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It is a general use pesticide (GUP) that belongs to the phthalimide class of fungicides. It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow or brownish. | It is a B type proanthocyanidin. It is a catechin dimer (catechin-(4α→8)-catechin). | 0 |
It is a carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline. It has a role as a beta-adrenergic agonist, a prodrug, a bronchodilator agent, an anti-asthmatic drug, an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a sympathomimetic agent and a tocolytic agent. It is a carbamate ester and a member of phenylethanolamines. It is functionally related to a terbutaline. | It (also known as methyl mercaptan) is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless gas with a distinctive putrid smell. It is a natural substance found in the blood, brain and feces of animals (including humans), as well as in plant tissues. It also occurs naturally in certain foods, such as some nuts and cheese. It is one of the chemical compounds responsible for bad breath and the smell of flatus. It is the simplest thiol and is sometimes abbreviated as MeSH. It is very flammable. | 0 |
It is a mancude carbobicyclic parent consisting of a cycloheptatriene and cyclopentadiene rings. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. It is an ortho-fused bicyclic arene, a member of azulenes and a mancude carbobicyclic parent. | It is a member of quinolines, a carbamate ester and a member of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes. It has a role as an anticholesteremic drug and a CETP inhibitor. | 0 |
It is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the dried fruit of Vernonia amygdalina. It shows platelet anti-aggregating properties and is also an irreversible DNA polymerase inhibitor, hence may have antitumor properties. | It is a N-acyl-amino acid. | 0 |
It is an imidazole antifungal agent that is imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,4'-difluorotrityl group. A topical antifungal agent which displays potent broad-spectrum in vitro activity against dermatophytes, filamentous fungi and yeasts. It has a role as an EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor. It is a member of imidazoles, a member of monofluorobenzenes and an imidazole antifungal drug. | It is a dicarboxylic acid, a pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, a L-proline derivative and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It has a role as an antinematodal drug and an excitatory amino acid agonist. It is a conjugate acid of a kainate(1-). | 0 |
Melibiose is a glycosylglucose formed by an alpha-(1->6)-linkage between D-galactose and D-glucose. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and an elastin-laminin receptor agonist. | It is an organic thiophosphate and an organothiophosphate insecticide. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor and an agrochemical. | 0 |
It is a member of benzenes. | It is a major active metabolite of the opioid modulator buprenorphine. It is a μ-opioid, δ-opioid, and nociceptin receptor full agonist, and a κ-opioid receptor partial agonist. In rats, unlike buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine produces marked respiratory depression but with very little antinociceptive effect. In explanation of these properties, norbuprenorphine has been found to be a high affinity P-glycoprotein substrate, and in accordance, shows very limited blood-brain-barrier penetration. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Angelica gigas, Slafractonia leguminicola, and other organisms with data available. | It is a member of thioureas. | 0 |
It is an alkali metal hydride. | It is an N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib. It has a role as a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a non-narcotic analgesic, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a prodrug. It is a member of isoxazoles and a N-sulfonylcarboxamide. It is functionally related to a valdecoxib. | 0 |
It is a vinca alkaloid, an alkaloid ester, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a methyl ester and a hemiaminal. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent, a vasodilator agent and a metabolite. It is functionally related to an eburnamenine. | It is a natural product found in Aspergillus violaceofuscus and Penicillium brocae with data available. | 0 |
It is an antihypertensive. It is an imidazoline receptor agonist, like moxonidine and rilmenidine. | It is a substituted aniline. | 1 |
It (MPA), also known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in injectable form and sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type. It is used as a method of birth control and as a part of menopausal hormone therapy. It is also used to treat endometriosis, abnormal uterine bleeding, paraphilia, and certain types of cancer. The medication is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. It is taken by mouth, used under the tongue, or by injection into a muscle or fat.
Common side effects include menstrual disturbances such as absence of periods, abdominal pain, and headaches. More serious side effects include bone loss, blood clots, allergic reactions, and liver problems. Use is not recommended during pregnancy as it may harm the baby. MPA is an artificial progestogen, and as such activates the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progesterone. It also has androgenic activity and weak glucocorticoid activity. Due to its progestogenic activity, MPA decreases the body's release of gonadotropins and can suppress sex hormone levels. It works as a form of birth control by preventing ovulation.
MPA was discovered in 1956 and was introduced for medical use in the United States in 1959. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. MPA is the most widely used progestin in menopausal hormone therapy and in progestogen-only birth control. DMPA is approved for use as a form of long-acting birth control in more than 100 countries. In 2021, it was the 238th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. | It is a diterpene glycoside. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of thiocyanates that is the methyl ester of thiocyanic acid. | It is a harmala alkaloid. | 0 |
It is a dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group. It has a role as a fungal metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a dicarboxylic acid, an olefinic compound and a dicarboxylic fatty acid. It is functionally related to a succinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an itaconate(2-). | It (also termed methylidenesuccinic acid and 2-methylidenebutanedioic acid) is a fatty acid containing five carbons (carbon notated as C), two of which are in carboxyl groups (notated as -) and two others which are double bonded together (i.e., C=C). (itaconic acids chemical formula is CHO, see adjacent figure and dicarboxylic acids). At the strongly acidic pH levels below 2, itaconic acid is electrically neutral because both of its carboxy residues are bound to hydrogen (notated as H); at the basic pH levels above 7, it is double negatively charged because both of its carboxy residues are not bound to H, i.e., (its chemical formula is CHO); and at acidic pHs between 2 and 7, it exists as a mixture with none, one, or both of its carboxy residues bound to hydrogen. In the cells and most fluids of living animals, which generally have pH levels above 7, itaconic acid exists almost exclusively in its double negatively charged form; this form of itaconic acid is termed itaconate. It and itaconate exist as cis and trans isomers (see cis–trans isomerism). Cis-itaconic acid and cis-itaconate isomers have two H's bound to one carbon and two residues (noted as R) bound to the other carbon in the double bound (i.e., HC=CR) whereas trans-itaconic acid and trans-itaconate have one H and one R residue bound to each carbon of the double bound. The adjacent figure shows the cis form of itaconic acid. Cis-aconitic acid spontaneously converts to its thermodynamically more stable (see chemical stability) isomer, trans-aconitic acid, at pH levels below 7. The medical literature commonly uses the terms itaconic acid and itaconate without identifying them as their cis isomers. This practice is used here, i.e., itaconic acid and itaconate refer to their cis isomers while the trans isomer of itaconate (which has been detected in fungi but not animals) is here termed trans-itaconate (trans-itaconic acid is not further mentioned here).
