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Melezitose, also spelled melicitose, is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap eating insects, including aphids such as Cinara pilicornis, by an enzyme reaction. This is beneficial to the insects, as it reduces the stress of osmosis by reducing their own water potential. The melezitose is part of the honeydew which acts as an attractant for ants and also as a food for bees although it is not easily digestible by bees. This is useful to the aphids as they have a symbiotic relationship with ants. Melezitose can be partially hydrolyzed to glucose and turanose the latter of which is an isomer of sucrose.
ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํžˆ๋“œ๋กœํ‘ธ๋ž€(Tetrahydrofuran, THF)์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹ (CH2)4O์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆœํ™˜ ์—ํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ๋ฌผ์— ํ˜ผํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ์•ก์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
0
Carbonyl sulfide is a one-carbon compound in which the carbon atom is attached to an oxygen and a sulfur atom via double bonds. It is a one-carbon compound and an organosulfur compound.
๋„๋ฐ์ผ€์ธ(dodecane) ๋˜๋Š” ๋„๋ฐ์นธ์€ ๋ถ„์ž์‹ C12H26, ์ถ•์•ฝ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‹(Condensed structural fomula) CH3(CH2)10CH3์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์•Œ์ผ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ, 355๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
0
Actinorhodin is a benzoisochromanequinone dimer polyketide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces coelicolor. The gene cluster responsible for actinorhodin production contains the biosynthetic enzymes and genes responsible for export of the antibiotic. The antibiotic also has the effect of being a pH indicator due to its pH-dependent color change.
์†Œ๋งŒ(Soman) ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ€์Šค์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ 1944๋…„ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ์ฟค์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค. G๊ณ„์—ด(์‚ฌ๋ฆฐ, ํƒ€๋ถ„, ์†Œ๋งŒ)๋…๊ฐ€์Šค ์ค‘ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ€์Šค์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜์ˆ˜์น˜์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰์ด 1kg๋‹น 2000mg์œผ๋กœ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ ์€ ์–‘์œผ๋กœ๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์€ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ํ™ฉ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋Š” ๋ฌด์ทจ๋‚˜ ์žฅ๋‡Œ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ํก์ž…์œผ๋กœ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์„ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์— ์ถ•์ ์‹œ์ผœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ํฅ๋ถ„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๋ จ, ๋งˆ๋น„, ํ˜ธํก๊ณค๋ž€, ๊ตฌํ† , ๋ฐฉ๋‡จ, ๋ฐฉ๋ถ„, ๋’คํ‹€๋ฆผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์†Œ๋งŒ๊ฐ€์Šค์™€ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ G๊ณ„์—ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡๋ฐฑ๋งŒํ†ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋น„์ถ•๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ 2์ฐจ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋„ ์‹ค์ „์— ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•œ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฐ, ํƒ€๋ถ„๊ฐ™์€ G๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ€์Šค ์—ญ์‹œ ์‹ค์ „์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์ด ์ œ2์ฐจ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „์—์„œ ํŒจ์ „ ํ•œ ํ›„์— ์†Œ๋งŒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ G๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค‘์— ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ํ๊ธฐ์ฒ˜๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ๋ฐœํ‹ฑํ•ด์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์†์— ๋ฒ„๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถํ•œ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ฐ€์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์†Œ๋งŒ์ด๋‹ค.
0
Chlorphenoxamine is a diarylmethane. It has a role as an anticoronaviral agent.
์นด๋ฐ”๋ชจ์ผ ์ธ์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: carbamoyl phosphate)์€ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์Œ์ด์˜จ์ด๋‹ค. ์œก์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์นด๋ฐ”๋ชจ์ผ ์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ์š”์†Œ ํšŒ๋กœ ๋ฐ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋”˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฐ”๋ชจ์ผ ์ธ์‚ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ I ์€ ์‹œ๋ฅดํˆฌ์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜๋“ค, NAD ์˜์กด์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํƒˆ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™”ํšจ์†Œ, ATP์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์นด๋ฐ”๋ชจ์ผ ์ธ์‚ฐ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์นด๋ฐ”๋ชจ์ผ ์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ์š”์†Œ ํšŒ๋กœ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‹ˆํ‹ด ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์นด๋ฐ”๋ฐ€๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ค๋ฅด๋‹ˆํ‹ด๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฃฐ๋ฆฐ์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์นด๋ฐ”๋ชจ์ผ ์ธ์‚ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ I ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์นด๋ฐ”๋ชจ์ผ ์ธ์‚ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ณ ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„ํ˜ˆ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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In chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with six carbon atoms. The chemical formula for all hexoses is C6H12O6, and their molecular weight is 180.156 g/mol. Hexoses exist in two forms, open-chain or cyclic, that easily convert into each other in aqueous solutions. The open-chain form of a hexose, which usually is favored in solutions, has the general structure Hโˆ’(CHOH)nโˆ’1โˆ’C(O), forming a carbonyl group (C=O). The remaining bonds of the carbon atoms are satisfied by seven hydrogen atoms. The carbons are commonly numbered 1 to 6 starting at the end closest to the carbonyl. Hexoses are extremely important in biochemistry, both as isolated molecules (such as glucose and fructose) and as building blocks of other compounds such as starch, cellulose, and glycosides. Hexoses can form dihexose (like sucrose) by a condensation reaction that makes 1,6-glycosidic bond. When the carbonyl is in position 1, forming an formyl group (โˆ’CH=O), the sugar is called an aldohexose, a special case of aldose. Otherwise, if the carbonyl position is 2 or 3, the sugar is a derivative of a ketone, and is called a ketohexose, a special case of ketose; specifically, an n-ketohexose. However, the 3-ketohexoses have not been observed in nature, and are difficult to synthesize; so the term "ketohexose" usually means 2-ketohexose. In the linear form, there are 16 aldohexoses and eight 2-ketohexoses, stereoisomers that differ in the spatial position of the hydroxyl groups. These species occur in pairs of optical isomers. Each pair has a conventional name (like "glucose" or "fructose"), and the two members are labeled "D-" or "L-", depending on whether the hydroxyl in position 5, in the Fischer projection of the molecule, is to the right or to the left of the axis, respectively. These labels are independent of the optical activity of the isomers. In general, only one of the two enantiomers occurs naturally (for example, D-glucose) and can be metabolized by animals or fermented by yeasts. The term "hexose" sometimes is assumed to include deoxyhexoses, such as fucose and rhamnose: compounds with general formula C6H12O6โˆ’y that can be described as derived from hexoses by replacement of one or more hydroxyl groups with hydrogen atoms.
์ด์‚ฐํ™” ๋ง๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ(Manganese dioxide, Manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2)๋Š” ๊ธˆํ™์„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋˜๋Š” ํ‘๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰ ๋ถ„๋ง์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฒœ์—ฐ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ด๋กœ๋ฃจ์Šค๊ด‘์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฐ์ถœ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ฐฉ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ณ„์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋ฃจํ‹ธํ˜• ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋…น์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌฝ์€ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ™˜์›์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™˜์›๋œ๋‹ค. ์—ผ์†Œ์‚ฐ์นผ๋ฅจ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๋ง๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค€๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๋ง๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ง์ ‘ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ „๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํ›„์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์†๋„๋งŒ์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ด‰๋งค๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ, ๋ง๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ์ฆˆ์‚ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์›๋ฃŒ, ๋ฌผ๊ฐ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ, ์œ ์•ฝ, ์„ฑ๋ƒฅ, ์ „์ง€, ์œ ๋ฆฌ๊ณต์—…, ๋ณด์ผ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Quinapril is a member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. It has a role as an EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor, a prodrug and an antihypertensive agent. It is a member of isoquinolines, a dicarboxylic acid monoester, an ethyl ester and a tertiary carboxamide.
๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋‹Œ(Ricinine)์€ ํ”ผ๋งˆ์ž์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋…์„ฑ ์•Œ์นผ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์นœ ๋…์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ง€ํ‘œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์‹œ๋‹Œ์€ ์‚ด์ถฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Pilocarpine is a lactone alkaloid originally extracted from plants of the Pilocarpus genus. It is used as a medication to reduce pressure inside the eye and treat dry mouth. As an eye drop it is used to manage angle closure glaucoma until surgery can be performed, ocular hypertension, primary open angle glaucoma, and to constrict the pupil after dilation. However, due to its side effects, it is no longer typically used for long-term management. Onset of effects with the drops is typically within an hour and lasts for up to a day. By mouth it is used for dry mouth as a result of Sjรถgren syndrome or radiation therapy. Common side effects of the eye drops include irritation of the eye, increased tearing, headache, and blurry vision. Other side effects include allergic reactions and retinal detachment. Use is generally not recommended during pregnancy. Pilocarpine is in the miotics family of medication. It works by activating cholinergic receptors of the muscarinic type which cause the trabecular meshwork to open and the aqueous humor to drain from the eye. Pilocarpine was isolated in 1874 by Hardy and Gerrard and has been used to treat glaucoma for more than 100 years. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It was originally made from the South American plant Pilocarpus.
๋ฌดํ”ผ๋กœ์‹ (์˜์–ด: mupirocin)์€ ๋†๊ฐ€์ง„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋‚ญ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ์žฌ์„ฑ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ตญ์†Œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํ”ผ๋กœ์‹ ์€ ๋ฐ•ํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ˜(์˜์–ด: Bactroban)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํ”ผ๋กœ์‹ ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฆ์ƒ ์—†์ด ์ฝ”์— ์กด์žฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๋‚ด์„ฑ ํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ํฌ๋„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท (MRSA)์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ 10์ผ ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํ”ผ๋กœ์‹ ์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆผ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Metoclopramide is a member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. It has a role as an antiemetic, a dopaminergic antagonist, a gastrointestinal drug, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is a tertiary amino compound, a substituted aniline, a member of benzamides and a member of monochlorobenzenes. It is a conjugate base of a metoclopramide(1+).
๋ฏธ์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ(์˜์–ด: mycothiol)์€ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ์€ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์‚ฌ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธํ™”๋œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ ์ž”๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์–ด์„œ ์ด๋…ธ์‹œํ†จ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ์ดํ™ฉํ™” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ(MSSM)์„ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ณด๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜จ ํ™˜์›ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ๋กœ ํ™˜์›๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ ์˜์กด์  ํšจ์†Œ(์˜ˆ: ๋ฏธ์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ ์˜์กด์  ํผ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์†Œํšจ์†Œ, ๋งˆ์ด์ฝ”์‹ธ์ด์˜จ ํ™˜์›ํšจ์†Œ)๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ•ต ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค.
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Saccharin is a 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. It has a role as a sweetening agent, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is a 1,2-benzisothiazole and a N-sulfonylcarboxamide.
4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํŽ˜๋‹ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 4-HPPA)์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ธ ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์€ ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹คํ™”๋˜์–ด ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํŽ˜๋‹ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์€ ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹  ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰๋งค๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํŽ˜๋‹ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์กฐ์งํ‘๊ฐˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ƒ‰์†Œ์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์  ํ‹ฐ์Šค์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํŽ˜๋‹ํ”ผ๋ฃจ๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์€ ์Šค์‹œํ† ๋„ค๋ฏผ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.
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Cumene is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Saxifraga stolonifera, and other organisms with data available.
ํ”ผํƒ„์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: phytanic acid)์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์œ ์ œํ’ˆ, ๋ฐ˜์ถ”๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ํŠน์ • ์–ด๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ง€์‚ฌ์Šฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ์‹ ์‹๋‹จ์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 50~100 mg์˜ ํ”ผํƒ„์‚ฐ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ฅ์Šคํผ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์œก๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฑ„์‹์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์˜ ํ”ผํƒ„์‚ฐ์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ 6.7๋ฐฐ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค.
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Methyl methacrylate is an enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component. It has a role as an allergen and a polymerisation monomer. It is an enoate ester and a methyl ester. It is functionally related to a methacrylic acid.
๋ผํ”ผ๋…ธ์Šค(Raffinose)๋Š” ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค, ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์Šค, ํ”„๋Ÿญํ† ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋œ ์‚ผ๋‹น๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฝฉ, ์–‘๋ฐฐ์ถ”, ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋‹ค๋‹ค๊ธฐ, ๋ธŒ๋กœ์ฝœ๋ฆฌ, ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ๊ฑฐ์Šค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ„์†Œ์™€ ์ „๊ณก์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผํ”ผ๋…ธ์Šค๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œํ™”๊ณ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ฮฑ-๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์‹œ๋ฐ์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด D-๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค์™€ ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ฮฑ-๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์‹œ๋ฐ์ด์Šค๋Š” ์Šคํƒ€ํ‚ค์˜ค์Šค, ๋ฒ ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์Šค์ฝ”์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ฮฑ-๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํšจ์†Œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ ํƒ€๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ชผ๊ฐœ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Clofazimine, sold under the brand name Lamprene, is a medication used together with rifampicin and dapsone to treat leprosy. It is specifically used for multibacillary (MB) leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum. Evidence is insufficient to support its use in other conditions though a retrospective study found it 95% effective in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) when administered with a macrolide and ethambutol, as well as the drugs amikacin and clarithromycin. However, in the United States, clofazimine is considered an orphan drug, is unavailable in pharmacies, and its use in the treatment of MAC is overseen by the Food and Drug Administration. It is taken orally. Common side effects include abdominal pain, diarrhea, itchiness, dry skin, and change in skin color. It can also cause swelling of the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, increased blood sugar, and sensitivity to the sun. It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe. Clofazimine is a phenazine dye and is believed to work by interfering with DNA. Clofazimine was discovered in the 1950s at Trinity College, Dublin, and approved for medical use in the United States in 1986. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In the United States it is not available commercially but can be obtained from the US Department of Health and Human Services.
๋ณด๋ ˆ์ธ(borane, BH3)์€ ์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ๋ถ•์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์€ BH3์ด๋‹ค. ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ณด๋ ˆ์ธ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฐ์œ„ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Phenol is an organic hydroxy compound that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxy substituent. The parent of the class of phenols. It has a role as a disinfectant, an antiseptic drug, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a phenolate.
๋งŒ๋‹ˆํ†จ(์˜์–ด: mannitol)์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹น์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ์‹๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃŒ๋กœ์„œ ์ข…์ข… ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ํก์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ๋…น๋‚ด์žฅ์—์„œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•ˆ์••์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋˜ ๋‡Œ์••(ICP) ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต์€ 15๋ถ„ ๋‚ด์— ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 8์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์˜ํ•™์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ถ„-์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์™€ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ์•…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์— ๋ณต์šฉํ•ด๋„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋‹ˆํ†จ์€ ์‚ผํˆฌ์••์ด๋‡จ์ œ๊ณ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‡Œ์™€ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด์˜ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋‹ˆํ†จ์€ 1806๋…„ ์กฐ์ œํ”„ ๋ฃจ์ด ํ”„๋ฃจ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ธ WHO ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” 1ํšŒ ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋Œ€๋žต US$1.12 ~ 5.80์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋น„๋Š” $25 ~ 50์ด๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ์„œ์–‘๋ฌผํ‘ธ๋ ˆ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋œ ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งŒ๋‹ˆํ†จ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฐ˜๋„ํ•‘๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Miconazole is a natural product found in Trichoderma brevicompactum, Hassallia byssoidea, and Micromonospora echinospora with data available.
