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Controlling Program Flow
Like a sentient creature, a program must manipulate its world and make choices during execution.
In Java you manipulate data using operators, and you make choices with execution control statements. Java was inherited from C++, so most of these statements and operators will be familiar to C and C++ programmers. Java has also added some improvements and simplifications.
If you find yourself floundering a bit in this chapter, make sure you go through the multimedia CD ROM bound into this book: Foundations for Java. It contains audio lectures, slides, exercises, and solutions specifically designed to bring you up to speed with the fundamentals necessary to learn Java.
Using Java operators
An operator takes one or more arguments and produces a new value. The arguments are in a different form than ordinary method calls, but the effect is the same. Addition (+), subtraction and unary minus (-), multiplication (*), division (/), and assignment (=) all work much the same in any programming language.
All operators produce a value from their operands. In addition, an operator can change the value of an operand. This is called a side effect. The most common use for operators that modify their operands is to generate the side effect, but you should keep in mind that the value produced is available for your use, just as in operators without side effects.
Almost all operators work only with primitives. The exceptions are =, == and !=, which work with all objects (and are a point of confusion for objects). In addition, the String class supports + and +=. | <urn:uuid:f5a2a3ca-34c8-4240-bb78-bb8af2aea541> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/programming_books/thinking_in_java/TIJ305.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932603 | 322 | 4.4375 | 4 |
Foods That Relieve Heartburn Symptoms
If heartburn is a burning issue, you probably know the typical fire starters: Pizza and chili; fried, spicy, fatty, creamy foods; and coffee, to name a few.
But some foods can also help provide relief.
A high fiber diet that includes whole grains and vegetables can reduce symptoms. So can bananas, which are natural acid fighters. Mild ginger tea in limited amounts may ease the gas that contributes to heartburn.
For dessert, sour candy may do more than just satisfy a sweet tooth. It increases saliva, which neutralizes stomach acid. Sugarless gum has the same effect. Just stay away from mint flavoring because it relaxes muscles in the esophagus, allowing stomach acid to splash up.
If you get heartburn regularly, talk to your doctor. Proper treatment is important for keeping that slow burn from becoming a full-fledged fire.
This entry last modified on: January 29, 2013 11:18 AM
More people are avoiding food that contain gluten, but is gluten really bad for us?
Breathe easier with these tips to reduce indoor air pollution.
Here are some devices that can help older people live safely on their own.
About the Video
Tired of hearing what NOT to eat? Sample the foods, snacks and drinks that can help relieve your heartburn symptoms. | <urn:uuid:79746799-f057-4c53-8932-f90d658b83f4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.everwell.com/food/healthful_hint/eat_for_heartburn_relief.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927893 | 279 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Document will not contain a purposeThis standard establishes uniform procedures for the measurement of radio noise generated by corona from overhead power lines. Measurement procedures in this standard are also valid for other power-line noise sources such as gaps and harmonics; however, most of the precautionary information, analysis, and data plotting techniques were written and developed primarily for corona discharges. The procedures are not valid for measuring transient radio noise sources that occur during breaker or disconnect switching operations. The procedure applies in the frequency range of 0.010-1000 MHz; however, the emphasis is on the standard amplitude-modulation broadcasting (0.535-1.605 MHz) and television broadcasting (54-72 MHz, 76-88 MHz, 174-216 MHz, and 470-906 MHz) bands. The procedures described for measurements in and near substations are suggested procedures at this time until further information is obtained. This standard is applicable to both ac and dc transmission lines and substations.
Get Involved In The Development Of This Standard
Contact the IEEE-SA Liaison Simply click here to voice your interest. Michael Kipness Learn More About Standards ParticipationAnyone can participate, there are a variety of programs and services to
facilitate the involvement of industry and the public. More Become a Member and Ballot on this StandardMembership empowers you to participate & lead in the development of
standards. Tell Me More | <urn:uuid:27ccca2b-fae0-47d0-95db-30bf1c7c3762> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://standards.ieee.org/develop/project/430.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922998 | 288 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Mr Mike Hayton
FRCS (Trauma and Orth) FFSEM (UK)
Consultant Orthopaedic Hand Surgeon
Other common names
A variety of fracture patterns around the wrist have been described, usually after the surgeon who first described the occurrence. These include Colles fracture, Barton fracture, Smith's fracture and Chauffeur's fracture.
Who does it affect?
Distal radial fractures can occur in any patient, but tend to be more common in those patients over the age of 50 and, in particular, those patients with osteoporosis.
Why does it occur?
Patients who fall onto an outstretched wrist can heavily impact the radius, which may break.
Patients will immediately notice severe pain in the affected wrist and may notice a deformity around the wrist. A common deformity of a Colles type fracture is the 'dinner fork' deformity. When observed from the side-on, the wrist has a bump reminiscent of an upturned dinner fork.
A distal radial fracture often is very easy to identify. Patients are in severe pain, with a restricted range of movement. Clinical examination by the doctor will include assessment of the sensation of the hand, to ensure no nerves have been injured, and assessment of the blood supply to the hand, to ensure no vessels have been injured, and also ensuring that all the fingers can straighten and bend, to ensure no tendons have been injured. Very quickly a patient will be placed in a temporary splint for comfort.
Plain radiographs are the mainstay of investigations for distal radial fractures. These will often show the fracture pattern. Many classifications have been identified, but important features of plain x-rays involve whether the fracture line extends into the joint surface (articular surface), whether the fracture is displaced (fracture fragments have moved), and whether, on the back of the wrist, the bone has crumbled (so-called dorsal comminution). All these factors can suggest a more severe injury and more unstable fracture pattern. Occasionally, fractures are investigated with CT scans, and these are particularly common with intra-articular fractures, to assess any step in the articular surface, which may pre-dispose to osteoarthritis.
Only undisplaced simple fractures of the distal radius are treated non-operatively, in a plaster of Paris. Plaster of Paris is usually in place for four to six weeks.
Types of displacement
The following x-rays demonstrate how the wrist can displace.
The left hand image shows the radius collapsing in the line of the black arrow and becoming shortering in the process. In this case, as the ulnar has not been fractured, it remains at it's normal length. This causes the ulnar to impact against the carpal bones shown with the red circle. The right hand image shows that as the radius collapses and shortens it also angulates backwards.
In the next x-ray the radius fracture has healed (red oval) but has shortened. The ulnar can now been seen clearly impacting against the triquetrum bone.
There is a significant trend towards early operative fixation of distal radial fractures. This is particularly common in unstable fractures, occurring in osteoporotic patients. In the past distal radial fractures were manipulated and placed in a plaster of Paris, and held either by just the plaster of Paris or wire fixation. However, due to the poor quality of bone, the wire was often cut out, and patients were left with a recurrent deformity and significant problems. Over the last five to ten years there has been development of special surgical plates, which allow the fracture to be fixed in an extremely stable configuration, even in the presence of thin, poor quality bone. Having performed this operative fixation, with a scar usually through the front of the wrist, but occasionally on the back, patients are mobilised within the first week of surgery.
Patients who have had surgery using a modern generation plate are often allowed to mobilise within the first week of surgery. Range of movement rapidly recurs over the first four to six weeks, before strengthening exercises.
Return to activities of daily living
A plaster of Paris causes significant functional problems for the first six weeks, and then post-fracture stiffness can again occur for the next six to eight weeks. However, early operative intervention allows for rapid return to activities of daily living, including driving and return to work.
Distal radial fractures occur into the joint, with a step, and can pre-dispose to osteoarthritis. Distal radial fractures can cause ruptures of the tendons, particularly on the back of a hand. This would cause an inability to fully straighten the fingers. Surgery has its own specific risks. These include infection and hardware problems. However, the more your surgeon performs this type of operation hopefully the lower the specific complication rate becomes. | <urn:uuid:2b6f1190-50d7-404f-82f5-df874e91b9ea> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mikehayton.com/wrist-conditions/wrist-fractures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00143-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945332 | 1,003 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Published October 6, 2010
This post was commissioned as part of a Pulitzer Center/Global Voices Online series on Food Insecurity. These reports draw on multimedia reporting featured on the Pulitzer Gateway to Food Insecurity and bloggers discussing the issues worldwide. Share your own story on food insecurity here.
World leaders from some 140 countries gathered at a United Nations Summit in New York from September 20-22 to discuss the best approaches for achieving eight poverty-reducing goals by 2015, including combating global hunger.
These Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were adopted in 1990 to encourage social and economic development in the world's poorest countries. With only five years left to meet the goals, which range from slashing poverty to improving access to education and health care, the pressure is on.
The first of the goals (MDG 1) deals with poverty and hunger issues, and one of its targets is to halve the global proportion of people suffering from hunger between 1990 and 2015 from 20 to 10 percent. Some say that rapidly reducing hunger is essential for reaching the other MDGs.
Blogging for ONE, a global advocacy project for reducing poverty, Malaka Gharib writes that she appeared on the television show Late Night with Jimmy Fallon during the week of the U.N. summit and realized that most of the audience had never heard of the MDGs. She showed audience members a chart and asked them to choose which goal they found most compelling. Three out of five picked hunger. She quotes:
"Hunter, New Hampshire: "Goal 1. Hunger is something that's been kind of a constant and hasn't been solved yet or made any better than a few years ago. And hunger is not like a disease that can be cured." Liam, New York: "MDG 1. Everybody's gotta eat." Michelle, Canada: "MDG 1. There's enough to go around, so we need to figure out how to distribute food properly."
Hunger has already been reduced from 20 percent in 1990–92 to 16 percent in 2010. Some countries, including Congo, Ghana, Mali, Vietnam, Guyana and Jamaica, have already achieved the hunger target of the goal, and others including China and Brazil are coming close. In September, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said that the number of people who will suffer chronic hunger this year has fallen from last year's record 1.02 billion to 925 million.
In spite of these declines in hunger, however, there are still more undernourished people worldwide now than there were in 1990. The FAO says it will be extremely difficult to achieve the MDG 1 hunger target by 2015.
A report released by the anti-poverty organization ActionAID before the U.N. Summit, revealed that 20 out of 28 poor nations are off track to halving hunger by 2015 and that 12 are actually going backwards. And it's not even the most economically struggling countries that are doing badly ― nearly half of India's children, for instance, are malnourished.
Devinder Sharma, a food and trade policy analyst blogging on Ground Reality, laments India's lack of progress and questions the global hunger statistics.
"By 2010, the world should have removed at least 300 million people from the hunger list. It has however added another 85 million to raise the tally to 925 million. In my understanding, this too is a gross understatement. The horrendous face of hunger is being kept deliberately hidden by lowering the figures. In India, for instance, the [hunger] map shows 238 million people living in hunger. This is certainly incorrect. A new government estimate points to 37.2 per cent of the population living in poverty, which means the hunger tally in India is officially at 450 million. Even this is an understatement."
Several events parallel to the U.N. Summit brought attention to hunger issues. A street protest by ActionAid, for example, raised awareness of the importance of female farmers in alleviating hunger and poverty. Charlie Harris, blogging for Americans for Informed Democracy (AIDemocracy), joined the action and dressed up as a farm animal:
"We were representing the farm animals of women in developing countries, and we were there to advocate on their behalf. Women farmers, if empowered and supported, can help achieve the MDGs. They are closest to those that are living in conditions of poverty and hunger, and have the power to dramatically affect those communities."
On the Summit's second day, a forum called "1,000 Days: Change a Life, Change the Future" highlighted child undernutrition, stressing the importance of proper early feeding in combating extreme hunger and poverty. Tonya Rawe, blogging for the humanitarian organization CARE, says the event gave her hope:
"The nutrition initiative is designed to target what CARE has called the "Window of Opportunity": the crucial first 1,000-day period that includes pregnancy and the first two years of a child's life. This "window of opportunity" is a critical time to address malnutrition head on – to enable a child to have the greatest opportunity for the rest of his or her life. Hunger and malnutrition kill more people than HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis combined. And yet, as I wrote yesterday, our efforts to tackle hunger face great challenges. It can seem daunting – but I'm encouraged."
The Summit's final outcome document provides recommendations for each goal. For MDG 1, the document calls for addressing the root causes of poverty and hunger, pursuing job-intensive and equitable economic growth to promote full employment and promoting the empowerment and participation of rural women. However, some were disappointed that the document didn't really address how governments will increase their efforts to fight hunger. Tony Burkson, a London-based consultant who works with companies in Africa, questioned the value of the MDGs entirely on Africa On the Blog:
"The trend is quite clear, the International Development community and their friends in the NGO [non-governmental organization] world got together to hash out an over ambitious plan which they knew would most likely never be achieved. Every five years they meet to pat each other on the back and come out with the same press releases i.e. we have seen some progress but we are still far off from achieving these goals hence we need more development aid in order to achieve them...Whilst these goals are undoubtedly well intentioned they are just not practical. Different countries have different issues, and to expect more than 100 countries to achieve the same goals in a defined period seems rather simplistic."
Blogging on End the Neglect, Anjana Padmanabhan, the social media manager for the Global Network for Neglected Tropical Diseases, says it was hard to escape the summit's passion. Still, she questions whether that energy will actually translate into action.
"What will happen when the excitement dies down? Will governments keep their financial promises?... Is Oxfam right when they said that the MDG summit was a 'mirage?' It's hard to judge what was really achieved this week, since it seems that much of what was announced was already in the works. We all know one thing. The road to achieving the MDGs will be a difficult one...With only 5 years left, it's hard not to be cynical about what can be reasonably achieved." | <urn:uuid:f2f63957-6b67-4e38-96da-7d82cec05cec> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://pulitzercenter.org/blog/untold-stories/mdg-global-hunger-2015 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963018 | 1,484 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The HOWTO section provides more elaborate explanations of how to use various parts of Perl.
The focus of this section is providing in-depth coverage of a part of Perl. Solutions are provided that illustrate the element of Perl under consideration, rather than being written in the language of the problem itself.
- ¶ Basic Syntax (if, elsif, foreach etc) [ 5 items ]
- ¶ Variables and data structures (arrays, hashes and scalars) [ 1 item ]
- ¶ Perl builtin functions [ 14 items ]
- ¶ Subroutines, methods and functions [ 1 item ]
- ¶ Regular expressions (matching and manipulating text) [ 0 items ]
- ¶ Object Oriented Perl and modules [ 0 items ]
- ¶ Writing secure Perl code (strict mode, taint mode etc) [ 1 item ]
- ¶ Using Perl (dereferencing, interpolation etc) [ 5 items ] | <urn:uuid:5ddeedd4-fc47-4e6d-8564-5abfe7a97586> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.perlmeme.org/howtos/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.749548 | 197 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Students conduct a hands-on experiment designed to demonstrate how continents and oceans formed and why the manner of formation is relevant to a study of volcanoes.
Students explore theories of how the continents and oceans formed (Pangaea and continental drift). Students conduct a hands-on science experiment and record their observations. Students draw logical conclusions based on scientific principles.
Pangaea, volcano, continental drift
- large heatproof container (transparent)
- 1 cup uncooked oatmeal
- graham crackers or wood chips
- food coloring
- heat source
Link to the lesson at Rock My World,
- Background Information
Earth's interior consists of four shells: a thin, brittle crust; a thick mantle that is brittle near the top and more plastic at the depth; and two layers of thick, metallic core. Most Earth scientists believe that the temperature within Earth increases with depth. The lower part of the mantle is hotter and therefore less dense than it is near the top. Because of this, convection cells develop in which hotter, less-dense mantle material sinks. Near the top of the mantle, the convection cells move parallel to the surface, carrying the more brittle crustal (lithospheric) plates with them. In some places, the plates move away from each other (divergent boundaries), and in other places, they move toward each other (convergent boundaries). In some places, they move past each other. The boundary between the two plates is called a tranform fault. The lithosphere (crust) is made up of plates. The plates are large sections of crust and upper mantle. The plates, carrying both oceanic and continental rock, float on the hot upper mantle. The plates come together, separate, and slide past each other, creating regions of volcanic activity, mountain building, and earthquakes.
Fill the container three-quarters full with water, center it on the heat source, and heat until the water simmers, but do not let it boil. Gradually pour oatmeal into the water. (CAUTION: Allow oatmeal to simmer, not boil. Boiling oatmeal can splatter and burn.) Add 1 drop of food coloring to four different areas near the center of the oatmeal. Have students observe the movement of the food coloring and sketch the movement on a lab sheet, using arrows to indicate the paths of food coloring. Sprinkle irregularly broken pieces of graham crackers or wood chips on top of the simmering oatmeal and have students observe and sketch the movement of the pieces, using arrows to indicate their paths.
Ask students: What causes the oatmeal to rise and sink or to move sideways? What causes the graham crackers (wood chips) to move? In what direction(s) did the pieces move when they were directly over the rising oatmeal? What do the oatmeal, graham crackers, and the heat source represent in an actual convection cell?
Evaluate students on their sketches and their responses to the discussion questions.
Lesson Plan Source
Pamala Rives Eakin | <urn:uuid:71ddfe81-1e70-4865-825a-8ff0e2cbe820> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/00-2/lp2036.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00084-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895965 | 634 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Observations by NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft show a comparison of wintertime (left) and summertime (right) views of the north polar region of Mars in intermediate-energy, or epithermal, neutrons. The maps are based on data from the high-energy neutron detector, an instrument in Odyssey's gamma-ray spectrometer suite. Soil enriched by hydrogen is indicated by the purple and deep blue colors on the maps. Progressively smaller amounts of hydrogen are shown in the colors light blue, green, yellow and red. The hydrogen is believed to be in the form of water ice. In some areas, the abundance of water ice is estimated to be up to 90% by volume. In winter, much of the hydrogen is hidden beneath a layer of carbon dioxide frost (dry ice). In the summer, the hydrogen is revealed because the carbon dioxide frost has dissipated. A shaded-relief rendition of topography is superimposed on these maps for geographic reference.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the 2001 Mars Odyssey mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. Investigators at Arizona State University in Tempe, the University of Arizona in Tucson, and NASA's Johnson Space Center, Houston, operate the science instruments. The gamma-ray spectrometer was provided by the University of Arizona in collaboration with the Russian Aviation and Space Agency and Institute for Space Research (IKI), which provided the high-energy neutron detector, and the Los Alamos National Laboratories, New Mexico, which provided the neutron spectrometer. Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, is the prime contractor for the project, and developed and built the orbiter. Mission operations are conducted jointly from Lockheed Martin and from JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. | <urn:uuid:dbf19dac-f17c-4269-9a64-23fb478527b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA04596 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897336 | 366 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Other Common Names
Green Oak Caterpillar Moth
Synonyms and other taxonomic changes
Nadata gibbosa (J.E. Smith)
Orig. Comb: Phalaena gibbosa J.E. Smith 1797
* phylogenetic sequence #930046
Explanation of Names
gibb - Latin for humped (1)
Probably a reference to the humped throax:
species are found in America north of Mexico.(2)(3)
Adult: Rusty color, yellow lines on forewing, pair of white dots in reniform spot
although certain individuals may have one or both spots reduced or completely absent
Larva: Stout, pale green body with enlarged head and faint subdorsal stripe, and yellow-rimmed anal plate. Mandibles (jaws) bright yellow with black tips.
e. N. Amer., West Coast states, and scattered Rocky Mtn records - Map
Deciduous forests and edges
Adults: April-October, two or three broods in southern part of range (4)
Mature Caterpillars: May through November (4)
Principally oak and other Fagaceae, but also reported from alder, birch, cherry, chestnut, maple, plum, rose and willow. (4)
larval posture assumed when threatened:
Life cycle images:
early instar larva, larva attached to oak leaf with silk, later instar larva, late instar larva, pupa, adult
found from central California to Washington and the two species do overlap.
Lafontaine J.D., and B.C. Schmidt 2010. Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America North of Mexico. (2)
Covell, p. 330, plate 43 #14 (5)
Smith, J.E., & J. Abbot. 1797. The Natural History of the rarer lepidopterous insects of Georgia. 2 vols. J. Edwards; Cadell and Davies; J. White, London. 214 pp. 104 pl.
Moth Photographers Group
- range map, larvae, living and pinned adults. | <urn:uuid:bdd64788-62da-462a-94d5-3cf213edfb57> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bugguide.net/node/view/425 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.800108 | 472 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Avoid Foodborne Illness when Traveling Abroad
by Robin Woo, FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Traveling to other countries – and staying healthy – requires planning, preparation, self-discipline, and vigilance.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspects international facilities that make FDA-regulated products to ensure that those products are safe for consumers. So some FDA staffers travel a lot. Here are some precautions they take to keep from getting sick during a trip.
Before You Go
Research. Learn where to find reliable medical care at your destination. Good resources include:
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Travelers' Health1
- The CIA World Fact Book23
- U.S. Department of State Travel Information4
While in Developing Countries
Avoid tap water. This includes water from the tap and beverages with ice. Don’t drink when brushing your teeth or bathing. In developing countries, water may be contaminated by bacteria, parasites, and viruses that cause hepatitis, cholera, and typhoid fever. Even a small amount of contaminated water can make you ill.
Drink safe beverages.
- Boiled water – One minute of boiling should adequately disinfect most water, but boiling water for 3 minutes is recommended.
- Treated water – Commercial iodine or chlorine tablets provide substantial protection if used according to directions.
- Beverages made with boiled water and served steaming hot (such as tea and coffee).
- Bottled water or canned beverages. Because water on the outside of cans and bottles may be contaminated, they should be wiped clean and dried before being opened.
Water contaminated with fuel or toxic chemicals will not be made safe by boiling or disinfection; travelers should use a different source of water if they suspect this type of contamination.
Avoid raw fruits and vegetables. This includes salads and uncooked vegetables. These may be contaminated or may have been rinsed with unsafe water. Eat only food that has been cooked and is still hot, or fruit that you know has been washed in safe water and you have peeled yourself.
Other foods to avoid include:
- Raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs
- Unpasteurized milk and milk products, especially soft cheeses
- Prepared food that has been left unrefrigerated for several hours, especially food containing meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products
- Food prepared by street vendors
Eat safe foods.
- Thoroughly cooked fruits and vegetables
- Fruits with a thick covering (citrus fruits, bananas, and melons) that have been washed in safe water and that you peel yourself
- Thoroughly cooked meat, poultry, eggs, and fish
- Dairy products from large commercial dairies, such as ultra-pasteurized (shelf-ready) milk or hard cheeses
If you get sick
Remember that adequate fluid intake is essential to preventing dehydration. So it’s important to keep drinking safe water even if you have diarrhea. The most common cause of “Travelers' Diarrhea” can be treated with over-the-counter products, used according to directions. Effective drugs that control the frequency of diarrhea include Lomotil, lomodium, and Kaopectate. Find reliable medical help if you have severe abdominal cramps or pain, high fever, blood or mucus in your stool, and/or severe dehydration.
Don't use EnteroVioform. This drug, widely distributed abroad for treating diarrhea, has been linked to nervous system complications. | <urn:uuid:8a316992-46a7-4b7c-855c-b698fdf46993> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://www.foodsafety.gov/blog/international_travel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942374 | 737 | 3.25 | 3 |
Make a teepee for your garden and your kids, for free. (instead of buying one for over $200.)
It's a great place to grow climbing plants, and a great place for the kids to hang out.
We've also noticed birds perching ontop of the teepee, which is fun to watch.
You will need:
Twine, rope, or yarn.
Climbing plants: Squash, pumpkins, peas, beans, etc.
A willing Toddler.
A white canvas drop cloth. (optional)
Paint and sharpies (optional)
Step 1: Gather Sticks
Gather some sticks. We have very large pine trees with dead bottom branches. We pulled them down to use them. We also used sticks that had already fallen, and a few small trees of an invasive species that we cut down. For the teepee we made, the sticks are about 8 feet long for the main structure. You will need at least three. Sticks with a v on one end make things easier. You can cut longer branches to be the right size. | <urn:uuid:14248f64-a505-4c96-b6d0-278a4ecdffd1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.instructables.com/id/How-To-Build-A-Teepee/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938189 | 229 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Definition: 'Esophageal (nerve) Plexus'
esophageal (nerve) plexusType: Term
1. one of two nerve plexuses, posterior and anterior on the walls of the esophagus; the first is formed by branches from the right vagus and left recurrent, the second by the anastomosing trunks of the vagus after leaving the pulmonary plexuses; branches supply the mucous and muscular coats of the esophagus.
The definition information for esophageal (nerve) plexus is provided by Stedman's. You can search our medical dictionary here. | <urn:uuid:02c98c88-d2ce-45df-9fb2-25109586d1ba> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=69830 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00178-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.823732 | 135 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Structural Biologists at UVA seek to acquire a thorough understanding of biological function by gaining a detailed knowledge of the structure of the macromolecules that comprise the machinery of life.
Students interested in Structural Biology pursue research designed to determine the 3D structures of proteins and nucleic acids using a variety of methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, x-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Through the use of these different structural methodologies, we are able to gain unique and complementary information about the structure of macromolecules. These structures, in turn, provide important insights into the molecular basis of function and provide a framework for the design of experiments to address biological processes involving the macromolecules under investigation. Structures of medically relevant targets can also play a critical role in accelerating the process of drug design through the use of structure-based lead compound discovery.
Structural biology laboratories at the University of Virginia have established strengths in integral membrane proteins, structural genomics, cell signaling factors, as well as macromolecular assemblies such virus particles and filaments. | <urn:uuid:0a82c295-f5f4-4d22-b6c3-2e94812fa0b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://bims.virginia.edu/research-discipline/structural-biology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00179-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.895724 | 228 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Update: After more time observing pillars of light in the sky Thursday night, amateur astronomer Damian Allis said he now believes the phenomenon was caused by ice crystals, not the aurora borealis as he first believed.
"It was too localized to be the northern lights," Allis said Friday. -- 8 p.m.
Syracuse, NY -- Pillars of light soared high into the sky tonight over Syracuse, bringing the brightest display of nighttime color seen in a decade or more, two amateur astronomers said.
"I've never seen it like this: pillars of orangish to greenish to yellow-blue light," said Damian Allis, president of the Syracuse Astronomical Society.
The aurora borealis, or northern lights, caused the unusual display, Allis said.
A hydrometeorologist at the National Weather Service in Binghamton said the lights were not beaming onto the Southern Tier. Mitch Gilt said the phenomenon sounded like the northern lights, but could also be light reflecting off ice crystals.
"It could be either, but with the color, it sounds like aurora," Gilt said.
The lights are seen when particles from the sun hit the magnetosphere outside of Earth's atmosphere and interact with particles there. There is no pattern to when the lights appear, said Raymond Dague, a lawyer who runs the astronomical society's observatory in Tully.
"It's nice to have a clear sky," Dague said. "It's a very spectacular display." | <urn:uuid:3471d02b-4f16-41aa-a681-25f88397f033> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2008/02/pillars_of_light_illuminate_sk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950553 | 312 | 2.796875 | 3 |
UPDATE: I AM INFORMED THAT THE MATERIAL REPORTED BY EURACTIV AND REPRODUCED BELOW IS COMPREHENSIVELY WRONG. APPARENTLY MR. SAWYER IS NOT A CONTRIBUTOR TO THE IPCC AND THE REPORT DOES NOT DISCUSS NUCLEAR POWER. I HAVE UPDATED THIS POST ACCORDINGLY. THE EURACTIV NEWS STORY POSTED UP YESTERDAY REMAINS IN ERROR.
Just about everything in the following Euractiv news story is incorrect:
. . . Steve Sawyer, who contributed a chapter to an upcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) special report on managing climate disasters, which will be published in May. . .
According to Sawyer, the forthcoming IPCC report will reveal that carbon emissions from nuclear power facilities clock up between 100 and 200 grams of carbon emissions per kilowatt hour (kWh). 'Clean' gas emits around 350 grams of carbon per kilowatt hour.
But wind turbines emit no carbon when producing electricity.
One life-cycle assessment of the Vestas V90-3.0MW onshore turbine – which includes the manufacture of components – found that even here, only 4.64 grams of CO2 per kWh were created.
"Nuclear power is generally the most expensive, complicated and dangerous means ever devised by human beings to boil water," Sawyer said, summing up the anti-nuclear argument.
"Why anyone would want to use it to generate electricity is beyond me, unless they were interested - as most European states were in the early days of nuclear history - in what comes out the other end, which is fissionable material for nuclear weapons," he added. | <urn:uuid:192cd7cb-3084-4337-98b8-5973f3192b08> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://rogerpielkejr.blogspot.co.uk/2011/03/ipcc-and-conflicts-of-interest.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917197 | 353 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A mountain range (the highest point of which is Gunong Tahan, 7,186 ft/2,190 m, in Malaysia) forms the backbone of the peninsula; from it numerous short, swift rivers flow east and west. More than half of the land surface is covered with tropical rain forest; the only open areas, aside from clearings made for settlement and agriculture, are the alluvial plains of the west-central portion of the peninsula and stretches along the rivers. The region is one of the richest of the world in the production of tin and rubber; other products include timber, copra and coconut oil, palm oil, tapioca, peanuts, pineapples, and bananas. Rice is the chief foodstuff.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:a88bfa53-afe7-46b9-bc34-b04770db5397> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/world/malay-peninsula.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00049-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920647 | 171 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Over the course of this week, you've probably heard at least a little about the controversy surrounding a mistake in the IPCC's 4th Assessment Report from 2007. Short version: The Working Group II section, which covers observed and projected impacts of climate change, states that Himalayan glaciers are "very likely" to disappear by 2035. Glaciologists say that's bogus. And the IPCC report, itself, sources the claim to a position paper put out by the World Wildlife Fund, rather than any peer-reviewed research. The error was first pointed out by scientists within the climate research community. As of yesterday, the IPCC has apologized, and is reviewing how such a sketchily sourced factoid made it into the final report.
So what should you take away from this incident? Two things:
It's a mistake. But mistakes happen, and this really isn't even a big one.
Climate science is science, not a religion. It makes no claim to infallibility. In fact, the whole thing with science, in general, is that it assumes mistakes will happen. Systems like peer review exist to catch those mistakes. Standards, like reproducibility and independent verification, push our knowledge, over time, closer to the truth. The basic facts about climate science—that climate change is happening and that human activities are the most likely cause—don't stand and fall on single sources. They're based on hundreds of peer-reviewed papers that, combined, lead to a robust conclusion. That's different from this claim, which was based on one source, and a flimsy one at that. It shouldn't have made it into the IPCC report. There are some critics who say there are other, similar, mistakes going on in Working Group II. But neither of those things undermines the real science.
It's also worth pointing out that the Himalayan glaciers really are retreating, just not so very fast.
The real problem lies in how the IPCC responded to criticism
While the mistake doesn't undermine the well-sourced facts about climate change, the way it was handled does undermine public confidence in those well-sourced facts. And that's a big problem. A scientist who reviewed the Working Group II report says he spotted the mistake before publication, and was ignored. A scientist who pointed out the mistake after publication, in a report prepared for the Indian government, was publicly criticized as a practitioner of "voodoo science" by IPCC chairman Rajendra K. Pachauri.
It's not OK that it took resounding pressure by the scientific community and the press in order to get this addressed.