Animal cells make itaconate by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction from cis-aconitate (see aconitic acid), an intermediate metabolite in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, (i.e., TCA cycle). This cycle operates in the mitochondria of virtually all the cells of animals, plants, fungi, and some microorganisms. The itaconate-producing reaction is stimulated when cells undergo stressful conditions that suppress the TCA cycle's operation. Studies examining the actions of itaconate and/or itaconate-like compounds suggest that the itaconate formed in this reaction acts on its cell of origin and other cells to regulate the potentially deleterious inflammation responses caused by various microorganisms, viruses, autoimmune diseases, oxidative stress, and other types of tissue injury. They also suggest that it may inhibit the development and/or progression of certain cancers. Itaconate is also a bactericidal agent, i.e., an agent that acts directly on certain types of bacteria to inhibit their viability and/or disease-causing abilities.
In 1836, Samuel Baup discovered a previously unknown by-product in a distillate of citric acid; this by-product was later named itaconic acid. In the late 1920s, itaconic acid was isolated from a fungus in the Aspergillus genus of fungi and in the 1930s itaconate was shown to have bactericidal actions. During this time, itaconic acid proved to be useful for synthesizing a wide range of products required by agricultural, textile, and other industries. Since then, the use of itaconic acid for industrial and manufacturing purposes has grown. In 2011, Shin et al. reported that itaconate was produced by two mammalian immortalized cell lines, cultured mouse VM-M3 brain tumor cells and RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, and by macrophages isolated from mice. This group also showed that stimulation of mouse macrophages with the bacterial toxin, lipopolysaccharide (i.e., LPS, also termed endotoxin), increased their production and secretion of itaconate. In 2013, Michelucci et al. revealed the biosynthesis pathway that makes itaconate in mammals. These publications were followed by numerous others focused on the biology of itaconate and certain itaconate-like compounds as regulars of various cellular responses in animals and possibly humans.
The following section, titled "Biology of Itaconate," details preclinical studies that analyzed the effects of itaconate and itaconate-like compounds on human cells, animal cells, and animals used as models of specific diseases. These studies sought to a) define itaconate's physiological and pathological functions as well as its mechanisms of action in health and disease; b) define the actions and mechanisms of action of various itaconate-like compounds; and c) determine which actions of itaconate and itaconate-like compounds support conducting further studies to determine if it or they would be useful therapeutic agents in humans. The last section, titled "Commercial production and uses of itaconic acid," reports on the changing methods for making large amounts, and the many commercial uses, of itaconic acid. | 1 |
It is an iridoid. It is synthesized from 7-deoxyloganic acid by the enzyme 7-deoxyloganic acid hydroxylase (7-DLH). It is a substrate for the enzyme loganate O-methyltransferase for the production of loganin. | It is a triterpenoid molecule commonly produced by bacteria, ferns, and a few protozoans. This compound, classified as a member of the hopanoid family, is synthesized from triterpenoid precursor squalene. It is generally believed that hopanoids serve a similar function in bacteria as that of sterols in eukaryotes, which involves modulating membrane fluidity. It serves as a useful biomarker for prokaryotic life, along with oxygen content at the time of sediment deposition. | 0 |
It is a member of thiadiazoles and a sulfonamide. | It is a natural product found in Embelia schimperi, Ardisia paniculata, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Acanthus ilicifolius, and other organisms with data available. | It is an indolizidine alkaloid. It is a potent inhibitor of Golgi alpha-mannosidase II, an immunomodulator, and a potential chemotherapy drug. As a toxin in locoweed (likely its primary toxin) it also is a significant cause of economic losses in livestock industries, particularly in North America. It was first isolated from Swainsona canescens. | 0 |
It is a penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is a penicillin and a penicillin allergen. It is a conjugate acid of a flucloxacillin(1-). | It is an indole alkaloid with formula C21H20N2O3, isolated from several Rauvolfia species and exhibits antipsychotic activity. It has a role as an antipsychotic agent. It is a methyl ester, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a zwitterion and an indole alkaloid. It is a conjugate base of an alstonine(1+). | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Mappianthus iodoides, Basella alba, and other organisms with data available. | It is a polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent and an antiseptic drug. It is a member of guanidines, an aromatic ether and a polyether. It is functionally related to a propane-1,3-diol. It is a conjugate base of a propamidine(2+). | 0 |
It is an alkylbenzene. It has a role as a geroprotector. | It is an ethyl sulfide compound having two ethyl groups attached to a sulfur atom. | 0 |
It or DEHA or DOA is an organic compound with the formula (CHCHCOCH). It is the diester of 2-ethylhexanol and adipic acid. It is a colorless oily liquid.
DEHA is sometimes called "dioctyl adipate", incorrectly. Another name is di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate. The abbreviation DOA has been unfortunately used for both Bis(-2-ethylhexyl)-adipate and dioctyl adipate | It is a stilbenoid. | 0 |
It is an alpha-amino acid. | It (commonly styled tetraethyl lead), abbreviated TEL, is an organolead compound with the formula Pb(CH). It is a fuel additive, first being mixed with gasoline beginning in the 1920s as a patented octane rating booster that allowed engine compression to be raised substantially. This in turn increased vehicle performance and fuel economy. TEL was first synthesised by German chemist Carl Jacob Löwig in 1853. American chemical engineer Thomas Midgley Jr., who was working for General Motors, was the first to discover its effectiveness as an antiknock agent in 1921, after spending several years attempting to find an additive that was both highly effective and inexpensive.
Concerns were later raised over the toxic effects of lead, especially on children. On cars not designed to operate on leaded gasoline, lead and lead oxides coat the catalyst in catalytic converters, rendering them ineffective, and can sometimes foul spark plugs. Starting in the 1970s, many countries began phasing out TEL in automotive fuel. In 2011 a study, backed by the United Nations, estimated that the removal of TEL had resulted in $2.4 trillion in annual benefits, and 1.2 million fewer premature deaths.
TEL is still used as an additive in some grades of aviation fuel. Innospec has claimed to be the last firm legally making TEL but, , TEL was being produced illegally by several companies in China. In July 2021, the sale of leaded gasoline for cars was completely phased out worldwide, prompting the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to declare an "official end" of its use in cars on August 30, 2021. | 0 |
It is a straight chain alkane consisting of 14 carbon atoms. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a volatile oil component. | It is a broad-spectrum insecticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole chemical family. It disrupts the insect central nervous system by blocking the ligand-gated ion channel of the GABA receptor and glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channels. This causes hyperexcitation of contaminated insects nerves and muscles. Its specificity towards insects is believed to be due to its greater binding affinity for the GABA receptors of insects than to those of mammals, and for its action on GluCl channels, which do not exist in mammals. , there does not appear to be significant resistance among fleas to fipronil.