ํ”ผํŽ˜์ฝœ์‚ฐ(Pipecolic acid)์€ ํ”„๋กค๋ฆฐ์˜ 5์›์ž ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 6์›์ž์ธ ํ”ผํŽ˜๋ฆฌ๋”˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€ ๋น„๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค.
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Xanthosine is a nucleoside derived from xanthine and ribose. It is the biosynthetic precursor to 7-methylxanthosine by the action of 7-methylxanthosine synthase. 7-Methylxanthosine in turn is the precursor to theobromine (active alkaloid in chocolate), which in turn is the precursor to caffeine, the alkaloid in coffee and tea.
์—๋‹ค๋ผ๋ณธ(Edaravone), ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช… ๋ผ๋””์ปท)์€ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์˜ ์žฌํ™œ ๋ฐ ALS์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์ œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ALS ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ ์†์ƒ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฐํ™” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ง‰๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Carbromal is a N-acylurea.
์•„์ด์†Œ์˜ฅ์‚ฌ์กธ(์˜์–ด: isoxazole)์€ ์ธ์ ‘ ์œ„์น˜์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ์งˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ค์›ํ™˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ณต์†Œํ™˜ ๋ฐ ์•ฝ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋”˜๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŠน์ด์ทจ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๋“๋Š”์ ์€ 95ยฐC์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜จ์•Œ๋ฐํžˆ๋“œ์— ํžˆ๋“œ๋ก์‹ค์•„๋ฏผ์„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ์ผœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์•„์ด์†Œ์˜ฅ์‚ฌ์กธ์€ ์งˆ์†Œ ์˜†์— ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์›์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•„์กธ(Azole)์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ด์†Œ์˜ฅ์‚ฌ์กธ๋ฆด(Isoxazolyl)์€ ์•„์ด์†Œ์˜ฅ์‚ฌ์กธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋„๋œ 1๊ฐ€ ๋ผ๋””์นผ์ด๋‹ค.
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Oxalosuccinic acid is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by isocitrate dehydrogenase. Salts and esters of oxalosuccinic acid are known as oxalosuccinates. Oxalosuccinic acid/oxalosuccinate is an unstable 6-carbon intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It's a keto acid, formed during the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate, which is catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase. Isocitrate is first oxidized by coenzyme NAD+ to form oxalosuccinic acid/oxalosuccinate. Oxalosuccinic acid is both an alpha-keto and a beta-keto acid (an unstable compound) and it is the beta-ketoic property that allows the loss of carbon dioxide in the enzymatic reaction in conversion to the five-carbon molecule 2-oxoglutarate.
์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: aconitic acid)์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šค-์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ(cis-aconitate) ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค-์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ(trans-aconitic acid)์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šค-์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ง์—ผ๊ธฐ์ธ ์‹œ์Šค-์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํ…Œ์ดํŠธ(cis-aconitate)๋Š” ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํ…Œ์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ(citrate)์ด ์•„์ด์†Œ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ(isocitrate)์œผ๋กœ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ์€ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์„ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (HO2CCH2)2COH(CO2H) โ†’ HO2CCH=C(CO2H)CH2CO2H + H2O ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ์€ ์—ด ํƒˆ์ˆ˜(thermal dehydration)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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Gingerol is a beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-hydroxy ketone and a member of guaiacols.
N-ํผ์ผ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋‹Œ(์˜์–ด: N-formylmethionine, fMet, HCO-Met, For-Met)์€ ํผ์ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋œ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋‹Œ์˜ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์„ธ๊ท  ๋ฐ ์„ธํฌ์†Œ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ํ›„์— ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. N-ํผ์ผ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋‹Œ์€ ์„ธ๊ท , ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์—ฝ๋ก์ฒด์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. N-ํผ์ผ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋‹Œ์€ ์ง„ํ•ต์„ธํฌ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ•ต์ƒ๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์„ธ๊ท ์€ N-ํผ์ผ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋‹Œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฒด์—์„œ N-ํผ์ผ๋ฉ”ํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋‹Œ์€ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์†์ƒ๋œ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋ณด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋งž์„œ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋„๋ก ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Pentobarbital (US) or pentobarbitone (British and Australian) is a short-acting barbiturate typically used as a sedative, a preanesthetic, and to control convulsions in emergencies. It can also be used for short-term treatment of insomnia but has been largely replaced by the benzodiazepine family of drugs. In high doses, pentobarbital causes death by respiratory arrest. It is used for veterinary euthanasia and is used by some US states and the United States federal government for executions of convicted criminals by lethal injection. In some countries and states, it is also used for physician-assisted suicide. Pentobarbital was widely abused beginning in the late 1930s and sometimes known as "yellow jackets" due to the yellow color of Nembutal-branded capsules. Pentobarbital in oral (pill) form is not commercially available. Pentobarbital was developed by Ernest H. Volwiler and Donalee L. Tabern at Abbott Laboratories in 1930.
2,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์ฆˆ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ(์˜์–ด: 2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, DMBA)๋Š” ํ”Œ๋กœ๋กœํƒ„๋‹Œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋Ÿ‰ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์•ฝ์ด๋‹ค. 2,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์ฆˆ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋Š” 1,3- ๋ฐ 1,3,5-์น˜ํ™˜๋œ ํŽ˜๋†€(์˜ˆ:ํ”Œ๋กœ๋กœํƒ„๋‹Œ)๊ณผ ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Trovafloxacin is a 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent, a hepatotoxic agent, a topoisomerase IV inhibitor, a DNA synthesis inhibitor and an antibacterial drug. It is a 1,8-naphthyridine derivative, an amino acid, a monocarboxylic acid, an azabicycloalkane, a tertiary amino compound, a primary amino compound, a quinolone antibiotic, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and a difluorobenzene. It is a conjugate base of a trovafloxacin(1+).
ํƒ€๋ฅดํŠธ๋ผ์ง„(Tartrazine, E ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ E102 ๋˜๋Š” C.I. 19140, FD&C Yellow 5), ๊ณง ํ™ฉ์ƒ‰ 4ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ฐฉ์ƒ‰๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ ˆ๋ชฌ๋น› ์•„์กฐ ์—ผ๋ฃŒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์— ๋…น์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์„ฑ์ด ์ตœ๋Œ€ 427ยฑ2 nm๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํƒ€๋ฅดํŠธ๋ผ์ง„์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ”ํžˆ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ๋น›๊น”์„ ๋ ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ’€๋น› ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒญ์ƒ‰ 1ํ˜ธ(FD&C Blue 1, E133)๋‚˜ ๋…น์ƒ‰ Sํ˜ธ (E142)์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์“ฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Nevirapine is a dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. It has a role as an antiviral drug and a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is a dipyridodiazepine and a member of cyclopropanes.
ํ”„๋กœ์นด์ธ(procaine)์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ ์—์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์˜ ๊ทผ์œก ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์น˜๊ณผ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช… ๋…ธ๋ณด์นด์ธ(Novocain)์ด ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๋„์ฒ˜์— ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ”„๋กœ์นด์ธ์€ "๋…ธ๋ณด์นด์ธ"์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ†ต๋ช…์นญํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ-์นผ๋ฅจ ํŽŒํ”„ ๋ฐ ์ด์˜จํ†ต๋กœ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ํ†ต๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ต๊ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ฐจ๋‹จ, ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ, ์‚ดํฌ ๊ฐ•ํ™”, ๊ธฐ๋ถ„ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ์นด์ธ์€ 1905๋…„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์นด์ธ ์งํ›„์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ํ™”ํ•™์ž ์•Œํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ ์•„์ธํ˜ธ๋ฅธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์„ ๋…ธ๋ณด์นด์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋ผํ‹ด์–ด nov-("์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด"์„ ์˜๋ฏธ)์™€ -caine(๋งˆ์ทจ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์•Œ์นผ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ๋์— ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ)์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•˜์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ํ•™์ ์ธ ์ด์šฉ์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์นด์ธ๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ์นด์ธ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ์ฝ”์นด์ธ์ด ๊ตญ๋ถ€ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ธํ˜ธ๋ฅธ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์ ˆ๋‹จ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž์œผ๋‚˜ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ทจ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์น˜๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
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Hydroxylamine is the simplest hydroxylamine, consisting of ammonia bearing a hydroxy substituent. It is an intermediate in the biological nitrification by microbes like bacteria. It has a role as a nitric oxide donor, an EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor, a nucleophilic reagent, an EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor, an EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor, a bacterial xenobiotic metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a hydroxyazanide and an aminooxidanide. It derives from a hydride of an ammonia.
๋‚˜ํ”„๋ก์„ผ(naproxen, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ช…: Aleve, Naprosyn ๋“ฑ)์€ ํ†ต์ฆ, ์›”๊ฒฝํ†ต, ๋˜ ๋ฅ˜๋จธํ‹ฐ์Šค ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ, ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ์ œ(NSAID)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ฑ ์ œ์ œ(release formulation)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํšจ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ณต์šฉ ํ›„ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 12์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์›€, ๋‘ํ†ต, ๋ฉ, ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘, ์†์“ฐ๋ฆผ, ๋ณตํ†ต์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜, ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘, ์œ„์žฅ์ถœํ˜ˆ, ์œ„๊ถค์–‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ NSAID๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์—๋„ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํ”„๋ก์„ผ์€ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์ (nonselective) ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœ์˜ฅ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋‚˜์ œ(COX) ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜จ์‚ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. NSAID๋กœ์„œ, ๋‚˜ํ”„๋ก์„ผ์€ ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํƒ€๊ธ€๋ž€๋”˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†Œ์—ผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํ”„๋ก์„ผ์€ 1976๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด์ž ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 2017๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ•œ ๋„์Šค(dose) ๋‹น ์•ฝ ยฃ0.15์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋„์Šค ๋‹น ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” 2018๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ US$0.10 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๋‹ค. 2016๋…„, 1,100๋งŒ ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ 68๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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Hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. It has two hydroxyl groups bonded to a benzene ring in a para position. It is a white granular solid. Substituted derivatives of this parent compound are also referred to as hydroquinones. The name "hydroquinone" was coined by Friedrich Wรถhler in 1843. In 2021, it was the 282nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions.
๋“œ๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ๋ ˆ๋…ผ(Drospirenone)์€ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํ”ผ์ž„์•ฝ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์—˜ ์•ผ์Šค๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ด์—˜ ์•ผ์ฆˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‹œํŒ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค.
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Octane is a straight chain alkane composed of 8 carbon atoms. It has a role as a xenobiotic.
๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์‹ (brucine)์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹Œ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ์นผ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ „์ž๋‚˜๋ฌด(Strychnos nux-vomica)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์‹  ์ค‘๋…์€ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ํŽธ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ณดํ†ต ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹Œ์ด ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์‹ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋…์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž…์ฒด ํŠน์ด์„ฑ ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ„์„์šฉ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์‹ ์€ 1819๋…„ Pelletier์™€ Caventou๊ฐ€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํฌ๋…ธ์Šค ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ป์งˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ์ฐธ ์ดํ›„์ธ๋ฐ 1884๋…„ ํ™”ํ•™์ž ํ•œ์„ผ์ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹Œ๊ณผ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์ž๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๋•Œ์ด๋‹ค.
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Penicillamine is an alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. It is a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid and a thiol.
์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋”˜(Zidovudine, ZDV), ์•„์ง€๋„ํ‹ฐ๋ฏธ๋”˜(azidothymidine, AZT)์€ HIV/AIDS ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•ฝ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•ฝ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์‚ฌ์นจ ์ฐ”๋ฆผ ํ›„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋งŒ ์ค‘ ๋ชจ์ž๊ฐ์—ผ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋…ธ์ถœ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋”˜ ์ž์ฒด๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ถ€๋”˜/์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋”˜ ๋ฐ ์•„๋ฐ”์นด๋น„๋ฅด/๋ผ๋ฏธ๋ถ€๋”˜/์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋”˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํŒ๋งค๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ์ €์†์˜ ์ •๋งฅ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‘ํ†ต, ๋ฐœ์—ด, ๋ฉ”์Šค๊บผ์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ ์งˆํ™˜, ๊ทผ์œก๋ณ‘, ์œ ์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์ฆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์—๋„ ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ํƒœ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ZDV๋Š” ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‹œ๋“œ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ฒด ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌํšจ์†Œ(NRTI)๊ณ„์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. DNA๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด HIV๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋„๋ถ€๋”˜์€ 1964๋…„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1987๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ HIV์˜ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ธ WHO ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” 1๊ฐœ์›”์— US$5.10 ~ $25.60 ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์›”๊ฐ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ ๋น„์šฉ์€ $200 ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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Chromic acid is jargon for a solution formed by the addition of sulfuric acid to aqueous solutions of dichromate. It consists at least in part of chromium trioxide. The term chromic acid is usually used for a mixture made by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a dichromate, which may contain a variety of compounds, including solid chromium trioxide. This kind of chromic acid may be used as a cleaning mixture for glass. Chromic acid may also refer to the molecular species, H2CrO4 of which the trioxide is the anhydride. Chromic acid features chromium in an oxidation state of +6 (and a valence of VI or 6). It is a strong and corrosive oxidizing agent and a moderate carcinogen.
์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ก (Estrone, E1, oestrone)์€ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ, ์•ฝ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๊ฒ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์„ฑ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋””์˜ฌ, ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ๋œ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‚ด์ธ์„ฑ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๊ฒ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๊ฒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ก ์€ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ์‹์ƒ˜์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ถ€์‹  ์•ˆ๋“œ๋กœ๊ฒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋””์˜ฌ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ก ๊ณผ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋กœ๊ฒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ํ™œ๋™๋ ฅ์ด ์•ฝํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ก ์€ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋””์˜ฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ๋””์˜ฌ์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ์—ญํ•  ์™ธ์—๋„ ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ก ์€ ์ด๋ฅผํ…Œ๋ฉด ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๋Œ€์ฒด์š”๋ฒ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ก ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—์ŠคํŠธ๋ก  (์•ฝ๋ฌผ) ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ.
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Cysteine (symbol Cys or C; ) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HOOCโˆ’CH(โˆ’NH2)โˆ’CH2โˆ’SH. The thiol side chain in cysteine often participates in enzymatic reactions as a nucleophile. Cysteine is chiral, but both D and L-cysteine are found in nature. Lโ€‘Cysteine is a protein monomer in all biota, and D-cysteine acts as a signaling molecule in mammalian nervous systems. Cysteine is named after its discovery in urine, which comes from the urinary bladder or cyst, from Greek ฮบฯฯƒฯ„ฮท kรฝsti, "bladder". The thiol is susceptible to oxidation to give the disulfide derivative cystine, which serves an important structural role in many proteins. In this case, the symbol Cyx is sometimes used. The deprotonated form can generally be described by the symbol Cym as well. When used as a food additive, cysteine has the E number E920. Cysteine is encoded by the codons UGU and UGC.
๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฆฌ๋ˆ(Risperidone, ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์œผ๋ก  ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŽ˜๋‹ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค)์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์กฐํ˜„๋ณ‘(์œ ์•„ ์กฐํ˜„๋ณ‘ ํฌํ•จ), ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ ์žฅ์• , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ดด์  ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ํŒŒํƒ„์  ํ–‰๋™์žฅ์• ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์ •ํ˜• ์กฐํ˜„๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฆฌ๋ˆ์€ 2์„ธ๋Œ€ ๋น„์ •ํ˜•์  ํ•ญ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ๊ธธํ•ญ์ œ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ๊ณผ ํžˆ์Šคํƒ€๋ฏผ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ์–ต์ œ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฆฌ๋ˆ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ œ 2ํ˜• ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ด์ƒ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ฐ์„ฑ ์šด๋™์žฅ์• , ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด์™„์ œ ์•…์„ฑ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ถ”์ฒด ์™ธ๋กœ๊ณ„ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฆฌ๋ˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐํ˜„๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋Š” ์น˜๋งค ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŽ˜๋ฆฌ๋ˆ์€ ์กด์Šจ์•ค๋“œ์กด์Šจ ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜ Janssen-Cilag์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ „์— ์“ฐ์ด๋˜ ์ •ํ˜•์  ์กฐํ˜„๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 1988๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1992๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1994๋…„ FDA์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
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Acrolein is an enal that is prop-2-ene with an oxo group at position 1. It has a role as a toxin, a human xenobiotic metabolite and a herbicide.
์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ๊ธด(์˜์–ด: asparagine) (๊ธฐํ˜ธ: Asn ๋˜๋Š” N)์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ๊ธด์€ ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’NH+3 ํ˜•ํƒœ), ฮฑ-์นด๋ณต์‹ค๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํƒˆ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’COOโˆ’ ํ˜•ํƒœ) ๋ฐ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ธ ์นด๋ณต์‚ฌ๋งˆ์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ๊ธด์€ ๊ทน์„ฑ(์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  pH์—์„œ) ๋น„์ „ํ•˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ๊ธด์€ ๋น„ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฒด์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ๊ธด์€ AAU, AAC ์ฝ”๋ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Alizarin is a dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 1 and 2. It has a role as a chromophore, a dye and a plant metabolite.
์‹ค๋ ˆ์ธ(์˜์–ด: silane), ์‹œ๋ ˆ์ธ, ์‹ค๋ž€์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹ SiH4๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ญ๊ฒจ์šด ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ๋…์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค.
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Pyridoxal (PL) is one form of vitamin B6. Some medically relevant bacteria, such as those in the genera Granulicatella and Abiotrophia, require pyridoxal for growth. This nutritional requirement can lead to the culture phenomenon of satellite growth. In in vitro culture, these pyridoxal-dependent bacteria may only grow in areas surrounding colonies of bacteria from other genera ("satellitism") that are capable of producing pyridoxal. Pyridoxal is involved in what is believed to be the most ancient reaction of aerobic metabolism on Earth, about 2.9 billion years ago, a forerunner of the Great Oxidation Event.
ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์•„๋ฏผ(Trimethylamine, TMA) ๋˜๋Š” ํŠธ๋ผ์ด๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ์•„๋ฏผ์€ ์ด๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์‹ N(CH3)3์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธํ™” ์œ ๋„์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. TMA๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ ‘์ด‰ ์‹œ ์ ๋ง‰ ๊ดด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ์ฉ๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ "๋น„๋ฆฐ๋‚ด" ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค.
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Sulfamethoxazole is an isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, an antiinfective agent, an epitope, an EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor, an antimicrobial agent, a P450 inhibitor, an EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and a drug allergen. It is a sulfonamide, a member of isoxazoles, a substituted aniline and a sulfonamide antibiotic. It is functionally related to a sulfanilamide.
์…€๋ฃฐ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค(Cellulase) ๋˜๋Š” ์…€๋ฃฐ๋ผ์•„์ œ๋Š” ๊ท , ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„, ์›์ƒ๋™๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”, ์…€๋ฃฐ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.
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Cloxacillin is a semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6. It has a role as an antibacterial agent and an antibacterial drug. It is a semisynthetic derivative, a penicillin allergen and a penicillin. It is functionally related to an oxacillin. It is a conjugate acid of a cloxacillin(1-).
ํ”„๋กค๋ฆฐ(์˜์–ด: proline) (๊ธฐํ˜ธ: Pro ๋˜๋Š” P)๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ(โ€“NH2)๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ(๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋จ)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ 2์ฐจ ์•„๋ฏผ์ด๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ ์•„๋ฏผ์˜ ์งˆ์†Œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ NH2+ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๊ณ , ์นด๋ณต์‹ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ํƒˆ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’COOโˆ’ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ฮฑ ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์€ ์งˆ์†Œ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ํ”ผ๋กค๋ฆฌ๋”˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์กฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋น„ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ธ L-๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กค๋ฆฐ์„ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กค๋ฆฐ์€ CC๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ”๋ˆ(CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG)์œผ๋กœ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กค๋ฆฐ์€ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ 2์ฐจ ์•„๋ฏผ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ์ธ 2์ฐจ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ, ์งˆ์†Œ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ฮฑ ํƒ„์†Œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ 5์›์ž ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Perfluorohexanesulfonic acid is a perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is hexane-1-sulfonic acid in which all thirteen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons have been replaced by fluorines.
์•„๋ชฉ์‹œ์‹ค๋ฆฐ(amoxicillin)์€ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฒ ํƒ€-๋ฝํƒ€๋ฉ”์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ท ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ํด๋ผ๋ถˆ๋ž€์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ชฉ์‹œ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๊ทธ๋žŒ ์–‘์„ฑ๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋žŒ ์Œ์„ฑ๊ท ์— ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ๋ถˆ๋ž€์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ทธ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๋” ๋„“์–ด์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ฒ ํƒ€-๋ฝํƒ€๋ฉ”์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ณ„ํ†ต์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ชฉ์‹œ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์€ ์žฅ๋‚ด๊ตฌ๊ท , ๋””ํ”„ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ท , ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ท , ํ™”๋†์„ฑ ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทธ๋žŒ ์–‘์„ฑ๊ท ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฝ์…€๋ผ ์นดํƒ€๋ž„๋ฆฌ์Šค, ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท , ํ๋ ด๋ง‰๋Œ€๊ท , ์‚ด๋ชจ๋„ฌ๋ผ๊ท , ์ด์งˆ๊ท , ๋ณด๋ ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทธ๋žŒ ์Œ์„ฑ๊ท ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํก์ธ์„ฑ ํ๋ ด, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ ํ๋ ด, ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ๋ถ€๋น„๋™์—ผ, ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ, ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์ค‘์ด์—ผ, ์กฐ์ง ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆผ ์ƒ์ฒ˜์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ, ๋†๊ฐ€์ง„, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์กฑ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ, ์น˜์„ฑ ๊ฐ์—ผ, ํŽธ๋„ ์ฃผ์œ„ ๋†์–‘์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—๋„ ์ด์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Thymine is a pyrimidine nucleobase that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a methyl group. It has a role as a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyrimidine nucleobase and a pyrimidone.
๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ‹ฐํ†จ(์˜์–ด: galactitol) ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘˜์‹œํ†จ(์˜์–ด: dulcitol)์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค์˜ ํ™˜์› ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ธ ๋‹น์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ‹ฐํ†จ์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ๋ง›์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šคํ˜ˆ์ฆ์˜ ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ํ‚ค๋„ค์ด์Šค ๊ฒฐํ•์ฆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์ฒด์— ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ‹ฐํ†จ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ‹ฐํ†จ์€ ์•Œ๋„์Šค ํ™˜์›ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ด‰๋งค๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์€ ์ƒ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ์—ด์„ฑ์œ ์ „ ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค 1-์ธ์‚ฐ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋”œ๋ฆดํŠธ๋žœ์Šคํผ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค 1-์ธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ† ์Šค์˜ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ‹ฐํ†จ์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆํ™˜์€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฝํ‹ฐํ†จ์˜ ์ถ•์ ์— ์˜ํ•˜ ๋ฐฑ๋‚ด์žฅ ์ด์™ธ์— ๊ฐ„๋น„์žฅ๋น„๋Œ€(hepatosplenomegaly) ๋ฐ ์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Ethylamine is a two-carbon primary aliphatic amine. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a conjugate base of an ethylaminium.
์ผ์‚ฐํ™” ๊ทœ์†Œ(ไธ€้…ธๅŒ– ็ก…็ด , ๋…์ผ์–ด: siliciummonoxyd)๋Š” ๊ทœ์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ๋ˆˆ์— ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is a natural product found in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Phycomyces blakesleeanus, and other organisms with data available.
ํ”ผ๋ผ์„ธํƒ(์˜์–ด: Piracetam)์€ ๋‡Œ ์†์ƒ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋ ฅ ์žฅ์• ์ฆ์ƒ ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„ํŠธ๋กœํ”ฝ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ์ง€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ขŒ์šฐ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๊ตํ™˜์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋‘๋‡Œ์˜ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ˆ„ํŠธ๋กœํ•„ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์ด์˜ค์บ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Cyclohexane is an alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon. It has a role as a non-polar solvent. It is a cycloalkane and a volatile organic compound.
์—๋ฆฌํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆ์ด์‹ (erythromycin)์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ‘๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋„ ๊ฐ์—ผ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ์—ผ, ํด๋ผ๋ฏธ๋””์•„ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ, ๊ณจ๋ฐ˜์—ผ, ๋งค๋…์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ƒ์•„์˜ B๊ตฐ ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ๊ตฌ๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ„๋งˆ๋น„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์—๋„ ์ด์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์•ก ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ๊ฒฐ๋ง‰์—ผ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋งŒ ํ›„ ์•ˆ์—ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ฑ ๋ณตํ†ต, ๊ตฌํ† , ์„ค์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํด๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋””์›€ ๋””ํ”ผ์‹ค ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ, ๊ฐ„ ์งˆํ™˜, QT ์—ฐ์žฅ, ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ์—๋ฆฌํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆ์ด์‹ ์€ ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์— ๋ณต์šฉํ•ด๋„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ค‘์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒซ 2์ฃผ ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํƒœ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ ๋ฌธํ˜‘์ฐฉ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์•„๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งคํฌ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋“œ๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—๋ฆฌํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆ์ด์‹ ์€ 1952๋…„ ์‚ฌ์นด๋กœํด๋ฆฌ์Šคํฌ๋ผ ๋ณ‘๊ท ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ธ WHO ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋‹ค์ง€ ๋น„์‹ธ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•œ ์•Œ ๋‹น 0.03์—์„œ 0.06 USD์ด๋‹ค.
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Zidovudine is a pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. It has a role as an antiviral drug, an antimetabolite and a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is a pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside and an azide.
์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: aconitic acid)์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šค-์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ(cis-aconitate) ๋ฐ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค-์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ(trans-aconitic acid)์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šค-์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ง์—ผ๊ธฐ์ธ ์‹œ์Šค-์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํ…Œ์ดํŠธ(cis-aconitate)๋Š” ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํšŒ๋กœ์—์„œ ์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํ…Œ์ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ(citrate)์ด ์•„์ด์†Œ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ(isocitrate)์œผ๋กœ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ์€ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํŠธ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์„ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. (HO2CCH2)2COH(CO2H) โ†’ HO2CCH=C(CO2H)CH2CO2H + H2O ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฝ”๋‹ˆํŠธ์‚ฐ์€ ์—ด ํƒˆ์ˆ˜(thermal dehydration)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ์ œ์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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Aconitine is an alkaloid toxin produced by various plant species belonging to the genus Aconitum (family Ranunculaceae), commonly known by the names wolfsbane and monkshood. Aconitine is notorious for its toxic properties.
์•„์ด์˜ค๋”˜ํ™” ์•”๋ชจ๋Š„(NH4I)์€ ์•„์ด์˜ค๋”˜ํ™” ์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ณผ ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ์—ผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง„์ˆ ์ด๋‚˜ ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณค ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๋…น๊ณ , ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์—๋„ ์ž˜ ๋…น๋Š”๋‹ค. ์Šต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘์— ๋†”๋‘๋ฉด ์•„์ด์˜ค๋”˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์Šนํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Pyrogallol is a benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a phenolic donor and a benzenetriol.
์•„์ง€ํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆ์ด์‹ (azithromycin)์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ‘๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ค‘์ด์—ผ, ์—ฐ์‡„์ƒ ๊ตฌ๊ท  ์ธ๋‘์—ผ, ํ๋ ด, ๋ฌผ๊ฐˆ์ด, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ํŠน์ • ์žฅ์—ผ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ํด๋ผ๋ฏธ๋””์•„, ์ž„์งˆ ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์„ฑ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ฃจ ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ก€์”ฉ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์•ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณต์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์—ญ์งˆ, ๊ตฌํ† , ์„ค์‚ฌ, ๋ฐฐํƒˆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์ฆ, QT ์—ฐ์žฅ, ๋˜ ํด๋กœ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋“ ๋””ํ”ผ์‹ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘๋˜๋Š” ์„ค์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘ ๋ณต์šฉ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์•…์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์œ  ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ค‘์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง€ํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆ์ด์‹ ์€ ๋งคํฌ๋กœ๋ผ์ด๋“œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ์•„์ž˜๋ผ์ด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋ณ‘๊ท  ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง€ํŠธ๋กœ๋งˆ์ด์‹ ์€ 1980๋…„์— ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ธ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•œ ๋„์Šค(dose) ๋‹น ๋Œ€๋žต US$0.18 ~ US$2.98์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 2018๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ US$4์— ์ด๋ฅธ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ 1500๋งŒ ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ •๋„๋กœ 49๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. Dopamine constitutes about 80% of the catecholamine content in the brain. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical, L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitterโ€”a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. Neurotransmitters are synthesized in specific regions of the brain, but affect many regions systemically. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones. These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory. In popular culture and media, dopamine is often portrayed as the main chemical of pleasure, but the current opinion in pharmacology is that dopamine instead confers motivational salience; in other words, dopamine signals the perceived motivational prominence (i.e., the desirability or aversiveness) of an outcome, which in turn propels the organism's behavior toward or away from achieving that outcome. Outside the central nervous system, dopamine functions primarily as a local paracrine messenger. In blood vessels, it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator; in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. With the exception of the blood vessels, dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it. Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system, and some of the key medications used to treat them work by altering the effects of dopamine. Parkinson's disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured; Levodopa, a pure form of L-DOPA, is the most widely used treatment for Parkinson's. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity. Similar dopamine antagonist drugs are also some of the most effective anti-nausea agents. Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with decreased dopamine activity. Dopaminergic stimulants can be addictive in high doses, but some are used at lower doses to treat ADHD. Dopamine itself is available as a manufactured medication for intravenous injection. It is useful in the treatment of severe heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In newborn babies it may be used for hypotension and septic shock.
๋ถ€์Šคํ”ผ๋ก (์˜์–ด: Buspirone, ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€์ŠคํŒŒ ๋“ฑ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค)์€ ์•„์žํ”ผ๋ก (Azapirone) ๊ณ„์—ด์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์Šต๊ด€์„ฑ ํ•ญ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ œ๋กœ, ํ•ญ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” Piperazine๊ณผ Azapirone๊ณผ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‚˜, ํ•ญ์šฐ์šธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์Šคํ”ผ๋ก ์€ 1986๋…„ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ†จ ๋งˆ์ด์–ด์Šค ์Šคํ€ด๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ์˜ ์ธ์ฆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—…์ฒด์ธ ๋ถ€๊ด‘์•ฝํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋ช…์ธ์ œ์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, 2001๋…„์— ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ๋˜์–ด ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Shikimic acid is a cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a cyclohexenecarboxylic acid, a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid and an alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a shikimate.