Climate scientists have to deal with a whole lot of crap. Most of the time, that crap is about as well-sourced as this glacier claim. So it is, on one level, understandable that some scientists have developed a knee-jerk "circle the wagons" response to criticism. But that response is very, very bad when it starts being applied to any criticism. The Internet can't make us all armchair experts, so we have to rely on the people who really are experts to tell us what's going on—and we have to be able to trust them to self correct. The experts did that here, but they did it in a way that—to the average layman—made it look like they're more interested in being "right" than being accurate. That can't happen when there's so much at stake.
Where'd this all come from? Check out my IPCC Glacier Controversy reading list:
- New York Times: Climate Science Panel Apologizes For Himalayan Error
- Climate Progress: Memo to IPCC
- New Scientist: Debate Heats Up Over IPCC Melting Glaciers Claim
- Brave New Climate: Real Holes In Science
- The Green Skeptic: IPCC Sucker-punches Itself Again
- The New York Times: U.N. Panel's Glacier Warning Criticized as Exaggerated
- Agence France Presse: UN Climate Report: Scientist warned glacier forecast was wrong
- BBC: UN Body Admits Mistake on Himalayan Glaciers
- Roger Pielke Jr.'s Blog: A Primer on Egregious Errors in IPCC Working Group II on Disasters
- Real Climate: The IPCC Is Not Infallible (Shock!)
- Treehugger: IPCC Reviewing Disputed Glaciers Gone By 2035 Claim ... Will This Now Be Understated, Too?
- NYT Dot Earth Blog: Heat Over Panel's View of Asian Ice
- The New York Times: Glaciers in Retreat
- Thaindian News: Pachauri Calls Indian Govt. Report "Voodoo Science"
- More Insight on Those Leaked Climate Change Emails Boing Boing
- Hacked climate scientists' emails in context - Boing Boing
- Climate Change: Countering the Contrarians Boing Boing
- Scientist explains why climate scientists talk trash Boing Boing
- Energy Literacy 4. How to gauge whether your politicians are ... | <urn:uuid:fc3877a9-c469-4e23-9c34-9a2488473ec6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://boingboing.net/2010/01/22/news-in-summary-the.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953933 | 1,034 | 2.78125 | 3 |
- Historic Sites
Moment Of Dawn
April 1961 | Volume 12, Issue 3
And so, of course, did Christopher Columbus. This greatest and most fascinating of all explorers went looking for a short cut to the East and found instead the infinite West; and although he never quite realized what he had done—the enormous dimensions of his achievement were in fact too big for any of his contemporaries to grasp—he was very well aware that he had sailed out of one era and into another, and that nothing again would ever be quite the same. He compelled men to remake all of their maps, a process which would last for four centuries and more, and the business changed the mapmakers as much as it changed the maps. Mankind behaves differently when the world grows larger. It finds new capacities and develops the urge to use them.
Naturally, it is impossible for anyone today to know precisely what was in Columbus’ mind when he made that first voyage. Yet it is not altogether a mystery, for the man did keep a journal, and although this has not survived, we do have an abstract made by the Dominican Bartolomé de las Casas, who appears to have consulted the original and to have copied certain parts of it. Las Casas introduced some material of his own, for which he was later criticized, but by and large his manuscript is accepted as being fairly faithful to the spirit of Columbus’ own work; and an excellent edition of The Journal of Christopher Columbus , translated by Cecil Jane, with a foreword by L. A. Vigneras and an appendix by R. A. Skelton, has recently been published.
Out of these jottings we can at least see that as he sailed from island to island on the far side of the ocean, Columbus was forever bemused by a sense of wonder. The entries in his log become lyrical; over and over he assures the King and Queen of Spain (to whom he delivered his log book, on his return to Spain) that no one who was not actually present could understand how marvelous it all was.
“There are fish here,” Columbus writes, “so unlike ours that it is a marvel … and the colors are so fine that no man would not wonder at them or be anything but delighted to see them.” And again: “I walked among the trees, and they were the loveliest sight I have yet seen … and all the trees are as different from ours as night is from day, and so is the fruit and the grasses and the stones and everything else. … Your Highnesses may believe that this is the best and most fertile and temperate and level and good land that there is in the world.”
In places Las Casas summarizes what Columbus wrote instead of making a direct copy, and the same boundless enthusiasm comes through: “The admiral says that he had never seen anything so beautiful. All the neighborhood of the river was full of trees, lovely and green, and different from ours, each one with flowers and fruit after its kind.” The people who lived on these islands seemed to Columbus to have come unstained from creation’s dawn: “They are … a people very free from wickedness, and unwarlike … they are very gentle and do not know what it is to be wicked, or to kill others, or to steal.” The conquistadors who followed Columbus would give these luckless folk a liberal education in some of these matters, but in the hour of discovery Columbus certainly understood that he had entered a new world, even though he believed it to be part of Japan or China.
The very word “wonder” appears over and over, even where Las Casas is departing from the text of the original. Columbus, says Las Casas at one point, tells his sovereigns that “they must not wonder that he praises all so much, because he assures them that he believes he has not said the hundredth part. … Finally he says that if he who has seen it feels so great wonder, how much more wonderful will it be to one who hears of it, and that no one will be able to believe it if he has not seen it.”
The Journal of Christopher Columbus , translated by Cecil Jane, with a foreword by L. A. Vigneras and an appendix by R. A. Skelton. Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. 227 pp. $7.50.
It is no mere figure of speech to say that the age of wonder developed when the great discoveries were made. The wonder brought desire, and the two together generated an incalculable energy; Western man acquired a profound certainty in his own destiny, and went on to become (for a time at least) master of all the world. It began then. Where did it end? | <urn:uuid:d175425a-fd29-4d9b-9e38-aa6a414c999f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.americanheritage.com/content/moment-dawn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982798 | 1,005 | 3 | 3 |
An example of emphatic is the response of children when asked if they want ice cream.
- expressed, felt, or done with emphasis
- using emphasis in speaking, expressing, etc.
- very striking; forcible; definite: an emphatic defeat
- Gram. designating or of a present tense or past tense in which a form of do is used as an auxiliary for emphasis (Ex.: I do care, we did go)
Origin of emphaticClassical Greek emphatikos
- Expressed or performed with emphasis: responded with an emphatic “no.”
- Forceful and definite in expression or action.
- Standing out in a striking and clearly defined way.
- Linguistics Pharyngealized, velarized, or ejective. Used of consonants in Semitic languages.
Origin of emphaticMedieval Latin emphaticus, from Greek emphatikos, from emphainein, to exhibit, display; see emphasis.
(comparative more emphatic, superlative most emphatic)
- (phonology) an emphatic consonant
From Ancient Greek ἐμφατικός (emphatikos, “emphatic”), from Ancient Greek ἔμφασις (emphasis) (English emphasis), from ἐμφαίνω (emphainō, “I show, present”), from ἐν (en, “in”) + φαίνω (phainō, “I shine, show”). | <urn:uuid:8b3015db-2718-431e-b76b-22b4d71ce575> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.yourdictionary.com/emphatic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00006-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.845081 | 349 | 3.609375 | 4 |
BIRMINGHAM, Ala. - The age-old maxim "Eat breakfast like a king, lunch like a prince and dinner like a pauper" may in fact be the best advice to follow to prevent metabolic syndrome, according to a new University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) study.
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, insulin resistance and other cardiovascular disease-risk factors.
The study, published online March 30 in the International Journal of Obesity, examined the influence exerted by the type of foods and specific timing of intake on the development of metabolic syndrome characteristics in mice. The UAB research revealed that mice fed a meal higher in fat after waking had normal metabolic profiles. In contrast, mice that ate a more carbohydrate-rich diet in the morning and consumed a high-fat meal at the end of the day saw increased weight gain, adiposity, glucose intolerance and other markers of the metabolic syndrome.
"Studies have looked at the type and quantity of food intake, but nobody has undertaken the question of whether the timing of what you eat and when you eat it influences body weight, even though we know sleep and altered circadian rhythms influence body weight," said the study's lead author Molly Bray, Ph.D., professor of epidemiology in the UAB School of Public Health.
Bray said the research team found that fat intake at the time of waking seems to turn on fat metabolism very efficiently and also turns on the animal's ability to respond to different types of food later in the day. When the animals were fed carbohydrates upon waking, carbohydrate metabolism was turned on and seemed to stay on even when the animal was eating different kinds of food later in the day.
"The first meal you have appears to program your metabolism for the rest of the day," said study senior author Martin Young, Ph.D., associate professor of medicine in the UAB Division of Cardiovascular Disease. "This study suggests that if you ate a carbohydrate-rich breakfast it would promote carbohydrate utilization throughout the rest of the day, whereas, if you have a fat-rich breakfast, you have metabolic plasticity to transfer your energy utilization between carbohydrate and fat."
Bray and Young said the implications of this research are important for human dietary recommendations. Humans rarely eat a uniform diet throughout the day and need the ability to respond to alterations in diet quality. Adjusting dietary composition of a given meal is an important component in energy balance, and they said their findings suggest that recommendations for weight reduction and/or maintenance should include information about the timing of dietary intake plus the quality and quantity of intake.
"Humans eat a mixed diet, and our study, which we have repeated four times in animals, seems to show that if you really want to be able to efficiently respond to mixed meals across a day then a meal in higher fat content in the morning is a good thing," Bray said. "Another important component of our study is that, at the end of the day, the mice ate a low-caloric density meal, and we think that combination is key to the health benefits we've seen."
Bray and Young said further research needs to test whether similar observations are made with different types of dietary fats and carbohydrates, and it needs to be tested in humans to see if the findings are similar between rodents and humans.
"We're also working on a study right now to determine if these feeding regimens adversely affect heart function," Young said.
About the UAB School of Public Health
The UAB School of Public Health is a community of scholars and professionals working and teaching in varied arenas of public health with the goal of fostering research and best practices crucial to the health of the United States and its peoples. The school offers more than 20 areas of study and manages dozens of research and community-service centers.
About the UAB Division of Cardiovascular Disease
The UAB Division of Cardiovascular Disease emphasizes excellence in patient care, teaching plus basic and clinical research. Clinical research is closely associated with individual clinical cardiology services and encompasses a variety of opportunities and interactions with faculty associated with numerous large federal- and industry-supported clinical trials.
EDITOR'S NOTE: The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is a separate, independent institution from the University of Alabama, which is located in Tuscaloosa. Please use University of Alabama at Birmingham on first reference and UAB on all consecutive references. | <urn:uuid:045f06a5-5f96-4d85-8b92-22d4254d1e32> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-03/uoaa-bob033010.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00073-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958612 | 896 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Simple Definition of eligible
: able to be chosen for something : able to do or receive something
: suitable and desirable for marriage
Examples of eligible in a sentence
… more than six years since the fall of the Taliban, fewer than 30% of eligible girls are enrolled in schools, and the infrastructure is so poor that only a tiny fraction are likely to get the education they need to enjoy the fruits of emancipation. —Aryn Baker, Time, 28 Jan. 2008
She wanted to start her own family. She was twenty-six and without prospects. At church her mother prayed, and at Crystal Nail, where she lacquered and lengthened, her mother asked customers about eligible young men. She kept Li En's graduation photo mounted in the right corner of her mirror, so that every customer would see her daughter, diploma in hand. —Max Apple, Atlantic, November 2003
I'd like to join but I'm not eligible yet.
Origin and Etymology of eligible
Middle English, from Late Latin eligibilis, from Latin eligere to choose — more at elect
First Known Use: 15th century
ELIGIBLE Defined for Kids
Definition of eligible for Students
: qualified to be chosen, to participate, or to receive <You're eligible for a loan.>
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up eligible? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible). | <urn:uuid:26afa74f-92d9-4c8d-9b0f-14e92cbfc963> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eligibility | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00148-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957306 | 299 | 2.859375 | 3 |
To defend the faith we must be equipped to demonstrate that the Bible is divine rather than human in origin. When we can successfully accomplish this, we can answer a host of other objections by appealing to Scripture.
To begin with, the Bible has stronger manuscript support than any other work of classical history— including Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Caesar, and Tacitus. Equally amazing is the fact that the Bible has been virtually unaltered since the original writing, as is attested by scholars who have compared the earliest extant manuscripts with manuscripts written centuries later. Additionally, the reliability of the Bible is affirmed by the testimony of its authors, who were eyewitnesses—or close associates of eyewitnesses—to the recorded events, and by secular historians who confirm the many events, people, places, and customs chronicled in Scripture.
Furthermore, archaeology is a powerful witness to the accuracy of the New Testament documents. Repeatedly, comprehensive archaeological fieldwork and careful biblical interpretation affirm the reliability of the Bible. For example, recent archaeological finds have corroborated biblical details surrounding the trial that led to the fatal torment of Jesus Christ—including Pontius Pilate, who ordered Christ’s crucifixion, as well as Caiaphas, the high priest who presided over the religious trials of Christ. It is telling when secular scholars must revise their biblical criticisms in light of solid archaeological evidence.
Finally, the Bible records predictions of events that could not be known nor predicted by chance or common sense. For example, the book of Daniel (written before 530 BC) accurately predicts the progression of kingdoms from Babylon through the Median and Persian empires to the further persecution and suffering of the Jews under Antiochus IV Epiphanes with his desecration of the temple, his untimely death, and freedom for the Jews under Judas Maccabeus (165 BC). It is statistically preposterous that any or all of the Bible’s specific, detailed prophecies could have been fulfilled through chance, good guessing, or deliberate deceit.
For further study, see Lee Strobel, The Case for Christ: A Journalist‘s Personal Investigation of the Evidence for Jesus (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998).
“All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking,
correcting and training in righteousness.”
2 Timothy 3:16 | <urn:uuid:ab6280fd-d4f4-4f78-b800-e7cf0af95567> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.equip.org/bible_answers/how-do-we-know-that-the-bible-is-divine-in-origin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00071-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945801 | 487 | 3.0625 | 3 |
William Foxwell Albright (1891-1971) was Professor of Semitic Languages at John Hopkins University (1929-58), and directed the American School of Oriental Research, Jerusalem (1920-29 and 1933-6). As an outstanding and prolific scholar and archaeologist, he was a huge influence in his field and dominated the field of biblical archaeology in his time. This book was originally delivered as a set of lectures in 1941, but was updated until 1953, and has stood the test of time very well indeed. It repays careful reading to this day, and is easily available in libraries and secondhand. It demonstrates Albright's skill in bringing together the bible texts, archaeological findings, history, languages, and religion of Israel and the Canaanites.
The chapters are: 1) Archaeology and the Ancient Near Eastern Mind; 2) Arch. background of OT religion; 3) Arch. and the Religion of the Canaanites; 4) Arch. and the Religion of Early Israel; 5) Arch. and the Religion of Later Israel; Postscript. He demonstrates his huge knowledgebase and ability to integrate disparate types of information and arguments with flair. His unusually lucid and concise style, his 'take no prisoners' style of argument, and bone-crunching condemnations of 'hypercritical' scholars explain why he was so dominant in his day, and why he many ruffled feathers. The postscript contains his much-quoted statement: 'There can be no doubt that archaeology has confirmed the substantial historicity of the Old Testament tradition.' When you feel the strength of his argument, you tend to agree.
The review of this Book prepared by Michael JR Jose | <urn:uuid:b719f6e1-203d-4cb3-8103-3b90cc76c167> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://allreaders.com/book-review-summary/archaeology-and-the-religion-of-israel-14103 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00119-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957788 | 342 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In aerospace, wire insert applications have ranged from heat sinks and electronic chassis to satellite connectors, circuit board clamps, and avionics box enclosures.
To encompass the widest range of use, the wire inserts are available in standard sizes from #2-56 through 7/16-20 in tanged or tang-free Drive Notch, and from M3 through M16 in tanged only. The tang-free Drive Notch wire inserts conform to NAS1130 dimensionally, but the internal thread form has this patented thread profile.
The inserts are made of stainless steel. If a hole were tapped into a soft material, that hole would be able to withstand a certain amount of installs before the threads started to shear and gall. If the hole were tapped in aluminum, that thread would have a strength of about 30psi. A wire insert made of 300 series stainless steel has a strength of 200ksi, which is a vast difference and greatly diminishes any concern about these threads ever galling or shearing.
Spiralock tapped holes are used in the gas turbine engine in this BMG-109 Tomahawk missile.
This self-locking fastener has been validated in published test studies at leading institutions, including MIT, the Goddard Space Flight Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and British Aerospace. It has been used in extreme fastening applications with virtually no chance of recall, from the main engines of NASA's space shuttle to the Saturn Cassini orbiter and the Titan Huygens probe.
The self-locking fastener's ability to retain clamp load under extreme shock, vibration, and temperature with less weight, complexity, and maintenance makes it a natural choice for aerospace. It retains clamp load even with exotic materials, such as composites and titanium, which is important in reducing component weight.
NASA was among the first to deploy this thread when designing the main engines of the shuttle orbiter. Each of the three main engines developed 400,000 pounds of thrust and terrific vibration. But the space agency also wanted a 15-cycle reuse capability per fastener. In its own testing, NASA determined the fasteners in holes threaded with this unique thread form did not back off or loosen when subjected to 10 times the shuttle-specified vibrations, and they stayed that way 10 times longer than called for. These tests found that the wedge-ramp-thread fasteners delivered 50 uses with no loss of clamp load. Every shuttle carried no fewer than 757 of these fasteners.
For the Cassini-Huygens mission across 750 million miles of space, NASA used this thread form to resist vibration and temperature-induced thread loosening on mass spectrometer instrumentation to measure the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. A total of several hundred fasteners in the Cassini orbiter and the Huygens probe had to maintain vacuum-tight sealed cavities from final assembly and testing through launch until the end of the seven-year mission.
Robert Farhat is an aerospace technical sales engineer for Spiralock. | <urn:uuid:2777d063-1f65-4a0a-a593-90046f790106> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.designnews.com/author.asp?section_id=1365&itc=dn_analysis_element&doc_id=255996&page_number=3&piddl_msgorder= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00071-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929676 | 619 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Radius of a Circle Inscribed in a Triangle
Date: 06/02/99 at 19:51:38 From: Michael Subject: Radius of an inscribed circle There is a drawing of a right triangle with sides of lengths 3, 4, and 5. A circle is inscribed in the triangle so that each side is tangent to the circle. The question is: What is the radius of an inscribed circle of a triangle with sides 3, 4, and 5? I have tried a few different methods, none of which seems to work. What should I do?
Date: 06/03/99 at 08:03:23 From: Doctor Floor Subject: Re: Radius of an inscribed circle Hi, Michael, Thanks for your question! Let's consider the general situation of a right triangle: B | \ | Z I is the center of the inscribed circle. X I \ X,Y and Z are the points where the inscribed | \ circle meets the sides, so XI = YI = ZI = r. C---Y----------A I write a = BC (length), b = AC and c = AB. We know that area(ABC) = 0.5*a*b .......................... Also area(ABC) = area(ABI) + area(CIA) + area(BCI) = 0.5*r*a + 0.5*r*b + 0.5*r*c = 0.5*r*(a+b+c) .......................... From = we find the formula: r = a*b/(a+b+c). I suppose you can do the rest yourself now. I hope this helps you out. Best regards, - Doctor Floor, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
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Future of the Forest
Part A: Migration of the Trees
Plants, including trees, do not truly migrate, rather they disperse their seeds, which, given optimal growing conditions, can take root in new locations. This form of migration is slow, and limited by natural variability such as the wind direction or other transport mechanisms such as birds. The question many plant biologists have is whether or not the plants will be able to adapt or move as rapidly as needed to survive in the changing climate.
Get a sense how much the temperature may increase
Next, on the left, under Future Climate Model, us the pulldown menus to select the High A2 "Emission Scenario" and the "Ensemble Highest" General Circulation Model. Set the Time Period to Mid Century (2050s), and choose Map of Change. Select the Average Temperature measurement.
Once you have observed the changes in the time period 2050, change the time period to the 2080s.
Consider the changes in your own home region
Use one of the tools introduced on this page to zoom into your home state, region, or city, and see the past and predicted future changes in temperature. You can also change the map type to precipitation and explore the changes in precipitation in your hometown, across the United States, or globally.
DiscussPut climate change in perspective by considering the following:
How old will you be in 2050, 2080?
How much will the temperature in most of the United States have changed by 2080?
Give several examples of how the increase in average temperature or precipitation could impact your daily life.
Learn more about the needs of the sugar maple (Acer Sacchrum) treeNow that you have seen the changes in temperature for this time period, recall the needs of the sugar maple by reading this page Silva Culture Information – Maple Sugar tree. Use the information in the publication to answer the Stop and Think questions below.
Stop and Think
- What is the native range of the sugar maple? (see the map in the article)
- According to the publication, what is the optimum temperature for germination? Scroll down the page to where it discusses germination, under the heading "Seed Production and Dissemination," to find this information.
- What happened to the Maple seed crop in Wisconsin in the winter and spring of 1977-1978?
- Based on the outcome of this event, what do you predict will happen to the germination success for trees in the next 40-70 years?
Migration of the trees
Next, view the graphic, below, from U.S. Climate Program office (globalchange.gov) showing the distribution of tree species in the recent past and in the projected future. Find the Maple-Beech-Birch forest in the graphic.
After you have viewed the change for the entire eastern United States, examine the trees of the Northeast featured in the graphic below. The species are again color-coded. Note the present location and the potential future locations under each of the two emissions scenarios. What happens to the range of the sugar maple (and Maple-Beech-Birch forest) in each case?
Investigate tree migration with the U.S. Forest Service's Tree Atlas
Investigate the potential changes in tree (and bird) habitat using the U.S. Forest Service's Climate Change Atlas. On the Atlas homepage, read the introductory paragraph, describing the Atlas, and then access the interactive Atlas website either from the homepage or by clicking this link: U.S. Forest Service's Tree Atlas
Once there, choose a tree species of interest, either by common name or by scientific name. On the next page that opens, click the button Abundance Change Maps, under Modeled Future Habitat. Select the Average of 3 GCM's - High to compare with the current FIA (Forest Inventory Analysis). On the maps, the color key shows the abundance of the tree species while the blue line is the boundary of the potential range of the species. Explore several species of interest, including the sugar maple.
- Access the U.S.Forest Service's Tree Atlas
- Choose a tree species of interest, either by common name or by scientific name.
- On the next page that opens, click the button Abundance Change Maps, under Modeled Future Habitat.
- Select the Average of 3 GCM's - High to compare with the current FIA (Forest Inventory Analysis). On the maps, the color key shows the abundance of the tree species while the blue line is the boundary of the potential range of the species (in other words, where it could possibly survive based on climate projections and soil type). Explore several species of interest, including the Sugar Maple.
Generalize to other plants
Go to the Interactive Hardiness Zone Map website and observe the graphic that shows the USDA plant hardiness zones in 1990 and 2012. Use the slider on the page, to flip between the two maps.
Stop and Think
5. Now that you have explored climate factors, explain how climate zones are used to make hardiness zone maps and why the USDA revised the hardiness zone map in 2006 and again in 2011. How do you think climate change will change the types of plants growing in your neighborhood?
6. What types of impacts could a change in the tree species have on other life in the forest, for example, insects or birds?
How do we know what we know?
What do trees and bees have in common? Pollen. NASA satellites have observed a change in the timing of spring "green-up" over the past few decades indicating a warmer climate. In order to confirm the change in plant life, scientists such as Wayne Esaias, are now studying changes in the timing of honey bee honey production.
Watch this short NASA video (5 minute) and read more about scientists are studying climate change and its impact on plants, pollen, and honey bees.
- Read about the impact of climate change on America's favorite food: peanut butter. Climate and Peanut Butter
- Read more about the impact of climate change on agriculture in the United States. U.S. Climate Impacts by Sector: Agriculture (also available as a downloadable PDF file).
- Read this recent (June 25, 2011) NOAA report: The New Climate Normals: Gardeners Expect Warmer Nights.
- Read the National Climate Assessment report on the impact of climate change on forests. | <urn:uuid:a8062d23-9dfc-4584-be70-69e13f17d915> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/weather/7a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397111.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00180-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902131 | 1,320 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Parts of Speech
Chapter 1 Introduction
Learning about the parts
of speech is the first step in grammar study just as learning
the letters of the alphabet is the first step to being able to read and write.
From learning the parts of speech we begin
to understand the use or function of words and how words are joined together to
make meaningful communication. To understand what a part
of speech is, you must understand the idea of putting similar
things together into groups or categories.
Let's look at some examples of categories.
| || ||
Colors, fruits, drinks, and languages are categories. If I tell you that Grebo is a language, you would understand exactly what Grebo is. If we did not have the category language, it would be hard to explain what is meant by the word Grebo. It is very convenient to have categories to talk about similar things. Let's look at some more examples of categories. In the list below, which does not belong with the others?
If you chose hammer, you are right. Violin, drums, piano, and guitar are used to make music, but a hammer is not used to make music. Hammer doesn't fit with the other words because it is a tool and all of the others are musical instruments.
Let's try another example. Which of these does not belong with the others?
This time, the word violin does not belong because it is not a tool. It is very useful to have categories like musical instruments and tools to organize our ideas. The parts of speech are categories used to organize or classify words according to how they are used. We use parts of speech as a way to make it easier to talk about language.
The philosopher Aristotle and later scientists studied animals and classified them according to what they have in common. For example, eagles, robins and sparrows are kinds of birds; sharks, salmon and tuna are kinds of fish; and dogs, horses and elephants are kinds of mammals. Aristotle and others also studied language and classified words according to what they have in common. We usually use 8 categories or parts of speech to classify all the words we use in English. This classification is not perfect. Sometimes it is hard to tell which category a word belongs in. The same word may belong in different categories depending on how it is used. There may be better ways to classify English than by using the 8 parts of speech. But this classification has been used for a long time and many grammar books use it, so it is easier to keep on using it. It is possible to speak or learn a language without knowing the parts of speech, but for most of us, knowing about parts of speech makes things easier.
Here is an example of how it can be helpful to know about the parts of speech. Look at the sentence: The man surreptitiously entered the room. You probably don't know the meaning of the word surreptitiously, but if you know about parts of speech, you will recognize that it is an adverb and that it tells you something about how the man entered the room. You may still not understand the exact meaning of the word, but you can understand the whole sentence better than if you did not know about parts of speech.
When you look up a word in a dictionary, you will find not only the meaning of the word but also what part of speech it is. This information is very helpful in understanding the full meaning of the word and knowing how to use it.
The 8 parts of speech that are used to describe English words are:
This set of lessons will teach you about each of the parts of speech and show how they are different from each other. They will help you recognize which part of speech each word in a sentence is and that will help you become a better reader. Review this lesson as many times as you want, and when you are ready, take the pop quiz on this chapter.
END OF CHAPTER 1
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LanguageCenters - Created by Mark Feder
1) Which does not belong with the others?
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1 Answer | Add Yours
Let one of the roots of the equation `x^2-3ax+f(a)` be p, and the other root is 2p.
Then the equation can be written as: `(x-p)(x-2p)=0`
Comparing the coefficient of `x` , we get
Again, comparing the constant term,
Hence option C) is correct.
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Free maths worksheet from mathsblog.co.uk
These pages can act as ‘brain training’ exercises, to help children get to know the number bonds from one to ten so that they can answer from memory. Knowing off by heart all the additions of numbers from 1 to 10 is a great help with rapid mental arithmetic later.
- Free Worksheets Maths: four rules
- © 2009 Maths Blog | <urn:uuid:871dbe83-6f6a-4e0b-8c4e-3cbdde48e3c0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathsblog.co.uk/2008/10/17/free-maths-worksheet-adding-6-to-a-single-digit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934983 | 87 | 3.90625 | 4 |
if You're going to need conditions on the three sets in order to make it false. It's certainly not going to hold for all sets!
Show that is false for all sets A, B and C using direct proof.
I'm not sure how to finish off my proof... can someone please help
If we were to prove that the statement is true then we would need to show that if then and if then
To formalise this we denote the following:
Let P(x) denote the proposition function "" and Q(x) denote the proposition function ""
Thus we need to show that and
Let us first focus on
Because we are using a direct proof let us assume the hypothesis P(x) is true. If we can show that Q(x) is false then the universally quantified statement is false and we have complete our proof.
Since P(x) is assumed to be true then can be interpreted as or .
is only true if:
1. is true and is true
2. is true and is false
3. is false and is true
Now Q(x) is interpreted as and
Do you mean "false for all sets" or "not true for all sets"?
The first is, as Akbeet said, not a true statement so you cannot prove it.
But the second, that there exist some sets for which , is true. A counter example is the simplest way to show that- exhibit one of those sets. | <urn:uuid:65bfddcf-3074-4728-88a9-cfb189e24387> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathhelpforum.com/discrete-math/151012-sets-direct-proof.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00200-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936703 | 306 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Family History and Genealogy Resources by Surname
Wool Surname Origin
One having short, thick hair. It may be a corruption of Wolf, or Will.
Source: An Etymological Dictionary of Family and Christian Names With an Essay on their Derivation and Import; Arthur, William, M.A.; New York, NY: Sheldon, Blake, Bleeker & CO., 1857.
Wool Surname Meaning and Family Facts
There is more to Wool family history than the origin of your surname:
A Wool Family History Thought:
'It is indeed a desirable thing to be well-descended, but the glory belongs to our ancestors.' -- Plutarch | <urn:uuid:5cc48deb-7dbf-484a-8e65-68855188fcd2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.searchforancestors.com/surnames/origin/w/wool.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.823191 | 145 | 2.890625 | 3 |
This year’s election is about undecided voters, but how do such voters decide?
Conventional wisdom (and a large body of research) holds that undecided voters have a distinct profile. They know less about politics, pay less attention to political news, and vote less reliably than partisans. When and if they make up their minds, they often (according to numerous studies) make decisions for reasons they themselves do not understand. But we can still deduce and predict a few things about how they’ll behave on Election Day.
Before we look more closely at this group of voters, let’s remember that human beings are mysteries to themselves. We are not expert at predicting our own behavior or understanding the source of our beliefs. In the past 30 years, social and cognitive psychologists have gotten closer to decoding these mysteries, especially through the study of what they term “implicit attitudes”—associations that are held non-consciously and come to mind automatically. These associations drive people’s behavior in many common situations. They matter most—and even trump our conscious attitudes and beliefs—when we decide impulsively, get distracted, feel pressed for time, experience strong emotions, or consider a topic only superficially.
The notion of non-conscious attitudes helps explain the actions of voters on the fence. For example, many people who declare themselves politically independent prefer one party to the other and tend to support that party’s positions; in practice they are indistinguishable from partisans. Recent research by psychologist Brian Nosek and his student Carlee Hawkins shows that even “pure” independents—those who deny a party preference even when urged to express one—hold non-conscious preferences. Without realizing it, they have more positive associations with one of the two parties, and those associations lead them to favor that party’s policies. Again, this takes place without their awareness; they believe that their preferences are based on the policies they consider, when in fact their non-conscious affinity for political parties colors their judgment.
Because these non-conscious associations are by definition hidden from us, we cannot detect how they might bias our decisions. For example, we usually think of our beliefs as being fairly consistent over time. Similarly, the act of voting feels free, a choice stemming from our beliefs, planned in advance and executed in the voting booth. But, as noted above, our beliefs aren’t that consistent, nor is voting that free of a choice.