Because of its effectiveness on various pests, fipronil is used as the active ingredient in flea control products for pets and home roach baits as well as field pest control for corn, golf courses, and commercial turf. Its widespread use makes its specific effects the subject of considerable attention. Observations on possible harm to humans or ecosystems are ongoing as well as the monitoring of pesticide resistance development. | 0 |
In organic chemistry, a carbamate is a category of organic compounds with the general formula and structure , which are formally derived from carbamic acid (). The term includes organic compounds (e.g., the ester ethyl carbamate), formally obtained by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms by other organic functional groups; as well as salts with the carbamate anion (e.g. ammonium carbamate).
Polymers whose repeat units are joined by carbamate like groups are an important family of plastics, the polyurethanes. See Etymology for clarification. | It is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a cycloalkene. It is a colorless gas that easily condenses. It is of interest in research but currently has no practical applications. A modern synthesis involves the 2-step dehydration of cyclobutanol. The compound was first prepared by thermolysis of the ammonium salt (cyclobutyltrimethylammonium hydroxide).
It thermally isomerizes to 1,3-butadiene. This strongly exothermic reaction reflects the dominance of ring strain. In contrast, the corresponding equilibrium for hexafluorocyclobutene disfavors hexafluorobutadiene. | 0 |
It is an acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid. It is a member of phenyl acetates and a member of benzenes. It is functionally related to a phenol. | Its ( ) are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (=CH−). In vertebrates, an essential member of the porphyrin group is heme, which is a component of hemoproteins, whose functions include carrying oxygen in the bloodstream. In plants, an essential porphyrin derivative is chlorophyll, which is involved in light harvesting and electron transfer in photosynthesis.
The parent of porphyrins is porphine, a rare chemical compound of exclusively theoretical interest. Substituted porphines are called porphyrins. With a total of 26 π-electrons, of which 18 π-electrons form a planar, continuous cycle, the porphyrin ring structure is often described as aromatic. One result of the large conjugated system is that porphyrins typically absorb strongly in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. they are deeply colored. The name "porphyrin" derives from the Greek word πορφύρα (porphyra), meaning purple. | 0 |
It is a haloalkane comprising ethane having three flouro substituents at the 1-position as well as bromo- and chloro substituents at the 2-position. It has a role as an inhalation anaesthetic. It is a haloalkane, an organofluorine compound, an organochlorine compound and an organobromine compound. | It is a lignan. | 0 |
It (FPV), sold under the brand names Lexiva and Telzir, is a medication used to treat HIV/AIDS. It is a prodrug of the protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir. It is marketed by ViiV Healthcare as the calcium salt.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in October 2003, and in the European Union in July 2004. The human body metabolizes fosamprenavir in order to form amprenavir, which is the active ingredient.
A head-to-head study with lopinavir showed the two drugs to have comparable potency, but patients on fosamprenavir tended to have a higher serum cholesterol. | It is an aporphine alkaloid. | 0 |
It is a member of piperidines. | (−)-It is a member of the Lycopodium alkaloid class of natural products. It was isolated from the club moss Lycopodium magellanicum in 1976. It has been synthesized five times, with the first synthesis having been completed by the Larry E. Overman group at the University of California, Irvine in 1993. It has also been synthesized by the Leo Paquette group in 1993 at Ohio State University, the Chun-Chen Liao group in 2002 at National Tsing Hua University, the Miyuki Ishikazi and Tamiko Takahashi groups in 2005 at the Josai International University and Tokyo University of Science, and the Chisato Mukai group in 2007 at the Kanazawa University. One partial synthesis was completed by the A. I. Meyers group in 1995 at Colorado State University.
Biosynthetically, it is thought to have been derived from lysine. This was determined by conducting feeding studies of radiolabeled precursors. | 1 |
It is an aryl dialkyl phosphate where both the alkyl groups are ethyl and the aryl group is 4-nitrophenyl. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor and a mouse metabolite. It is an aryl dialkyl phosphate and an organophosphate insecticide. | It is a natural product found in Morus macroura, Frullania tamarisci, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Tenex (immediate-release) and Intuniv (extended-release) among others, is an oral alpha-2a agonist medication used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and high blood pressure. It is FDA-approved for monotherapy treatment of ADHD, as well as being used for augmentation of other treatments, such as stimulants. It is also used off-label to treat tic disorders, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Common side effects include sleepiness, constipation, and dry mouth. Other side effects may include low blood pressure and urinary problems. The FDA has categorized It as "Category B" in pregnancy, which means animal-reproduction studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk or an adverse effect during pregnancy or breastfeeding. It appears to work by activating α-adrenergic receptors in the brain, thereby decreasing sympathetic nervous system activity.
It was first described by 1974 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1986. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 231st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. | It is a monothioacetal that consists of cytosine having a (2R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl moiety attached at position 1. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, it is used as an antiviral in the treatment of AIDS and hepatitis B. It has a role as a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, an antiviral drug, an anti-HBV agent, an allergen, a prodrug and an EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor. It is a monothioacetal, a primary alcohol, an oxacycle and a nucleoside analogue. It is functionally related to a cytosine. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of pyrroles carrying chloro and 3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite and an antifungal drug. It is a member of pyrroles, a member of monochlorobenzenes, a C-nitro compound and an alkaloid. | It is a lanthanoid atom and a f-block element atom. | 0 |
It is an aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a drug allergen. It is a member of thiophenes, a monocarboxylic acid and an aromatic ketone. | It is a methyl-branched fatty acid, the structure of which is that of stearic acid carrying a methyl group at C-10. It is a methyl-branched fatty acid and a long-chain fatty acid. It is functionally related to an octadecanoic acid. | 0 |
It is a amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, an antimicrobial agent and a toxin. It is functionally related to a kanamycin B. It is a conjugate base of a tobramycin(5+). | It is a member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a phenyl group and a 2-chloropyridin-4-yl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively. It is a plant growth regulator widely used in agriculture for improving fruit quality and fruit size. It has a role as a plant growth regulator. It is a member of phenylureas and a monochloropyridine. | 0 |
Orthotelluric acid is a tellurium oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of an orthotellurate(1-). | It, sold under the brand name Nexavar, is a kinase inhibitor drug approved for the treatment of primary kidney cancer (advanced renal cell carcinoma), advanced primary liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma), FLT3-ITD positive AML and radioactive iodine resistant advanced thyroid carcinoma. | 0 |
It is an electron-rich azole with an oxygen atom next to the nitrogen. It is also the class of compounds containing this ring. Isoxazolyl is the univalent functional group derived from isoxazole. | It (11-deoxojervine) is a naturally occurring steroidal alkaloid. It is a teratogenic component of corn lily (Veratrum californicum), which when consumed during gestation has been demonstrated to induce birth defects, including the development of a single eye (cyclopia) in offspring. The molecule was named after this effect, which was originally observed by Idaho lamb farmers in 1957 after their herds gave birth to cycloptic lambs. It then took more than a decade to identify corn lily as the culprit. Later work suggested that differing rain patterns had changed grazing behaviours, which led to a greater quantity of corn lily to be ingested by pregnant sheep. It interrupts the sonic hedgehog signalling pathway, instrumental in early development, ultimately causing birth defects. | 0 |
It is a cephalosporin. | It is an organic molecular entity. | 0 |
It (NFP) () (brand name Demelon), also known as 19-nortestosterone 17β-(2-furanyl)propanoate, is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and a nandrolone ester. It was developed and marketed by Mochida Pharmaceutical in Japan in the 1960s. | It is a cyclic lipopeptide, commonly used as an antibiotic for its capacity as a surfactant. It is an amphiphile capable of withstanding hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. The Gram-positive bacterial species Bacillus subtilis produces surfactin for its antibiotic effects against competitors. It showcases antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and hemolytic effects. | 0 |
It is a natural organic compound. It is a particular type of anthocyanidin (glycoside version called anthocyanins). It is a pigment found in many red berries including grapes, bilberry, blackberry, blueberry, cherry, chokeberry, cranberry, elderberry, hawthorn, loganberry, açai berry and raspberry. It can also be found in other fruits such as apples and plums, and in red cabbage and red onion. It has a characteristic reddish-purple color, though this can change with pH; solutions of the compound are red at pH < 3, violet at pH 7-8, and blue at pH > 11. In certain fruits, the highest concentrations of cyanidin are found in the seeds and skin. It has been found to be a potent sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) activator. | It is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a derivative of acetic acid. It is a toxic compound, because, like many alkyl halides, it is an alkylating agent.
