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27734269	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneibstein	Schneibstein	Schneibstein is a mountain of Bavaria, Germany. Mountains of Bavaria Berchtesgaden Alps Mountains of the Alps
56299694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiura	Hiura	Hiura (written: 日浦 or 樋浦) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: , Japanese actor and voice actor , Japanese shogi player Keston Hiura (born 1996), American baseball player Japanese-language surnames
2091582	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan%20of%20Sultans	Sultan of Sultans	Sultan of Sultans is the literal English translation of the Ottoman Turkish royal title Sulṭānü's-Selāṭīn. But this title was firstly used by Sultan of Delhi Sultanate in Persian context. As with various other laudatory titles of Semitic origin, such as "King of Kings", Sultan of Sultans can express a claim of imperial rank up to and including universal legitimate sovereignty. Although the notion and title of an emperor is largely alien to Islamic tradition, the Ottoman dynasty, which employed the title of "Sultan of Sultans" in its official full style, had perhaps the best claim to usage due to its territorial extent and great length. The Ottomans also adopted the traditional Byzantine imperial title Caesar for their own ruler (the Padishah). The Sultans of Delhi Sultanate used this title to signify their rule over North India as hundred of Indian Rajas ruled under their suzerainty. But they also considered themselves beneath the Caliph however they were independent. Similarly, the Sultans of Bengal also used this title. The Shahanshah (Persian for "King of Kings") of Iran also claimed, with slightly less legitimacy, to be the "Sultan of Sultans". These assertions were tied to the conflict between the Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam. References Ottoman titles
57174783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Cunliffe	Herbert Cunliffe	Sir Joseph Herbert Cunliffe, (1 July 1867 – 9 April 1963) was a British barrister and Conservative Party politician. Cunliffe was called to the bar in 1896 and took silk in 1912. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Bolton, a two-member constituency, from 1923 to 1929. He was Attorney-General of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1921 to 1946. From 1932 to 1946 he was Chairman of the General Council of the Bar. He was appointed a knight bachelor in the 1926 New Year Honours List. In 1946 he was appointed KBE. Arms References Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies People from Bolton UK MPs 1923–1924 UK MPs 1924–1929 Attorneys-General of the Duchy of Lancaster Knights Bachelor 1867 births 1963 deaths Members of Lincoln's Inn English barristers English Queen's Counsel Queen's Counsel 1901–2000 Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
519148	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20in%20the%20United%20States	Television in the United States	Television is one of the major mass media of the United States. , household ownership of television sets in the country is 96.7%, with approximately 114,200,000 American households owning at least one television set as of August 2013. The majority of households have more than one set. The peak ownership percentage of households with at least one television set occurred during the 1996–97 season, with 98.4% ownership. As a whole, the television networks that broadcast in the United States are the largest and most distributed in the world, and programs produced specifically for U.S.-based networks are the most widely syndicated internationally. Due to a recent surge in the number and popularity of critically acclaimed television series during the 2000s and the 2010s to date, many critics have said that American television is currently undergoing a modern golden age. Television channels and networks In the United States, television is available via broadcast (also known as "over-the-air" or OTA) – the earliest method of receiving television programming, which merely requires an antenna and an equipped internal or external tuner capable of picking up channels that transmit on the two principal broadcast bands, very high frequency (VHF) and ultra high frequency (UHF), to receive the signal – and four conventional types of multichannel subscription television: cable, unencrypted satellite ("free-to-air"), direct-broadcast satellite television and IPTV (internet protocol television). There are also competing video services on the World Wide Web, which have become an increasingly popular mode of television viewing since the late 2000s, particularly with younger audiences as an alternative or a supplement to the aforementioned traditional forms of viewing television content; the 2010s saw the development of several virtual MVPD services offering "skinny" tiers of channels originally developed for cable and satellite distribution at a reduced base price compared to providers using the more established pay television distribution methods. Individual broadcast television stations in the U.S. transmit on either VHF channels 2 through 13 or UHF channels 14 through 36. During the era of analog television, broadcast stations transmitted on a single universal channel; however due to the technical complexities of the present digital television standard, most stations now transmit physically on an RF channel (or "minor channel") that is mapped to a virtual channel (or "major channel"), which – with some exceptions – typically differs from their physical allocation and corresponds to the station's former analog channel. The UHF band originally spanned from channels 14 to 83, though the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has reduced the bandwidth allocation for UHF three times since then. Channels 70 to 83 were cut for emergency and other telecommunications purposes in 1983. In 2009, channels 52 to 69 were removed by mandate at the completion of the transition from analog to digital television. In 2020, transition away from channels above 36 was completed to make room for its use by telecommunications companies, after a 2017 spectrum auction. As in other countries, television stations require a license to broadcast legally (which any prospective broadcaster can apply for through the FCC) and must comply with certain requirements (such as those involving programming of public affairs and educational interest, and regulations prohibiting the airing of indecent content) to retain it; the FCC's Board of Commissioners maintains oversight of the renewal of existing station licenses approaching their expiration, with individuals or groups who wish to oppose the granting of a renewal to a licensee based on any disagreement over rule compliance or any other issues inclined to contest it for consideration of revocation. Free-to-air and subscription television networks, however, are not required to file for a license to operate. Over-the-air and free-to-air television do not necessitate any monthly payments, while cable, direct broadcast satellite (DBS), IPTV and virtual MVPD services require monthly payments that vary depending on the number of channels that a subscriber chooses to pay for in a particular package. Channels are usually sold in groups (known as "tiers"), rather than singularly (or on an a la carte basis). Most conventional subscription television services offer a limited basic (or "lifeline") tier, a minimum base package that includes only broadcast stations within the television market where the service is located, and public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable channels; in many smaller markets, this tier may offer stations from adjacent markets that act as default network affiliates for areas not served by a local affiliate of one or more of the major broadcast networks; however, since the digital television transition in the late 2000s, these have been replaced in some cases by digital subchannels that have agreed to provide a particular network's programming within the local market. Elevated programming tiers commonly start with an expanded basic package, offering a selection of subscription channels intended for wide distribution (primarily those that launched between the 1970s and the 1990s); since the upspring of digital cable and satellite television during the mid- and late 1990s, additional channels with more limited distribution are offered as add-ons to the basic packages through separate tiers, which are commonly organized based on the programming format of the channels sold in the tier. A la carte subscription services in the U.S. are primarily limited to pay television (more commonly known as "premium") channels that are offered as add-ons to any programming package that a customer of a multichannel video programming distributor (also known as a cable or satellite "system" or "provider") can subscribe to for an additional monthly fee. Broadcast television The United States has a "decentralized", market-oriented television system, particularly in regard to broadcast television. The nation has a national public television service known as the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Local media markets have their own television stations, which may either be affiliated with or owned and operated by a television network. Stations may sign affiliation agreements with one of the national networks for the local rights to carry their programming; these contracts can last anywhere from one to ten years, although such agreements often last on average between four and six years. Except in very small markets with a limited number of commercial stations (generally, fewer than five), affiliation agreements are usually exclusive: for example, if a station is affiliated with NBC, it consequently would not air programs from ABC, CBS or other conventional broadcast networks but may carry specialty services intended to be carried on digital television signals on one or more subchannels. Arrangements in which television stations carried more than one network on its main signal (which often resulted in some network programs being not being cleared to air locally by the station, thereby limiting their national carriage and resulting in viewers having to rely on an out-of-market station receivable in their area that airs the locally pre-empted show through an affiliation with that same network to see it) were more common between the 1940s and the 1960s, although some arrangements continued as late as 2010. Today, programming from networks other than that with which the station maintains a primary affiliation are usually carried over digital subchannels, which increasingly since the mid-2000s, have allowed one of the major broadcast networks to expand their national coverage to markets where they would have previously either had to settle for a secondary affiliation with a full-power television station (which maintain transmitting power as high as 1,000 kilowatts and outputs a signal extending as far as from the transmitter site), or an exclusive or primary affiliation with a low-power station with more limited signal coverage (which maintain a reduced transmitting power not exceeding 100 kilowatts, with a more limited signal radius covering an area from the transmitter). However unlike in other countries, to ensure local presences in television broadcasting, federal law restricts the amount of network programming that local stations can run. Until the 1970s and 1980s, local stations supplemented network programming with a sizeable amount of their own locally produced shows, which encompassed a broad content spectrum that included variety, talk, music and sports programming. Today however, many (though not all) stations produce only local news programs, and in some cases, public affairs programs (most commonly, in the form of news and/or political analysis shows); the remainder of their schedules are filled with syndicated programs, or material produced independently and sold to individual stations in each local market. The method of most commercial stations – those that rely, at least partly, on advertising for revenue – acquiring programs through distributors of syndicated content to fill time not allotted to network and/or local programming differs from other countries worldwide where networks handle the responsibility of programming first-run and syndicated programs, whereas their partner stations are only responsible for the programming of local content. The international programming model is used in the U.S. by some smaller networks and multicast services, which are more cost-effective for their affiliate stations since they require little to no acquired or locally produced programming to fill airtime at the local level. The federal government has imposed limits on how many stations an individual owner can hold. The earliest limits restricted owners from holding more than five stations across the entire country, and no more than one in any given market. As of 2017, these limits have been relaxed substantially. Since 1999, an ownership group is now legally allowed to own up to two signals in a market (which can amount to many more actual channels through digital transmission); since the early 1990s, some broadcasters have also used a shell company to circumvent certain ownership restrictions by way of a local marketing agreement; groups can cover up to 78% of the United States with their signals under the "UHF discount" (originally passed in 1985 to benefit UHF television stations that, prior to the 2009 digital transition, often had spotty signal quality), which allows broadcasters to count ownership of UHF stations by 50% of the station's audience reach. (The "discount" was repealed by the FCC under Chair Tom Wheeler and his Democrat-led board in 2015, but was reinstated by Wheeler's successor and former board colleague, Ajit Pai and his fellow Republican commissioners in April 2017.) All four of the major television networks directly own and operate a number of stations, concentrating mostly on the largest metropolitan areas. The largest ownership group in terms of coverage of the U.S. is the E. W. Scripps Company, whose stations cover 65% of the nation; Scripps primarily operates affiliates of the six major networks, most maintaining full-scale local operations and/or news departments, though its reach greatly expanded in 2021 through its purchase of Ion Media (corporate parent of namesake flagship network Ion Television), whose stations by contrast are entirely centrally operated and do not maintain local programming, which it acquired to have that group's stations serve primarily as pass-through outlets for Scripps’ various multicast network properties. Two other ownership groups in particular, Sinclair Broadcast Group and Nexstar Media Group, do not produce network programming (Sinclair has produced original programs for its stations but not on a full-time network including the four multicast services it distributes to its own stations and those owned by partner companies and other unaffiliated group owners) but each own over 150 stations, each covering over three-eighths of the country. In terms of number of stations, Nexstar and Sinclair run first and second, with third place held by Gray Television, whose 131 stations cover mostly smaller metropolitan areas reaching only 10% of the population. Major broadcast networks The five major U.S. broadcast television networks are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), CBS (an abbreviation for the Columbia Broadcasting System, its former legal name), the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), the Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox), and The CW Television Network (CW). The first and elder three (which are colloquially known as the "Big Three") began as radio networks: NBC and CBS respectively began operations in 1924 and 1927, while ABC was spun off from NBC to Edward J. Noble in 1943 as the Blue Network during FCC inquiries over NBC's dominant share of the American radio market, although the ABC television network would not reach viewership and distribution parity with NBC and CBS until the late 1960s. DuMont Television Network (1948–1956) and NTA Film Network (1956–1961) were early attempts at a "fourth network". Fox, built partly on the remnants of DuMont, is a relative newcomer that began operations in 1986 and expanded its programming through the 1990s. The Paramount Television Network flourished simultaneously with Fox, if less successfully. The CW was created in September 2006 when CBS Corporation and Time Warner decided to merge the respective programming assets of the United Paramount Network (UPN) and The WB, both of which launched in January 1995, with The CW also drawing from the latter's broadcast and cable assets and scheduling model (The WB's online assets remained separate, although its former web domain – which was revamped as a streaming service – was shut down in December 2013 and replaced with a promotional website for Warner Bros. Television programs). All in all, the U.S. broadcasting landscape dramatically evolved towards a conglomeratization of players – an effect also called concentration of media ownership, which describes the narrowing of competition in modern television broadcasting. Weekday schedules on ABC, CBS, and NBC affiliates tend to be similar, with programming choices sorted by dayparts (Fox does not air network programming outside of prime time other than sports programming that airs on weekends and, on fairly rare occasions, weekdays). Typically, these begin with an early-morning national newscast (such as ABC's America This Morning), followed by a local morning news program; these are typically followed by a network morning program (such as NBC's Today), which usually mixes news, weather, lifestyle segments, interviews and music performances. Network daytime schedules consist of talk shows and soap operas, although one network – CBS – still carries game shows (a handful of other game shows otherwise air in syndication); local newscasts may air at midday timeslots. Syndicated talk shows are shown in the late afternoon, followed by additional local newscasts in the early evening time period. ABC, CBS and NBC offer network news programs each evening, generally airing at 6:30 or 7:00 p.m. in the Eastern Time Zone (5:30 or 6:00 p.m. in other areas), however these are sometimes subject to pre-emption on weekends and select holidays due to sports programming that overlaps into the time slot, either because the event is scheduled to occur later in the day or extends beyond the set time block (due to regulations imposed by sports leagues, particularly as a result of the infamous 1968 "Heidi Bowl" telecast in which NBC interrupted a National Football League (NFL) game between the New York Jets and the Oakland Raiders to air a made-for-television film in its scheduled time slot due to a failure in communications between network executives, most televised sporting events are required to be broadcast until their completion). Local newscasts or syndicated programs fill the "prime access" hour or half-hour (7:00 to 8:00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones, 6:30 to 7:00 p.m. in other areas), and lead into the networks' prime time schedules, which are the day's most-watched three hours of television. The traditional prime time schedule runs from 8:00 to 11:00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones and 7:00 to 10:00 p.m. elsewhere, although this varies depending on the network and the day: the four major networks program an additional hour (running from 7:00 to 8:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific, 6:00 to 7:00 p.m. elsewhere) on Sunday evenings (many Spanish language broadcast networks also program this additional hour to begin their prime time lineups on all seven nights of the week); Fox, The CW and MyNetworkTV, in contrast, do not carry any programming during the 10:00/9:00 p.m. hour and leave that hour for their affiliates to provide programming of their own. Typically, family-oriented comedy programs led in the early part of prime time, although in recent years, reality television programs (such as Dancing with the Stars and American Idol), and more adult-oriented scripted programs – both comedies and dramas – have largely replaced them. Later in the evening, drama series of various types (such as NCIS, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Grey's Anatomy) air. Sunday is the most-watched night on American television, with many of TV's most popular shows airing on that night. Viewership tends to then decline throughout the week, culminating in the lowest ratings being registered on Friday and Saturday night; most broadcast networks abandoned the programming of first-run scripted fare on Saturdays by 2004, in favor of sports, newsmagazines and burn-offs and reruns of other prime time series; however first-run scripted programming continues to air on Fridays, being mixed in with newsmagazines and/or reality series, depending on the network. Networks, however, pay special attention to Thursday night, which is the last night for advertisers of weekend purchases – such as cars, movie tickets and home video rentals – to reach large television audiences. Throughout the 1990s, NBC called its own Thursday night lineup "Must See TV", and during that decade, some of the country's most watched television shows aired on Thursday nights (several of which aired on NBC), before the re-emergence of Sunday as the top night of prime time programming in the 2000s. At the end of prime time, another local news program is broadcast, usually followed by late-night interview shows (such as The Late Show with Stephen Colbert or The Tonight Show). Rather than sign off in the early pre-dawn hours of the morning (as was standard practice until the early 1970s in larger markets and until the mid-1980s in smaller ones), television stations now fill the time with syndicated programming, reruns of prime time television shows or late local newscasts (the latter becoming less common since the early 2000s), or 30-minute advertisements, known as infomercials, and in the case of CBS and ABC, overnight network news programs. On some stations, syndicated programming may fill timeslots where local newscasts would traditionally air, either due to the station not programming news in certain time periods or because it does not operate a news department; similarly, local news programs in the late evening hours may air during the final hour of prime time (10:00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones and 9:00 p.m. in all others) and/or during the morning commute period (7:00 to 9:00 or 10:00 a.m. in all time zones), usually on stations affiliated with networks other than those classified as part of the "Big Three" (ABC, NBC and CBS) and those without a network affiliation. Saturday mornings usually feature network programming aimed at children (traditionally these mainly consisted of animated cartoons and in some cases, live-action scripted series and even game shows targeted at the demographic, although live-action lifestyle, science and wildlife programs have become the norm for the timeslot since 2009, while animated series have primarily been relegated to non-commercial and non-English language networks), while Sunday mornings include a form of public affairs program known as the Sunday morning talk shows (which maintain a "week-in-review" format that focuses primarily on political and socioeconomic issues, and if a particular program's format is more fluid in regards to topical content, other news stories of major interest). Both of these help fulfill stations' legal obligations, respectively to provide educational children's programs (through a law passed in 1990 known as the Children's Television Act, which requires stations to carry a minimum of three hours of programs featuring content benefiting the educational needs of youth each week) and public service programming. Sports and infomercials (and on some stations, syndicated feature film packages) can be found on weekend afternoons, followed again by the same type of prime-time shows aired during the week. Other over-the-air commercial television From 1956 to 1986, the majority of English-language television stations that were not affiliated with the Big Three networks, nor affiliates of National Educational Television nor, arguably, (from 1956 to 1961) the