The non-conscious is stronger in election contests about which we know less, such as Congressional races and most ballot questions, which could be called “peripheral” elections—or what in politics get called “down ballot” races, referring to the candidates and ballot initiatives that appear beneath the presidential candidates. People usually have less well-formed opinions about peripheral elections (they’ve shown up to vote for the big names, like Romney and Obama), and it’s in these races that non-conscious beliefs occupy the driver’s seat.
Take this year’s California ballot, which asks me to consider state assembly candidates, district attorney candidates, 11 state ballot propositions, and various city and county ballot measures. How many voters have thought about all of these issues in depth? Under such circumstances, decision-making becomes malleable, subject to influence by gut feelings, momentary whims, and incidental cues. I found such an effect on a ballot measure in South Carolina in 2006: voters who cast ballots in churches were more likely to support an amendment defining marriage as between a man and a woman. The same vote-in-church effect could be seen in a 2004 South Carolina congressional race between a Christian conservative Republican and an incumbent Democrat. (Don’t forget: voters are assigned to polling places, so we can rule out the idea that churches would draw a higher percentage of religious voters than fire stations would.) Similarly, Arizona voters casting ballots in schools were more likely to support a ballot measure that raised taxes to boost school funding. More recently, psychologist Silvia Galdi and her colleagues examined results of an Italian referendum and found that non-conscious preferences predicted future attitudes more strongly than did conscious preferences.
Fortunately, we’re less hopelessly irrational when it comes to central elections. Research published this summer by psychologist Malte Friese and colleagues examined the 2008 United States presidential election and the 2009 German national parliamentary election (which served as a de facto election for chancellor). In these contests, conscious attitudes—explicit expressions of how a person felt about a candidate—predicted voting behavior far more strongly than did non-conscious attitudes. That’s because voters in central elections have months to consider the candidates, listen to debates, and familiarize themselves with policy positions, while the media devotes far more space and time to these elections.
So what does that mean for Election Day this year? First, “independent” voters aren’t all that independent; they lean toward one party or another more than they admit—more, even, than they know. Second, if you’re a down-ballot candidate or initiative backer, hope that the color of the room, the weather on Election Day, and other superficialities will play to your advantage. That’s because votes on peripheral issues and candidates are subject to external influence until very late in the game, even in the voting booth itself, and are often decided entirely on a whim. Third, the result of the presidential election is probably already determined: we just don’t know it yet.
You may at this point be wondering—if alleged independents are really disguised partisans, and undecided voters’ decisions depend mostly on their conscious beliefs and are resistant to change—why anyone should bother to barrage swing-state voters with advertising. Isn’t it just a giant waste of money? Sadly for TV watchers, no. Although people have already decided between Obama and Romney, one crucial behavior still hangs in the balance: whether or not to vote at all. Hit people in Nevada, Ohio, and Florida with the right advertisement and you may succeed in inspiring them to get to the polls—as opposed to leaving them merely disenchanted by mudslinging. Romney and Obama both believe they’ve won the hearts of those stay-at-homers, if they’d just leave the home. And thus the saturation bombing of the airwaves must continue. | <urn:uuid:3ba18997-c07a-4f72-a3b7-24d97809fd6e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2012/11/05/lets-tour-the-brain-of-the-undecided-voter/ideas/nexus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959496 | 1,319 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Click on the image below to open up the letter C worksheet in pdf version for printing. See if your child
can recognize the words that start with the letter C. Then let them circle the pictures that begin with
the letter C and color the pictures!
Download Free Worksheet
PDF (Acrobat) Document File
Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading. | <urn:uuid:b39f956c-490f-4804-994d-420b2501d20c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kidslearningstation.com/alphabet/letter-c-words.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866628 | 82 | 2.921875 | 3 |
From Our 2010 Archives
Foods That Fight Alzheimer's Disease
Salad Dressing, Nuts, Fish, Poultry, and Some Fruits and Veggies May Lower Risk of Alzheimer's
Reviewed By Laura J. Martin, MD
April 12, 2010 -- A low-fat diet with a lot of salad dressing, nuts, poultry, and certain fruits and vegetables may help prevent Alzheimer's disease, according to a new study.
Researchers say evidence is mounting on which foods may prevent Alzheimer's disease. But because foods are not eaten in isolation and may work together to prevent disease, more information is needed on dietary patterns that reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
In the study, published in the Archives of Neurology, researchers analyzed the dietary patterns of 2,148 people aged 65 and older living in New York. The participants gave information about their diets and were evaluated for signs of Alzheimer's disease and dementia every year and a half over a four-year period.
Researchers analyzed dietary intake for seven nutrients that have been shown in previous studies to be associated with dementia risk: saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-6 fatty acids, vitamin E, vitamin B12, and folate.
By the end of the study, 253 participants developed Alzheimer's disease. In particular, the study showed one particular dietary pattern was associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease. The diet included low amounts of high-fat dairy products, red meat, organ meat, and butter. Foods in this diet that appeared to fight Alzheimer's disease were salad dressing, nuts, fish, poultry, tomatoes, fruits, and cruciferous and dark and green vegetables.
Researchers say the combination of nutrients and foods in this particular dietary pattern may fight Alzheimer's in a variety of ways.
"For example, vitamin B12 and folate are homocysteine-related vitamins that may have an impact on Alzheimer's disease via their ability of reducing circulating homocysteine levels, vitamin E might prevent Alzheimer's disease via its strong antioxidant effect, and fatty acids may be related to dementia and cognitive function through atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or inflammation via an effect on brain development and membrane functioning or via accumulation of beta-amyloid," write researcher Yian Gu, PhD, of Columbia University and colleagues.
SOURCES: Gu, Y. Archives of Neurology, June 2010; vol 67.
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Safety Hints for Windsurfing
The purpose of this pamphlet is to provide the beginning windsurfer a checklist
of recommendations for safely participating in the challenging sport of
windsurfing. After only a few hours of instruction, a beginner can learn
the fundamentals of windsurfing and enjoy the calm waters of a small lake
or bay. With proper training and experience, a windsurfer can eventually
graduate to less sheltered waters.
Windsurfing is a physically demanding activity and is not without its
hazards. Those who participate should not lose sight of those demands and
the proper safety preparation necessary for their own safety as well as
the safety of others who share the waterway.
The windsurfer should guard against falls in shallow waters or anywhere
submerged objects may be present. If a fall is unavoidable, try not to
fall head first. Two of the most common types of injuries sustained in
It is recommended that appropriate shoes, wet-suit booties or protective
footwear be worn to avoid cuts from broken glass or other objects that
could be encountered in a fall or while walking the craft in or out of
Head injuries from the falling rig. In a fall, raise your hands to protect
Foot entrapment between the board and the rig. Keep your front foot aft
(towards the stern) of the base of the mast.
Windsurfing is a sport that requires above-average physical conditioning.
Stomach, leg and arm muscles of even the most experienced windsurfers can
tire, especially in high winds. Falls into the water are inevitable, which
means exposure to cold and the strenuous job of raising the mast and sail.
Expect to swim to your craft many times during an outing, especially
during high winds that tend to carry the craft away. Be aware of the amount
of physical exertion required and avoid becoming fatigued.
Recommended Safety Equipment
Currently, neither the United States Coast Guard nor the State of California
requires personal flotation devices (life jackets) to be carried aboard
sailboards. However, local jurisdictions may require that they be carried
aboard or worn. Windsurfers should check with the proper local agency to
determine what minimum safety equipment is necessary. The Division of Boating and Waterways strongly recommends the wearing of life jackets
aboard all craft.
A weak or marginal swimmer should always wear a life jacket while windsurfing.
Specially designed life jackets that incorporate a harness have been approved
by the Coast Guard for use with sailboards. A wet suit can provide additional
flotation, which helps reduce fatigue during the learning process, and
is highly recommended for cold days or when boating in cold water.
Some older sailboards come equipped with a "mast leash" or safety leash
that connects the mast to the board to keep the board and sail from becoming
separated should the mast step release during a fall. The mast leash will
prevent the board from drifting away from the windsurfer. If the mast and
board do become separated, the board may blow away very quickly. Swim to
the board first, since it provides flotation, and then paddle back to re-connect
There are several safety practices that windsurfers should follow when
on the water.
Practice unrigging and furling (rolling up) the sail while on the water
as a self-rescue technique. If winds become too strong or weak, the windsurfer
can center the furled mast and boom on the board, lie on the board facing
forward. and paddle to safety. In an emergency situation the sail rig can
Never sail alone. Let someone know where you are going and when you will
Be on the alert for other watercraft, especially in congested waters. With
its sail down, the sailboard has a low profile and is very difficult to
If you must launch or return through the surf, keep the board and sail
rig between you and the beach to avoid being struck by the board.
Rules of the Road
The Coast Guard and the State of California consider the sailboard a vessel
for purposes of the rules of the road. This means the windsurfer can be
cited and fined for violations of these rules.
Many problems have occurred as a result of conflicts between sailboards
and larger vessels. In congested bays, freighters and other deep-draft
vessels are often confined to a specific channel because of water-depth
requirements and are unable to alter their course and speed quickly. Very
large vessels require several miles to stop. Large craft can block the
wind, leaving the windsurfer unable to maneuver. A large vessel's propeller
creates suction and its stern wakes can be dangerous if a windsurfer ventures
too close. Stay away from large vessels!
Lake or river windsurfers should avoid congested areas, especially those
areas where water-ski boats or other high-speed powercraft are in operation.
Windsurfers should respect the rights and privileges of all craft, large
and small. Because of conflicts with larger craft and violations of the
rules of the road, special zones prohibiting or restricting sailboards
to specified areas have already been established on some waterways.
For more information on the rules of the road, see "ABCs
of the California Boating Law"
The following rules apply to sailcraft meeting other sailcraft.
Don't insist on your right-of-way if it means a collision. You are obligated
by law to avoid a collision even if you have the right-of-way.
A boat on starboard tack (circled) has right-of-way over a boat on port
A leeward (downwind) boat (circled) has right-of-way over a windward (upwind).
An overtaking boat must keep clear of the boat being overtaken (circled).
Windsurfing can be enjoyed in a variety of conditions, but the windsurfer
should be aware of the dangers that may occur. Learn to match your windsurfing
skills with weather and water conditions. Cautious windsurfers always check
wind and weather forecasts before getting under way. While protected waters
are ideal for beginners, unexpected high winds can make these waters hazardous.
Sailors planning an outing on the ocean or any large body of water should
be aware of wind direction. Because the sailor may be easily carried away
by an offshore wind, sail with the onshore breeze for safety. The advice
of a knowledgeable local windsurfer or sailboard instructor could prove
most helpful in understanding local windsurfing conditions.
Glossary of Terms
|A vertically moving foil-shaped blade that is extended from
the bottom of the board to help prevent the board from slipping sideways.
Letting the sail out (done with the back hand).
To roll and store the sail.
(While sailing downwind) turning the board onto a new tack by bringing
the stern across the wind.
To turn the board toward the wind.
Downwind; the "lee side" of the board is the side away the wind.
When the sail is flapping loosely.
Connects the mast to the board.
On a course where the wind is coming over the left side of the board.
On a course where the wind is coming over the right side of the board.
(While sailing upwind) turning the board onto a new course by bringing
the bow across the wind.
Upwind; toward the wind. Opposite of leeward.
Hypothermia is the life-threatening lowering of the body temperature which
can result from accidental immersion in cold water. Even brief exposure
to cold water can cause numbness and confusion which could result in helplessness
A victim of hypothermia may appear to be drunk, or confused. Get the
victim out of the water and into dry, warm clothes or blankets. Give warm
drinks, but do NOT give alcohol. Seek medical help except in mild cases,
as improper rewarming can cause complications. For these reasons, wearing
a wet suit and life jacket while windsurfing is strongly recommended.
The Windsurfing Safety Code
Consider local weather and tidal forecasts.
Always advise someone of where you plan to sail and when you expect to
Wear clothing that suits the conditions.
Wear a U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jacket with a whistle attached.
In hot, sunny, humid conditions, drink plenty of water.
Check your equipment for signs of damage or fatigue.
Sail with a buddy.
When the winds are offshore, sail no more.
Cold can kill. The first time you shiver, return to shore and warm up.
Always stay with your board--never try to swim ashore.
of the different parts of a sailboard.
Double check your safety leash.
Be wary of dark clouds on the horizon--storms strike fast
If in doubt, don't go out.
A smart sailor will always try to take the safest course of action before
rescue is the only way out. | <urn:uuid:2ca5cfb4-ef64-4a13-a10e-e0c1632d55bd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://dbw.ca.gov/Pubs/Windsurf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911711 | 1,928 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Just a few weeks' worth of light meditation can change the structure of your brain, seemingly for the better. Thirty minutes a day can actually increase people's capacity for learning while shrinking the parts of the brain responsible for stress.
Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital asked their sixteen study participants to take part in an eight-week meditation program centered on building non-judgmental recognition of one's own feelings and sensations. The participants only had to meditate for thirty minutes a day.
After the program was completed, the researchers imaged the participants' brains. The gray-matter in the hippocampus had consistently increased, which suggests an increase in their capacity for learning and memory building. Meanwhile, the density of the amygdala had actually decreased, specifically in the areas governing anxiety and stress. However, there wasn't any apparent change in the insula, the part of the brain in charge of self-awareness. That seems like an obvious part of the brain for meditation to affect, but the researchers suspect more long-term meditation would be required to alter its structure.
Indeed, it's important to keep in mind just how little the participants were really asked to do. It wasn't as though they were locked away in a yoga prison or anything similarly strenuous - rather, they just did a total of 28 hours of meditation spread out over eight weeks, and yet this was enough to alter the structure of their brain. It's a powerful reminder that our brains are incredibly malleable and structurally responsive to even modest changes in our lifestyle.
[Scientific American; click the link to check out a podcast that discusses these findings in further detail.] | <urn:uuid:a43f7002-bf97-43bc-a57c-947a32c4e57d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://io9.gizmodo.com/5741192/even-a-little-meditation-can-change-the-structure-of-your-brain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399522.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97476 | 330 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Water Source Development for Forage Irrigation Systems
Extension Agricultural Engineer
Commercial Agriculture Program
Extension Water Quality Specialist
Commercial Agriculture Program
This guide is designed to help forage producers determine the feasibility of developing an irrigation system by evaluating water sources and exploring their capital costs.
Missouri water laws
Missouri is a riparian water law state, so landowners have a right to reasonably use water sources that are touching or underneath their land. Under this law, a landowner can withdraw as much water as needed as long as the withdrawals do not adversely impact the water use of other individual water users.
Water users who withdraw or divert 100,000 gallons per day, equivalent to 70 gallons per minute all day, from streams, rivers, lake, wells, springs or other water sources are considered major water users. Missouri Water Law (Section 256.400–430 of the Revised Statutes of Missouri), requires that major water users register their water use annually with the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (DNR), http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/wrc/mwu-forms.htm. Users may be designated as major even if they only withdraw or divert the 100,000-gallon threshold on one day in a year.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has jurisdiction over navigable waters, such as rivers and streams. Someone interested in directly pumping water or diverting water from a stream or river should contact the Army Corps of Engineers district office with jurisdiction for the proposed pumping location. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
- Does not regulate temporary structures, such as a floating intake;
- Does not require a permit if there is no construction in the channel and as long as no spoil or dredge material goes into the channel;
- Does require that if a bank is altered, soil must be brought back and placed on the disturbed area or hauled off; and
- Does require that the disturbed area be protected from erosion so that silt does not enter the channel.
Three types of water sources exist for irrigation systems: surface water, ground water and public water. You will need to estimate the water quantity available from each source and determine if the given source will have the needed water available through the times when irrigation is needed in the growing season. Additionally, each option may have other issues you need to consider when deciding whether to use it as a water source for irrigation.
Surface water includes sources such as streams, rivers, ponds and lakes.
Rivers and streams
If you are considering using rivers and streams, consult the local Army Corps of Engineers district office about the jurisdiction over the area from which the water will be pumped. These are some of the issues, topics or questions you must consider when pumping from a stream or river:
- Ensure that you have ownership of the land connected to the water source where the pumping site would be located.
- Estimate the volume of water that would be pumped from the river each year.
- Consider pumping to an intermediate water storage impoundment.
- An intermediate water storage impoundment may allow diverting river water when the river flow is such that a floating intake could be used so that no channel modifications would be needed. A floating intake would eliminate the need for a permit from the Corp of Engineers for channel modifications.
- Pumping when the flow in the river is above low flow should keep you from having any adverse effect on any other water use (Figure 1).
- Pumping will not adversely impact a downstream owner or fish living downstream from the pumping site.
Streams are one possible surface water source. However, during dry weather, a stream water source is already low, so care must be taken not to over pump the stream or allow pumping activities to signficantly disturb the stream bank.
Ponds and lakes
Ponds and lakes can be good, reliable sources for irrigation. Existing ponds and lakes on privately owned land can be used. Storage capacity for the pond needs to meet the irrigated forage crop requirements plus any water losses due to evaporation or seepage. Water impoundments should be large enough to store at least a one-year but preferably a two-year water supply. Ensure that the watershed area draining runoff is large enough to refill the impoundment within a normal year. A minimum of 10 acres’ drainage for every acre of pond surface is recommended. However, larger watershed areas per acre of water surface area may be required for cases when the pond is used to serve as a significant water supply.
Building a new pond or lake is an option for an irrigation water source. Site considerations include understanding the area adequacy for water drainage, minimum pond depth, drainage area protection, pond capacity estimation (Figure 2) and landscape evaluation. Select land where the topography achieves the largest volume of water per cubic yard of soil moved to minimize the cost of moving earth.
Soil is important as areas that have a lot of rock or sand make getting a good seal challenging and expensive. Dams should have about 30 percent clay in their structure and hauling in additional clay adds considerably to the construction cost. Generally, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) recommendation for minimum pond depth in Missouri is 6 to 8 feet, depending on location. Two recommended reading materials on ponds are the NRCS handbook Ponds — Planning, Design, Construction, http://nrcspad.sc.egov.usda.gov/DistributionCenter/product.aspx?ProductID=115 and MU Extension publication G1555, Reducing Pond Seepage.
The cost of building ponds and lakes averaged $2.68 per cubic yard of soil moved in Missouri in 2012. But note that the costs ranged from $1.50 to $5 per cubic yard, which shows that costs vary greatly depending on variables such as location and soils.
Surface water storage requirements are expressed in the volumetric measure of acre-feet of water, with one acre-foot equal to about 326,000 gallons (Figure 3). A method of estimating the total size of surface water storage system required is presented in Figure 4 along with a method of estimating the number of watershed acres that should be available to refill the surface water storage. The estimated storage requirement can be provided by one or more water impoundment structures. The watershed acres must be such that all the available runoff from the watershed can be captured and stored in the water impoundment structures.
Production regions snd aquifers
Missouri and Mississippi River alluvium
Yield is normally 1,000+ gallons per minute (gpm), water is suitable for irrigation. Softening and iron removal recommended for drinking water.
Glacial drift and alluvium
Yield is normally 1–15 gpm. Drift-filled preglacial channels locally yield 200–500 gpm. Alluvium in lower reaches of major rivers can locally yield 400+ gpm. Iron removal and disinfection is recommended. Bedrock aquifers generally yield mineralized water.
Cretaceous and tertiary sands, and alluvium
Alluvium typically yields 1,000+ gpm; Tertiary sands, 500–1,000 gpm. Both contain high iron. Wells in Cretaceous sands typically produce 150–1,000 gpm, have lower iron, are softer, have higher temperature waters, and may be artesian.
Pennsylvanian and Mississippian limestones and sandstones
Yield 1–15 gpm to depth of about 400 feet. Aquifers below 400 feet yield mineralized water. Wells in shallow Mississippian limestones yield 1–10 gpm. Deeper high-yield aquifers yield mineralized water.
Mississippian limestones (southwest Missouri), ordovician and cambrian dolomites and sandstones
Yield 15–500 gpm, depending on depth and producing formations. Yields locally exceed 1,000 gpm in some areas including Springfield, Columbia and Rolla. Yields diminish substantially east of the St. Francois Mountains region. Highly-productive aquifers become mineralized north of freshwater-salinewater transition zone.
Cambrian and precambrian rocks
Dolomites typically yield 15–50 gpm. Lamotte Sandstone locally yields 300+ gpm. Precambrian igneous rocks normally yield 0–15 gpm.
Freshwater-salinewater transition zone
North of this line, high-yielding aquifers contain water too mineralized to be used without extensive treatment.
Missouri groundwater production regions and aquifers. (Source: Missouri Department of Natural Resources.)
In Missouri, a majority of the water currently used for irrigation comes from groundwater sources. When the U.S. Department of Agriculture 2007 Census of Agriculture was taken, Missouri had a total of 12,869 irrigation wells in operation serving 1,415 farms. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Land Survey, Wellhead Protection Section is the regulatory agency in charge of irrigation wells in Missouri. It is the clearinghouse for all well construction rules. It also maintains a Missouri database of licensed private well drillers and pump installers that should be used when drilling or repairing a well.
The Missouri DNR also provides two good tools for making water well decisions. It has established a network of groundwater observation wells located throughout Missouri, available online at http://dnr.mo.gov/env/wrc/groundwater/gwnetwork.htm. Groundwater observation wells are a good way to visualize the real-time depth and availability of water in an area. Additionally, the Well Information Management System (WIMS) has a database of all wells drilled in Missouri after November 1987, online at http://dnr.mo.gov/mowells, which can give you an indication of what to expect when putting in a local well.
Understanding the geology of the state will give you an idea of how much groundwater is available (Figure 5). Special areas in Missouri may require that you either case or grout deeper depending on the area and geologic conditions. Requirements for well construction are based on yield, use of well and the region where the well is located.
Well system capacity needs to be large enough to supply the daily water need. An intermediate storage system can be used to store water if the well cannot supply the peak demand of water needed through direct pumping. Maximum pump size needs to be slightly smaller than maximum well yield capability.
The average cost of a 500-foot well, complete with pumping system, is about $10,615 under normal conditions in 2013 (Table 1). The final cost of any well installation can be affected by variables such as an increased drilling depth ($6.50 per foot), casing needed in steel ($16 per foot) vs. PVC pipe ($6 per foot), and a PVC liner ($6 per foot) needed outside of steel casing due to geological conditions. Contact your local NRCS and Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) offices to see what they have on record as average cost for a well in your area.
Average Missouri well cost in 2013.
Drilling of hole (500 feet × $6.50 per foot)
6-inch casing installed (140 feet × $11 per foot)
Pump package (1.5 hp 10 gpm pump, 40 gallon pressure tank, submersible electrical cable, 50 feet of pipe to hydrant)
Grout seal required (15 bags × $50 per bag)
Boom truck (6.5 hours × $150 per hour)
Public water supplies tend to be an expensive option for forage irrigation. The Missouri Rural Water Association conducts an annual survey to detail trends in local water rates in Missouri. Based on its 2012 survey, the cost of 5,000 gallons of water for a private system was $24.29, ranging from $7 to $69.50 across Missouri. This cost would be equivalent to $131 per acre-inch of water on average in Missouri, making it prohibitively expensive for irrigating forage. Many public water supplies may be limited on available water and may put a limit on water use for uses other than domestic use. During times of critical water supply shortages, public water supplies will request and sometimes require reductions for domestic use.
Intermediate water storage
Intermediate water storage structures have been used to extend low yield water supplies [low gallons per minute (gpm) yielding supplies] to provide the required water during periods of high usage (high gpm use periods). For example, if a small irrigation system needs 60 gpm for five hours a day and the well yields only 10 gpm, an intermediate water storage holding at least 15,000 gallons [(60 gpm – 10 gpm) × 5 hours a day × 60 minutes an hour] can allow the 10 gpm well to serve as a water supply for the 60-gpm irrigation system. The well pump would pump water into the intermediate storage, and the irrigation system pump would pump water from the storage. The storage must be full at the start of irrigation, and the well will continue to pump water into the storage after irrigation is complete to refill the storage for the next day’s irrigation event.
Another function of the intermediate water storage would be to provide a readily available source of water if flow from the primary water supply is interrupted. This volume of water storage will provide a minimum time frame to correct a water interruption problem or to arrange for the delivery of water by other means. Required intermediate storage volumes may need to equal the anticipated water usage over a 48 to 72 hour period. The availability of service personnel and repair parts required to keep the water system operational will be a major factor in determining the intermediate storage volume requirement.
This material is based upon work supported by the USDA/NIFA under Award Number 2012-49200-20032.
Funding for this project was provided by the North Central Risk Management Education Center and USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture. | <urn:uuid:c90f62ac-6d93-47e7-960a-abbe39a5e6af> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.extension.missouri.edu/publications/DisplayPrinterFriendlyPub.aspx?P=G1696 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399106.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91865 | 2,891 | 3.09375 | 3 |
The drug erythropoietin, often called EPO, is banned from sports because it is believed to enhance an athlete's performance and give people who use it an unfair advantage over unenhanced competitors. However a new systemic review of existing research, published in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, reveals that there is no scientific evidence that it does enhance performance, but there is evidence that using it in sport could place a user's health and life at risk.
Professional cycling is a popular sport, but over the last decades the sport's image has been tainted by high-profile doping cases. EPO, a blood-cell stimulating hormone, has recently made headlines, with the United States of America's anti-doping agency (USADA) claiming that it was used by record seven-time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong.
"Athletes and their medical staff may believe EPO enhances performance, but there is no evidence that anyone performed good experiments to check if EPO would actually improve performance in elite cyclists," says lead researcher Professor Adam Cohen, who works at the Centre for Human Drug Research in Leiden, The Netherlands.
On the other hand, the possible harm is well documented. EPO thickens a person's blood, which can lead to an increased risk of clots. These clots obstruct blood flow to areas of tissue, and so oxygen doesn't get to the cells and they die, damaging the organ. If the organ is your heart or your brain this can be particularly dangerous, potentially resulting in heart attack or stroke.
Normally EPO is used in medicine to treat people with anaemia, where its effect on each patient is carefully monitored. Professor Cohen points out that researchers work hard to prevent patients taking drugs that don't work or have dangerous side-effects. "So why should the standards be different for the same drugs used in athletes?" he asks.
"Although doping is forbidden, the pressure to win in sport is so great that some athletes seem to be willing to try any way of getting ahead of their competitors. When elite athletes and their coaches discover that there is no evidence of benefit and clear risk of harm, I hope many may reconsider trying to cheat. Education may work where attempts at enforcement have failed," says Cohen.
"I believe there is a clear need for high-quality research to investigate the effects of supposedly enhancing drugs in sport. If, as is expected, many substances in current use are found to be ineffective it will help keep our athletes safe and improve confidence in sporting results," says Cohen.
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Addyi gains US marketing licence after third attempt, but questions remain about its effectiveness, potential side-effects and the true need for the drug
Increasingly taken by healthy people to improve focus before exams, after a comprehensive review researchers say modafinil is safe in the short-term | <urn:uuid:9e6fc5d4-7d75-42ee-bc0a-6fabec2b3192> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.labspaces.net/125780/EPO_doping_in_elite_cycling__No_evidence_of_benefit__but_high_risk_of_harm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962161 | 906 | 2.984375 | 3 |
http://www.thebigview.com/buddhism/emptiness.htmlWhat is emptiness?
The idea of buddhist "nothingness" is incomplete and carries some incorrect connotations. Too many Buddhist texts were incorrectly/incompletely translated in the early part of the 20th century. Whatever it precisely means I am unsure but I did hear from a Tibetan Buddhist monk (in his tradition which I believe was different but in adherence to the Dalai Llama) that it is basically contingent upon achieving higher rebirth into which one contemplates emptiness & all else is illusion. I mean no aspersion to this but for an Orthodox Christian (or any Christian) this sounds like some form of spiritual sucide.
The Buddhist notion of emptiness is often misunderstood as nihilism. Unfortunately, 19th century Western philosophy has contributed much to this misconstruction. Meanwhile Western scholars have acquired enough knowledge about Buddhism to realise that this view is far from accurate. The only thing that nihilism and the teaching of emptiness can be said to have in common is a sceptical outset. While nihilism concludes that reality is unknowable, that nothing exists, that nothing meaningful can be communicated about the world, the Buddhist notion of emptiness arrives at just the opposite, namely that ultimate reality is knowable, that there is a clear-cut ontological basis for phenomena, and that we can communicate and derive useful knowledge from it about the world. Emptiness (sunyata) must not be confused with nothingness. Emptiness is not non-existence and it is not non-reality.
What is emptiness then? To understand the philosophical meaning of this term, let's look at a simple solid object, such as a cup. How is a cup empty? We usually say that a cup is empty if it does not contain any liquid or solid. This is the ordinary meaning of emptiness. But, is the cup really empty? A cup empty of liquids or solids is still full of air. To be precise, we must therefore state what the cup is empty of. Can a cup be empty of all substance? A cup in a vacuum does not contain any air, but it still contains space, light, radiation, as well as its own substance. Hence, from a physical point of view, the cup is always full of something. Yet, from the Buddhist point of view, the cup is always empty. The Buddhist understanding of emptiness is different from the physical meaning. The cup being empty means that it is devoid of inherent existence.
What is meant with non-inherent existence? Is this to say that the cup does not ultimately exist? - Not quite. - The cup exists, but like everything in this world, its existence depends on other phenomena. There is nothing in a cup that is inherent to that specific cup or to cups in general. Properties such as being hollow, spherical, cylindrical, or leak-proof are not intrinsic to cups. Other objects which are not cups have similar properties, as for example vases and glasses. The cup's properties and components are neither cups themselves nor do they imply cupness on their own. The material is not the cup. The shape is not the cup. The function is not the cup. Only all these aspects together make up the cup. Hence, we can say that for an object to be a cup we require a collection of specific conditions to exist. It depends on the combination of function, use, shape, base material, and the cup's other aspects. Only if all these conditions exist simultaneously does the mind impute cupness to the object. If one condition ceases to exist, for instance, if the cup's shape is altered by breaking it, the cup forfeits some or all of its cupness, because the object's function, its shape, as well as the imputation of cupness through perception is disrupted. The cup's existence thus depends on external circumstances. Its physical essence remains elusive.
Those readers who are familiar with the theory of ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato will notice that this is pretty much the antithesis to Plato's idealism. Plato holds that there is an ideal essence of everything, e.g. cups, tables, houses, humans, and so on. Perhaps we can give Plato some credit by assuming that the essence of cups ultimately exists in the realm of mind. After all, it is the mind that perceives properties of an object and imputes cupness onto one object and tableness onto another. It is the mind that thinks "cup" and "table". Does it follow that the mind is responsible for the existence of these objects? - Apparently, the mind does not perceive cups and tables if there is no visual and tactile sensation. And, there cannot be visual and tactile sensation if there is no physical object. The perception thus depends on the presence of sensations, which in turn relies on the presence of the physical object. This is to say that the cup's essence is not in the mind. It is neither to be found in the physical object. Obviously, its essence is neither physical nor mental. It cannot be found in the world, not in the mind, and certainly not in any heavenly realm, as Plato imagined. We must conclude that the objects of perception have therefore no inherent existence.
