweight, since the extra weight might be muscle, rather than fat.
Abdominal fat has been recognized as the type of fat leading to the highest health risks compared with fat located elsewhere in the body. Waist circumference is considered a good indication of the amount of abdominal fat a person is carrying.
To measure waist circumference, the top of the upper-right hip bone (known as the iliac crest) is marked and a measuring tape is passed around the abdomen at this level. The tape should be snug but should not compress the skin, and the waist circumference measurement should be made at the end of a normal breath following exhalation.
People with weight-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, and those who have high risk for those diseases, may need to lose weight, even if they are only moderately overweight, in order to promote optimal health.
If you have been told you have coronary heart disease, symptomatic carotid artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, type 2 diabetes, or sleep apnea, you are in the high-health-risk category for the purpose of determining whether you should lose weight. You are also in this category if you have any two or more of the following heart disease risk factors:
Some less serious diseases are also related to excess weight, and overweight people with these diseases are usually advised to lose weight. These diseases include gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, stress incontinence, and gynecological problems such as excessive menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia) and loss of menstrual periods (amenorrhea). Consult your healthcare provider to find out whether any other health problem you have is related to excess weight.
According to the report of the expert panel in 1998, people should lose weight if they fit any of the following descriptions using the above measures of weight, waist circumference, and health risks:
Height-weight charts such as those published by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company were once popular for determining appropriate body weight. However, these charts have been criticized because they were based on risk of death rather than disease, and because they were not representative of the entire population of men and women.
Since health concerns about overweight are actually concerns about the effects of excess body fat on disease or the risk of disease, it could be useful to measure body fat directly. Several methods for measuring body fat are available in health clinics, fitness centers, college athletic departments, and other facilities. All of the following can be reliable for estimating body fat if the person performing the measurement is well-trained and if the equipment is of good quality and in optimum working condition:
Although the above methods are considered potentially reliable for estimating body fat, no well-researched guidelines exist for determining what levels of body fat are detrimental to health, and there is no agreement about how to use these measurements to decide when weight loss should be recommended. Excessive percentage body fat has been suggested to begin at 21 to 25% for men and 31 to 32% for women depending on the authority, but more research is needed to confirm this.
Some authorities believe that too much public health emphasis is placed on losing excessive weight instead of focusing on the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, including diet, exercise habits, and other behaviors that reduce the risk of disease. They point out that not all obese people have increased health risks, and that weight-loss programs frequently fail in the long term, or result in only an insignificant amount of weight loss. At the same time, healthy lifestyle changes often result in a reduction in disease risk and other important health benefits, even if weight change is not impressive. | <urn:uuid:469dfc04-167b-47d8-9ba1-5ca6210a1987> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nutritionexpress.com/hn/generic/how-much-should-i-weigh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958423 | 1,123 | 3.203125 | 3 |
INDIANAPOLIS - New findings related to an uncommon genetic disorder may impact the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the most common chronic gastrointestinal illness in children and teens. Two million Americans have IBD which involves inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.
Researchers from the United States and Canada have identified a genetic defect not previously known to be a cause of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited disorder with recurrent bacterial and fungal infections. Some patients also develop gastrointestinal inflammation, as occurred in the patient in whom the new gene defect was discovered. CGD, which occurs in 1 in 200,000, is usually diagnosed in childhood.
In addition to providing insight into CGD, a condition in which an enzyme defect prevents white blood cells in the body from killing invading bacteria, the new findings highlight how abnormal white blood cell function can predispose individuals to IBD, and may help provide insight into why IBD develops. Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the most common forms of IBD.
The research was led by Mary Dinauer, M.D., Ph.D., of the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research at the Indiana University School of Medicine and Riley Hospital for Children, Nicola Wright, M.D., and colleagues at the Alberta Children's Hospital and the University of Calgary, and William Nauseef, M.D., of the University of Iowa. The new findings are reported in the October 8 print edition of the journal Blood.
"We now know that a genetic defect that selectively affects the production of oxidants inside of white blood cells can cause gastrointestinal symptoms of CGD. Exploring the gene defect's role in inflammatory bowel disease and immune processes will be a key priority in the future," said Dr. Dinauer, Nora Letzter Professor of Pediatrics at the IU School of Medicine. An internationally respected researcher, Dr. Dinauer is also a practicing hematologist/oncologist at Riley Hospital and a member of the Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center.
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health.
A new genetic subgroup of chronic granulomatous disease with autosomal recessive mutations in p40phox and selective defects in neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity. Juan D. Matute, Andres A. Arias, Nicola A. M. Wright, Iwona Wrobel, Christopher C. M. Waterhouse, Xing Jun Li, Christophe C. Marchal, Natalie D. Stull, David B. Lewis, MacGregor Steele, James D. Kellner, Weiming Yu, Samy O. Meroueh, William M. Nauseef, and Mary C. Dinauer. Blood 2009 114: 3309-3315. | <urn:uuid:b93dd4bb-d23f-46eb-9668-bc8910dcd954> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-10/iuso-dog100809.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908057 | 571 | 3.125 | 3 |
Friday, July 1, 2016
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Comet due to reach us in early March
A comet falling in from the distant reaches of the solar system could become a naked-eye object in March.
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Recent comments on this video
#1 Posted by
on 2 February, 2013, 0:53
This one I am looking forward to but I thought it was going to come by Feb 15 or so. Is this a different one?
#2 Posted by
on 2 February, 2013, 1:29
I LOVE these rare displays! This looks to be a special year. I hope this one is spectacular. Thanks for posting this Waspie.
#3 Posted by
on 2 February, 2013, 8:51
This one I am looking forward to but I thought it was going to come by Feb 15 or so. Is this a different one? That's not a comet you are thinking of, that's asteroid 2012 DA 14.
#4 Posted by
on 2 February, 2013, 20:49
This will be a nice see. Keep us updated!
#5 Posted by
on 6 March, 2013, 19:36
A rare bright comet shows up in the northern hemisphere this week, cruising past Earth with promise of spectacular naked-eye viewings of the giant ball of ice and dust streaking the twilight sky with a blazing tail. Dubbed Pan-STARRS after the Hawaii-based telescope that first spotted it nearing our corner of the universe, the comet should be at its brightest from about Friday to the middle of next week, say astronomers. Close comet flyby will allow for spectacular naked-eye viewing in northern hemisphere This sounds exciting, will be looking forward to it especially since it will be a safe di...
#6 Posted by
on 8 March, 2013, 15:55
Comet PANSTARRS Rises to the Occasion Mid-March For those in search of comet L4 PANSTARRS, look to the west after sunset in early and mid-March. This graphic shows the comet's expected positions in the sky. Image credit: NASA › Larger view http://img542.imageshack.us/img542/5627/732738main1panstarrsclo.jpg Comets visible to the naked eye are a rare delicacy in the celestial smorgasbord of objects in the nighttime sky. Scientists estimate that the opportunity to see one of these icy dirtballs advertising their cosmic presence so brilliantly they can be seen without the aid of a telescope or bin...
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UM-X 10.7 Unexplained-Mysteries.com © 2001-2015 | <urn:uuid:3c37ba83-0eec-4b9d-a77f-88d8324676ce> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/viewvideo.php?id=OZlenAvqLCI&tid=242225 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.835062 | 877 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The practical life activities are the first activities the child is introduced to in the Montessori environment since they can immediately satisfy the child's inner desire for skills and self-sufficiency. Upon daily arrival at school we begin with a routine schedule of free choice of activity, circle time, group time, snack, designated days for special activities, outdoor plan and dismissal story. In addition, your child will be surrounded by meaningful language activities to promote expressive and receptive skills to enhance the learning value of each new experience. They will also be exposed to a variety of tactile numbers, letters, literature, science, art, music, geography and cultural activities throughout the year.
Children will begin an introduction to reading readiness skills using the Lippincott Shapebook Series. This series contains important skills and concepts necessary for continual expressive and receptive language development, advanced categorization, visual tracking skills and the development of auditory awareness and cognition. We also will begin the introduction of letters/sounds correspondence, recognition of the alphabet, counting and number recognition, the weather and calendar activities. The children will also partake in daily Practical Life Exercises to further advance their left to right correspondence, balance and upper body coordination. They are involved in advanced sorting, pouring and transferring skills to help develop the pincer grip for future writing activities. In addition, your child will be surrounded by meaningful language activities to promote expressive and receptive skills to enhance the learning value of each new experience. They will also be exposed to a variety of tactile numbers, letters, literature, science, art and music appreciation, geography and cultural activities throughout the year. Critical thinking, analyzing information and drawing conclusions are areas that begin to develp when presented with inviting topics of discussions.
At this stage we continue to develop the oral language and readiness for written language. Simultaneously, we are concentrating on developing the fine motor skills such as pencil grip, writing and cutting. We use the Lippincott Letterbook Series to introduce the children to letter and sound correspondence in a small group environment. Your child will work on the following concepts throughout the year: upper/lower case formation of alphabet, sound discrimination of letters, repetition of sound patterns, increase auditory awareness through auditory CDs, recognition of printed name/writing name, blending 3 letter phonetic words/word families, duplicate words from chalkboard, hand/eye coordination-positioning letters, gradual accumulation of about 50 phonetic words and ability to listen to stories/answer questions and retell events. The Montessori movable alphabet, tactile sandpaper letters and various Montessori Language Materials are incorporated at this stage of learning where sensorial activities aid in the concrete development of letters and words.
A child's level of math exposure is individualized at this age. We acknowledge these diverse levels and work at a pace that is comfortable for each child. The children will be exposed to the following math concepts in small group setting, as well as, individually at various developmental levels throughout the year:writing and recognizing numbers in the teens to 50+, telephone numbers/addresses, simple addition/subtraction using Montessori beads, telling time, money concepts, geometric shapes, more than/less than, initial measurement concepts, fractions and interpretation of graphs, charts and tables.
Advanced practical life skills such as lacing, tying shoes, flower arranging, transferring of liquids and complex puzzles are used at this stage. Grace and courtesy lessons are a part of daily classroom lessons for the children. Critical thinking, analyzing information and drawing conclusions are areas that are continually developing when presented with inviting topics of discussions.
The children entering this group have developed strong phonemic skills, rhyming skills and vowel discrimination abilities. They will continue with the Lippincott Letterbook Series and complete all 24 books by June. The students work in small group settings and individually to accomplish their specific reading goals. They have developed a lengthy attention span, can work independently and are able to assist other peers in need of help.
Reading concepts consist of the following: discrimination of accumulated letters/sounds; blending 3-5 letter words and short phonetic sentences; reading short phonetic stories; short/long vowel sounds; writing short phonetic stories in their journals; advanced recall of details; refining handwriting skills; advanced cutting, coloring and tracing skills; increased independent work; recall of events through coordinating literature activities.
Mathematic concepts consist of the following: writing numbers to 100+; counting by 2's, 5's, 10's, 100's; negative integers; inequalities; place value (to the thousandths place); addition/subtraction/regrouping using Montessori beads (hundreds place); fractions/comparisons; time (hour, half hour, to the minute); advance money concepts - adding, subtracting, counting change; solving word problems; measurement - inches, centimeters, perimeter, area; advanced interpretation of charts, graphs, tables; introduction to Roman numerals; and introduction to multiplication.
Advanced practical life skills such as lacing, tying shoes, flower arranging, transferring of liquids and complex puzzles are used at this stage. Grace and courtesy lessons are a part of daily classroom lessons for the children. Critical thinking, analyzing information and drawing conclusions are areas that are continually developing when presented with inviting topics of discussion. | <urn:uuid:e9ccca8e-b9ca-43ea-9655-db49e79a4a1a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.alpinemontessori.com/schools/millburn-short-hills-school/curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922455 | 1,074 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Jun 14, 2007
I read Dr. Sherer's response to this question: "the important take home point for people living with HIV is that you can be superinfected with a different strain of HIV, and there are cases documented in which a persons stable clinical course was disrupted because of the acquisition of a viral strain that was resistant to the patient's current regimen."
But isn't it important to mention that almost all cases of superinfection in the U.S. have occurred in the first two years after the original infection, most in the first year? Many experts have postulated that superinfection is not a signficant risk for those of us with long-term, established infections.
While it's important to state the risks for those of us with HIV, isn't it also important to clearly define the level of risk?
Response from Dr. Sherer
Hi Mark - It certainly is important to define the level of risk, and if possible to quantify the level of risk, but its not possible, given the quality and amount of available data in the US. I don't share your confidence in the observation that most cases have occurred in the first two years after the original infection. It has certainly been shown that superinfection among individuals with B clade infections is difficult to prove...but that is a different point.
Recent data from a cohort of discordant couples in Africa found that the immune response from people who became superinfected - i.e. the presence of neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T cell responses - had no effect on the risk of superinfection. This would suggest that superinfection could happen at any time during active HIV infetion.
So my bottom line is that superinfection has been well documented, and it has been shown to be a potential threat to an individual's clinical course.
I can only support your statement that some experts think superinfection is very uncommon, and low risk in chronically infected individuals. I don't share that view, because I don't think we have enough relevant data on which to base that conclusion.
I suggest that you talk to your physician about these issues.
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Experts appearing on this page are independent and are solely responsible for editing and fact-checking their material. Neither TheBody.com nor any advertiser is the publisher or speaker of posted visitors' questions or the experts' material. | <urn:uuid:55f0cffc-75f5-4196-90a6-ecc81b39310c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thebody.com/Forums/AIDS/Resistance/Archive/drug/Q184766.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00158-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953954 | 669 | 2.515625 | 3 |
One school of thought, established by German philosopher Immanuel Kant, believes that our sense of morality is connected to reason. Pulling a lever and incidentally killing a man on the side track is worth it if it saves five lives. Conversely, it's wrong to kill a person intentionally, so pushing the man onto the trolley tracks is immoral, even if it saves five others.
Early 21st century investigation suggests Kant's theory may not be correct. Primates in studies have been shown to understand principles of fairness and get angry when others in their groups behave selfishly. This undermines the idea of reason-based morality, since it's believed that high reasoning belongs to humans alone. And technology is also lending support to the idea that morality is ingrained in us.
Since its creation in the 1970s, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used for everything from finding tumors hidden deep within the brain to detecting whether or not a person is lying. Now, it's being used to discover which parts of our brains help us determine right from wrong.
Joshua Greene at Princeton University is leading the charge to explore morality through the use of technology. He's been using MRIs in conjunction with the trolley problem and other moral paradoxes. He's found that when a person in an MRI machine is asked questions like whether they should take a bus or a train to work, the parts of their brain that activate to form their answers are among the same areas that activate when the person is sorting through the first example in the trolley problem. The thought of pulling a switch that will dispatch one person to save five appears to be governed along the lines of reason and problem solving.
On the other hand (or region of the brain), Greene has found that distinctly different parts of the brain activate when people consider pushing a man onto the tracks. Regions that are responsible for determining what other people are feeling, as well as an area related to strong emotions, swing into action when a person is confronted with the decision of whether to push the man onto the tracks. It's possible this combination of brain functions constitutes our moral judgment.