It reacts with cysteine residues in proteins. It is often used to modify SH-groups to prevent the re-formation of disulfide bonds after the reduction of cystine residues to cysteine during protein sequencing.
In 1929, Dr. Einar Lundsgaard (1899-1968) discovered that muscle poisoned in vitro with iodoacetic acid is unable to produce lactate as glycolysis from muscle glycogen is blocked, causing the muscle to result in an electrically silent contracture. It was remembering this discovery, that lead Dr. Brian McArdle in 1951, to speculate that one of his patients that had electromyographically silent muscle contractures brought on by high-intensity aerobic activity and anaerobic activity must have a defective muscle glycogen mechanism. | 0 |
It is an amide derived from lactic acid. It is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of 73-76 °C.
It can be prepared by the catalytic hydration of lactonitrile. | It is a phthalic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with the hydroxy group of benzyl alcohol. It is a major metabolite of the plasticiser butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). It has a role as a xenoestrogen and a xenobiotic metabolite. It is functionally related to a benzyl alcohol. | 0 |
It is a triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid. It has a role as an EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor, a protective agent, an apoptosis inducer, a prodrug and an antineoplastic agent. It is a triglyceride and a butyrate ester. It is functionally related to a butyric acid. | It, sold under the brand name Dostinex among others, is a dopaminergic medication used in the treatment of high prolactin levels, prolactinomas, Parkinson's disease, and for other indications. It is taken by mouth.
It is an ergot derivative and a potent dopamine D receptor agonist.
It was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1993. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. | 0 |
It is a dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant. It has a role as an antidepressant, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is a dibenzoazepine and a tertiary amino compound. It is functionally related to an imipramine. | It is a nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen. It has a role as a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and a neonicotinoid insectide. It is a member of thiazolidines, a nitrile and a monochloropyridine. It is functionally related to a 2-chloropyridine and a cyanamide. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Rehmannia glutinosa, Croton tiglium, and Euphorbia tirucalli with data available. | It is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) of the nandrolone group which itself was never marketed. It ester prodrugs, including trenbolone acetate (brand names Finajet, Finaplix, others) and trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (brand names Parabolan, Hexabolan), are or have been marketed for veterinary and clinical use. It acetate is used in veterinary medicine in livestock to increase muscle growth and appetite, while trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate was formerly used clinically in humans but is now no longer marketed. In addition, although it is not approved for clinical or veterinary use, trenbolone enanthate is sometimes sold on the black market under the nickname Trenabol. | 0 |
It, associated with several brand names, is an atypical antidepressant which was developed in the 1970s and either is no longer marketed or was never marketed. It is a phenylpiperazine related to trazodone and nefazodone in chemical structure and is a serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI) similarly to them. | It is a 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. It has a role as an EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor. | 0 |
It (also known as tyrphostin A9, SF-6847, GCP5126, and AG-17) is an uncoupling agent/protonophore. As of 1974 when it was discovered, it was considered the most powerful agent of this type, with a potency over 1800 times that of 2,4-dinitrophenol - the prototypical uncoupling agent - and about 3 times the effectiveness of 5-chloro-3-tert-butyl-2-chloro-4-nitrosalicylanilide. | It is a secondary amine with the chemical formula HN(CH). It is a colorless liquid, although commercial samples can appear yellow. It has a fishy odor, typical for amines. It is sparingly soluble in water. As an amine, it is an organic base and useful precursor to other chemicals. | 0 |
It is a member of piperidines. | It (2-butynediamide) is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula CHON. This compound was isolated from Streptomyces chibaensis, Streptomyces reticuli and Streptomyces sp. SF-536. | 0 |
It (Imagotan, Psychoson, Inofal) a typical antipsychotic and a metabolite of thioridazine; it and mesoridazine are more potent than the parent compound, whose pharmacological effects are believed by some to be largely due to its metabolism into sulforidazine and mesoridazine. | It is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent, a photosensitizing agent and an antitubercular agent. It is a quinolone, a N-arylpiperazine, a quinolinemonocarboxylic acid, a quinolone antibiotic and a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Pinus densiflora, Cyperus aromaticus, and other organisms with data available. | It is an organic molecular entity. | 0 |
It is an organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It has a role as an antiemetic, a dopaminergic antagonist, a first generation antipsychotic and an anaesthesia adjuvant. It is a member of benzimidazoles, an organofluorine compound and an aromatic ketone. | D-threonic acid is a threonic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a D-threonate. It is an enantiomer of a L-threonic acid. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of mebendazole in which the benzoyl group is replaced by a p-fluorobenzoyl group. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections. It has a role as an antinematodal drug and a teratogenic agent. It is a member of benzimidazoles, a carbamate ester, an organofluorine compound and an aromatic ketone. | It is a natural product found in Catha edulis, Ephedra sinica, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It or (from Somali waabaayo, "arrow poison" through French ouabaïo) also known as g-strophanthin, is a plant derived toxic substance that was traditionally used as an arrow poison in eastern Africa for both hunting and warfare. It is a cardiac glycoside and in lower doses, can be used medically to treat hypotension and some arrhythmias. It acts by inhibiting the Na/K-ATPase, also known as the sodium–potassium ion pump. However, adaptations to the alpha-subunit of the -ATPase via amino acid substitutions, have been observed in certain species, namely some herbivore- insect species, that have resulted in toxin resistance.