If this is the case for a simple object, such as a cup, then it must also apply to compound things, such as cars, houses, machines, etc. A car, for example, needs a motor, wheels, axles, gears, and many other things to work. Perhaps we should consider the difference between man-made objects, such as cups, and natural phenomena, such as earth, plants, animals, and human beings. One may argue that lack of inherent existence of objects does not imply the same for natural phenomena and beings. In case of a human being, there is a body, a mind, a character, a history of actions, habits, behaviour, and other things we can draw upon to describe a person. We can even divide these characteristics further into more fundamental properties. For example, we can analyse the mind and see that there are sensations, cognition, feelings, ideas. Or, we can analyse the brain and find that there are neurons, axons, synapses, and neurotransmitters. However, none of these constituents describe the essence of the person, the mind, or the brain. Again, the essence remains elusive. | <urn:uuid:66bc82eb-44ac-4d50-bf7f-e35eddc6534a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.orthodoxchristianity.net/forum/index.php?topic=20296.msg302818 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393146.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00201-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959217 | 1,310 | 2.578125 | 3 |
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Site contains arguments for and against Nuclear Power from an American and international perspective.
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A detailed look at the nuclear reactions happens when a cosmic ray causes a shower.
Very simple experiment showing the reaction between two nuclei at different temperatures. The temperature is set with a cursor in millions of degrees. The reaction is then played.
Wolfgang Pauli first suggested, around 1930, that neutrinos might exist, because without them, momentum didn't seem to be conserved in nuclear reactions. Neutrinos were actually detected 10 years ...
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Showing 1 - 10 of 121 | <urn:uuid:5b1c80b9-68b3-41be-92ef-5b680a224a05> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.physics.org/explore-results-all.asp?q=nuclear%20reactions%20&age=0&knowledge=0¤tpage=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925495 | 395 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Why do the names of so many car makes and models end with with the letter "a"?
We were wondering why so many car makers use names that end with "a?" For example, Supra, Corsica, Honda, Daytona, Maxima, Beretta, Miata, etc. Do the car makers just have an incredible lack of imagination?
Anthony and Dan
TOM: We discussed this with our staff grammarian, I.M. Shirley Wright, who told us that there are good reasons for this practice. While there are exceptions, most cars whose names ended in consonants have been miserable failures. AMC is a case in point. They made the Rambler, the Pacer, the Hornet, the Matador, the Ambassador -- and look what happened to them! (Incidentally, the vice president for car names at AMC must have come over to Chrysler when Chrysler bought AMC because Chrysler now has the Shadow, the Spirit and the Horizon.)
RAY: Once car makers discovered this, they made a quick decision to switch to vowels. The question was which vowel? "E" was too French, and French cars have never sold well in the United States. The French association was great when it came to selling wine, fries and poodles, but it didn't sell cars. Chevette, for example, is not one of the outstanding name plates in automotive history.
TOM: The letter "i" was discarded because it suggested pluralism. At one point, Pontiac considered calling the Fiero the Fieri, but market research revealed that people weren't sure whether they were supposed to buy one Fiero or two Fieri.
RAY: The Americans never considered "u" very seriously either, because it sounded too Japanese. So the Impalu and the Electru were ruled out almost immediately. However, it's a little known fact that all the Japanese cars were originally supposed to end in "u." Luckily, their American marketing executives talked them out of it. But we almost had the Hondu, Corollu, Mazdu and the Korean-built Ford Festivu.
TOM: That left only "o" and "a." "O" is masculine and worked for a few macho cars like the Camaro and the Yugo, but cars are traditionally thought of as female--like ships-- so ending with "a" was the obvious choice. Voila! | <urn:uuid:e68bcf08-0e78-4adc-b4ef-24743e7be083> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cartalk.com/content/we-were-wondering-why-so-many-car-makers-use-names | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982378 | 499 | 2.515625 | 3 |
CHEMIST EARNS AWARD FOR ENCOURAGING DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS
COLUMBUS , Ohio -- What better way for kids to learn about Newton 's laws of motion than by building a marshmallow launcher? Or to study the life cycle of insects by watching a caterpillar change into a butterfly?
For nearly a decade, Susan Olesik, professor of chemistry at Ohio State University, has been working to bring hands-on science experiments like these to elementary schools. Now her efforts have won her the "ACS Award for Encouraging Disadvantaged Students into Careers in the Chemical Sciences," given by the American Chemical Society.
The society announced the award in the August 20, 2007 issue of the magazine Chemical & Engineering News.
The award recognizes Olesik as someone who has "significantly stimulated or fostered the interest of students, especially minority and/or economically disadvantaged students, in chemistry, thereby promoting their professional development as chemists or chemical engineers, and/or increasing their appreciation of chemistry as the central science."
Although directing one educational outreach program is challenge enough, Olesik directs two -- and she's about to begin a third.
Her two current programs, one called Wonders of Our World (WOW) and the other GK-12, connect elementary school teachers with scientists. The third, which will be partly funded by this ACS award, will be called [WOW]squared, and will extend the WOW program to middle schools.
Both original programs started in 1999. Olesik founded WOW, in which professors and college students visit classrooms to lead science experiments. A year later, she became director of GK-12, which teams science graduate students with elementary school teachers, in order to enhance the teachers' exposure to science and their comfort with teaching the subject.
"I will accept this award on behalf of all WOW volunteers and GK-12 science graduate students who, through teaming with the elementary school teachers, are impacting the lives of these young students," said Olesik. "We are a large organized group of scientists who are enthusiastic about our science and our interactions with future scientists. I am proud to have started WOW, but am even more proud of what the combined group has accomplished."
In March of 2008, at the American Chemical Society national meeting in Boston , Olesik will receive a $5,000 award and a certificate. The society will also grant $10,000 to Ohio State , to "strengthen its activities in meeting the objectives of the award," and Olesik plans to dedicate that fund to [WOW]squared.
The ACS award is sponsored by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, Inc.
Contact: Susan Olesik , (614) 292-0733; [email protected]
Written by Pam Frost Gorder , (614) 292-9475; [email protected] | <urn:uuid:97ebe44a-957c-41d3-8134-a53494065c64> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/olesik_acsaward.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956776 | 616 | 2.640625 | 3 |
See also: Écriture féminine, List of American feminist literature, List ... Much of the
early period of feminist literary ...
The American Literary Canon comprises of literary classics which reflect
American society and written by prominent American authors. It may not be
possible for ...
Though not related to field artillery, pieces in the 'literary canon' have made quite
... Many members of the American academic community in the 1980's revolted ...
You can only decide what belongs in the American canon by thinking about the
nature of the American identity ... The Concept of Literary Canon: An Overview--.
paper, I will attempt to outline the history of the American literary canon and ...
The first thing that might surprise us about the history of American literary canon
In American literature, a canon refers to a collection of published works that
scholars consider to be most influential in the country's culture. The term often ...
he American Heritage Dictionary has eleven separate definitions of the term ... of
the Bible officially recognized by the Church," and the idea of a literary canon ...
The American literary canon, or the books deemed important enough to teach in
schools and survive over generations, is a fraught subject. The United States is ...
Apr 25, 2013 ... “According to the scholar, Paul Lauter, who historicized the American canon, the
first American literature classes started in the mid-to-late ...
Literature is just as subjective a creative pursuit as any other. ... alcohol flowing
like the Rio Grande are an essential component of the American literary canon, ... | <urn:uuid:c2e96e3e-3ac3-450d-86e2-fe05ec57c947> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ask.com/web?q=What+Is+the+American+Literary+Canon%3F&oo=2603&o=0&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1&qo=popularsearches | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.853097 | 328 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Junkers G31go VH-UOW - Guinea Airways
In the 1930s Guinea Airways became one of the largest air transport operators in the world, carrying more freight by air than the rest of the world's airlines put together. Among other cargoes, throughout the 1930s eight 3,000 ton gold dredges were flown from Lae, on the New Guinea north coast, to Bulolo in the highlands in one of the first major airlift operations. Since there were no roads, every piece of the dredge had to be designed to be air-transportable.
The all-metal Junkers G31go was the mainstay of the Guinea Airways fleet of cargo-lifters from May 1931, a total of four of these aircraft being used. Three (VH-UOU c/n 3011, VH-UOV c/n 3012, VH-URQ c/n 3000) were owned by Bulolo Gold Dredging Co. and operated on their behalf by Guinea Airways, whilst the fourth, VH-UOW c/n 3010, was owned by Guinea. These aircraft were built from the outset as freighters, with portholes instead of windows and a removable loading hatch over the forward fuselage. They were powered by three 500hp Pratt & Whitney Hornets (except VH-URQ which had 525hp engines).
The photos above and below show the Guinea Airways-owned VH-UOW. The upper shot is probably at Wau and the lower is at Lae. This aircraft was registered new to Guinea Airways on 10 June 1931 and served for a decade until impressed by the RAAF on 30 January 1942 as A44-1. The aircraft survived a Japanese air raid on Bulolo on 21 January 1942 which destroyed its three sister-ships as it was flying at the time. It was later evacuated to the Australian mainland and served on heavy transport duties until suffering an engine failure on takeoff at RAAF Laverton, Vic, on 31 October 1942 and crashing irreparably into the Minister of Air's car.
The photo below shows one of the Junkers being unloaded at the upper (southern) end of the one-way Wau strip.
Click here to download New Guinea Gold, a 1938 article about the role of aircraft in the New Guinea goldfields.
Back to the main Items of General Interest index | <urn:uuid:7fcdf369-001d-4a87-a049-1b5c5ddf43db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/Junkers%20G31%20VH-UOW.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9791 | 492 | 2.703125 | 3 |
for National Geographic News
Yes, the Hubble Space Telescope will stay in business, at least until 2013.
NASA announced today that the U.S. space agency has found a way to safely service the aging telescope, which is famous for capturing spectacular images of the universe (photos: Hubble's top ten discoveries).
"We are going to add a service mission to the Hubble Space Telescope to the shuttle's manifest to be flown before [the space shuttle] retires," NASA Administrator Michael Griffin said at an agency-wide meeting at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
The mission, likely to come in the spring of 2008, will also allow astronauts to upgrade the "eye in the sky" with new camera equipment.
Without a service mission, Hubble's gyroscopes and batteries will give out by 2010. (How does the space telescope work? Explore our interactive Hubble schematic.)
But the Hubble's replacement, the James Webb Space Telescope, isn't scheduled for operation until 2013 (read "Hubble Successor Under Way, Will See Even Farther" [June 8, 2004]).
In the intervening years astronomers would have no space telescope to help them study phenomena such as colliding galaxies, black holes, and dark matter.
Craig Wheeler, president of the American Astronomical Society, says repairs and upgrades to Hubble will allow cutting edge space science to continue for years to come.
"Astronomers are not wasting their time on an aging, outmoded instrument doing this," he said. "It's still a first-class astronomical tool."
Hubble has been in need of a service call since former NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe scrubbed a repair mission following the 2003 Columbia shuttle disaster (read "U.S. Space Shuttle Columbia, Crew Lost" [February 1, 2003]).
Since then, Congress, scientific panels, and the public have urged NASA to reconsider a service mission and keep the telescope operational.
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES | <urn:uuid:30e6d0ed-7eba-4173-a62e-9310166578e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/10/061031-hubble.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920091 | 409 | 2.875 | 3 |
Modern CD copiers or CD and DVD burners they're more commonly known and have become ubiquitous in most personal computers and consumer entertainment centres. This has led to a general lack of understanding about what the difference is between professional CD and DVD burners and home-use CD and DVD burners. All CD copiers use a similar system of tuned lasers that encode data into an organic dye layer on the writable surface of a CD-R, changing how they reflect the reading laser and therefore creating readable marks. DVD burners use the same system, differing mainly in how the timing is laid out and the size of the reading and writing lasers. Rewritable CDs and DVDs use a special metal alloy which can melt and change up to 1000 times, which are useful for those using personal CD copiers to transfer data from one location to another, or backup files.
CD copiers all come with a speed rating, which is determined by the speed at which the spiral of the disc passes under its recording head, meaning how quickly you can transfer a certain amount of data. Early CD and DVD burners were called "Constant Linear Velocity" drives, because they would increase and decrease the rotation of the CD as the write head moved from the center ring to the outer ring of the CD- this meant that the disc would pass the recording head the same number of times. The maximum speed for a CD burner is 52x, because of the force of rotation- any higher, and the disc would literally shatter inside the drive. Most modern CD and DVD burners use variable speeds to keep the disc in safe levels of rotation.
Buffer underruns are a problem with common home CD and DVD burners, as the home computer could not keep up with the input/output levels to the CD copier; this meant that there was not a steady stream of data to the CD copier, leading to a forced halt of the recording process and an unfinished track. Newer, top of the range CD and DVD burners now include buffer underrun protection, which can stop and resume the burn process with built-in error correction. | <urn:uuid:c906a958-9f35-45e7-abdd-39d7436ff728> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.a1duplication.co.uk/CD_Copier.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00175-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953884 | 427 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Did you ever think that shrimp grown in the desert would be possible? Everybody talks about declining fish stocks but few companies have ventured to grow seafood on dry land, let alone in the Mojave Desert. Blue Oasis Pure Shrimp is setting the bar by becoming the first company to grow shrimp on land with the aim of providing the Las Vegas strip with a continuous supply. The ‘farm’ is located just 30 miles outside of the desert-locked city.
Blue Oasis’ Technology
Traditional shrimp aquaculture systems utilize up to 1.4 pounds of fish meal or oils for each pound of shrimp production, whereas Blue Oasis’s feed conversion ratio is close to 1:1. They also say that their production methods involve a closed loop system with no effluent discharge, sludge removal or flocculation procedure. This apparently allows Blue Oasis to produce product with greatly lessened impact on the outside environment or wild fish stocks.
According to Scott McManus, CEO of Blue Oasis:
“One of the things that makes our technology so unique and so special is our ability to place these plants and facilities anyplace in the United States or the world for that matter. We can put it in the desert. We can literally put it in Siberia”
Las Vegas has an insatiable appetite for shrimp. Most of the all-you-can-eat buffets in town have shrimp on them. Most of the shrimp is frozen and shipped in from Texas. Blue Oasis grows its shrimp for up to 120 days in carefully monitored tanks in an air-conditioned room kept at 80 degrees. The shrimp are fed a mix of algae and seafood proteins up to 12 times a day. These artificial ‘ponds’ are expected to grow half a million pounds of shrimp a year.
Are fish farms on land the next best thing?
60% of the world’s shrimp comes from trawling the oceans. Ironically, according to a NY Magazine article, regulations that are in place to prevent overfishing often cause fishermen to throw back thousands of pounds of dead catch. For example, 4 kgs of bycatch is discarded by Gulf Coast shrimpers for each kilo of shrimp kept.
Ocean based fish farms exist, but they are frequently called out for increasing human health risks and water pollution.
Blue Oasis certainly seems like it’s onto something, considering that 40% of shrimp production is from farming and it has a global market of $9 billion each year. According to McManus, Blue Oasis uses less water than the average home in Las Vegas. The facility is also built with recycled material, energy efficient lighting system. Additionally it uses no chemicals or antibiotics which means it can be certified as organic. Because their target market is so close to their facility, transportation is almost negligible, meaning it may be possible to get ‘locally sourced‘ shrimp in Vegas.
Image Credit: Laurel Fan, Flickr Creative Commons | <urn:uuid:69abe6d3-de06-4e90-96f4-9ac3435d955a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/08/mojave-desert-grown-shrimp-could-be-next-vegas-surf-turf/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956297 | 610 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A task involving the equivalence between fractions, percentages and
decimals which depends on members of the group noticing the needs
of others and responding.
A task which depends on members of the group working
collaboratively to reach a single goal.
This task depends on groups working collaboratively, discussing and
reasoning to agree a final product.
Players pass cards to other
team members in order to help one another complete their set.
Use an observer to check
that the team obeys the rules and to keep a record of when members
of the team help someone else (rather than, for example, when they
just pass a piece on without looking at what the other person or
team actually needs). | <urn:uuid:720038bc-3b91-45f1-8750-df5ed9d672db> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://nrich.maths.org/6998/index | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00016-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917387 | 149 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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Book of Wisdom
But they were struck with blindness: as those others were at the doors of the just man, when they were covered with sudden darkness, and every one sought the passage of his own door.
For while the elements are changed in themselves, as in an instrument the sound of the quality is changed, yet all keep their sound: which may clearly be perceived by the very sight.
For the things of the land were turned into things of the water: and the things before swam in the water passed upon the land.
The fire had power in water above its own virtue, and the water forgot its quenching nature.
On the other side, the flames wasted not the flesh of corruptible animals walking therein, neither did they melt that good food, which was apt to melt as ice. For in all things thou didst magnify thy people, O Lord, and didst honour them, and didst not despise them, but didst assist them at all times, and in every place.
I may have missed something, but isn't it the THEORY of evolution. My meaning is that it hasn't been proved. Many people talk as if evolution were a fact, but I don't think it has been proven to be a fact. Consequently, what Darwin felt about the compatibility between belief in God and evolution is immaterial. He may very well have been wrong about evolution as a matter of fact.
The formal scientific definition of theory is quite different from the everyday meaning of the word. It refers to a comprehensive explanation of some aspect of nature that is supported by a vast body of evidence. Many scientific theories are so well established that no new evidence is likely to alter them substantially. For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the sun (heliocentric theory), or that living things are not made of cells (cell theory), that matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid plates that have moved over geological timescales (the theory of plate tectonics). One of the most useful properties of scientific theories is that they can be used to make predictions about natural events or phenomena that have not yet been observed.
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world. The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory." It is as factual an explanation of the universe as the atomic theory of matter or the germ theory of disease. Our understanding of gravity is still a work in progress. But the phenomenon of gravity, like evolution, is an accepted fact.
reply to post by swanne
Darwinism and Godism is all bull crap for me.... no evidence here for any of it , if U are really honest... | <urn:uuid:205a078a-d398-4e7f-86b4-25a00fe90f34> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread978965/pg1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00025-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96988 | 655 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Brief SummaryRead full entry
Rockfowl (Picathartes)Rockfowl or bald crows (Picathartes) are the only members of the family Picathartidae. These large (33–38 cm long) passerines have crow-like black bills and a long neck, tail and legs. They weigh 200–250 g. The strong feet and grey legs are adapted to move with long bounds on the forest floor. The birds seldom use their long wings for long flights. Both specis have white breasts and bellies and grey and grey-black wings, backs and tails. They also have bald heads with brightly coloured and patterned skin. The grey-necked species has a grey neck; the white-necked species has a white neck..
Rockfowl occur in West and western Central Africa, in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana (White-necked Rockfowl), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo (Grey-necked Rockfowl). They live in lowland rainforest at up to 800 m, in rocky and hilly terrain on the slopes of hills and mountains. They need forest litter for foraging, a large enough area to contain army-ant swarms and rocks, cliffs or caves for nesting sites. They are non-migratory.
Rockfowl are generalised feeders, foraging on the ground and in trees. When foraging in damp, rocky areas on the ground, they move forward with hops and bounds, then pause to search for prey. They use the longish bill to turn over leaves and seize prey. They take beetles, termites, ants and other insects, millipedes, centipedes, earthworms and gastropods. They mostly take frogs and lizards to feed to their chicks. They forage in shallow flowing water for crabs. They follow swarms of ants to snatch prey fleeing the ants.
Rockfowl breed seasonally in wet seasons. Despite reports of cooperative breeding, rockfowl are probably exclusively monogamous, breeding in pairs. They may breed in colonies of up to seven pairs, but solitary breeders and smaller colonies of two pairs are more common. The cup-like nest is made of dried leaves, twigs and plant fibres set into dried mud and is attached to a cave roof or overhanging rock on a cliff. Two eggs are laid, 24 to 48 hours apart. Both parents incubate the eggs, each taking 12 hour shifts before being relieved by their partner. It takes around 20 days for the eggs to hatch. The hatchlings are altricial, being helpless and almost naked, with a few feathers on the crown and back. They take around 25 days to fledge.
Both species are listed as Vulnerable to extinction on the IUCN Red List.
Rockfowl have been grouped with babblers, flycatchers, starlings, crows and other birds before being placed in a family of their own. In 1952, Serle thought the genus resembled the Asian genus Eupetes while Sibley used egg-albumin protein similarity, determined by electrophoresis, to suggest it belonged to the Timaliidae. Storr Olson revived the idea that it was related to Eupetes in 1979. A molecular sequence based study suggests that it may be closely related to crows and placed at the boundary between the Passerida and Corvida.
The species are the white-necked Rockfowl (Picathartes gymnocephalus) and grey-necked Rockfowl (Picathartes oreas). A possible third species may exist in Uganda, near the Kasinga Channel, linking Lake Edward with Lake George. | <urn:uuid:a49f1824-eac1-488e-afa6-e000c8fd2ae1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://eol.org/pages/92942/overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939813 | 776 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Today in Gay History: Dreamboat Duncan Grant
They don't make men like Duncan Grant anymore.
Born in Scotland on January 21, 1885, Grant, a talented, industrious, kind, and handsome painter, was initially raised by an army major father in India and Burma, but his adolescent years were spent at exclusive, idyllic prep schools in the English countryside. Then, after graduating from the Westminster School of Art in 1902, he settled in the Bloomsbury neighborhood and embarked on a romance with the writer — and his cousin — Lytton Strachey.
It was Strachey who introduced young Grant to the men and women who would become known as the Bloomsbury Group — EM Forster, Virginia Woolf, and art critic Clive Bell— and it was with these connections that helped Grant, an exceedingly talented painter whose post-impressionistic landscapes, still lifes, and portraits (many of naked men!) and romantic textiles, launch his career. His first big shows, organized in 1902 and 1903 by future colleague Roger Fry, established Grant as one of the most talented artists of his era and over the next decade he was celebrated in all corners of society. Then, in 1913, he became a co-director at The Omega Workshop, a collective founded in 1913 and that gave rise to what we now call graphic design.
"Paul Roche Reclining," 1945.
The Workshop thrived in those early years, but it wasn’t long before the Great War changed the scene and in 1916 Grant decided it was time for him and his lover, writer David Garnett, to get out of town. They planned on starting a fruit farm, but ultimately joined a handful of their Bloomsbury pals at a home in East Sussex, Charleston House.
In addition to Grant and Garnett, the home provided shelter for another of Grant’s lovers, seminal economist John Maynard Keynes, and for Clive Bell’s wife, Vanessa, an interior designer who was Grant’s sole female lover. One year after the move, in 1919, Grant and Bell had a child, Angelica, who was raised thinking Bell’s estranged husband, a frequent guest, was her father. So, for the next decades the small, untraditional family lived together while Grant carried on with his gay ways and kept up his work.
By 1935, Grant, who was described as kind and caring and fair-minded, was so well-respected and his work so admired that the British government commissioned him to decorate rooms in the Queen Mary ocean liner. He of course jumped at the opportunity and spent months creating curtains, carpets, murals and hand-made panels for the ship’s Main Lounge. Ultimately, however, the ship’s design committee rejected his submission. Yet Grant’s career marched on and though his popularity ebbed and flowed, he remained on of England’s most well-respected and versatile artists. Frances Spalding puts it well when she says an “agility” informs Grant’s art:
"He never hesitates to engage in large-scale projects, producing murals for a polytechnic dining-room, an ocean liner, a Sussex church, a chapel in Lincoln Cathedral and towards the end of his career, a double portrait of Gilbert and George. But he also willingly turned his hand to the smallest of tasks, such as decorations for Christmas cards, tiles or cushion covers. At one moment he can be surprisingly audacious, at others, seductively intimate."
In this slideshow, we take a brief look at Grant’s works, primarily his paintings, but also include a few interiors of Charleston House. The designs he implemented there have gone on to inspire fabric and interior designers for generations and, today, the British home goods company Sanderson sells yards of canvas drawn from Grant’s oeuvre. | <urn:uuid:4dd16817-3903-447b-a91c-59b131f25d54> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.out.com/entertainment/art-books/2014/01/21/today-gay-history-dreamboat-artist-duncan-grant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00193-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977636 | 806 | 2.625 | 3 |
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Join the National Poultry Improvement Plan
To maintain the quality of your birds, join the National Poultry Improvement Plan.
The National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) began in 1930 to control the disease Pullorum that eliminated entire flocks. The organization encourages today's poultry producers to enroll in the program to prevent this disease and others, such as Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhoid, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma meleagridis, Mycoplasma synoviae, and avian influenza.
NPIP National Director Steve Roney says the program is a collaboration between the poultry industry and state and federal governments. Testing extends to all species, including includes commercial poultry, backyard poultry, exhibition poultry, waterfowl, turkeys, and game birds.
"The initial testing, and the testing for all birds, is for Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum. That's the basis of the program," Roney says. "You have the option of choosing whether you would like to be Mycoplasma clean, or/and whether or not you would like to participate in the Avian Influenza program." Each state conducts annual testing.
Program participation is entirely voluntary, but Roney says the participation benefits include certification that poultry and poultry products destined for interstate and international shipments are disease-free. "It's been very successful, because we just rarely have a Pullorum isolation in the U.S. anymore. Another program advantage is that producers can use the seal of the NPIP when selling birds, and other NPIP members can buy birds and bring them freely into their flocks," says Roney. "If you're not a NPIP participant and you want to sell some birds, they have to be quarantined and go through special procedures to be able to buy your birds and bring them into their NPIP flock."
Each state keeps records, and the USDA can inspect them any time. Roney says in the event of a disease outbreak, the organization can trace any flock, find the location, and uncover when it was tested.
Learn how to become a participant in the National Poultry Improvement Plan. | <urn:uuid:7010fa8e-9dd4-4d7c-a3dd-9d2e020afda2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.agriculture.com/livestock/poultry/health/join-national-poultry-improvement-pl_290-ar29389 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00077-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948809 | 455 | 2.625 | 3 |
The dolphins and sea lions trained by the Ukrainian navy in Crimea for military operations are now in the hands of the Russian navy following the peninsula's absorption by Russia.
The Ukrainian navy resumed the program, which was scrapped just before the collapse of the Soviet Union, in 2012 at one of the two aquariums in the Crimean port city of Sevastopol, which is home to Russia's Black Sea Fleet.
The center worked on developing new methods of training dolphins and sea lions so they could be used to locate underwater weapons and divers.
Although little is known about the program conducted in Sevastopol over the past two years, there has been reporting on the project carried out in the defunct USSR.
The Soviet navy trained the marine mammals to find torpedoes lost during naval exercises and a dolphin once located a small unmanned submarine lost in the 1950s.
Only two centers for training dolphins for use in warfare exist today, the one in Sevastopol and another in San Diego, California.
The center in Crimea was created in 1965 to conduct research into using the marine mammals on combat missions and stayed open until 1990, just before the collapse of the USSR.
Russian President Vladimir Putin and the leader of Crimea signed a pact on March 18 making the Black Sea peninsula part of Russia again.
The accord came after more than 96 percent of the Crimeans who cast ballots in the March 16 referendum on rejoining Russia voted "yes."
Ethnic Russians make up around 60 percent of the roughly 2 million residents of the peninsula, which then-Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to make part of Ukraine in 1954. EFE | <urn:uuid:441307f9-f989-4dba-9cd4-d9b7e5c894be> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/03/27/crimea-war-dolphins-now-in-hands-russian-navy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963273 | 328 | 3 | 3 |
Mark Perry takes aim at this article in the Chronicle for Higher Education that says structural barriers in education prevent women from going into math and science. Summarizing from 2009 SAT report from the College Board he writes:
1. The average number of years of math study for boys and girls in high school is almost identical: 3.9 years for boys and 3.8 years for girls.
2. The average number of years of science study for girls (3.5 years) in high school is almost the same as for boys (3.6 years).
3. High school girls had exactly the same math GPA as boys of 3.14, and a slightly higher average GPA for science (3.27) than boys (3.23).
4. More girls take biology and chemistry (55%) in high school than boys (45%), i.e. 122 girls per 100 boys.
5. There are 127 girls taking high school AP/Honors science classes for every 100 boys.
6. For high school students reporting more than four years of math study, the percentages are equal by gender: 50% of boys and 50% of girls take more than four years of math.
7. Both 50% of boys and 50% of girls in high school report that calculus is the highest level of high school mathematics taken.
8. More high school girls than boys took AP Honors math courses, by a ratio of 117 girls for every 100 boys.
Bottom Line: The evidence shows that high school girls are equally prepared, if not more prepared (more AP math and science classes), than high school boys for college programs in math, science and engineering. ... | <urn:uuid:4ec8a294-32f9-4397-8347-81a842501ad0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://krusekronicle.typepad.com/kruse_kronicle/2010/01/structural-barriers-discourage-girls-from-going-into-math-and-science.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941428 | 341 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Passiflora incarnata (usually called May-pop) has a blossom with five sepals and five petals. It has a crown or corona of white or lavender fringe banded with purple. In the center of the blossom is a column of united stamens enclosing a pistil with three heads (stigmas). This beautiful complex blossom is exquisite in detail.
This plant is a vine ten feet to twenty feet long, with alternate leaves. The leaves are from two and one-half to six inches long and wide. Each leaf is palmately three-lobed with finely serrated edges. At the base of each blade are two small bumps (nectar-bearing glands).
The flower buds come in the axils of the leaves, as do long tendrils which the vine uses for climbing over whatever is near it. The fruit is an edible leathery berry (the may-pop). It is the size and shape of a hen egg; green at first and turning yellowish as it ripens. When stomped, it makes a loud pop. It blooms from late May through October.
It is called Passion-flower because the early explorers thought there was some resemblance in the structure of the blossom to the implements of the crucifixion. | <urn:uuid:5c0abde6-7b2d-46e1-af9e-ed7656fcd25e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.auburn.edu/~deancar/wfnotes/maypo.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955376 | 266 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Martin, François Xavier (fräNswäˈ zävyāˈ märtăNˈ) [key], 1762–1846, American jurist, b. Marseilles, France. He emigrated to the United States (c.1786) and was admitted to the North Carolina bar in 1789. He held federal positions as judge for Mississippi Territory (1809) and for Louisiana Territory (1810). In the government of the state of Louisiana he was attorney general (1813), justice of the state supreme court (1815), and chief justice (1836). His wide learning did much to harmonize the strands of English, Spanish, and French law in the legal system of Louisiana. Besides digests of Louisiana cases, Martin wrote A History of Louisiana (1827) and A History of North Carolina (1829).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:37d409cf-6a15-4f03-9961-a42743362e31> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/martin-francois-xavier.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913107 | 197 | 2.625 | 3 |
PHILADELPHIA (Reuters) - Nine-year-old Corey Haas can ride his bike alone now, thanks to an experimental gene therapy that has boosted his fading vision with a single treatment.
The gene therapy helped improve worsening eyesight caused by a rare inherited disease called Leber congenital amaurosis, or LCA, which makes most patients blind by age 40.
Twelve treated patients, including Corey, now have better vision, their doctors told a joint meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology in San Francisco on Saturday.
"All 12 patients given gene therapy in one eye showed improvement in retinal function," Dr Katherine High of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and colleagues wrote in a report to be released at the same time by the Lancet medical journal.
LCA causes the retina to degenerate and the researchers found that the younger the patient treated with the therapy, the better the effects.