smaller NTA Film Network were "independent," airing only syndicated and some locally produced programming to fill their daily schedules. Many independent stations still exist in the U.S., usually historically broadcasting on the UHF band; however the number of them had drastically decreased (especially within individual markets) after 1995 due to the formation of newer broadcast networks that were created to compete against the four established competitors. Syndicated shows, often reruns of television series currently in or out of production and movies released as recently as three years prior to their initial syndication broadcast, take up much of their schedules. However, in October 1986, the Fox Broadcasting Company was launched as a challenge to the Big Three networks, with six independent stations that News Corporation (which acquired the 20th Century Fox the year before) had acquired from Metromedia as its cornerstone charter outlets, along with many independents owned by other companies. Thanks largely to the success of shows like The Simpsons, Beverly Hills, 90210 and The X-Files, as well as the network's acquisition of rights to show games from the National Football League's National Football Conference arm in December 1993, Fox has established itself as a major player in broadcast television. However, Fox differs from the three older networks in that it does not air daily morning and nightly news programs or have network-run daytime or weeknight late night schedules (though late night shows do air on Saturday nights, and beforehand, the network made previous failed attempts at late night programming on Monday through Friday evenings between 1986 and 1993). Its nightly prime-time schedule runs only two hours long on Monday through Saturdays and three hours on Sundays (something the network intentionally did to sidestep FCC regulations for television networks in effect at Fox's launch), and some of its major market affiliates used to broadcast on UHF before the digital transition (several affiliates though broadcast on VHF pre-transition, primarily as a result of affiliation deals with former longtime Big Three affiliates owned by now-defunct station groups New World Communications and SF Broadcasting that it signed after acquiring the NFL rights). Many of its affiliates in mid-size and small markets outsource news production to Big Three affiliates rather produce their own newscasts, and its flagship stations in New York City and Los Angeles do not include the network's name within their callsigns (Fox's owned-and-operated stations in New York City and Los Angeles instead use the respective callsigns WNYW and KTTV; the WFOX-TV and KFOX-TV calls are respectively used by Fox affiliates in Jacksonville, Florida and El Paso, Texas). Fox's only scheduled news program is Fox News Sunday, which it airs on Sunday mornings; special news coverage on the network comes from the staff of its sister cable network Fox News (which launched in October 1996, around the same time as its affiliate video service Fox NewsEdge), though not every affiliate carries breaking news bulletins from Fox News outside of prime time presidential addresses, and national and international events of utmost urgency. Most of Fox's affiliates now have local newscasts (only a small number of affiliates, mainly based in larger markets, carried news programming prior to the mid-1990s), often scheduled during the final hour of prime time – an hour earlier than newscasts seen on major network stations – at which time they compete with network dramas, rather than other local newscasts (although some news-producing Fox stations also carry newscasts in the traditional late news time period), and for one to three additional hours in the morning that overlap with morning news programs on ABC, NBC and CBS. Three new networks launched in the 1990s: within six days of each other in January 1995, The WB (which was originally formed as a venture between Time Warner, Tribune Broadcasting – which made the majority of its independent stations principal charter affiliates of the network – and former Fox executive Jamie Kellner, who served as The WB's original chief executive officer) and UPN (created as a programming partnership between Chris-Craft Industries/United Television and Paramount Television, which had been acquired the year prior by Viacom, which would gain full ownership of UPN five years after the network's launch) were launched primarily to compete against Fox, targeting the same younger demographic (teenagers and young adults 12 to 34) that network had built its success upon during the first half of the decade. In August 1998, Paxson Communications (now Ion Media) launched Pax TV to counterprogram the four larger networks as well as The WB and UPN, with a focus on family-oriented original and acquired programming; due to underperforming viewership in its initial format, Pax relaunched as i: Independent Television (focusing more on reruns and movies aimed at a broader audience) in July 2005 and then as Ion Television in September 2007. On September 18, 2006, Time Warner and CBS Corporation shut down The WB and UPN to launch a "merger" of those networks, The CW; meanwhile, two weeks earlier on September 5, News Corporation created MyNetworkTV, originally intended to replace UPN programming on Fox-owned stations that were affiliated with the latter network. The CW broadcasts ten hours a week of programming in prime time, all airing only on Monday through Fridays (the network maintained a three-hour evening lineup on Sundays from 2006 to 2009, when that time was turned over to its affiliates; it plans to reinstate Sunday prime time programming in October 2018), and five hours on Saturday mornings (its children's program block may bleed into the afternoon hours on weekends on a few stations due to other locally scheduled programs). The CW is the only major network that operates a fully programmed alternate feed for smaller markets, The CW Plus (a successor to The WB's group of cable-only affiliates, The WB 100+ Station Group, which launched in September 1998 to provide the network's programming to markets where it would otherwise not be able to gain adequate over-the-air coverage), which, as a cost-effective method that reduces programming responsibilities on prospective affiliate stations, fills airtime not occupied by CW network programming with syndicated programs and infomercials; The CW Plus is distributed via digital subchannel and cable-only affiliates, making it also one of the only networks that has local affiliates that do not broadcast over-the-air. MyNetworkTV originally started as a conventional network with a format primarily consisting of English language telenovelas; however, after experiencing continued low ratings for its prime time-exclusive schedule (even after several programming revamps that followed over the next three years after the initial format faltered), it converted into a "broadcast syndication service" in September 2009, adopting a format made up of reruns of series originally aired on other networks for ten hours a week on Monday through Fridays. Ion broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week (though only eighteen hours of its schedule each day consist of entertainment programming, with infomercials and religious programming making up the remainder of the schedule), making the Ion network the largest English-language commercial television network to be totally responsible for its affiliates' programming. Ion differs from other commercial networks in that the majority of its stations are owned-and-operated by its parent company with very few affiliates, and it is distributed exclusively via cable and satellite in markets where the network does not have a local station; Ion was the last of the seven conventional English language commercial broadcast networks to expand into distribution via digital multicasting, having relied entirely on cable and satellite distribution in markets where it otherwise could not maintain a primary affiliation until 2014, when it began accepting subchannel-only affiliates through deals with Gray Television and Nexstar Media Group. Digital multicast services With the digital television transition, which was completed in two phases in February and June 2009, the use of digital multicasting has given breed to various networks created for distribution on these multiplexed feeds of new and existing stations. However, for the most part, very few of these networks have been able to gain a national reach on parity with many of the conventional commercial and non-commercial networks, in part due to the fact that many stations transmit high definition programming on their main feed in 1080i, which requires a bitrate less compartmentalized for allowing more than one multicast feed (which are generally transmitted in standard definition) without risking diminished picture quality; some alternately transmit their main feed in 720p, which favors multiplexing of more than two subchannels at a time (ATSC 3.0, which began development around the time of the 2009 transition with FCC consideration to replace the current ATSC 1.0 as the technological standard for digital television expected to occur in 2016, uses improved compression technology able to fit additional subchannels on a single programming stream as well as allowing for the transmission of high definition content in the 4K resolution format). Retro Television Network was among the first networks to be produced specifically for the digital television market; Equity Broadcasting created the network in 2005, originally relying mostly on public domain series before expanding to a broader library of licensed reruns. RTN's initial success was dented by its owner's financial collapse and further difficulties pertaining to its successor, current owner Get After It Media (Luken Communications). The most popular and widely distributed network that uses digital subchannels as its primary form of distribution is MeTV, a classic television network originally launched by station owner Weigel Broadcasting in 2005 as a programming format on one of its flagship television stations in Chicago, WFBT-CA (now WWME-CD), and evolved into a national network in November 2010; MeTV now has affiliations with primary channels in a number of markets (WJLP in the New York City market, WDPN-TV in Philadelphia and Delaware, and WGTA in Atlanta). Both MeTV and its most prominent rival, Nexstar-owned Antenna TV (originally founded in 2010 by Tribune Broadcasting), popularized the format for multicasting that relies on archived programming. This TV (owned by Allen Media Group, and co-founded by Weigel and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) used a similar format, focusing on older as well as some relatively recent feature films; it helped to spawn similar movie-oriented broadcast networks such as Movies! (a joint venture between Weigel and Fox Television Stations, which relies primarily on films from the library of the latter's former sister film studio, 20th Century Studios) and GetTV (which mainly airs films from the library of owner Sony Pictures Entertainment). Demographically focused networks were created during the 2010s; Bounce TV was launched in September 2011 by Martin Luther King III and Andrew Young, featuring a broader general entertainment format aimed at African American adults. Katz Broadcasting, owned by Bounce executive Jonathan Katz and purchased by the E. W. Scripps Company in 2017, launched two gender-focused networks with specific formats in August 2014 – Grit (aimed at men with a lineup heavy on western and action films) and Escape (now Court TV Mystery, aimed at women and featuring mystery and true crime programs) – and a genre-based network in April 2015, Laff (featuring a mix of comedic feature films and sitcoms). Luken Communications is the largest operator of subchannel networks by total number (which are largely carried on low-power outlets), which in addition to the Retro Television Network include among others country and rural themed Heartland, automotive-centered Rev'n, children's network PBJ and a modern version of The Family Channel. Men's network Tuff TV was formerly managed as a Luken network but is now independent. Other subchannel-based networks include those that also rely on archived programming such as Buzzr (a network focusing of game shows sourced from the programming library of owner Fremantle) and Comet (launched by the Sinclair Broadcast Group and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in October 2015, focusing on science fiction series and films sourced from the MGM library), and networks which do not completely if at all rely on archived scripted programming like Court TV (a network developed by Katz/Scripps as a revival of the cable network now known as TruTV, which mainly airs court trial coverage and true crime programming), WeatherNation TV (an independently owned 24-hour weather network which features subchannels as part of its multiplatform distribution model), TheCoolTV and The Country Network (which rely on music videos). In smaller cities and rural areas, the major broadcast networks may also rely on digital subchannels to be seen in these areas, as the market may not be populous enough to support a financially independent station for each network. As such FCC regulations govern cable providers must provide basic service at a reasonable cost. (Since advent of digital television equipment, the cost is responsibility of the consumer.) Broadcast television in languages other than English Spanish Several Spanish language broadcast (as well as cable) networks exist, which are the most common form of non-English television broadcasts. These networks are not as widely distributed over-the-air as their English counterparts, available mostly in markets with sizeable Latino and Hispanic populations; several of these over-the-air networks are alternatively fed directly to cable, satellite and IPTV providers in markets without either the availability or the demand for a locally based owned-and-operated or affiliate station. The largest of these networks, Univision, launched in 1986 as a successor to the Spanish International Network (which debuted in September 1962, with Spanish language independent stations KMEX-TV in Los Angeles and KCOR-TV (now KWEX-DT) in San Antonio, Texas as its charter stations). It has risen to become the fifth highest-rated television network in the U.S. (behind NBC, CBS, ABC and Fox) and is the dominant Spanish language network in the U.S., with its ratings having risen to levels where it has beaten at least one of its English language competitors since the late 1990s. Although Univision originally featured programming content from a variety of distributors, the network now relies mainly on programs sourced from Mexico's dominant broadcaster, Televisa (which has maintained partial ownership of Univision's corporate parent on and off throughout its history) as well as domestically produced programming. Its major competition is Telemundo, a sister network of NBC (which acquired Telemundo in 2001) that was also established in 1986 through a consortium of three Spanish-language stations, WNJU/New York City, WBBS-TV/Chicago and KVEA/Los Angeles. It was considered an also-ran to Univision until the late 2000s, when parent company NBCUniversal began heavily investing in its news and entertainment programming. Unlike Univision, the majority of Telemundo's programming is produced specifically for the network. In addition to carrying the traditional programming format for Spanish language broadcasters (which typically incorporates telenovelas, variety series, news, sports and films imported from Latin American countries), also includes dubbed versions of American feature film releases. Other popular Spanish-language broadcast networks are Univision-owned UniMás, which was launched in January 2002 and is aimed at a younger Hispanic demographic; Azteca, the American version of Mexico's Azteca networks, which debuted in July 2001; TeleXitos aimed at Hispanic and Latino Americans, the network airs a mix of dramatic television series from the 1970s to the 2000s and movies, with all programming consisting of shows dubbed into Spanish; and independent networks Estrella TV (which began as a programming format on Liberman Broadcasting's Spanish language independent stations in the early 2000s and eventually launched nationally in September 2009, featuring a traditional lineup of Latino-focused programming largely produced by Liberman) and LATV (which originated in 2002 as a programming format on KJLA in Los Angeles before becoming a national network in September 2007, and focuses mostly on unscripted music, talk and variety programs). V-me (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbeme], a pun on veme, "watch me") is a Spanish broadcast television network formerly carried in association with public television stations created for the United States Hispanic market, which is currently pursuing a pay-TV model. V-me delivers drama, music, current affairs, food, lifestyle, nature and educational pre-school content to its viewers. Currently, The Hispanic Information and Telecommunications Network, Inc. (HITN) is the largest Spanish-language broadcasting network in the United States. It delivers educational programming to over 42 million homes nationwide, and reaches over 40% of U.S. households. Its distribution network includes Comcast, DirecTV, Verizon FiOS, Dish Network, Altice USA, U-verse TV, Charter Communications, and a host of smaller distributors. Its stated mission is "to advance the educational, social, cultural, and economic circumstances of Hispanics." Other languages French language programming is generally limited in scope, with some locally produced French and creole programming available in the Miami area (serving refugees from Haiti) and Louisiana, along with some locales along the heavily populated Eastern Seaboard. Francophone areas near the eastern portion of the Canada–United States border generally receive television broadcasts presented in the language from French Canadian networks (such as Ici Radio-Canada Télé and TVA), which are widely available over-the-air but rarely on cable in those areas. Many large cities also have television stations that broadcast programming in various Asian languages (such as KTSF in San Francisco), especially after the digital television transition, which has allowed some smaller stations in areas with heavy populations of Asian immigrants and American natives of Asian origin fluent in one of that continent's indigenous languages to carry such programming either as primary channel or subchannel affiliations. A few unusual examples of other foreign broadcasters also exist, such as Greek language WZRA-CD in Florida and Polish language WPVN-DT4 in Chicago. There have also been a few local stations that have broadcast programming in American Sign Language, accompanied by English closed captioning. Prior to the development of closed captioning, it was not uncommon for some public television programs to incorporate ASL translations by an on-screen interpreter. An interpreter may still be used for the deaf and hard-of-hearing community for on-air emergency broadcasts (such as severe weather alerts given by local governments) as well as televised press conferences by local and state government officials accompanied by closed captioning. Non-commercial television Public television has a far smaller role in the United States than in most other countries. The federal government, through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), does operate NASA TV (a service focusing on the U.S. space program with some educational programming) for public consumption, but only distributes that service via satellite and the Internet and not through terrestrial outlets; the United States Department of Defense produced the Pentagon Channel (later renamed DoD News Channel), a military news outlet that operated from 2004 to 2015. In addition, Broadcasting Board of Governors content (the most well-known being Voice of America) has been available to U.S. consumers since the partial repeal of the Smith–Mundt Act in 2013; VOA and its sister outlets are likewise restricted to shortwave and Internet broadcasts. The Public Broadcasting Service is the largest public television broadcaster in the United States, originating in October 1970 as the successor of National Educational Television (which was established in 1954). Unlike the commercial networks, PBS does not officially produce any of its own programming; instead, individual PBS stations (most notably, WNET in Newark, New Jersey/New York City, WGBH-TV in Boston and WETA-TV in Washington, D.C.), station groups and affiliated producers create programming and provide these through PBS to other affiliates. While it does provide a base slate of programming to its member stations (which is limited to roughly thirteen hours a week of programming in prime time, airing on Sunday through Fridays with fewer programs on Thursday and Friday evenings, as well as daytime children's programming during the morning and afternoon), PBS does not schedule all programs it supplies in set time slots, giving its members leeway in scheduling these programs in time slots of their choosing. Like the six larger commercial English language broadcast networks, its member stations handle the responsibility of programming time periods where programming supplied by the service is not broadcast, which are filled by cultural and public affairs programming of relevance to their market or region of service, and syndicated programs of various genres. Most (but, by no means, all) public television stations are members of PBS, sharing programs such as Sesame Street, NOVA and Masterpiece Theatre. Although many PBS stations operate individually, a number of states – such as Wisconsin, Maryland, Minnesota, Oklahoma and South Carolina – have state-owned public broadcasting authorities that operate and fund all public television stations in their respective states. The Alabama Educational Television Commission, licensee for the nine stations comprising Alabama Public Television, was established by the Alabama Legislature in 1953. In January 1955, WCIQ on Mount Cheaha began operation as the nation's ninth non-commercial television station. Four months later in April 1955 with the sign-on of WBIQ in Birmingham, Alabama became the first state in the country with an educational television network. Alabama Public Television was a model for other states in the nation and for television broadcasters in other countries. 