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. | It is a steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus. It has a role as an EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor, an EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor, an EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor, an EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a cardiotonic drug, an ion transport inhibitor and an anti-arrhythmia drug. It is a cardenolide glycoside, a steroid hormone, an alpha-L-rhamnoside, a 14beta-hydroxy steroid, a 5beta-hydroxy steroid and an 11alpha-hydroxy steroid. It is a conjugate acid of an ouabain(1-). | 1 |
It is a member of benzenes. | It, also known as cefazoline and cephazolin, is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used to treat cellulitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, and biliary tract infections. It is also used to prevent group B streptococcal disease around the time of delivery and before surgery. It is typically given by injection into a muscle or vein.
Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, yeast infections, and allergic reactions. Historically, it was thought to be contraindicated in patients with allergies to penicillin, although several recent studies have refuted this and it is proven to be safe in almost all patients, including those with known penicillin allergies. It is relatively safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is in the first-generation cephalosporin class of medication and works by interfering with the bacteria's cell wall.
It was patented in 1967 and came into commercial use in 1971. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. | 0 |
It (DOA) is an organic compound with the formula (CHCHCOCH). It is a colorless oily liquid . As well as related diesters derived from 2-ethylhexanol, decanol, isodecanol, etc., it is used as a plasticizer.
DEHA is sometimes incorrectly called dioctyl adipate. The abbreviation DOA has also been used for bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (CAS # 103-23-1). | It is a natural product found in Streptomyces with data available. | 1 |
It is an organochlorine compound. | It (perchloroethane) is an organochlorine compound with the chemical formula . It is a white or colorless solid at room temperature with a camphor-like odor. It has been used by the military in smoke compositions, such as base-eject smoke munitions (smoke grenades). | 0 |
It is a benzenediol comprising of a benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents ortho to each other. It has a role as a genotoxin, an allelochemical and a plant metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a catecholate(1-). | It (INN) (brand names Asverin, Antupex, Asvelik, Asvex, Bitiodin, Cofdenin A, Hustel, Nodal, Sotal), also known as tipepidine hibenzate (JAN), is a synthetic, non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class. It acts as an inhibitor of G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs). The drug was discovered in the 1950s, and was developed in Japan in 1959. It is used as the hibenzate and citrate salts.
The usual dose is 20 mg every 4–6 hours. Possible side effects of tipepidine, especially in overdose, may include drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, disorientation, loss of consciousness, and confusion.
It has been investigated as a potential psychiatric drug. It is being investigated in depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Through inhibition of GIRK channels, tipepidine increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, but without increasing locomotor activity or producing methamphetamine-like behavioral sensitization, and this action appears to be at least partly responsible for its antidepressant-like effects in rodents. | 0 |
It is an organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a carcinogenic agent and an alkylating agent. It is an organochlorine compound and a member of N-nitrosoureas. | It is a natural product found in Artemisia thuscula, Humulus lupulus, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
Colchicine is an alkaloid that is a carbotricyclic compound comprising 5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalene having four methoxy substituents at the 1-, 2-, 3- and 10-positions as well as an oxo group at the 9-position and an acetamido group at the 7-position. It has been isolated from the plants belonging to genus Colchicum. It has a role as a microtubule-destabilising agent and a plant metabolite. It is a carbotricyclic compound, an alkaloid, an aromatic ether and a member of acetamides. | It is a carbonate ester. | 0 |
It is a hydrocarbon with the formula . It is the smallest possible cycloalkene. At room temperature, cyclohexene a colorless liquid with a sharp odor. It has few practical applications. | It is an aromatic amine that is thalidomide substituted at position 4 on the isoindole ring system by an amino group. Used for the treatment of multiple myeloma in patients who failed to respond to previous therapies. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an immunomodulator and an angiogenesis inhibitor. It is a dicarboximide, a member of isoindoles, a member of piperidones and an aromatic amine. It is functionally related to a thalidomide. | 0 |
It is an imidazoline compound having the double bond at the 2-position. | It is a nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond. It has a role as a polar aprotic solvent. It is a volatile organic compound and an aliphatic nitrile. | 0 |
It is a benzyl ether. | It is an aroma compound with the chemical formula CHOS . It has a tropical flavor. It is found in Sauvignon wines and is a potent odorant of new-world hops. | 0 |
It is a member of benzenes. | It is a sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor. It is a sulfonamide, a member of acridines and an aromatic ether. | 0 |
It is a catecholate siderophore produced exclusively by Vibrio cholerae. It contains three molecules of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate linked either directly or through L-threonine residues to the polyamine norspermidine. It has a role as a siderophore. It is a member of 1,3-oxazoles and a secondary carboxamide. | It is an organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid). It has a role as a histological dye, a fluorochrome and a carcinogenic agent. It is an organosulfonate salt and an organic sodium salt. It contains a trypan blue(4-). | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Glycine max, Streptomyces, and other organisms with data available. | It is a mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent, a monocyclic heteroarene and an oxacycle. | 0 |
It, also known as 3α-hydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid or LCA, is a bile acid that acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption. Bacterial action in the colon produces LCA from chenodeoxycholic acid by reduction of the hydroxyl functional group at carbon-7 in the "B" ring of the steroid framework.
It has been implicated in human and experimental animal carcinogenesis. Preliminary in vitro research suggests that LCA selectively kills neuroblastoma cells, while sparing normal neuronal cells and is cytotoxic to numerous other malignant cell types at physiologically relevant concentrations.
Dietary fiber can bind to lithocholic acid and aid in its excretion in stool; as such, fiber can protect against colon cancer.
LCA (and LCA acetate and LCA propionate) can activate the vitamin D receptor without raising calcium levels as much as vitamin D itself.
LCA binds with high affinity (20 μM) to the human membrane enzyme NAPE-PLD, enhancing dimer assembly and enabling catalysis. NAPE-PLD catalyzes the release of anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines (NAE) from the membrane precursor N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine(NAPE). NAPE-PLD facilitates crosstalk between bile acid signals and lipid amide signals.
LCA was also shown to have anti-aging effects in a yeast study. A later study showed that the bile acid accumulates in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, altering the mitochondria's lipid composition by promoting or inhibiting various enzymes. | In organophosphorus chemistry, phosphoramidates (sometimes also called amidophosphates) are a class of phosphorus compounds structurally related to phosphates (or organophosphates) via the substitution of an group for an amine group (). They are derivatives of phosphoramidic acids, which possess the structure or .