Greene's not alone in his quest to update human morality. John Mikhail, a philosopher at Georgetown University, is investigating his belief that the brain handles morality in a similar way to how it handles grammar. In Mikhail's opinion, we decide if an act is moral or immoral based on a series of clues within the context. We recognize an act as immoral in the same way we recognize a grammatical error in a sentence -- it just stands out.
Morality, whether instinctual, as Mikhail believes, or exclusively carried out by neural functions, remains elusive. But once science determines exactly how morality works, a question will still remain: Why do we have morality?
To learn more about morality, philosophy and other related topics, see the links on the next page. | <urn:uuid:b710d712-97b4-4f74-8c09-84507499a371> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://people.howstuffworks.com/trolley-problem2.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955379 | 581 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Pronunciation: (rOOt, root), [key]
1. a part of the body of a plant that develops, typically, from the radicle and grows downward into the soil, anchoring the plant and absorbing nutriment and moisture.
2. a similar organ developed from some other part of a plant, as one of those by which ivy clings to its support.
3. any underground part of a plant, as a rhizome.
4. something resembling or suggesting the root of a plant in position or function: roots of wires and cables.
5. the embedded or basal portion of a hair, tooth, nail, nerve, etc.
6. the fundamental or essential part: the root of a matter.
7. the source or origin of a thing: The love of money is the root of all evil.
8. a person or family as the source of offspring or descendants.
9. an offshoot or scion.
a. a quantity that, when multiplied by itself a certain number of times, produces a given quantity: The number 2 is the square root of 4, the cube root of 8, and the fourth root of 16.
b. r th root, the quantity raised to the power 1/r: The number 2 is the 1/3 root of 8.
c. a value of the argument of a function for which the function takes the value zero.
a. a morpheme that underlies an inflectional or derivational paradigm, as dance, the root in danced, dancer, or ten-, the root of Latin tendere “to stretch.”
b. such a form reconstructed for a parent language, as *sed-, the hypothetical proto-Indo-European root meaning “sit.”
a. a person's original or true home, environment, and culture: He's lived in New York for twenty years, but his roots are in France.
b. the personal relationships, affinity for a locale, habits, and the like, that make a country, region, city, or town one's true home: He lived in Tulsa for a few years, but never established any roots there.
c. personal identification with a culture, religion, etc., seen as promoting the development of the character or the stability of society as a whole.
a. the fundamental tone of a compound tone or of a series of harmonies.
b. the lowest tone of a chord when arranged as a series of thirds; the fundamental.
a. (in a screw or other threaded object) the narrow inner surface between threads. Cf. crest (def. 18), flank (def. 7).
b. (in a gear) the narrow inner surface between teeth.
15. Australian Informal.an act of sexual intercourse.
16. Shipbuilding.the inner angle of an angle iron.
17. root and branch, utterly; entirely: to destroy something root and branch.
18. take root,
a. to send out roots; begin to grow.
b. to become fixed or established: The prejudices of parents usually take root in their children.
to become fixed or established.
1. to fix by or as if by roots: We were rooted to the spot by surprise.
2. to implant or establish deeply: Good manners were rooted in him like a second nature.
3. to pull, tear, or dig up by the roots (often fol. by up or out).
4. to extirpate; exterminate; remove completely (often fol. by up or out): to root out crime.
Pronunciation: (rOOt, root), [key]
1. to turn up the soil with the snout, as swine.
2. to poke, pry, or search, as if to find something: to root around in a drawer for loose coins.
1. to turn over with the snout (often fol. by up).
2. to unearth; bring to light (often fol. by up).
Pronunciation: (rOOt or, sometimes, root), [key]
1. to encourage a team or contestant by cheering or applauding enthusiastically.
2. to lend moral support: The whole group will be rooting for him.
Pronunciation: (rOOt), [key]
1. El•i•hu Pronunciation: (el'u-hyOO"), [key] 1845–1937, U.S. lawyer and statesman: Nobel peace prize 1912.
2. John Well•born Pronunciation: (wel'burn), [key] 1851–91, U.S. architect.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease. | <urn:uuid:a84bedd0-9c39-4266-aa63-05770d7a4ea6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dictionary.infoplease.com/root | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914927 | 1,011 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Standard of Perfection of the Chinese Nasal Tuft Pigeon
Black Spot, Chinese Nasal Tuft - wearing a whistle from China
bred and flown by J. P. Isom
Origin: China, (The Middle Kingdom) from the northern regions in and around Beijing. One of the oldest and best known pigeon breeds of China. Origin is believed to be about 1700 A.D. Their standard is different than that of other Chinese Nasal Tufts.
The Chinese Spot is a medium-sized pigeon. This is one of the few Nasal Tufts in which heavier is better. This bird is presently bred in black, red, and blue and their dilutes. Spots have a long history in China. They are a piebald pigeon with two prominent patches of color -- the spot, the color of which includes the beak crest if present, and the tail including the rump and upper and ventral coverts. Birds without a spot and/or with a white tail do occur.
Head - Beak: The skull should be round; and a bird may be medium or short-faced, but never so short it canít feed its own young. Long faced birds occur in China, but are not to be preferred. The beak is stout. In blacks and blues it is two colored with the upper mandible dark while the lower mandible is light. Reds have the upper beak horn colored and the lower flesh-colored. Dilutes may show almost the same as their intense colors or only a slightly darker upper beak. The wattle is small, smooth and powdery white. If the bird is beak-crested, the crest should be large. Spots may also be plain-headed, i.e., with no beak crest.
Beak Crest: Should be large. The beak crest consists of two series of feathers rising from just behind the cere on the forehead. Each series of feather twists and overlaps the other. The left should be growing toward the right and the right toward the left. Like clasping hands, not interlocking fingers. The crest should rise and lean forward and down toward the tip of the beak.
Beak Cere: Small. Smooth. White with a powdery appearance.
Wings: Medium length, not closed too tightly and resting on the tail.
Eyes: Orange to orange-red eyes are normal and the eyes must be bright and shiny showing an almost fire-like radiance. Bull eyes or pearl eyes exist but are not to be preferred. Split eyes, e.g., one bull eye and one orange eye, etc. is a fault.
Eye Cere: Off-white (waxy white), smooth-skinned, and broad. A pure white cere is considered second best to a waxy-white one. Red ceres are a fault. However, due to the present lack of waxy-cere breeding stock in the U.S., we are grudgingly allowing red cere birds. They are NOT to be preferred. Red ceres are always to be considered a fault, and our hope is to remove this red cere allowance by 2015.
Neck: Somewhat long, slender, never thick. No markings or ornaments.
Tail: Must have 14-18 feathers only. More may occur but are not to be preferred. Because of the extra tail feathers, the lack of an oil gland is not to be considered a fault.
Carriage & Feathering: Bird should be upright. Feathers should be tight, not loose.
Legs/Feet: Coral red and free of any feathering. In blacks, blues and their dilutes, the toenails should be dark. In reds and yellows, they should be flesh or horn colored.
Size: The size of the Chinese Spot is one of its marks of excellence. The larger the better. Hens are normally smaller than cocks, but it is preferred that both be the same size. Weights range from 13-18 ounces. (368.5 g.Ė510.3 g.)
Color and Markings: Chinese Spots are presently bred in black, red, blue and their dilutes.. The normal colored portions of the bird include the forehead spot, which includes the nasal tuft if present, the tail with its upper and ventral coverts, and the rump. All else is a pure white. The forehead spot must be centrally placed and slightly elongated. It must be about 4 mm. wide above the wattle and must not extend to the mouth or below the front half way point of the eyes. The colored tail markings include the upper tail coverts as well as the ventral plumage and undertail coverts. These markings must be clear and sharply defined. Blues and true silvers have a light uniform color with tail bar as dark as possible. Blacks and reds are to be pure and lustrous. All colors must be rich and full. Yellows must be deep and rich in color. Tail must be a deep lustrous yellow with no undergrizzle or lightening of color toward the feather shaft. Washed out color is a major fault.
Birds with a spot and white tail or with no spot and a dark tail do occur. Lack of spot is to be considered a fault. Dark-flighted spots do exist. If these are shown, the dark flights should be as even as possible, i.e., the same number of colored flights in the same position on each wing. Colored primary flights should start from the outside at the tenth flight and should be equal in number and position in both wings. Ten by ten colored primary flights is ideal. If fewer than ten by ten flights are colored, then preference should be given to birds having equal number of colored flights in the same position on each wing over those that do not. A difference of one colored flight in either wing is acceptable, i.e., 10 x 9 or 9 x 8. In all cases, a deep, rich color is desired.
Faults: Poor or flat color. Missing spot. In recessive reds, a weak or light red bordering on orange. A recessive red bird with an ashy or smutty tail. Eye cere not smooth. Dark eye cere. Red eye cere (See the note under Eyes in the Standard.). Short, stout neck. Tiny body or loose feathering. Long face. Spot so large it touches the mouth. White feathers in the beak crest, spot or tail. White rump or ventral coverts. Dull tail color in any color. In recessive reds, recessive yellows and blacks, a tail color that is other than that of the spot marking. Less than 14 tail feathers. A red bird with a black beak.
Copyright: 2002, Chinese Nasal Tuft Club of America
Return to Home Page | <urn:uuid:c19bfe56-c3e5-4389-a418-68c4daf4f696> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.angelfire.com/ga3/pigeongenetics/nasaltuftspot.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932776 | 1,421 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Lou Henry Hoover was born and grew up during a time when the roles of women were changing. Property laws had changed for married women; traditionally male colleges were beginning to admit women; and more and more women were going to college and preparing for careers of their own.
Many of these women remained single, because even though appliances were being introduced to make homemaking easier, it was still a full time job, especially if the family included children. Another way that women were fulfilling their desire to have a career was by becoming a partner with their husband. Lou Henry Hoover was her husband’s partner in every sense.
Lou Henry was born March 29, 1874 in Waterloo, Iowa to Charles and Florence Ida Weed Henry. Her only sibling was a sister eight years her junior, and her mother was often unwell, so Lou spent a good deal of time with her father camping, hiking, and horseback riding. When it came time to go to college, she chose a school that boasted of the “best gymnasium west of the Mississippi,” and then moved on to a teacher’s college to get her certificate, but she wasn’t satisfied intellectually.
Lou loved everything associated with the outdoors, including rocks, so when she heard a lecture from a Stanford geology professor, she decided that geology was what she wanted to do. She enrolled in Stanford and became the only woman in the geology department and later the first American woman to get a degree in geology. Stanford satisfied her intellectual needs and she also discovered what would become her life’s work – Herbert Hoover.
Lou and Herbert were born the same year, both in Iowa, but they didn’t meet until Lou arrived at Stanford. Herbert was in his final year and was very shy and introverted. They initially met in one of the geology labs, but didn’t begin to get to know each other until they were paired at a dinner party given by one of the geology professors. They found that they had many things in common and began to spend a lot of time together enjoying the outdoors.
Once Herbert graduated, he began his career with small jobs in the area and by the time he got his first big break, he and Lou were informally engaged. Herbert had graduated with degrees in geology and mining engineering and his first major job took him to Australia to develop a gold mine. In the meantime Lou finished her degree and began teaching.
Lou had told her sorority sisters that she and Herbert would get married as soon as he had a job that would keep him in one place for a while. It would be a long time before that happened, so they decided not to wait. He had done an excellent job in Australia developing new methods for mining, so soon he was offered the job of Chief Engineer for a mining company in China. He telegraphed his marriage proposal to Lou and she accepted by return wire. They decided to be married immediately and honeymoon in route to China.
Lou and Herbert were married February 10, 1899 at her parent’s house in Monterrey, CA. They immediately loaded their suitcases with books on Chinese culture and history and headed to San Francisco to sail for China. After a few days in a hotel in Shanghai they moved into their new home in the foreign settlement of Tianjin, China.
From the beginning Lou was a partner with her husband. Part of his job was locating new sites for mines which required travel through rugged wilderness terrain. She loved the adventure and helped Herbert with paperwork and maps. She also loved entertaining and opened their home to other people within the foreign community and to Herbert’s employees. However, it became too dangerous for Lou to go out on expeditions, and soon Herbert pulled all of his people in from the field. They had arrived in China during the midst of the Boxer Rebellion.
The Boxer Rebellion was a nationalist movement opposing foreign influence and Christianity. At the end of June 1900, the Boxers laid siege to the foreign settlement in Tianjin. The people set up a barricade with sacks of flour and rice and a makeshift hospital. Lou helped to tend the wounded and served tea to the men manning the barricades. She was calm and collected in spite of having her bicycle tire shot out while she was riding to the hospital one day and having a shell come through a window and explode in her house taking out a support column for the staircase. Reports say that when people rushed into the house to see if she was okay, she was sitting at a table playing solitaire. She calmly told them that she was having trouble winning that game and that the shelling was over for now because the shells always came in groups of three. The siege lasted until foreign troops arrived July 13 and defeated the rebels.
This same calm confidence would also serve Lou well during their next stop in London. Herbert’s new job required world-wide travel. Lou went with him and after their two boys were born in 1903 and 1907, they traveled as well. Both children embarked on their first journeys at the young age of 5 – 6 weeks. The Hoover’s conclusion was that infants traveled better than most adults.
The Hoovers were planning to return to the United States when WWI broke out. They stayed and from their London home helped displaced Americans by distributing food, clothing, cash, and finally tickets home. While they were waiting, Lou helped them keep their children occupied with museum tours and other activities. She also got involved in organizing women to support the troops, even starting a knitting factory to provide work for unemployed women and clothing for the army. When this was winding down, Herbert’s considerable organizational skills were noticed by the American ambassador and he was approached to become the chairman of the Belgian Relief effort. As usual Lou helped Herbert in this undertaking as well and was presented with the Cross Chevalier, Order of Leopold by King Leopold of Belgium for her efforts.
When the US entered the war, Hoover was called back to Washington to head the Food Administration and later to direct the European relief efforts. During these years, Lou began doing more public speaking, raising money for the relief efforts for Belgium during the war and for all of Europe after the war. Herbert Hoover is often called “The Great Humanitarian,” but his success was in no small part due to Lou’s tireless efforts.
After Herbert became part of Harding’s Cabinet as Secretary of Commerce, their lives revolved around Washington DC. They were constantly entertaining, but these were almost always working meetings. The Hoovers both deplored inefficiency, so their entertaining had to be productive. Lou also persuaded the other Cabinet wives to discontinue the practice of spending 3 or 4 afternoons a week leaving their cards at other people’s houses.
The years in the White House were difficult ones. They still entertained; in fact the White House staff reported that the only time the Hoovers ate alone in the first three years was on their wedding anniversary each year. Lou also became the first First Lady to speak regularly on the radio. Yet from the beginning, this very sociable woman protected their privacy in a way that many First Ladies didn’t, even prohibiting reporters from taking casual photos and providing studio portraits instead. Devastated by Hoover’s loss to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, it was probably a relief to retire to their Palo Alto home.