"Before, I used to ride my bike just in front of the house and now I just ride around the neighborhood with no one watching," Corey told a news conference.
While the experiment was meant mostly to show the treatment was safe, it showed remarkably strong effects, High and Dr Jean Bennett of the University of Pennsylvania found.
"This study reports dramatic results in restoring vision to patients who previously had no options for treatment," said High. "These findings may expedite development of gene therapy for more common retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration."
They could also help restore the tarnished image of gene therapy, battered by the death of an 18-year-old volunteer in a clinical trial in 1999 and cases of leukemia in a few young children treated in France.
"The study by Bennett and co-workers will further boost gene therapy trials and provide hope for patients with inherited blindness and other genetic disorders," Dr Frans Cremers and Dr Rob Collin of Nijmegen Medical Center in the Netherlands wrote in a commentary.
A faulty gene means patients with LCA start to lose their vision in childhood. There is no treatment.
High, Bennett and colleagues worked with 12 volunteers, aged 8 to 44. They reported on three of the adult patients in April of 2008.
They designed a harmless virus, called an adeno-associated virus, to carry corrective DNA directly into the eyes. The gene they used, called RPE65, is mutated in up to about 16 percent of LCA patients and the normal gene restored light-sensitive pigments in the retina at the back of the eye.
The treatment did not restore normal eyesight to any of the patients but half are no longer legally blind.
"The clinical benefits have persisted for nearly two years since the first subjects were treated with injections of therapeutic genes into their retinas," Bennett said.
Four children aged 8, 9, 10, and 11 can now walk unaided.
Corey's father, Ethan Haas, from Hadley, New York, said they embraced the experiment.
"You start to think of what could happen -- he could go completely blind. And then it's like, well, he may go blind in the future anyway because it's degenerative, so I decided to try it now and see if we could stop it and correct it," Haas said.
Corey's mother, Nancy Haas, said it was worth the risk.
"It's hard to see a child not be able to play like he should with his other friends, and then to have shortly after surgery, he's out there with his friends, playing, being able to see things coming from his peripheral vision, noticing other kids," she said, beginning to cry.
"It's all worth it."
SOURCES: The Lancet, published online October 24, 2009; joint meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology. | <urn:uuid:3b22a9ad-2253-4993-ae9e-abad79ca30d0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lifescript.com/health/centers/vision/news/2009/10/26/gene_therapy_experiment_restores_sight_in_a_few.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973914 | 811 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Monday, October 11, 2010
A simple stone belies a notorious history: The Magdalen Female Penitent Asylum, Glasnevin Cemetery
On a boulevard separated by a roadway from surrounding graves lies a memorial erected to the memory of those woman and girls once held at the Magdalen Penitent Asylum of Lower Mecklenburgh Street, Dublin. Some have claimed the stone stands over a mass grave; however, the Catholic order of the Sisters of Charity, who were once charged with the responsibility of operating some of the Catholic Magdalen Asylums in Ireland, vehemently deny this assertion, saying it is only a memorial.
The Magdalen Female Penitent Asylums have a notorious history. In the mid 19th century these institutions were founded all over Europe principally for the detention of prostitutes undergoing reform. In Ireland separate asylums were operated by both the Church of Ireland and the Catholic church. In these women-only 'homes' inmates were 'strongly discouraged' from leaving, in fact many of them were forcibly confined, and were sometimes detained for life. They were forced to work without pay in the laundries which adjoined the residences, thus the asylums are often referred to as the 'Magdalen Laundries'.
Upon entering the asylum a woman's hair was completely shorn or cropped very short, and she was forced to wear drab, shapeless clothing. If she had any children they were taken away from her. Subjected to brutal discipline, these women were absolutely forbidden to discuss their lives prior to entering the asylum. Their daily regimen included enforced silence and extensive prayer.
The asylum referred to on this grave marker was situated on Lower Mecklenburgh street in the heart of the red light district in Dublin, the district known as "The Monto". The area was dominated by tenements and most of the residents lived in grinding poverty. Many of the young women who turned to prostitution were country girls who had come to Dublin to work as domestic servants in the homes of the wealthy. Suffering sexual abuse by the master of a house or his sons, if they became pregnant they were quickly expelled from the home. Unable to return to their family homes, they often ended up working as prostitutes simply to survive and provide for their children.
Over time the population of prostitutes in Dublin decreased and the Magdalen Asylums became the place of incarceration for other "fallen" women such as unwed mothers, unmanageable girls, and those who were "simple minded". Perhaps the most shocking detail of their history is that women were still being admitted to these institutions in the 1980s. The last of the asylums was closed in 1996.
*Click on photos to view larger version.
References: Finnegan, Frances. Do Penance or Perish: A Study of Magdalene Asylums in Ireland Piltown, Co. Kilkenny: Congrave Press, 2001.
Kearns, Kevin. Dublin Tenement Life Ireland: Gill & MacMillan Ltd, 1994.
All Materials and Photographs ©Copyright J. Geraghty-Gorman 2010 and may not be duplicated in any way without the prior written permission of the author. | <urn:uuid:db828c27-f8de-4e43-ae93-2e461fa84805> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://stiffsandstones.blogspot.com/2010/10/simple-stone-belies-notorious-history.html?showComment=1360071230989 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981599 | 660 | 3.03125 | 3 |
How to Tell if the Information on a Website is Accurate
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Internet Family Fun Home > What You Want to Know About... > How to Tell if the Information on a Website is Accurate
Truth or Junk?
When surfing for information about a particular topic, you can usually find a lot of different Websites. The problem is, knowing if the information is accurate. Anyone with a little knowledge about the Internet, can post a Website, so anyone could put inaccurate information. So how do you tell if the information that you found is credible? There are a few steps to determining the quality of a Website.
Here is what to look for:
- Does the author say who he is and offer a way to contact him/her?
If the author doesn't give you a way to contact them or take credit for his work, you should be suspicious.
- Does the author state the purpose of the information?
There should be a stated purpose of giving the information. This may not be clearly spelled out, but there should be a reason why someone is spending the time to post the information.
- Does all of information, seem accurate?
If somewhere in the information there is an easily spotted inaccuracy, don't trust the balance of the information. For instance, if the part of the information says, "Columbus sailed to the New World in 1762" chances are the rest of the information is not accurate.
- Does the appearance of the site, match the type of information it is offering?
Webmasters love to get creative with the appearance of the site, but the tone of the site should match the tone of the content. For instance, if the content of the site is 18th century history and the graphics of the site is cartoon characters, I would question the accuracy of the information.
- Does the author give reference to the source of his information or his background?
A credible site would offer references to where they got their information on the topic. A credible author would also state his background or education on the subject.
- Are there an unusual amount of typos and misspellings?
A few typos and misspellings may be acceptable, but if the information is filled with them, you have to question the accuracy of the information. Credible authors take pride in their work.
- Does the author give you resources to learn more?
The author should give you places to where you can learn more on the given topic. It may be other Websites or books that you can read to acquire more knowledge. Of course, if the topic has been previously unexplored, then there might not be any other sources of information. Remember a credible author's purpose is to educate you on the subject.
- Is it published by a reliable company?
Is the information is published on a well recognized company's Website, it should be credible. Companies such as About.com, Yahoo, and Zdnet have too much at stake, to publish inaccurate information. Information published on Geocities or Xoom, may be accurate also, but you would want to examine the quality a little more closely.
- Is there a publishing date?
This is especially important if the information is date sensitive. If there is not a publishing date, you have no idea how old the info is and there may have been recent discoveries about the subject.
- Does the information reasonably compare to other sources?
If you have found one site that says Columbus sailed in 1762 and another that says 1492, you might want to find a third source to confirm the actual date.
- Check to see who owns the Website.
Determine who owns the domain (site.com) by finding contact information for a Web Site when it isn't listed.
With the wealth of information available on the Net that can be published by anyone, you must carefully evaluate the content, before believing the information. Taking a few minutes to exam the information's credibility could save you time and embarrassment of believing wrong information.
More Topics to Know About
This site recommends Amazon.com for online shopping: | <urn:uuid:ae95acf9-f064-40db-9b82-58c429c1a80f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.internetfamilyfun.com/knowabout/accuratewebsite.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392527.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00067-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939983 | 842 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Erebonectoides macrochaetus (Fosshagen, 1994)
Erebonectoides macrochaetus: after Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1994
Taxonomic Characterization: One furcal seta on left side is extremely elongated, the endopod of mandible is reduced and in first leg, the first segment of endopod has an elongated process on its outer distal corner (Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1994).
Disposition of Specimens: British Museum of Natural History, catalog numbers 1993.407-8.
Ecological Classification: Stygobitic
Size: Adult female in 0.97 mm in total length; adult male 1.03 mm.
Number of Species in Genus: One
Species Range: This species is known from two caves in the Caicos Islands: The Hole, Providenciales Island and Conch Bar Cave, Middle Caicos Island.
Closest Related Species: Resembles Erebonectes nesioticus from Bermuda.
Habitat: Anchialine limestone caves
Ecology: Collected at depths of 0-1 m. Found in brackish waters. The floor of The Hole is completely choked by breakdown and surface debris. Additional fauna from The Hole include: the ostracod Deeveya spiralis, the lepostracan Speonebalia cannoni, and the hadziid amphipod Bahadzia stocki. Associated faunas from Conch Bar Cave include: the amphipod Spelaeonicippe provo, the shrimps Barbouria cubensis and Typhlatya garciai, and the mysid Stygiomysis clarkei (Fosshagen & Iliffe, 1994).
Life History: Three specimens have been collected including one adult male, one adult female and one copepodid stage V. The mouthparts are raptorial with several reductions. The mandible has strongly developed gnathobasis and reduced or lacking endopod. The maxilla and maxilliped bear strong spines or long setae.
Evolutionary Origins: All genera of the family Epacteriscidae live in caves, but two species of Epacteriscus and Enantiosis are also recorded outside caves. The most primitive genus, Erebonectes, is recorded from remote parts of caves, while the most modified and reduced Epacteriscus is also encountered outside caves.
Conservation Status: Restricted to two anchialine caves in the Caicos Islands.
|Please email us your comments and questions.||Last modified:| | <urn:uuid:6a5d4cd5-360f-419a-b1a7-f7e16e687389> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tamug.edu/cavebiology/fauna/copepods/E_macrochaetus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.828356 | 551 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Anatomy for Kids
- Butcher paper or plain newsprint paper
- Paints, felt pens, or crayons
Trace your child's body as she lies face-down or face-up on the paper. Tape the paper in place on the floor. Have your child proceed to draw her body parts onto the outline of her body where they belong. Start with obvious parts: nose, ears, fingernails, teeth, hair, and belly button. More difficult parts might include: elbows, kneecaps, chin, and heels. For older children, you could label the inner organs: heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver.
From 365 Days of Creative Play by Sheila Ellison & Judith Gray. Copyright © 2005 by Sheila Ellison & Judith Gray. All rights reserved. Used by arrangement with Sourcebooks, Inc.
Buy the book at www.amazon.com. | <urn:uuid:434b4890-c011-4dd1-950b-86a9368418e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://fun.familyeducation.com/early-learning/childrens-science-activities/40359.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00105-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.919426 | 181 | 3.78125 | 4 |
Nicotine lethal dose in humans: a common argument by regulatory authorities, based on poor science
By Dr Farsalinos
I am sure everyone has heard the “magic number”: 60mg is the nicotine lethal dose in adults. Τhis is a very low level, which would categorize nicotine as one of the most toxic substances available. It is a very common and strong argument of the regulatory authorities and of several anti-smokers activists who support very strict regulation on e-cigarettes and criticize the high levels of nicotine present mostly in refillable liquid bottles. Special concerns are usually raised for children, because lethal dose is expected to be much lower at this age group.
I always wondered how the lethal dose level was defined, because everyone mentioned that the lethal dose was just theoretical and was never really tested. In animals the lethal dose may be from 3mg/kg in mice to 50mg/kg in rats, while a 60mg dose means a 0.8mg/kg in humans. A brief search of the literature revealed some reports that cigarette ingestion in children has a benign prognosis CDC 1997, Kubo 2008), making it hard to understand how a 60mg lethal dose is realistic and accurate.
Yesterday however, a very important review was published in Archives of Toxicology. Professor Bernd Mayer from the University of Gratz performed an extensive review of available literature in an effort to identify the existing proof for defining the nicotine lethal dose in humans. He has also found several references mentioning that the acute lethal dose in humans has been estimated to be 50-60mg. However, no proof was provided for such figures. He had to go back to the mid of the 19th century to find that the lethal dose came from self experiments of Austrian pharmacologists, who described really peculiar and unrealistic symptoms after ingesting just 1-4mg of nicotine. Therefore, reports based on dubious experiments and results 150 years ago are still reproduced today…
More interestingly, Prof Mayer reports that the lethal level of nicotine as measured in postmortem exams was 2mg/ml of blood, corresponding to 4mg/ml of plasma. Such levels would correspond to ingesting 500-1000mg of nicotine. This is 10-20 times higher levels that those “accepted” today.
There is no doubt that nicotine is toxic and can be lethal. However, the levels currently mentioned in the literature seem to be extremely low and unrealistic. Nicotine solutions should always be handled with care, but there is no reason to produce excessive fear or accept poor science in order to terrorize the public.
It is worth reading the full review by Prof Mayer. It is available online with free access to everyone.
Dr Farsalinos is a researcher at Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center in Athens-Greece and at Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospital Gathuisberg in Leuven-Belgium. He is actively involved in research on e-cigarettes’ safety and risk profile.
Disclaimer: all presentations in this site are personal opinions of the authors. By reading and using the information provided, you agree that we are not held responsible for your choices and you are personally responsibility for using or sharing this information. No recommendations are made for using the electronic cigarette. The site provides information on e-cigarette research, not advice on the use of e-cigarettes. | <urn:uuid:96d95fa8-93ef-4576-9ca6-e1a83321cb2e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ecigarette-research.com/web/index.php/2013-04-07-09-50-07/132-nicotine-lethal-dose-in-humans | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951532 | 683 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Maidenhair ferns are soft and lacy plants which have a variety of uses both indoors and outside.
With more than 200 species of maidenhair and many more cultivars, choosing a favourite may be difficult, but they are attractive and rewarding plants to grow.
They have one major drawback: if allowed to dry out, even briefly, the foliage quickly browns and the plant appears dead. As Don Burke explained recently however, maidenhair ferns have a Lazarus quality, which means with the right care, they can come back to life from what looks like certain death.
Common name: Maidenhair fern
Botanical name: Adiantum spp.
Description: Finely foliaged, evergreen plants, that can grow to 1 metre in height (about 3′) but are more commonly smaller growing. Maidenhair ferns grow from underground rhizomes and have brownish/black leaf stalks from which the fronds unfold to display their apple-green leaflets.
The range of leaf shapes and growth habits is staggering. Foliage comes in all forms and sizes, some fine leafed, others variegated, and some scalloped. Some species are certainly tougher than others. Following is a selection you may find at the garden centres and their best uses:
Adiantum raddianum ‘Fragrans’ – The most widely grown maidenhair in Australia, and one of the easiest to grow, is the Fragrans (Adiantum raddianum ‘Fragrans’). It is best grown indoors but is not suited to growing outdoors in the ground.
Adiantum aethiopicum – The wild Australian native species, Adiantum aethiopicum, is a tough species that grows well outdoors in moist, shaded locations. It is often sold in nurseries as ‘Valley Mist’. It is not well suited to use indoors as it needs a well lit spot.
Adiantum hispidulum – The rough maidenhair (Adiantum hispidulum) also prefers being outdoors. It is a tall growing plant that tolerates a little more light than the common maidenhair, A. aethiopicum.
Indoors: Maidenhair ferns have a variety of uses indoors. They can be grown indoors in pots or hanging baskets in a brightly lit position out of draughts. They are also a feature of some terrariums. Different maidenhair foliage is also used as a filler foliage in flower arrangements.
Patios and ferneries: They are also a feature of shaded outdoor spots such as east or southerly facing patios or the traditional fernery, where they are also grown in pots or hanging baskets.
Outdoors: the native species, A. aethiopicum, can be planted in shady rock crevices or used as an outdoor groundcover plant in a moist, shaded spot such as beside a pond.
- to be kept moist
- a brightly lit position when indoors but prefers a very shaded spot if planted outdoors
- a sheltered position away from draughts
- regular applications of diluted liquid fertilisers (such as fish emulsion or Nitrosol)
- being allowed to dry out, even for a few hours (so keep well watered)
- frost (best grown as an indoor or patio plant if in cold or harsh climates)
- dark positions inside the house (select a well-lit position but not direct sunlight which can burn foliage)
- draughts (do not place in windy spots such as corridors)
Resurrecting your dead maidenhair
If your maidenhair fern does dry out and its fronds turn brown, don’t despair as it shouldn’t be considered dead until there has been no new growth for 18 months. To give it a new lease of life try the following method:
with the plant still in the pot, cut the fronds off at ground level
place the pot outside in a shady spot where it will hopefully regenerate after a few months.
try repotting your fern using a high quality potting mix to which Nutricote or Osmocote may be added.
Some gardening advice recommends burning the dead foliage of maidenhair ferns. While it may be successful, it can also be rather dangerous so it is preferable to cut away the dead foliage as directed above.
If the plant has only just begun to dry out, plunge the pot into a bucket of water, keeping it submerged until the air bubbles stop rising to the surface. This will rewet the soil.
One way to keep your indoor maidenhair ferns from drying out is to plant them in a self-watering pot. These pots allow the plant to take up as much water as is needed at a time. The only thing you need to do is to remember to top up the reservoir as required. Self-watering pots are usually sold where you buy maidenhair ferns. Prices start at around $5.95.
Although neglect and drying out are the most common problems with maidenhair ferns they can also suffer from insect attack. Keep an eye out for the following pests:
- the maidenhair fern aphid, which causes the fronds to curl up and turn black. Hose off aphids, or spray with Confidor (spray plants outdoors in a well-ventilated spot).
- scale (brown or black lumps on the stems or leaves) and or mealybugs (fluffy white insects which look like tiny pieces of cotton wool). To control lightly spray with Folimat, Confidor or PestOil (applied at half the recommended rate). Spray plants outdoors in a well-ventilated spot. Badly infested plants should be discarded.
Did you know?
The word Adiantum comes from the Greek adiantos, which means ‘unwetted’ and refers to the way that maidenhair fern fronds repel water.
Cost and tips on buying plants
Maidenhair ferns differ in price depending on the pot size. These can range from $8.50 for 140mm (5″) pots through to $22.00 for a 200mm (8″) hanging basket.
Don’s tip: The fern shown on ‘Burke’s Backyard’ was priced at $12.95 for a 185mm (7″) pot. It had several different varieties of maidenhair fern, each with different leaf shapes, in the one pot. Don suggested the pot was a good buy as what appeared to be one large plant could be split up into several different plants and repotted to give three or four distinct leaf types.
Our segment was filmed at Swane’s Nursery, 490 Galston Road, Dural, NSW, 2158. Phone: (02) 9651 1322.
For more information on maidenhair ferns consult Christopher J. Goudey’s book Maidenhair Ferns in Cultivation by Lothian. For information on ferns generally consult A Handbook of Ferns also by C. J. Goudey (Lothian). | <urn:uuid:3c3e6546-7261-4769-a3ae-780557e72804> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/fact-sheets/in-the-garden/indoor-and-potted-plant/maidenhair-fern/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00111-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9447 | 1,521 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Encyclopedia of School Health – now online from Sage Knowledge
Children spend more time at school than anywhere else except home; thus, schools can have a major effect on children’s health by providing a healthy physical environment, serving meals and snacks built around sound nutritional guidelines, and teaching about health, as well as modeling and promoting healthy behaviors. School health services programs involve not only school nurses and focus not only on nursing practice, standards, and performance issues; they also include services and classes to teach students the information and skills they need to become health-literate, to maintain and improve their health, to prevent disease, and to reduce risky behaviors impacting health. School nurses, teachers, administrators, health coordinators, guidance counselors and social workers all join with parents in safeguarding and promoting the health and well-being of school-aged children as a basic foundation for academic success. The Encyclopedia of School Health offers quick access to health and wellness information most relevant to children in America’s K-12 school setting. You’ll find valuable guidance on developmental stages, acute and chronic illnesses, special education, nutrition, crisis response, prevention, and more. | <urn:uuid:76a92b48-b50a-440d-ae0f-a2e076d3afc9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lasalle.edu/library/2014/02/20/encyclopedia-of-school-health-new/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961996 | 234 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The Dao 道(Tao) is the sacred or ultimate concern of Daoists. It is a Daoist cosmological
and theological concept. The Dao is impersonal and simultaneously immanent and transcendent.
The reality of the Dao is ultimately beyond human language, conceptions, and rational
comprehension. As the famous first line of the fourth-century BCE Daode jing 道德經
(Scripture on the Dao and Inner Power) explains, “The dao that can be spoken is not
the constant Dao; the name that can be named is not the constant Name.” Or, according
to chapter four, “I do not know whose descendent it is; it symbolizes that which
preceded Di 帝 (Thearch).” Similarly, the anonymous eighth-century CE Qingjing jing
清靜經 explains, “The great Dao is beyond name; it raises and nourishes the myriad beings.
Forced to name it, we call it ‘Dao’.” On the primary level, Daoist theological discourse
is apophatic and trans-rationalistic. The Dao’s suchness or being-so-of-itself is
beyond linguistic expression and beyond knowing.
Nonetheless, from a Daoist perspective, the Dao may be discussed according to four
aspects: (1) Source of all that exists; (2) Unnamable mystery; (3) All-pervading
numinosity (sacred presence); and (4) Cosmological and transformative process that
is the universe. For Daoists, the Dao pervades self, world and cosmos. This includes
a manifest reality that consists of multiple sacred realms and divine beings. There
is thus no necessary distinction among the Dao as primordial undifferentiation and
Source (monism), as Nature (panenhenism), and as sacred beings (polytheism).
From a Daoist perspective, the Dao is never distant from humans, but humans may be
distant from the Dao. Daoist practice-realization aims at alignment and attunement
with the Dao, which is simultaneously within and beyond individualized being. Misalignment
and self-distortion occurs because of egoistic desire.
Further Reading: Yuan Dao/D.C. Lau and Roger Ames; Heaven and Earth in Early Han
Thought/John Major; as well as reliable translations of classical Daoist texts and | <urn:uuid:baca1a00-4e63-4bc3-af6e-4df61b33bacd> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.daoistcenter.org/dao.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900715 | 552 | 2.8125 | 3 |
(Editor's Note: This article was originally published on August 23, 2010. Your questions and comments are welcome, but please be aware that authors of previously published articles may not be able to promptly respond to new questions or comments.)
One of the weirder group plants you can grow are those I call the stick plants. These are actually Euphorbias, though the common name for several of them are Pencil Cacti. They are not cacti at all, however, but succulent spineless plants from various warmer parts of the globe. Though many are from South Africa, it is interesting that many are from diverse areas of the world, from northern Africa, to the Mediterranean, and some from South America, Central American and even the U.S. These plants are a excellent demonstration of convergent evolution, and adaption to environmental conditions with independent development of the "stick" (leafless and spineless) architecture. It should be noted there are some true cacti also with the common name pencil cactus (a few Cylindropuntia and an Echinocereus share this common name as well). I have grown several of these peculiar Euphorbias, though are dozens more I have no experience with. This article will be an introduction to some of the more common "stick plant" Euphorbias.
Cylindropuntia kleiniae (left photo shindagger) and Echinocereus waldeisii (right photo CactusJordi) have the common name of pencil cacti, but these are true cacti
I am not including spiny species, like the Euphorbia baioensis (left) or the myriad leafless, spineless medusoid species like Euphorbia inermis (right), in this article
This is a difficult group of plants to make a lot of generalities about, as they vary quite a bit in their ease of growth, cold hardiness, tolerance of wet soils and need for sunlight. However, the plants I am most familiar with are some of the hardiest and easiest of all the succulents to grow, not to mention some of the easiest of the genus Euphorbia.
All these plants have that well-known toxic sap, typical of all the Euphorbia species. But for some reason, most of these stick Euphorbias seem more apt than other Euphorbias to release their saps with minimal trauma. This makes pruning and moving these plants a greater hazard in some ways than I find with most of the Euphorbias. On the other hand, none of these have spines which are commonly found throughout the Euphorbia world. So if one can avoid the sap, there are few other dangers with these plants. Avoiding the sap is not so easy and it can sit innocuously on ones' skin for hours and later on accidentally get rubbed into the eyes or onto other sensitive mucous membranes, resulting in a lot of intense burning (and potential blindness). Eating sap is also, obviously, recommended against, though it is not as toxic as some toxic plant lists make it out to be (ingestion often results in vomiting and possibly other gastrointestinal upsets, but actual lethal ingestion incidences in either people or animals is quite rare).
Euphorbia leucodendron cut oozing saps (left) Euphorbia tiraculli cut and sap (right)
Even compared to most other species of Euphorbia I have in the yard, these dinky, pencil-diameter plants seem to crank out a lot more sap for their size (Euphorbia pseudocactus hybrid on right oozing relatively little sap for its size)
Euphorbia tirucalli (Pencil Cactus or Pencil Tree) This is the most commonly grown of all the Stick Euphorbias and for good reason. It is probably the easiest Euphorbia to root, and to grow, and to keep alive in hot and cold weather (though of course it has its limits). It is one of the fastest-growing of all the succulents. I had a one foot tall seedling grow into an over 100 pound behemoth in just a few years, though it was still only a shrub at that point. Euphorbia tirucalli is native to much of Africa. The plant basically consists of a stem or trunk and lots of branches that end in stiff, tubular pale green growth about as big around as a pencil- hence the common names. Though most of the year this plant is leafless, growing points are often tipped with a few small, lancelote leaves only really noticeable if one looks closely. Flowers are brief and occur mostly in late spring, but, at least here in southern California, occasionally in early autumn as well. These too are not too noticeable. The plant is grown strictly for its peculiar lack of foliage and ease of growth and maintenance. However, maintenance is really not all that easy once this plant attains some significant size. Without regular pruning, branches quickly outgrow the limb's ability to support them and large shrubs and trees are constantly dropping branches. Unfortunately these branches are very heavy and often damage other plants growing below. If not removed, these branches will often root and create another obnoxious shrub. Pruning these is not a simple task, either. Though the wood is fairly soft and easy to cut, the sap quickly gums up saws and clippers, and sap drips in large quantities all over the place. Avoiding contact with sap of this plant is very difficult, and just brushing up against it will often result in sap on clothing or skin. I have handled the sap of dozens of species of Euphorbia, but for some reason, this species seems to have particularly irritating sap.
Large tree in southern California (left) detail of 'branches' (right photo DaylilySLP)
my own Euphorbia tirucalli 'Sticks of Fire' (left) and after windy weather (right)... blowing over and losing limbs is a common problem with this species
Sticks of Fire form used in landscaping, for good contrast (left); unusually red (stressed) example of this plant for sale at a nursery (right)
flowers (left) and leaves (right) of this plant (Euphorbia tirucali) Sticks of Fire form. Leaves and flowers are usually only briefly visible seasonally.
Euphorbia leucadendron (Cat Tails Euphorbia) This species is becoming more widely available and sometimes can be picked up at garden outlet centers. For a Madagascan native, this plant is amazingly hardy and resilient, nearly equal to ease and durability as is Euphorbia tirucalli. This plant is a bit thicker and much slower to form a tree shape than Euphorbia tirucalli. I have yet to see one actually grow into a tree in Southern California, but seen several photos of fairly large trees growing in Africa and Madagascar. Here in California it usually forms a huge shrubby mass. This is a neater, more upright plant than Euphorbia tirucalli with few branches that grow laterally at all. This one often is leafy (though very tiny leaves at near the growing tips) and it also has some relatively large stoma or pores that give it a somewhat speckled appearance. Like Euphorbia tirucalli, this is an extremely easy Euphorbia to root, and cuttings seem to take no matter how quickly I shove them into the ground (no time needed for a "cure" as is the case with many succulents). I think part of this easy root and lack of rotting behavior when freshly cut ends are stuck into soil is due to the massive quantities of sap this plant pours out when it's cut. The sap quickly seals and protects the cut surface makng subsequent fungal growth less likely.
Euphorbia leucadendron growing in the Los Angeles Arboretum (left); flowering and fruiting (right)
showing some leaf formation, if briefly (left) Flowering Euphorbia leucadendron (right)
Close up of stems and fruiting bodies (left) Cuttings off my own plant (needs to be hacked back regularly)- right
Euphorbia antisyphillitica (Candelilla) This distantly related species is a North American native and though rarely referred to as a Pencil Cactus, is more pencil-like in diameter than either of the other two Euphorbias mentioned so far. This plant is also called the wax plant due to its thick coating of wax (called Candelilla wax, from which candles are often made, as well as waterproofing lotions, lipstick, facial creams, gum and floor polish etc.) Historically it has been used in the treatment of syphilis; hence the name. I find this a very easy plant to grow and it has moderate cold tolerance (at least compared to the above two species), down to the low 20F without any damage. It is a suckering species, not really a branching one, and only grows a few feet tall, forming a thick colony of pale blue-grey flexible pencil-like stems (no leaves on this one). Seasonally it is covered with attractive but tiny pink and white flowers. It is another non-fussy Euphorbia I find particularly difficult to over or under water. However, under conditions of extremely low water (or severe root binding), it tends to get floppy and grow less upright.
Euphorbia antisyphillitica (both photos Xenomorf)
flowers and fruits
My own plant in pot going nuts
Below are other species of 'Stick Euphorbias' that I have seen growing around southern California, and a few others have photographed in Arizona
Euphorbia aphylla (in flower on right) is another leafless species.... aphylla means no leaves. This is a shorter species only growing a few feet tall
flowers and fruits of Euphorbia aphylla
Euphorbia kamponii is another great "stick" Euphorbia from Madagascar, and one I have grown in my garden (but eventually let it rot... not quite as easy as the above species). Left is photo of plant in southern California, and right is large tree in Thailand next to Kampon Tansacha, who the species was named after
Euphorbia mauritanica, a South African native, growing in southern California (left) and flower of this plant (right)
Euphorbia schimperi is an Arabian 'Pencil Cactus' (left) here growing in southern California; flowers of Euphorbia schimperi (right)
Euphorbia onoclada in my yard- still a young plant, but hardy (so far)
Euphorbia gregaria, a South African species, at the Huntington Gardens
not really the classic Pencil Cactus, these dead looking Madagascan plants are Euphorbia platyclada (more like flattened sticks, than pencils) in southern California
two species photographed in Arizona (by Xenomorf): left is Euphorbia dregeana, a South African native and right is Euphorbia lomelii, a native to the Sonoran desert in Baja California.