25 other states copied Alabama's system of operation to provide service through multiple, linked television stations, using full-power satellite stations and (in some cases) low-power translators to relay the originating station's programming to other areas. Similar state networks have also been created by commercial broadcasters to relay network programming throughout portions or even the entirety of a state. The federal government does subsidize non-commercial educational television stations through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. The income received from the government is insufficient to cover expenses and stations rely on corporate sponsorships and viewer contributions (including from private benefactors) to finance their operations and programming production. Various public television outlets – albeit not on all individual PBS member and independent public broadcasting stations and PBS member networks simultaneously – hold pledge drives two to four times per year, which account for a decent portion of the non-government-subsidized income through public and private contributions. American public television stations air programming that commercial stations do not offer, such as educational (including cultural and arts) and public affairs programming. There are also a number of syndicators dealing exclusively or primarily with public broadcast stations, both PBS and independent public television stations (most prominently, American Public Television). Additionally, there are a number of smaller networks feeding programming to public stations – including World, First Nations Experience (focusing on Native American and indigenous programing), and Create (focusing on lifestyle, travel, cooking and how-to programs) – primarily through digital multicasting; the German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has also provided blocks of programming to a variety of affiliates in the U.S., and increasingly feeds from other national broadcasters (including Deutsche Welle's DW-TV) have been distributed through digital subchannels belonging to public stations in the U.S. New York City's municipally-owned broadcast service, NYC Media, creates original programming that airs in several markets. Few cities have major municipally-owned stations. Many religious broadcast networks and stations exist, also surviving on viewer contributions and time leased to the programming producers; the two most prominent are the Trinity Broadcasting Network, which was founded in 1973 by Paul and Jan Crouch as a part-time ministry that leased programming time on KBSA (now UniMás owned-and-operated station KFTR-DT) in the Los Angeles exurb of Ontario, California, before moving to KLXA-TV (now KTBN-TV) in Fontana, which it began purchasing time on in the following year after KBSA was sold; it gradually became the most widely distributed Christian television network in the world with 20 networks (including five in the United States that are primarily available through multicasting, The Church Channel, the youth-oriented JUCE TV and Smile of a Child TV, and the Latino-oriented TBN Enlace USA and TBN Salsa) and several affiliates internationally; and the Daystar Television Network, founded in 1993 by Marcus and Joni Lamb, when the former's Word of God Fellowship ministry purchased the license of defunct UHF station KMPX (now an Estrella TV owned-and-operated station) in Dallas, Texas. Most of their stations are owned by the television ministries directly or through subsidiary companies (Community Educational Television and Word of God Fellowship, respectively) used by them to operate stations that TBN and Daystar cannot own outright due to FCC regulations prohibiting individual broadcasting companies from owning television stations reaching more than 39% of all U.S. television markets. Other Christian broadcasters include the Three Angels Broadcasting Network (associated with the Seventh-day Adventists), Cornerstone Television, World Harvest Television (WHT), Hope Channel, Amazing Facts Television, The Word Network, The Worship Network and Total Christian Television. These networks rely mainly on overt televangelism from church services or other religious teaching series for programming, although they also incorporate faith-based children's programming and also air religious-themed feature-length films. Other religions outside of evangelical Christianity also have television outlets, including the predominantly Roman Catholic-oriented Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN), Jewish Life Television (JLTV), and the LDS-affiliated Brigham Young University Television (byuTV). Several predominantly religious broadcasters carry some secular, usually family-friendly, programming in addition to the overt televangelism; byuTV runs family comedies, WHT runs classic Westerns, the Christian Television Network and Total Living Network operate "lifestyle" channels with secular home, garden and human interest programming, and JLTV runs classic comedy reruns from Jewish entertainers. Public access television is a noncommercial form of television required by law to be offered to cable television consumers, in which members of the public are free to place their programming on the cable service. It is a subset of public, educational and government access. Most popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, the rise of the Internet and subscription satellite television (the latter of which is not required to carry public-access television services) has forced it to evolve. Cable and satellite television While pay television systems existed as early as the late 1940s, until the early 1970s, cable television only served to distribute distant over-the-air television stations to rural areas not served by stations that are based locally. This role was reflected in the original meaning of the CATV acronym, "community antenna TV". In that decade, national networks that exclusively transmitted via cable and maintained their own individual programming formats began to launch, while cable system franchises began operating in major cities with over-the-air television stations. By the mid-1970s, some form of cable television was available in almost every market that already had over-the-air television service. Today, most American households receive cable television, and cable networks collectively have greater viewership than broadcast networks, even though individual programs on most of the major commercial broadcast networks often have relatively higher viewership than those seen on cable channels. The oldest-existing cable-originated television channel as well as the first successful premium cable (or "pay-cable") service is Home Box Office (HBO), which was also the first television network intended for cable distribution on a regional or national basis. HBO launched on November 8, 1972, to 365 Service Electric Cable subscribers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, with a mix of movies, sports, and comedy and music specials. For its first three years of operation, it used microwave technology to transmit its programming to CATV and MMDS providers in Pennsylvania and New York. On September 30, 1975, beginning with its telecast of the "Thrilla in Manila" boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, HBO became the first television network to use communications satellites to transmit its programming, immediately expanding its distribution to UA Columbia Cablevision's Fort Pierce and Vero Beach, Florida, systems and the American Television and Communications Corporation system in Jackson, Mississippi. The first basic cable network was Atlanta, Georgia independent station WTCG (channel 17), which was uplinked to satellite on December 17, 1976, months after station owner Ted Turner reached an agreement with media executive Howard H. Hubbard to set up a cable network via satellite transmission. Turner's decision to distribute his station – which subsequently had its call sign changed to WTBS (for "Turner Broadcasting System") – via satellite enabled WTCG to be received nationwide, especially in markets that did not have a local independent station or did not receive an out-of-market independent. In 1981, Turner Broadcasting split the Atlanta broadcast feed of WTBS from the satellite-delivered cable feed and began marketing the channel to cable providers as a "free market superstation". (The broadcast and cable feeds, however, simulcast one another with certain exceptions until October 2007, when Turner Broadcasting – which was acquired by Time Warner in 1996 – decided to separate the programming on both feeds, therefore making TBS a cable-exclusive entertainment network with a principal focus on comedy, and reformatting the Atlanta signal under the WPCH-TV call letters). Turner's move pioneered the superstation concept, which precipitated other independent stations – most notably, WGN-TV in Chicago and WOR-TV (now MyNetworkTV owned-and-operated station WWOR-TV) in New York City – to uplink their signals to satellite for redistribution by cable systems outside the station's primary coverage area. (The practice has since been restricted by the FCC, although six stations that achieved superstation coverage prior to the ban [including WPCH] maintain grandfather clauses to continue offering their programming throughout the United States and Canada.) Other national superstations followed WTBS's lead in implementing a separate national feed that incorporated substitute programming for shows seen in the originating market that local stations declared themselves to be the exclusive carriers in their market after syndication exclusivity regulations went into effect in January 1990. Since WGN America (the former national feed of WGN-TV, which began converting into a news channel as NewsNation in March 2021) converted into a conventional cable channel in 2014, no national superstations exist in the United States and the six remaining regional superstations are limited to distribution via Dish Network and C-band satellite as well as through limited distribution on cable providers in their associated regions of the U.S. The second basic cable network, the first to operate as a cable-originated outlet and the first such network to be uplinked via satellite from launch was the CBN Satellite Network, launched in April 1977 by televangelist Pat Robertson as the television ministry of his Christian Broadcasting Network. By the time it reformatted as the CBN Cable Network in 1981, it refocused towards secular family-oriented programming, carrying a mix of reruns of classic television series and feature films alongside its religious programming. The network changed its name to The CBN Family Channel in 1988 (revised to The Family Channel in 1990, after CBN spun it off into the indirectly related International Family Entertainment), focusing more on family entertainment programs and reducing reliance on religious programs; this shift towards an entertainment format was more pronounced in its subsequent formats as Fox Family (following its 1998 purchase by News Corporation), ABC Family (after its 2001 sale to ABC parent The Walt Disney Company) and Freeform (to which it was renamed in January 2016 to signify its shift toward a broad schedule of family-oriented shows as well as series of appeal to teen and young adult audiences). Unlike broadcast networks, most cable networks air the same programming nationwide. Top cable networks include USA Network (which maintains a general entertainment format), ESPN and FS1 (which focus on sports programming), MTV (which originally focused on music videos when it launched in April 1981, but now largely features music-related, original scripted and reality television programming), CNN, MSNBC and Fox News Channel (which are dedicated news channels with some opinion and other feature-driven programming), A&E (a network created through the 1984 merger of arts-and-culture-oriented channels ARTS and The Entertainment Channel, which now focuses on non-fiction programs and reality docuseries), Syfy (which focuses on science fiction and fantasy programming), Disney Channel, Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network (which focus on children's programming, although the latter two run nighttime blocks aimed at a teen and adult audience, Nick at Nite and Adult Swim), Discovery Channel and Animal Planet (which focus on reality and documentary programs), AMC (which originally began as a classic film-focused movie channel in October 1984, and now focuses on a mix of feature films and original series), Turner Classic Movies (which focuses on older theatrical feature films), E! (which originally focused on the entertainment industry, but now largely focuses on pop culture shows, films and reality series), Bravo (which began in 1982 as a premium channel focusing on international films and arts programming, but now focuses mostly on reality series and mainstream films), TNT and FX (also general entertainment networks, with some focus on drama) and Lifetime (which targets at a female audience, with a mix of television films, and original and acquired comedy, reality and drama series). Premium channels – cable networks that subscribers have to pay an additional fee to their provider to receive – began launching in the 1970s and initially grew in popularity as it allowed subscribers to watch movies without time or content editing common with over-the-air television broadcasts of theatrically released feature films and without interruptions by advertising. While HBO continues to feature theatrical films and specials, the service eventually became one of the first cable channels to successfully venture into original programming; by the late 1990s, HBO began to be known for groundbreaking first-run series (such as The Larry Sanders Show, The Sopranos and Sex and the City) that were edgier and more risque in content than those allowed to air on broadcast networks. Other pay-extra networks launched in the years subsequent to HBO's launch including Showtime, which launched on September 16, 1976, with a similar format; and movie-oriented services such as Star Channel (which launched in April 1973, and later became The Movie Channel in November 1979) and HBO-owned Cinemax (which launched on August 1, 1980, and later became more known for its late-night softcore pornographic films). Although attempts at such services date back to the 1950s, pay-per-view services (such as Viewer's Choice and Request TV) began launching in the mid-1980s, allowing subscribers to purchase movies and events on a one-time-only basis via telephone; with the advent of digital cable, interactive technologies allowed pay-per-view selections to be purchased by remote. In addition to sports networks that are distributed to a national audience, two other types of sports-oriented television networks exist. Regional sports networks are cable outlets designed to cover a limited geographic region and metropolitan area, which carry events from local professional and collegiate sports teams, as well as team-related programs, news and magazine programs. The most prominent of these are Bally Sports, NBC Sports Regional Networks, AT&T SportsNet and Spectrum Sports, which comprise multiple networks serving different regions of the United States. Independently owned regional sports networks also exist in some regions served by one of the major groups. Out-of-market sports packages, meanwhile, are composed of individual multichannel packages broadcasting events from an individual sport that are carried by regional sports networks, and national and local broadcasters that hold rights to individual teams or sports leagues; the out-of-market sports package is the most expensive form of a la carte television service, ranging in price from $50 to $75 per month. Transmission and technology The national cable television network became possible in the mid-1970s with the launch of domestic communications satellites that could economically broadcast television programs to cable operators anywhere in the continental United States (some domestic satellites also covered Alaska and Hawaii with dedicated spot beams that reached the contiguous states). Until then, cable networks like HBO had been limited to regional coverage through distribution over expensive terrestrial microwave links leased from the telephone companies (primarily AT&T). Satellites were generally used only for international (i.e., transoceanic) communications; their antennas covered an entire hemisphere, producing weak signals that required large, expensive receiving antennas. The first domestic communications satellite, Westar 1, was launched in 1974. By concentrating its signal on the continental United States with a directional antenna, Westar 1 could transmit to TVRO ("television receive-only") dishes only a few meters in diameter, well within the means of local cable television operators. HBO became the first cable network to transmit programming via satellite in September 1975. Cable system operators now receive programming by satellite, terrestrial optical fiber (a method used primarily to relay local stations based within metropolitan areas to the franchise, and acts as a backup for the system operator if a broadcast station's over-the-air signal is affected by a power outage or other technical malfunction involving the main transmitter), off the air (a method used to relay broadcast stations to cable franchises in outlying areas and satellite providers), and from in-house sources and relay it to subscribers' homes. Usually, local governments award a monopoly to provide cable television service in a given area. By law, cable systems must include local broadcast stations in their offerings to customers. Enterprising individuals soon found they could install their own satellite dishes and eavesdrop on the feeds to the cable operators. The signals were transmitted as unscrambled analog FM feeds that did not require advanced or expensive technology. Since these same satellites were also used internally by the television networks, they could also watch programs not intended for public broadcast such as affiliate feeds without commercials and/or intended for another time zone; raw footage from remote news teams; advance transmissions of upcoming programs; and live news and talk shows during breaks when those on camera might not realize that anyone outside the network could hear them. Encrypting was introduced to prevent people from receiving pay content for free, and nearly every pay channel was encrypted by the mid-to-late 1980s. (This did not happen without protest, such as an incident in which a Florida satellite dealer intercepted the signal of HBO during a film telecast in 1986 to transmit a text-based message over color bars objecting to the network's decision to encrypt its feed.) Satellite television also began a digital transition, well before over-the-air broadcasting did the same, to increase satellite capacity and/or reduce the size of the receiving antennas; this also made it more difficult for individuals to intercept these signals. Eventually, the industry began to cater to individuals who wanted to continue to receive satellite television (and were willing to pay for it) in two ways: by authorizing the descrambling of the original satellite feeds to the cable television operators, and with new direct broadcast satellite television services using their own satellites. These latter services, which began operating in the mid-1990s, offer programming similar to cable television. DirecTV and Dish Network are the major DBS providers in the country, with 20 and 14 million customers respectively . Meanwhile, the major cable television providers are Comcast with 22 million customers, Time Warner Cable with 11 million, and Cox Communications, Charter Communications, AT&T U-verse and Verizon FiOS with five to six million each. Although most networks make viewers pay a fee to receive their programming, some networks broadcast using unencrypted feeds. After broadcast television switched to a digital infrastructure, new channels became available on unencrypted satellites to bring more free television to Americans; some of these are available as a digital subchannel to local broadcasters, this reason may be for the expensive costs of the DVB-S equipment. NASA TV, Pentagon Channel, Antenna TV, This TV, TheCoolTV and the Retro Television Network (through its affiliates) are examples, international news channels like NHK World, France 24, i24news and Al Jazeera English until the launch of Al Jazeera America are commonly watched this way as a result to the lack of availability on cable, DBS and IPTV. Some cable providers use interactive features built into set-top boxes leased to their subscribers to distribute video on demand services within their internal networks. Many providers of subscription television services – both networks and system operators – also have TV Everywhere services, which usually mix the video on demand model with live streaming capabilities (allowing viewers to watch broadcasts from over-the-air networks and stations, and cable channels in near real-time), but require password and username authentication through participating pay television providers. Internet services Streaming television is similar to a cable subscription model, but instead of the set-top box receiving information via a dedicated wire, video is transmitted over the public Internet or private internet protocol-based network to a set-top box or in some cases directly to an enabled television. OTT, or Over-the-top content bypasses multiple system operators entirely, and allows viewing of programs hosted by independent providers. Internet television, also known as web television, began in the 1990s and has become popular in the 2000s onward, resulting in a trend of cord-cutting – the canceling of cable subscriptions in favor of online content that consumers supplement with either over-the-air broadcasts, DVD rentals or a combination of all three viewing methods. Web television providers in the U.S. include Netflix (which was originally structured as a mail-order DVD rental service), Hulu, MyTV, and many international websites such as YouTube, Myspace, Newgrounds, Blip and Crackle. In addition, services like Vudu, Apple TV+, and Amazon Prime Video are digital services that you can buy a movie or a collection of movies and shows for payment or rent. Streaming services such as Disney+, HBO Max, and Peacock allow people to watch all the shows and movies in their catalog for a price every month or year. Viewers can watch these programs from any web browser, whether on a desktop computer, laptop, tablet, smartphone, or a Smart TV. Mobile television services also include mobile apps for both traditional and new programming providers, usually optimized for a small screen and mobile bandwidth constraints. Mobile video is available for direct download or streaming (usually for a one-time download fee) from the iTunes Store, Google Play and Amazon Prime Video. Internet-connected video game consoles and dedicated Smart TV boxes are available that connect televisions to Internet television and/or online video services. These devices are marketed as more convenient for consumers who would otherwise have trouble connecting a computer to a full-size television and using a web browser to view content. Some televisions have built-in capabilities; dedicated boxes include Android TV, Apple TV, Roku, Amazon Fire TV, Netgear Digital Entertainer, Amkette EvoTV and formerly the Nexus Q and Google TV. Devices that require a PC and television include Windows Media Center Extender, HP MediaSmart Connect, Boxee and Hauppauge MediaMVP. Aereo provided a cloud-based digital video recorder service for over-the-air broadcasts, which it also streamed; although it and the similarly structured FilmOn have run into legal problems with broadcasters who accused the services of transmitting programs from broadcast television stations in violation of copyrights. Although Aereo and FilmOn both stated that their use of "miniature" antennas for transmission of programs to individual users is legal, following mixed decisions by circuit courts that declared them either legal or in infringement of copyrights, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in July 2014 that Aereo's business model had an "overwhelming likeness to cable companies," and its transmission of local station signals constituted an unauthorized public performance in violation of copyright rules, forcing Aereo and FilmOn to stop transmitting local stations from several markets. Aereo eventually suspended operations and filed for bankruptcy in November of that year, later choosing to auction off its assets and technology; FilmOn however remains in operation, offering other free-to-air U.S.