A phosphorodiamidate is a phosphate that has two of its hydroxyl () groups substituted by amine () groups to give a species with the general formula . The substitution of all three OH groups gives the phosphoric triamides (), which are commonly referred to as phosphoramides. | 0 |
It is a N-acyl-amino acid. | It is a member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache. It has a role as a sedative and an analgesic. It is functionally related to a barbituric acid. | 0 |
O-acetylcarnitine is an O-acylcarnitine having acetyl as the acyl substituent. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is functionally related to an acetic acid. It is a conjugate base of an O-acetylcarnitinium. | It (bactoCeaze, ensamycin, and initially antibiotic 6640 and rickamicin), is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, isolated from the fermentation broth of Micromonospora inositola. It is a newer broad-spectrum aminoglycoside most structurally related to gentamicin.
It is the most predictably active aminoglycoside against Gram-positive bacteria. Like most other aminoglycosides, sisomicin is bactericidal for sensitive clinical isolates. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) have been found to be equivalent or very close to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Like other aminoglycosides, most clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa remain susceptible to sisomicin. Resistance to sisomicin may be enzymatically or non-enzymatically mediated. It is inactivated by the same enzymes as gentamicin, but it is active against many organisms that resist gentamicin by non-enzymatic mechanisms.
Some studies show that sisomicin has been effective in the treatment of infections that either had failed to respond to other drugs or were due to microorganisms resistant in vitro to other aminoglycosides. | 0 |
It is a triglyceride naturally present in butter. It is an ester composed of butyric acid and glycerol. Among other things, it is used as an ingredient in making margarine. It is present in butter and can be described as a liquid fat with an acrid taste.
It is also used in microbiological laboratories to identify the bacterium Moraxella catarrhalis.
It is a stable and rapidly absorbed prodrug of butyric acid which enhances antiproliferative effects of dihydroxycholecalciferol in human colon cancer cells. | It is a monoterpenoid. | 0 |
It (IUPAC name, commonly called sec-isoamyl alcohol) is an organic chemical compound. It is used as a solvent and an intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals. | It is an aromatic heterocyclic compound with the chemical formula . It is colorless, slightly viscous liquid. Although the parent compound, benzothiazole is not widely used, many of its derivatives are found in commercial products or in nature. Firefly luciferin can be considered a derivative of benzothiazole. | 0 |
D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate is a glucopyranose ring with a phosphate replacing the hydroxy in the hydroxymethyl group at position 6. It is a D-glucose 6-phosphate and a D-hexopyranose 6-phosphate. It is functionally related to a D-glucopyranose. It is a conjugate acid of a D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate(2-). | It (COR) is a toxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. It is involved in causing stomata to re-open after they close in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as interfering with the responses mediated by salicylic acid after the infection has begun. It consists of coronafacic acid (CFA), which is an analog of methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), and coronamic acid (CMA), joined by an amide bond between the acid group of CFA and the amino group of CMA. | 0 |
It is a member of benzoic acids and a member of guanidines. | It is a member of quinazolines. | 0 |
It (methyl sec-butyl ketone) is an aliphatic ketone and isomer of 2-hexanone. It is used as a solvent and as an intermediate for syntheses. Its industrial importance is low. It is produced by base-catalyzed aldol condensation of 2-butanone with acetaldehyde, forming 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-pentanone, which is dehydrated to 3-methyl-3-penten-2-one over an acid catalyst, followed by hydrogenation over a palladium catalyst. | It is a member of bromomethanes and a bromohydrocarbon. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Diovan among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease. It belongs to a class of medications referred to as angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). It is a reasonable initial treatment for high blood pressure. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include feeling tired, dizziness, high blood potassium, diarrhea, and joint pain. Other serious side effects may include kidney problems, low blood pressure, and angioedema. Use in pregnancy may harm the baby and use when breastfeeding is not recommended. It is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and works by blocking the effects of angiotensin II.
It was patented in 1990, and came into medical use in 1996. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 120th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5million prescriptions. Versions are available as the combinations valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide, valsartan/amlodipine, valsartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide, valsartan/nebivolol, and valsartan/sacubitril. | It is a plant metabolite, chemically classified as a phenol, an aromatic ether, and an isoquinoline alkaloid. It has been isolated from the Asian vine Menispermum dauricum, commonly known as Asian moonseed, and the North American vine Menispermum canadense, commonly known as Canadian moonseed. Scientists Tetsuji Kametani and Keiichiro Fukumoto of Japan are credited with being the first to synthesize dauricine in 1964, using both the Arndt-Eistert reaction and Bischler-Napieralski reaction to do so. It has been studied in vitro for its potential to inhibit cancer cell growth and to block cardiac transmembrane Na, K, and Ca ion currents. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Punica granatum with data available. | It is a thio-fatty acid that is reduced form of lipoic acid. A potent antioxidant shown to directly destroy superoxide, hydroperoxy and hydroxyl radicals; also has neuroprotective and anti-tumour effects. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent, an antioxidant and a human metabolite. It is functionally related to an octanoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a dihydrolipoate. | 0 |
It is a member of piperidines. | It (COR) is a toxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. It is involved in causing stomata to re-open after they close in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as interfering with the responses mediated by salicylic acid after the infection has begun. It consists of coronafacic acid (CFA), which is an analog of methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), and coronamic acid (CMA), joined by an amide bond between the acid group of CFA and the amino group of CMA. | 0 |
(+)-haematoxylin is a haematoxylin. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-haematoxylin. | It is the dipeptide of glycine, making it the simplest peptide.
The compound was first synthesized by Emil Fischer and Ernest Fourneau in 1901 by boiling 2,5-diketopiperazine (glycine anhydride) with hydrochloric acid.
Shaking with alkali and other synthesis methods have been reported.
Because of its low toxicity, it is useful as a buffer for biological systems with effective ranges between pH 2.5–3.8 and 7.5–8.9; however, it is only moderately stable for storage once dissolved. It is used in the synthesis of more complex peptides.
It has also been reported to be helpful in solubilizing recombinant proteins in E. coli. Using different concentrations of the glycylglycine improvement in protein solubility after cell lysis has been observed. | 0 |
Rubber particle is a polymer consisting of cis-linked prenyl units. It contains a cis-1,4-polyisoprene. | It is a member of the class of tetroxocanes that is 1,3,5,7-tetroxocane which carries four methyl groups at positions 2,4,6 and 8. It is a potent molluscicide and the active ingredient in most slug pellets used for crop protection. It has a role as a molluscicide and a fuel. | 0 |
It (DA, a contraction of 3,4-ihydrxyhenethyl) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells. It is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families. It constitutes about 80% of the catecholamine content in the brain. It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical, L-DOPA, which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. It is also synthesized in plants and most animals. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. Neurotransmitters are synthesized in specific regions of the brain, but affect many regions systemically. The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior. The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain, and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release. Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones. These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory.