Another Arizona-grown plant (by Xenomorf), Euphorbia rhombifolia, another South African species. It seems the incredibly hot, dry weather in Arizona agrees with nearly all of the Stick Euphorbias
two greenhouse plants in Huntington Gardens, California: left is Euphorbia arbuscula (Socotra native) and right is Euphorbia cryptospinosa
These two Euphorbias are somewhat caudex-forming and are very short, leafless species, and not really that pencil-like, but I include them here anyway. Left is Euphorbia gariepina and right Euphorbia lignosa
Euphorbia weberbaueri (left) native to Peru Euphorbia spinosa (right photo CactusJordi) from the Mediterranean regions | <urn:uuid:dc4ea6d7-3661-4736-9548-10b11b799794> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2957/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952441 | 2,529 | 2.765625 | 3 |
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Teacher Resources by Grade
|1st - 2nd||3rd - 4th|
|5th - 6th||7th - 8th|
|9th - 10th||11th - 12th|
Combining Read-Alouds With Economics in the Primary Grades
|Grades||K – 2|
|Lesson Plan Type||Standard Lesson|
|Estimated Time||Four 10- to 30-minute sessions|
- Develop familiarity with economic concepts by listening to two stories and identifying economic elements
- Learn to make connections between books they hear and real-life situations by thinking about the roles that the economic concepts natural resource and producer play in their lives
- Demonstrate an understanding of the connection between economic concepts they hear in read-alouds and encounter in their lives through discussion and graphic organizers
- Identify sequences in stories using graphic organizers
|1.||Gather students in their usual spots for read-alouds and introduce Charlie Needs a Cloak. Tell them that it is by Tomie dePaola, and if they are familiar with his works, remind them of other titles (e.g., Strega Nona, The Art Lesson).
|2.||Activate students' prior knowledge:
|3.||Remind your students to listen for examples of natural resources and producers in Charlie Needs a Cloak, and then read it aloud.
|4.||After reading the book, ask students to identify the natural resource and producer in the story using the Think-Pair-Share model (natural resources = sheep and fleece; producer = Charlie).
|5.||Discuss the sequence of the story. Outline the order, using the Sequence Chart graphic organizer. This can be a whole-class, small-group, or individual activity. Save the chart to compare with A Symphony for the Sheep. You can also have students do the Sequence Activity.
|6.||Have students complete the That Reminds Me Of... handout as a class or independently. If students are to complete the handout independently, model how to use it by pointing out something that the author said and telling them what it reminds you of.
|7.||Discuss how Charlie got his new cloak. Encourage your students to talk about getting a new coat. (This could be another Think-Pair-Share activity.) Have students complete the My New Coat worksheet by writing about how they would get a new coat. There are two versions of this handout, so you can choose the version that is appropriate for your class.
|8.||If you have created a vocabulary chart, discuss the words in Charlie Needs a Cloak that relate to natural resources and producers as economic concepts. These might include sheep, shear, cloak, and fleece. Decide how you will help students understand them, such as by showing pictures from the book or pointing them out while reading the story.
|1.||Gather the students in their usual spots for read-alouds and introduce A Symphony for the Sheep. Tell them that it is by C.M. Millen and illustrated by Mary Azarian, who won the Caldecott Medal for Snowflake Bentley.
|2.||Activate students' prior knowledge (from Session 1) about sheep, natural resources, and producers.
|3.||Tell students that the setting of this story is Ireland. You may want to have students locate Ireland on a map or globe.
|4.||Remind students to listen for examples of natural resources and producers in A Symphony for the Sheep, and then read the book aloud.
|5.||After reading the book, ask students to identify the natural resource and producer in the story using the Think-Pair-Share model (natural resource = sheep; producers = shearer, spinner, weaver, knitter).
|6.||Discuss the sequence of the story. Outline the order using the Sequence Chart graphic organizer. This can be a whole-class, small-group, or individual activity. Save the chart to compare to Charlie Needs a Cloak.
|7.||Have students complete the That Reminds Me Of... handout as a class or independently. If students are to complete it independently, model how to use the sheet.
|8.||If you have created a vocabulary chart, discuss the words in A Symphony for the Sheep that relate to natural resources and producers as economic concepts. These might include sheep, knitter, spinner, and shearer. Have your students (individually or in small groups) make an illustration for each one.
If you do not have a classroom computer with Internet access and a projection monitor, this session should take place in your school's computer lab.
|1.||Show the Sheep Shearing in Vermont online video so students can see how shearing is done.
|2.||Discuss the video, reviewing the natural resources and producers. Relate the video to each read-aloud. You might ask the following questions:
|1.||Review the sequence charts the class made when discussing Charlie Needs a Cloak and A Symphony for the Sheep. Use them to compare the two books and complete a Venn diagram. Depending on your students' abilities, this can be a whole-class, small-group, or individual activity. (Consider using the interactive Venn Diagram or the printable Venn Diagram handouts.) Prompt students to identify similarities and differences between the two books by asking questions such as:
|2.||Using the completed That Reminds Me Of... sheets about the books, conduct a class discussion asking students what each book makes them think about in their lives. You could begin the discussion by noting something that one of the books reminded you of. Then you could continue by asking your students if there was something in each book that reminded them of something similar in their lives. If students have completed their own sheets, they could use Think-Pair-Share to discover if they and their partner had one or more of the same answers.
- If your students have never seen sheep, visit a farm or petting zoo to see them. If this is not possible, take a virtual trip to a farm (Sheep 101) or see how wool is sheared (Sheep Shearing Pictures).
- Take a virtual trip to a cheese factory to see milk turned into cheese products.
- Read aloud the book A New Coat for Anna by Harriet Ziefert (Dragonfly Books, 1988). In this book, Anna gets a new coat through barter. Encourage your students to compare the ways Charlie and Anna get new coats.
- Read aloud A Goat in a Rug by Charles L. Blood (Aladdin, 1976). In this book, a goat tells the story of how a rug is made from her goat hair.
- Find economics-related lesson plan ideas at the following websites:
- Have students refer to the That Reminds Me Of... sheets for each book and complete the writing assignment My New Coat using the version of this activity that you find appropriate for them.
- Using the Observation Rubric for Writing and Vocabulary, assess students’ understanding of the way economic concepts relate to their lives, their writing in relation to the standards established for your grade, and their use of the economic terms and new vocabulary from the read-alouds.
- Using the Observation Rubric for Comparisons, assess how well students were able to complete the Venn diagram in Session 4. Were they able to see similarities and differences between Charlie Needs a Cloak and A Symphony for the Sheep? Did they use the information from the sequence charts?
- Use the Observation Rubric for Participation to assess how well students were able to identify the economic concepts at the end of Sessions 1 and 2. Were they able to correctly identify the natural resources and producers? Were they able to relate these to their own lives?
- Access flashcards, word search, and concentration games found at Quia: Economics and Read Alouds. Observe how well your students are able to identify producers and natural resources. | <urn:uuid:d7060123-9226-476b-98cd-278a5944b866> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/combining-read-alouds-with-1077.html?tab=4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926087 | 1,758 | 4.21875 | 4 |
It’s often said that meat made us human. Meat allowed for larger brains and greater intelligence, not to mention more time for pursuits other than chewing. So how did a species that ate relatively little meat 2.6 million years ago evolve into one that depended on meat and was radically transformed by its consumption?
Do we owe this success to fire and our learned ability to cook? Or does a more rudimental form of “cooking” deserve the credit? As every chef knows, you don’t just toss whole vegetables and large slabs of meat into the casserole. You have to slice and dice before turning on the fire. This sequence of processing food with tools before applying fire, which happens every time we cook, epitomizes the entire evolution of cooking.
Today’s chefs use knives, blenders, and other modern “processing tools,” but the “old-old school” chefs, to whom the entire human enterprise owes its existence, used crude stone tools to process meat, making it easier to chew and digest. This was and still is the beginning of cooking.
Around 1.8 million years ago, Homo erectus emerged on the Paleolithic scene. Homo erectus differed in many ways from earlier hominins, including his larger brain, shorter digestive tract, smaller jaws and teeth, reduced chewing muscles, and weaker bite force.
Between 2 and 3 million years ago, Africa was undergoing a dramatic drying trend, which resulted in new grassland habitats. Consequently, Homo erectus had larger foraging areas than his jungle-dwelling arboreal predecessors. In the words of University of Colorado paleoanthropologist Thomas Wynn, “Erectus has gone completely terrestrial — not climbing trees very much at all.”1
Homo erectus needed calories and plenty of them. Bigger brains require more calories as do the demands of travelling long distances searching for food. The modern human brain consumes 20 percent of the body’s at-rest energy, more than twice that of other primates.2 Less evolved primates, on the other hand, expend the bulk of their energy digesting low-calorie plant food. “You can’t have a large brain and big guts at the same time,” explains Leslie Aiello, an anthropologist and director of the Wenner-Gren Foundation in New York City.3
Homo erectus evolved because he ate meat, but what made this possible? Have you ever tried chewing raw meat? It’s extremely tedious and wholly unlike chewing cooked meat. Had Homo erectus already mastered the use of fire for cooking? Or was this technology still more than a million years from being discovered? If the latter, how was Homo erectus able to chew raw meat with such decidedly disadvantaged teeth?
The Homo Erectus School of Cooking
In his 2009 book, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human, Harvard anthropologist Richard Wrangham hypothesized that Homo erectus was already cooking with fire by 1.8 million years ago. Convincing evidence notwithstanding, most archaeologists, paleontologists and anthropologists think Wrangham was wrong. A more reasonable estimate for the beginning of fire-based cooking is 400,000 years ago.4
One thing is certain though. Before man learned to cook with fire, he learned to process meat with tools. On the difficulty of chewing raw meat, even Wrangham acknowledges, “It probably wouldn’t take [early man] long to realize you could pound the meat. To pound the meat they would have gotten more energy out of it.”5
But just how much energy did such tool processing save? This question was put to the test for a study recently published in Nature6. Harvard scientists Daniel Lieberman and Katherine Zink attached electrodes to volunteers’ faces to measure muscle activity while using force transducers between their molars to measure chewing force. They tested meat and root vegetables, including cooked samples, unprocessed samples, and sliced/pounded samples.
They found that slicing and pounding meat and vegetables results in 17% less chewing, equating to 2.5 million less chews per year. Lieberman and Zink concluded that tool processing, which is an early form of “cooking,” enabled Homo erectus to reap the benefits of meat. “If you are using less force and using fewer chews, you are, of course spending less time eating,” Zink explained. “And if you no longer need to maintain the big jaws and big teeth, it allows natural selection to choose for other performance benefits that improve fitness and survival.”7
We can say that Wrangham, Lieberman, and Zink are all correct. Cooking made us human because cooking enabled us to eat meat. And although Homo erectus probably didn’t cook with fire, he certainly used stone tools to slice and pound meat, making it easier to chew and digest. This is how the technology of cooking began, just as every cooked meal today begins with chopping, slicing, and dicing. So go ahead and embrace your inner Paleo chef. For if cooking truly made us human, then at our cores we are all chefs.
References Choi, CQ. (November 11, 2009). Human Evolution: The Origin of Tool Use. LiveScience. Retrieved from http://www.livescience.com/7968-human-evolution-origin-tool.html | <urn:uuid:fd0c8d43-ac99-427f-8577-327f030a1a79> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://thepaleodiet.com/embracing-your-inner-paleo-chef/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00082-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95098 | 1,131 | 3.4375 | 3 |
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My thoughts on the topic of child labor are complicated. Child labor is, for the most part, a very bad thing. However, it is not possible to say categorically that it should be ended in all cases.
Child labor is something that is truly not optimal. Children should be able to enjoy a childhood that is relatively free from care. They should also be able to get educated so that they can get decent jobs when they are grown. Neither of these is possible if the children have to work.
That said, it is not possible to say that child labor should never be allowed. There are places where children must work if their families are to survive. There are places where the children would not be able to get much of an education even if they did not have to work. In such cases, simply banning child labor would not do the children any good. In such places, governments should improve conditions in society as a whole first and then ban child labor so that children can have better lives.
We’ve answered 327,520 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:b3d4197a-988a-42a9-b68d-4f8051450aeb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/can-you-state-any-your-reflections-opinions-about-422557 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974647 | 234 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Details about The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas:
The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas offers penetrating, original, and authoritative essays on the history and historiography of the institution of slavery in the New World. With essays on colonial and antebellum America, Brazil, the Caribbean, the Indies, and South America, the Handbook has impressive geographic and temporal coverage. It also includes a generous range of thematic essays on comparative slavery, the economics of slavery, historical methodology in the field, slavery and the law, for instance.
While obviously indebted to the foundational works of the 1960s and 1970s, current writing on the history of slavery and forms of unfree labor in the Americas has taken decidedly original, new, often ingenious turns. A younger generation of scholars has shown a healthy respect for that tradition while posing new, often interdisciplinary, and theoretically informed questions, considering, for example, the nature and definition of slave resistance in the Americas, evolving meanings of gender and race under slavery, the complicated nature of class formation in unfree societies, the elaboration of proslavery and antislavery ideologies, the origins and subsequent elaboration of race-based slavery, and mechanisms of emancipation.
Written by an international team including some of the field's most eminent historians and the most innovative younger scholars working today, The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas seeks to explain the enduring importance of the earlier historiography, identify current trends and developments, and offer suggestive but informed commentary on future developments in the field for a global scholarly audience.
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Rent The Oxford Handbook of Slavery in the Americas 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Robert L. Paquette. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Oxford University Press.
Need help ASAP? We have you covered with 24/7 instant online tutoring. Connect with one of our US-History tutors now. | <urn:uuid:7b328b18-e848-4b1f-bdab-4b28229b3254> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.chegg.com/textbooks/the-oxford-handbook-of-slavery-in-the-americas-1st-edition-9780199227990-0199227993 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00093-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905488 | 402 | 2.9375 | 3 |
A fierce winter storm lashed the North Island of New Zealand over the last weekend of July 2008. Heavy rains and strong winds caused several fatalities on land and sea, and more than 70,000 homes were without electricity in the wake of the storm. A second, though less severe, storm was headed for the country on Tuesday.
This natural-color image of the storm was captured by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite on July 26. Although the clouds seem lacy and somewhat insubstantial compared to the thick deck of clouds associated with hurricanes, the storm bears a resemblance to its tropical cousins; a core of low atmospheric pressure sits just off the East Cape, and the clouds are being drawn toward the low in an inward, clockwise spiral. In the Southern Hemisphere, air rotates clockwise around areas of low pressure.
No matter where it occurs, the large-scale rotation of the atmosphere around a core of low pressure is known to meteorologists as cyclonic motion, and thus storms with these characteristics are known as cyclones. The more famous of these types of storms are tropical cyclones (hurricanes, typhoons), but cyclones can also form in polar and middle latitudes.
- canberratimes.com.au (2008, July 28). Five killed as fierce storm hammers New Zealand. Accessed July 29, 2008.
NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using data obtained from the Goddard Land Processes data archives (LAADS). Caption by Rebecca Lindsey.
- Terra - MODIS | <urn:uuid:2b4cc587-e7f1-4885-a0fa-547c666a32bc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=20298&eocn=image&eoci=related_image | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943993 | 319 | 3.53125 | 4 |
To combine data into larger units. For example a group of points to a polygon, or political subdivisions (provinces) to larger entities (country).
Aggregation is the combination of smaller units of data into larger units. This is often done to protect privacy, generalize or simplify datasets, or combine smaller sampling areas to a desired mapping unit.
Aggregation is the opposite of apportioning. | <urn:uuid:d42cf882-e24b-4060-ab3d-54aafa22cdd4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://gis.stackexchange.com/tags/aggregation/info | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88759 | 84 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Can someone just help me set up the following integrals?
For the region R in the first octant bounded above by the plane x+y+z=1 and the surface S which is the boundary of this region, calculate for the vector valued function F=(x^2+y^2)i+(y^2+z^2)j+(z^2+x^2)k:
(i) triple integral (div F) dV
(ii) double integral (F*n) dS where n is the outward pointing unit normal.
Thank you for any help.
Yeah, so my assignment paper has (i) and (ii) as two different questions and answers. Is there a difference?
By Gauss' Theorem (divergence theorem), they appear to be the same?
They are the same. And you can compute the double line integral through Gauss' theorem. Unless, the problem specifices to do it through parametrization (the standard way to compute line integrals).
Originally Posted by Adebensjp05
Are they only the same because we are talking about a plane?
Some problems in my text appear different when the figure is a sphere or a cylinder. | <urn:uuid:f0fab13e-975e-4327-8c78-cb9be7833679> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/10892-divergence-theorem-print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00141-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887678 | 257 | 2.59375 | 3 |
When is the best time to plant garden mums?
Spring is the best time to plant garden mums (Chrysanthemum x morifolium) in Iowa. Mums planted in spring survive the winter much better than those planted in fall. Spring planted mums have the opportunity to grow and establish themselves over a period of several months. Fall planted mums have little time to establish themselves before winter and are much more likely to be severely damaged or destroyed in winter.
What would be a good planting site for chrysanthemums?
Chrysanthemums perform best in moist, well-drained soils. Avoid wet, poorly drained sites. Improve hard, difficult-to-work soils by incorporating 2 to 3 inches of organic matter, such as compost, peat or barnyard manure, into the soil.
Garden mums also need full sun. The planting site should receive at least six hours of direct sun per day. Avoid shady locations near trees and large shrubs.
What is proper way to plant garden mums?
Plant garden mums at the same depth as they are growing in their containers. Space plants 18 to 30 inches apart, depending on the mature size of the cultivar. Thoroughly water plants after planting. Continue to water on a regular basis for two to three months.
When is the best time to divide chrysanthemums?
Early spring is the best time to divide chrysanthemums. Dig up plants in early spring just as new growth begins to appear. Divide each plant into sections with a sharp knife. Each division should contain several shoots and a portion of the root system. Replant the divisions immediately. Keep the newly divided plants well watered through spring and summer.
Is it necessary to pinch garden mums?
Most garden mums benefit from pinching plants two or three times in spring and early summer. Pinching produces bushier plants and additional flowers. When the new shoots are 6 inches tall, pinch out the shoot tips with your fingers, a pruning shears or hedge clippers. New lateral (side) shoots will develop along the stems. Pinch again when these new shoots reach a length of 6 inches. Continue pinching until early July. Plants pinched after early July may not have sufficient time to form flower buds and bloom before the first frost in fall.
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- Families & Healthy Living | <urn:uuid:ef363a56-4c1c-4c88-9354-20de3067348c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.extension.iastate.edu/dallas/news/garden-mums | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929987 | 521 | 2.625 | 3 |
Chapter 5 – Data quality assessment and indicators
Table of contents
In a sample survey there are two types of error: sampling error and non-sampling error. The former is present because when we estimate a characteristic, we are measuring only part of the population instead of the whole population. The latter covers all errors that are not related to sampling. This type of error is also present in the census. Sections 5.1 and 5.2 contain an overview of these types of error as they relate to the NHS.
The objective of the NHS is to produce estimates from a number of questions for a wide variety of geographies, ranging from very large areas (such as provinces and census metropolitan areas) to very small areas (such as neighbourhoods and municipalities), and for various population groups such as Aboriginals Peoples and immigrants. These groups also vary in size, especially when cross-classified by geographic area. Such groupings are generally referred to as 'domains of interest'.
For any given domain of interest, on the assumption that the sampling is random, the sampling error depends on several parameters: population size, the number of survey respondents, the variability of the variables being measured, stratification and cluster sampling.
With a sampling rate of about 3 in 10 and a response rate of 68.6%, it is estimated that about 21% of the Canadian population participated in the NHS. Nevertheless, the quality of the domain estimates may vary appreciably, in particular because of the variation in response rates from domain to domain.
Besides sampling, a number of factors can cause errors in the survey's results. Respondents may misunderstand the questions and answer them inaccurately, and responses may be entered incorrectly during data capture and processing. These are examples of non-sampling errors that were thoroughly accounted for at every stage of collection and processing to mitigate their impact.
In addition, in every self-administered voluntary survey, error due to non-response to the survey's variables makes up a substantial portion of the non-sampling error. A distinction is made between partial non-response (lack of response to one or some questions) and total non-response (lack of response to the survey because the household could not be reached or refused to participate). Total non-response is likely to bias the estimates based on the survey, because non-respondents tend to have different characteristics from respondents. As a result, there is a risk that the results will not be representative of the actual population.
Since the NHS has a response rate of 68.6% (see Section 3.5), that risk is taken into account. Statistics Canada conducted several studies and various simulations, before and after collection, to assess the risk and extent of the potential bias. A number of measures were taken to mitigate its effects.
Description of the NHS data quality assessment process and indicators
From the start of collection to approval for release, NHS data undergo many analyses, and a number of quality indicators are produced. In this assessment process, the indicators are analyzed so that the quality of the NHS estimates can be assessed and users can be informed of any potential limitations in the estimates. The main quality indicators produced and analyzed during the assessment are as follows:
Item non-response rates: By collection method, demographic characteristics such as age and sex, and respondents' area of residence.
Indicators of response quality: For example, the rates of invalid or uncodable responses, analyzed by collection method.
Global non-response rate: Combines household non-response and item non-response, and is weighted and produced for various geographies (see Section 6.3).
Indicators of non-response bias: Based on matching of data from the 2006 and 2011 censuses and the NHS sample, these indicators provide data on NHS respondents and non-respondents and measure the average discrepancy between NHS estimates and estimates produced with 2006 Census data (see Section 5.5).
Coefficients of variation (CVs): Used to measure the variability of estimates.
There are three main steps in the assessment process:
Verification of NHS data during collection and processing: This involves calculating the response quality and non-response indicators throughout the collection period. The objective is to detect possible irregularities and correct them during collection and edit and imputation.
Verification of data after edit and imputation: This involves calculating quality indicators for the entire data set and assessing the quality of imputed data. The objective is to ensure that edit and imputation have minimized potential biases while maintaining data consistency. For each NHS question, the key quality indicators produced and analyzed by subject-matter analysts are the imputation rate, the rate of corrected inconsistent responses, and a comparison of item response distributions before and after imputation.
Certification of final estimates: The final estimates were certified after weighting to ensure that the data are consistent and reliable. At this point, the final estimates are compared with various data sources. These comparisons help determine whether the NHS estimates are consistent and therefore of good quality. The key data sources used are estimates from other Statistics Canada surveys for which data based on common concepts are available (for example, the Labour Force Survey), data from previous censuses, and data from selected administrative records available to Statistics Canada (for example, the T1 file on family income and Citizenship and Immigration Canada's Longitudinal Immigration Database). Population projections, available for population subgroups (for example, projections for Aboriginal peoples), which are based on the 2006 Census and are produced with microsimulations, were also compared with the NHS estimates.
Certification of the final estimates is the last step in the validation process leading to recommendation for release of the data for each geography and domain of interest. Based on the analysis of quality indicators and the comparison of the NHS estimates with other data sources, the recommendation is for either, unconditional release, conditional release or non-release for quality reasons. In the case of conditional release or non-release, appropriate notes and warnings are included in the products and provided to users.
For more details on the quality indicators and assessment results, please see the reference guides for the various domains of interest (see Appendix 2).
Comparability of the NHS estimates
Comparability of the NHS estimates and the 2006 Census
The content of the NHS is similar to that of the 2006 Census long questionnaire. However, a number of changes were made to some questions and sections of the questionnaire. For example, the NHS measures a new component of income (capital gains or losses) and child care and support expenses; the questions used to measure Aboriginal identity were altered slightly; and the universe for determining generational status was expanded to include the entire population, not just the population aged 15 and over. In addition, the unpaid work section was not asked in the 2011 NHS.
Any significant change in survey method or content can affect the comparability of the data over time, and that applies to the NHS as well. It is impossible to determine with certainty whether, and to what extent, differences in a variable are attributable to an actual change or to non-response bias. Consequently, at every stage of processing, verification and dissemination, considerable effort was made to produce data that are as precise in their level of detail, and to ensure that the NHS's published estimates are of good quality in keeping with Statistics Canada standards.
Caution must be exercised when NHS estimates are compared with estimates produced from the 2006 Census long form, especially when the analysis involves small geographies. Users are asked to use the NHS's main quality indicator, the global non-response rate (see Section 6.3), in assessing the quality of the NHS estimates and determining the extent to which the estimates can be compared with the estimates from the 2006 Census long form. Users are also asked to read any quality notes that may be included in dissemination products.
Discrepancy between 2011 Census counts and 2011 NHS estimates
The final weights are selected so as to reduce or eliminate differences between the 2011 Census population counts and the NHS estimates. However, some discrepancies may persist because the weighting constraints sometimes have to be discarded. In addition, since the final weight adjustment is based on calibrated areas, some of which are made up of several small municipalities, there may be discrepancies between the NHS estimates and the census counts for small municipalities. The discrepancy between the population counts and the sample estimates is the difference between the NHS estimate and the 2011 Census count divided by the 2011 Census count.
Whether there is a discrepancy or not is an indication of the quality of the NHS estimates. For a given census subdivision (CSD) or any other geographic area, users are invited to compare the 2011 Census count with the NHS estimate for the same target population to get an idea of the quality of the NHS estimates. The larger the discrepancy is, the greater the risk of having poor-quality NHS estimates.
For CSDs with a population of 25,000 or more, the census count and the NHS estimate are practically identical. That is not always the case for smaller CSDs.
Comparisons of the 2011 Census population counts and the NHS population estimates at the CSD level for the same target population are presented in three figures in Appendix 3. Comparisons are provided for CSDs with a population between 5,000 and 25,000, CSDs with a population between 1,000 and 5,000, and CSDs with a population between 40 and 1,000. Each figure shows the ratio of the NHS population estimate to the 2011 Census population count. If the ratio is equal or close to 1, the NHS population estimate is equal to the 2011 Census population count. If the ratio is greater than 1, the NHS estimate is greater than the 2011 Census count, and if the ratio is less than 1, the NHS estimate is less than the census count. The farther the ratio is from 1, the greater the risk of having poor-quality NHS estimates.
An analysis of the three figures shows that for small CSDs, there can be large discrepancies between the 2011 Census population count and NHS population estimate. As explained in Section 4.3, those discrepancies are due to weighting, and as in any survey, they may be larger for small geographic areas. A similar analysis comparing the NHS estimates and the 2011 Census counts for common questions would also provide an idea of the quality of the NHS estimates.
Indicators of non-response bias
As noted in Section 3.1, the higher a survey's non-response is, the greater the risk of non-response bias. During collection, the purpose of non-response follow-up, especially the subsample follow-up, was to maximize the survey's response rate and control potential non-response bias due to the survey's voluntary nature.
To assess the quality of the NHS estimates, in addition to the usual procedures (see Section 5.3), indicators of non-response bias were calculated and analyzed.
The indicators were calculated using a data file matching the 2006 and 2011 censuses. By means of a complex matching method using surnames, addresses and birthdates, 73% of 2011 Census respondents were linked to their 2006 records. As a result, we have 2006 Census data (including data from the long form) for a large portion of the NHS sample, whether the household responded or not.
These data made it possible (1) to compare NHS respondents and non-respondents for various characteristics measured in 2006, and (2) to calculate and analyze bias indicators and assess the quality of the NHS estimates. However, these analyses have some limitations, due to the nature of the matching file. It was impossible to match the entire NHS sample to the 2006 Census, and indicators could only be calculated for large geographic areas such as the provinces and territories, census divisions and census metropolitan areas.
It is important to keep in mind that these bias indicators are based on data from the previous census and not bias estimates calculated directly with 2011 NHS data. The indicators were used to assess the potential risk of bias for each geographic area. Analysis of these indicators and additional quality assessment analyses (see Section 5.3) provided assurance that the published NHS estimates meet Statistics Canada's quality standards. Notes are provided for variables and geographic areas for which some limitations on the quality of the NHS estimates must be taken into account.
- Date modified: | <urn:uuid:845bbded-dad6-4d7a-9034-b4f7556ecbfc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/ref/nhs-enm_guide/guide_4-eng.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94373 | 2,491 | 3.21875 | 3 |
This is what your brain looks like on Super Mario Mushrooms
Having trouble making quick decisions among multiple options in the real world? When to go for the goal and when to pass? Strategically planning a sport move or which questions to answer first on a timed exam?
You might consider an unlikely pastime – playing video games.
Especially video games that are cognitively taxing and that require planned moves in virtual physical environments.
In a study published in PloS One in March, Simone Kuhn and colleagues found a positive association between cortical thickness and hours of video games played per week by 14-year olds. The researchers combined a questionnaire about video gaming behavior with MRI imaging of participants’ brains. They then used multiple linear regression to predict cortical thickness – as measured in MRI scans – using video gaming hours per week as the main predictor. The regression models controlled for sex, age and education of the participant’s parents.
Kuhn and colleagues found cortical thickness to be significantly larger among participants who naturally played more hours of video games per week (the average being 12.6 hours per week of video game play) in these areas of the brain:
[The study has 13,898 views but hasn’t been cited by other articles yet.]
Cortical thickness is associated with normal aging, cognitive performance and mental disorders. Kuhn and colleagues found specifically that more hours of video game play was positively associated with greater cortical thickness in two areas of the brain: the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the left frontal eye fields. The DLPFC, in the frontal lobe of the brain, helps in executive cognitive functions including working memory, reasoning, task flexibility and problem solving as well as strategic planning – essential cognitive domains for great video gaming. In other words, your DLPFC helps you make decision goals and consider options in decision making tasks.
This study builds upon a previous study by Kuhn and colleagues in Nature Molecular Psychiatry showing that video game training – specifically training participants to play Super Mario 64, increased grey matter volume in the right DLPFC. The right DLPFC is prominently activated during memory-based decision-making. Amy Reichelt wrote more about that study at The Conversation:
In addition, brain volume increases were greater in the subjects who reported really enjoying playing Mario 64 and found the experience rewarding. This indicates that activation of the reward system, which leads to dopamine release, could facilitate the neuroplasticity process.
And Kuhn and colleagues aren't the only ones showing positive cognitive effects of video game activity. An experiment by Lovden and colleagues in 2012 even showed that playing a virtual environment computer game on a regular basis for a period of several months could prevent age-related decline in the size (volume) of the hippocampus.
Of course, researchers have subsequently pointed out that claims of cognitive improvements as a function of playing video games need to be more rigorously tested in experimental, even clinical settings. The 2014 Kuhn study showing cortical thickening among avid video game players, for instance, is correlational and does not provide a case for cause and effect. Positive effects of playing video games also likely depend highly on the type of game played, the area of the brain measured and the aspects of gameplay involved (spatial problem-solving, etc.) In other words, it is very probably that all games are not created equal when it comes to cognitive gains. Placebo effects must also be ruled out, as enjoyment of playing video games could be facilitating the positive effects researchers are seeing on cognition.
But if we can take one thing away from this collection of research, it’s that we can no longer threaten our children with phrases like “playing too much of that Mario game will rot your brain!”
Do you play video games? Have you experienced any positive effects of gameplay? | <urn:uuid:53df63c9-5b0c-4065-a331-4351e1814627> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.scilogs.com/from_the_lab_bench/this-is-what-your-brain-looks-like-on-super-mario-mushrooms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00010-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956416 | 786 | 3.109375 | 3 |
When was the last time you dug a snow pit? During that Avy 1 course you took a few years back? On that one hut trip last winter to a zone you’d never skied before? Digging pits is often seen as time consuming, but, in reality, there’s no better way to understand the snowpack upon which you’re traveling.