-based networks in addition to its own exclusive channels, but was found in contempt by New York district court in July 2014 for briefly continuing to stream U.S. stations after the Supreme Court ruling. Over-the-top subscription services that mirrored cable and TV Everywhere services began emerging in the mid-2010s. In 2015, Dish Network and Sony respectively launched Sling TV and PlayStation Vue, cable-style online and mobile streaming services priced at lower monthly rates than packages offered by traditional pay television system operators. Each include slimmed down tiers of cable and satellite-originated networks from a relatively limited number of network owners. Sling TV, in an effort to cap programming costs, does not include local broadcast stations or regional sports networks; conversely, PlayStation Vue does carry ABC-, NBC-, CBS- and Fox-affiliated stations in select cities where the service is available. PlayStation Vue shut down on January 30, 2020. YouTube TV and Philo are other examples of OTT services. Conventional broadcast and cable networks also launched OTT services during 2014 and 2015 to primarily reach cord-cutters – most of which are younger adults, particularly around college age, and to combat online copyright infringement of their programming. These networks include CBS (launched CBS All Access in October 2014, featuring both on-demand content and live streams of the network's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates), HBO (in April 2015, launched HBO Now, a standalone internet-only subscription service similar to its TV Everywhere service HBO Go), and Showtime (which launched a VOD/live streaming service of the same name in May 2015). Most of these services were initially subscription-based. Free, advertising-supported streaming services such as Pluto TV and Tubi TV are also available. These services generally do not offer most of the high-profile original content available on cable, satellite or subscription video services and instead package reruns and other archival programming into online-exclusive channels and other limited content. Licensing and distribution companies such as Funimation, VIZ Media, Aniplex of America, Discotek Media, NIS America, Media Blasters, Eleven Arts, AnimEigo, Sentai Filmworks, GKIDS, Crunchyroll in North America, Madman Entertainment, Manga Entertainment, Anime Limited, Siren Visual, and Hanabee Entertainment in Australia and the United Kingdom, and even mainstream streaming services like Netflix and Hulu have sections, streaming services, and content within the streaming services with foreign media such as anime, manga, J-Pop concert recordings, and Asian drama. Some of them also include digital stores where you can buy branded merchandise on their websites. The business of television Over-the-air (OTA) commercial stations and networks generate the vast majority of their revenue from advertisements. According to a 2001 survey, broadcast stations allocated 16 to 21 minutes of programming time per hour to commercials. Most cable networks also generate income from advertisements, although most basic cable networks also receive subscription fees, which are the other main source of revenue for the cable operators. However, premium cable networks (such as HBO) do not air commercials; instead, cable television subscribers must pay an extra fee to receive this type of pay television service. Networks traditionally allocate a portion of commercial time during their programs (usually totaling between five and 6½ minutes per hour, depending on the length of the program being aired, sometimes less during sporting events) to their local affiliates, which allow the local stations to generate revenue. In the same manner, in addition to subscription fees, cable television providers generate some of their revenue by selling local commercial time (usually allocating around four minutes per hour) for each advertiser-supported cable network it carries. However, while much of this time is sold to local and national advertisers, portions of the allocated commercial time are reserved by network affiliates and cable providers for in-house advertising (cable providers use some of this time to carry commercials for their services, which may also include business solutions, residential telephone and broadband internet services; network affiliates, as do other commercial broadcast stations, use this reserved time to carry promotions for their programming or station imaging). Cable companies are required by the 1992 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act to negotiate for retransmission consent, usually paying broadcasters for the right to carry their signals. This provision, over time, has resulted in problems between pay television providers and companies that own subscription television services as well as those own and/or operate over-the-air television stations, as disagreements over terms in retransmission contracts sometimes arise during negotiations to renew and (occasionally) strike new agreements to carry certain channels. The carriage disputes that occur because of these differences typically result in broadcast stations or cable channels being pulled for a protracted period of time, often due to carriage fee increases that a provider may consider to be too expensive (since retransmission consent fees are a form of subscriber fee, any increase in fees that a provider carries will be passed on to the subscriber, which providers are hesitant to do out of concern that it may result in subscriber defections due to the resulting rate increases for program packages). Programming American television has had very successful programs that have inspired television networks across the world to develop shows of similar types. Some of these shows are still on the air and some have maintained decent runs in syndication. Conversely, many programs produced for U.S. television are also routinely syndicated to broadcasters in other countries, and a number of popular American programs have been based on shows that originated in other countries, especially the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Canada. News The major networks (besides Fox) all offer a morning news program, with CBS's CBS This Morning, NBC's Today and ABC's Good Morning America as standard bearers, as well as an early-evening newscast anchored by the de facto face of the network's news division like Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather for CBS; Chet Huntley, David Brinkley and Tom Brokaw for NBC; and Peter Jennings for ABC. Successful news magazines have included 60 Minutes, 20/20 and Dateline NBC in prime time, and Meet the Press, Face the Nation and This Week on Sunday mornings. Local news programming airs on many television stations, with individual markets supporting as few as two or as many as eight television news operations, depending on the number of available viewers that live in the market. Most stations originally aired locally produced newscasts only in evening time periods (usually at 6:00 and 10:00 or 11:00 p.m. local time) until the 1970s or as late as the mid-1980s on some stations. During that period, stations began local news programs in the midday and 5:00 p.m. time slots, while morning newscasts began to become common during the 1980s (first on weekdays, with weekend morning newscasts launching in many cities beginning in the early 1990s). Two television stations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, KYW-TV and WPVI-TV, were the respective progenitors of two popular news formats that shaped the modern presentation of television news, Eyewitness News, which had reporters present their stories instead of having the anchor read them, and became popularized after the format expanded to WABC-TV in New York City in 1968, and Action News, which placed set time limits on story packages presented during the program, to cover a broader array of stories. WPVI was itself heavily influenced by the sensationalist approach of WKBW-TV in Buffalo, New York under Irv Weinstein, after the two stations' parent companies merged in 1972. WSVN in Miami also served as a pioneer in local news in 1989, when the station (which adopted the format in January of that year, after assuming the Fox affiliation from WCIX (now WFOR-TV) as a result of a three-way swap resulting from CBS' purchase of WCIX and NBC's purchase of longtime CBS affiliate WTVJ) originated the "news-intensive" programming format, which in its typical structure – which has become common of Fox affiliates, particularly as a result of affiliation deals signed following the network's acquisition of NFL rights, as well as certain other stations that are either affiliated with a non-Big Three network or operate as independent stations in recent years – mixes newscasts in traditional time periods with those in non-traditional ones (most commonly, in time periods that the major networks fill with national morning and evening news programs or prime time programming). This format spread to Big Three affiliates in a modified form during the 2000s and 2010s. Cable news channels traditionally carry blocks of more generalized news coverage during the morning and afternoon hours; programs focusing on politics (that are similar in format to the Sunday morning talk shows) and documentaries typically air on these channels during prime time and late night, with general news coverage during that time usually limited to occasional coverage of breaking news events. Game shows The game show has been one of the longest-running formats in American television history; game shows have aired regularly since the CBS Television Quiz began regular broadcasts in 1941. Game shows have typically followed one of several formats, some of which overlap. Quiz shows tend to be more serious in demeanor and are based on trivia, with their appeal drawn from the intelligence of the contestant and the often high prize payouts; they often air in prime time or fringe time were a major fad in the 1950s before a wide-ranging scandal exposed most of the quiz shows of the era (such as Twenty One, The $64,000 Question, Dotto and The Big Surprise) as either rigged or outright fabricated and triggered major reforms. The fallout from the scandal led to stricter limits on game show prizes that lasted for the rest of the 20th century. High-stakes quiz shows made a comeback in the late 1990s, particularly with the American adaptation of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and an uptick in interest in the long-running answer-and-question quiz Jeopardy! under host Alex Trebek. Panel games featured a panel of celebrities or news personalities interacting with a contestant. Mark Goodson and Bill Todman were particularly well known for their panel games, which ranged from more erudite interview programs such as What's My Line? and To Tell the Truth to comedy-driven shows such as the Match Game. Audience participation games, while having had a place in American television since the beginning with early examples including Truth or Consequences and Dennis James's Okay, Mother, gained popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s with Let's Make a Deal (hosted and co-produced by Canadian Monty Hall) and the 1972 revival of The Price Is Right hosted by Bob Barker and (for its first five years in syndication) Dennis James; they changed the nature of game shows in that their atmosphere was more raucous than most panel games and quiz shows. Word guessing games are a format particularly associated with Bob Stewart, whose games involved celebrities giving clues to civilians (or vice versa) to guess a mystery word; examples included Password and Pyramid. Survey games, in which contestants attempt to guess the results of polls, can be seen in the form of shows such as Family Feud, America Says, Card Sharks (which also incorporates a card game element) and Power of 10. Puzzle games involve large-sized versions of common childhood games, including hangman (Wheel of Fortune), tic-tac-toe (Hollywood Squares, Tic-Tac-Dough), crossword puzzles (The Cross-Wits, Merv Griffin's Crosswords, People Puzzler), and video games (Starcade, Nick Arcade); Heatter-Quigley Productions produced a large number of puzzle games. Games that involve physical stunts include children's shows such as Double Dare and adult shows such as Dog Eat Dog and Fear Factor. A few game shows do not fit neatly into any of these descriptions; one such example is Supermarket Sweep, a grocery-shopping contest that became a cult hit on cable television in the 1990s under host David Ruprecht. Loosely fitting the description are dating shows. Chuck Barris was famous for the format; his The Dating Game, The Newlywed Game and (notorious) 3's a Crowd pioneered the format, with other entries including Bzzz!, Blind Date, Singled Out, Love Connection and Baggage. Game shows have historically been associated with daytime television in the United States. Quiz shows have typically aired in prime time, but ABC increased its output of non-quiz games in prime time beginning in the mid-2010s with its "Fun & Games" format, to substantial success. Soap operas The soap opera genre experienced a gradual decline beginning in the 1980s due to the continued migration of women into the workplace, culminating in six soaps being canceled by NBC, CBS and ABC between 2003 and 2011 (of those, one, Passions, moved to DirecTV-owned network The 101 for one additional season after its cancellation by NBC in 2009, while All My Children and One Life to Live were revived on Hulu for one additional season in 2013 with those series' second cancellations resulting from a dispute between originating broadcaster ABC and the production company that acquired them, Prospect Park, over various issues). Soap operas have also become common in prime time, which differ from their daytime counterparts as they use the traditional weekly format and maintain a visual style traditional of other nighttime network series (particularly, nighttime soaps are recorded on film in a single-camera setup, whereas daytime soaps are shot on multiple cameras that record the program on videotape). Prime time soaps of note have included Peyton Place, Dallas, Dynasty, Knots Landing, Falcon Crest, Beverly Hills, 90210, Melrose Place, Revenge and Scandal. Comedies and dramas Comedy programming on American television has been more noted for situation comedies such as I Love Lucy, The Honeymooners, The Andy Griffith Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, All in the Family, Happy Days, Family Ties, Cheers, The Cosby Show, Seinfeld, Friends, Frasier, Everybody Loves Raymond, The King of Queens, How I Met Your Mother, The Big Bang Theory and Modern Family. However, there have also existed sketch comedy/variety series during prime time such as Texaco Star Theatre, The Carol Burnett Show and Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In. The most prominent as well as the longest-running sketch comedy program is Saturday Night Live, a late-night series which debuted on NBC in November 1975, and has spawned the careers of many popular comedic actors (such as Chevy Chase, Eddie Murphy, Dennis Miller and Will Ferrell). In the last 30 years, comedic adult animation has grown significantly. Popular shows such as The Simpsons, Beavis and Butt-Head, Family Guy, South Park, Futurama, American Dad, Rick and Morty, Bob's Burgers, Robot Chicken, King of the Hill, Daria, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Duncanville, and more have came out during this time period. Others, like Bless the Harts and Clone High have more tame themes but still aren't meant for children. Most adult animated cartoons air on Adult Swim, Comedy Central, FOX, TBS, MTV, The WB, NBC, Spike TV, and FXX. Dramatic series have taken many forms over the years. Westerns such as Gunsmoke (the longest-running prime time scripted drama series in U.S. television history, having aired from 1955 to 1975) and Bonanza had experienced their greatest popularity in the 1950s and 1960s. Medical dramas such as Marcus Welby, M.D., St. Elsewhere, ER, House and Grey's Anatomy have endured success; as well as family dramas such as The Waltons, Little House on the Prairie and 7th Heaven; and crime dramas such as Dragnet, Hawaii Five-O, Hill Street Blues, Miami Vice, L.A. Law, 21 Jump Street, Law & Order, JAG, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and NCIS. Dramedy, a term for a television series that mixes elements of comedy and drama, have seen its popularity grown among viewers, thanks to programs like MAS*H, Ally McBeal, Ugly Betty, Desperate Housewives, Psych, Glee, Devious Maids, Jane the Virgin and Crazy Ex-Girlfriend. Television series featuring fantasy and science fiction are also popular with American viewers, since these programs take elements of comedy, drama, adventure, or a combination of all of the above. Among the most notable fantasy series in this genre include Touched by an Angel and Highway to Heaven (both centering on angels helping humans in times of personal crisis), Bewitched (a sitcom centering on a witch adjusting to married life with a mortal male), Fantasy Island (which was set at a resort where people live out their fantasies, but at a price), The Twilight Zone (an anthology series known for its twist endings), Drop Dead Diva (focusing on a deceased model inhabiting the body of a lawyer) and Once Upon a Time (centering on fairytale characters that are trapped in the present day after the enactment of a curse). Science fiction series were originally more child-oriented, taking cues from film serials of the era (such as Flash Gordon and Captain Video and His Video Rangers). Star Trek pioneered adult-oriented science fiction during its three-year run in the late 1960s and spawned seven spin-off series–two in syndication (The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine), three on network television (The Animated Series, Voyager and Enterprise) and two exclusively streamed on the Internet (Discovery and Picard). The film franchise Star Wars has spawned a number of television productions over the course of its existence, ranging from the Star Wars Holiday Special to The Mandalorian. Reality television Reality television has long existed in the United States, both played for laughs (such as Candid Camera and Real People) and as drama (such as COPS and The Real World). A new variant – competition series placing ordinary people in unusual circumstances or in talent contests, generally eliminating at least one participant per week, exploded in popularity in turn of the millennium (with shows such as Survivor, Big Brother, The Amazing Race, American Idol, America's Next Top Model, Dancing with the Stars, The Bachelor and its spin-off The Bachelorette, So You Think You Can Dance and The Voice). Talk shows The most successful talk show has been The Tonight Show, particularly during the 30-year run of third host Johnny Carson. Tonight ushered in a multi-decade period of dominance by one network – NBC – in American late-night programming and paved the way for many similar programs combining comedy and celebrity interviews, such as The Merv Griffin Show and Late Night with David Letterman. Despite initial failed attempts during the late 1980s by Fox as well as the success of The Arsenio Hall Show in syndication during its first five-year run beginning in 1989, the late-night talk show genre would not become a more competitive field until the 1990s, when CBS gained a major foothold in the field with the Late Show with David Letterman; competition in the genre increased even further as cable networks entered into the genre in the 2000s and 2010s with the rise of parody news show The Daily Show under host Jon Stewart and newer shows such as The Colbert Report, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and Conan. Daytime talk show hits have included Live with Kelly and Ryan (and its previous iterations with Regis Philbin as co-host), The Jenny Jones Show, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Rachael Ray, Dr. Phil, Ricki Lake (TV series), The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and Harry which run the gamut from serious to lighthearted in topicality and format; a subset of so-called "trash TV" talk shows such as The Jerry Springer Show, which hit their peak during the 1990s, also veered into exploitation and titillation. Most daytime talk programs air in syndication, with various attempts airing on network television to mixed results (among the more notable network efforts are the female-driven panel talk shows The View, The Talk, The Real and Get It Girl on LATV. Children's programming Children's television programs are also quite popular. Early ventures into children's television in the 1950s aired on weekdays with shows such as Howdy Doody, Captain Kangaroo, Mr. Wizard, and the Mickey Mouse Club. However children's programing had experienced its greatest success on Saturday mornings from the late 1960s to the early 1990s. Programs shown during these time periods mainly consisted of animated programming including classic cartoons (such as Looney Tunes, Tom and Jerry and Woody Woodpecker), reruns of prime time animated sitcoms (such as The Flintstones and The Jetsons), foreign acquisitions (such as Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion, and Speed Racer), animated adaptations of films and television series (such as Back to the Future, Ghostbusters, Batman, ALF and Star Trek), and original programs (such as The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, Scooby-Doo, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, The Smurfs, Alvin and the Chipmunks, Garfield and Friends and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles). Some locally produced children's programs – which often mixed cartoons, special guests and audience-participation games – also became popular in the local markets where they were broadcast; one of the most popular was the Bozo the Clown franchise, which became most well known for its Chicago version, which began airing nationally when WGN-TV became a superstation in October 1978. However, in 1990, due to concerns regarding commercial advertising and cross-promotion in children's programs by parental advocacy groups, the Federal Communications Commission passed the Children's Television Act, legislation that among other provisions requires all broadcast television networks and stations to air at least three hours of educational children's programming each week. This has made it much harder for broadcast stations to profit from children's programs than was possible in previous years, eventually leading the major broadcast networks to abandon traditional scripted programs in favor of unscripted educational series with formats appealing to a more generalized audience to fulfill the requirements; noncommercial networks are exceptions to this new standard, as PBS Kids in particular has long excelled in providing E/I-compliant children's programs that mix educational and entertainment content (such as Sesame Street, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, Thomas the Tank Engine and Arthur). Since the mid-2000s, popular children's programs have been produced for cable networks such as Nickelodeon, Disney Channel and Cartoon Network that are targeted at the demographic and only provide educational content voluntarily – in which case, it is primarily aimed at preschool-aged children and relegated to morning hours, unless incorporated full-time as part of the channel's format, as is the case with the spin-offs of the former two aforementioned networks Nick Jr. and Disney Junior – as they are not bound by the Children's Television Act's guidelines. Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network also have blocks that air late at night (Adult Swim, Nick at Nite), that mainly show sitcoms, original and syndicated animation, and Japanese anime which have adult themes such as gore, sexual situations, and profanity. Instructional television Adult instructional television, other than a few niche programs (such as the agriculture-themed Ag PhD), has typically been the province of noncommercial television. The Joy of Painting, which during the lifetime of host Bob Ross was seen on public television, exploded in popularity several years after Ross died as younger viewers came to appreciate Ross's kind and quiet style of teaching oil painting, prompting his estate to reintroduce the show by way of various online media. In the form of expository bible readings, instructional television is a staple of religious broadcasting. A common form of instructional television, both noncommercially (such as The French Chef with Julia Child or Martin Yan's Yan Can Cook) and commercially (such as Mr. Food and Paula Deen), is the cooking show, in which the host demonstrates various recipes that home viewers can prepare themselves. Professional wrestling Professional wrestling had been aired on local television during its earliest days and began to be aired in national television during the 1950s. It underwent a resurgence in the 1980s as Vince McMahon's World Wrestling Federation and Ted Turner's World Championship Wrestling (WCW) each built rivalling national wrestling empires. During the Monday Night Wars of the 1990s, WWF and WCW maintained a heated televised rivalry. The boom eventually collapsed by the turn of the millennium, and McMahon purchased WCW in 2001 and an upstart hardcore promotion, Paul Heyman's Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and merged them into WWF to form the modern WWE. WWE maintains a dominant presence in professional wrestling; its largest rival as of 2020 is All Elite Wrestling. Other would-be rivals Impact Wrestling (formerly TNA) and Ring of Honor (ROH) also have a presence on American television (the latter primarily as a result of its 2011 acquisition by television station owner Sinclair Broadcast Group). Regional professional wrestling circuits may see some national exposure through syndication; Championship Wrestling from Hollywood and Ohio Valley Wrestling have national carriage. Foreign wrestling promotions such as Lucha Underground and New Japan Pro-Wrestling have seen increased exposure in the 2010s. Sports The broadcasting of sports events is a major component of the American commercial television industry. Sports tend to draw a large, wealthy audience that can command large sums of revenue from advertising and subscription fees. In the early days of television, sports quickly became a fixture of American broadcast television. Boxing was carried on almost every television station and network since the beginnings. The sport earned a negative reputation after Emile Griffith killed his opponent on national television in a 1962 contest, followed by the death of Davey Moore from an indirect in-ring injury during another televised contest a year later; by 1964, boxing was off national television. The rise of pay-per-view and premium channels led to most of the highest-profile matches returning to the airwaves via subscription television. While it still maintains a limited (and rising, thanks to the efforts of Premier Boxing Champions) presence on American broadcast television, boxing has declined in popularity since the 1990s with mixed martial arts, a more broad-based combat sport, rising to take its place. The major professional sports leagues began regular television broadcasts in the 1950s. The National Football League (NFL)'s embrace of television broadcasting at the early onset of the medium helped boost its popularity as a sport, and by the 1960s, the combined success of NFL and American Football League (AFL) telecasts helped earn professional football a status as a mainstay of the major television networks. American television pays the NFL billions of dollars each year to maintain their television rights; the Super Bowl, in return, is a cash windfall for the network which airs it as the broadcaster which holds the rights in a given year (which is rotated annually among the broadcast networks that hold rights to the league's regular season and playoff games) can make hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue from advertising sales alone. Major League Baseball (MLB) has been televised on U.S. television since the inception of the medium, most notably by way of a "Game of the Week" that has usually aired on Saturdays on various broadcasters since 1954. The National Hockey League (NHL), in contrast, was much slower to embrace television, due to its initially regional nature and greater reliance on Canadian television, though it would begin broadcasting its events nationally on a wider basis after Fox acquired the rights to the league's game broadcasts in 1995; the NHL has struggled to gain competitive ratings for most of its time on television. College sports have also been a feature of American television. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) restricted television broadcasts of college football, as well as college basketball, from the early 1950s until 1984. In the latter year, the Supreme Court struck down the NCAA's collective television contract as a violation of antitrust law, deregulating the sale of college sports telecasts and allowing individual teams and athletic conferences to negotiate their own deals with broadcast and cable networks. Other sports that have maintained a regular presence on U.S. television include auto racing (NASCAR, in particular, rose rapidly in television popularity in the 1990s; the IndyCar series has also had some presence, particularly its signature event, the Indianapolis 500), professional golf (promintently through the Professional Golfers Association of America [PGA], Ladies Professional Golf Association [LPGA], and the United States Golf Association [USGA]), thoroughbred racing (particularly, the Triple Crown and Breeders Cup) and ten-pin bowling. Televised poker, while not an athletic sport, has been treated as a sport of sorts, with a boom in poker broadcasting between 2003 and 2011, after which federal pressure cut off most of the broadcasts' sponsors. Other sports have been televised through anthology series such as ABC's Wide World of Sports (that same network would launch a documentary-based anthology, ESPN Sports Saturday, in 2011), CBS Sports Spectacular and NBC SportsWorld, sometimes through time-buy arrangements with event organizers. Sports broadcasts are carried through a number of televised media. Most of the major sports have some presence on commercial broadcast television, including all NFL regular season and most playoff games. National cable networks, beginning with ESPN in 1979 (along with its later sister channels that gradually launched beginning in the 1990s) and later joined by competitors such as NBCSN and Fox Sports 1, carry packages of assorted major professional and college sports. The vast majority of MLB, NHL and National Basketball Association (NBA) games are carried through regional sports networks, however the NFL only permits preseason games to air on RSNs on a limited basis (the league otherwise prohibits regular season and playoff games from airing on regional sports networks, but does permit national cable networks to acquire the rights to air them); the leagues (as well as the NFL) restrict the broadcast of their sports on regional networks to specific territories and require any person outside those territories to purchase an out-of-market sports package to watch the majority of their favored team's games. Regional sports networks can also provide outlets for minor league sports to broadcast their events. Unlike in some other countries, public television does not own any sports rights, nor has it ever been a major factor in sports television. Imported programming While the majority of programs broadcast on American television are produced domestically, some programs carried in syndication, on public television or on cable are imported from other countries – most commonly, from the primarily English-speaking countries of Canada and the United Kingdom. PBS in particular, is commonly known for its broadcasts of British sitcoms (such as Monty Python's Flying Circus, Fawlty Towers, Keeping Up Appearances and Are You Being Served?), which typically air on its member stations on weekend evenings (although their scheduling is at the discretion of the station as these programs are primarily syndicated on the behalf of outside distributors); PBS was also responsible for bringing the hit period drama Downton Abbey to the U.S. and for initially popularizing the long-running science-fiction series Doctor Who in the country (the latter show now airs first-run episodes on BBC America, an outlet launched in 1998 that was specifically designed to bring BBC programming direct to the United States, although through channel drift it now mainly carries American programming; Doctor Who continues to be syndicated to public television stations and, in reruns, is also syndicated to commercial digital multicast networks such as the Retro Television Network). The minimal differences between General American English and Standard Canadian English accents allows Canada to export shows to the United States, and vice versa, without a major culture barrier. Many of the programs imported from Canada are children's programs originally aired by channels such as YTV and Family Channel (such as Are You Afraid of the Dark?, You Can't Do That On Television, Naturally, Sadie and Life with Derek). However, other Canadian series aimed at adults or more general audiences have also been syndicated in the United States; one network, Ion Life (a spin-off of Ion Television), has much of its schedule composed of reruns of since-discontinued Canadian lifestyle series. Among some of the more well-known Canadian television series among American viewers include the Degrassi High franchise (which aired in Canada on CBC Television, with the later incarnation Degrassi: The Next Generation airing on CTV and presently MuchMusic), Rookie Blue, SCTV Network and The Red Green Show. Australian television shows have occasionally appeared on American television, but these have historically been limited to children's series (such as Bananas in Pajamas and The Wiggles) and teen dramas (such as Ship to Shore and H2O: Just Add Water). Programming from Japan has had a niche market in American television, with some anime programs (generally dubbed into English) having been seen on American television since the 1960s. Channels that air such anime include Adult Swim, Disney XD, Nicktoons, TOKU, Neon Alley, the Anime Network, Animax, and Aniplus. The Power Rangers series was heavily edited from a Japanese live-action tokusatsu series, Super Sentai, with newly filmed bridging sequences involving American actors (as the action sequences were entirely done in full costume, those scenes only had to be dubbed). The success of Power Rangers led to a wave of tokusatsu adaptations in the mid-1990s, none of which survived beyond two years. More recently Japanese live-action series started to be shown in the country by Netflix, examples include Atelier, Hibana: Spark, Samurai Gourmet and Alice in Borderland. European television series also started to be shown in the country, mainly after the rise of streaming services, with Netflix being the main exhibitor of such programs in the United States. Examples include the Norwegian series Occupied, Ragnarok and Nobel; the Icelander series The Valhalla murders; the Danish series Rita and The Rain; Italian series Suburra: Blood on Rome; the German series Babylon Berlin, Dark and Unorthodox; the French series Call My Agent!, Osmosis, La Mante, A Very Secret Service; the Spanish series Money Heist, Cable Girls and Elite. The South Korean thriller series Squid Game became an unexpected hit in the United States in 2021 through its appearance on Netflix. France has also contributed a number of computer-animated series to American television in the 21st century, among them Rabbids Invasion, The Garfield Show and Grizzy and the Lemmings. American Spanish-language networks also import much of their programming; for example, Univision imports much of its programming, especially telenovelas that are broadcast on the network, from Mexican broadcaster Televisa, and MundoMax distributes programming from Colombian broadcaster and network owner RCN Television. In addition to being shown on free-to-air television, Latin American TV series are also shown through streaming services. Examples include the Argentine series El Marginal, the Mexican series La Casa de las Flores and the Brazilian series 3%. The life cycle of U.S. television shows Television production companies either commission teleplays for television pilots or buy spec scripts. Some of these scripts are turned into pilots for proposed television programs. The production company markets those they consider commercially viable to television networks – or television distributors for first-run syndication (for example, CBS Television Distribution distributes Dr. Phil in first-run syndication, because that show is syndicated – it is not carried on a particular network). A few things that a television network takes under consideration in deciding to order a show is if the show itself is compatible with the network's target audience, the cost of production, and if the show is well liked among network executives, and in many cases, test audiences. Networks sometimes preemptively purchase pilots to prevent other networks from controlling them – and the purchase of a pilot is no guarantee that the network will order additional episodes. In other cases, the network may be forced to commission the pilot to avoid shouldering monetary penalties if it is not produced. The producers hire a director and other crew members (in some cases, using staff employed with an existing series) to work on the pilot; in some cases, if the pilot's concept was pitched by producers that would not write for the proposed show before a script is drafted, writers may also be assigned to pen the script and would be given credit as the series' creator(s). Pilots that do get "picked up" get either a full or partial-season order (starting with an initial order of between seven and 13 episodes, which may be extended if the program's viewership is strong during the early run of episodes); the show goes into production, usually establishing itself with permanent sets. Writers, additional directors and some full-time crew members are hired, and work begins – usually during the late spring and summer before the fall season-series premieres (shows can also serve as a midseason replacement, meaning they are ordered specifically to fill holes in a network schedule created by the failure and cancellation of shows that premiered in the fall; Buffy the Vampire Slayer and The Office are examples of successful midseason replacements). Unscripted series have a different stage of development, as the program is generally pitched only as a concept, often without a pilot being ordered or already produced. The standard broadcast television season in the United States consists of 22 episodes (which are typically broadcast over a period of nine months from September to May, depending on the date on which the program begins its season), although prior to the 1970s, a single season of a weekly television program consisted of as many as 40 episodes, with few breaks in the show's airing schedule. Sitcoms may have 24 or more; animated programs may have more (or fewer) episodes (some are broken up into two 11-minute shorts, often with separate self-contained storylines, that are folded into a single half-hour episode); cable networks with original programming seem to have settled on about 10 to 13 episodes per season, much in line with British television programming, though there are exceptions (particularly with cable networks specializing in children's programming, which use the network television model of total per-season episode counts, but spread out the episodes over a single calendar year). American soap operas air in the afternoon, five days a week, without any significant break in taping and airing schedules throughout the year. This means that these serials air approximately 260 episodes a year, making their cast and crew members the busiest in show business. These shows are rarely, if ever, repeated (unless the network chooses not to air a new episode on certain major holidays), making it difficult for viewers to "catch up" when they miss an episode, though the television networks' adoption of online streaming during the late 2000s has made it easier for viewers to watch recent episodes of a particular soap. Cable channel SoapNet provided weekly repeats for some broadcasts until it shut down in December 2013, after which TVGN (now Pop, and originally a television listings service formerly known under several names including the Prevue Channel) began airing same-day repeats of some network soaps. Networks use profits from commercials that run during the show to pay the production company, which in turn pays the cast and crew, and keeps a share of the profits for itself (networks sometimes act as both production companies and distributors, though due to the vertical integration of networks and major media companies since the 1990s, production arms operated by the broadcast networks have largely been absorbed into the existing production arms of their corporate parents). As advertising rates are based on the size of the audience, measuring the number of people watching a network is very important. This measurement is known as a show or network's ratings. Sweeps months (which occur in November, February, May, and to a lesser extent July) are important landmarks in the television season – ratings earned during these periods determine advertising rates until the next sweeps period, therefore shows often have their most exciting plot developments happen during sweeps. Shows that are successful with audiences and advertisers receive authorization from the network to continue production, until the plotline ends (only for scripted shows) or if the contract expires. Those that are not successful are often quickly told to discontinue production by the network, known as "cancellation". There are instances of initially low-rated shows surviving cancellation and later becoming highly popular, but these are rare. For the most part, shows that are not immediately or even moderately successful are cancelled by the end of November sweeps, if not shortly thereafter or earlier. Usually if a show is canceled, there is little chance of it ever coming back again especially on the same network it was canceled from; the only show in the U.S. to ever come back from cancellation on the same network is Family Guy (which was cancelled by Fox in 2002 and was revived by the network in 2005 due to the increased popularity of the series through reruns on cable and DVD releases). However, canceled shows like Scrubs, Southland, Medium and Wonder Woman have been picked up by other networks, which is becoming an increasingly common practice; similarly, in the 2010s, some programs cancelled by traditional television networks like Arrested Development, Community and The Mindy Project have been picked up or revived by internet television streaming services. It is also somewhat common for series to continue production for the purpose of completing a DVD set, even if these episodes will never air on television (these episodes would, in years past, be "burned off" by airing them in less-prominent time slots). Once a television series reaches a threshold of approximately 88 to 100 episodes, it becomes a candidate to enter reruns in off-network syndication. Reruns are a lucrative business for television producers, who can sell the rights to a "used" series without the expenses of producing it (though they may have to pay royalties to the affected parties, depending on union contracts). The sale of previously aired programs to other outlets, including the Internet, television stations outside the United States and traditional off-network syndication, constitutes up to half of an individual show's revenue stream as of 2017, with the other half coming from first-run advertising. Sitcoms are traditionally the most widely syndicated reruns and are usually aired in a five-day-a-week strip (standardly with two episode "runs", separate sets of episodes of a particular program that are usually from different seasons, packaged for stations to air back-to-back or in different time slots), and in most cases, with additional weekend runs consisting of two (or in some cases, four) additional episodes. Marginally performing shows tend to last less than three to five years in broadcast syndication, sometimes moving to cable channels (although rerun packages of some series are sold simultaneously into both broadcast syndication and cable, and sometimes to more than one cable network) or into limited-run barter syndication (such as through The Program Exchange) after the end of their syndication runs, while more widely successful series can have a life in syndication that can run for decades (I Love Lucy, the first series designed to be rerun, remains popular in syndication more than 60 years after its 1951 debut). Cable and digital broadcast networks have provided outlets for programming that either has outlived its syndication viability, lacks the number of episodes necessary for syndication, or for various reasons was not a candidate for syndication in the first place. Popular dramas, for instance, have permanent homes on several basic cable channels, often running in marathons (multiple episodes airing back-to-back for several hours), and there are also cable channels devoted to game shows (Game Show Network and Buzzr), soap operas (the now-defunct SoapNet), Saturday morning cartoons (Boomerang) and even sports broadcasts (ESPN Classic). Digital broadcast networks specializing in classic television programming that have become popular since the early 2010s have also served as short-term or long-term homes for many older series that have not been syndicated in decades or have ever been aired in reruns. Most reality shows perform poorly in reruns and are rarely seen as a result, other than reruns of series still in production, on the same network on which they air (almost always cable outlets), where they air as filler programming. Regulation Broadcast television is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC awards and oversees the renewal of licenses to local stations, which stipulate stations' commitments to educational and public-interest programming. During the early years of commercial television, the FCC permitted a single company to own a maximum of five television stations nationwide (later raised to seven stations in 1984 and then to twelve in 1992), although until the 1960s, very few companies outside of the major broadcast networks owned multiple stations. Since a change to its media ownership regulations in 1999 that counted television station ownership maximums by a national market percentage rather than by the number of stations that could be allowed in their portfolio, FCC rules mandate that the total number of television stations owned by any company can only reach a maximum of 39% of all markets in the U.S. Until 2016, a "discount" allowed a broadcaster to cover up to 78% of the U.S. with UHF signals; this loophole was closed in 2016, although existing companies above the 39% threshold will be covered under a grandfather clause and, although they will not be allowed to acquire any more stations, they will also not be forced to sell their existing portfolios. Most commercial stations are now owned-and-operated or controlled through outsourcing agreements by group owners (either independent companies or network-owned subsidiary groups), with a relatively limited number of companies that remain which own stations in five or fewer markets; a series of station purchases that have occurred since 2011 (when the Sinclair Broadcast Group acquired the Four Points Media Group) has concentrated the number of station owners even further, as a result of increasing competition between over-the-air broadcasters and subscription television outlets as well as to increase leverage in negotiations with cable and satellite providers for retransmission consent (which since the early 2000s, has increasingly become a primary form of revenue for broadcast networks, which have required their affiliates to share a portion of the revenue received by pay television providers as an additional source of operational revenue). Outsourcing agreements (known by multiple terms, mainly local marketing agreements [LMA], shared services agreements [SSA] or joint sales agreements [JSA], albeit with little differentiation in their structure) have allowed some broadcasting companies to operate stations that they could otherwise not legally own outright due to in-market ownership regulations; these arrangements first began in 1991, when the Sinclair Broadcast Group entered into such an arrangement to run WPTT (now WPNT) in Pittsburgh, after it sold the station to its manager Edwin Edwards to acquire Fox affiliate WPGH-TV. However, as companies like Sinclair and the Nexstar Media Group have used outsourcing as loopholes around ownership regulations at the expense of independent (and particularly, minority) ownership, the FCC has made attempts to restrict broadcasters from using them, passing a rule in April 2014 that disallowed all JSAs in which one company sells 15% of advertising for another station and required all existing ones to be unwound within five years (the National Association of Broadcasters backed a provision passed as part of a November 2015 Congressional budget bill that extended to the time limit to unwind existing JSAs to ten years). The FCC also previously barred companies from owning more than one television station within a single market, unless it operated as a satellite station (a full-power station that relays programming from its parent station to areas within the market that are not adequately covered if at all by the main signal) or a low-power station (either one that maintains its own programming or operates as a translator); however, it eventually allowed operators of public television stations to sign-on or acquire a second station that did not repeat the parent's signal (some of which were originally licensed as commercial outlets). In August 1999, the FCC