๋น„์†Œํ”„๋กค๋กค(Bisoprolol, ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…: Zebeta ๋“ฑ)์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์— ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋Š” ํ‰ํ†ต, ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋‘ํ†ต, ํ”ผ๊ณค, ์„ค์‚ฌ, ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ๋ถ€์ข…์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒœ์‹ ์•…ํ™”, ์ €ํ˜ˆ๋‹น์ฆ ์ธ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ฐจ๋‹จ, ์‹ฌ๋ถ€์ „ ์•…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์— ๋ณต์šฉ ์‹œ ํƒœ์•„์— ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ผ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์†Œํ”„๋กค๋กค์€ ๋ฒ ํƒ€ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๊ณ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ฮฒ1 ์„ ํƒ์  ์œ ํ˜•์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„์†Œํ”„๋กค๋กค์€ 1976๋…„์— ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ 1986๋…„ ์˜ํ•™์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ธ WHO ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์†Œํ”„๋กค๋กค์€ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” 1๊ฐœ์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋Œ€๋žต US$2.98โ€“4.94์ด๋‹ค. 2015๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋น„์šฉ์€ 1๊ฐœ์›” ๊ฐ„ $25โ€“50์ด๋‹ค. 2016๋…„, 100๋งŒ ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ 282๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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Protactinium is a chemical element; it has symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, radioactive, silvery-gray actinide metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor, and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds, in which protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but it can also assume +4 and even +3 or +2 states. Concentrations of protactinium in the Earth's crust are typically a few parts per trillion, but may reach up to a few parts per million in some uraninite ore deposits. Because of its scarcity, high radioactivity, and high toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside scientific research, and for this purpose, protactinium is mostly extracted from spent nuclear fuel. The element was first identified in 1913 by Kazimierz Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Gรถhring and named "brevium" because of the short half-life of the specific isotope studied, protactinium-234m. A more stable isotope of protactinium, 231Pa, was discovered in 1917/18 by Lise Meitner in collaboration with Otto Hahn, and they named the element protactinium. In 1949, the IUPAC chose the name "protactinium" and confirmed Hahn and Meitner as its discoverers. The new name meant "(nuclear) precursor of actinium," suggesting that actinium is a product of radioactive decay of protactinium. John Arnold Cranston (working with Frederick Soddy and Ada Hitchins) is also credited with discovering the most stable isotope in 1915, but he delayed his announcement due to being called for service in the First World War. The longest-lived and most abundant (nearly 100%) naturally occurring isotope of protactinium, protactinium-231, has a half-life of 32,760 years and is a decay product of uranium-235. Much smaller trace amounts of the short-lived protactinium-234 and its nuclear isomer protactinium-234m occur in the decay chain of uranium-238. Protactinium-233 occurs as a result of the decay of thorium-233 as part of the chain of events necessary to produce uranium-233 by neutron irradiation of thorium-232. It is an undesired intermediate product in thorium-based nuclear reactors, and is therefore removed from the active zone of the reactor during the breeding process. Ocean science utilizes the element to understand the ancient ocean's geography. Analysis of the relative concentrations of various uranium, thorium, and protactinium isotopes in water and minerals is used in radiometric dating of sediments up to 175,000 years old, and in modeling of various geological processes.
3,5-๋‹ค์ด์•„์ด์˜ค๋„ํ‹ฐ๋กœ๋‹Œ(์˜์–ด: 3,5-diiodothyronine, 3,5-T2)์€ ์•„์ด์˜ค๋„ํ‹ฐ๋กœ๋‹Œ ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ˜•์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์ƒ˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ 3๋ฒˆ ์œ„์น˜์™€ 5๋ฒˆ ์œ„์น˜์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์•„์ด์˜ค๋”˜ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Ketamine is a member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group. It has a role as an intravenous anaesthetic, a NMDA receptor antagonist, an analgesic, a neurotoxin, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is a member of cyclohexanones, a secondary amino compound and a member of monochlorobenzenes.
๋ฐœ๋ฆฐ(์˜์–ด: valine) (๊ธฐํ˜ธ: Val ๋˜๋Š” V)์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ฆฐ์€ ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’NH3+ ํ˜•ํƒœ), ฮฑ-์นด๋ณต์‹ค๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํƒˆ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’COOโˆ’ ํ˜•ํƒœ) ๋ฐ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ธ ์•„์ด์†Œํ”„๋กœํ•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ฆฐ์€ ๋น„๊ทน์„ฑ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์กฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ฆฐ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ฒด์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Œ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์œก๋ฅ˜, ์œ ์ œํ’ˆ, ์ฝฉ์ œํ’ˆ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ฝฉ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๋ฆฐ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ฆฐ์€ GU๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฝ”๋ˆ(GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Alizarin is a dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 1 and 2. It has a role as a chromophore, a dye and a plant metabolite.
ํŽ˜๋‚œํŠธ๋ Œ(์˜์–ด: phenanthrene)์€ ๋ฒค์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฝ์–ด์„œ 3๊ฐœ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰ ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์€ 178.2, ๋…น๋Š”์ ์€ 101 ยฐC, ๋“๋Š”์ ์€ 332 ยฐC์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ค‘์€ 1.18(20 ยฐC)์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ž์‹์€ C14H10๋กœ ์“ด๋‹ค. ์•ˆํŠธ๋ผ์„ผ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค.
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Pirfenidone, sold under the brand name Pirespa among others, is a medication used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. It works by reducing lung fibrosis through downregulation of the production of growth factors and procollagens I and II. It was first approved in Japan for the treatment of people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis after clinical trials in 2008. It was approved for use in the European Union in 2011, in Canada in 2012, and in the United States in October 2014. It is available as a generic medication.
ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ (์˜์–ด: tyrosine, ๊ธฐํ˜ธ: Tyr or Y)๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. 4-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ(์˜์–ด: 4-hydroxyphenylalanine)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ ์€ ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’NH3+ ํ˜•ํƒœ), ฮฑ-์นด๋ณต์‹ค๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํƒˆ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’COOโˆ’ ํ˜•ํƒœ) ๋ฐ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์งˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ ์€ ๊ทน์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. "ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ "์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋Š” 1846๋…„์— ๋…์ผ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์ž ์œ ์Šคํˆฌ์Šค ํฐ ๋ฆฌ๋น„ํžˆ๊ฐ€ ์น˜์ฆˆ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ ์นด์ œ์ธ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  "์น˜์ฆˆ"๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์–ด "tyrรณs"์—์„œ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ ์ด ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ๋กœ ์ง€์นญ๋  ๋•Œ๋Š” ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ค(์˜์–ด: tyrosyl)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์นœ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ ์€ UAC, UAU ์ฝ”๋ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Itraconazole, sometimes abbreviated ITZ, is an antifungal medication used to treat a number of fungal infections. This includes aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. It may be given by mouth or intravenously. Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, and headache. Severe side effects may include liver problems, heart failure, Stevensโ€“Johnson syndrome and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. It is in the triazole family of medications. It stops fungal growth by affecting the cell membrane or affecting their metabolism. Itraconazole was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1992. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Recent research works suggest itraconazole (ITZ) could also be used in the treatment of cancer by inhibiting the hedgehog pathway in a similar way to sonidegib.
์บ„ํŽœ(Camphen)์€ ํ…Œ๋ฅดํŽœ๋ฅ˜์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํฌํ™”ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ์žฅ๋‡Œ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์—๋Š” ๋…น์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ํ…Œ๋ฅด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋งค์—๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋…น๋Š”๋‹ค. ์šฐํšŒ์ „์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ Dํ˜•์€ ์‚ผ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ๋…ธ์†ก๋‚˜๋ฌด์˜ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ยท์žŽ์˜ ์ •์œ ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ•์˜ ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌ, ์ค„๊ธฐ์— ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ขŒํšŒ์ „์„ฑ์ธ Lํ˜•์€ ์†Œ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์žŽ์˜ ์ •์œ ์— ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์„ธ๋ฏธํ˜•์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •์œ ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ, ํ–ฅ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์›๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Neostigmine, sold under the brand name Bloxiverz, among others, is a medication used to treat myasthenia gravis, Ogilvie syndrome, and urinary retention without the presence of a blockage. It is also used in anaesthesia to end the effects of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking medication. It is given by injection either into a vein, muscle, or under the skin. After injection effects are generally greatest within 30 minutes and last up to 4 hours. Common side effects include nausea, increased saliva, crampy abdominal pain, and slow heart rate. More severe side effects include low blood pressure, weakness, and allergic reactions. It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe for the baby. Neostigmine is in the cholinergic family of medications. It works by blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase and therefore increases the levels of acetylcholine. Neostigmine was patented in 1931. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The term is from Greek neos, meaning "new", and "-stigmine", in reference to its parent molecule, physostigmine, on which it is based. It is available as a generic medication.
์‚ฌ์‚ฐํ™” ์˜ค์Šค๋ฎด์€ OsO4์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์“ฐ์ž„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
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Acetamide is a member of the class of acetamides that results from the formal condensation of acetic acid with ammonia. It is a monocarboxylic acid amide, a N-acylammonia and a member of acetamides. It is a tautomer of an acetimidic acid.
์†Œ๋ž„๋ Œ(์˜์–ด: psoralen ๋˜๋Š” psoralene)์€ ํ“จ๋ผ๋…ธ์ฟ ๋งˆ๋ฆฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค.
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Nisoxetine is a secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group. It has a role as an antidepressant and an adrenergic uptake inhibitor. It is an aromatic ether and a secondary amino compound.
ํผ์‚ฐ์—ผ(์˜์–ด: formate)์€ ํผ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ง์—ผ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆ„์‚ฐ์—ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, IUPAC ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ(์˜์–ด: methanoate)์ด๋‹ค. ํผ์‚ฐ์—ผ์€ ํฌ๋ฆ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์—์Šคํ…Œ๋ฅด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์Œ์ด์˜จ(HCOโˆ’2 ) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ํผ์‚ฐ์—ผ์˜ ์—ผ๊ณผ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์ด๋‹ค.
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Midazolam, sold under the brand name Versed among others, is a benzodiazepine medication used for anesthesia, premedication before surgical anesthesia, and procedural sedation, and to treat severe agitation. It induces sleepiness, decreases anxiety, and causes anterograde amnesia. The drug does not cause an individual to become unconscious, merely to be sedated. It is also useful for the treatment of prolonged (lasting over five minutes) seizures. Midazolam can be given by mouth, intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by spraying into the nose, or through the cheek. When given intravenously, it typically begins working within five minutes; when injected into a muscle, it can take fifteen minutes to begin working; when taken orally, it can take 10โ€“20 minutes to begin working. Side effects can include a decrease in efforts to breathe, low blood pressure, and sleepiness. Tolerance to its effects and withdrawal syndrome may occur following long-term use. Paradoxical effects, such as increased activity, can occur especially in children and older people. There is evidence of risk when used during pregnancy but no evidence of harm with a single dose during breastfeeding. Midazolam was patented in 1974 and came into medical use in 1982. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Midazolam is available as a generic medication. In many countries, it is a controlled substance.
ํ“จ๋ž€(์˜์–ด: furan)์€ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž์™€ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์›์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 5์›์ž ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ํ“จ๋ž€์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ“จ๋ž€์€ ๋“๋Š”์ ์ด ์‹ค์˜จ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ฐ€์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ์˜ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์•ก์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ํ“จ๋ž€์€ ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ, ์—ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ์•„์„ธํ†ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋งค์— ์šฉํ•ด๋˜์–ด, ๋ฌผ์— ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์šฉํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ํ“จ๋ž€์€ ์—ํ„ฐ์™€ ํด๋กœ๋กœํฌ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ“จ๋ž€์€ ๋…์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์•”๋ฌผ์งˆ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ“จ๋ž€์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์ˆ˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Haloperidol is a compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. It has a role as a serotonergic antagonist, a first generation antipsychotic, a dopaminergic antagonist, an antidyskinesia agent and an antiemetic. It is a hydroxypiperidine, an organofluorine compound, an aromatic ketone, a tertiary alcohol and a member of monochlorobenzenes.
์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ (Oxytocin, OXT, OT)์€ ๋“ฑ๋ผˆ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๋ฌด์ฒ™์ถ” ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œํ•˜์ˆ˜์ฒด ํ›„์—ฝ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋น„๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ฆ‰, ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ž๊ถ์ˆ˜์ถ• ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ†ต ์ž๊ถ ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ทผ์œก์„ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์ž๊ถ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์ œ๋‚˜ ์ง„ํ†ต ์ด‰์ง„์ œ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋ฉฐ ์œ ์„ ์˜ ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ –์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Atropine is a tropane alkaloid and anticholinergic medication used to treat certain types of nerve agent and pesticide poisonings as well as some types of slow heart rate, and to decrease saliva production during surgery. It is typically given intravenously or by injection into a muscle. Eye drops are also available which are used to treat uveitis and early amblyopia. The intravenous solution usually begins working within a minute and lasts half an hour to an hour. Large doses may be required to treat some poisonings. Common side effects include dry mouth, abnormally large pupils, urinary retention, constipation, and a fast heart rate. It should generally not be used in people with closed-angle glaucoma. While there is no evidence that its use during pregnancy causes birth defects, this has not been well studied so sound clinical judgment should be used. It is likely safe during breastfeeding. It is an antimuscarinic (a type of anticholinergic) that works by inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system. Atropine occurs naturally in a number of plants of the nightshade family, including deadly nightshade (belladonna), Jimson weed, and mandrake. It was first isolated in 1833, It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication.
๋ฉ”ํƒ„ํ‹ฐ์˜ฌ(์˜์–ด: methanethiol) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ ๋ฉ”๋ฅด์บ…ํƒ„(์˜์–ด: methyl mercaptan)์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์ด CH3SH์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™ฉ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ถ€ํŒจํ•œ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ƒ‰ ๊ฐ€์Šค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ(์ธ๊ฐ„ ํฌํ•จ)์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก, ๋‡Œ, ๋Œ€๋ณ€ ๋ฐ ์‹๋ฌผ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์น˜์ฆˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŠน์ • ์‹ํ’ˆ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ทจ์™€ ์ฝง๋ฌผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์ธ์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์‹ธ์ด์˜ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” MeSH๋กœ ์•ฝ์นญ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ€์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค.
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Hinokitiol is a natural product found in Thujopsis dolabrata, Chamaecyparis formosensis, and other organisms with data available.
ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: glucose 6-phosphate) ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์Šค 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์€ 6๋ฒˆ ํƒ„์†Œ์— ์ธ์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น ์œ ๋„์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๋กœ๋น„์Šจ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ(Robison ester)๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ G6P๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ํฌ๋„๋‹น์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์šด๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ(ํ•ด๋‹น๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์˜คํƒ„๋‹น ์ธ์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ)์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™ธ์—๋„ ํฌ๋„๋‹น 6-์ธ์‚ฐ์€ ์ €์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์   ๋˜๋Š” ๋…น๋ง๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹ค์„ธํฌ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ทผ์œก์— ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์  ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์— ๋…น๋ง ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์  ์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฆฝ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Tridecane or n-tridecane is an alkane with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)11CH3. Tridecane is a combustible colourless liquid. In industry, they have no specific value aside from being components of various fuels and solvents. In the research laboratory, tridecane is also used as a distillation chaser.