In popular culture and media, dopamine is often portrayed as the main chemical of pleasure, but the current opinion in pharmacology is that dopamine instead confers motivational salience; in other words, dopamine signals the perceived motivational prominence (i.e., the desirability or aversiveness) of an outcome, which in turn propels the organism's behavior toward or away from achieving that outcome. It is the endocannabinoid, 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG: CHO; 20:4, ω-6) that shape accumbal encoding of cue-motivated behavior via CB1 receptor activation in the ventral tegmentum, and thereby modulates cue-evoked dopamine transients during the pursuit of reward.
Outside the central nervous system, dopamine functions primarily as a local paracrine messenger. In blood vessels, it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator; in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system, it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. With the exception of the blood vessels, dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it.
Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with dysfunctions of the dopamine system, and some of the key medications used to treat them work by altering the effects of dopamine. Parkinsons disease, a degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called the substantia nigra. Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured; Levodopa, a pure form of L-DOPA, is the most widely used treatment for Parkinsons. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity. Similar dopamine antagonist drugs are also some of the most effective anti-nausea agents. Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with decreased dopamine activity. Itrgic stimulants can be addictive in high doses, but some are used at lower doses to treat ADHD. It itself is available as a manufactured medication for intravenous injection. It is useful in the treatment of severe heart failure or cardiogenic shock. In newborn babies it may be used for hypotension and septic shock. | It is an organosilicon compound that is dimethylsilane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the silicon is replaced by a 4-ethoxyphenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)propyl group. It is an insecticide used to control soil-borne insects. It has a role as a pyrethroid ether insecticide. It is an organofluorine compound, an organosilicon compound and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to a 4-(trimethylsilyl)phenol. | 0 |
It is a benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and ethanol. It is a volatile oil component found in ripe kiwifruit, cranberry juice, and palm kernel oil. It has a role as a flavouring agent, a fragrance and a volatile oil component. It is a benzoate ester and an ethyl ester. | It is a glycine derivative having methyl and amidino groups attached to the nitrogen. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent, a nutraceutical, a human metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector. It is a member of guanidines and a glycine derivative. It is a conjugate acid of a creatinate. It is a tautomer of a creatine zwitterion. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Dichrostachys cinerea with data available. | O-orsellinate depside is a benzoate ester. It is functionally related to an o-orsellinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an o-orsellinate depsidate(1-). | 0 |
It is a silicon hydride. | It is a medication used to treat and prevent influenza caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses. It is a neuraminidase inhibitor and was developed by the Australian biotech firm Biota Holdings. It was licensed to Glaxo in 1990 and approved in the US in 1999, only for use as a treatment for influenza. In 2006, it was approved for prevention of influenza A and B. It was the first neuraminidase inhibitor commercially developed. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline under the trade name Relenza as a powder for oral inhalation. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. It is only found in individuals that have taken this drug. It has a role as an anxiolytic drug, an anticonvulsant, a muscle relaxant, a sedative, a GABA agonist and a xenobiotic. It is a triazolobenzodiazepine and an organochlorine compound. | It is a benzothiazepine. | 0 |
It (PCA) is a medication of the antiarrhythmic class used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. It is a sodium channel blocker of cardiomyocytes; thus it is classified by the Vaughan Williams classification system as class Ia. In addition to blocking the I current, it inhibits the I rectifier K+ current. It is also known to induce a voltage-dependent open channel block on the batrachotoxin (BTX)-activated sodium channels in cardiomyocytes. | (S)-glaucine is an aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-1,2,9,10-tetrahydroxy-6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline in which the four phenolic hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. It has a role as a platelet aggregation inhibitor, a NF-kappaB inhibitor, an antitussive, an antibacterial agent, a muscle relaxant, an antineoplastic agent, a plant metabolite and a rat metabolite. It is an aporphine alkaloid, a polyether, an organic heterotetracyclic compound and a tertiary amino compound. It is a conjugate base of a (S)-glaucine(1+). | 0 |
It is a second generation antihistamine and platelet-activating factor antagonist used to treat allergies. It was discovered and developed by and is marketed as Rupafin and under several other trade names. | It is an extended flavonoid. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of tetralins that is 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 6 are replaced by 4-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl and phenyl groups, respectively (the 5R,6S-stereoisomer). It is a selective estrogen receptor modulator indicated for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a cardioprotective agent, an estrogen receptor agonist, an estrogen receptor antagonist and a bone density conservation agent. It is a member of tetralins, an aromatic ether, a member of naphthols and a N-alkylpyrrolidine. | It is an organothiophosphate insecticide. It is used against Lepidoptera, jassids, aphids, soft scales, mosquitoes, blowflies, houseflies, and ked. | 0 |
It is a carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals. It has a role as a fungal metabolite, an EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor, an antifungal agent, a Penicillium metabolite and an apoptosis inducer. It is a carboxylic ester, a statin (naturally occurring), a member of hexahydronaphthalenes, a member of 2-pyranones and a polyketide. | It is a natural product found in Penicillium commune, Penicillium simplicissimum, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a member of isoquinolines. | It is a beta-D-glucoside of beta-cyclocitral; the precursor of safranal. It is the compound most responsible for the bitter taste of saffron. It is functionally related to a beta-cyclocitral. | 0 |
It is the organic compound with the formula (CH)O. It is a colorless, low-melting solid. This, the simplest diaryl ether, has a variety of niche applications. | It is a narrow spectrum systemic acaricide used to combat spider mites. It targets a variety of mites in the egg, larvae and nymph stages however not the adult stage. It also exhibits insecticidal activity towards aphids, the green rice leafhopper and diamondback moth. The mode of action was originally suspected to inhibit the molting process but has since been shown to inhibit chitin synthesis. Resistance due to its high efficacy and cross resistance when used with other acaricides are both of concern similar to was seen in the fast development of cross resistance in the previous generation of acaricides. The LC for resistant mite strains has been observed over 100,000 times greater than that of susceptible strains. Thus resistance management strategies are important in order to limit the increase of etoxazole resistant mite strains.
It has a mammalian toxicity LD of 5 g/kg and an environmental persistence DT of 19 days. Toxicity towards fish is of potential concern.
It was discovered in the 1980s by Yashima and was released for commercial use in 1998 in Japan. It is sold under various commercial preparations for crop application such as TetraSan 5 WDG and Zeal by Valent in the United States. | 0 |
It (brand name Estriel), or estriol tripropanoate, is an estrogen medication. It is an estrogen ester, specifically, an ester of estriol. | It is a steroid ester. | 1 |
It is an antidiabetic medication within the sulfonylurea class, primarily prescribed for the management of type 2 diabetes. It is regarded as a second-line option compared to metformin, due to metformin's well-established safety and efficacy. Use of glimepiride is recommended in conjunction with lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise. It is taken by mouth, reaching a peak effect within three hours and lasting for about a day.