Through a well-dug snow pit, you can learn about the strength and energy of the snowpack, how much a slide could propagate and the structure of the snow’s layers. Pair those findings with weather, terrain options and other observations to help aid in deciding where to ski.
Here, Sarah Carpenter of the American Avalanche Institute gives the rundown on pit basics and snowpack tests. To learn more about snowpack assessment and avalanche safety, check out an avalanche course near you.
Digging a Pit:
Shovel Shear Test:
Extended Column Test: | <urn:uuid:84c730a7-f2bd-4dcc-bfda-b9204d4bd3d3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://backcountrymagazine.com/videos/pit-maneuvers-snow-pit-tests-digging-protocol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940823 | 198 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Google’s online empire is known for its speed. The web giant has spent the last decade fashioning a worldwide network of data centers and computer servers with the sole aim of delivering information to your web browser as quickly as possible.
But, at NASA’s Ames Research Center, not far from Google headquarters, there’s a machine that could go even faster. This is the multimillion-dollar quantum computer shared by Google and NASA, and Google engineers are already pitting the thing against the company’s existing hardware and software. It’s a race between the quantum computer and the classic computers.
“We set up a blue team and a red team that race each other,” Google spokesman Jason Freidenfelds tells WIRED. “The blue team throws up new problem classes they believe favor the [quantum] hardware, and the red team refines classical algorithms to match or outperform the hardware.”
Google isn’t ready to publish any results, so it can’t say where the quantum computer is outperforming its more conventional digital computers. But the company is “optimistic that we can find challenges where the [quantum] hardware is superior.”
Built by a Canadian company called D-Wave, this quantum machine is one of only two in use around the world. Early research involving the system took a bit of a hit during the government shutdown last month, but things are now back up and running, with both NASA and Google running tests to better understand what the machine is actually capable of doing.
As Google runs its races, NASA is running simulations that could feed the International Space Station project and various supercomputing efforts. It’s an exciting time, says Rupak Biswas, the deputy director of the Exploration Technology Directorate at Ames: the dawn of the quantum computing age.
The D-Wave machine couldn’t be more different from the average computer. The thing won’t work unless it’s shielded from the Earth’s magnetic field. Parts of it get cooled to near absolute zero. And, because it must be carefully calibrated, you need about a month to boot it up. But the inner-workings of the system are still a bit of a mystery, and it’s not even clear whether this creation should be considered a true quantum computer.
With a classical computer — a computer that obeys the laws of everyday physics — information is stored in transistors. A transistor is either on or off. It either holds a one or a zero. But with quantum computing, a bit can be both a one and a zero at the same time, and that means that these computers could become really good at some types of number-crunching tasks. “These are problems of planning and scheduling, or search problems or machine learning: Things that in classical computer science are known as NP-hard because these problems are really difficult problems,” Biswas says.
The D-Wave exhibits some quantum-like properties, and it has been shown to be useful for a certain class of problems, but it’s not good for everything. It’s not what scientists would call a “universal quantum computer.” NASA, like Google, is running some early tests on the computer to better understand what kind of problems it can and cannot solve.
In the future, the space agency says, the machine could help it map out the most efficient way for a Rover mission to explore a new planet, marshaling data from dozens of outer-space observation points. “Let’s say you have all these satellites and you have these rover missions, and you’re trying to plan and schedule that activity. That is an NP-hard problem,” Biswas says.
NASA’s first tests will study techniques for scheduling supercomputer resources — figuring out which supercomputer nodes should be used at what times if you’re running a thousand supercomputing jobs. They’d also like to use the machine to better schedule work on the International Space Station.
Today, NASA solves these kinds of problems using heuristics. “You make some educated guesses and you pare down your search space so that the search space becomes manageable,” says Biswas. That means the space agency may not get definitive answers to its really complex problems.
NASA and Google also want to understand what exactly is happening inside their super-cooled, superconductive supercomputer. Does quantum entanglement occur — when two particles are physically separate, but remain linked at the quantum level? How about quantum tunneling? “Those are also of fundamental interest to the physicists within NASA,” Biswas says. According to Freidenfelds, Google is interested in quantum entanglement as well.
For all of its coolness, the D-Wave system is small by supercomputing standards. And Biswas points out that NASA still doesn’t know if it will deliver on its promise, or even if D-Wave’s approach is the best way to do quantum computing. “We also have to be realistic,” he says. “Just because we’re trying this doesn’t mean we’re going to get a better answer.”Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article. | <urn:uuid:db6a0925-e29a-46e5-af69-0b7b159b8e0c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.wired.com/2013/11/quantum_nasa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00081-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934057 | 1,110 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Editor Richard Taylor of the BBC’s flagship technology program, Click, has selected GigaPan Epic as his top technology of 2009. GigiPan Epic is a robotic camera that takes hundred of images and assembles them into one giant explorable panoramic image. You can explore Gigipan Epic’s image of President Obama’s Inauguration Ceremony here.
BACKGROUND: Photographic panoramas were a critical piece of the Apollo program, documenting before and after images of each landing site, as well as providing context for lunar samples. Future lunar and planetary missions will utilize visual documentation as well, but will also require Earth-based teams to remotely capture high-resolution imagery for remote science, education, and public outreach.
GigaPan Epic is the latest camera in the GigaPan system, which was developed to automatically capture interactively explorable gigapixel panoramas. Gigipan Epic is designed for standalone use and includes a pan/tilt/zoom digital camera, on-board automatic image mosaic creation software, and an integrated Web server. Users capture panoramic photographs and view the resulting explorable imagery using a Web browser.
GigaPan http://gigapan.org is a collaboration between the Intelligent Robotics Group and Carnegie Mellon University. In addition to its use in exploration technology, GigaPan also helps bring cultures and peoples from around the world together through its captivating explorable imagery. GigaPan is used by scientists, documentarians, educators, journalists, and others to connect, inform, and inspire people across the globe.
NASA PROGRAM FUNDING: Human-Robotic Systems (Exploration Technology Development Program)
Gigapan Team: Susan Lee (Project Lead), Ted Morse, Eric Park, Randy Sargent
Contact: Terry Fong | <urn:uuid:a58228dc-986a-44f9-adf2-47d8d14872cb> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ti.arc.nasa.gov/news/gigapan-epic-top-technology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00001-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903392 | 371 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Genetic variations that might help people newly diagnosed with HIV control their viral loads also could be causing a mutation in the virus that makes it less potent, according to a study published Friday in PLoS Pathogens, Reuters reports. Advertisement
Some people have versions of an immune system gene, called HLA, that are "known to force HIV to tolerate mutations that damage its ability to reproduce," according to Carolyn Williamson of the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa and colleagues. The weakened virus also means lower viral loads and slower disease progression in people with beneficial versions of HLA, according to Reuters. The researchers found that the weakened virus might be transmitted to and act in the same way in other people, even if they do not have the HLA variation, Williamson said.
The researchers followed 21 women in South Africa who recently contracted a weakened strain of HIV. The women did not have the beneficial HLA variation, according to Reuters. The researchers followed the women for between one to three years, Reuters reports. The researchers found the women had much lower viral loads, compared with people carrying a strain of HIV that had not mutated to a weakened state. The researchers also found that while the women's viral loads decreased, their CD4+ T cell counts increased. "It is pretty well established if you have certain HLA genes, you are better off," Williamson said, adding, "It is very likely that the virus in the people who did not have the HLA gene came from individuals who did."
According to Williamson, the "significant difference to other studies is that this is showing the actual benefit is due to the genetic composition of the virus." She added that the findings show "a survival advantage with a virus containing specific genetic signatures associated with lower replication."
The researchers have not studied the women to see how much slower they progress to AIDS but noted the findings could help researchers looking for an effective vaccine through an improved understanding of why some people living with the virus survive longer (Kahn, Reuters, 3/20).
The study is available online
Back to other news for March 2008
Reprinted with permission from kaisernetwork.org. You can view the entire Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report, search the archives, or sign up for email delivery at www.kaisernetwork.org/dailyreports/hiv. The Kaiser Daily HIV/AIDS Report is published for kaisernetwork.org, a free service of the Kaiser Family Foundation, by The Advisory Board Company. © 2007 by The Advisory Board Company and Kaiser Family Foundation. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:0ea98657-97b3-4214-8bc7-d995430a9b2e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thebody.com/content/art45637.html?nxtprv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967729 | 525 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Department of Transportation has issued some new rules that are designed to make flying easier for people with disabilities, part of what the DOT calls its “ongoing effort to ensure equal access to air transportation for all.” Here is the latest:
Listen: Travel expert Rick Seaney applauds the moves.
Within two years: Airlines are required to make pages of their websites – with core travel information and services -accessible to people with disabilities.
Within three years: All website pages must be accessible to people with disabilities.
Note: The term “accessible” means meeting the standards of Website Content Accessibility Guidelines which include the following from the WACG website:
- Provide text alternatives for non-text content.
- Provide captions and other alternatives for multimedia.
- Create content that can be presented in different ways, including by assistive technologies, without losing meaning.
- Make it easier for users to see and hear content.
It should also be noted that according to the DOT, “Airlines are already required to provide equivalent service for consumers who are unable to use inaccessible websites.”
Airport Kiosk Accessibility
New kiosks (for printing boarding passes or checking in for flights) must be accessible to people with disabilities (and this includes height requirements and the addition of sound-enhancing equipment) until at least 25% of kiosks are accessible to the disabled.
Wheelchairs on Planes
The DOT will allow as many as two collapsible wheelchairs to be strapped to seats in the cabin if requested unless this would displace other passengers.
Read more about the new DOT guidelines here. | <urn:uuid:29899faa-dae4-47b0-b949-feb873576f73> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.farecompare.com/news/travelers-with-disabilities-new-rules-to-make-flying-easier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935851 | 337 | 2.75 | 3 |
Many children who have trouble understanding mathematics also have a hopelessly deficient model of what mathematical understanding is like. Particularly bad are models which expect understanding to come in a flash, all at once, ready made. This binary model is expressed by the fact that the child will admit the existence of only two states of knowledge often expressed by “I get it” and “I don’t get it.” They lack—and even resist—a model of understanding something through a process of additions, refinements, debugging and so on. These children’s way of thinking about learning is clearly disastrously antithetical to learning any concept that cannot be acquired in one bite.
(Papert, S. (1971) Teaching Children Thinking. In Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 5(3/4), 353-365.)
And on the higher education end of the spectrum, all of the things that really matter are those things that take patience, time, and persistence to acquire. But these are the very things excluded by this binary notion of understanding in which many children are immersed and to which most college freshmen are completely habituated.
This also makes a good argument for insisting that students — particularly those in the STEM disciplines, but I would argue anybody — should learn computer programming as part of their studies. You cannot learn to program without engaging in the non-binary notion of understanding Papert is describing. Papert knows a thing or two about that subject.
(By the way, I must give Gary Stager many thanks for running The Daily Papert. It is a great resource. The month of March is ridiculously busy for me but once it’s over I am going on a massive Papert reading spree.) | <urn:uuid:ef7dd035-14a7-4bd8-95ea-87fbc7773c7d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://chronicle.com/blognetwork/castingoutnines/2011/03/11/a-binary-notion-of-understanding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00109-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965691 | 355 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Casualties in a Labor War
By Scott Doody
This article as a PDF.
Union men digging the graves and preparing wood vaults on June 25, 1922. Photo courtesy of Williamson County Historical Society. This photo originally appeared in the Chicago Tribune.
In April of 1922, the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) went on a nationwide coal strike. Eight weeks into the strike, W. J. Lester, owner of the Southern Illinois Coal Company, Williamson County, Illinois, having already released the union workers from their duties, hired nonunion labor and heavily armed guards from Chicago. (Whether these men knew they were strikebreakers or not is still a matter of debate.)
Union miners from as far as Kansas, Indiana, and Ohio had arrived to protest earlier in the week. By June 21, a steady stream of gunfire had been exchanged between the two factions. By nightfall, two UMWA men had been killed.
Miners, farmers, and other locals were infuriated. By the morning of June 22, it was estimated that 1,000 armed men had advanced on the mine. Realizing there was no alternative, the nonunion men raised a white flag of surrender. With promise of safe passage out of the county, the men were led from the Lester Strip Pit to a wooded area about two miles away, known as the Power House Woods, where the killing spree began.
Over the next two days, 23 men were killed in Williamson County and on the streets of Herrin, Illinois. It was the largest mass murder of nonunion labor in the history of America in an event that would become known around the world as the Herrin Massacre. | <urn:uuid:5e29c87a-56b7-48b0-ab0a-0a8d2c6af447> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.esri.com/esri-news/arcuser/spring-2014/casualties-in-a-labor-war | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.984041 | 343 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Vitamin D May Combat Mold
More praise for vitamin D. New research suggests it may be effective in treating mold allergy that is a common trigger in asthma flare-ups.
“We found that adding vitamin D not only substantially reduced the production of the protein driving an allergic response, but it also increased production of the proteins that promote tolerance,” Dr. Jay Kolls, Professor and Chair of Genetics at LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, said in a media release.
Kolls’ team looked at Aspergillus fumigatus, one of the most common household molds to determine why some individuals were sensitized to it while others aren’t.
The LSU researchers next plan to conduct a clinical trial – to see if vitamin D can actually be used to to treat or prevent mold sensitivity in those with asthma or Cystic Fibrosis. Read more. | <urn:uuid:d201782b-ebc0-451f-aab8-c4056dcce62f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://allergicliving.com/2010/09/03/vitamin-d-may-combat-mold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00183-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944271 | 180 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Fonte del Clitunno, Umbria
The park of the Fonte del Clitunno is located approximately 230 Km along the (ss3) Via Flaminia near Campello sul Clitunno in Umbria. The park itself is centred on a series of natural springs, and the source of the river Clitunno which flows from the park. Around the lake created by the numerous springs, there are a number of small open areas with trees.Resistivity survey at Fonte di Clitunno
In May 2002 a small-scale trial geophysical survey was carried out at the park. The survey was instigated at the request of Prof. Filippo Coarelli of the University of Perugia, and Dr Helen Patterson of the British School at Rome. The aim of the survey was to investigate the site as the possible location of a series of sanctuary buildings mentioned by Pliny (Letters, VIII, viii). Approximately 0.24 hectares were covered by resistivity survey in three areas delimited by the confines of the modern park.
The results of this trial survey were generally inconclusive. Two areas produced no visible archaeological remains, although two small linear features were identified in the third area close to the projected line of the ancient road. Subsequently a series of trial trenches were excavated by the University of Perugia (Dott.ssa Francesca Diosonno) across these geophysical anomalies, which were unable to reveal any traces of the possible site. | <urn:uuid:980dfb66-22cb-4391-97b8-e886ba185af5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bsr.ac.uk/research/archaeology/geophysics-2/projects/fonti-del-clitunno-umbria | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969151 | 313 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It causes a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness, and fever. The rash appears first on the stomach, back and face and then spreads over the entire body causing between 250 and 500 itchy blisters…
About ChickenpoxSigns & symptoms, transmission, complications, prevention, treatment photos…
VaccinationInformation about chickenpox vaccine, who should be vaccinated, vaccination options, vaccine safety…
For Health Care ProfessionalsClinical features, complications, interpretation of laboratory tests, assessing immunity to chickenpox…
Laboratory Testing for VZVGuidelines for collecting and shipping specimens to CDC lab…
SurveillanceInformation about monitoring chickenpox cases, outbreaks, and deaths…
OutbreaksSummary of chickenpox outbreaks in the U.S., guidelines for investigating and controlling outbreaks…
References and ResourcesScientific articles and educational materials related to chickenpox…
MultimediaFeature story and podcast related to chickenpox…
Signs & Symptoms
If you have never had chickenpox or chickenpox vaccine, typical symptoms are:
- blister-like rash with severe itching all over the body
- loss of appetite
If you have been vaccinated for chickenpox, some people can still get the disease, but it is usually mild with fewer blisters and low or no fever.
Chickenpox Vaccine Saves Lives
Get Vaccinated to Protect Yourself and Others
In 2012, a 4-year-old girl with leukemia died from chickenpox. People with weakened immune systems are more likely to get a serious case of chickenpox and may not be able to get the chickenpox vaccine. That’s why it’s important that these people be protected by herd immunity, meaning those who can’t get vaccinated are protected because those who can get vaccinated do. Herd immunity helps slow and can even stop the spread of disease, so there is a smaller chance that those who are not protected come into contact with the disease.
You can protect others by staying up-to-date on your vaccines. You should get two doses of chickenpox vaccine to prevent chickenpox.
Chickenpox Fact Sheet
For Kids: Chickenpox Blister Sisters
Meet the chickenpox blister sisters, disease villains who make their victims (usually kids) itch like crazy from chickenpox rash…
Some people are more likely to get a serious case of chickenpox. Call a health care provider if the person
- is older than 12 years of age
- has a chronic skin or lung disorders
- has a weakened immune system
- is pregnant
- has a fever above 102°F
- has any areas of the rash or any part of the body that becomes very red, warm, or tender, or begins leaking pus (thick, discolored fluid), since these symptoms may indicate a bacterial infection
Calamine lotion and colloidal oatmeal baths may help relieve some of the itching.
Want to Know More About Chickenpox?
Download CDC’s mobile app now!
Click “Disease of the Week,” find chickenpox, and take the quiz to test your knowledge!
Available on iOS, Android and Windows 8 tablets
- Page last reviewed: April 11, 2016
- Page last updated: June 28, 2016
- Content source: | <urn:uuid:f8fc7bc0-3661-425f-897c-4fb37f49bad7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00104-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.905165 | 693 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The Flint Hills are perhaps the most well-known geologic areas in Kansas. Stretching from Marshall County in the north, to Cowley County in the south, this region is made of a series of gently sloping hills. The Flint Hills area has the most dense intact tallgrass prairie in North America. Created during the Permian Period, the flint or limestone, was difficult to plow and not as nutritious for plants. Buffalo and elk once were plentiful in the area, which proved excellent for ranching. The limestone is fossil rich and used for construction.
Some important sites within the Flint Hills region include Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Cottonwood Falls; First Territorial Capitol State Historic Site, Fort Riley; Goodnow House State Historic Site, Manhattan; Kaw Mission State Historic Site, Council Grove; and Red Rocks State Historic Site, Emporia.
Entry: Flint Hills
Author: Kansas Historical Society
Date Created: July 2011
Date Modified: May 2012
The author of this article is solely responsible for its content. | <urn:uuid:68ff9025-271a-48f9-b068-abddc38948b5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/flint-hills/17172 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00189-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932943 | 215 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The Bruce Murray Space Image Library
Landslide in Iapetus' Malun crater
Filed under pretty pictures, Cassini, Iapetus, geology, explaining science, Saturn's moons, ice worlds
Global view of Iapetus’ dark, leading hemisphere and a close up of a large, blocky type landslide in the crater Malun. Malun crater formed right on the edge of the large Turgis basin, which likely triggered the fall of material from the tall (~8 km) Turgis rimwalls. This landslide extends 55 km at its greatest length. The equatorial ridge is also visible in the global view, giving Iapetus a walnut-like appearance. Large white arrows indicate the direction of incoming sunlight.
NASA / JPL / SSI
See also this photo of a lobate landslide
Landslides have also modified Iapetus' ridge:
NASA / JPL / SSI / annotated by Kelsi Singer
Landslide modification of Iapetus' ridge
Iapetus' unique and ancient equatorial ridge shows diverse morphologies, sometimes flat-topped, other times sharp and steep-sided, and in some places there are individual mountainous peaks. This portion of the ridge (Toledo Montes) shows where landslides have modified the flat-topped ridge (at ~225 m/px). Arrows indicate landslide margins and dotted lines show alcoves that are possibly sites of more ancient landslides. No matter how the ridge originally formed (a debated topic), its appearance has been considerably altered by a long history of mass wasting.
Original image data dated on or about December 31, 2004.
Most NASA images are in the public domain. Reuse of this image is governed by NASA's image use policy.
Other Related Images
Pretty pictures and | <urn:uuid:24fa73cf-3354-4789-b2a9-a967fb83da0e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/saturn/landslide-on-iapetus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891124 | 380 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Cell-saving drugs could reduce brain damage after stroke
27 March 2014
Long-term brain damage caused by stroke could be reduced by saving cells called pericytes that control blood flow in capillaries, reports a new UCL-led study.
Until now, many scientists believed that blood flow within the brain was solely controlled by changes in the diameter of arterioles, blood vessels that branch out from arteries into smaller capillaries. The latest research reveals that the brain’s blood supply is in fact chiefly controlled by the narrowing or widening of capillaries as pericytes tighten or loosen around them.
The study, published this week in Nature, shows not only that pericytes are the main regulator of blood flow to the brain, but also that they tighten and die around capillaries after stroke. This significantly impairs blood flow in the long term, causing lasting damage to brain cells. The team of scientists from UCL, Oxford University and the University of Copenhagen showed that certain chemicals could halve pericyte death from simulated stroke in the lab, and hope to develop these into drugs to treat stroke victims.
“At present, clinicians can remove clots blocking blood flow to the brain if stroke patients reach hospital early enough,” explains Professor David Attwell of UCL’s Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, who led the study. “However, the capillary constriction produced by pericytes may, by restricting the blood supply for a long time, cause further damage to nerve cells even after the clot is removed. Our latest research suggests that devising drugs to prevent capillary constriction may offer new therapies for reducing the disability caused by stroke.”
“This discovery offers radically new treatment approaches for stroke,” says study co-author Professor Alastair Buchan, Dean of Medicine and Head of the Medical Sciences Division at Oxford University. “Importantly, we should now be able to identify drugs that target these cells. If we are able to prevent pericytes from dying, it should help restore blood flow in the brain to normal and prevent the ongoing slow damage we see after a stroke which causes so much neurological disability in our patients.”
The new research also gives insight into the mechanisms underlying the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging to detect blood flow changes in the brain.
“Functional imaging allows us to see the activity of nerve cells within the human brain but until now we didn’t quite know what we were looking at,” explains study co-author Professor Martin Lauritzen, of the University of Copenhagen. “We have shown that pericytes initiate the increase in blood flow seen when nerve cells become active, so we now know that functional imaging signals are caused by a pericyte-mediated increase of capillary diameter. Knowing exactly what functional imaging shows will help us to better understand and interpret what we see.”
The research was supported by the Fondation Leducq, European Research Council, Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council, Rosetrees Trust, Nordea Foundation via the Center for Healthy Aging, the Lundbeck Foundation, NOVO-Nordisk Foundation and Danish Medical Research Council.
- Research paper in Nature
- Professor David Attwell's academic profile on Iris
- UCL Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology
- UCL Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology
- Cross-section of capillaries showing pericytes in turquoise (credit: Rob Young, source: Wellcome Images) | <urn:uuid:356d3cea-93db-4608-912a-45c954d2d542> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0314/270314-Cell-saving-drugs-could-reduce-brain-damage-after-stroke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932705 | 735 | 3 | 3 |
Polyester resins, in thermoset, glass fiber-reinforced formulations, have been used for a variety of industrial, marine, and consumer products for at least 40 years. These are the materials of "fiberglass" boats, fishing rods, and automobile body panels. More recently, thermoplastic grades of polyesters have become available for use in high -performance, injection-molded parts.
Thermoset polyesters: Polyester and alkyd molding compounds are usually based on unsaturated polyester resin systems. The term alkyd refers to those using lower amounts of monomer; when the monomer level is higher, the compound is called a polyester. At room temperature, the solutions - mixtures of resin and a liquid monomer (usually styrene) - are stable. Any of a variety of peroxide catalysts can initiate crosslinking (curing) at room temperature or at higher temperatures.
Unlike most other plastics that are based principally on a single ingredient, polyester formulations usually contain substantial amounts of several materials. Special advantages and limitations apply to each type of polyester compound, and to the various processing methods.
Fabrication of parts from thermoset polyester resins - usually glass-fiber-reinforced compounds - is more varied than with any other type of plastic. Methods for producing polyester/glass-fiber (FRP) parts include hand lay-up and spray-up for small to moderate quantities of large parts; com- pression molding from sheet-molding compound or from glass-fiber preforms for high-volume production of moderate-sized,intricate parts; cold-press molding for smaller components; pultrusion for constant-section shapes; and resin-injection molding, also called resin-transfer molding,a low-pressure method for intermediate production quantities.
Polyesters are also available as casting resins, both in water-extended formulations for low-cost castings, and in compounds filled with ground wood or pecan-shell flour for furniture components.
Low-profile molding resins are mixtures of polyester resins, thermoplastic polymers, and glass-fiber reinforcement. These are used to mold parts with smooth surfaces that can be painted without the need for prior sanding.
Bulk-molding compounds (BMC) are mixtures of polyester resin, short-glass fibers (1/8 to '/, in. long), filler, catalyst, and other additives for specific properties. BMC is supplied in bulk form or as extruded rope for ease of handling.
Sheet-molding compounds (SMCs) consist of polyester resin, long-glass fibers (to 2 in.), a catalyst, and other additives. They are supplied in rolls, sandwiched between polyethylene carrier films. Uniformity of SMC materials is closely controlled, making these materials especially suited for automated production.
Structural SMCs contain up to 65% glass in continuous, as well as random- fiber orientation. This compares with ~O to 35% glass, in random orientation only, of conventional SMC. For more details, see the chapter on thermoset composites.
Polyester resins are also available for use as coatings for curing by ultraviolet radiation. These 100%-solids materials cure in a matter of seconds and give off no solvents. Although some styrene may be lost upon exposure to UV radiation, the amount is small.
Properties: Properties of thermoset polyesters are so dependent on type, compounding, and processing method that a complete listing covering all combinations would be almost impossible. However, typical strength ranges obtainable in parts fabricated from various forms of polyester/glass compounds and processed by several methods are listed in the table.
Outdoor weatherability of polyester resins specifically compounded for such service is good. Thermal, electrical, and environmental properties are generally good and can be individually improved by formulation.
Thermoplastic polyesters: Known chemically as polybutylene tereplithalate (PBT) and polyethylene tereplithalate (PET), the thermoplastic-poly ester molding compounds are crystalline, high-molecularweight polymers. They have an excellent balance of properties and processing characteristics and, because they crystallize rapidly and flow readily, mold cycles are short.
In addition to several unreinforced molding resins, the polyesters are available in glass- reinforced grades. Unreinforced and glass-filled grades are available with UL flammability ratings of 94 HB and 5V.
Properties; Thermoplastic polymers have excellent resistance to a broad range of chemicals at room temperature including aliphatic hydrocarbons, gasoline, carbon tetrachloride, perchloroethylene, oils, fats, alcohols, glycols, esters, ethers, and dilute acids and bases. They are attacked by strong acids and bases.
High creep resistance and low-moisture absorption give the polyesters excellent dimensional stability. Equilibrium water absorption, after prolonged immersion at 73° F, ranges from 0.25 to 0.50% and, at 150°F, is 0.52 to 0.60%. Black-pigmented grades are recommended for maximum strength retention in outdoor uses.
Toughness is another strong point of the unreinforced, high- mo lecu lar-weight thermoplastic polymers. Unnotched specimens are rated "no-break" both at room temperature and at -40° F. In falling-dart tests, the unreinforced grades withstand more than 40 ft-lb. A toughened grade of 30% glass-reinforced resin has an unnotched impact strength of 24 ft-lb/in. - about 40% greater than that of conventional 30% glass-reinforced polyesters. Although impact strength, is exceptional, special care must be observed in designing parts beca polyesters are notch sensitive.
Stiffness and creep resistance can be increased by the addition of high glass loadings to thermoplastic polymers. Both 45 and 55% glassre inf orced versions are available having flexural moduli of 2,000,000 and 2,600,000 psi. These materials also have higher strength properties than conventional 30% glass-reinforced polyesters.
Warpage, which is caused by anisotropic shrinkage, has long been a problem with glass-reinforced thermoplastic polyester. Several options are available, however, to reduce warpage. For applications requiring maximum toughness, an amorphous resin, such as polycarbonate, can be blended with the polyester. Warpage is also reduced considerably with the addition of glass and mica reinforcement.
Glass-reinforced polyesters have outstanding electrical properties, which are retained after prolonged exposure to a wide range of temperature and humidity conditions. For continuous exposure, however, maximum recommended water temperature is 125°F.
Polyester film is tough, durable, and dimensionally stable. It can be metallized, embossed, slit, die cut, and laminated. It is available in crystal clear, white, opaque, or translucent forms, and its surface can be glassy smooth, matte, antistatic, adhesion promoting, or heat sealable. | <urn:uuid:d923d6cd-9558-442b-b76d-99c77118a9fe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://machinedesign.com/basics-design/polyester | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925357 | 1,531 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Flu season hits hard this year
The number of influenza cases in Iowa is sky-high compared to last year at this same time. Washington County Public Health Nurse Lynn Fisher said there have been 378 cases of flu this season. Last year, there had only been 10 cases by this date.
“The flu season usually begins in November and peaks in February,” she said. “It’s increasing pretty rapidly this year, more than normal.”
Fisher said there have already been 49 hospitalizations because of the flu. There were eight at this time last year.
Fisher encourages everybody who can to get a flu shot. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) attempt to predict what the most common strains of flu will be each year. The CDC selects three strains it believes will be the most common and puts a weakened form of each one in a vaccine.
This year, the flu vaccine included the strains Influenza A, Influenza B and H1N1. Fisher said nearly all of the reported cases have been of Influenza A, and that a few others have been of Influenza B.
Fisher said the A strain has accounted for more than 90 percent of influenza cases in the state, and that the B strain makes up about 6 percent. H1N1 has accounted for 1 percent of the cases. Fisher said there exist many more strains of flu than that, but that they make up a tiny fraction, less than 1 percent, of the reported cases.
“The CDC is always working on improving vaccines,” she said. “There’s talk there could be four strains in the vaccine next year. I know they’re working on that.”
Fisher said that getting a flu vaccine is the easiest way to prevent contraction of the flu. She said the flu is commonly spread by people who go to work when they should be home in bed.
“People who go to work sick and don’t cover their cough can spread the flu,” she said.
Fisher said washing one’s hands after a cough or a sneeze is a good idea. Failure to do that can cause the virus to get on doorknobs, handles or anything else that multiple people would touch in a day.
Schools are a common feeding ground for influenza. Fisher said schools in the area have made an effort to combat the spread of germs by placing hand sanitizer throughout the school buildings.
Influenza can be fatal to people with a weakened immune system, such as an elderly person or an infant.
“Those are the ones who get hospitalized for the flu,” Fisher said. “The state is tracking pediatric mortality due to flu. So far this season, there have been zero deaths for pediatrics.”
For those who have the flu, Fisher recommends taking medications to relieve their symptoms. She tells people to stay hydrated and get plenty of rest.
“You don’t have much of an appetite with the flu, and if you’re sleeping all day, you could get dehydrated,” she said. | <urn:uuid:5c478400-62cf-4292-bb53-8528d0f8d236> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://washington-ia.villagesoup.com/p/flu-season-hits-hard-this-year/937288 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971525 | 661 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Dr. Steven Fine of the Yeshiva University Center for Israel Studies in New York is heading The Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project in Rome, which has as its aim the scanning of the menorah panel for evidence of ancient color.