legalized the common ownership of two commercial stations, known as duopolies, if one of them is not among the market's four highest-rated, and if there are at least eight companies that each own full-power stations within the market. While the parent companies of NBC, ABC, CBS and Fox are not prohibited from owning a second broadcast network (and all of them, except for ABC, are co-owned with one), an FCC law known as the "dual-network rule" does disallow a single company from owning two or more of the major networks; this came into play in 2019, when ABC's parent company bought most of Fox's assets but was required to leave Fox as a separately owned network. The FCC also prohibits the airing of "indecent" material over-the-air between 6:00 a.m. and 10:00 pm. Broadcast stations can legally air almost anything they want late at night – and cable networks at all hours. However, nudity and graphic profanity are rare on American television. Though the FCC gives them leeway to air programs containing "indecent" material within its designated watershed period, broadcasters are hesitant to do this, concerned that airing such material would alienate advertisers and encourage the federal government to strengthen regulation of television content. Premium cable networks are exceptions, and often air very racy programming at night, though premium channels often air program content with strong to graphic profanity, violence and nudity in some cases during the daytime hours. Such content is common on pay television services, as they are not subjected to FCC regulations and pressure from advertisers, and often require a subscription to view them. Some networks (such as Playboy TV) are devoted exclusively to "adult" content, specifically pornographic material, and therefore viewers may find scenes of simulated or graphic sexual intercourse and nudity on such channels. Cable television is largely, but not entirely, unregulated. Cable providers must include local over-the-air stations in their offerings on each system (stations can opt to gain carriage by seeking a must-carry option) and give them low channel numbers, unless the stations decide to demand compensation of any sort (through retransmission consent). The systems cannot carry broadcast network affiliates from other parts of the country (this regulation has largely been openly ignored in recent years during carriage disputes), however cable systems can carry stations from nearby markets if there are no local stations affiliated with one of the major networks (though this is becoming far less common with the shift, particularly since 2006, towards over-the-air stations carrying one network affiliation on their main channel and an affiliation with another network on a digital subchannel, thus allowing these network-affiliated digital subchannels to be carried at least via digital cable). Cable systems can also air satellite-relayed broadcast stations originating from other areas of the United States, known as superstations (of which there are currently only five around the country), which for the most part are often aired in rural areas and may omit network programming from that station's network affiliation; all superstations, are currently affiliated with a broadcast television network: WPIX in New York City, KWGN-TV in Denver and KTLA in Los Angeles are all affiliated with The CW, and WWOR-TV in Secaucus, New Jersey and WSBK-TV in Boston are affiliated with MyNetworkTV. A few of these superstations once had national distribution, carrying a separate feed that aired different programming than that of the local area feed and even some that also aired on the local feed that is SyndEx-proof (in other words, syndicated programming to which the superstation has obtained full signal rights to air nationally); the two most prominent of these nationally distributed stations were TBS and WGN-TV. TBS, whose former parent Atlanta station WTCG (now WPCH-TV) became the first "basic cable" network to be uplinked to satellite in December 1976, had converted its national feed into a conventional cable channel in October 2007; WGN-TV in Chicago was uplinked in October 1978; its national feed, WGN America, also converted into a traditional cable channel in December 2014, when it dropped all remaining WGN-TV programming. WWOR-TV also once operated a national feed, which ceased operations in January 1997, before the station regained national superstation status as a satellite-exclusive service – through its New York City feed – a few months later. The FCC has virtually no jurisdiction over the content of programming exclusively broadcast on cable. As a result, anyone is free to create any number of channels or any sort of programming whatsoever without consulting the FCC. The only restrictions are on the ability to secure carriage on cable or satellite (or, failing that, by streaming on Internet television) and securing the rights to programming. Because of this lack of restriction, channel drift (the shift of a channel's programming format away from that which it originally maintained) is much more common in the United States than in other countries. Because the United States had relatively weak copyright terms until 1976, a large body of older television series have lapsed into the public domain and are thus free to redistribute in any form. History of American television Television debuted in the United States on May 10, 1928, with the launch of the original WGY Television, a joint venture of General Electric's owned-and-operated WGY in Schenectady, New York and Norton Laboratories' WMAK in Lockport, New York. (Norton dropped out of the venture shortly thereafter and eventually folded in 1932 amid disputes with the FCC over its AM allocation. Western New York would not get a full-time television station until WBEN-TV launched in 1948.) These early television programs operated using low-bandwidth (and low-fidelity) mechanical television processes. Full-time broadcasts began in the early 1930s, particularly in New York City; these were almost exclusively studio-based shows, among them the murder mystery The Television Ghost, piano lessons and primitive variety shows. These shows and broadcasts ended in 1933, in part because of limits on the technology and economic limits caused by the Great Depression. On April 30, 1939, RCA through its NBC division, introduced the first, regularly scheduled, 441-line electronic television service in the United States over New York City's W2XBS (today's WNBC) from a transmitter atop The Empire State Building as well as placing RCA television receivers on sale in the New York City vicinity. Television receivers were also sold by General Electric, DuMont Laboratories and other manufacturers during his period. NBC rival CBS established their own electronic television station in New York at the time, W2XAB (today's WCBS-TV) as well as the DuMont Laboratories establishing their station W2XWV (today's WNYW). Although television sets were available for sale during this period (1939–1941) and three channels were operating in New York City, sales were slow, primarily due to a lack of compelling programming, limited broadcast schedules and the high price of the sets. In 1941, The National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) standardized on a 525-line system, and authorized the official start of advertising-based, commercial television. This would provide the basis for television across the country through the end of the century. On July 1, 1941, W2XBS became commercial WNBT (now WNBC) and broadcast the first paid advertisement for the Bulova Watch Company. On the same day, the CBS station became commercial WCBW (now WCBS-TV). Television development halted with the onset of World War II, but a few pioneer stations remained on the air throughout the war, primarily WNBT, WCBW and WABD (the former W2XWV, which became commercially licensed in 1944, owned by the DuMont Television Network, now WNYW) in New York City, WRGB in Schenectady, New York (owned by General Electric), WPTZ (now KYW-TV) in Philadelphia (owned by Philco), W9XBK (now WBBM-TV) in Chicago, as well as W6XAO (now KCBS-TV) and W6XYZ (now KTLA) in Los Angeles. When that conflict ended, these stations expanded their broadcast schedules and many other organizations applied for television station licenses. After a flood of television license applications, the FCC froze the application process for new applicants in 1948, due to concerns over station interference. There were barely more than 100 stations operating at the end of the freeze as of 1952, concentrated in many (but not all) major cities. After four years of deliberation, the FCC ended the license freeze. It reorganized the UHF band for television, then began handing out broadcasting licenses on both the UHF and VHF bands, with the highest concentration of license grants and station sign-ons occurring between 1953 and 1956. Many successful VHF stations launched. By comparison, UHF television reception at this time required either purchasing a more expensive television with a UHF tuner in it – as UHF tuners were not mandated by law in sets – or buying a conversion kit that added the band to VHF televisions. Both of these prevented consumer adoption of UHF in the mid-1950s, and most UHF channels which went to air during this time period did not survive. A brief dispute over the system to use for color broadcasts occurred at this time, but was soon settled. Half of all U.S. households had television sets by 1955, though color was a premium feature for many years (most households able to purchase television sets could only afford black-and-white models, and few programs were broadcast in color until the mid-1960s). Many of the earliest television programs were modified versions of well-established radio shows. Barn dances and opries were regular staples of early television, as were the first variety shows. Reruns of film shorts (such as Looney Tunes, Our Gang and The Three Stooges) were also staples of early television and to a certain extent remain popular today, well after those film shorts mostly stopped being produced in the 1960s. The 1950s saw the first flowering of the genres that would distinguish television from movies and radio: talk shows like The Jack Paar Show and sitcoms like I Love Lucy. Although sitcoms were a radio fixture since the late 1930s (many 1940s radio sitcoms jumped directly to television), television allowed far greater use of physical comedy, an advantage that early television sitcoms used to its full potential. Other popular genres in early television were westerns, police procedurals, suspense thrillers and soap operas, all of which were adapted from the radio medium. Anthology and wheel series thrived in the so-called "Golden Age of Television," but eventually faded in popularity by the 1970s. The big band remote, for the most part, did not survive (a victim of the concurrent start of the rock era), with two exceptions: The Lawrence Welk Show, a big band-driven musical variety show, ran from 1951 until Welk's retirement in 1982 and in reruns from then onward (which eventually moved from commercial to public television syndication), and Guy Lombardo's annual New Year's Eve big-band remotes ran until 1979, two years after Lombardo's death. Game shows were also a major part of the early part of television, aided by massive prizes unheard of in the radio era; however, the pressure to keep the programs entertaining led to the quiz show scandals, in which it was revealed many of the popular high-stakes games were rigged or outright scripted. The Saturday morning cartoons, animated productions made specifically for television (and, accordingly, with much tighter budgets and more limited animation), also debuted in the late 1950s. Broadcast television stations in the United States were primarily transmitted on the VHF band (channels 2–13) through the mid-1960s. It was not until the All-Channel Receiver Act of 1964 that UHF broadcasting became a feasible medium. The quality of American television underwent a marked decline in the late 1950s and early 1960s as anthology series disappeared from the network schedules in favor of an oversaturation of westerns, rural and fantasy sitcoms, cheaply animated cartoons and often-violent action-adventure series. Newton Minow famously lambasted the networks for creating a "vast wasteland" of bad television in his 1961 speech "Television and the Public Interest." Though Minow's attempts to exhort the networks into producing better programming failed to make a major impact, his advocacy for UHF (to expand viewer choices) and non-commercial educational television had a much longer legacy. Over the course of the 1960s and 1970s, concurrent with the development of color television, the evolution of television led to an event colloquially known as the rural purge; genres such as the panel game show, western, variety show, barn dance and rural-oriented sitcom all met their demise in favor of newer, more modern series targeted at wealthier suburban and urban viewers. Around the same time, videotape became a more affordable alternative to film for recording programs. Stations across the country also produced their own local programs. Usually carried live, they ranged from simple advertisements to game shows and children's shows that often featured clowns and other offbeat characters. Local programs could often be popular and profitable, but concerns about product promotion led them to almost completely disappear by the mid-1970s. The last remaining locally originated shows on American television are local newscasts, public affairs shows and some brokered programming (such as talk-lifestyle shows) paid for by advertisers. Subscription television networks emerged in the late 1970s, first as over-the-air encrypted enterprises such as OnTV and SelecTV. Subscription television largely migrated to cable television through the early 1980s, as providers began to offer dedicated channels alongside local and out-of-market broadcast stations and cable service gradually expanded to more metropolitan areas. Analog television receive-only had a brief uptick in popularity during the mid-1980s, but never achieved competitive parity with cable providers of the time. Direct-broadcast satellite television experienced its breakout in the mid-1990s, with the emergence of digital (DSS) transmission; it has been growing in significance since then – spurring the emergence of multinational conglomerates such as Fox. As the number of outlets for potential new television channels increased, this also introduced the threat of audience fracturing, in that it would become more difficult to attain a critical mass of viewers in this highly competitive market. Infomercials were legalized in 1984, approximately the same time that cable television became widespread. Over the course of the 1980s and 1990s, stations began airing infomercials – as well as news and entertainment programs – throughout the night instead of signing off; infomercials also began to overtake other less-watched dayparts (such as weekends and during the daytime), which forced series that would otherwise be syndicated onto cable networks or off the air entirely. Cable networks have also begun selling infomercial space, usually in multiple-hour blocks in the early morning hours, while some dedicated channels devoted to infomercials have also launched since the early 1990s. Infomercials have earned a reputation as a medium for advertising scams and products of dubious quality, although by the same token, they have proven to be a successful method of selling products. As ratings declined on daytime over-the-air network broadcast television, game shows and soap operas that were the staples of the 1980s began to disappear, with both genres almost completely gone by 2020. They were gradually replaced by much cheaper and more lowbrow tabloid talk shows, locally produced news, and even infomercials. Binding arbitration court shows became popular in these timeslots beginning in the late 1990s. In the late 1990s, the U.S. began to deploy digital television, transitioning it into being the standard transmission method for over-the-air broadcasts. The major broadcast networks began transitioning to recording their programs in high definition (HD); prime time programs were the first to convert to the format, with daytime shows eventually being converted to HD beginning in the mid-2000s; the upgrade to full high-definition network schedules, at least among the conventional English language broadcast networks, was fully completed by September 2014 when the last standard-definition programs upgraded to HD. A law passed by Congress in 2006 required over-the-air stations to cease analog broadcasts in 2009, with the end of analog television arriving on June 12 of that year (originally set for February 17, before Congress delayed it due to concerns about national household penetration of digital television by viewers reliant on antennas for receive programming in advance the transition). Low-power television stations originally had until September 2015 to terminate analog broadcasts, a deadline that was later postponed and eventually took effect in July 2021. The 2016 United States wireless spectrum auction further compressed the UHF band, eliminating channels 38 through 51, and was completed in 2020. Most of the remaining stations on analog in 2021 were stations that exploited a loophole to carry a radio station on the audio feed of analog channel 6, which was audible on 87.7 MHz, a frequency that can be tuned in on most FM radios; a limited number of stations that were using that loophole were granted special temporary authority to continue broadcasting their analog audio feeds while shifting their video feeds to the new and upcoming digital television standard, ATSC 3.0, which is being phased in across the United States in the early 2020s with no hard transition date yet set. The late 1990s also saw the invention of digital video recorders. While the ability to record a television program for home viewing was possible with the earlier VCRs, that medium was a bulky mechanical tape medium that was far less convenient than the all-digital technology that DVRs use (DVD recorders also began to be sold around this time, though this is also less convenient than the DVR technology since DVD discs are somewhat more fragile than videotapes, although both mediums allow to some extent for longer-term viewing than most DVRs). DVR technology allowed wide-scale time shifting of programming, which had a negative impact on programming in time slots outside of prime time by allowing viewers to watch their favorite programs on demand. It also put pressure on advertisers, since DVRs make it relatively easy to skip over commercials (satellite provider Dish Network's Hopper technology, which eliminates commercials entirely, was even the subject of lawsuits by the major networks during the early and mid-2010s due to fears over diluted advertising revenue). During the 2000s, the major development in U.S. television programming was the growth of reality television, which proved to be an inexpensive and entertaining alternative to scripted prime time programming. The process of nonlinear video editing and digital recording allowed for much easier and less expensive editing of mass amounts of video, making reality television more viable than it had been in previous decades. All four major broadcast networks carry at least one long-running reality franchise in their lineup at any given time of the year. See also Big Three television networks Cable television in the United States Communications in the United States Fourth television network High-definition television in the United States List of television stations in the United States List of United States pay television channels List of United States over-the-air television networks List of United States television markets List of American television awards List of years in television List of years in American television Satellite television in the United States Television news in the United States United States cable news References External links The Museum of Television & Radio Museum of Broadcast Communications: The Encyclopedia of Television Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Now with Bill Moyers: Politics & Media – Big Media – Media Regulation Timeline FCC: Television Technology – A Short History "Turner: Cable Primed to Beat Broadcast", by Anthony Crupi, Mediaweek December 7, 2005. TV Channels By State AAAA/ANA Annual Study Shows TV Clutter Levels Up Across Most Dayparts by the Association of National Advertisers, February 14, 2002. 1941 establishments in the United States Articles containing video clips
4366775	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback	Wayback	Wayback may refer to: The Waybacks, a 1918 Australian film The Waybacks, an Americana band based in San Francisco Wayback Machine, a digital time capsule and archiving service for Internet resources created by the Internet Archive WABAC machine (pronounced wayback), a fictional machine from Peabody's Improbable History, an ongoing feature of the cartoon The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show See also Way Back (disambiguation)
57281610	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onthophagus%20striatulus	Onthophagus striatulus	Onthophagus striatulus is a species of dung beetle in the family Scarabaeidae. It is found in North America. Subspecies These two subspecies belong to the species Onthophagus striatulus: Onthophagus striatulus floridanus Blatchley, 1928 Onthophagus striatulus striatulus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1809) References Further reading Scarabaeinae Articles created by Qbugbot Beetles described in 1809
17688404	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urology%20robotics	Urology robotics	Urology Robotics, or URobotics, is a new interdisciplinary field for the application of robots in urology and for the development of such systems and novel technologies in this clinical discipline. Urology is among the medical fields with the highest rate of technology advances, which for several years has included the use medical robots. Applications The first surgical robot approved by the FDA is the da Vinci system. Even though this was designed to assist in general Laparoscopy, most of its application are in the urology field for radical prostatectomy. Pioneered at the Vattikuti Urology Institute, robotic radical prostatectomy has now become the gold standard for the treatment of prostate cancer. Other, URobotic systems are under development. These include image-guided robots that, in addition to the direct visual feedback, use medical images for guiding the intervention. Since MRI provides enhanced visualization of soft-tissues compared to x-ray-based imaging, MRI compatible robots are being developed to assist the physician in performing the intervention in the MRI scanner. If prostate cancer lesions can be delineated in the image, robots can accurately target those lesions for biopsy or focal ablations. References Urology Medical robotics