Lou Hoover was an interesting mix of feminist causes and traditional ideals. She didn’t get involved in the suffrage movement, but once women were able to vote, she encouraged them to do their patriotic duty and got involved with the League of Women Voters. She encouraged girls to get an education and prepare for a career, but said that she believed that a couple could only sustain one career, the husband’s or the wife’s. Although her ideas were inclined toward more freedom and independence for women, she embraced a very traditional role for herself. In this she reflected the changing and sometimes contradictory views of women in society at the time. This was also possible because she was fortunate to find a life partner who respected her considerable abilities and intellect.
Although Herbert would be called back into public service by President Truman to direct the European relief effort after WWII, he would have to do it alone. On January 7, 1944, while changing clothes between a concert and dinner, Lou had a heart attack and died. But this very public woman had one last secret. During the White House years especially, Lou had given many speeches encouraging people to reach out to help their neighbors and communities during the hard years, but even Herbert didn’t know the extent to which she was doing it herself until after she died. Many people contacted him after her death wondering why checks had stopped coming. This is one of the reasons that Herbert requested that her papers be sealed for 40 years after her death, to protect the privacy of the people she helped.
Lou was a very accomplished woman. She spoke five languages, including Mandarin Chinese. Together she and Herbert translated from Latin to English a 16th century mining text, De re metallica, which was well received by the scientific community and is still available today. She also designed their Palo Alto home. But when asked, Lou would say that her vocation was helping her husband in his career, and that is the way she was remembered. The Memphis Scimitar after her death said that “One of Mrs. Hoover’s chief characteristics was her ability to be of great aid to her husband yet remain completely in the background.”
First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama by Betty Caroli
Lou Hoover: Gallant First Lady by Helen B. Pryor M.D.
Presidential Wives: An Anecdotal History by Paul F. Boller Jr. | <urn:uuid:5a85b059-5634-4d15-87ed-7fe23b7ea4f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://saintssistersandsluts.com/lou-henry-hoover-her-husbands-true-partner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.992103 | 2,017 | 3.03125 | 3 |
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Coral reefsImportant and very fragile!
|Coral reefs are the kindergarten of most fish|
Coral reefs are beautiful + a very important factor in the food chain of Earth's oceans.|
Coral reefs are the 'kindergarten" of 60% of all ocean fish
Imagine people having no sea food anymore...
Coral is primarily Calcium carbonate †= chemically CaCO3
Calcium carbonate is found in rock in all parts of Earth. Coral reefs, shells of marine organisms, snails, pearls, and eggshells contain mostly Calcium carbonate.
Calcium carbonate is altered by acids, releasing carbon dioxide CO2
How coral reefs have been formedCoral reefs polyps secret CaCO3 building underwater structures, we call reefs.
On these structures live tiny animals, we call coral polyps. Looking at a coral reef one can barely see these hundreds, thousands of life forms that live together in huge groups. Coral reefs are found in warm, shallow, unpolluted, sunny and oxygen rich waters.
Some call Coral reefs the rainforests of the sea, because they are one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. Growing on about one percent of Earth's ocean area, they provide a habitat for over a quarter of all marine species, as fishes, mollusks, echinoderms and many different varieties of sponges.
Great Barrier Reef Australia is the largest coral reef
Belize Barrier Reef is 2nd
New Caledonia Barrier Reef 2nd longest double barrier
Andros, Bahamas Barrier Reef is 3rd largest.
Red Sea Coral Reef is number 4
Pulley Ridge, Florida is the deepest photosynthetic coral reef
Many reefs are scattered over the Maldives
Wildlife Conservation marine biologists report May temperature far above average. Sumatra island surface waters peaked at 93 degrees Fahrenheit = 34 degrees Celsius ó a 7 degree Fahrenheit = 4 degree Celsius rise over long-term averages. The consequence:
Coral reefs in Asia are dying in an alarming rate.
That's what a dead coral looks like
only the skeleton remains
Coral need a long time to grow, they are ancient life forms, found in all warm oceans on Earth.
BUT all around Earth Coral reefs are dying
Do you know what happens if they disappear altogether?
Coral reefs are part of Earth's oceans food chain. About 50 % of fish we eat lives around coral reefs. Over a billion humans depend on food out of the ocean, or they starve to death.
Do you think these people will die quietly?
Our research and the studies of many scientists blame climate change as a main reason for the deaths of Earth coral reefs.
Coral reef killers are:
1) Pollution - carbon dioxide
†††acidification of ocean water
2) Higher ocean temperatures
3) Man-made chemicals
4) Unsustainable coastal development
5) Bottom-dragging fishing boats
6) Coral trade in jewelry + souvenirs
Over a fifth of Earth's coral reefs are dead. In the Caribbean are more dead than alive corals. It is quite possible that your grand children will not enjoy the beauty of corals.
Human enjoyment is a very small problem compared with the tremendous cascade effect for all life in Earth's oceans.
Exotic and colorful, coral reefs are not just rocks - they are built up by living creatures, called coral polyps that excrete a hard calcium carbonate exoskeleton. When these animals die, and their rocky structures erode, much of the coral marine life dies too, no more spawning, no more feeding habitats.
Fish we eat as the Grouper and Snapper will get extinct, oysters, clams and other creatures eaten by many would also suffer.
The livelihood of fishermen would go down badly.
Seafood will become a luxury good, not affordable to normal people, adding over a billion humans facing hunger.
Earth's food security will be threatened, and the economic damage would be enormous.
Think about reef visiting tourists, scuba divers, snorkelers, seaside resorts, sea food restaurants - all lose their income.
Or think about the types of coral and marine species that are being used by the pharmaceutical industry who needs healthy coral reefs to develop possible cures for cancer, arthritis, dementia.|
Coral reefs are precious sources of food, medicine and livelihoods for billions of humans. They are also special places of renewal and recreation. With their exotic beauty and biodiversity, we should protect coral reefs as global treasures.
Another very ancient life form that is part of many coral reefs are
StromatolitesThey grow in shallow water by trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains. A biofilm of microorganisms Cyanobacteria is cementing these grains together to form blocks.
Cyanobacteria are responsible for increasing the amount of oxygen in the primeval Earth's atmosphere through their continuing photosynthesis. They use water, carbon dioxide CO2, and sunlight to create their food.
The byproducts of this process are oxygen and calcium carbonate = lime.
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Become a member of Bear Springs Blossom Nature Conservation! Help us to protect coral reefs!
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Live in Harmony with Nature + Learn to understand Nature!
Loosing the physical protection of a coral reef is another big problem for many countries. When coral reefs deteriorate, ocean waves cause more damage to coast lines.|
It is really amazing to see how Nature provides balance to all life on Earth. How can we get humans to learn and understand?
Mother Nature has a great plan - humans just have learned a few bits of it.
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All material on 900+ BSB web-pages is intended to advance understanding of the environmental, social, scientific, and economic issues of Nature conservation. We believe this constitutes a "fair use" of any copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed an interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. If you wish to use copyrighted material from our websites for purposes of your own that go beyond "fair use," you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. If you are the owner of copyrighted material(s) appearing on this site, and wish it to be removed, please contact us directly. | <urn:uuid:861e4a40-1b66-4a43-93bc-689fda058e8f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/coral.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848321 | 1,769 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The Arecibo Message
Let's say you're a human with a big radio transmitter, who wants to send a message to the putative aliens out there light-years away, listening by their radio receivers. What would your message say? How would you format it, since you don't have any concept of the recipient's language or cognitive abilities? What would be most interesting and salient to a completely unknown civilization? Given the limits of the exercise, there are only a few known factors about the recipient: you can assume that the recipient is technologically advanced enough to have built a radio, received the message, and recognized that it's actually a message rather than noise. But aside from that, a world of questions surround the issue.
Carl Sagan dramatized this problem (in reverse) in his 1985 book Contact. His novel was likely based on his own experience more than ten years earlier, he was faced with the challenge in real life. In 1974, astrophysicist Frank Drake proposed sending just such a message -- and Sagan was recruited to help write and format it.
Drake, Sagan, and others developed a message to be broadcast by the Arecibo radio telescope, using a mathematical scheme they hoped could be decoded by an alien civilization. The message itself consisted of just 1,679 binary digits (1's and 0's). The digits were broadcast one per second, on November 16, 1974. The telescope was pointed at the M13 cluster, some 25,000 light years away. The broadcast was never repeated -- hopefully someone will be listening when the message arrives in deep space (for what it's worth, by the time 25,000 years pass, M13 will no longer be where it was when we sent the message -- so our transmission will miss whoever lives there). But let's get back to brass tacks -- what did the message say? Well, using binary encoding, the message carried the information below. (A colorized version of the message, rendered as blocks, is also presented at left.)
- the numbers one (1) through ten (10)
- the atomic numbers of the elements hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus, which make up deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- the formulas for the sugars and bases in the nucleotides of DNA
- the number of nucleotides in DNA, and a graphic of the double helix structure of DNA
- a graphic figure of a man, the dimension (physical height) of an average man, and the human population of Earth
- a graphic of Earth's solar system
- a graphic of the Arecibo radio telescope and the dimension (the physical diameter) of the transmitting antenna dish
It's clear that the transmission was more a symbolic event than an actual attempt at communication -- if we were attempting to communicate, we'd probably send the message more than once, or to more than one spot in the sky. (A 1999 press release said as much, with Cornell Professor Donald Campbell explaining, "It was strictly a symbolic event, to show that we could do it.") But the possibility remains that some intelligence could intercept the message and perhaps decode it -- and maybe, just maybe, reply. In August of 2001, a crop circle appeared in farmland near the Chibolton radio telescope in Hampshire, UK. Known to crop circle aficionados as the Arecibo reply, the pattern looked like a modified version of the original transmission, showing a big-headed alien and adding silicon to the list of elements, among other changes. While it's clearly a hoax, it's a clever one, and took a lot of work to put together.
So let's hear it: if you were sending a message into the unknown depths of space, what would you say? | <urn:uuid:83a9fad6-7595-421e-8829-0c2845adb336> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mentalfloss.com/article/19386/arecibo-message | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962828 | 770 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Yucca (Yucca filamentosa) plants, also known as Adam's needles, require only minimal care to thrive outdoors in most areas of the United States. Growers value the plants for their sharp, evergreen foliage and tolerance of drought. Yucca plants also produce ornamental flowers that rise above the leaves on tall flower stalks and grow up to 8 feet tall. Slow-growing yucca plants provide a bold focal point in the landscape and gardeners often plant them in groups or borders. Hardy in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 4 through 9, most of the country can enjoy yucca with just a little care once the plants are established.
Plant yucca during spring after the threat of frost has passed in a location that receives full sunlight and consists of well-drained, moist soil. Space yucca plants 3 to 4 feet apart to allow enough room for their maximum spread.
Apply a 2- to 3-inch layer of gravel mulch over the ground surrounding yucca plants to improve the soil's moisture retention and prevent weeds from growing. Allow at least 2 inches between the gravel and the plant's crown to allow air to circulate.
Water once every 7 to 10 days during spring and summer to prevent the soil from drying out completely. Reduce watering frequency to once every two weeks during fall and cease altogether during winter. Soak the soil to a depth of 4 to 6 inches at each watering.
Feed yucca plants once per year during early spring just as active growth resumes using a balanced 10-10-10 NPK fertilizer. Water lightly before and after applying to release the nutrients into the soil. Follow the manufacturer's directions for the best results.
Prune yucca plants once per year, immediately after flowing has ended, to improve health and aesthetic appeal. Remove the entire flower stalk, as it will remain as dead wood for several years if not removed. Trim away damaged foliage as necessary throughout the year. | <urn:uuid:2b0b5c4c-298a-4dbe-9fac-bdd8e03bcf3a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.gardenguides.com/112536-care-outside-yucca-plants.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946281 | 400 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A tick-borne illness that presents with undifferentiated flu-like symptoms similar to those seen in patients with Lyme disease and other such ailments is cropping up in the Northeastern United States.
According to a recent Annals of Internal Medicine article(annals.org), two patients -- one a 61-year-old man in Massachusetts and the other an 87-year-old New Jersey man -- presented with signs and symptoms suggesting human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), which is caused by the rickettsia-like bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum carried by deer ticks in that region.
The presumptive diagnosis proved false, however, when both patients failed to respond within 24 hours to conventional doxycycline treatment -- as would be expected with HGA -- and tested negative for A. phagocytophilum. Eventually, investigators detected Borrelia miyamotoi.
"The presence of B. miyamotoi DNA in the peripheral blood and the patients' eventual therapeutic response to doxycycline are consistent with the hypothesis that their illness was due to this newly recognized spirochete," the authors concluded. "Samples from tick-exposed patients acutely presenting with signs of HGA, but who have a delayed response to doxycycline therapy or negative confirmatory test results for HGA, should be analyzed carefully for evidence of B. miyamotoi infection."
- A tick-borne illness that presents with undifferentiated flu-like symptoms similar to those seen in patients with Lyme disease is cropping up in the Northeastern United States.
- Patients present with what appears to be to be human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), but after a delayed response to conventional doxycycline treatment, further evaluation reveals Borrelia miyamotoi infection.
- Samples from tick-exposed patients who present with signs of HGA but who have a delayed response to doxycycline therapy or negative confirmatory test results for HGA should be analyzed carefully for evidence of B. miyamotoi infection.
Patient No. 1 -- the Massachusetts man -- presented in 2012 with acute-onset fever and shaking chills for 48 hours before admission, followed by worsening severe frontal headaches, photophobia, myalgia and arthralgia. Although he had no frank gastrointestinal symptoms, he had anorexia and was unable to consume adequate fluids. He also reported chest pain that was not associated with cough, dizziness or syncope. The patient was admitted and his chest pain resolved the following day; however, he continued to experience drenching sweats, as well as episodes of fever with shaking chills and headache. After four days of intravenous doxycycline, his fever broke and he was released on an oral regimen of the antibiotic. At his one-week follow-up, his symptoms had resolved.
Patient No. 2 was admitted in June of 2011 after two days of "severe fatigue, malaise, and (fever) associated with profound prostration." Although he became unsteady on his feet and also had chills, he did not experience chest pain or headache. The patient -- who was treated for babesiosis in 2010 -- "responded within 48 hours to intravenous fluids, bed rest and doxycycline loading with 200 mg intravenously every 12 hours" and was discharged from the hospital on the same oral doxycycline regimen as patient No. 1. He, too, made a full recovery.
According to the study authors, physicians and other health care professionals in the Northeastern United States, where Lyme disease is endemic and Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other tick-borne issues are rare, often diagnose HGA in such patients.
"Similar cases of fever, myalgia and elevated aminotransferase levels have probably occurred elsewhere in the United States where deer ticks are common and are attributed to HGA even with a delayed response to doxycycline treatment but never confirmed by specific laboratory assays," said the authors. "The prominent laboratory finding of elevated hepatic aminotransferase levels … suggests that, unlike the agent of Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), B. miyamotoi may have a predilection for the liver.
"In North American sites, and indeed globally across the Holarctic where Lyme disease and HGA are commonly zoonotic, clinicians need to be aware of this newly recognized pathogen and include B. miyamotoi infection in the differential diagnosis of tick-exposed patients presenting with fever, myalgia and elevated aminotransferase levels."