2,3-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid)์€ ํ•„๋ž€ํˆฌ์Šค ์•„์‹œ๋‘์Šค(Phyllanthus acidus)์™€ ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์–‘์น˜์‹๋ฌผ์ธ ์‚ด๋น„๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ชฐ๋ ˆ์Šคํƒ€(Salvinia molesta)์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒœ์—ฐ ํŽ˜๋†€์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ดํฌ๊ฐˆ์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: hypogallic acid), 2-ํ”ผ๋กœ์นดํ…Œ์ธ„์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: 2-pyrocatechuic acid)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. 2,3-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฝ”์šฐ๋ฅดํ‹ฐ์•„ ์ด๋„ค๋ฅด๋ฏธ์Šค(Flacourtia inermis)์˜ ์—ด๋งค์—๋„ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋‹ค. 2,3-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. 2,3-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ณ ์ฒด๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹œํ‚ด์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. 2,3-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ์€ ์„ธ๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒ  ์ด์˜จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์ธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ๋‹ค. 2,3-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ์€ ํƒˆ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋  ๋•Œ ์ฒ  ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์นดํ…Œ์ฝœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ณผ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Šค์บํด๋“œ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ์นด๋ณต์‹ค์‚ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ณ ์นœํ™”์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋กœํฌ์–ด๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋Ž์‹œํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์ผ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์—”ํ…Œ๋กœ๋ฐ•ํ‹ด์ด๋‹ค. 2,3-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ์€ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ฒ  ํ‚ฌ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ•ญ๊ท  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2,3-๋‹ค์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ์•„์Šคํ”ผ๋ฆฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค.
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Epirubicin is a natural product found in Bos taurus, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and other organisms with data available.
๋งํ† ์Šค(์˜์–ด: maltose) ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฟ๋‹น ๋˜๋Š” ๋งฅ์•„๋‹น(้บฅ่Šฝ็ณ–)์€ 2๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์ด ฮฑ(1โ†’4) ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ด๋‹น๋ฅ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ™”ํ•™์‹์€ C12H22O11์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด์ธ ์•„์ด์†Œ๋งํ† ์Šค์—์„œ 2๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์€ ฮฑ(1โ†’6) ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งํ† ์Šค๋Š” ๋…น๋ง์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ชจํ‹ฐํ”„์ธ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์Šค์˜ 2๋‹จ์œ„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด๋‹ค. ฮฒ-์•„๋ฐ€๋ ˆ์ด์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋…น๋ง์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•  ๋•Œ, ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— 2๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํฌ๋„๋‹น์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ† ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์•„ ์ค‘์ธ ์ข…์ž์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด "๋งฅ์•„(malt, ์—ฟ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„)์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ์„œ "๋งํ† ์Šค(maltose)"๋กœ ๋ช…๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ์Šค(์„คํƒ•)๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ† ์Šค๋Š” ํ™˜์›๋‹น์ด๋‹ค.
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Ibuprofen is a monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(2-methylpropyl)phenyl group. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, an antipyretic, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant, a radical scavenger, a drug allergen and a geroprotector. It is functionally related to a propionic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an ibuprofen(1-).
์—ผํ™” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ(I)(Copper(I) chloride)๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์‹ CuCl์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์—ผํ™” ์ด์˜จ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋ฌผ์— ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋…น๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋†์ถ• ์—ผ์‚ฐ์—๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๋…น๋Š”๋‹ค. ์—ผํ™” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ(II)(CuCl2)์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ถˆ์ˆœ๋ฌผ ๊ฒฌ๋ณธ์ด ๋…น์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.
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Tadalafil is a pyrazinopyridoindole that is 2,3,6,7,12,12a-hexahydropyrazino[1',2':1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,4-dione substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group (the 6R,12aR-diastereomer). A phosphodiesterase V inhibitor inhibitor, currently marketed in pill form for treating erectile dysfunction under the name Cialis; and under the name Adcirca for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. It has a role as an EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor and a vasodilator agent. It is a pyrazinopyridoindole and a member of benzodioxoles.
๋‹Œํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ฆฐ(Ninhydrin, 2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione)์€ ์•”๋ชจ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ์ฐจ/์ด์ฐจ ์•„๋ฏผ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž์œ ์•„๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ง„ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ์ƒ‰์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹Œํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์‹œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์ง€๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—๊ฒจ์ ธ ์ง€๋ฌธ ๊ฐ์‹์— ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์˜จ์—์„œ ์—ํƒ„์˜ฌ๊ณผ ์•„์„ธํ†ค์— ์šฉํ•ด๋˜๋Š” ํฐ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๋‹Œํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ธ๋‹จ-1,2,3-ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜จ(indane-1,2,3-trione)์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Styrene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2. Its structure consists of a vinyl group as substituent on benzene. Styrene is a colorless, oily liquid, although aged samples can appear yellowish. The compound evaporates easily and has a sweet smell, although high concentrations have a less pleasant odor. Styrene is the precursor to polystyrene and several copolymers, and is typically made from benzene for this purpose. Approximately 25 million tonnes of styrene were produced in 2010, increasing to around 35 million tonnes by 2018.
์ˆ˜์†Œํ™” ๋ฆฌํŠฌ์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹ LiH์˜ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ƒ‰ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋” ํšŒ์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ผํ™”๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋…น๋Š”์ ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์šฉ๋งค์—๋Š” ๋…น์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด์˜จ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋ณ๋‹ค. 900-1000๋„์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋˜์–ด, ๋ฆฌํŠฌ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์Šค ๊ตณ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•ฝ 3.5๋‹ค.
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Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structures, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, it finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity. Benzene is a volatile organic compound. Benzene is classified as a carcinogen. Its particular effects on human health, such as the long-term results of accidental exposure, have been reported on by news organizations such as The New York Times. For instance, a 2022 article stated that benzene contamination in the Boston metropolitan area caused hazardous conditions in multiple places, with the publication noting that the compound may eventually cause leukemia in some individuals.
์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํŽœํƒ„์˜จ(์˜์–ด: cyclopentanone)์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์ด (CH2)4CO์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ˜• ์ผ€ํ†ค์€ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์•ก์ฒด์ด๋‹ค.
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Mebendazole is a carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5. It has a role as an antinematodal drug, a tubulin modulator and a microtubule-destabilising agent. It is a member of benzimidazoles, a carbamate ester and an aromatic ketone. It derives from a hydride of a 1H-benzimidazole.
์•„์„ธํ† ์ธ(์˜์–ด: acetoin)์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์ด CH3CH(OH)C(O)CH3์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. 3-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ทฐํƒ„์˜จ(์˜์–ด: 3-hydroxybutanone) ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ ์นด๋ฅด๋น„๋†€(์˜์–ด: acetyl methyl carbinol)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์„ธํ† ์ธ์€ ์œ ์พŒํ•œ ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ƒ‰ ์•ก์ฒด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์นด์ด๋ž„์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ท ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” (R)-์•„์„ธํ† ์ธ์ด๋‹ค.
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Atovaquone is a naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position. It has a role as an antimalarial, an antifungal agent, an EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor, an EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor and an EC 1.10.2.2 (quinol--cytochrome-c reductase) inhibitor. It is a member of monochlorobenzenes and a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone.
์•„ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋”˜(Acridine)์€ ์•ˆํŠธ๋ผ์„ผ(anthracene)์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜๋œ ์•Œ์นผ๋กœ์ด๋“œ๋กœ์„œ ์ž๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋”˜์€ ์ƒ‰์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ์€ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์„ ๋ ๋ฉฐ ๋…น๋Š”์ ์€ 110๋„์ด๋ฉฐ ๋“๋Š”์ ์€ 346๋„์ด๋‹ค. 1870๋…„์— ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์นผ ๊ทธ๋žฉ(Carl Grab)๊ณผ ์•„์ธ๋ฆฌํžˆ ์นด๋กœ(Heinrich Caro)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1917๋…„์— ์—๋ฅผ๋ฆฌํžˆ(Ehrlich)์™€ ๋ฒค๋‹ค(Benda)์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ญ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. 2์ฐจ๋Œ€์ „ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์žŠํ˜”๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„ํฌ๋ฆฌ๋”˜์˜ ์œ ๋„์ฒด๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์•”, ๊ตฌ์ถฉ, ํ•ญ๊ท  ๋“ฑ์— ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Chloramphenicol is a natural product found in Nigrospora oryzae, Trichoderma virens, and other organisms with data available.
ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์‚ฐ(์˜์–ด: pristanic acid)์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ชฐ ๋†๋„๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ…Œ๋ฅดํŽ˜๋…ธ์ด๋“œ ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฏผ๋ฌผ ํ•ด๋ฉด๋™๋ฌผ, ํฌ๋ฆด, ์ง€๋ ์ด, ์›จ์ผ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์œ ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ์†Œ์˜ ์ €์žฅ์ง€๋ฐฉ, ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์ง€๋ฐฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์„์œ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์˜ ์ง€์งˆ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์‚ฐ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ํ”ผํƒ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์‚ฐ์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹์‚ฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง์ ‘ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ”ผํƒ„์‚ฐ์˜ ฮฑ ์‚ฐํ™”์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ๋†๋„์—์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์‚ฐ์€ ํผ์˜ฅ์‹œ์ข€ ์ฆ์‹ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด ์•ŒํŒŒ(PPARฮฑ)์˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ„๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์‚ฐ์€ ํผ์˜ฅ์‹œ์ข€์˜ ฮฒ ์‚ฐํ™”์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜ค๋‹-CoA๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์‚ฐ์€ ํ”ผํƒ„์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ ค์›จ๊ฑฐ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์œ ์ „ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ ์ถ•์ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์—ผ ๋ฐ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ„์‚ฐ์—ผ ๋˜๋Š” ํ”„๋ฆฌ์Šคํƒ€๋„ค์ดํŠธ(pristanate)๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Cystathionine is a modified amino acid generated by enzymic means from homocysteine and serine. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a member of cystathionines and an organic sulfide.
ํŽ˜๋‚œํŠธ๋ Œ(์˜์–ด: phenanthrene)์€ ๋ฒค์  ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฝ์–ด์„œ 3๊ฐœ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰ ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์€ 178.2, ๋…น๋Š”์ ์€ 101 ยฐC, ๋“๋Š”์ ์€ 332 ยฐC์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์ค‘์€ 1.18(20 ยฐC)์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์ž์‹์€ C14H10๋กœ ์“ด๋‹ค. ์•ˆํŠธ๋ผ์„ผ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด ๊ด€๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค.
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Alpha,alpha-trehalose is a trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector.
๋‚˜ํ”„๋ก์„ผ(naproxen, ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ช…: Aleve, Naprosyn ๋“ฑ)์€ ํ†ต์ฆ, ์›”๊ฒฝํ†ต, ๋˜ ๋ฅ˜๋จธํ‹ฐ์Šค ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ, ๋ฐœ์—ด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ์ œ(NSAID)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ฐ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ฑ ์ œ์ œ(release formulation)๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ํšจ๋ ฅ์€ ๋ณต์šฉ ํ›„ 1์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 12์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์†๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์›€, ๋‘ํ†ต, ๋ฉ, ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘, ์†์“ฐ๋ฆผ, ๋ณตํ†ต์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜, ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘, ์œ„์žฅ์ถœํ˜ˆ, ์œ„๊ถค์–‘์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ NSAID๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ฎ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์—๋„ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํ”„๋ก์„ผ์€ ๋ฌด์ฐจ๋ณ„์ (nonselective) ์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœ์˜ฅ์‹œ๊ฒŒ๋‚˜์ œ(COX) ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœํ”ผ์˜จ์‚ฐ๊ณ„์˜ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. NSAID๋กœ์„œ, ๋‚˜ํ”„๋ก์„ผ์€ ํ”„๋กœ์Šคํƒ€๊ธ€๋ž€๋”˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†Œ์—ผ์ œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋น„ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜ํ”„๋ก์„ผ์€ 1976๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด์ž ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 2017๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ํ•œ ๋„์Šค(dose) ๋‹น ์•ฝ ยฃ0.15์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋„์Šค ๋‹น ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” 2018๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ US$0.10 ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ด๋‹ค. 2016๋…„, 1,100๋งŒ ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ 68๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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Pyrazole is an organic compound with the formula (CH)3N2H. It is a heterocycle characterized as an azole with a 5-membered ring of three carbon atoms and two adjacent nitrogen atoms, which are in ortho-substitution. Pyrazole itself has few applications but many substituted pyrazoles are of commercial interest.
์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœ์„ธ๋ฆฐ(Cycloserine)์€ ๊ฒฐํ•ต๊ท ์— ์œ ํšจํ•œ ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ 2์ฐจ ์•ฝ์ œ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•ฝ์€ 1์ฐจ ์•ฝ์ œ ์ค‘ 1์ข…๋ฅ˜ ์ด์ƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ๋‹ค. ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ท ์—๋„ ์ž˜ ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐํ•ต ์™ธ์˜ ๊ฐ์—ผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ž˜ ์“ฐ์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
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Milrinone, sold under the brand name Primacor, is a pulmonary vasodilator used in patients who have heart failure. It is a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor that works to increase the heart's contractility and decrease pulmonary vascular resistance. Milrinone also works to vasodilate which helps alleviate increased pressures (afterload) on the heart, thus improving its pumping action. While it has been used in people with heart failure for many years, studies suggest that milrinone may exhibit some negative side effects that have caused some debate about its use clinically. Overall, milrinone supports ventricular functioning of the heart by decreasing the degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and thus increasing phosphorylation levels of many components in the heart that contribute to contractility and heart rate. Milrinone is used as a drug that causes positive inotropy and it will lead to an increased force of contraction. Milrinone use following cardiac surgery has been under some debate because of the potential increase risk of postoperative atrial arrhythmias. However, in the short term milrinone has been deemed beneficial to those experiencing heart failure and an effective therapy to maintain heart function following cardiac surgeries. There is no evidence of any long term beneficial effects on survival. In critically ill patients with evidence of cardiac dysfunction there is limited good quality evidence to recommend its use. Milrinone is administered IV only and eliminated unchanged in the urine. Dose adjustment is required for patients with renal impairment.