9587853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barno%20Itzhakova	Barno Itzhakova	Barno Iskhakova (12 May 1927 - 7 September 2001; , , , ) was a famous Bukharian Jewish musician from Tajikistan. Early life Iskhakova was born in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, USSR to the traditional Bukharian Jewish family of Berakh and Rachel Iskhakov. Career From 1941 to 1943 she worked as a librarian at the Tashkent Secondary School No. 24, and between 1943 and 1945 as a singer for the choir of the Radio of the Uzbek SSR. She is the first woman to become a professional Shashmaqom singer. After WW2, she and her husband immigrated to the capital of the Tajik SSR, Stalinabad (Dushanbe) and made her career as a singer there, working since 1950 as a soloist of the Radio Department of the Tajik SSR. Barno Iskhakova was considered one of the greatest modern female singers in the history of Central Asia and Tajikistan. She was married to singer Isroel Badalbayev, although she retained her original surname as a stage name. Her first song - "Allah" won an award in the national review. She is considered a remarkable performer, in the same class as other Tajik stars as Seeno, Davlatmand Kholov, and Daler Nazarov. Iskhakova became was very famous for her rendition of traditional Shashmaqom songs in Tajik and Uzbek, and other songs in Russian, as well as her mother tongue of Bukhori (Judeo-Tajik Language). She was known as the Queen of the Shashmaqom tradition of Tajik music, she sang side by side on the radio and television with other famous performers of the Tajik Soviet Era such as Neriyo Aminov, Rafael Tolmasov, Shoista Mullodzhanova, Hanifa Mavlianova, Rena Galibova, Ahmad Boboqulov, and others. Her repertoire consisted of more than 100 songs. Since 1980, Iskhakova worked also as a senior teacher of the Oriental Music Department of the Tajik State Institute of Arts in Dushanbe. When Soviet Tajik writer Sadriddin Ayni heard her sing, he called her "Levicha among women" for Levi (Levicha) Babakhanov was a famous Bukharian Jewish traditional singer who performed for the last Emir of Bukhara in the early 20th century. The Tajik folk singer and rubab player Jurabek Nabiev has said he was inspired to pursue a professional career after listening to Iskhakova, who was his teacher. She took part in the recording of the entire series "Shashmaqom", which is stored in the National Music Archives of Tajikistan. Awards and recognitions Iskhakova won many awards and recognitions for her work in the USSR as an entertainer. She won the State Rudaki Prize of the Tajik SSR, the Soviet Order of the Red Banner of Labour, and the Order of the Badge of Honour as well as Honored and People's Artist of the Tajik SSR. Family Barno Ishakova and Isroel Badalbayev had five children: Sofia, Olga, Tamara, Bertha, and Roman. Her daughter Sofia Badalbayeva lives in Israel and is also a Shashmaqom singer. Later life She immigrated to Israel with her family in 1992 due to the Civil War in Tajikistan and the rise of Islamic Fundamentalism following the collapse of the USSR and died on 7 September 2001 in Ramle, Israel. She, along with her husband Isroel, are buried at the Har HaMenuchot Cemetery in Jerusalem. In May 2017, the city of Petah Tikva named a street after her. See also Turkestan Uzbekistan Bukhara Bukharan Jews Shashmaqam References Broughton, Simon and Sultanova, Razia "Bards of the Golden Road" c. 2000 20th-century Tajikistani women singers Tajikistani people of Uzbekistani descent 20th-century Uzbekistani women singers Bukharan Jews Soviet Jews 1927 births 2001 deaths People from Tashkent Tajikistani emigrants to Israel Uzbekistani emigrants to Israel Russian-language singers
28279050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrelaps%20vaillanti	Micrelaps vaillanti	Micrelaps vaillanti, also known commonly as the black-headed micrelaps or the Somali two-headed snake, is a species of venomous rear-fanged snake in the family Lamprophiidae. The species is endemic to Africa. Etymology The specific name, vaillanti, is in honor of French herpetologist Léon Vaillant. Geographic range M. vaillanti is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, eastern Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda. Habitat The preferred natural habitats of M. vaillanti are shrubland and savanna, at altitudes from sea level to . Description M. vaillanti is brown dorsally, with the center of each dorsal scale grayish white. The ventrals are brown in the middle, and whitish on the sides. Adults may attain a total length of , with a tail long. The dorsal scales are smooth, without pits, and are arranged in 15 rows at midbody (in 17 rows on the neck). The ventrals number 171-203. The anal plate is divided, and the subcaudals are also divided. The head is very flattened. The rostral is large, twice as broad as deep, the portion visible from above about ⅔ as long as its distance from the frontal. The internasals are twice as broad as long, and twice as long as the prefrontals. The frontal is small, 1½ times as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals. The supraocular is as long as broad. There is one very small postocular. The temporals are arranged 1+1. There are seven upper labials, the third in contact with the prefrontal, the third and fourth (or third, fourth, and fifth) entering the eye. There are four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin shield. The two pairs of chin shields (anterior and posterior) are subequal in size. Reproduction M. vaillanti is oviparous. References Further reading Mocquard F (1888). "Sur une collection de reptiles et de batraciens rapportés des pays somalis et de Zanzibar par M [onsieur]. G. Révoil ". Mémoires Publiés par la Société Philomatique à l'occasion du Centenaire de sa fondation 1788-1888, Paris. pp. 109–134. (Elaposchema vaillanti, new species, p. 123 + Plate XII, figure 1). (in French). Largen M, Spawls S (2010). Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Frankfurt am Main: Edition Chimaira / Serpents Tale. 694 pp. . (Micrelaps vaillanti, p. 586). Spawls S, Howell K, Hinkel H, Menegon M (2018). Field Guide to East African Reptiles, Second Edition. London: Bloomsbury Natural History. 624 pp. . (Micrelaps vaillanti, p. 459). Atractaspididae Reptiles described in 1888
43237283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanjaya%20Specialist%20Centre	Amanjaya Specialist Centre	The Amanjaya Specialist Centre is a hospital that opened in August 2014 in Sungai Petani in the Malaysian state of Kedah. Funded in part by the Malaysian Federal government, it is reported as being the first hospital in Malaysia that will meet the "Green Building Index" criteria. References External links Hospitals in Kedah Hospitals established in 2014 2014 establishments in Malaysia
22844635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20philatelic%20exhibitions	List of philatelic exhibitions	This article lists international philatelic exhibitions (unless otherwise stated). (FIP) = Fédération Internationale de Philatélie patronage or recognition Africa Algeria Exposition Philatelique Internationale de L'Afrique du Nord, Alger, 3–11 May 1930 Egypt CAIRO'91, Cairo, 7–12 October 1991 South Africa South African International Stamp Exhibition, 1928 JIPEX '36 International Philatelic Exhibition, Johannesburg, 2–4 November 1936 South African Tercentenary International Stamp Exhibition UNIPEX 1960 International Philatelic Exhibition, Johannesburg, 30 May-4 June 1960 INTERSTEX '71 International Stamp Exhibition, Cape Town, 22–31 May 1971 SAPHIL '74 Stamp Exhibition, Pretoria, 7–12 October 1974 Johannesburg 100 International Philatelic Exhibition, Johannesburg, 6–11 October 1986 ILSAPEX '98 International Stamp Exhibition, Johannesburg 20–25 October 1998 JOBURG 2010 (26th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Johannesburg, 27–31 October 2010 (FIP) SOUTH AFRICA 2022, Cape Town, 8–12 November 2022 (FIP) Asia West Armenia Armenia '90 International Philatelic Exhibition, Yerevan, 27 November – 10 December 1990 Cyprus Cyprus - Europhilex '95, Nicosia, 20–28 October 1995 Cyprus - Europhilex '02, Nicosia, 22–29 October 2002 Israel Tabil '57 International Stamp Exhibition, Tel Aviv, 17–23 September 1957 Jerusalem '73 International Stamp Exhibition, Jerusalem, 25 March-2 April 1974 (postponed from 19 to 30 December 1973) (FIP) Israphil '85 World Stamp Exhibition, Tel Aviv, 14–22 May 1985 (FIP) Israel '98 World Stamp Exhibition, Tel Aviv, 13–21 May 1998 (FIP) Israel World Stamp Championship 2008, Tel Aviv, 14–21 May 2008 (FIP) World Stamp Championship Israel 2018, Jerusalem, 27–31 May 2018 (FIP) Turkey İstanbul 63 International stamp exhibition, İstanbul, 7–15 September 1963 (FIP) Istanbul '96 World Philatelic Exhibition, Istanbul, 27 September-6 October 1996 (FIP) UAE DUBAI 2006 (19th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Dubai, 13–16 November 2006. Dubai 2009 International Stamp Exhibition, Dubai, December 2009 Sharjah 2012 (28th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Sharjah, 20–25 November 2012. East People's Republic of China China '96 - 9th Asian International Stamp Exhibition, Beijing, 18–24 May 1996 Shanghai '97 - International Stamp & Coin Exhibition, Shanghai, 1997 CHINA '99 World Philatelic Exhibition, Beijing, 21–30 August 1999 (FIP) China '03 - (16th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Mianyang city, Szechuan, 20–24 September 2003 China 2009 International Stamp Exhibition, Luoyang City, Henan, 10–16 April 2009 (FIP) Beijing 2009 AEROPEX International Stamp Exhibition, Beijing, 12–16 November 2009 27th Asian International Stamp Exhibition, Wuxi, 11–15 November 2011 China 2016 (33rd Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Guangxi, 2–6 December 2016 (FIP) China 2019 International Stamp Exhibition, Wuhan, 11–17 June 2019 (FIP) Hong Kong HONG KONG 1997 (11th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Hong Kong, 12–16 February 1997 HONG KONG 2001 (15th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Hong Kong, 1–5 February 2001 Hong Kong 2004 Stamp Expo (17th Asian International Philatelic Exhibition), Hong Kong, 30 January-3 February 2004 HONG KONG 2009 (23rd Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Hong Kong, 14–17 May 2009 Hong Kong 2015 (31st Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Hong Kong, 20–23 November 2015 Macao MACAO 2018 (35th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Macao, 21–24 September 2018 Japan Philatokyo '71 International Philatelic Exhibition, Tokyo, 20–30 April 1971 JAPEX 79 International Stamp Exhibition, Tokyo, 2–4 November 1979 Philatokyo '81 International Stamp Exhibition, Tokyo, 9–18 October 1981 (FIP) PHILANIPPON '91 World Stamp Exhibition, Tokyo, 16–24 November 1991 (FIP) Philanippon '01 International Stamp Exhibition, Tokyo, 1–7 August 2001 (FIP) Japan World Stamp Exhibition 2011, Yokohama, 28 July-2 August 2011 (FIP) PHILANIPPON 2021 (37th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Yokohama, 25–30 August 2021 (FIP) Republic of Korea Phila Korea 1984 World Philatelic Exhibition, Seoul, 22–31 October 1984 (FIP) Philkorea 1994 World Stamp Exhibition, Seoul, 16–25 August 1994 PHILAKOREA 2002, Seoul, 2–11 August 2002 (FIP) PHILAKOREA 2009(24th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Seoul, 30 July-4 August 2009 PHILAKOREA 2014, Seoul, 7–12 August 2014 (FIP) Taiwan ROCPEX '78 International Philatelic Exhibition, Taipei, 20–29 March 1978 ROCPEX '81 International Philatelic Exhibition, Taipei, 25 October-2 November 1981 Taipei '93: Asian International Invitation Stamp Exhibition, Taipei, 14–19 August 1993 TAIPEI 1996 (10th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Taipei, 21–27 October 1996 TAIPEI 2005 (18th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Taipei, 19–24 August 2005 Taipei 2008 (21st Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Taipei, 7–11 March 2008 Taipei 2015 (30th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Taipei, 24–28 April 2015 Philataipei 2016 World Stamp Championship Exhibition, Taipei 21–26 October 2016 (FIP) Taipei 2023 (40th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Taipei, 11–15 August 2023 South India International philatelic & postal exhibition 1954, New Delhi, 1–15 October 1954 INDIPEX '73 international philatelic exhibition, New Delhi, 14–23 November 1973 ASIANA 1977 (1st Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Bangalore, 19–23 October 1977. India '80, Indian International Stamp Exhibition, New Delhi, 25 January- 3 February 1980 (FIP) India '89 World Philatelic Exhibition, New Delhi, 20–29 January 1989 (FIP) Indepex '97 world philatelic exhibition, New Delhi, 15–22 December 1997 (FIP) INDEPEX ASIANA 2000 (14th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Calcutta (now Kolkata, 7–12 December 2000. Indipex 2011, New Delhi, 12–18 February 2011 (FIP) Pakistan ECOPHILEX '86 International Stamp Exhibition, Islamabad, 21–24 December 1986 local, Peshawar organize by. Peshawar Stamp Society 1. Peshphx 87 2. Peshphx 90 3. Peshphx 92 4. Peshphx 93 5. Peshphx 94 6, Peshphx 95 Southeast Indonesia INDOPEX 1993 (6th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Surabaya, 29 May-4 June 1993. JAKARTA 1995 (8th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Jakarta, 19–25 August 1995. JAKARTA 2008 (22nd Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Jakarta, 23–28 October 2008. INDONESIA 2012 (World Stamp Championship and Exhibition), Jakarta Convention Center, 18–24 June 2012 (FIP) BANDUNG 2017 World Stamp Exhibition (35th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Bandung, 3–7 August 2017 (FIP). INDONESIA 2022 World Stamp Exhibition, Jakarta, 4–9 August 2022 (FIP) Malaysia KUALA LUMPUR 1992 (5th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Kuala Lumpur, 1–7 September 1992 MALAYSIA 2014 World Youth Exhibition (29th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Kuala Lumpur, 1–6 December 2014 (FIP) MALAYSIA 2020, Kuala Lumpur, Nov/December 2020 (FIP) The exhibition will not happen, as Jakarta City is the venue for the exhibition. Philippines PHICIPEX 1954 Philippine Centenary International Philatelic exhibition, Manila, 25 April-9 May 1954 Singapore PHILEX 1987 (3rd Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Singapore, 21–23 December 1987 SINGPEX 1994 (7th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Singapore, 31 August-2 September 1994 Singapore 1995 World Stamp Exhibition, Singapore, 1–10 September 1995 SINGPEX 1998 (12th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Singapore, 23–26 July 1998 Singapore World Stamp Championship 2004, Singapore, 28 August-1 September 2004 (FIP) Singapore 2015 World Stamp Exhibition, Singapore, 14–19 August 2015 (FIP) SINGPEX 2019 (36th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Singapore, 31 July-4 August 2019 Thailand Bangkok International Stamp Exhibition 1983, Bangkok, 4–13 August 1983 THAIPEX 1989 (4th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Bangkok, 4–8 August 1989. Bangkok world philatelic exhibition 1993, Bangkok, 1–10 October 1993 (FIP) BANGKOK 2000 (13th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Bangkok, 25 March-3 April 2000 (FIP) Bangkok 2003 International Stamp Exhibition, Bangkok, 4–13 October 2003 (FIP) BANGKOK 2007 (20th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Bangkok, 3–12 August 2007. Bangkok 2010 (25th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Bangkok, 4–12 August 2010. Thailand 2013 World Stamp Exhibition, Bangkok, 2–8 August 2013 (FIP) BANGKOK 2016 (32nd Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Bangkok, 10–15 August 2016. Thailand 2018 World Stamp Exhibition, Bangkok, 28 November–3 December 2018 (FIP) Oceania Australia International philatelic exhibition, Melbourne, 29 October-1 November 1928 5th Australasian Philatelic Exhibition, Sydney, March 1932 MIPEX '63 International Philatelic Exhibition, Melbourne, 7–12 October 1963 SYDPEX '80 World Philatelic Exhibition, Sydney, AUSIPEX '84 World Philatelic Exhibition, Melbourne, 21–30 September 1984 (FIP) STAMPEX 1986 (2nd Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Adelaide, South Australia, 4–10 August 1986. SYDPEX 88 : Bicentennial national stamp exhibition, R.A.S. Showground 30 July to 7 August Australia 99: the Melbourne World Stamp Expo, Melbourne, 19–24 March 1999 (FIP) Pacific Explorer 2005 International Stamp Exhibition, Sydney, 21–24 April 2005 (FIP) AUSTRALIA 2013 World Stamp Exhibition, Melbourne, 10–15 May 2013 (FIP) National Exhibition 10–12 October 2014, Drill Hall, Torrens Parade Grounds, Adelaide Melbourne 2017 (34th Asian International Stamp Exhibition), Melbourne, 30 March-2 April 2017 (FIP) New Zealand Canterbury Centennial International Philatelic Exhibition, Canterbury, 18–25 November 1950 New Zealand International Stamp Exhibition, Auckland, 16–22 July 1955 PANPEX '77 International Stamp Exhibition, Christchurch, 5–12 March 1977 Zeapex '80 International Stamp Exhibition, Auckland, 23–31 August 1980 NZ National Philatelic Literature Exhibition (held every two years since 1989) New Zealand 1990 World Stamp Exhibition, Auckland, 24 August-2 September 1990 (FIP) Auckland 2018 – Remembrance International Stamp Exhibition, Auckland, 8–13 November 2018 NZ 2020 FIAP 37th Asian International Stamp Exhibition, Auckland, 19–22 March 2020 Cancelled due to outbreak of COVID-19 Papua New Guinea PANGEX 1967 Philatelic Exhibition, Port Moresby, 1–3 September 1967 Europe West Austria Wiener Philatelistenclub Postwertzeichenausstellung, Vienna, 13–20 November 1881 Internationalen Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Wien, 20 April-4 May 1890 Internationalen Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Wien, 7–17 September 1911 Internationalen Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Wien, 1–9 September 1923 WIPA 1933 Internationale Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung = International philatelic exhibition, Wien, 24 June-9 July 1933 Wipa 1965 Wiener Internationale Postwertzeichenausstellung, Wien-Hofburg, 4–13 June 1965 IFA WIEN 1968 Internationale Flugpost-Ausstellung, Wien, 30 May-4 June 1968 Wien '75 Internationale Briefmarkenausstellung, Wien, 27 November-7 December 1975 Wipa 1981 Wiener Internationale Postwertzeichenausstellung, Vienna, 22–31 May 1981 (FIP) WIPA 2000 - Wiener Internationale Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Vienna, 30 May-4 June 2000 (FIP) WIPA08 Briefmarken-Weltausstellung, Wien, 18–21 September 2008 (FIP) Belgium Exposition Internationale de Timbres-Poste, Anvers, 1887 Exposition Internationale de Timbres Poste, Bruxelles 1924 Exposition Universelle de Timbres-Poste, Anvers, 9–15 August 1930 SITEB Philatelic Exhibition, Brussels, May 1935 BEPITEC Exposition Philatelique International du Centenaire, Brussels, 1–10 July 1949 Expo '58, Brussels Universal & International Exposition Belgica 72 Exposition Philatélique Internationale = Internationale Filatelistische Tentoonstelling, Brussels, 24 June-9 July 1972 (FIP) THEMABELGA '75 Wereldtentoonstelling Van Thematische Filatelie, Brussels, 13–21 October 1975 (FIP) Belgica 82 Exposition Philatélique Internationale = Internationale Filatelistische Tentoonstelling, Brussels, 11–19 December 1982 (FIP) Belgica 2001 International Stamp Exhibition, Brussels, 9–15 June 2001 (FIP) Belgica '06 International Stamp Exhibition, Brussels, 16–20 November 2006 (FIP) Antverpia 2010, Antwerp, 9–12 April 2010 France L'Exposition Internationale de Timbres-Poste au Champ-de-Mars, Paris, 15–24 September 1892 Exposition Philatelique Internationale, Paris, 28 August-9 September 1900 Exposition Philatelique Internationale, Paris, 21–30 June 1913 Exposition Philatelique internationale Paris, 2–12 May 1925 Exposition Philatelique internationale, Strasbourg, 4–12 June 1927 Exposition Philatelique internationale, Le Havre, 18–26 May 1929 Exposition Internationale de Poste Aerienne (EIPA), Paris, 6 November-24 December 1930 Pexip: Exposition philatélique internationale, Paris, 18–27 June 1937 Citex-Paris 1949 Exposition du centenaire du timbre poste français, Paris, 1–12 June 1949 Philatec '64 Exposition Philatelique internationale, Paris, 5–21 June 1964 ARPHILA '75 Exposition Philatelique internationale, Paris, 6–16 June 1975 (FIP) Philexfrance '82, Paris, 11–21 June 1982 (FIP) Philexfrance '89 exposition mondiale de philatélie, Paris, 7–17 July 1989 (FIP) Philexfrance '99 exposition philatélique mondiale, Paris, 2–11 July 1999 (FIP) Salon du timbre et de l'écrit (Paris, one-shot in 1994, every two years since 2004 up to 2014) Germany Internationale Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Munich, 29 September-9 October 1889 Die Internationale Ausstellung von Postwertzeichen, Magdeburg, 4–11 May 1890 Internationale Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Mülhausen i. Eis, 12–16 April 1903 Internationale Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Berlin, 25 August-4 September 1904 Internationale Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Kassel, 9–23 August 1914 IPOSTA 1930 Internationale Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung = International Philatelic Exhibition, Berlin, 12–21 September 1930 Mophila Internationale Ausstellung Moderner Philatelie, Hamburg, 22–30 August 1931 Ostropa 1935 Internationale Osteuropäische Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Königsberg, 23 June-3 July 1935 Interposta 1959 Internationale Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Hamburg, 22–31 May 1959 Internationale Briefmarkenschau der Messestädte, Leipzig, 1 August-18 September 1960 LUPOSTA 1962 Internationale Luftpost Ausstellung, Berlin, 12–16 September 1962 IBRA München '73 Internationale Briefmarken Ausstellung, Munich, 11–20 May 1973 (FIP) IKUBA '74 Internationale Briefmarken Ausstellung, Kulmbach, 2–11 August 1974 SOZ-PHILEX 77 Internationale Briefmarken-Ausstellung, East Berlin, 19–28 August 1977 ESSEN '80 Internationale Briefmarken Ausstellung, Essen, 15–19 November 1980 LUPOSTA 1983 Internationale Briefmarken Ausstellung, Cologne, 1983 SOZPHILEX Postgeschichte '85 Briefmarken-Ausstellung, East Berlin, 4–13 October 1985 LILIENTHAL 91 Internationale Briefmarken Ausstellung, Dresden, 16–25 August 1991 (FIP) IBRA 99 Internationale Briefmarken Ausstellung, Nuremberg (FIP) IBRA 2009, Essen. IBRA 2023, Essen, 25–28 May 2023 (FIP) Luxembourg Exposition internationale des timbres-poste, Luxembourg, 4–8 September 1927 Centilux 1952 Exposition internationale du centenaire des timbres-poste luxembourgeois, Luxembourg, 24 May-4 June 1952 Melusina 1963 Exposition internationale de timbres-poste, Luxembourg, 13–21 April 1963 JUVENTUS '69 International Youth Stamp Exhibition, Luxembourg, 3–8 April 1969 (FIP) JUVALEX '78 International Youth Stamp Exhibition, Luxembourg, 6–10 April 1978 (FIP) JUVALEX '98 International Youth Stamp Exhibition, Luxembourg, 18–21 June 1998 (FIP) Monaco Exposition Philatelique Internationale, Monte Carlo, 18–26 February 1928 Reinatex 1952 Exposition philatélique internationale, Monte Carlo, 6 April-4 May 1952 Exposition Philatelique: 100 Years of Monaco's Stamps, Monte Carlo, 5–8 December 1985 Exposition Philatélique Internationale, Monte Carlo, 13–17 November 1987 Monaco'97, 1997 MonacoPhil 1999 MonacoPhil 2000 MonacoPhil 2002 MonacoPhil 2004 MonacoPhil 2006 MonacoPhil 2011 Exposition Philatélique Internationale, Monte Carlo, 4–6 December 2009 Monacophil 2013, Monte Carlo, 5–7 December 2013 Monacophil 2015, Monaco, 2–5 December 2015 Netherlands Internationale Postzegeltentoonstelling, 's-Gravenhage, 17–22 July 1896 Internationale Postzegeltentoonstelling, 's-Gravenhage, 10–19 August 1901 Internationale Postzegeltentoonstelling, Amsterdam, 3–10 June 1909 Internationale Postzegeltentoonstelling, 's-Gravenhage, 6–17 September 1924 ITEP '52 Internationale Tentoonstelling Eeuwfeest Postzegel, Utrecht, 28 June-6 July 1952 Amphilex '67 internationale filatelistische tentoonstelling, Amsterdam, 11–21 May 1967 Amphilex '77 Internationale postzegeltentoonstelling, Amsterdam, 26 May-5 June 1977 (FIP) Filacento Internationale postzegeltentoonstelling ter gelegenheid van 100 jaar georganiseerde filatelie in Nederland, Den Haag, 6–9 September 1984 Filacept '88 Holland Europa Internationale Postzegeltentoonstelling, [Den Haag]. 