In accompanying editorial(annals.org), John Branda, M.D., and Eric Rosenberg, M.D., noted that similar U.S. and Russian cases further delineate the clinical syndrome associated with B. miyamotoi infection in immunocompetent adults. However, several questions remain to be answered, they said.
"In particular, the full spectrum of illness needs to be defined," said the two authors. "To date, the description of B. miyamotoi infection is based on the presentation of severely ill hospitalized patients, and whether severe illness is typical remains to be determined."
The authors also pointed out that as the body of literature describing the infection grows, increased demand for diagnostic tests can be expected from patients and clinicians, especially considering that effective therapy may be available.
"It seems most appropriate for local and regional public health laboratories, along with investigators, to develop and offer diagnostic testing for the purpose of studying the disease," they said. "Once the infection is better understood, diagnostic testing can transition to the clinical laboratory to support the care of individual patients.
"In the meantime, B. miyamotoi infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting in Lyme disease-endemic areas with unexplained fever, headache, myalgia, elevated hepatic aminotransferase levels, and leukopenia or thrombocytopenia during the summer months, and empirical doxycycline should be considered in severely ill patients." | <urn:uuid:11b8fbcb-5689-4461-b9de-278e96d722fd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20130708bmiyamotoi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958672 | 1,271 | 2.71875 | 3 |
First, let's look at where the protocols came from and what they look like. In the late 1970s, the Xerox Corporation developed and published an open standard called the Xerox Network Specification (XNS). The Xerox Network Specification described a series of protocols designed for general purpose internetworking, with a strong emphasis on the use of local area networks. There were two primary networking protocols involved: the Internet Datagram Protocol (IDP), which provided a connectionless and unreliable transport of datagrams from one host to another, and the Sequenced Packet Protocol (SPP), which was a modified form of IDP that was connection-based and reliable. The datagrams of an XNS network were individually addressed. The addressing scheme used a combination of a 4-byte IDP network address (which was uniquely assigned to each Ethernet LAN segment), and the 6-byte node address (the address of the NIC card). Routers were devices that switched datagrams between two or more separate IDP networks. IDP has no notion of subnetworks; any new collection of hosts requires another network address to be assigned. Network addresses are chosen such that they are unique on the internetwork in question. Sometimes administrators develop conventions by having each byte encode some other information, such as geographic location, so that network addresses are allocated in a systemic way; it isn't a protocol requirement, however.
The Novell Corporation chose to base their own networking suite on the XNS suite. Novell made small enhancements to IDP and SPP and renamed them IPX (Internet Packet eXchange) and SPX (Sequenced Packet eXchange). Novell added new protocols, such as the NetWare Core Protocol (NCP), which provided file and printer sharing features that ran over IPX, and the Service Advertisement Protocol (SAP), which enabled hosts on a Novell network to know which hosts provided which services.
Table 15-1 maps the relationship between the XNS, Novell, and TCP/IP suites in terms of function. The relationships are an approximation only, but should help you understand what is happening when we refer to these protocols later on. | <urn:uuid:3c260cbd-9360-4c9c-8a1a-f5b1166181bd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://oopweb.com/OS/Documents/LinuxNetAdminGuide/Volume/x11684.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00068-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963914 | 449 | 3.46875 | 3 |
a) Build a Billiards Table! It should have sides that always stay horizontal and vertical, and you should be able to change its dimensions by draging the corner. Its dimensions should be labeled. How can you do this? Start with a vertical line and two points not on the line. Construct a rectangle whose corners are the two points and whose sides are parallel/perpendicular to the vertical line. Save your table as table1.
b) Add a point to represent a ball, and another point to show the direction that the ball is being hit in. We want to construct the path that the ball would follow when hit towards the second point. Show the path of the ball until it hits the side of the table. Add the path that the ball takes after its first bounce. Add the path for the next several bounces. Save your table as table 2.
c) Go back to table 1. Add two balls. Construct the path that one ball has to travel to hit the other directly. Make a button to show/hide this path. Construct a path from one ball to the other that bounces once. Construct a path that bounces twice. How many paths are there from one ball to the other that include one bounce? Two? Three? This is actually a practical question: it is common in pool games to want to bank a shot off of a rail, that is to hit a ball by bouncing the cue ball off of a side of the table. Can you find a practical method that a pool player could use to find the spot that he or she should aim for in order to hit the ball after one bounce?
Homework: Write a report explaining what the possible paths are
that the ball can take to get to the second ball, and how you can construct | <urn:uuid:e026bf1e-fda6-4c16-a89e-ff6edc7aa9f5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.unco.edu/nhs/mathsci/ClassSites/hoppercourse/math341/asspool.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959297 | 362 | 4.125 | 4 |
SOAL LATIHAN UTS KELAS XI
Answer These Questions based on the text below!
Long ago, there lived a poor woodsman and his wife. One day the wife sighed and said, "If only we could have a son, even he was only as tall as a thumb." The time went by, and in the end thee women gave birth to a little boy who was exactly as tall as a thumb, so they called Tom Thumb.
As the years went by, the boy remained small but he became a kind and intelligent boy. One day, it was necessary to take the cart and go and fetch his father, but his mother was unable to go. "I'll go," said Tom Thumb.
It seemed impossible that someone so small could hold the reins, but then he climbed into the horse's ear, so that he could speak and tell it where to go. When this happened, all the passers-by thought that the horse must be very intelligent, to be able to go places by itself.
A circus master who also noticed it wanted to buy it, only then he learned that he wanted to buy the tiny boy instead. However, Tom's father would not have sold him for all the gold in the world. Then, Tom Thumb convinced him by saying,' "You need the
money,, don't you, Dad? Sell me to the circus and leave everything up to me."
In fact, as soon as he got a chance, Tom Thumb ran away from the circus and . since he was so small, he was able to avoid being recaptured and make his way back home.
I: What is the text about?
2 The last paragraph mainly discusses
3: "....he became a kind and intelligent boy." (Paragraph 2)
The opposite of the underlined word is
4. According to you, the suitable title of the text is
5. The purpose of the text is.........
Pets have accompanied mankind since the dawn of history. The domestication of animals began in the Neolithic Revolution 10-12 thousand years ago. People love this companionship due to some reasons.
One major advantage of having pets is that they can become one of peoples nearest and dearest companions. For instance, if someone lives alone, he will find a pet, very enjoyable.
Furthermore, the presence of an animal in the home may provide a greater feeling of security. In addition to this, pets often play a major role in disabled people's lives.
In conclusion, it is pleasurable of keeping pets at home. And we want to keep
pets at home, we should pay attention to the following. We should prepare budget for the pet's food, equipment (cages, collars, aquarium, etc) and veterinary care. Apart from this, if we decide to buy a pet, we should take into consideration our pet's needs before going anywhere.
1. What is the major advantage of having pets?
2. What is the main idea of paragraph 4?
3. The writer suggests that a pet owner should ....before going anywhere.
4. "...they can become one of people's..." (par.2) The word `they' refers to...
5. "Pets have accompanied mankind since the dawn of history." What is the opposite meaning of the word `dawn'?
Pointed and sharp items are not permitted in your hand baggage or carried on your person. These items should be placed in the check-in baggage.
11. What is the text about?
12. Where can you probably -find such a warning?
Nothing can replace the loss of a loved one...
But, life must go on and sometimes we have to live for others.
Just wanted you to know that I'm here for support, in whatever way I can! Bintang
1. What is the purpose of the card?
2. "Just want to know you that I'm here for support,...!".
3. "Nothing can replace the loved one..."
The word `replaced' has the same meaning with...
Good afternoon, friends. We will graduate from this school next year. So, this time allow me to ask you something. We'd better not scrawl our used school unifors when we have graduated. You know why? We can donate them to those who need them. We can also donate our used books. There are many youngsters who need our help. Let's do our best to help them. Thank you for listening.
1. What is the purpose of the text?.
2. "We can donate them..."
What does the word `them' refer to?
The Lower Mainland's Incredible SHOW CHORUS The Maple Leaf Singers 2012, The Night of Nights
Saturday, May 26, 7 p.m
Sunday, May.27, 3 p.m
Massey Theater 735 Eight Avenue, New Westminster
General Admission $20
Seniors / Students $18
Special Group and Advance Club pricing (until April 30 only) from
605.584.5928 or 605.520.3337
1. What is the brochure about?
2. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
3. When will the event on Saturday start?
21. Woman :Let's play volleyball again.
Man : Don't you feel tired?
Woman : I do. But the game is enjoyable. Moreover, it is done on the beach like this.
If it is done in a volleyball court, it will be different.
What does the woman feel of playing volleyball?
22. Boy : It is already 2 p.m. Let's take a break.
Girl : O.K
Boy : What do you think about this air soft game?
Girl : ...
23. Man : Hey, you're crying! What happened?
Woman: 1 just broke up with my boyfriend.
Man : ...
24. Boy : You took my mobile and broke it, didn't you?
Girl : N, I didn't.
Boy :Yes, you did!
Girl : No, I didn't. How dare you say that to me! Give me the proof!
From the last sentence, we know that the girl feels...
25. Woman : My best friend has betrayed me many times. I don't think I can tolerate her
mistake this time.
Man : ...
26. Boy : Why are you crying? Has anybody hurt you? Tell me.
Girl : ...
1. Pita : We will go to the computer exhibition this afternoon, eight?
Maya: Yeah. We will go there... it doesn't rain.
2. Topan : Please be in a hurry!..., we will be late to school.
Indra : Yes.
3. Mrs. Teddy : Shanty, I have something for you.
Shanty : Thanks. Wow, it's a beautiful T-shirt! But I think it's too small for me. Mrs.
Teddy : Really? I will give it to your sister…….. it suits you.
4. Ayrin : Mom, I want to continue my study to Australia. Mrs. Welts : Please... .
There are many things to consider.
5. Please... anytime you need help.
6. Tuty didn't see Edgar in the meeting. He... yhe meeting room when she arrived.
7. Tony succeeded in the interview test because he ... himself well.
8. The students ... the story before they showed it to their teacher
35. Joan : Andy left for Jakarta yesterday.
Tino : Really? What about his paper? We cannot submit ours without his part.
Joan :Don't worry. He... it to me before he left.
36. Joan : Why does your brother look so sad?
Aisha : He looks sad... he lost his pet.
37. Leo : How long have you made friend with Sandra?
Tania : We have made friends... we were at the elementary school.
1. Rosa : Ferry, you look tired. Will you join the boyscout club? Ferry : Yup! I will join it... I am a bit tired
2. …. ... you do, I don't care.
3. I'll follow you …... you go.
ANWSER THE QUESTIONS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING DIALOG!
Tiara : Vika, you look daydreaming. What's the matter?
Vika : Well, I'm confused. My parents will move to Medan and they ask me to to join.
Meanwhile, I prefer living here. I really love Yogyakarta. Tiara : Move to Medan?
Vika : Yeah. My father is promoted as a branch manager in Medan. Tiara : If you don't join them, how will you stay here?
Vika : i will live with my grandpa. You know, he lives in his town too. Tiara : Have you talked with your parents about it?
Vika : Yes, I have. However, they insist me to go with them. They don't want to live apart from me.
Tiara : I think you had better join them. It shows that they care for you. Vika : I know. But ... I will lose many good friends here.
Tiara : Don't worry. I believe that you will also have good friends there.
1. Why is Vika confused?
2. Where does Vika prefer living in?
3. Vika's parents insist Vika to go with them because ...
4 What does Tiara suggest about Vika's problem?
5. What makes Vika worry if she move to Medan? | <urn:uuid:7ada25e1-28e8-4a05-bcd7-56024318c285> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://saveriyaji.blogspot.com/2012/03/soal-latihan-uts-kelas-xi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969127 | 2,042 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Envisat's last weeks on European soil
Leading international scientists, dignitaries and media representatives gathered at the European Space Agency's ESTEC headquarters in Noordwijk, Holland, on Thursday 1 February to take a last look at Europe's new monumental earth observation satellite - Envisat -before it finally leaves European soil in April for its launch destination.
Envisat is the result of nearly ten years of work by ESA and a high profile industrial consortium including Astrium, Alcatel and over 100 other specialist manufacturing companies throughout Europe. The satellite represents Europe's most important contribution to world environment monitoring. The next two months will be the last for Envisat in the safety of its sophisticated clean room and space testing facility at ESTEC, before transportation to Europe's spaceport and launch site in French Guiana.
Weighing in at 8 tonnes and standing over 10 metres tall with a solar array spanning 25 metres, Envisat is the largest earth observation satellite ever built - a European investment topping 2,000 million Euros in total. It will take its rightful position in space later this summer to continue and enhance the vital earth observation work carried out over the last ten years by ESA's ERS-1 and -2 satellites.
Ten highly sophisticated on-board instruments will feed information down to Earth to help the scientific community, governments and environmental groups in their understanding of key issues such as atmosphere and climate change, ozone depletion, global warming and land and sea dynamics. Already, over 700 projects, instigated by many internationally renowned scientists and organisations have been planned, all of which hinge on the successful deployment of Envisat. This has therefore demanded one of the most rigorous and thorough testing procedures ever employed by ESA.
Speaking at the media event, Professor John Burrows of the University of Bremen said that humankind was now in a position to 'radically change the environment", and the question was whether we were going to "do it or bury our heads in the sand." "Envisat will present a chance for humans to recognise their responsibility to the world," he said. Since the service and payload modules were pieced together earlier in 1999, an extensive series of tests have been implemented. These have included thermal environment tests in the space simulator - an environment that simulates the vacuum, solar radiation and extremes of cold and heat in space, acoustic tests to simulate acoustic vibration during the launch and mechanical stress tests in ESA's 'hydraulic shaker'.
More recent tests have included deployment of the solar array to validate its operation following mechanical tests, and deployment of Envisat's sophisticated radar (ASAR) under control of the service module. The Radio Frequency Compatibility tests (RFC) are the last major tests to be carried out before Envisat leaves on its long journey to Kourou. For these, the satellite will be operated with all radars active and the ASAR antenna deployed. "All tests have been successful,"said Derek Todman, Envisat's polar platform project manager, at Astrium, who has been working on Envisat since its conception. I am confident that we have produced a spacecraft for ESA and the European community that will give us a better understanding of our environment and will be of enormous benefit to mankind in the long term," he added.
In April a major transportation schedule over land, sea and air, involving 50 lorries, will carry Envisat's 300 tonnes to its launch site. Envisat will be launched from Kourou in July 2001 on board an Ariane-5. It will make history as the first Ariane-5 launch into sun-synchronous orbit. Following a six-month commissioning phase, Envisat will be able to supply data products via ESA and a number of selected distributors to the scientific community and commercial world. Many of these products will be delivered to the users in less than three hours from observation. Users will place orders via the internet, viewing online the images and products already available.