์•„๋งŒํƒ€๋”˜(Amantadine)์€ ๊ณ ์ฝ”๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ(Gocovri) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ, ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ Aํ˜• ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋…๊ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์šด๋™์ด์ƒ์ฆ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ›„์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ํผ์ ธ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด ๊ธธํ•ญ์ œ, ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ์ž‘์šฉ์ œ, ๋น„๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์  NMDA ๊ธธํ•ญ์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค A์˜ M2 ์–‘์„ฑ์ž ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ธธํ•ญํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์œ ์ „ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์—”๋„์†œ ํƒˆ์ถœ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋งŒํƒ€๋”˜์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” Aํ˜• ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์“ฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ญ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1963๋…„์œผ๋กœ, 1976๋…„์—๋Š” ์•„๋งŒํƒ€๋”˜์€ Aํ˜• ์ธํ”Œ๋ฃจ์—”์ž์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1973๋…„, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ(FDA)์€ ์•„๋งŒํƒ€๋”˜์„ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์Šน์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2017๋…„์—๋Š” ์•„๋งŒํƒ€๋”˜ ์„œ๋ฐฉํ˜• ์ œ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ๋ณด๋„ํŒŒ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์šด๋™์ด์ƒ์ฆ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ”ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์—๋Š” ์กธ๋ฆผ, ์•„์ฐ”ํ•จ, ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿฌ์›€, ํ˜ผ๋ž€ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฏ€๋กœ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์ž๊ทน์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์ œ์™€ ๋ณ‘์šฉ ์‹œ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์š”ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฝฉํŒฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์„ค๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ง๊ธฐ ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ•ญ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „๋ฆฝ์ƒ˜๋น„๋Œ€์ฆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋…น๋‚ด์žฅ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
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ฮฒ-Hydroxy ฮฒ-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A, is an intermediate in the mevalonate and ketogenesis pathways. It is formed from acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA by HMG-CoA synthase. The research of Minor J. Coon and Bimal Kumar Bachhawat in the 1950s at University of Illinois led to its discovery. HMG-CoA is a metabolic intermediate in the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acids, which include leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Its immediate precursors are ฮฒ-methylglutaconyl-CoA (MG-CoA) and ฮฒ-hydroxy ฮฒ-methylbutyryl-CoA (HMB-CoA). HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid, a necessary step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.
1,2,3,5-ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  (์˜์–ด: 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene)์€ ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. 1,2,3,5-ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์€ ์œ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์›€ ์˜ฅ์‹œ๋„๋ ˆ๋‘์„ผ์Šค(Eubacterium oxidoreducens)์— ์˜ํ•œ 3,4,5-ํŠธ๋ผ์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์กฐ์‚ฐ(๊ฐˆ์‚ฐ)์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. 1,2,3,5-ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ๊ณผ 1,2,3-ํŠธ๋ผ์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  (ํ”ผ๋กœ๊ฐˆ๋กค)์€ ํ”ผ๋กœ๊ฐˆ๋กค ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹ค๊ธฐ์ „์ดํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด 1,3,5-ํŠธ๋ผ์ดํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  (ํ”Œ๋กœ๋กœ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์‹œ๋†€)๊ณผ 1,2,3,5-ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋œ๋‹ค.
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Tiratricol is a monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome. It has a role as a thyroid hormone, an antiviral agent, an EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor, a nutraceutical, a human metabolite and an anti-obesity agent. It is an aromatic ether, a monocarboxylic acid, an organoiodine compound and a member of phenols.
๋‹ˆ์ฝ”ํ‹ด์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๋ชจ๋…ธ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜คํ‹ฐ๋“œ(์˜์–ด: nicotinamide mononucleotide, NMN)๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด ๋‚ด์˜ ๋…ธํ™”์–ต์ œ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค.
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Magnesium nitrate refers to inorganic compounds with the formula Mg(NO3)2(H2O)x, where x = 6, 2, and 0. All are white solids. The anhydrous material is hygroscopic, quickly forming the hexahydrate upon standing in air. All of the salts are very soluble in both water and ethanol.
์—์Šค์‹œํƒˆ๋กœํ”„๋žŒ(์˜์–ด: Escitalopram)์€ ์„ ํƒ์  ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ ์žฌํก์ˆ˜ ์–ต์ œ(์ดํ•˜ SSRI)๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ญ์šฐ์šธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ด๋งˆํฌ ๋ฃฌ๋“œ๋ฒก์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•ญ์šฐ์šธ์ œ '๋ ‰์‚ฌํ”„๋กœ'(์˜์–ด: Lexapro)๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ๋ฐ ์šฉ๋„ ํŠนํ—ˆ ๋งŒ๋ฃŒ ์ดํ›„์—, ๋‰ดํ”„๋žŒ(๋ช…์ธ์ œ์•ฝ) ๋ฐ ์—‘์Šคํ”„๋žŒ(ํ˜„๋Œ€์•ฝํ’ˆ) ๋“ฑ ๋™์ผ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‚ฐ ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด๊ธ‰๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Thiamine, also known as thiamin and vitamin B1, is a vitamin, an essential micronutrient for humans and animals. It is found in food and commercially synthesized to be a dietary supplement or medication. Phosphorylated forms of thiamine are required for some metabolic reactions, including the breakdown of glucose and amino acids. Food sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, and some meats and fish. Grain processing removes much of the vitamin content, so in many countries cereals and flours are enriched with thiamine. Supplements and medications are available to treat and prevent thiamine deficiency and the disorders that result from it such as beriberi and Wernicke encephalopathy. They are also used to treat maple syrup urine disease and Leigh syndrome. Supplements and medications are typically taken by mouth, but may also be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection. Thiamine supplements are generally well tolerated. Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, may occur when repeated doses are given by injection. Thiamine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication, and in some countries as a non-prescription dietary supplement.
ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ(์˜์–ด: phenylalanine) (๊ธฐํ˜ธ: Phe or F)์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’NH3+ ํ˜•ํƒœ), ฮฑ-์นด๋ณต์‹ค๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํƒˆ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’COOโˆ’ ํ˜•ํƒœ) ๋ฐ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ธ ๋ฒค์งˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ธ ๋ฒค์งˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ค‘์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋น„๊ทน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. L-ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ DNA์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ํ‹ฐ๋กœ์‹ , ๋ชจ๋…ธ์•„๋ฏผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ(๋…ธ๋ฅด์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ), ์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ(์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ) ๋ฐ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ธ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ UUU, UUC ์ฝ”๋ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ –์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ์‹ํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ์Œ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ œ์กฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง„ํ†ต ๋ฐ ํ•ญ์šฐ์šธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์–‘ ๋ณด์ถฉ์ œ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋œ๋‹ค. ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์‹์ด ๋ณด์ถฉ์ œ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ ˆ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ํŽœ์—ํ‹ธ์•„๋ฏผ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ธ ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์ด๋‚˜ ํŽ˜๋‹์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ ํ•จ์œ  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์—์„œ ์‹ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
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Resorcinol is a benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3. It has a role as an erythropoietin inhibitor and a sensitiser. It is a benzenediol, a member of resorcinols and a phenolic donor.
์…€๋ ˆ๋Š„์‚ฐ(Selenic acid)์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹ H2SeO4์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์…€๋ ˆ๋Š„์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์‚ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” (HO)2SeO2๋กœ ๋” ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์“ฐ์ž„์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์…€๋ ˆ๋Š„์‚ฐ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ์€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋จน์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Fomepizole is a member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4. It has a role as an antidote, a protective agent and an EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor. It derives from a hydride of a 1H-pyrazole.
ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ(์˜์–ด: kynurenine)์€ ๋‹ˆ์•„์‹  ์ƒ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ธ L-ํŠธ๋ฆฝํ† ํŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์ธ ํŠธ๋ฆฝํ† ํŒ 2,3-์ด์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์™€ ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ธ๋Œ์•„๋ฏผ 2,3-์ด์‚ฐ์†Œํ™”ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ ๋ฐ ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์—ผ์ฆ ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ํ™•์žฅ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์—ญ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์•”์€ ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ ์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” Cํ˜• ๊ฐ„์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐํŽ˜๋ก  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์šฐ์šธ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐํ˜„๋ณ‘์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์˜ ์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐ ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์งˆํ™˜์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ, ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฐํ• ๋ฐ ์šฐ์šธ ์ฆ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ‹ฑ ์žฅ์• ์™€๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹ˆ๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์˜ ์•ˆํŠธ๋ผ๋‹์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ด‰๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ-์˜ฅ์†Œ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€๋ฅด์‚ฐ ํŠธ๋žœ์Šค์•„๋ฏธ๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์˜ ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ Œ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ด‰๋งคํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ 3-๋ชจ๋…ธ์˜ฅ์‹œ์ œ๋„ค์ด์Šค๋Š” ํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์„ 3-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‚ค๋‰ด๋ ˆ๋‹Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค.
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Flutoprazepam is an organic molecular entity.
1,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  (์˜์–ด: 1,4-dimethoxybenzene)์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์ด C6H4(OCH3)2์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. 1,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์€ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. 1,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ๊ฝƒ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. 1,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹๋ฌผ์ข…์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Sulfolane (also tetramethylene sulfone, systematic name: 1ฮป6-thiolane-1,1-dione) is an organosulfur compound, formally a cyclic sulfone, with the formula (CH2)4SO2. It is a colorless liquid commonly used in the chemical industry as a solvent for extractive distillation and chemical reactions. Sulfolane was originally developed by the Shell Oil Company in the 1960s as a solvent to purify butadiene. Sulfolane is a polar aprotic solvent, and it is miscible with water.
์š”์†Œ(ๅฐฟ็ด , ๋ฌธํ™”์–ด: ๋‡จ์†Œ)๋Š” CO(NH2)2์„ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌด๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•œ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.
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Imidazoline is a class of heterocycles formally derived from imidazoles by the reduction of one of the two double bonds. Three isomers are known, 2-imidazolines, 3-imidazolines, and 4-imidazolines. The 2- and 3-imidazolines contain an imine center, whereas the 4-imidazolines contain an alkene group. The 2-Imidazoline group occurs in several drugs.
์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆฐ(์˜์–ด: imidazoline)์€ ์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ํ™˜์›๋˜์–ด ์œ ๋„๋œ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. 2-์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆฐ, 3-์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆฐ, 4-์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆฐ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2-์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆฐ ๋ฐ 3-์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆฐ์€ ์ด๋ฏผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, 4-์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆฐ์€ ์•Œ์ผ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 2-์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กธ๋ฆฐ์€ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Methanol (also called methyl alcohol and wood spirit, amongst other names) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest aliphatic alcohol, with the chemical formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated as MeOH). It is a light, volatile, colorless and flammable liquid with a distinctive alcoholic odor similar to that of ethanol (potable alcohol), but is more acutely toxic than the latter. Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood. Today, methanol is mainly produced industrially by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. Methanol consists of a methyl group linked to a polar hydroxyl group. With more than 20 million tons produced annually, it is used as a precursor to other commodity chemicals, including formaldehyde, acetic acid, methyl tert-butyl ether, methyl benzoate, anisole, peroxyacids, as well as a host of more specialised chemicals.
์‹œํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ(cyclophosphamide, CP, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„: cytophosphane ๋“ฑ)๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™ ์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฆผํ”„์ข…, ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์ข…, ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๋ณ‘, ๋‚œ์†Œ์•”, ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”, ์†Œ์„ธํฌํ์•”, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ข…, ์œก์ข…์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญ ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋งฅ๊ด€์—ผ ๋™๋ฐ˜ ์œก์•„์ข…, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž‡๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋งฅ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํˆฌ์—ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐฑํ˜ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ, ์‹์š• ๋ถ€์ง„, ๊ตฌํ† , ํƒˆ๋ชจ, ์ถœํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๊ด‘์—ผ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์•”, ๋ถˆ์ž„, ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ, ํ์„ฌ์œ ์ฆ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์ด๋‹ค. ์‹œํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋Š” ์•Œํ‚ฌํ™”์ œ ๋ฐ ์งˆ์†Œ ๋จธ์Šคํ„ฐ๋“œ๊ณ„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. DNA ๋ณต์ œ, RNA ์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ„์„ญํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹œํด๋กœํฌ์ŠคํŒŒ๋ฏธ๋“œ๋Š” 1959๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์˜ํ•™์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ธ WHO ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” 1g ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋ณ‘ ๋‹น ๋Œ€๋žต US$3.65โ€“14.30์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ด ์ •๋„์™€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์€ NHS ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์•ฝ 17.06 ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ $19.56์ด๋‹ค.
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Papaverine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum. It has a role as a vasodilator agent and an antispasmodic drug. It is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, a member of isoquinolines and a dimethoxybenzene.
ํ‹ฐ์˜คํŽœ(Thiophene, ์‹ธ์ด์˜คํŽœ)์€ ๋น„๋Œ€์นญ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ C4H4S์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์˜ค๊ฐํ˜• ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ํ“จ๋ž€์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ธ์ด์˜คํ“จ๋ž€(Thiofuran)์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Pentaerythritol tetranitrate is a pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex. It has a role as an explosive and a vasodilator agent.
ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ์†”(์˜์–ด: hydroxytyrosol)์€ ํŽ˜๋‹์—ํƒ€๋…ธ์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์ƒ์ฒด ์™ธ์—์„œ ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํŽ˜๋†€๊ณ„ ํ”ผํ† ์ผ€๋ฏธ์ปฌ์˜ ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ์†”์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ์žŽ๊ณผ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์œ ์—์„œ ์—˜๋ ˆ๋†€์‚ฐ์˜ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ์ธ ์˜ฌ๋Ÿฌ์œ ๋Ÿฌํ•€์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถ„ํ•ด ํ›„์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ์†”์€ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰, ๋ฌด์ทจ์˜ ์•ก์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ์—ด๋งค, ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ์žŽ, ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ ํŽ„ํ”„, ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ์†”์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํšŒ์ˆ˜๋˜์–ด ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ์†” ์ถ”์ถœ๋ฌผ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ์†”์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํ†ต์กฐ๋ฆผ์— ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ˜์‚ฐ ์ฒ ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฒ ์—ผ์€ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ์†”์˜ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰๋งคํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ†ต์กฐ๋ฆผ ์†์˜ ๊ฒ€์€ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์—๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ์†”์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œํ‹ฐ๋กœ์†”์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹ํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „์ฒญ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ถŒ์žฅ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰ 5mg/์ผ ์ด์ƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋‚ด์˜ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹ํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „์ฒญ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์ค‘ ์ง€์งˆ ์ˆ˜์น˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ์œ ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํด๋ฆฌํŽ˜๋†€๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Erythritol (, US: ) is an organic compound, the naturally occurring achiral meso four-carbon sugar alcohol (or polyol). It is the reduced form of either D- or L-erythrose and one of the two reduced forms of erythrulose. It is used as a food additive and sugar substitute. It is synthesized from corn using enzymes and fermentation. Its formula is C4H10O4, or HO(CH2)(CHOH)2(CH2)OH. Erythritol is 60โ€“70% as sweet as table sugar. However, erythritol is almost completely noncaloric and does not affect blood sugar or cause tooth decay. Japanese companies pioneered the commercial development of erythritol as a sweetener in the 1990s.
ํžˆ๋“œ๋ก์‹œ์ง„(ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ์ง„, hydroxyzine)์€ ์•„ํƒ€๋ฝ์Šค(Atarax), ๋น„์Šคํƒ€๋ฆด(Vistaril) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญํžˆ์Šคํƒ€๋ฏผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋ ค์›€์ฆ, ๋ถˆ๋ฉด์ฆ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ, (๋ฉ€๋ฏธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ) ๊ตฌ์—ญ์งˆ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ทผ์œก ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ์ œํ˜•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์—๋Š” ์กธ๋ฆผ, ๋‘ํ†ต, ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•๊ฑด์กฐ์ฆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์—๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ „๋„์ƒ์˜ QT ์—ฐ์žฅ ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์œ  ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํžˆ๋“œ๋ก์‹œ์ง„์€ ํžˆ์Šคํƒ€๋ฏผ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ”ผํŽ˜๋ผ์ง„ ๊ณ„์—ด์— ์†ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 1์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ•ญํžˆ์Šคํƒ€๋ฏผ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. 1956๋…„ UCB๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธํ•ด ๋ง ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ™”์ด์ž๊ฐ€ ํŒ๋งค ์Šน์ธ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. 2021๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ•œ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ 1,100๋งŒ ๊ฑด ์ด์ƒ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋˜์–ด, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ 58์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค.