Today the results were announced:
From June 5 to 7, 2012 an international team of scholars led by the Yeshiva University Center for Israel Studies in partnership with the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma undertook a pilot study of the Arch of Titus in the Roman Forum, the ancient civic center of Rome, Italy. The focus of attention was the Menorah panel and the relief showing the deification of Titus at the apex of the arch.
The arch was originally dedicated after the Emperor Titus’ death in 81 CE and celebrates his victory in the Jewish War of 66-74 CE, which climaxed with the destruction of Jerusalem and her Temple in the summer of 70 CE.
The arch has three bas reliefs. One shows the deification of Titus. Two other reliefs depict the triumphal procession held in Rome in 71 CE: in one we see Roman soldiers carrying the spoils of war through the city, including the famous Menorah (the seven-branched candelabrum) and other treasures of the destroyed Temple. These were put on display in Rome in the Temple of Peace not far from the arch. The second panel shows Titus riding in triumph through the city.
High resolution three-dimensional scans of the Menorah and the deification reliefs were made, and part of the Menorah relief was examined to determine whether any traces of paint decoration were preserved. A Breuckmann GmbH 3D scanner was used for the data capture. UV-VIS spectrometry was employed to detect color on the marble reliefs.
The pilot project was a complete success. The scan data were processed to create a 3D representation of the form of the reliefs with sub-millimeter accuracy. Traces of yellow ochre were found on the arms and base of the Menorah. This discovery is consistent with biblical, early Christian, and Talmudic writings and particularly eye-witness descriptions of the golden menorah by the first century historian Josephus.
In the next phase, the team plans to expand the search for ancient paint over the entire surface of the arch, which will also be scanned in 3D. The data collected will enable the Yeshiva University team to create a three-dimensional digital model of how the arch originally appeared, including the colors decorating its surface. The model will be added to Rome Reborn, a 3D digital model of the entire city of Rome at the peak of its development.
It is interesting to note that polychromy is becoming a new focus in Jewish Studies. Usually synagogues and ancient buildings are shown in white, but originally much more color was used in the decoration of buildings than we would expect.
In the case of the Jerusalem Temple, it is often portrayed as a building with a white facade, but Josephus called Herod’s Temple “a structure more note-worthy than any under the sun” (Ant. 15.412) and in War 5.207–226 he gives a glowing description of the Temple (The Quest, p. 373):
The sacred edifice itself, the holy Temple, in the central position, was approached by a flight of twelve steps. The façade was of equal height and breadth, each being a hundred cubits; but the building behind was narrower…. The exterior of the building wanted nothing that could as- tound either mind or eye. For, being covered on all sides with massive plates of gold, the sun was no sooner up than it radiated so fiery a flash that persons straining to look at it were compelled to avert their eyes, as from the solar rays. To approaching strangers it appeared from a distance like a snow-clad mountain; for all that was not overlaid with gold was of the purest white. From its sum- mit protruded sharp golden spikes to prevent birds from settling upon them and polluting the roof.
The traces of yellow ochre that were found on the arms and base of the Menorah may support Josephus’ description of Herod’s Temple in Jerusalem. | <urn:uuid:01693987-5d6d-4b14-87f2-4ba6e4c00173> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ritmeyer.com/2012/06/22/the-arch-of-titus-digital-restoration-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967933 | 883 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Wild boars range from 153 to 240 cm in total length and weigh 66 to 272 kg as adults. Females tend to be smaller than males of the same age; their size differences become more obvious as they age. Adult wild boars have a thick, coarse coat of hair. Their coat ranges from black to brownish-red to white. Depending on where they live, they can have a speckled or solid color. They may also have longer bristly hairs that grow down the middle of their backs. At birth, young boars have yellowish-brown stripes down their backs that disappear by about 4 months. Wild boars can stand as tall as 0.9 m at their bulky shoulders, tapering off towards their hind quarters. Their tails measure 21 to 38 cm, and their ears are 24 to 26 cm long. Their upper canine teeth are 5 to 10 cm long and are usually larger than their lower canines. Their upper canines are usually visible even when their mouth is closed. Their dental formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 3/3 = 44. (Chapman and Trani, 2007; De Magalhães and Costa, 2009; Ickes, 2001; Webster, et al., 1985)
Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are found almost worldwide. They originated in Europe and Asia, but were introduced to North America and are considered an invasive species in the southeastern United States and California. They are common throughout Eurasia, and are found on every continent except Antarctica. (Chapman and Trani, 2007; Oliver and Leus, 2008; Wood and Barrett, 1979)
Wild boars can be found in a variety of habitats. They may inhabit grassy savanna areas, wooded forests, agricultural areas, shrublands and marshy swamplands. Their main habitat needs include nearby water sources and shelter to hide from predators. They are found in many climates, but usually avoid extreme heat or cold. In places with harsh winter temperatures and heavy snowfall, food may be more difficult to find. Deeper snows and frozen ground make it difficult to forage for roots and leaves. (Chapman and Trani, 2007; Melis, et al., 2006; Oliver and Leus, 2008)
Wild boars tend to live in large groups called sounders that are made up of 6 to 20 closely-related females, but may contain over 100 individuals. As sows prepare to give birth, they leave the sounder and return with their young. Even after reaching maturity, female piglets tend to stay in the same groups with their mothers. These herds often overlap, and may split into subpopulations. Males stay with their mothers until they are 1 to 2 years old and then leave the herd. After leaving, they usually only join another sounder during mating season. Wild boars are polygynous, meaning males mate with several females. Males are attracted to groups of females that are ready to breed. They become very aggressive and compete for the opportunity to breed with a sounder. Successful males chase females, nudging them to show their interest. If the female is also interested, she may respond by urinating. If the female does not urinate, the male may give up after several minutes. (Graves, 1984; Iacolina, et al., 2009; Oliver and Leus, 2008)
Wild boars can breed at any time of the year. However, mating usually depends on the climate, which impacts the amount of available food. If females cannot find enough food, they will not mate. Females can begin breeding at 10 months of age and males can begin breeding at 5 to 7 months of age. Sows can have up to two litters per year. Their gestation period lasts 108 to 120 days. Litters usually include 5 to 6 piglets. Newborn piglets weigh 0.4 to 0.8 kg and are weaned at 8 to 12 weeks. They continue to grow until they are 5 to 6 years old. (Chapman and Trani, 2007; Goulding, 2013; Henry, 1968; Kozdrowski and Dubiel, 2004; Webster, et al., 1985; Wood and Barrett, 1979)
Since males mate with many females and usually travel alone, they do not give any parental care. Likewise, females likely offer less parental care than sheep, cattle, or goats, probably because of their larger litter sizes. Piglets are born with very little body fat and have a very high death rate. By having larger litters, it is more likely that at least a few young will survive. Females with large litters have been known to crush some of their offspring. However, this may be done on purpose, to increase the odds of survival for the rest of the litter. Weaker piglets may try to feed several times, before being beaten out by their siblings, and simply dying from lack of food. Females that give birth to their piglets close to the same time within a sounder may allow piglets from another litter to nurse. Although more often females reject piglets from other litters. Females work together to protect all offspring within their sounder. When traveling, mothers keep their young in the middle, with adults in the lead and rear. Young are often left with one female as protection, while the rest of the group forages for food. (Andersen, et al., 2011; Drake, et al., 2008; Graves, 1984)
In the wild, wild boars have been known to live 9 to 10 years. On average, they only live to be 1 to 2 years old. There are not many good sources on their survival rates in the wild. One subspecies, Sus scrofa riukiuanus, reportedly lived 27 years in captivity. These animals are often hunted for sport, especially older males, which are considered trophy animals. This can make their lifespan difficult to determine, as older males are often removed from the population. (Braga, et al., 2010; De Magalhães and Costa, 2009; Jezierski, 1977; Toïgo, et al., 2008)
Female wild boars are social animals that tend to live in groups. These groups, called sounders, usually include several females and their offspring. They move their home range as needed, due to food and weather. Males become more solitary after they mature and join groups during the mating season. Depending on their habitat, wild boars may be active both day and night. In warmer weather, they stay fairly inactive during the day. They stay in the shade and wallow in water sources to keep cool. This protects them from insects and helps remove parasites. If boars feed during the day, they tend to avoid open areas where they could be easily seen by a predator. In cooler weather, these boars may feed during the day, but foraging usually increases in the late evening. During the evening and night, wild boars go to open areas to search for food. (Boitani, et al., 1994; Graves, 1984; Webster, et al., 1985)
For wild boars, their home size varies with the number of boars in the group, the food available, their geographic range, and any predation threats. Females usually have smaller home ranges and stay in covered areas to protect themselves and their young. There is some overlap between groups of females, but sounders remain distinct groups. Males keep larger areas. Male ranges also overlap, but during mating season, they become more territorial as they prepare to compete for females. On average, wild boars have territory sizes of 1.1 to 3.9 square kilometers. (Boitani, et al., 1994; Graves, 1984)
Wild boars growl during aggressive behavior and squeal to show excitement. Their long, flattened snouts give them a very good sense of smell. As pigs forage, they keep their snout near the ground, which may make it more difficult to sense any nearby predators. Likewise, they can leave chemical traces by rubbing on the ground. Their eyes are on the sides of their head, giving them good peripheral vision. They mostly rely on their well-developed sense of smell and hearing. (Graves, 1984; Maletínská, et al., 2002; Morton, 1983)
Wild boars mostly eat plant matter including crops, fruits, nuts, roots, and green plants. They have also been known to consume bird eggs, dead animals, rodents, insects, and worms. When it is available, wild boars have also reportedly preyed on small calves, lambs, and other livestock. Wild boars change their diet depending on what is available, which varies with seasons, weather conditions, and locations. They tend to do most of their foraging in the late evening and into the night. (Chapman and Trani, 2007; Graves, 1984; Schley and Roper, 2003; Webster, et al., 1985)
Humans are the main predator of wild boars. Wild boars may damage farmlands and natural areas, which has caused humans to try and remove them. Young wild boars are preyed on by animals such as coyotes and bobcats, while juveniles and adults may fall prey to larger predators such as American black bears and cougars. Adults use their coloration to help them blend in with their surroundings. Piglets have stripes on their back, helping them hide in their nest and blend in with the undergrowth. By traveling in sounders, sows protect their young from predators while they are on the move. When traveling, sows keep the piglets in the middle of the herd. (Chapman and Trani, 2007; Fang, et al., 2009; Graves, 1984; Webster, et al., 1985)
Wild boars can be destructive. When nesting, females use saplings and other woody plants that they either break off or uproot completely, impacting the ability of new trees to grow. When grubbing for food, they may displace soil and small undergrowth, causing erosion. Seeds are less likely to survive and fewer plants are found in areas with wild boars. Wild boars host several parasites including Trichinella species, Toxoplasma gondii, Gongylonema species, lungworms, kidney worms, stomach worms, ascarids, whipworms, American dog ticks, and hog lice. Many of these can be transmitted to humans and other animals. Wild boars and their young provide a food source for various animals including bobcats, coyotes, and cougars, among others. (Chapman and Trani, 2007; Henry and Conley, 1970; Ickes, 2001; Ickes, et al., 2005; Meng, et al., 2009)
Wild boars can be very problematic for farmers. Crops can be damaged in areas with many wild boars. While foraging and seeking shelter they often trample through farm fields. In addition, wild boars may transfer diseases and parasites to livestock and humans. The damage caused by wild boars can be very costly, especially to farmers. In addition to losing money on their damaged crops, they may have to build barriers to keep the wild boars out. They may also endanger native species. In particular, after the introduction of wild boars to the Galapagos Archipelago shortly after Darwin's visit, they caused major problems for native species. Since the late 1960s, there have been attempts to remove the wild boars. (Cruz, et al., 2005; Geisser and Reyer, 2004)
Recreational fee-hunting for wild boars can benefit wildlife and landowners. Landowners take care of the area, which gives the various animals that are kept there a good habitat. At the same time, it helps keep the population of wild boars under control. Wild boars are one of the most popular wild animals hunted for both sport and food. They are hard to get rid of once a population establishes. Domestic pigs are also an important food source for humans, as well as a source of income for farmers. They become sexually mature at a young age and may reproduce up to twice a year, producing many offspring, which quickly increases populations for hunting or farming. (Butler, et al., 2005; Graves, 1984; Oliver and Leus, 2008)
Most wild boar populations are in no danger of becoming endangered or extinct. In fact, there are many programs to help control and reduce their populations. They have become a problem in places where they were introduced. Hunting is the most effective way to control their numbers. Likewise, fences, trapping, and luring boars away from undesired areas are also helpful. There are different types of hunting, for instance, "espera" hunting is done at night using bait to lure wild boars. This helps thin the population by giving hunters more time to determine the gender and age of the boar. Due to religious restrictions on eating pork, some countries have larger wild boar populations. One subspecies, Sus scrofa riukiuanus, was given 'vulnerable' status in 1982. Widespread development of the Ryukyu Islands has threatened many species, including this subspecies. They are likely endangered on several of the islands, although they have not been officially listed. (Braga, et al., 2010; Chapman and Trani, 2007; Geisser and Reyer, 2004; Oliver and Leus, 2008; Webster, et al., 1985)
Kristin Wickline (author), Radford University, Karen Powers (editor), Radford University, Leila Siciliano Martina (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff.
Andersen, I., E. Naevdal, K. Bøe. 2011. Maternal investment, sibling competition, and offspring survival with increasing litter size and parity in pigs (Sus scrofa). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 65/6: 1159-1167.
Boitani, L., L. Mattei, D. Nonis, F. Corsi. 1994. Spatial and activity patterns of wild boars in Tuscany, Italy. Journal of Mammalogy, 75/3: 600-612.
Braga, C., N. Alexandre, P. Fernandez-Llario, P. Santos. 2010. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) harvesting using the espera hunting method: side effects and management implications. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 56: 465-469.
Butler, M., A. Teaschner, W. Ballard, B. McGee. 2005. Wildlife ranching in North America: arguments, issues, and perspectives. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 33/1: 381-389.
Chapman, B., M. Trani. 2007. Feral Pig (Sus scrofa). Pp. 540-544 in M Trani (Griep), W Ford, B Chapman, eds. The Land Manager’s Guide to Mammals of the South. Durham, NC: The Nature Conservancy and the US Forest Service, Southern Region.
Cruz, F., C. Donlan, K. Campbell, V. Carrion. 2005. Conservation action in the Galapagos: feral pig (Sus scrofa) eradication from Santiago Island. Biological Conservation, 121: 473-478.
De Magalhães, J., J. Costa. 2009. A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits. School of Biological Sciences, 22: 1770-1774.
Drake, A., D. Fraser, D. Weary. 2008. Parent-offspring resource allocation in domestic pigs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 62/3: 309-319.
Fang, M., G. Larson, H. Ribeiro, N. Li, L. Andersson. 2009. Contrasting mode of evolution at a coat color locus in wild and domestic pigs. PLOS Genetics, 5/1: 1-6.
Geisser, H., H. Reyer. 2004. Efficacy of hunting, feeding, and fencing to reduce crop damage by wild boars. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 68/4: 939-946.
Goulding, M. 2013. "All you need to know about wild boar" (On-line). British Wild Boar. Accessed November 19, 2013 at http://www.britishwildboar.org.uk/index.htm?main.htm.
Graves, H. 1984. Behavior and ecology of wild and feral swine (Sus scrofa). Journal of Animal Science, 58: 482-492.
Henry, V. 1968. Length of estrous cycle and gestation in European wild hogs. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 32/2: 406-408.
Henry, V., R. Conley. 1970. Some parasites of European wild hogs in the Southern Appalachians. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 34/4: 913-917.
Iacolina, L., M. Scandura, P. Bongi, M. Apollonio. 2009. Nonkin associations in wild boar social units. Journal of Mammalogy, 90/3: 666-674.
Ickes, K. 2001. Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of peninsular Malaysia. Biotropica, 33/4: 682-690.
Ickes, K., C. Paciorek, S. Thomas. 2005. Impacts of nest construction by native pigs (Sus scrofa) on lowland Malaysian rain forest saplings. Ecology, 86/6: 1540-1547.
Jezierski, W. 1977. Longevity and mortality rate in a population of wild boar. Acta Theriologica, 22/24: 337-348.
Kozdrowski, R., A. Dubiel. 2004. The effect of season on the properties of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) semen. Animal Reproduction Science, 80: 281-289.
Maletínská, J., M. Špinka, J. Víchová, I. Stěhulová. 2002. Individual recognition of piglets by sows in the early post-partum period. Behaviour, 139/7: 975-991.
Melis, C., P. Szafranska, B. Jedrzejewska, K. Barton. 2006. Biogeographical variation in the population density of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in western Eurasia. Journal of Biogeography, 33/5: 803-811.
Meng, X., D. Lindsay, N. Sriranganathan. 2009. Wild boars as sources for infectious diseases in livestock and humans. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 364/1530: 2697-2707.
Morton, E. 1983. Animal communication: What do animals say?. The American Biology Teacher, 45/6: 343-348.
Schley, L., T. Roper. 2003. Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa in Western Europe, with particular reference to consumption of agricultural crops. Mammal Review, 33/1: 43-56.
Toïgo, C., S. Servanty, J. Gaillard, S. Brandt, E. Baubet. 2008. Disentangling natural from hunting mortality in an intensively hunted wild boar population. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 72/7: 1532-1539.
Webster, W., J. Parnell, W. Biggs, Jr. 1985. Mammals of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Maryland. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press.
Wood, G., R. Barrett. 1979. Status of wild pigs in the United States. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 7/4: 237-246. | <urn:uuid:a3846fff-4c10-44bd-ba3f-0cf45123851f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Sus_scrofa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932749 | 4,195 | 3.703125 | 4 |
When it comes to geeky building systems enjoyed by children all around the world, Lego typically jumps to mind. We've seen plenty of world records set by various builders around the world using Lego bricks. One of the more overlooked geeky building materials that a lot of us played with as children are Lincoln Logs.
You may remember these small wooden logs with little dents in them that allowed you to stack and build all sorts of structures. Over the weekend, a new Guinness World Record was set in Lincoln, Nebraska. The record is for the tallest Lincoln Log structure ever built was set at the Lincoln Children's Museum.
The massive structure measured 12'4" when complete. The structure also broke the record for the largest number of logs ever used in a construct requiring 10,036. The previous record was held by a structure built in March of 2010 measured 10'11" and used 2995 logs. That structure was built in Ottawa, Illinois.
The group of people who built the record-setting Lincoln log structure included a group of architecture students from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and an architectural group called the DLR Group. The build was challenging and required precision because one piece slightly off could lead to a big problem further up the tower. The entire built took over six hours to complete.
[via Journal Star] | <urn:uuid:79554b69-8164-4080-80c0-dc031f6139d7> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.slashgear.com/giant-lincoln-log-tower-sets-a-new-guinness-world-record-15277831/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00057-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968482 | 269 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Why We Develop Food Allergies
Coached by breast milk and good bacteria, the immune system strives to learn the difference between food and pathogens before the first morsel crosses our lips
No peanuts. No dairy. No eggs or shellfish or soy. No wheat or corn, no tree nuts or fin fish, no sesame seeds or spices of any kind. Few people have a diet this restrictive, but allergies to foods affect at least 1 in 20 young children and about 1 in 50 adults in industrialized countries. The numbers are rising: According to a recent study, the prevalence of peanut allergy—which accounts for the majority of emergency-room visits and deaths related to food allergies each year—doubled between 1997 and 2002.
The story of food allergy is a story about how the development of the immune system is tightly linked to the development of our digestive tract or, as scientists and physicians usually refer to it, our gut. A human being is born with an immature immune system and an immature gut, and they grow up together. The immune system takes samples of gut contents and uses them to inform its understanding of the world—an understanding that helps safeguard the digestive system (and the body that houses it) against harmful microorganisms.
The many-layered defenses of the immune system are designed to guard against invaders while sparing our own tissues. Food represents a special challenge to this system: an entire class of alien substances that needs to be welcomed rather than rebuffed. An adult may pass a ton of food through her gut each year, nearly all of it distinct at the molecular level from her own flesh and blood. In addition, strains of normal, or commensal, bacteria in the gut help with digestion and compete with pathogenic strains; these good microbes need to be distinguished from harmful ones. The body's ability to suppress its killer instinct in the presence of a gut-full of innocuous foreign substances is a phenomenon called oral tolerance. It requires cultivating a state of equilibrium, or homeostasis, that balances aggression and tolerance in the immune system. Intolerance, or failure to suppress the immune response, results in an allergic reaction, sometimes with life-threatening consequences. | <urn:uuid:efc68171-5c72-4ee5-8954-e6f745c90f4d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/feature/2007/1/why-we-develop-food-allergies/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938685 | 440 | 3.5 | 4 |
How can a simple diet help
Removing something like food dyes is an easy step to
take, but it can have dramatic - and varied - effects. The widely-used
dye, tartrazine, also called FD&C Yellow #5, is a good example, but keep in mind we could list similar "side effects" for any of the petroleum-based colorings. Yellow #5 is not particularly worse than Blue #1, Red #40, etc.
- When you eat things with Yellow 5, you lose zinc through your urine and saliva. If you have ADHD, you lose it even faster than someone without ADHD (Ward 1990, 1997). Zinc, an essential trace mineral, is required by hundreds of your body's enzymes involved with the metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, fat and alcohol. Zinc is also critical for wound healing, sense of taste and smell, immune system function, bone strength, thyroid function, blood clotting, cognitive functions, prenatal development, and sperm production. Even a mild deficiency can produce a wide range of physical and mental problems.
- All the synthetic dyes are allowed to contain harmful
contaminants like lead, mercury, arsenic, and benzidine (a carcinogen).
Lead usually targets the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells first, eventually attacking your nervous system. The primary effects of mercury on infants and children is to damage neurological development. Arsenic can cause several kinds of cancer, as well as headaches and confusion. While it is true that colorings don't have large amounts of any of these contaminants, there is no good reason to consume them.
- As long ago as 1985, Pediatrics - the journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics - described the following side effects of Yellow #5: acute bronchospasm or increased bronchial reactivity (asthma), as well as urticaria (hives) and angioedema (tissue swelling). Even earlier, Cesarani (1978) described the bronchoconstriction of Yellow 5 as similar to aspirin in aspirin-sensitive asthmatics. The connection between this dye and asthma was
the reason the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
first required it to be listed by name on
Shaywitz in 1978 reported that "escape latency in the normal animals [rat pups] fed the food coloring mixture demonstrated
markedly impaired performance in both the T-maze at 20 days of age and the shuttle box at 27
days." He further concluded, "Our results also suggest that hyperactivity should not be the sole factor investigated, and that measures of the effects of food coloring on cognitive function must be carefully evaluated in any future study."
Although this appears to be the only published study comparing the ability of rats or mice to run mazes with and without having been fed food dyes, and Shaywitz' recommendations were ignored, a number of elementary and middle school students have been carying on similar research. See Taylor and his "fuzzy brained mice".
- In 1998, Koutsogeorgopoulou described the "clear immunosuppressive effects" of Yellow #5.
- Yellow 5
has been shown to damage the ability of nerve cells
to send and receive signals. In order for our brains
to work properly - to think, remember, reason and
learn - the nerve cells must be able to communicate
with each other. In a shocking toxicology study in 2006, Lau showed that a combination of yellow #5 plus aspartame in amounts likely to be found in a single snack, was toxic to developing neurites at a level far beyond that expected from the toxicity of each alone (see d in picture below. Perhaps even more shocking (to the layman) is the assumption by the researchers that that these additives are toxic to developing neurites at any level.
- A study in Kuwait reported that children there ate up to 8 times the allowable daily intake (ADI) for a number of colorings, including Yellow #5 (Husain 2006). While how much American children eat today is not known, even the amount of the ADI (7.5 mg/kg body weight) - which is supposed to be safe by definition - has never been tested on children to see how they react to it.
- There is an urban legend denied by Snopes.com that drinking Mountain Dew will lower your sperm count. However, considering that one of its ingredients is Yellow #5, which has recently been shown to decrease the sperm count and to increase sperm abnormalities in mice (Mehedi 2009), Snopes may do well to rethink their denial. Indeed, sperm count has declined significantly since the 1940s, and while Mountain Dew may not be as potent as other causes for concern such as pesticides, PCBs or dioxin, at least the Yellow #5 is one for which you can control your exposure.
- In 2007, Moutinho showed that rats drinking water with Yellow #5 had a significant increase in the number of white blood cells in the lining of part of their GI tract. An older study on rats showed that Yellow #5 interacts with other foods; not only did it cause growth retardation, but it was actually lethal to the group fed a very low-fiber diet (Ershoff 1977).
Tanaka did a number of studies on various food dyes and mice. One he published in 2005 reports that the Yellow #5 increased physical activity and weight, while a number of behavioural developmental parameters were abnormal. "Nevertheless," he concludes, "the actual dietary intake of tartrazine is presumed to be much lower. It would therefore appear that the levels of actual dietary intake of tartrazine is unlikely to produce any adverse effects in humans." One would think that "presumed" is a strange word to use in a scientific study.
All the food colors tested by Reyes in 1996 (including Yellow #5) inhibited mitochondrial respiration in a dose-related manner. The mitochondria are the tiny energy factories inside the cells of your body. Indeed, in 2003, the FDA issued a warning to hospitals to stop using Blue #1 in tube feeding of patients because the patients were dying with a bright blue colon visible upon autopsy. The FDA admitted that Blue #1 was "a mitochondrial toxin."
As long as we have mentioned Blue #1, we must share with you the good news -- it shows great promise as a medicine. According to an story reported on CNN.com, Blue #1 is known for its ability to counteract the action of ATP. In the case of a severe spinal cord injury, ATP floods the area resulting in increased damage. In a study on rats with spinal cord injuries, those given enough Blue #1 to temporarily turn them blue regained at least some ability to walk. | <urn:uuid:33e02285-66f8-4106-b711-06c7e9d1c029> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://feingold.org/yellow5.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953862 | 1,395 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Extreme Examples of PhotoJournalism
As Wikipedia defined: Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that creates images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism.
As Journalism consists of a lots of categories. Today i collected extreme or amazing photography of journalism that made best news or photos around in the world. | <urn:uuid:c3f8cacd-d253-49ab-b662-735d1c651d32> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://smashinghub.com/extreme-examples-of-photojournalism.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948817 | 104 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Dr Lamin Tutor Books
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|Free programs on CD-ROM, produced by Dr S.M Hajsadr (you must pay postage and packaging if you find them useful). Essential Maths is the first in a series of Tutor Books that aim to make learning mathematics easy and consistently planned. Topics include: Numbers and their values, Number position and line, Long addition and subtraction, Multiplication tables, Division tables, Long multiplication and division, Tricks to quick mental arithmetic, Mathematical terminology, Negative and positive numbers, Fractions, decimal and percentages, Indices and roots, Basic and derived units, Using the calculator efficiently, Mathematical processes, and more.|
|Levels:||Late Elem. (3-5), Middle School (6-8)|
|Resource Types:||Instructional Packages/Games|
|Math Topics:||Arithmetic/Early Math|
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:3b0151cc-3852-475f-b882-609385fddb48> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathforum.org/library/view/17634.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399428.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00151-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.82091 | 217 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Diphtheria/acellular pertussis/tetanus booster vaccine (Tdap) (Injection)
Pertussis Vaccine, Acellular (per-TUS-iss VAX-een, a-SELL-yoo-lar), Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid (ree-DOOST dif-THEER-ee-a TOX-oyd), Tetanus Toxoid (TET-a-nus TOX-oyd)
Protects against infections caused by tetanus (lockjaw), diphtheria, or pertussis (whooping cough). This is a booster vaccine.
When This Medicine Should Not Be Used
How to Use This Medicine
- A nurse or other health provider will give you this medicine.
- Your doctor will prescribe your exact dose and tell you how often it should be given. This medicine is given as a shot into one of your muscles.
- You may receive other vaccines at the same time as this one, but in a different body area. You should receive patient instructions for all of the vaccines. Talk to your doctor or nurse if you have questions.
- Read and follow the patient instructions that come with this medicine. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.
Drugs and Foods to Avoid
Ask your doctor or pharmacist before using any other medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products.
- Make sure the doctor knows if you are receiving a treatment or medicine that weakens your immune system. This includes radiation treatment, steroid medicines (such as dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone, Medrol®), or cancer medicines.
Warnings While Using This Medicine
- Make sure your doctor knows if you are pregnant or breastfeeding or have epilepsy, a weak immune system, or a history of a stroke. Tell your doctor if you are sick or have a fever.
- Tell your doctor about any reaction you had after you received a vaccine. This includes fainting, seizures, a fever over 105 degrees F, or severe redness or swelling where the shot was given. Tell your doctor if you have a history of Guillain-Barré syndrome after you received a vaccine with tetanus.
- Call your doctor right away if you faint or have vision changes, numbness or tingling in your arms, hands, or feet, or a seizure after you receive this vaccine.
- Tell your doctor if you have an allergy to latex. The syringes may contain dry natural latex rubber.
- This vaccine will not treat an active infection. If you have a diphtheria, tetanus, or pertussis infection, you will need medicine to treat the infection.
Possible Side Effects While Using This Medicine
Call your doctor right away if you notice any of these side effects:
- Allergic reaction: Itching or hives, swelling in your face or hands, swelling or tingling in your mouth or throat, chest tightness, trouble breathing
- Changes in vision
- Fever over 105 degrees F
- Lightheadedness or fainting
- Numbness, tingling, or burning pain in your hands, arms, legs, or feet
- Sudden numbness or weakness in your arms or legs
- Severe pain, redness, or swelling where the shot was given
If you notice these less serious side effects, talk with your doctor:
- Mild pain, redness, or swelling where the shot was given
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach pain
If you notice other side effects that you think are caused by this medicine, tell your doctor
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088
- Last reviewed on 12/4/2015
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- 2013 A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:68174a7d-d382-4536-bef7-98ffa0bed6d0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://umm.edu/health/medical/drug-notes/notes/diphtheriaacellular-pertussistetanus-booster-vaccine-tdap-injection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.88224 | 918 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Statistics point towards 800,000 new stroke victims each year, and this figure will frighteningly double over the next two decades. Having said that, one needs to be able to figure out an effective method to care for these patients. Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC) decided that they will come up with a robot to assist humans in the rehabilitation effort of stroke victims. The robot remains nameless at the moment, but you know what the Bard said – a rose by any other name would smell just as sweet, and if this robot is capable of gently coaxing and persuading stroke patients to perform their daily exercises, then half the battle is already won.
I guess to have a robot coach me would be a novel experience, and if I were to feel emotionally down and snappy for the day, the robot will not be affected as it cannot experience any emotions. On the downside, it is not able to emphatize with my more negative feelings, leaving us with a give and take situation. Enough rambling though, as this robot will rely on multiple imaging modalities, where a wrist-worn galvanic sensor on the patient will be able to keep track of a person’s vital statistics and the position of the limb being rehabilitated.
Not only that, the USC robot is said to be personality driven, where it will interact according to the person’s mood. Now that might be some comfort to us.
Filed in Robot.. Read more about | <urn:uuid:52153040-33ec-4bbd-b36a-b47f60afcdcf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ubergizmo.com/2012/04/usc-stroke-rehab-robot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397562.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966413 | 302 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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