Envisat will be one of the leading satellites supporting the European Commission initiative for Global Monitoring for Environment & Security (GMES). The satellite has a life expectancy greater than its nominal five-year mission and will hopefully be watching over our planet until the end of the decade. | <urn:uuid:42e01587-9e00-4959-8f46-763208b483a0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Envisat/Envisat_s_last_weeks_on_European_soil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00091-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929332 | 870 | 2.796875 | 3 |
|On the Frontier of the Frontier:
The Southwest in the 1600s and 1700s
Pottery of New Spain | Meeting in Battle
The Pueblito country lies at the heart of the Navajo Dinétah. The ancestors of today's Pueblo communities had once made this region their home as they moved across the Southwest. Today, this land is well remembered. Once blessed, the landmarks on this frontier remain forever part of the Pueblo and Navajo heritage.
Over the next two centuries, Spanish colonists and Pueblo communities would trade with Apaches and Navajos in some years and suffer raids in others. Foodstuffs, hides, livestock, woven blankets, tools, jewelry, and people made their way back and forth across the frontier, along the canyons of the Gobernador. By 1608, Navajo and Apache raids on villages and towns across the region brought Spanish mounted soldiers across the border. By 1659, captive Navajo men, women and children were being sold along the Rio Grande and sent south to work in silver mines south in Zacatecas. Everyone was raided--Spanish, Apache and Navajo, Pueblo and Ute--all took captives and losses in turn. In 1680, after years of raids and retaliatory strikes, Native people united to drive the Spanish down the Rio Grande to El Paso del Norte. They would not return for a dozen years.
Between 1705 and 1716, Spanish troops and their Pueblo allies, hard pressed by raids from the frontier lands, marched into the Gobernador nearly every year. They killed and enslaved many Navajo, burned fields, captured horses, and took back Pueblo people who had sought refuge from the unrest along the Rio Grande. By 1720, though, the Navajo and the Spanish had a new common enemy in the Ute tribes pressing south along the San Juan River.
History | Early Archaeology | Pueblito Architecture | Clothing & Tools
New Spain (1600-1700) | Modern Archaeology | Timeline | Acknowledgements | <urn:uuid:0ef16442-9e61-4d25-a4cd-c41972a71e54> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nm.blm.gov/features/dinetah/dinetah_new_spain.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948116 | 417 | 3.875 | 4 |
|Bulletin Board Archived Bulletin Board About John Latest Ideas Symptoms Tests and Drugs Weight Loss Experiment Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Supplement List Medical Science Heredity Other Diseases Thyroid Physiology Deeper Studies Nutrients and Toxics Hair Analysis Book Reports Glossary Table of Contents||
TESTS AND DRUGS
Under construction is a page describing the various drugs used for the treatment of thyroid disease (click on Drugs at left):
Normally, the thyroid gland pumps enough thyroid hormone into the blood to cover all of the bodyís needs. Thyroid hormones include T4 (tetraiodothyronine, thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine). T4 and T3 circulate in the blood primarily bound or linked to protein molecules. Thyroid carrier proteins include thyroxine binding globulin (TBG), albumin, or transthyretin (TTR). Linked to these proteins, thyroid hormone isnít available to the bodyís cells. Measurement of this protein bound thyroid hormone is referred to as a "total" level. Total T4 and to a lesser extent total T3 levels are affected by the concentrations of protein in the blood. Certain medications, hormones such as estrogen, other non-thyroidal illnesses and liver problems can cause alterations in protein concentration. Influenced by protein alterations, the total T4 and T3 measurements may not accurately represent thyroid function.
The free or unbound portion (free T4 or FT4 and free T3 or FT3) more accurately represents what the bodyís true thyroid hormone levels are. Levels of free hormone represent the active hormone available to react with cell receptors in the body.
Certain circumstances, including stress, trauma, medications, infections, and temperature fluctuations change the amount of thyroid hormone required by the body. The hypothalamus in the brain ensures that normal levels are maintained via a negative feedback mechanism. The hypothalamus releases a hormone known as thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) when it detects low levels of thyroid hormone in the blood. TRH, in turn, causes the pituitary to release a hormone known as thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). As its name implies, TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release more thyroid hormone into the blood circulation.
When blood levels of thyroid hormone are low (in hypothyroidism), the pituitary produces and releases excess TSH, and blood levels of TSH rise above the normal range. In hyperthyroidism, a condition of excess blood thyroid hormone, the hypothalamus orders the pituitary to stop releasing TSH, and blood TSH levels are low, often suppressed to levels < 0.01 mIU/L.
Although TSH is considered a valuable indicator of thyroid function, its results can be misleading. TSH levels as a measurement of thyroid function were originally designed to detect chronic cases of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. However, it generally takes 6 weeks for TSH levels to reflect the status of thyroid hormone in the blood. This is because TSH in normally released in a pulsatile fashion, peaking during the night, and the changes in response are subtle, with TSH gradually responding to excess or diminished thyroid hormone. In patients undergoing medication changes or who are undergoing treatment for hyperthyroidism, TSH levels may take many weeks to many months to reflect thyroid hormone changes.
Thus, patients with abnormal thyroid function or abnormal thyroid hormone levels may have normal TSH levels in the early stages of thyroid dysfunction and after medication and treatment changes. For this reason, a FT4 and/or FT3 determination is also recommended.
The thyroid gland produces primarily T4 with only scant amounts of T3. The majority of T3 present in the blood is produced by conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral (away from the thyroid) tissue, primarily the liver. Selenium deficiency, certain medical disorders, and certain medications suppress the conversion of T4 to T3, and it is important that levels of FT3 be measured in patients exhibiting symptoms of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and normal T4 results.
Reference ranges for laboratory tests are established by testing a segment of the normal population, generally hospital workers, and averaging their results. For thyroid patients undergoing treatment, there are flaws in comparing patient results to this reference range.
There is a recent trend to discount TSH results and treat patients on the basis of their actual free thyroid hormone levels or their symptoms.
The following reference ranges represent commonly used thyroid function reference ranges. However, ranges and units of measurement may vary from one laboratory to another. Patient results must be compared to the reference range of the appropriate testing facility.
Adult Reference Ranges:
T4 = 5.6-13.7 ug/dl (mcg/dl)
FT4 = 0.8-1.5 ng/dl
T3= 87-180 ng/dl
FT3 = 230-420 pg/d;
TSH = 0.4-4.5 mIU/L (mU/L)
Copyright, Elaine A. Moore, July, 2000.
Medical Treatments for Graves' Disease
Posted 4-14-00: Elaine Moore's excellent article on Current Medical Treatments for Graves'. Click here on Medical Treatments for Graves'.SHOULD WE SCRAP THE TSH TEST ENTIRELY?
Dr. David Derry thinks so. In this interview, he looks at the real
history of thyroid testing, and why he believes "the TSH [test]
needs to be scrapped and medical students taught again how to
clinically recognize low thyroid conditions." Find out more about
his provocative ideas and why he thinks it's time for a return to a
more valid way of diagnosing and treating thyroid disease.
Other notes: don't get scared when the doctor says things like:
FNA or Fine Needle Aspiration
Some people have reported problems following FNA, so I don't encourage anyone to have it done. However, there is always the concern that the problem with the thyroid might be cancer. Thyroid cancer is rare and usually doesn't spread to other body organs, but it is a concern.
Here is an eloquent description of what it's like to go through the procedure.
I just wanted to update you all, and especially for those that are | <urn:uuid:64be8a67-8a62-4f58-a008-04b07c666045> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ithyroid.com/thyroid_test_interpretation.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903499 | 1,319 | 2.890625 | 3 |
A mayfly emergence from the Mississippi River near and around La Crosse, Wisconsin on the evening of July 20th produced a massive result on radar. Reports came in of swarms and piles — yes, piles — of mayflies gathering throughout the area. The National Weather Service’s La Crosse, Wisconsin Weather Forecast Office keeps track of such events that occur from Davenport, Iowa through St. Paul, Minnesota.
The radar detected the flies about 845 pm, emanating from the river (the source) with echo values similar to that of light-moderate rain (35-40 dBZ). With a general south-to-north wind flow above the surface, the mayflies quickly moved north once in the air. As the flies dispersed moving north-northeast, they also gained altitude with some of the echo being detected as far north as Black River Falls and as high as 2500 feet above ground.
images via National Weather Service | <urn:uuid:c4939dac-72dd-466f-ad40-9078671888db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://laughingsquid.com/massive-mayfly-emergence-from-the-mississippi-river-caught-on-radar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942873 | 193 | 2.84375 | 3 |
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The word genealogy occurs only twice in the New Testament: 1 Timothy 1:4, and Titus 3:9. In these passages commentators explain the word as referring to the Gentile theogonies, or to the Essene generation of angels, or to the emanation of spirits and aeons as conceived by the Gnostics, or to the genealogies of Jesus Christ, or finally to the genealogies of the Old Testament construed into a source of an occult doctrine. Some even appeal to Philo in order to refer St. Paul's expression to the various stories and fables told about Moses and the Patriarchs. In the Old Testament the term genealogia occurs only in a few manuscripts of the Septuagint, in 1 Chronicles 4:33; 5:7, 17; 9:22; I Esd., viii, 1, where the commonly received text reads katalogismos or katalochismos. In the present article, therefore, we shall not dwell upon the term genealogy, but consider the parts, usually genealogical lists, introduced by the phrase "these are the generations" or "this is the book of the generation"; we shall investigate the meaning of the introductory phrase, enumerate the principal genealogical lists, indicate their sources, draw attention to their importance, and point out their deficiencies. Special genealogical lists, for instance those of Christ, found in the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke, must be studied separately.
The introductory formula, "these are the generations" or "this is the book of the generation", is the heading to the ten parts of the Book of Genesis. It occurs also in Numbers 3:1; Ruth; iv, 18; 1 Chronicles 1:29. Similar expressions are found frequently, especially in the Books of Paralipomenon. What is their meaning? They do not denote any genealogy or genealogical table in our sense of these words. There can be no questions of posterity in Genesis 2:4: "these are the generations of the heaven and the earth", as toledhoth, the Hebrew equivalent of "generations", seems to imply. In Genesis 6:9, the introductory formula is followed by the history of the Flood; hence it cannot point forward to a genealogical table. If we keep in mind, on the other hand, that primitive history was only genealogy adorned with various anecdotes and stories of incidents, we begin to realize that the genealogical portions of the Book of Genesis are abbreviated and rudimentary biographies. The proper meaning of our introductory formula is, therefore, simply, "this is the history".
The peculiar character of primitive history accounts for the numerous genealogical lists found in the books of the Old Testament. We shall enumerate only the principal ones: Genesis 5:1-31, give the Patriarchs from Adam to Noah; Genesis 10:1-32, the ethnography of the sons of Noah; Genesis 11:10-26, the Patriarchs from Sem to Abraham; Genesis 11:27-32, the posterity of Thare; Genesis 22:20-24, the posterity of Nachor; Genesis 25:1-4, the descendants of Abraham by Centura; Genesis 25:12-18, the posterity of Ismael; Genesis 25:23-29, the sons of Jacob; Genesis 36:1-43, the posterity of Esau and the princes of Edom; Genesis 46:8-27, the family of Jacob going into Egypt; Numbers 3:14-39, the list of the Levites; Numbers 26:1-51, the heads of the tribes; Ruth, iv, 18-22, the genealogy of David; Ezra 7:1-5, the genealogy of Esdras; Nehemiah 11-12, the genealogy of a number of persons. 1 Chronicles 1-9 is replete with genealogical lists which either repeat, or abbreviate, or again develop the foregoing genealogies, adding at times other documents of an unknown origin. For instance, there is a brief genealogy of Benjamin in 1 Chronicles 7:6-12, a longer one in 1 Chronicles 8:1-40; similarly a brief genealogy of Juda in 1 Chronicles 4:1-23, a more complete one in 1 Chronicles 2:3 and 3:24. The inspired historian makes no effort to harmonize these striking differences, but seems to be only careful to reproduce his sources.
In order to appreciate the foregoing lists properly, four of their peculiarities must be kept in mind:
Generally speaking, the later genealogies were derived from written sources, either inspired or profane. For instance, the genealogy of Benjamin in 1 Chronicles 7:6-12, is based on the data given in the Books of Genesis and Numbers; a more extensive genealogy of the same patriarch found in 1 Chronicles 8:1-40, is based, no doubt, on written sources too, which are, however, unknown to us. As to the earlier genealogies, their veracity cannot be directly proved independently of inspiration. Written documents were used much earlier than the archaeologists of the first half of the eighteenth century believed. Moreover, very little writing was required to preserve the earliest genealogical lists, which are both rare and brief. We may grant freely that the art of writing was not known from Adam to the Flood, and for centuries after Noah. But keeping in mind the following facts, we find no difficulty in admitting oral tradition and memory as sufficient sources for these periods.
The Hebrews shared the predilection for genealogies which prevailed among all the Semitic races. Among the Arabs, for instance, no biography is complete without a long list of the hero's ancestors. They register even the lineage of their horses, esteeming their nobility according to their extraction (Cf. "Revue des deux mondes", 15 May, 1855, pp. 1775-77; Caussin de Perceval, "Essai sur l'histoire des Arabes avant l'Islamisme", Paris, 1844-48). Among the Hebrews such genealogical lists were of still high importance for the following reasons:
It cannot be denied that some of the genealogical links are omitted in the Biblical lists; even St. Matthew had to employ this device in order to arrange the ancestors of Christ in three series of fourteen each. At first sight such omissions may seem to be at variance with Biblical inerrancy, because the single members of the genealogical lists are connected by the noun son or the verb beget. But neither of these links creates a real difficulty:
PRAT in Dict. de la Bible; KNABENBAUER in HAGEN, Lexicon Biblicum (Paris, 1905); PANNIER, Genealogiae biblicae cum monumentis Æegyptiorum et Chaldaeorum collatae (Lille, 1886); BRUCKER, La Chronologie des premiers ages de l'humanite in La Controverse, 15 March, 15 May, 1886, pp. 375-93, 5-27; VON HUMMELAUER, Comment. in Gen. (Freiburg, 1895), 572; IDEM, Das vormosaische Priesterthum in Israel (Freiburg, 1899).
APA citation. (1909). Genealogy (in the Bible). In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06408a.htm
MLA citation. "Genealogy (in the Bible)." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06408a.htm>.
Transcription. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Thomas M. Barrett. Dedicated to those preserving their family history.
Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. September 1, 1909. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
Contact information. The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster at newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads. | <urn:uuid:0cdacc83-dff9-4f26-aa08-2b6cbacbd16c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://[email protected]/cathen/06408a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902195 | 1,803 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Barbie was born in Bad Godesberg, near
Bonn, October 25, 1913. He joined the SS and later began a career in
espionage. In May 1941 Barbie was posted to the Bureau of
Jewish affairs, as an intelligence officer. He was then
attached the Amsterdam Gestapo and in November 1942 he was posted to
Lyon, France. While in France he was to penetrate and destroy the
resistance in Lyon and carried out his task with unmatched brutality.
Simone Lagrange, a soft-spoken Holocaust survivor whose family was
exterminated, later recalled the arrest of her father, mother and
herself on June 6, 1944. Denounced by a French neighbor as
Jews, Simone and her parents were taken to Gestapo headquarters
where a man, dressed in gray and caressing a kitten, said Simone was
pretty. Klaus Barbie ..