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Sucralose is an artificial sweetener and sugar substitute. As the majority of ingested sucralose is not metabolized by the body, it adds very little food energy (14 kJ [3.3 kcal] per gram). In the European Union, it is also known under the E number E955. It is produced by chlorination of sucrose, selectively replacing three of the hydroxy groupsโ€”in the C1 and C6 positions of the fructose portion and the C4 position of the glucose portionโ€”to give a 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructoseโ€“4-chloro-4-deoxygalactose disaccharide. Sucralose is about 600 times sweeter than sucrose (table sugar), 3 times as sweet as both aspartame and acesulfame potassium, and 2 times as sweet as sodium saccharin. The commercial success of sucralose-based products stems from its favorable comparison to other low-calorie sweeteners in terms of taste, stability, and safety. It is commonly sold under the Splenda brand name.
์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ์Šค(์˜์–ด: sucrose), ์ž๋‹น(่”—็ณ–), ๋˜๋Š” ์„คํƒ•(้›ช็ณ–)์€ 1๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ”„๋Ÿญํ† ์Šค(๊ณผ๋‹น)๊ณผ 1๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์ฝ”์Šค(ํฌ๋„๋‹น)๊ฐ€ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์ด๋‹น๋ฅ˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ™”ํ•™์‹์€ C12H22O11์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ •์ œํ•ด์„œ, ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„คํƒ•์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์‚ฌํƒ•์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒ•๋ฌด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋‹น์†Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒ•์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ, ์ˆ˜ํ™•ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ œ๋‹น์†Œ์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ ์›๋ฃŒ๋‹น์„ ์ •์ œ๋‹น์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ œ๋‹น์†Œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์›๋ฃŒ๋‹น์„ ์ •์ œ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํƒ•๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋‹น์†Œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒ•๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ์ฐจ๊ฐ€์šด ๊ธฐํ›„๋Œ€์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌํƒ•๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ •์ œ๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„คํƒ• ์ •์ œ ๊ณต์ •์€ ์›๋ฃŒ๋‹น ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์„คํƒ• ์‹œ๋Ÿฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋…น์ด๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์„ธ์ฒ™ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฌ๊ณผํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ž”์—ฌ ์ƒ‰์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํƒ„์†Œ ์œ„๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„คํƒ• ์‹œ๋Ÿฝ์„ ์ง„๊ณต ์ƒํƒœ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์—ดํ•ด์„œ ๋†์ถ•์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํฌ๋กœ์Šค์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ข… ์ •์ œ ๊ณต์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ฒด๋Š” ํˆฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฌด์ทจ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ๋ง›์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด ๋ฉ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉด ํฐ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์„คํƒ•์€ ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์Œ์‹์„ ์กฐ๋ฆฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์ข…์ข… ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์•ฝ 1์–ต 7์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ†ค์˜ ์„คํƒ•์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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Pyridoxine is a hydroxymethylpyridine with hydroxymethyl groups at positions 4 and 5, a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, it is converted intoto pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. It has a role as a cofactor, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a monohydroxypyridine, a vitamin B6, a member of methylpyridines and a hydroxymethylpyridine.
ํ”„๋กœ์นด์ธ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ(Procainamide, PCA)๋Š” ๊ฐ์ข… ๋ถ€์ •๋งฅ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ถ€์ •๋งฅ์ œ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๊ทผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ํ†ต๋กœ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์ œ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„์Šค ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์ƒ ํด๋ž˜์Šค 1a ์•ฝ์ œ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค. INa ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•  ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ •๋ฅ˜์„ฑ (rectifier) ์นผ๋ฅจ ์ „๋ฅ˜, ์ฆ‰ IKr ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ์–ต์ œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์นด์ธ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ทผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฐ”ํŠธ๋ผ์ฝ”ํ†ก์‹  (BTX) ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋‚˜ํŠธ๋ฅจ ํ†ต๋กœ์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Clopidogrel is a thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks. It has a role as a platelet aggregation inhibitor, an anticoagulant and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist. It is a thienopyridine, a member of monochlorobenzenes and a methyl ester. It is functionally related to a ticlopidine.
์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ๋น„๋‹(Vinyl acetate)์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹ CH3CO2CH=CH2์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ์•ก์ฒด๋Š” ์ดˆ์‚ฐ ๋น„๋‹ ์ˆ˜์ง€์™€ ์—ํ‹ธ๋ Œ๋น„๋‹์•„์„ธํ…Œ์ดํŠธ์˜ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—… ํด๋ฆฌ๋จธ์ด๋‹ค.
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Dinitrogen trioxide is a nitrogen oxide.
ํŒŒํด๋ฆฌํƒ์…€(์˜์–ด: paclitaxel, PTX)์€ ํƒ์†”(์˜์–ด: Taxol) ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ, ๋‚œ์†Œ์•”, ์‹๋„์•”, ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”, ํ์•”, ์นดํฌ์‹œ ์œก์ข…, ์ž๊ถ๊ฒฝ๋ถ€์•”, ์ทŒ์žฅ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ญ์•”์š”๋ฒ•์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•Œ๋ถ€๋ฏผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์ œ์ œ์ธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํŒŒํด๋ฆฌํƒ์…€๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ”ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์—๋Š” ํƒˆ๋ชจ, ๊ณจ์ˆ˜์–ต์ œ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ €ํ•˜, ์•Œ๋ ˆ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ˜์‘, ๊ทผ์œกํ†ต, ์„ค์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์—๋Š” ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜, ๊ฐ์—ผ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ํ๋ ด ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํด๋ฆฌํƒ์…€์€ ํƒ์‚ฐ์— ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ ๋ถ„์—ด ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์†Œ๊ด€์˜ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. 1971๋…„, ํƒœํ‰์–‘์ฃผ๋ชฉ(Taxus brevifolia)์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒํด๋ฆฌํƒ์…€์ด ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1993๋…„์— ์˜ํ•™์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. WHO ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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L-leucine is the L-enantiomer of leucine. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a leucine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-leucinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-leucinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-leucine. It is a tautomer of a L-leucine zwitterion.
๋ฅ˜์‹ (์˜์–ด: leucine, ๋…์ผ์–ด: leucin ๋กœ์ด์‹ [*], ๋ฌธํ™”์–ด: ๋กœ์ด์‹ , ๊ธฐํ˜ธ: Leu or L)์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์€ ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋ฉฐ, ฮฑ-์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’NH3+ ํ˜•ํƒœ), ฮฑ-์นด๋ณต์‹ค๊ธฐ(์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ํƒˆ์–‘์„ฑ์žํ™”๋œ โˆ’COOโˆ’ ํ˜•ํƒœ) ๋ฐ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์ธ ์•„์ด์†Œ๋ทฐํ‹ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์€ ๋น„๊ทน์„ฑ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์กฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ฒด์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ ์Œ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ญ์ทจํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์œก๋ฅ˜, ์œ ์ œํ’ˆ, ์ฝฉ ์ œํ’ˆ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ฝฉ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•œ ์‹ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์€ UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG ์ฝ”๋ˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๋ฆฐ๊ณผ ์•„์ด์†Œ๋ฅ˜์‹ ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์€ ๊ฐ€์ง€์‚ฌ์Šฌ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜์‹  ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์€ ์•„์„ธํ‹ธ-CoA์™€ ์•„์„ธํ† ์•„์„ธํŠธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์€ ๋ฆฌ์‹ ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผ€ํ†ค์ฒด์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ€ํ†ค์ฒด์ƒ์„ฑ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฅ˜์‹  ๋ฐ ๋ฅ˜์‹ ์˜ ์†Œ๋Ÿ‰ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ฮฒ-ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ ฮฒ-๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๋ทฐํ‹ฐ๋ฅด์‚ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—์„œ ์•ฝ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ, mTOR์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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1,4-Dimethoxybenzene is a dimethoxybenzene.
1,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  (์˜์–ด: 1,4-dimethoxybenzene)์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์ด C6H4(OCH3)2์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. 1,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์€ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์˜ 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆ์ฒด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. 1,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ์ฝคํ•œ ๊ฝƒ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š” ํฐ์ƒ‰ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. 1,4-๋‹ค์ด๋ฉ”ํ†ก์‹œ๋ฒค์  ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‹๋ฌผ์ข…์—์„œ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Naringenin is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Humulus lupulus, and other organisms with data available.
๋‚˜๋ฆฐ์ œ๋‹Œ(Naringenin)์€ ํ’๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ  ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋…ผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ณด๋…ธ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํ”„ํ”„๋ฃจํŠธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ผ๋ฐ”๋…ผ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค.
1
Isobutanol is a natural product found in Angelica gigas, Tuber melanosporum, and other organisms with data available.
์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์‹ (์˜์–ด: cytosine, C)์€ ํ•ต์‚ฐ์ธ DNA์™€ RNA์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ต์—ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋ฐ๋‹Œ(A), ๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ(G), ํ‹ฐ๋ฏผ(T), ์œ ๋ผ์‹ค(U)์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์‹ ์€ ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์กฑ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์— 2๊ฐœ์˜ ์น˜ํ™˜๊ธฐ(๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์˜ 4๋ฒˆ ์œ„์น˜์— ์•„๋ฏผ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , 2๋ฒˆ ์œ„์น˜์— ์ผ€ํ†ค์ด ์žˆ์Œ)๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฏธ๋”˜ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์‹ ์˜ ๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ดํ‹ฐ๋”˜์ด๋‹ค. ์™“์Šจ-ํฌ๋ฆญ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์‹ ์€ ๊ตฌ์•„๋‹Œ๊ณผ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Sulfite is a sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3). It is a sulfur oxoanion, a sulfur oxide and a divalent inorganic anion. It is a conjugate base of a hydrogensulfite.
์•„๋ฏธ์นด์‹ (amikacin)์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ‘๊ท  ๊ฐ์—ผ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ™”๋†์„ฑ ๊ด€์ ˆ์—ผ, ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋‚ด ์ „์—ผ, ์ˆ˜๋ง‰์—ผ, ํ๋ ด, ํŒจํ˜ˆ์ฆ, ์š”๋กœ๊ฐ์—ผ์ฆ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ œ๋‚ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฐํ•ต ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋งฅ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์ฝ”์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ํ•ญ์ƒ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์•„๋ฏธ์นด์‹ ์€ ์ฒญ๊ฐ ์žฅ์• , ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ฌธ์ œ, ์‹ ๋ถ€์ „์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ˜ธํก ๋ถˆ๋Šฅ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋งˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ํƒœ์•„์˜ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๊ท€๋จน์Œ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ์นด์‹ ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ 30S ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ ์†Œ๋‹จ์œ„์ฒด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ง‰์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋™์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ์นด์‹ ์€ 1971๋…„ ํŠนํ—ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ 1976๋…„ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ธ WHO ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” 1๊ฐœ์›” ๊ธฐ์ค€ 13.80 ~ US$130.50์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋‚ด 1ํšŒ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 25 ~ US$50์— ๋‹ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์นด๋‚˜๋งˆ์ด์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
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Cyclohexanone is a natural product found in Gymnodinium nagasakiense, Zingiber mioga, and other organisms with data available.
์•„๋ฆฌํ”ผํ”„๋ผ์กธ(Aripiprazole)์€ ์ผ๋ณธ ์˜ค์ธ ์นด ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ, ํŽ˜๋‹ํ”ผํŽ˜๋ผ์ง„ ๊ณ„์—ด์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค์ธ ์นด์ œ์•ฝ์˜ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์ธ ์•„๋นŒ๋ฆฌํŒŒ์ด(Abilify)๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์€ Ability(๋Šฅ๋ ฅ)์— ๋™์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ -ify๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์–ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์กฐํ˜„๋ณ‘(์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ)๊ณผ ์–‘๊ทน์„ฑ์žฅ์• (์กฐ์šธ์ฆ), ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธ‰์„ฑ ์กฐ์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์“ฐ์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์• , ๊ฐ•๋ฐ• ์žฅ์• , ํ‹ฑ ์žฅ์• , ์žํ์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ ์ฆ์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
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Atropine is a racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine. It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a mydriatic agent, a parasympatholytic, a bronchodilator agent, a plant metabolite, an antidote to sarin poisoning and a oneirogen. It contains a (S)-atropine and a (R)-atropine.
๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‹ฐ์˜จ(์˜์–ด: glutathione ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€์‹ธ์ด์˜จ[*], GSH)์€ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ, ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ, ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์ด์ž ์‹๋ฌผ, ๋™๋ฌผ, ๊ท ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธ๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ท ์—์„œ์˜ ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™”์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‹ฐ์˜จ์€ ์ž์œ  ๋ผ๋””์นผ, ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ, ์ง€์งˆ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ, ์ค‘๊ธˆ์†๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ€ํ‹ฐ์˜จ์€ ๊ธ€๋ฃจํƒ์‚ฐ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ์˜ ์นด๋ณต์‹ค๊ธฐ์™€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ฮณ-ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ ์ž”๊ธฐ์˜ ์นด๋ณต์‹ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ํŠธ๋ผ์ดํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์ด๋‹ค.
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Acrylonitrile is an organic compound with the formula CH2CHCN and the structure H2CCH2) linked to a nitrile (โˆ’Cโ‰กN). It is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics such as polyacrylonitrile. It is reactive and toxic at low doses. Acrylonitrile is one of the components of ABS plastic (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene).
์‚ฌ์ดํด๋กœํŽœํƒ„์˜จ(์˜์–ด: cyclopentanone)์€ ํ™”ํ•™์‹์ด (CH2)4CO์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ˜• ์ผ€ํ†ค์€ ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์•ก์ฒด์ด๋‹ค.
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Roflumilast is a benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(difluoromethoxy)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3,5-dichloropyridin-4-amine. Used for treatment of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has a role as a phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor and an anti-asthmatic drug. It is a member of benzamides, a chloropyridine, an aromatic ether, an organofluorine compound and a member of cyclopropanes.
์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋‹Œ(artemisinin), ํ˜น์€ ์ฒญํ˜ธ์†Œ(้‘่’ฟ็ด ) ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์—ด๋Œ€์—ด์›์ถฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋‘๋ฃจ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋‹ค. 1972๋…„ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž ํˆฌ์œ ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ 2015๋…„ ์˜ํ•™๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ๊ณต๋™ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋‹Œ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ(์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋‹Œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์น˜๋ฃŒ, ACT)์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ P. falciparum ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋‹Œ์€ ์ค‘์˜ํ•™์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์•ฝ์ดˆ์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๊ฐœ๋˜ฅ์‘ฅ(Artemisia annua)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตฌ์  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์€ ์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ํšจ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋‹Œ์€ ํ”์น˜ ์•Š์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ ํŽ˜๋ก์‚ฌ์ด๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์Šคํ‚คํ…Œ๋ฅดํŽœ ๋ฝํ†ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—”๋„ํŽ˜๋ก์‹œ๋“œ 1,2,4-ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์˜ฅ์‚ฐ ๋ง์€ ์ด ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋™์ž‘์„ ์ฑ…์ž„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŽ˜๋ก์‹œ๋“œ ๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ–์˜ ์ฒœ์—ฐ ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋‹Œ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ๋ณ‘ ๊ฐ์—ผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์„ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒ๋ช… ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๊ฐ€์šฉ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋™ํƒœํ•™์  ์†์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ƒ ์ฃผ๋œ ๋‹จ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๋…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ๋“ค์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์— ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฅดํ…Œ๋ฏธ์‹œ๋‹Œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋ฌผ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•ญ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค.