Common side effects include headache, nausea, and dizziness. Serious side effects may include low blood sugar. Use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not recommended. It works predominantly by increasing the amount of insulin released from the pancreas. It is classified as a second-generation sulfonylurea.
It was patented in 1979 and approved for medical use in 1995. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 74th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8million prescriptions. | It is a member of the class of calcium oxides of calcium and oxygen in a 1:1 ratio. It has a role as a fertilizer. | 0 |
It is a linear alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH. It is a colorless, flammable liquid, occurring primarily in the component of the petroleum distillate fraction commonly called kerosene, which is used as a heating, tractor, and jet fuel. It is also used as a solvent, distillation chaser, fuel additive, and a component in biodegradable detergents.
It has 35 structural isomers.
Its substituent form is nonyl. Its cycloalkane counterpart is cyclononane, (CH).
Unlike most alkanes, the numeric prefix in its name is from Latin, not Greek. (A name using a Greek prefix would be enneane.) | It is a straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms. It has a role as a volatile oil component and a plant metabolite. | 1 |
Alpha,alpha-trehalose is a trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a geroprotector. | It is a 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is malic acid (hydroxysuccinic acid) in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group. It has a role as a human metabolite, a plant metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is a 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid, a 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic fatty acid. It is functionally related to a succinic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a citramalate(2-). | 0 |
It is a quinolizidine alkaloid present in the genus Lupinus (colloquially referred to as lupins) of the flowering plant family Fabaceae. The scientific literature contains many reports on the isolation and synthesis of this compound as well as a vast number of studies on its biosynthesis from its natural precursor, lysine. Studies have shown that lupinine hydrochloride is a mildly toxic acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and that lupinine has an inhibitory effect on acetylcholine receptors. The characteristically bitter taste of lupin beans, which come from the seeds of Lupinus plants, is attributable to the quinolizidine alkaloids which they contain, rendering them unsuitable for human and animal consumption unless handled properly. However, because lupin beans have potential nutritional value due to their high protein content, efforts have been made to reduce their alkaloid content through the development of "sweet" varieties of Lupinus. | It is a member of isoquinolines. | 0 |
It is a tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence It has a role as a protease inhibitor and an EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor. | It is a member of pyridines and an aromatic carboxylic acid. | 0 |
It is a chemical compound with formula . It is a dihalogenocarboxylic acid, specifically a structural analog of acetic acid with two of three hydrogen atoms on the alpha carbon replaced with fluorine atoms. In solution, it dissociates to form difluoroacetate ions. It can also be used as direct C-H difluoromethylating reagent. | It is a member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. It has a role as a beta-adrenergic agonist, an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an anti-asthmatic drug, a bronchodilator agent, a sympathomimetic agent, a tocolytic agent and a hypoglycemic agent. It is a member of phenylethanolamines and a member of resorcinols. | 0 |
It is a pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6. It has a role as a metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is functionally related to a uracil. It is a conjugate acid of an orotate. | In chemistry, a hydride is formally the anion of hydrogen (H), a hydrogen atom with two electrons. The term is applied loosely. At one extreme, all compounds containing covalently bound H atoms are also called hydrides: water (HO) is a hydride of oxygen, ammonia is a hydride of nitrogen, etc. For inorganic chemists, hydrides refer to compounds and ions in which hydrogen is covalently attached to a less electronegative element. In such cases, the H centre has nucleophilic character, which contrasts with the protic character of acids. The hydride anion is very rarely observed.
Almost all of the elements form binary compounds with hydrogen, the exceptions being He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Pm, Os, Ir, Rn, Fr, and Ra. Exotic molecules such as positronium hydride have also been made. | 0 |
It is a member of naphthalenes. It has a role as an EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor. | It is a penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is a penicillin and a dichlorobenzene. It is a conjugate acid of a dicloxacillin(1-). | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Antizoma angustifolia with data available. | It is an alkaloid with the chemical formula . It is the core chemical substructure of the aporphine alkaloids, a subclass of quinoline alkaloids. It can exist in either of two enantiomeric forms, (R)-aporphine and (S)-aporphine. | 1 |
It is a naturally occurring organic compound that is a quaternary ammonium salt with a phenethylamine skeleton. It is the N,N,N-trimethyl derivative of the well-known biogenic amine tyramine, and, being a natural product with a positively charged nitrogen atom in its molecular structure, it is classed as an alkaloid. Although it is found in a variety of plants, including barley, its properties have not been extensively studied with modern techniques. It is toxic after parenteral administration, producing symptoms of neuromuscular blockade; further details are given in the "Pharmacology" section below. | It is a 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea. It has a role as an antibacterial drug and a DNA synthesis inhibitor. It is a monocarboxylic acid, an amino acid, a 1,8-naphthyridine derivative, a N-arylpiperazine, a quinolone antibiotic and a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. | 0 |
It is a 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17. It has a role as a contraceptive drug, an antineoplastic agent, an appetite enhancer, a progestin and a synthetic oral contraceptive. It is a 20-oxo steroid, a 17alpha-hydroxy steroid, a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid and a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone. | It is a corticosteroid hormone. | 0 |
It is a one-carbon compound that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus is substituted by a methyl group. It is a one-carbon compound and a member of phosphonic acids. It is functionally related to a phosphonic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a methylphosphonate(1-). | It is the common (or trivial) chemical name of a naturally occurring, oily liquid hydrocarbon found primarily in the high-boiling fraction of certain pine resins. The name is derived from that of a pine species from which the compound was isolated,
Chemically, longifolene is a tricyclic sesquiterpene. This molecule is chiral, and the enantiomer commonly found in pines and other higher plants exhibits a positive optical rotation of +42.73°. The other enantiomer (optical rotation −42.73°) is found in small amounts in certain fungi and liverworts.
It is also one of two most abundant aroma constituents of lapsang souchong tea, because the tea is smoked over pinewood fires. | 0 |
It is an intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis. Disregarding some intermediate compounds (e.g. 4-4-dimethylzymosterol) lanosterol can be considered a precursor of zymosterol in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. The conversion of zymosterol into cholesterol happens in the endoplasmic reticulum. It accumulates quickly in the plasma membrane coming from the cytosol. The movement of zymosterol across the cytosol is more than twice as fast as the movement of cholesterol itself. | It, is a form of vitamin B found commonly in food and used as a dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects or complications of isoniazid use, and certain types of mushroom poisoning. It is used by mouth or by injection.
It is usually well tolerated. Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness. Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is in the vitamin B family of vitamins. It is required by the body to metabolise amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain. | 0 |
Subsets and Splits