"He was caressing the cat. And me, a kid 13 years old, I could
not imagine that he could be evil because he loved animals. I was
tortured by him for eight days." During the following week,
the man hauled her out of a prison cell each day, he yanked her by
her hair, beating and punching at her open wounds in an effort to
Another survivor, Lise Lesevre, recalled how Klaus Barbie tortured
her for nine days in 1944, beating her, nearly drowning her in a
bathtub. She told how she was hung up by hand cuffs with spikes
inside them and beaten with a rubber bar. She was ordered to strip
naked and get into a tub filled with freezing water. Her legs were
tied to a bar across the tub and Barbie yanked a chain attached to
the bar to pull her underwater.
During her last interrogation, Barbie ordered her to lie flat on a
chair and struck her on the back with a spiked ball attached to a
chain. It broke a vertebrae, and she suffered the rest of her life.
Another survivor, Ennat Leger, said Klaus Barbie "had the eyes
of a monster. He was savage. My God, he was savage! It was
unimaginable. He broke my teeth, he pulled my hair back. He put a
bottle in my mouth and pushed it until the lips split from the
dedicated sadist, responsible for many individual atrocities,
including the capture and deportation to Auschwitz of forty-four
Jewish children hidden in the village of Izieu, Klaus Barbie owed
his postwar notoriety primarily to one of his 'cases', the arrest
and torture unto death of Jean Moulin, one of the highest ranking
member of the French Resistance.
Jean Moulin was mercilessly tortured by Klaus Barbie and his men.
Hot needles where shoved under his fingernails. His fingers were
forced through the narrow space between the hinges of a door and a
wall and then the door was repeatedly slammed until the knuckles
Screw-levered handcuffs were placed on Moulin and tightened until
they bit through his flesh and broke through the bones of his wrists.
He would not talk. He was whipped. He was beaten until his face was
an unrecognizable pulp. A fellow prisoner, Christian Pineau, later
described the resistance leader as "unconscious, his eyes dug
in as though they had been punched through his head. An ugly blue
wound scarred his temple. A mute rattle came out of his swollen lips."
Jean Moulin remained in this coma when he was shown to other
resistance leaders who were being interrogated at Gestapo
headquarters. Barbie had ordered Moulin put on display in an office.
His unconscious form sprawled on a chaise lounge. His face was
yellow, his breathing heavy, his head swathed in bandages. It was
the last time Moulin was seen alive.
behalf of his cruel crimes and specially for the Moulin case, Barbie
was awarded, by Hitler himself, the 'First Class Iron Cross with
After the war Klaus Barbie was recruited by the Western Allies and
worked for the British until 1947, then he switched his allegiance
to the CIA. With the aid of the Americans he fled in 1950
prosecution in France and relocated to South America together with
his wife and children.
He lived in Bolivia as a businessman under the name Klaus Altmann
from 1951. Klaus Barbie was identified in Bolivia at least as early
as 1971 by the Nazi hunters Beate and Serge Klarsfeld, who has
devoted their life to searching out Nazi war criminals and bringing
them to justice. Beate and Serge Klarsfeld were almost
single-handedly responsible for bringing the infamous Barbie,
nicknamed the "Butcher Of Lyons", to trial for his crimes
But it was only in February 1983 that the Bolivian government after
long negotiations extradited him to France to stand trial.
Barbie, responsible for the torture and death of thousands of people,
was tried in a French court and sentenced to life imprisonment for a
series of crimes against humanity, almost all involving the arrest
and deportation to extermination camps of Jews and Resistance
members, including the roundup of the Jewish children from Izieu,
April 6, 1944.
Serge Klarsfeld later said it was Izieu, more than any other
atrocity laid to Klaus Barbie's account, that put the Nazi in the
category of major war criminals. "If Barbie was remembered and
hunted, it was for the children at Izieu", Klarsfeld said.
Klaus Barbie died of cancer in prison on September 25, 1991.
[ - home ] [ - Speer ] [ - Mengele ] [ - Hoess ] [ - Himmler ] [ - Heydrich ] [ - Brunner ] [ - Barbie ] [ - SS Docs ] [ - Photos ] [ - Dachau ] [ - Auschwitz ] [ - F.a.q. ] | <urn:uuid:41d2af5e-d29b-4678-be98-2a938e868b53> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nazis.dk/Barbie.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403825.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00175-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971328 | 1,246 | 2.796875 | 3 |
According to new research conducted at the Tehran Medical University in Iran frequent cyclists and people who spend long periods of time in a squatting position may be at an increased risk of developing arthritis in their knees.
Arthritis of the knee, or osteoarthritis, is the most common type of arthritis to attack people and occurs when the cartilage of the joints break down. It usually begins after a person reaches middle age and can be disabling.
To determine whether occupational or leisure-time activities could influence the risk of a person developing the condition, Dr S. Dahaghin and colleagues compared 480 people with osteoarthritis of the knee and 490 arthritis-free controls for the study.
According to the study people who cycled for more than 30 minutes daily were two times more exposed to the risk of developing arthritis of the knee. And individuals who spent more than 30 minutes a day squatting were at 1.5 times increased risk.
The Tehran researhers say that their study proves that overuse of a joint can increase arthritis risk. Researchers believe that people should be more aware about the damage they are doing to their joints while performing their normal, everyday jobs or while indulging in leisure activities.
“Education on preventable risk factors should be considered in order to ensure people use knee joints appropriately and avoid overuse", researchers concluded. | <urn:uuid:acfde4f1-22d8-45f0-98c3-8ce04cd16fa5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://road.cc/content/news/10471-cyclists-more-likely-develop-arthritis-knees-according-research?quicktabs_2=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950215 | 272 | 3.015625 | 3 |
1. Furnished with wings; transported by flying; having winglike expansions.
2. Soaring with wings, or as if with wings; hence, elevated; lofty; sublime. How winged the sentiment that virtue is to be followed for its own sake. (J. S. Harford)
3. Swift; rapid. Bear this sealed brief with winged haste to the lord marshal.
4. Wounded or hurt in the wing.
5. (Science: botany) Furnished with a leaflike appendage, as the fruit of the elm and the ash, or the stem in certain plants; alate.
6. Represented with wings, or having wings, of a different tincture from the body.
7. Fanned with wings; swarming with birds. The winged air darked with plumes. | <urn:uuid:a76c9016-7dd9-4072-bab9-4985c7e441aa> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Winged | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399425.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00035-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940818 | 178 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Starting with the Answer
By Matt B. Gomez http://mattbgomez.com
The hardest part about teaching young learners skills like grouping, adding, and decomposing numbers is giving them an opportunity to discover the "tricks" on their own. Since adults know and see how numbers go together, the instinct is to teach them what we know. It is often difficult to step back and let the learning happen. One of my favorite ways to encourage this process is by starting with the answer.
For our youngest learners, this can be done with simple storytelling. At the beginning of the year, my Kindergarten class often "starts with the answer," and I always try to incorporate a student's interest into the story. For example, Tracy loves alpacas, so I tell the class the answer is 6 alpacas. I then ask the class, “What is the problem?” The kids use their fingers or manipulatives to work out the answer to my question. These problems encourage higher order thinking and, more importantly, allow for many different answers. The kids then share their answers and hear how other kids are thinking about math. Kids teaching kids is always powerful.
A free app I use frequently for this activity is Educreations, a virtual whiteboard that allows you to record both the whiteboard screen and audio as the kids work out the problem. A low-tech option, called build that number, uses playing cards and a “magic number.” PBS KIDS also has some great online math games that give kids practice building to an answer in addition. Curious George Train Station is for younger kids and Cyberchase Spaceship Power-Up gives older kids practice decomposing the number 10.
Regardless of whether your child is just starting to learn about addition or is an addition expert, I hope "starting with the answer" will be a fun way to encourage higher order thinking and learning through discovery this summer. | <urn:uuid:8ccb345f-1c47-4130-93c3-858057c088a7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://pbskids.org/lab/news/2013-07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947275 | 398 | 3.734375 | 4 |
All About IRAs
What IS an IRA?
What is an IRA, anyhow? An Individual Retirement Arrangement (IRA), commonly called an Individual Retirement Account, is a personal retirement savings plan available to anyone who receives taxable compensation during the year. For IRA contribution purposes, compensation includes wages, salaries, fees, tips, bonuses, commissions, taxable alimony, and separate maintenance payments.
Husbands and wives may each have an IRA, even if one person in that marriage is not working. One person's annual contribution, whether made to just one or to multiple IRAs, is limited to the lesser of total taxable compensation or to the normal yearly amount shown in the following table. Persons age 50 or older may make an additional catch-up contribution in the amount indicated in the table below.
|*Normal contribution limits will increase annually by $500 whenever cumulative inflation exceeds the next higher $500 increment.|
There is no minimum or required IRA contribution, and all earnings on the amounts in an IRA are untaxed until withdrawn. In the case of the Roth IRA, withdrawals may even be tax-free provided certain minimum rules discussed later are met.
Contributions to a Roth IRA are never tax-deductible. Contributions to a traditional IRA may or may not be deductible in the tax year made, depending on the owner's income tax filing status, adjusted gross income (AGI), and eligibility to participate in a tax-qualified retirement plan through employment. If the traditional IRA owner participates in an employer's qualified retirement plan on any day in the tax year, the deductibility of contributions declines to zero between certain AGI ranges as shown in the following table.
|Year||Single Filer||Joint Filer|
|2001||$33,000 - $43,000||$53,000 - $63,000|
|2002||$34,000 - $44,000||$54,000 - $64,000|
|2003||$40,000 - $50,000||$60,000 - $70,000|
|2004||$45,000 - $55,000||$65,000 - $75,000|
|2005||$50,000 - $60,000||$70,000 - $80,000|
|2006||$50,000 - $60,000||$75,000 - $85,000|
|2007*||$50,000 - $60,000||$80,000 - $100,000|
|*2007 and later|
A working spouse not covered by a retirement plan through employment may make a tax-deductible contribution of up to $2,000 annually to an IRA despite the other spouse's coverage under an employer-provided retirement plan. When the couple's AGI reaches $150,000, deductibility for such contributions begins to decline, and it reaches zero at a joint AGI of $160,000.
Money may be withdrawn from an IRA at any time, but on withdrawal it may be taxed and/or penalized. Withdrawals from a traditional IRA will always be taxed, either in whole or in part, at ordinary income tax rates. Except as noted below, withdrawals from a traditional IRA prior to age 59 1/2 will result in a 10% excise tax as well as an ordinary income tax. The potential income taxes and early withdrawal penalties on Roth and Education IRA withdrawals will be discussed in subsequent articles.
If nondeductible contributions were made to a traditional IRA, part of any withdrawal from that IRA will not be taxed. The calculations for deriving the taxable and nontaxable part of the withdrawal are too complicated to cover here. For those who may face this problem, the IRS has a handy-dandy way to make that calculation. It's called Form 8606, a tax document that must be completed and filed with your income tax return to report both nondeductible traditional IRA contributions and withdrawals whenever they occur.
Mandatory distributions for traditional IRAs must begin no later than April 1 of the year following the year the IRA owner reaches age 70 1/2. Failure to take required minimum distributions at that age results in a 50% excise tax on the amounts not distributed. Roth IRAs have no mandatory distribution requirement, but Education IRAs do as discussed here.
There are eight exceptions to the 10% penalty for IRA withdrawals prior to age 59 1/2. The early withdrawal penalty does not apply to distributions that:
- Occur because of the IRA owner's disability.
- Occur because of the IRA owner's death.
- Are a series of "substantially equal periodic payments" made over the life expectancy of the IRA owner.
- Are used to pay for unreimbursed medical expenses that exceed 7 1/2% of adjusted gross income (AGI).
- Are used to pay medical insurance premiums after the IRA owner has received unemployment compensation for more than 12 weeks.
- Are used to pay the costs of a first-time home purchase (subject to a lifetime limit of $10,000).
- Are used to pay for the qualified expenses of higher education for the IRA owner and/or eligible family members.
- Are used to pay back taxes because of an Internal Revenue Service levy placed against the IRA.
Except as noted in later discussions on Roth and Education IRA distributions, ordinary income taxes are still due and payable on IRA withdrawals taken under any of the above exceptions.
So how many kinds of IRAs are there, anyhow? Would you believe ... 11? | <urn:uuid:e138eb9e-f339-4716-b778-e7455cf040d9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fool.com/money/allaboutiras/allaboutiras01.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408828.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940511 | 1,149 | 2.71875 | 3 |
WARSAW — Irena Sendler, a Polish Catholic social worker credited with saving some 2,500 Jewish children from the Nazi Holocaust by smuggling them out of the Warsaw Ghetto, died Monday (May 12, 2008), her family said. She was 98.
Mrs. Sendler has been called the female Oskar Schindler, but she saved twice as many lives as the German industrialist who sheltered 1,200 of his Jewish workers. She died at a Warsaw hospital, daughter Janina Zgrzembska said.
President Lech Kaczynski expressed "great regret" over Mrs. Sendler's death, calling her "extremely brave" and "an exceptional person."
Mrs. Sendler was a 29-year-old social worker with the city's welfare department when Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, launching World War II. Warsaw's Jews were forced into a walled-off ghetto.
Seeking to save the ghetto's children, Mrs. Sendler masterminded risky rescue operations. Under the pretext of inspecting sanitary conditions during a typhoid outbreak, she and her assistants ventured inside the ghetto and smuggled out babies and small children in ambulances and in trams, sometimes wrapped up as packages.
Records show that Mrs. Sendler's team of about 20 people saved nearly 2,500 children from the Warsaw Ghetto between October 1940 and its final liquidation in April 1943, when the Nazis burned the ghetto, shooting the residents or sending them to death camps.
"Every child saved with my help and the help of all the wonderful secret messengers, who today are no longer living, is the justification of my existence on this earth, and not a title to glory," Mrs. Sendler said in 2007 in a letter to Polish lawmakers who honored her efforts.
In hopes of one day reuniting the children with their families — most of whom perished in Nazi death camps — Mrs. Sendler wrote the children's names on slips of paper. When German police came to arrest her in 1943, an assistant hid the slips, which Mrs. Sendler later buried in an associate's yard. Some 2,500 names were recorded.
Anyone caught helping Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland risked being summarily shot. The Nazis took her to Pawiak prison and tortured her, leaving her with scars, but she refused to betray her team.
Zegota, an underground organization helping Jews, paid a bribe to guards to free her. Under a different name, she continued her work. | <urn:uuid:a8d3409b-7edf-4fb3-8ddd-6d19abe9c431> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tampabay.com/incoming/she-freed-2500-kids-from-warsaw-ghetto/501990 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974903 | 514 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Overturning Circulation Changes (image) University of New South Wales Share Print E-Mail Caption Figure shows how ocean currents changes with temperature. Top: Ocean currents today. Bottom: Ocean currents during glacial periods. Credit From authors (Watson et al.) Usage Restrictions None Share Print E-Mail Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system. | <urn:uuid:5dec8cfd-fc5b-40fa-ade3-46071b090b07> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/100049.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.839134 | 108 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Game on! Scientists enter the roller derby!