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Cystine is a natural product found in Drosophila melanogaster with data available.
์‹œ์Šคํ‹ด (cystine)์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…Œ์ธ (cysteine) 2๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ™ฉ์ด ์ˆ˜์†Œ์›์ž๋ฅผ ๋–ผ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์‹ ์žฅ์˜ ์‹ ์šฐ์— "Stag-horn"ํ˜•์— ์‹œ์Šคํ‹ด ๊ฒฐ์„์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ, ์†Œ๋ณ€์ด ์ž์ฃผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ๋‡จ์‹œ ํ†ต์ฆ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์Šคํ‹ด์ด ์‹ ๊ฒฐ์„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์€ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์žฅ์• ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ •๋„๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฐ์„ํ™˜์ž์˜ 1%์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‹์‚ฌ์š”๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์‹๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„์„ญ์ทจ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
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Efavirenz is a natural product found in Penicillium griseofulvum and Stachybotrys chartarum with data available.
์—ํŒŒ๋น„๋ Œ์ฆˆ(Efavirenz, EFV)๋Š” HIV / AIDS๋ฅผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‹œ๋“œ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌํšจ์†Œ ์–ต์ œ์•ฝ(NNRTI)์ธ ํ•ญ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช… ์„œ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ฐ”(Sustiva)๋กœ ์‹œํŒ๋œ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š˜์— ์ฐ”๋ฆฐ ๋ถ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ HIV ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋…ธ์ถœ ํ›„์— ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ตฌํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋Š” '์Šคํ† ํฌ๋ฆฐ(Stocrin)'์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ 2008๋…„ 8์›” 28์ผ์— ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์•ˆ์ „์ฒ˜์— ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ํŒŒ๋น„๋ Œ์ฆˆ(efavirenz)์™€ ์— ํŠธ๋ฆฌ์‹œํƒ€๋นˆ(Emtricitabine), ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ…Œ๋…ธํฌ๋น„๋ฅด(tenofovir) ์ด 3๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” Atripla๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ 2006๋…„ 7์›” 12์ผ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ(FDA, Food and Drug Administration)์— ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ํŒŒ๋น„๋ Œ์ฆˆ(efavirenz)์˜ ํ”ํ•œ ์œ ํ•ดํšจ๊ณผ์ธ ๋‘ํ†ต, ๋ถˆ๋ฉด, ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿผ(drowsiness), ์กธ์Œ ๋“ฑ์€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ง€์†์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ์ทจ์นจ ์ „์— ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐœ์ง„(skin rash)์€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ฒฝ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๋„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณต์•ฝ ์ง€์†ํ•ด๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์™„ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ง„์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•ด ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ•ด์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ์šธ์ฆ, ์กฐ์ฆ, ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘(psychosis) ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ํŒŒ๋น„๋ Œ์ฆˆ(efavirenz)๋Š” ๋น„๋‰ดํด๋ ˆ์˜ค์‹œ๋“œ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌํšจ์†Œ ์–ต์ œ์ œ(NNRTI)์ด๋ฉฐ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌํšจ์†Œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ฐจ๋‹จํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ํŒŒ๋น„๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” 1998๋…„์—, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” 1998๋…„์— ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์Šน์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 2019๋…„์—๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ธฐ๊ตฌ (WHO)์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
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Lamotrigine, sold under the brand name Lamictal among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy and stabilize mood in bipolar disorder. For epilepsy, this includes focal seizures, tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. In bipolar disorder, lamotrigine has not been shown to reliably treat acute depression in any groups except for the severely depressed; but for patients with bipolar disorder who are not currently symptomatic, it appears to reduce the risk of future episodes of depression. Common side effects include nausea, sleepiness, headache, vomiting, trouble with coordination, and rash. Serious side effects include excessive breakdown of red blood cells, increased risk of suicide, severe skin reaction (Stevensโ€“Johnson syndrome), and allergic reactions, which can be fatal. Lamotrigine is a phenyltriazine, making it chemically different from other anticonvulsants. Its mechanism of action is not clear, but it appears to inhibit release of excitatory neurotransmitters via voltage-sensitive sodium channels and voltage-gated calcium channels in neurons. Lamotrigine was first marketed in Ireland in 1991, and approved for use in the United States in 1994. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2022, it was the 58th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 11 million prescriptions.
์กธํ”ผ๋Ž€(Zolpidem) ๋˜๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๋ช… ์•ฐ๋น„์—”(Ambien), ์•ฐ๋น„์—” CR(Ambien CR)์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค. ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฉ”์กฐ(Intermezzo), ์Šคํ‹ธ๋„‰์Šค(Stilnox), ์Šคํ‹ธ๋„‰ํŠธ(Stilnoct), ์„œ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ๋„‰์Šค(Sublinox), ํ•˜์ดํ”„๋„ˆ์  (Hypnogen), ์กฐ๋„ค์ด๋”˜(Zonadin), Sanval, Zolsana and Zolfresh ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 15๋ถ„ ์ด๋‚ด์— ์•ฝํšจ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ณ  2~3์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์งง์€ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ์กธํ”ผ๋Ž€์€ ์•ฝํšจ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ง€์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์กธํ”ผ๋Ž€์€ ๋น„-๋ฒค์กฐ๋””์•„์ œํ•€๋ฅ˜โ€™๋กœ์จ โ€˜์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กฐํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋”˜๋ฅ˜(์ง„์ •์ œ์˜ ์ผ์ข…)โ€™๋กœ์จ โ€˜๋ฒค์กฐ๋””์•„์ œํ•€๋ฅ˜โ€™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ GABAA์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ GABA์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ ์•ฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ถ€์œ„๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ์œ ์ง€์— ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์•„์ง ์—†๋‹ค. ์กธํ”ผ๋Ž€์€ โ€˜์ด๋ฏธ๋‹ค์กฐํ”ผ๋ฆฌ๋”˜๋ฅ˜โ€™์˜ ์•ฝ์ œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์˜ ๊ฐœ์‹œ์— ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธโ€˜๋ฒค์กฐ๋””์•„์ œํ•€ ๋ฅ˜โ€™์˜ ์•ฝ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ โ€˜์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์œ ๋„ ์ž‘์šฉ(hypnotic effects)โ€™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฒค์กฐ๋””์•„์ œํ•€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด์˜ ๊ธธํ•ญ์ œ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ฃจ๋งˆ์ œ๋‹(Flumazenil)์€ ๋ฒค์กฐ๋””์•„์ œํ•€์˜ ๊ณผ๋‹ค ๋ณต์šฉ ์‹œ์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ง„์ •-์ˆ˜๋ฉด ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ธฐ์–ต-์žฅ์•  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ˜์ „์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•ญ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ œ์™€ ๊ทผ์œก์ด์™„์ œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€๋งŒ, โ€˜๊ทผ-์ด์™„โ€™ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ž‘์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ†ต์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทผ ์ด์™„์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 10๋ฒˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฝ๋ จ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฉด์ œ๋ฅผ 20๋ฒˆ ๋ณต์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ, ๋งŽ์€ ์–‘์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์–ต ์ƒ์‹ค์ด๋‚˜ ํ™˜๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ฐ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์กธํ”ผ๋Ž€์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” โ€˜ํ•ญ-๊ฒฝ๋ จ์ œโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ๋ณต์šฉ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง„์ •์ž‘์šฉ์ด ํ•ญ๊ฒฝ๋ จ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ•ญ-๊ฒฝ๋ จ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ญ-๊ฒฝ๋ จํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ญ์น˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ถ”์ •๊ฐ’๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ž‘๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ ๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์กธํ”ผ๋Ž€์€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ๋…ธํ”ผ์‚ฌ์˜ ์•ฝ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. 2007๋…„ 4์›” 23์ผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์€ 13๊ฐœ์˜ ํ’ˆ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์กธํ”ผ๋Ž€์ด ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ œ์•ฝํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ Sandoz์‚ฌ, ์ด์Šค๋ผ์—˜์˜ TEVA์‚ฌ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋…์ผ์˜ Ratiopharm์ด๋‚˜ Takeda GmbH์—์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋งˆ์•ฝ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์•ฝ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์•ฝ์ด ํ™˜์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ์•„์นจ์— ์กธ์Œ์ด ์˜ค๋„๋ก ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐœ๋˜๋ฉฐ, 2013๋…„ 1์›” 10์ผ ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์•ฝ๊ตญ์ด โ€˜์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, Ambien๊ณผ Zolpidem์„ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒโ€™์„ ๊ณตํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์•ฝ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณต์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์•ฝ์„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. 2013๋…„ 5์›”, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹์•ฝ์ฒญ์€ ์•ฝ์˜ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ์•„์นจ์— ์กธ์Œ์ด ์˜ค๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฏธ์—ฐ์— ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์กธํ”ผ๋Ž€์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ณต์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์ค€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
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Dicloxacillin is a narrow-spectrum ฮฒ-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible (non-resistant) Gram-positive bacteria. It is active against beta-lactamase-producing organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, which would otherwise be resistant to most penicillins. Dicloxacillin is available under a variety of trade names including Diclocil (BMS). It was patented in 1961 and approved for medical use in 1968. It is available as a generic medication.
ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์•„์‹œ์ง„ (fluacizine)์€ ํ”„ํ† ๋ผ์ง€์‹ (Phtorazisin)์˜ ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽ˜๋…ธํ‹ฐ์•„์ง„ (phenothiazine) ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ์‚ผํ™˜๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์šฐ์šธ์ œ (TCA)์ด๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์•„์‹œ์ง„์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŽ˜๋…ธํ‹ฐ์•„์ง„๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ•ญ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์•ฝ๋ฌผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์–ด์„œ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ํ•ญ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ, ๋ ˆ์„ธ๋ฅดํ•€, ํ…ŒํŠธ๋ผ๋ฒ ๋‚˜์ง„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ญ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋ฐœ๋œ ๊ฐ•์ง์ฆ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์ฒด์™ธ๋กœ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ํ•ด์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์•”ํŽ˜ํƒ€๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ƒ๋™์ฆ (stereotypy)์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…ธ๋ฅด์—ํ”ผ๋„คํ”„๋ฆฐ ์žฌํก์ˆ˜ ์–ต์ œ์ œ, ํ•ญํžˆ์Šคํƒ€๋ฏผ์ œ, ํ•ญ์ฝœ๋ฆฐ์ œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์•ฝ์€ 1960๋…„๋Œ€์— ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด 1970๋…„๋Œ€์— ์‹œํŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ฃจ์•„์‹œ์ง„์€ ํด๋กœ๋ผ์‹œ์ง„์˜ ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ฃจ์˜ค๋กœ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค.
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Dodecanal, also known as lauraldehyde or dodecyl aldehyde, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)10CHO. This colourless liquid is a component of many fragrances. It occurs naturally in citrus oils, but commercial samples are usually produced from dodecanol by dehydrogenation.
์•„์„ธํŠธ์•„๋‹๋ฆฌ๋“œ(Acetanilide)๋Š” ์žŽ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์ทจ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฒด ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋•Œ ์•ˆํ‹ฐํŽ˜๋ธŒ๋ฆฐ(Antifebrin)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค.
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Hydrocortisone is the name for the hormone cortisol when supplied as a medication. It is a corticosteroid and works as an anti-inflammatory and by immune suppression. Uses include conditions such as adrenocortical insufficiency, adrenogenital syndrome, high blood calcium, thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatitis, asthma, and COPD. It is the treatment of choice for adrenocortical insufficiency. It can be given by mouth, topically, or by injection. Stopping treatment after long-term use should be done slowly. Side effects may include mood changes, increased risk of infection, and edema (swelling). With long-term use, common side effects include osteoporosis, upset stomach, physical weakness, easy bruising, and candidiasis (yeast infections). It is unclear if it is safe for use during pregnancy. Hydrocortisone was patented in 1936 and approved for medical use in 1941. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2022, it was the 202nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.
ํด๋กœ๋ฏธํ”„๋ผ๋ฏผ(clomipramine, ์ƒํ‘œ๋ช…: Anafranil ๋“ฑ)์€ ์‚ผํ™˜๊ณ„ ํ•ญ์šฐ์šธ์ œ(TCA)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์žฅ์• , ๊ณตํ™ฉ์žฅ์• , ์ฃผ์š” ์šฐ์šธ ์žฅ์• , ๋งŒ์„ฑ ํ†ต์ฆ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. 65์„ธ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์ž์˜ ์ž์‚ด ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๊ฐ• ๊ฑด์กฐ, ๋ณ€๋น„, ์‹์š• ๋ถ€์ง„, ์กธ๋ฆผ, ์ฒด์ค‘ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์žฅ์• , ์†Œ๋ณ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 25์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ์ž์˜ ์ž์‚ด ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ์ „์ฆ ๋ฐœ์ž‘, ์กฐ์ฆ, ๊ฐ„ ์งˆํ™˜์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•ฝ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘ํ†ต, ๋ฐœํ•œ, ์–ด์ง€๋Ÿผ์ฆ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธˆ๋‹จ ์ฆํ›„๊ตฐ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์— ํˆฌ์—ฌํ•ด๋„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ™•์‹ค์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋™์ž‘ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ ์„ธ๋กœํ† ๋‹Œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ํด๋กœ๋ฏธํ”„๋ผ๋ฏผ์€ 1964๋…„ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ์ œ์•ฝ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๋ฐ”-๊ฐ€์ด๊ธฐ(Ciba-Geigy)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„์— ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์ธ WHO ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋“ฑ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ๋„ค๋ฆญ ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” 2014๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ผ 0.11~0.21 ์‚ฌ์ด์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ๋„๋งค๊ฐ€๋Š” 2018๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ผ ๋Œ€๋žต US$9์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฏธํ”„๋ผ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค.
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Aziridine is an organic compound consisting of the three-membered heterocycle C2H5N. It is a colorless, toxic, volatile liquid that is of significant practical interest. Aziridine was discovered in 1888 by the chemist Siegmund Gabriel. Its derivatives, also referred to as aziridines, are of broader interest in medicinal chemistry.
๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋ฅด์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ(์˜์–ด: glyceraldehyde)๋Š” 3๊ฐœ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ์›์ž๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋‹จ๋‹น๋ฅ˜์ด๊ณ , ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์•Œ๋„์Šค์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ™”ํ•™์‹์€ C3H6O3์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋ฅด์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์•Œ๋„์Šค ์ค‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ํƒ„์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฌผ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‹จ๋ง›์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์งˆ ๊ณ ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋ฅด์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ก์‹œ๋ฉ”ํ‹ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋กœ ์‚ฐํ™”๋œ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋กค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์„ธ๋กค๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ฐํ•˜์ด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ์ผœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‹จ์–ด์ด๋‹ค.
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