This is Sandra Tsing Loh with the Loh Down on Science.
Meet researchers from the University of Oregon. They study the skin microbiome. It’s the collection of protective bacteria that covers every inch of our hairless hides.
The throng differs from person to person. The scientists wondered, "Does skin-to-skin contact affect a person's microbiome?" They figured one way to study the question would be via a contact sport. And, in rainy Oregon, we're guessing an indoor rink seemed more appealing than an outdoor playing field.
So, at a roller-derby tournament, they swabbed the upper arms of players from three teams before and after each bout, or game.
What did DNA analysis of the swabs reveal? That players on the same team had more similar microbiomes than players from different teams. But, overall, each team's biomes had become more similar to the other teams' biomes after each bout than before. So bacteria were exchanged between teams.
As was a lot of trash talk! But that's another story.
***** For more 90-SECOND SCIENCE FACTS, click here.*****
Thursday, from 2-3 p.m. on the LDOS blog: Sandra chats with author Po Bronson about his book NurtureShock.
Follow us on Twitter! | <urn:uuid:22cd38b9-e5e7-47cc-9f8e-dea7a7397916> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scpr.org/programs/loh-down-on-science/2013/06/04/32075/what-players-trade-during-contact-sports-will-surp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956229 | 286 | 2.890625 | 3 |
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including Physics' Lixin Dai, is the first to catch x-ray echoes of a tidal disruption
The Department of Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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The name given to the followers of John Wyclif, an heretical body numerous in England in the latter part of the fourteenth and the first half of the fifteenth century. The name was derived by contemporaries from lollium , a tare, but it has been used in Flanders early in the fourteenth century in the sense of "hypocrite", and the phrase "Lollardi seu Deum laudantes" (1309) points to a derivation from lollen , to sing softly (cf. Eng. lull ). Others take it to mean "idlers" and connect it with to loll . We first hear of it as referring to the Wycliffites in 1382, when the Cistercian Henry Crumpe applied the nickname to them in public at Oxford. It was used in episcopal documents in 1387 and 1389 and soon became habitual. An account of Wyclif's doctrines, their intellectual parentage, and their development during his lifetime will be given in his own biography. This article will deal with the general causes which led to the spread of Lollardy, with the doctrines for which the Lollards were individually and collectively condemned by the authorities of the Church, and with the history of the sect.
Till the latter part of the fourteenth century England had been remarkably free from heresy. The Manichean movements of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries which threatened the Church and society in Southern Europe and had appeared sporadically in Northern France and Flanders had made no impression on England. The few heretics who were heard of were all foreigners and they seem to have found no following in the country. Yet there was much discontent. Popular protests against the wealth, the power, and the pride of the clergy, secular and regular, were frequent, and in times of disorder would express themselves in an extreme form. Thus, during the revolution which overthrew Edward II in 1327, mobs broke into the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds and attacked that of St. Albans . As the century proceeded there were many signs of national disorganization, and of religious and social discontent. The war in France, in spite of the glories of Crécy and Poitiers, was a curse to the victors as well as to the vanquished. The later campaigns were mere ravaging expeditions and the men who inflicted such untold miseries on the French, whether under the English flag, or in the Free Companies, brought home an evil spirit of disorder, while the military system helped to produce an "over-mighty," greedy, and often anti-clerical nobility. In the lower ranks of society there was a similar growth of an intemperate and subversive independence. The emancipation of the peasant class had proceeded normally till the Black Death threw into confusion the relations between landlord and tenant. By giving the labourer an enormous economic advantage in the depopulated country it led the landlords to fall back upon their legal rights and the traditional wages.
In the Church there was nearly as much disorder as in the State. The pestilence had in many cases disorganized the parish clergy, the old penitential system had broken down, while luxury, at least among the few, was on the increase. Preachers, orthodox and heretical, and poets as different in character as Langland, Gower, and Chaucer are unanimous in the gloomy picture they give of the condition of the clergy, secular and regular. However much may be allowed for exaggeration, it is clear that reform was badly needed, but unfortunately the French Avignon popes, even when they were reformers, had little influence in England. Later on, the Schism gave Englishmen a pope with whom their patriotism could find no fault, but this advantage was dearly purchased at the cost of weakening the spirit of authority in the Church.
It is to these social and religious distempers that we must look for the causes of the Peasant Revolt and the Lollard movement. Both were manifestations of the discredit of authority and tradition. The revolt of 1381 is unique in English history for the revolutionary and anarchic spirit which inspired it and which indeed partially survived it, just as Lollardy is the only heresy which flourished in medieval England. The disorganized state of society and the violent anti-clericalism of the time would probably have led to an attack on the dogmatic authority and the sacramental system of the Church, even if Wyclif had not been there to lead the movement.
During the earlier part of his public career Wyclif had come forward as an ally of the anti-clerical and anti-papal nobility, and especially of John of Gaunt. He had asserted the right of temporal lords to take the goods of an undeserving clergy and, as a necessary consequence, he had attacked the power of excommunication. He was popular with the people, and his philosophical and theological teaching had given him much influence at Oxford. His orthodoxy had been frequently impeached and some of his conclusions condemned by Gregory XI, but he was not yet the leader of an obviously heretical sect. But about 1380 he began to take up a position of more definite hostility to the Church. He attacked the pope and the friars with unmeasured violence, and it was probably about this time that he sent out from Oxford the "poor priests " who were to carry his teaching to the country folk and the provincial towns. The necessity of giving them a definite gospel may well have led to a clearer expression of his heretical teaching, and it was certainly at this date that he began the attack on transubstantiation, and in this way inaugurated the most characteristic article of the Lollard heresy. Wycliffism was now no longer a question of scholastic disputation or even of violent anti-clericalism; it had become propagandist and heretical, and the authorities both of Church and State were able for the first time to make a successful assault upon it. In 1382 a council in London presided over by Archbishop Courtenay condemned twenty-four of Wyclif's "Conclusions": ten of them as heresies, fourteen as " errors."
Though little was done against Wyclif himself, a determined effort was made to purge the university. Oxford, jealous as ever of its privileges, resisted, but ultimately the leading Wycliffites, Hereford, Repingdon, and Ashton, had to appear before the archbishop. The two latter made full abjurations, but their subsequent careers were very different. Repingdon became in course of time Abbot of Leicester, Bishop of Lincoln, and a cardinal, while Ashton returned to his heretical ways and to the preaching of Lollardy. Nicholas Hereford must have been a man of an uncommon spirit, for at Oxford he had been much more extreme than Wyclif, justifying apparently even the murder of Archbishop Sudbury by the rebels, yet he went off to Rome to appeal to the pope against Courtenay, was there imprisoned, found himself at liberty again owing to a popular rising, returned to England and preached Lollardy in the West, but finally abjured and died a Carthusian. Though the Wycliffite hold upon Oxford was broken by these measures, the energy of the Lollard preachers, the extraordinary literary activity of Wyclif himself in his last years, and the disturbed conditions of the time, all led to a great extension of the movement. Its chief centres were London, Oxford, Leicester, and Coventry, and in the Dioceses of Hereford and Worcester.
In the fourteenth century the word "Lollard" was used in a very extended sense. Anti-clerical knights of the shire who wished to disendow the Church, riotous tenants of an unpopular abbey, parishioners who refused to pay their tithes, would often be called Lollards as well as fanatics like Swynderby, the ex-hermit of Leicester, apocalyptic visionaries like the Welshmen, Walter Brute, and what we may call the normal Wycliffite who denied the authority of the Church and attacked the doctrine of the Holy Eucharist. Never was Lollardy so widespread as in its early days; the Leicester chronicles wrote that every second man was a Lollard. But this very extension of the name makes it difficult to give a precise account of the doctrines connected with it, even in their more extreme form. Probably the best summary of Lollardy, at least in its earlier stages, is to be found in the twelve "Conclusions" which were presented to Parliament and affixed to the doors of Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's in 1395. They complain of the corruptions by appropriations etc. from Rome, "a step-mother;" they attack the celibacy of the clergy and the religious orders, the "feigned miracle of the sacrament ", the "feigned power of absolution," and "feigned indulgences ;" they call the sacramentals jugglery, and declare that pilgrimages are "not far removed from idolatry." Prayers for the dead should not be a reason for almsgiving, and beneficed clergymen should not hold secular offices. There is no allusion in these conclusions to Wyclif's doctrine that "dominion is founded on grace," yet most of the early Lollards taught in some form or another that the validity of the sacraments was affected by the sinfulness of the minister.
This refusal to distinguish the official from the personal character of the priesthood has reappeared at different epochs in the history of the Church . It is to be found, for instance, among the popular supporters of ecclesiastical reform in the time of Pope St. Gregory VII. Reforming councils forbade the faithful to accept the ministrations of the unreformed clergy, but the reforming mobs of Milan and Flanders went much further and treated with contumely both the priests and their sacraments. Wyclif gave some kind of philosophic basis to this point of view in his doctrine of "dominion," though he applied it more to the property and authority of the clergy than to their sacramental powers. To make the validity of baptism or the consecration of the Holy Eucharist depend on the virtue of the priest could only be a stepping-stone to a complete denial of the sacramental system, and this stage had been reached in these conclusions of 1395. Thus the doctrine of transubstantiation became the usual test in trials for Lollardy, and the crucial question was usually, "Do you believe that the substance of the bread remains after consecration ?" The heretics were often ready to accept the vaguer expressions of the orthodox doctrine, but at times they would declare quite frankly that "the sacrament is but a mouthful of bread." Pilgrimages and other pious practices of Catholics often came in for very violent abuse, and Our Lady of Walsingham was known among them as the "Witch of Walsingham."
There is at least one striking omission in the "Conclusions" of 1395. Nothing is said of the Bible as the sole rule of faith, yet this doctrine was probably the most original which the movement produced. As the chief opponents of Lollardy in the fifteenth century, Thomas of Walden and Richard Pecock both pointed out that the belief in the sufficiency of Scripture lay at the basis of Wycliffite teaching, for it provided an alternative to the authority of the Church. It occupied, however, a less important position among the earlier than among the later Lollards, for there was at first much confusion of mind on the whole question of authority. Even the most orthodox must have been puzzled at the time of the Schism, as many were later by the struggle between pope and councils. The unorthodox were still more uncertain, and this may partly account for the frequent recantations of those who were summoned by the bishops. In the fifteenth century the Lollards became a more compact body with more definite negations, a change which can be explained by mere lapse of time which confirms a man in his beliefs and by the more energetic repression exercised by the ecclesiastical authorities. The breach with the tradition of the Church had now become unmistakable and the Lollard of the second generation looked for support to his own reading and interpretation of the Bible . Wyclif had already felt the necessity of this. He had dwelt in the strongest on the sufficiency of Scripture, and had maintained that it was the ultimate authority even in matters of civil law and politics. Whatever may have been his share in the work of translating it into English, there is no doubt that he urged all classes to read such translations, and that he did so, partly at any rate, in order to strengthen them in opposition to the Church authorities. Even the pope, he maintained, should not be obeyed unless his commands were warranted by Scripture.
As the Lollards in the course of the fifteenth century became less and less of a learned body we find an increasing tendency to take the Bible in its most literal sense and to draw from it practical conclusions out of all harmony with contemporary life. Objections were made for instance to the Christian Sunday or to the eating of pork. Thus, Pecock urged the claims of reason and common sense against such narrow interpretations, much as Hooker did in a later age against the Puritans. Meanwhile the church authorities had limited the use of translations to those who had the bishop's license, and the possession of portions of the English Bible, generally with Wycliffite prefaces, by unauthorized persons was one of the accepted evidences of Lollardy. It would be interesting, did space permit, to compare the Lollard doctrines with earlier medieval heresies and with the various forms of sixteenth-century Protestantism ; it must, at least, be pointed out that there are few signs of any constructive system about Lollardy, little beyond the belief that the Bible will afford a rule of faith and practice. Much emphasis was laid on preaching as compared with liturgy, and there is evident an inclination towards the supremacy of the State in the externals of religion.
The troubled days of Richard II at the close of the fourteenth century had encouraged the spread of Lollardy, and the accession of the House of Lancaster in 1399 was followed by an attempt to reform and restore constitutional authority in Church and State. It was a task which proved in the long run beyond the strength of the dynasty, yet something was done to remedy the worst disorders of the previous reign. In order to put down religious opposition the State came, in 1401, to the support of the Church by the Act "De Hæretico Comburendo", i.e. on the burning of heretics. This Act recited in its preamble that it was directed against a certain new sect "who thought damnably of the sacraments and usurped the office of preaching." It empowered the bishops to arrest, imprison, and examine offenders and to hand over to the secular authorities such as had relapsed or refused to abjure. The condemned were to be burnt "in an high place" before the people. This Act was probably due to the authoritative Archbishop Arundel, but it was merely the application to England of the common law of Christendom. Its passing was immediately followed by the burning of the first victim, William Sawtrey, a London priest. He had previously abjured but had relapsed, and he now refused to declare his belief in transubstantiation or to recognize the authority of the Church.
No fresh execution occurred till 1410, and the Act was mercifully carried out by the bishops. Great pains were taken to sift the evidence when a man denied his heresy ; the relapsed were nearly always allowed the benefit of a fresh abjuration, and as a matter of fact the burnings were few and the recantations many. Eleven heretics were recorded to have been burnt from 1401 to the accession of Henry VII in 1485. Others, it is true, were executed as traitors for being implicated in overt acts of rebellion. Yet the activity of the Lollards during the first thirty years of the fifteenth century was great and their influence spread into parts of the country which had at first been unaffected. Thus the eastern counties became, and were long to remain, an important Lollard centre. Meanwhile the ecclesiastical authorities continued the work of repression. In 1407 a synod at Oxford under Arundel's presidency passed a number of constitutions to regulate preaching, the translation and use of the Scriptures, and the theological education at schools and the university. A body of Oxford censors condemned in 1410 no less than 267 propositions collected out of Wyclif's writings, and finally the Council of Constance, in 1415, solemnly declared him to have been a heretic. These different measures seem to have been successful at least as far as the clergy were concerned, and Lollardy came to be more and more a lay movement, often connected with political discontent.
Its leader during the reign of Henry V was Sir John Oldcastle, commonly known as Lord Cobham, from his marriage to a Cobham hieress. His Lollardy had long been notorious, but his position and wealth protected him and he was not proceeded against till 1413. After many delays he was arrested, tried, and sentenced as a heretic, but he escaped from the Tower and organized a rising outside London early in 1414. The young king suppressed the movement in person, but Oldcastle again escaped. He remained in hiding but seems to have inspired a number of sporadic disturbances, especially during Henry's absence in France. He was finally captured on the west border, condemned by Parliament, and executed in 1417. His personality and activity made a great impression on his contemporaries and his poorer followers put a fanatic trust in him. He certainly produced an exaggerated opinion of the numbers and ubiquity of the Lollards, for Thomas of Walden, who wrote about this time, expected that they would get the upper hand and be in a position to persecute the Catholics. This unquiet condition lasted during the earlier part of the reign of Henry VI. There were many racantations though few executions, and in 1429 Convocation lamented that heresy was on the increase throughout the southern province. In 1413 there was even a small rising of heretics at Abingdon. Yet from this date Lollardy began to decline and when, about 1445, Richard Pecock wrote his unfortunate "Repressor of overmuch blaming the Clergy," they were far less of a menace to Church or State than they had been in Walden's day. They diminished in numbers and importance, but the records of the bishops' courts show that they still survived in their old centres: London, Coventry, Leicester, and the eastern counties. They were mostly small artisans. William Wych, a priest, was indeed executed, in 1440, but he was an old man and belonged to the first generation of Lollards.
The increase in the number of citations for heresy under Henry VII was probably due more to the renewed activity of the bishops in a time of peace than to a revival of Lollardy. There was such a revival, however, under Henry VIII, for two heretics were burnt on one day, in 1511, and ten years later there were many prosecutions in the home counties and some executions. But though Lollardy thus remained alive, "conquered but not extinguished," as Erasmus expressed it in 1523, until the New Learning was brought into the country from Germany, it was a movement which for at least half a century had exercised little or no influence on English thought. The days of its popularity were long passed and even its martyrdoms attracted but little attention. The little stream of English heresy cannot be said to have added much to the Protestant flood which rolled in from the Continent. It did, however, bear witness to the existence of a spirit of discontent, and may have prepared the ground for religious revolt near London and in the eastern counties, though there is no evidence that any of the more prominent early reformers were Lollards before they were Protestants.
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NASA launched its Van Allen Probes, formerly known as the Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP), on August 30, 2012 to study two giant belts of radiation (also known as the Van Allen radiation belts) that surround Earth. Recently, the two probes have shown scientists something that would require rewriting textbooks. Van Allen Probes have discovered a third radiation belt circling the Earth!
The Van Allen Probes consist of two identical spacecraft with a mission to map out the area of two giant belts of radiation circling the Earth, which were first discovered in 1958 by James Van Allen. The Van Allen Probes catalog a wide range of energies and particles, and track the zoo of magnetic waves that pulse through the area, sometimes kick particles up to such frenzied speeds that they escape the belts altogether. But they discovered something no one ever saw before – a third belt.
In 2012, the Van Allen Probes showed that a third belt can sometimes appear (above image). It only appears when charged particles from the Sun enter the system. When the third belt appears, an empty ‘slot’ of space appears with it, separating it from the other bands. The radiation is shown here in yellow, with green representing the spaces between the belts. Here’s a video for you.
Further research is needed to understand just how the band arises, and how it might impact space based systems. The scientists have detailed their findings in Nature, which was first published on February 28, 2013. For more details, you can visit NASA.
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The Importance Of A Healthy Lifestyle To Prevent Or Treat Double Diabetes
Being overweight and getting limited physical activity are often the underlying causes for people with type 1 diabetes who show signs of type 2 diabetes.
A healthy lifestyle that includes good eating habits and lots of physical activity benefits all children and adults regardless of their risk for diabetes. Being a good role model is a good place to start. Parents who are physically active provide an example for their ever-watchful children. And, the same is true for healthy eating – children tend to prefer foods their parents eat. A family that is used to eating a wide variety of foods over time increases the likelihood that these foods will be accepted and enjoyed by all.
It's very hard for anyone to change a habit, whether it's being more active or eating better. But changing any behavior is much easier if the environments in which you live, work, learn and play supports the new lifestyle changes you are trying to make. Unfortunately, all too often that isn't the case. School might not offer healthy foods or time to be active. Your neighborhood might not have safe and convenient places to play and to be active. It might be hard to find affordable and nutritious foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables. Families typically have more than one person who is overweight and not getting enough physical activity, so a plan that helps every member of your family be healthy is most likely to work.
To make most healthy lifestyle changes more successful there are 4 simple rules to follow:
No matter how hard it is to maintain healthy habits, you must try. Since most people have less control over their environment, their effort needs to focus on improving their lifestyle – that means eating nutritious foods and getting plenty of physical activity.
- Focus on small changes that are easy for you to make.
- Make a commitment to yourself (and maybe to others) to change the behavior in small, gradual steps.
- Be honest when you track and assess your progress.
- Build on your past successes so you can keep adding new healthy habits.
It's important to be active every day. Physical activity improves a person's cardiovascular fitness - cardio means heart and vascular mean blood vessels. Physical activity helps to build stronger bones, better prepares a person for mental and physical challenges and helps control weight. The potential to control double diabetes lies in the ability to control one's weight.
Sixty minutes a day of physical activity is the goal for most children and adults. The sixty minutes doesn't need to be done all at one time. It's fine to combine 3 or 4 activities over the day that add up to 60 minutes. It's also recommended that at least 5 times per week, 30 minutes of the 60 minutes of activity per day should come from moderate to vigorous physical activity.
While these are good long-term goals, it's most important to begin to slowly increase physical activity. First become aware of the amount of physical activity you do each day and then gradually increase it over time. One easy way to measure physical activity is to use a stepmeter (also called a pedometer). You can find an inexpensive pedometer in most sporting goods stores or online at a number of sites (including Diabetes Prevention Source).
Once you have a good sense of how active you are, set a modest goal - perhaps an average of 300 steps more per day for one week. It only takes about 4-5 minutes to walk 300 more steps each day. You can meet that goal by walking more while doing your everyday activities. For example, park your car a little further from your destination, walk during the commercials of your favorite TV show, or walk down few flights of stairs. It doesn't matter what you do to become more active - it only matters that you are more active.
There is a simple equation that explains why someone loses or gains weight: Eating more calories than you burn results in weight gain. Burning more calories than what you eat results in weight loss. Simple to understand, but very difficult to change. Everyone burns different amounts of calories for doing the same activity (such as sitting in a chair or walking). This may help explain why it takes more of an effort for some people to maintain their weight than others.
To understand the effects of eating too many calories think about this: eating 100 calories more or less every day for a year can mean gaining or losing about 10 pounds that year. Only 100 calories a day, more or less! That's even less than a full can of soda. Trying to lose weight should start with making an easy change in what you eat. For example, start by decreasing just one sweetened drink (soda, juice, sport drinks, etc,) per day. Or better yet, avoid all sweetened drinks and only drink water. This is one relatively easy lifestyle change that could help you to lose weight and keep it off.
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This Internet site provides information of a general nature and is designed for educational purposes only. If you have any concerns about your own health or the health of your child, you should always consult with a physician or other health care professional.
This site is published by T-1 Today, Inc. (d/b/a Children with Diabetes), a 501c3 not-for-profit organization, which is responsible for its contents. Our mission is to provide education and support to families living with type 1 diabetes.
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Learning chemistry doesn't have to be scary. Well, except on Halloween!
Pick your favorite creepy chemistry demo or activity and celebrate October 31 with some spooky science!
- Boo Bubbles
Create soap bubbles filled with a swirling white fog. Find out how to get this ghostly effect.
- Crystal Ball Bubble
In my dry ice crystal ball I see… lots of great chemistry for your Halloween celebration this year!
- Dry Ice Experiments
Nothing says Halloween like a eerie stream of “smoke” from a cauldron. This link promises “ooze” and ahhhs with these demos.
- Laundry Detergent Glowing Skull
Your neighbors will be sure to admire your decorating skills when you create a glowing skull on the sidewalk or window.
- Bag of Blood
Stab a bag of “blood” without spilling a drop in this super easy Halloween twist on a classic demo.
- Fake Blood Recipe
Need to whip up a bowl or two of fake blood for the big Halloween night? Try these tips, and don’t be afraid to experiment!
- Fake Flesh Recipe
It’s edible fake flesh that you can make with stuff in your kitchen cupboards! There are even tips on how to make it more gruesome.
- Frankenstein's Hand
Frankenstein called and can’t make it to the party. Could he send just his hand instead? An acid–base reaction makes it come alive.
- Halloween Feel Box Game
Feels like… brains! Try this creepy but fun way to hone your observational skills, without peeking in the box.
- Periodic Table Costumes
This could be one of the easiest chemistry Halloween costumes ever. Choose your symbol, grab a cardboard box, and personalize it to your element.
- Halloween Chemistry Costumes
It’s a chemistry Halloween masquerade. Can you identify the elements and compounds represented by these costumes?
- Chemistry Costumes
Can’t think of a thing to wear to the Halloween party? Why not try one of these creative (and cheap!) chemistry-themed costumes?
- Glow in the Dark Pumpkin
It takes just one item to give your pumpkin a ghastly glow. Ready for a visit to the craft store? Tip: for a longer-lasting pumpkin, try artificial carvable pumpkins like these “Funkins.”
- Spooky Halloween Jack-o-Lantern
Here’s something new for your pumpkin to spew. It’s simple with a little dry ice.
- Periodic Table of Pumpkins
Have a lot of pumpkins on your hands? See what a team of university students decided to do.
- Keeping a Jack-o-Lantern Fresh
Looking for ideas on how to keep your cut pumpkin pristine? This science project can give you some ideas.
- Witches’ Brew Recipe
Don’t forget a tasty beverage for your Halloween party! This brew carbonated with dry ice will quench the thirst of any ghoulish guest.
- Halloween Science Treats
Add glowing Jell-O in Halloween shapes to your party menu with this recipe.
- Glowing Hand of Doom Punch
Head to this haunted punchbowl and try a glass—if you dare.
- Halloween Treats
You’ll be happy to hear that pumpkins and chocolate have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Now, which would you rather eat first?
- Halloween Nassau Reaction
This clock reaction is the perfect combination of colors for Halloween. It starts out colorless. Can you guess which two colors it turns?
- Goldenrod Paper Message
Who left behind the bloody handprint? Don’t worry—this chilling sight just comes from acid–base chemistry.
- Genie in a Bottle
Rub the bottle and ask this chemistry genie to come out and give you a wish for Halloween.
- Giant Smoke Rings
Send out these super-size smoke rings at your Halloween gathering.
- Halloween Demo Show
Combustion is the name of the game in this show’s series of 23 demos. Use their plan and patter, or adjust it how you like.
- A Halloween Story
Riddle me this… How can I combine a mysterious riddle with great chemistry demos? This story might be your answer.
- Static-Powered Dancing Ghost
This ghost wants to dance but needs your help—your balloon’s help, that is.
- Halloween Demos for AP?
Looking to scare your AP students on Halloween? Check in with “fist pump baby” and learn how.
- Halloween House
Pay a virtual visit to a university’s chemistry-themed Halloween house to find some great ideas. It’s spooktacular!
- Molecules from the Crypt
Ah, the sweet smell of putrescine and cadaverine, ready for Halloween. Learn more about these compounds produced in decaying animals. | <urn:uuid:6884b4a3-1b26-4aaf-adc2-6d8b0d7a2ad3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/students/highschool/chemistryclubs/activities/halloween-chemistry.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.836773 | 1,039 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Making A Big Discovery With Tiny Fossils
Dinosaur bones in a museum sparked SMU graduate student Yuri Kimura’s childhood fascination with fossils.
“I was given a piece of 100-million-year-old sedimentary rock,” Kimura recalls of her visit to a museum in her native Japan. “I could not imagine how many stories this stone had experienced through 100 million years.”
Today Kimura is earning her doctoral degree in paleontology from Dedman College’s Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences. Instead of enormous dinosaurs, however, Kimura’s focus is small mammals, whose fragile fossilized bones require a microscope to identify.
As a field assistant on an international expedition to a fossil site in Inner Mongolia, Kimura helped collect fossils smaller than a grain of rice. Guided by SMU Professor of Paleontology Louis Jacobs, Kimura identified the 17-million-year-old fossils as a new species of birch mouse, the earliest prehistoric ancestor of the modern-day birch mouse. Named Sicista primus, the new species connects two previously known fossils that are nine million years apart | <urn:uuid:32b185d6-80e2-41ed-879d-acbb62555f33> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.smu.edu/smumagazine/2011/12/making-a-big-discovery-with-tiny-fossils/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938854 | 240 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Many people consider it a tremendous thrill to catch a glimpse of a mysterious owl as it flies across a dark country road at night, or to see a majestic hawk soaring high in the sky on a bright clear day. Fewer people have seen these creatures from merely a few feet away.
The Maryland Department of Natural Resources provides this opportunity to Marylanders every day. Scales & Tales, an environmental education program of the Maryland Park Service, affords people the opportunity to see live wildlife, mostly native to Maryland, up close and personal. This informative and entertaining program uses live non-releasable birds of prey and reptiles to promote stewardship of our wildlife and other natural resources. Through the stories, or "tales" of how these animals come into the care of the program, Scales & Tales naturalists discuss very important environmental issues, such as loss of habitat, environmental pollution, resource management and biodiversity.
Scales & Tales presents these educational messages to the people of Maryland on a regular basis. Through formal program presentations at parks, schools, community centers, senior centers, and other similar facilities, as well as wildlife displays at numerous fairs and festivals, Scales & Tales reaches hundreds of thousands of people every year.
Scales & Tales could not help wildlife through education without the generous donations of our many supporters. Find out how you can help support Scales & Tales in our valuable mission through our animal Adoption Program.
Scales & Tales is presented in one of two formats. Naturalists can conduct a 45 minute presentation highlighting several of the animals individually. Each animal is discussed in detail and its tale is presented to address a particular stewardship message. Programs include:
Scales and Tales also features Wildlife on Display, popular at many fairs and festivals throughout the state. These displays feature several birds and reptiles exhibited in an informative and interactive manner. Naturalists are always on hand to answer questions and discuss the animals. Displays, featuring birds of prey and reptiles, can also be reserved for corporate picnics. Find out what package best suits your group. Plenty of children's activities and education fun facts will delight everyone.
More and more schools, libraries, scout groups, church groups and senior centers are discovering the value of this program every day. Reservations for programs can be made up to three months in advance. Scales & Tales has numerous facilities throughout Maryland's state parks. The program is available throughout Maryland and adjacent counties in surrounding states.
A service charge is required for Scales & Tales programs and displays. For reservations or more information about Scales & Tales, contact the Scales & Tales aviary nearest you.
Pocomoke River State Park(located in Worcester County)410-632-2566E-mail:[email protected]
Tuckahoe State Park(located in Caroline County)410-820-1668E-mail:[email protected]
Soldiers Delight NEA (Patapsco Valley State Park)(located in Baltimore County)410-461-5005E-mail:[email protected]
Cunningham Falls State Park(located in Frederick County)301-271-3676E-mail:[email protected]
Rocky Gap State Park(located in Allegany County)301-722-1480E-mail: [email protected]
Deep Creek Lake State Park(located in Garrett County)301-387-7067E-mail: [email protected]
Statewide Animal Care Specialist, Scales and Tales CoordinatorRanger Angela PeaseE-mail: [email protected]
580 Taylor Ave, Annapolis MD 21401 | <urn:uuid:556efeee-bc7d-4e9e-8eb9-18ec323ce6c7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dnr2.maryland.gov/publiclands/Pages/snt.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00068-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.880193 | 798 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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