18–23 October 1988 FEPAPOST 94 internationale postzegeltentoonstelling, Den Haag, 17–23 October 1994 Amphilex 2002, Amsterdam, 30 August-3 September 2002 Switzerland Exposition Internationale de Timbres-Poste, Geneva, 8–23 August 1896 Internationale Postwertzeichen-Ausstellung, Berne, 3–12 September 1910 Exposition Internationale de Timbres-Poste, Geneva, 3–12 September 1922 Imaba 1948 Internationale Briefmarken-Ausstellung = Exposition philatélique internationale = Esposizione filatelica internazionale = International philatelic exhibition, Basle, 21–29 August 1948 INTERNABA 1974 Internationale Briefmarkenausstellung = Exposition philatélique internationale, Basle, 7–16 June 1974 (FIP) LURABA '81 International Stamp Exhibition, Lucerne, 17–24 March 1981 (FIP) TEMBAL '83 International Thematic Stamp Exhibition, Basle, 21–29 March 1983 (FIP) Ticino '2003 esposizione internazionale di filatelia, Locarno, 18–22 June 2003 HELVETIA 2022 World Stamp Exhibition, Lugano, 18–22 May 2022 (FIP) East Bulgaria Sofia 1969 World Philatelic Exhibition, Sofia, 31 May-8 June 1969 PHILASERDIKA '79 World Philatelic Exhibition, Sofia, 18–27 May 1979 (FIP) Bulgaria '89 World Philatelic Exhibition, Sofia, 22–31 May 1989 (FIP) Bulgaria '99 World Philatelic Exhibition, Sofia, 5–10 October 1999 European Philatelic Exhibition, Sofia, 27–31 May 2009 BULGARIA 2020, Plovdiv, 30 September-2020 - 4 October(FIP). Cancelled due to outbreak of COVID-19. Czech Republic BRNO 1923 Mezinarodni vystavy postovnich znamek, Brno, 5–15 August 1923 Praga 1938 International Philatelic Exhibition, Prague, 26 June-4 July 1938 Praga 1955 Mezinarodni vystava postovnich znamek, Prague, 10–25 September 1955 Světová výstava poštovních známek, Prague, 18 August-2 September 1962 Praga 1968 World Stamp Exhibition, Prague, 22 June-7 July 1968 Praga 1978 World Stamp Exhibition, Prague, 8–17 September 1978 (FIP) Světová výstava poštovních známek Praga 1988, Prague, 26 August-4 September 1988 (FIP) Praga 1998 mezinárodní výstava poštovních známek, Prague, 7–10 September 1998 BRNO 2005 European Stamp Exhibition, Brno, 10–15 May 2005 Praga 2008 International Stamp Exhibition, Prague, 12–14 September 2008 (FIP) Praga 2018 World Stamp Exhibition, Prague, 15–18 August 2018 (FIP) Liberec 2022 European Stamp Exhibition and Polar Salon, Liberec, 13–16 October 2022 (FIP) Hungary Budapest 1961 International Stamp Exhibition, Budapest, 23 September-3 October 1961 Budapest '71 International Stamp Exhibition, Budapest, 4–12 September 1971 EUROFILEX'85, Budapest, 14–31 October 1985 EUROFILEX'92, Budapest, 12–16 September 1992 Hunphilex 2000, Budapest, 18–21 August 2000 Hunfila 2002 International Stamp Exhibition, Budapest, 3–6 October 2002 Hunfila 2007 International Stamp Exhibition, Budapest, 27–30 September 2007 Hunphilex 2022, Budapest, 31 Mar–3 April 2022 Poland BALPEX, Gdansk, 1959 POLSKA '60 Międzynarodowa Wystawa Filatelistyczna, Warsaw, 27 September-9 October 1960 POLSKA 73 Światowa Wystawa Filatelistyczna = World Postage Stamp Exhibition, Poznan, 19 September-2 October 1973 (FIP) POLSKA '93 World Philatelic Exhibition, Poznan, 7–16 May 1993 (FIP) Świętochłowice 2000 International Philatelic Exhibition, Świętochłowice, 12–18 October 2000 POLKOWICE 2011 European Youth Stamp Exhibition, Polkowice, 1–7 October 2011 (FEPA) Romania BALKANPHILA’91, Bacau, 20–24 September 1991 World Philatelic Exhibition, Bucharest, 20–27 June 2008 (FIP) Russia "Большой Урал - 82" () - Stamp Exhibition in Chelyabinsk, Ural region of the USSR, in 1982 in honor of 60 anniversary of the USSR creation. Moskva '97 Vsemirnai︠a︡ filatelistskai︠a︡ vystavka = World Philatelic Exhibition, Moscow, 17–26 October 1997 (FIP) St Petersburg 2007 International Stamp Exhibition, St. Petersburg, 19–25 June 2007 (FIP) Slovakia Medzinárodná Výstava Poštových Známok Slovensko 2002, Bratislava, 4–10 July 2002 North Denmark Hafnia '76 International Stamp Exhibition, Copenhagen, 20–29 August 1976 (FIP) Hafnia '87 World Philatelic Exhibition, Copenhagen, 16–25 October 1987 (FIP) Hafnia '94 World Philatelic Exhibition, Copenhagen, 27–30 January 1994 (FIP) Hafnia '01 World Philatelic Exhibition, Copenhagen, 16–21 October 2001 (FIP) Nordia 2017, Vejle, 27–29 October 2017 Finland Finlandia 56, Helsinki-Helsingfors, 7–15 July 1956 Finlandia 88 filatelian maailmannäyttely = filatelisk världsutställning = world philatelic exhibition, Helsinki, 1–12 June 1988 (FIP) Finlandia '95 World Stamp Exhibition, Helsinki, 10–15 May 1995 (FIP) Finlandia 2017 European Stamp Exhibition, Tampere 24–28 May 2017 (FIP) Ireland STAMPA (annual national stamp exhibition since 1972) Norway Internasjonal Frimerkeutsilling, Oslo, 4–12 June 1955 Nidaro '78 Nordic Fairmark Exhibition Trordheim Norway, 19–24 September 1978 NORWEX '80 International Stamp Exhibition, Oslo, 13–22 June 1980 (FIP) NORWEX 97 spesialisert filatelistisk verdensutstilling for posthistorie og luftpost = specialized world philatelic exhibition for postal history and aerophilately, Oslo, 16–21 April 1997 (FIP) Sweden IBERO-AMER Frimarksexpo, Stockholm, 12 October 1949 Stockholmia '55 Filatelistiska Världsutställningen, Stockholm, 1–10 July 1955 Stockholmia '74 Internationell Frimärksutställning, Stockholm, 21–29 September 1974 (FIP) Stockholmia '86 Internationell Frimärksutställning, Stockholm, 29 August-7 September 1986 (FIP) Stockholmia 2019 Internationell Frimärksutställning, Stockholm, 29 May-2 June 2019 United Kingdom London Philatelic Exhibition 1890 London Philatelic Exhibition 1897 International Philatelic Exhibition, City Art Gallery, Manchester, 29 June-5 July 1899 International Philatelic Exhibition, Caxton Hall, Westminster, 23 May-1 June 1906 Jubilee International Stamp Exhibition, Royal Horticultural Hall, London, 14–19 October 1912 London International Stamp Exhibition, Royal Horticultural Hall, London, 14–26 May 1923 APEX International Air Post Exhibition Stamp Centenary Exhibition 1940 London International Stamp Exhibition 1950 London International Stamp Exhibition 1960 Royal Philatelic Society London's Centenary Exhibition, Seymour Hall, London, 11–20 April 1969 Philympia 1970 APEX 73 International Airmail Exhibition London 1980 International Stamp Exhibition (FIP) Stamp World London 1990 (FIP) EURAPEX''93 Aerophilatelic exhibition, London, 2–7 March 1993. The Stamp Show 2000 (FIP) London 2010 International Stamp Exhibition (FIP) London 2015 Europhilex London 2022 International Stamp Exhibition, Business Design Centre, London, 19–26 February 2022 Stampex, London South Italy Exposition Philatelique Internationale, Milan, 1894 Exposition Philatelique Internationale, Turin, 1898 Exposition Philatelique Internationale, Milan, 16–23 September 1906 International philatelic exhibition, Torino, 14–23 October 1911 Sicilia '59 esposizione filatelica internazionale, Palermo, 16–26 October 1959 Italia '66 esposizione filatelica internazionale con sezione numismatica, Udine, 26–31 July 1966 ITALIA '76 Esposizione mondiale di filatelia = World Stamp Exhibition, Milan, 14–24 October 1976 (FIP) Italia '85 esposizione mondiale di filatelia, Rome, 25 October-3 November 1985 (FIP) Genova '92 esposizione mondiale di filatelia tematica, Genova, 18–27 September 1992 (FIP) Italia '98 Esposizione mondiale di filatelia, Milan, 23 October-1 November 1998 (FIP) ITALIA 2009 International Philately Festival, Rome, 21–25 October 2009 Malta Maltex (annually 2000-) Gozo Philatelic Society Exhibition (annually 1999-) Wirja Filatelika ta' Malta (annually 1970–1999) Żejtun Philatelic Exhibition (annually every September 2003-) by the Żejtun Philatelic Group Portugal PORTUGAL 1953 da Exposicao Filatelica International, Lisbon, 3–11 August 1953 PORTUGAL '77 World Thematic Exhibition, Oporto, 19–28 November 1977 (FIP) PORTUGAL 1998, Lisbon, 4–13 September 1998 (FIP) PORTUGAL 2010 World Stamp Exhibition, Lisbon, 1–10 October 2010 (FIP) San Marino San Marino 77: centenario del francobollo della Repubblica di San Marino, San Marino, 28 August-4 September 1977 Slovenia Filatelistična razstava z mednarodno udeležbo = Philatelic Exhibition with International Participation, Ljubljana, 15–19 September 1999 Maribofila 2012 International Philatelic Exhibition, Maribor, 24–27 May 2012 Spain 1950 Exposicion Conmemorativa Del Sello Español ECSE, Madrid, 12–22 October 1950 (FIP) Exposicion Y Congreso Internacional De Barcelona CIF-60, Barcelona, 26 March-6 April 1960 (FIP) España '75: Exposición Mundial de Filatelia, Madrid, 4–13 April 1975 (FIP) Espamer '80 Exposición Filatélica de América y Europa, Madrid, 3–12 October 1980 España '84: Exposición Mundial de Filatelia, Madrid, 27 April-6 May 1984 (FIP) Espamer '87 Exposición Filatélica de América y Europa, La Coruña, 2–12 October 1987 GRANADA '92 Exposición Mundial de Filatelia = World Stamp Exhibition, Granada, 24 April-3 May 1992 (FIP) ESPAMER '96 Exposición Mundial de Filatelia Aviación y Espacio, Seville, 4–12 May 1996 (FIP) LORCA '98 Exposicion Mundial De Literatura Y Filatelia Moderna, Granada, 3–7 June 1998 (FIP) España 2000 Exposición Mundial de Filatelia, Madrid, 6–14 October 2000 (FIP) España 2004 Exposición Mundial de Filatelia, Valencia, 22–30 May 2004 (FIP) España 2006 Exposición Mundial de Filatelia, Malaga, 7–13 October 2006 (FIP) North America Canada CAPEX '51 Canadian International Philatelic Exhibition, Toronto, 21–29 September 1951 CAPEX '78 Canadian International Philatelic Exhibition, Toronto, 9–18 June 1978 (FIP) CAPEX '87 Canadian world philatelic exhibition, Toronto, 13–21 June 1987 (FIP) CAPEX '96 world philatelic exhibition = exposition philatélique mondiale, Toronto, 8–16 June 1996 (FIP) Royal2011Royale, RPSC Annual Convention, Dorval, Quebec VANPEX, annual regional philatelic exhibition sponsored by the British Columbia Philatelic Society CAPEX '22 International Philatelic Exhibition, Toronto, 9–12 June 2022 Mexico EFIMEX International Philatelic Exhibition, Mexico City, 1–9 November 1968 St Pierre et Miquelon SPM EXPO 2014, St Pierre et Miquelon, 24–28 September 2014 SPM EXPO 2017, St Pierre et Miquelon, 1–4 June 2017 United States International International Philatelic Exhibition (Engineering Societies' Building, New York, 27 October – 1 November 1913) International Philatelic Exhibition (Grand Central Palace, New York, 16–23 October 1926) TIPEX (Third International Philatelic Exhibition, New York, 9–17 May 1936) CIPEX (Centenary International Philatelic Exhibition, Grand Central Palace, New York City, 17–23 May 1947) FIPEX (Fifth International Philatelic Exhibition, New York Coliseum, New York City, 28 April – 6 May 1956) SIPEX (Sixth International Philatelic Exhibition, Washington, D.C., 21–30 May 1966) INTERPHIL Seventh International Philatelic Exhibition, Philadelphia, 29 May-6 June 1976 (FIP) AMERIPEX, Rosemont, IL, 1986 (FIP) OLYMPHILEX, Atlanta, GA, 19 July-3 August 1996 PACIFIC '97, San Francisco, CA (FIP) WASHINGTON 2006, Washington, D.C., 27 May-3 June 2006 (FIP) World Stamp Show-NY 2016 (FIP) World Stamp Show Boston 2026, Boston, 23–30 May 2026 APS Sponsored National StampShow - American Philatelic Society summer show AmeriStamp Expo - American Philatelic Society winter show APS World Series Americover - various locations - sponsored by the American First Day Cover Society ARIPEX - multiple locations in Arizona BALPEX - Baltimore, Maryland CHICAGOPEX - Chicago, Illinois COLOPEX - Columbus, Ohio Filatelic Fiesta - San Jose, California FLOREX – Orlando, Florida Garfield-Perry March Party - Cleveland, Ohio INDYPEX - Indianapolis, Indiana MILCOPEX - Milwaukee, Wisconsin Minnesota Stamp Expo - Minneapolis, Minnesota NAPEX – Washington, D.C. National Topical Stamp Show - various locations - sponsored by the American Topical Association NOJEX – northern New Jersey OKPEX - Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Omaha Stamp Show - Omaha, Nebraska Philatelic Show - Boston, Massachusetts PIPEX - multiple locations in Oregon Plymouth Show Detroit, Michigan Rocky Mountain Stamp Show - Denver, Colorado (formerly ROMPEX) ROPEX - Rochester, New York St. Louis Stamp Expo - St. Louis, Missouri Sarasota National Stamp Exhibition - Sarasota, Florida SEAPEX - Seattle, Washington Southeastern Stamp Expo - Atlanta, Georgia TEXPEX - Dallas, Texas WESTPEX - San Francisco, California Source - American Philatelic Society Local BOPEX - Bowie, Maryland (Bowie Philatelic Exhibition) CHARPEX - Charlotte, North Carolina (Charlotte Philatelic Society) COMPEX - Chicago, Illinois FALLSPEX - (Cuyahoga Falls Stamp Club) HUNTSPEX - Huntsville, Alabama (Huntsville Philatelic Club) MEMPHEX - Memphis, Tennessee (Memphis Stamp Collectors Society) Defunct or on Hiatus SEPAD (Southeast Pennsylvania and Delaware) VAPEX (Virginia) Puerto Rico ESPAMER '82 International Philatelic Exhibition, San Juan, 12–17 October 1982 South America Argentina EFIMAYO 1960 Exposición filatélica interamericana, Buenos Aires, 12–24 October 1960 Buenos Aires '80 International Stamp Exhibition, Buenos Aires, 24 October-2 November 1980 (FIP) Argentina '85 (IV Exposición Mundial de Temática) International Stamp Exhibition, Buenos Aires, 5–14 July 1985 (FIP) Expo Río Grande 2012 Exposición Internacional de Filatelia, Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, 27 November-1 December 2012 Córdoba 2013 Exposición Internacional de Filatelia, Córdoba, 23–27 April 2013 Exposición Filatélica Internacional Expo Córdoba 2016, Córdoba, 23–27 August 2016 (FIAF) Buenos Aires 2019 Exposición Internacional de Filatelia, Buenos Aires, 26–31 August 2019 Brazil Brasiliana '79 International Stamp Exhibition, Rio de Janeiro, 15–23 September 1979 (FIP) Brasiliana '83 International Stamp Exhibition, Rio de Janeiro, 29 July-7 August 1983 (FIP) Brasiliana '93 International Stamp Exhibition, Rio de Janeiro, 30 July-8 August 1993 (FIP) Brasiliana 2013 International Stamp Exhibition, Rio de Janeiro, 19–25 November 2013 (FIP) Brasilia 2017 Specialized World Stamp Exhibition, Brasilia, 24–29 October 2017 (FIP) Chile EXFIL 2018 Exposicion Filatélica Continental, Santiago, 9–13 October 2018 Colombia EXFIME 2011 Exposicion Filatélica Interamericana, Medellin, 19–24 October 2011 Exposicion Filatelica del Pacifico Sur, Bogotá, 4–7 September 2013 Costa Rica EXPOFILATELIA 2013, San José, 1–7 November 2013 Paraguay Bicentenario Paraguay 2011 Exposición Filatélica Continental, Asunción, 5–10 May 2011 Uruguay Uruguay '77 Exposicion Internacional de Filatelia, Montevideo, 29 July-7 August 1977 URUGUAY 2011 Exposición Internacional Filatélica Temática, Montevideo, 26–30 September 2011 See also Philatelic exhibition References External links FIAF (Federación InterAmericana de Filatelia) Eventos 2015-2019 Exhibitions under FIP Patronage FIAP Calendar The FIAP Grand Prix Winners 2016-2018 Historic FEPA Exhibitions The International Exhibitor Newsletter National Philatelic Society Philatelic Exhibitions Holdings Philatelic events
55483938	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismene%20narcissiflora	Ismene narcissiflora	Ismene narcissiflora is a plant species in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is native to Peru and Bolivia. References Flora of Peru Amaryllidoideae
26664735	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WENV-LP	WENV-LP	WENV-LP (97.3 FM, "WENV 97.3 The Warrior") is a radio station licensed to Gainesboro, Tennessee, United States. The station is currently owned by Save the Cumberland, Inc. Coverage Area WENV-LP is licensed to Gainesboro, Tennessee, but does not serve that community with either its City or Service grade signals. WENV-LP serves a stretch of the Cumberland River with little to no population. References External links ENV-LP
26353650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaphyri%20Windsor	Saaphyri Windsor	Saaphyri Windsor (born Wanda Scott) is an American reality television contestant, hairstylist, and actress. Windsor is best known for appearing on Flavor of Love 2 and winning Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School. After the show, Windsor launched a unisex lip balm called Saaphyri's Lip Chap which stemmed from Saaphyri offering H-Town "lip chap" after their fight on Flavor of Love 2. Career ...................................... In 2006, Saaphyri participated in the second season of Flavor of Love. Shortly after entering the house, Saaphyri and H-Town were involved in an altercation when Saaphryi felt H-Town stole the bed Saaphyri had claimed for herself. Flavor Flav listened to both sides of the story regarding the fight and reviewed the tapes containing footage of the fight. He ultimately decided that Windsor initiated the fight and eliminated her from the competition. After her appearance on Flavor of Love, Saaphyri participated in Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School. The show featured thirteen of the Flavor of Love girls competing for a $50,000 prize. Saaphyri was the winner of that competition. and as a final gift, Mo'Nique brought out her sentimental UGG boots (which Saaphyri had selflessly sold during a challenge), reminding Saaphyri of Mo'Nique's promise that she would get them back. Saaphyri appeared in Flavor of Love 3 to help judge a competition involving entrepreneurship. Saaphyri came in fifth place on the second season of the VH1 reality show I Love Money. She was automatically eliminated in Episode 14, the season finale, after placing last in a challenge and becoming "the dead-last loser" (she placed last in the challenge.) Saaphyri appeared in all the Episodes of I Love Money 2 except for the Reunion special (due to her legal issues). Legal issues In January 2009, Saaphyri was sentenced to three years in prison after failing to show up for a November 2005 court date.<ref name=jail/. She served 20 months, and was released in August 2010. Television appearances Filmography Award nominations References External links Living people Participants in American reality television series African-American actresses African-American female models American female models African-American models American film actresses American people of Ethiopian descent American television actresses Reality show winners Actresses from Los Angeles 1979 births Flavor of Love 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women
18655263	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramkowo	Kramkowo	Kramkowo is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wizna, within Łomża County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately west of Wizna, east of Łomża, and west of the regional capital Białystok. References Kramkowo
10120056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obbicht%20en%20Papenhoven	Obbicht en Papenhoven	Obbicht en Papenhoven is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. It consisted of the villages Obbicht and Papenhoven, located on the river Meuse about 8 km northwest of Sittard. Obbicht en Papenhoven merged with the municipality of Born in 1982. A small part merged with Stein. References External links Map of the former municipality, around 1868. Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands) Sittard-Geleen Stein, Limburg
35900003	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila%20hydei	Drosophila hydei	Drosophila hydei (mosca casera) is a species of Diptera, or the order of flies, in the family Drosophilidae. It is a species in the hydei species subgroup, a group in the repleta species group. Bizarrely, it is also known for having approximately 23 mm long sperm, 10 times the length of the male's body. Drosophila hydei are commonly found on compost piles worldwide, and can be rudimentarily identified by eye owing to their large size and variegated pigment pattern on the thorax. The name derives from Dr R. R. Hyde, who first discovered that the species was distinct from Drosophila repleta. D. hydei are one of the more popular flies used as feeders in the pet trade. A few varieties are available, some flightless. Wild populations of D. hydei can be infected with Spiroplasma bacteria that defend the fly against parasitoid wasps. Contribution to invertebrate genetics The Class II "Minos" transposon was identified as a repetitive element in the genome of Drosophila hydei. Minos transgenic tools derived from the element in Drosophila hydei have been used in an extremely wide variety of invertebrate and arthropod genomes to disrupt genes for study. Minos is a member of the Tc1/mariner family of DNA transposons. In the genetic workhorse Drosophila melanogaster, Minos transgenesis has been used to disrupt over 10,000 genes as part of the "Drosophila Gene Disruption Project," allowing the study of their function. Gallery References Further reading PDF PDF External links NCBI taxonomy database: Drosophila hydei h
36945013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bower%20%28MP%20for%20Penryn%29	John Bower (MP for Penryn)	John Bower or Bowyer (fl. 1563) was an English politician. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Penryn in 1563. References Year of birth missing Year of death missing Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall English MPs 1563–1567
67119817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Veki%C4%87	Igor Vekić	Igor Vekić (born 6 May 1998) is a Slovenian football player who plays for Primeira Liga club Paços de Ferreira, on loan from Bravo, as a goalkeeper. Club career Vekić made his Slovenian PrvaLiga debut for Bravo on 9 August 2019 in a game against Aluminij. References External links Igor Vekić at NZS 1998 births Living people Slovenian footballers Slovenian expatriate footballers Slovenia youth international footballers Slovenia under-21 international footballers Association football goalkeepers Slovenian Second League players Slovenian PrvaLiga players Primeira Liga players NK Bravo players F.C. Paços de Ferreira players Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal Expatriate footballers in Portugal
26861834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerencsej%C3%A1t%C3%A9k%20Zrt.	Szerencsejáték Zrt.	Szerencsejáték Zrt. is the largest gambling service provider in Hungary. The company was founded in 1991 and is 100% state owned (through Magyar Nemzeti Vagyonkezelő Zrt.). It has exclusive rights to distribute number draw games, sports bets and prize draw tickets throughout the entire territory of the country and - through its investments - it also has interests in four Hungarian casinos. It operates seven number draw games, such as five-number draw lottery, six-number draw lottery, Scandinavian Lotto, Joker, Keno, Luxor, and Puttó; three types of sports bets, including Toto Pools, Tippmix, and Goal Toto; and a portfolio of prize draw tickets. Szerencsejatek’s products are available by phone, Internet, and via SMS. The website of Szerencsejáték Zrt. is not available in English. However, expats, temporary residents, tourists can purchase lottery tickets in person at the betting shops, and even online, if they get a so called "játékoskártya" (player card), which they can use in leu of a Hungarian ID card. You can get the player card at the betting shops, in person (brief registration required, ID or passport and proof of address are needed). Notes Gambling in Hungary Hungarian brands
63502999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilo%20Albornoz	Camilo Albornoz	Camilo Hernán Albornoz (born 24 October 2000) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Atlético Tucumán. Professional career Albornoz made his professional debut with Atlético Tucumán in a 2-2 Argentine Primera División tie with Lanús on 23 February 2020. References External links 2000 births Living people Sportspeople from San Miguel de Tucumán Argentine footballers Association football forwards Atlético Tucumán footballers Argentine Primera División players
18908441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%201000%20km%20of%20N%C3%BCrburgring	2008 1000 km of Nürburgring	The 2008 1000 km of Nürburgring was the fourth round of the 2008 Le Mans Series season. It took place at the Nürburgring, Germany, on 17 August 2008. Race results Class winners in bold. Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC). † - Both #6 Team Oreca-Matmut and #21 Epsilon Euskadi failed to complete the final lap of the race, therefore they are not classified in the final results. Statistics Pole Position - #7 Team Peugeot Total - 1:39.492 Fastest Lap - #7 Team Peugeot Total - 1:40.501 Average Speed - References External links Le Mans Series - Nürburgring Nurburgring 6 Hours of Nürburgring Nurburgring
10309778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrotia	Macrotia	Macrotia refers to an ear that is larger than would be expected. The normal auricular axis length is among females and among males. The average width of an adult ear, specifically the distance between the helix root (inner front edge) and the posterior auricle (outer front edge), is between . Treatment for Macrotia Macrotia is an external ear malformation and is not known to cause any hearing impairment on its own, although it may occasionally occur simultaneously with other developmental disorders that do affect hearing. Treatment is typically not necessary, although patients may seek cosmetic treatment. In some cases, surgery (otoplasty) is performed to reduce the ear size. While generally considered a cosmetic procedure, otoplasty for macrotia can improve overall quality of life, especially for young patients who may be able to avoid reduced self-esteem and social avoidance behavior due to large ears. Otoplasty for macrotia typically focuses on reducing the size of the scapha, which is the concave region of the ear between the helix and antihelix ridge, while preserving ear shape and contour. References External links Congenital disorders of ears Diseases of the ear and mastoid process
67333531	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Casson	John Casson	John David Casson CMG (born 4 June 1971) is a British diplomat, who served as the British Ambassador to Egypt from August 2014 to August 2018. Early life John David Casson was born in Birmingham, United Kingdom on 4 June 1971. Casson was born to Reverend David and Helen Casson. Casson was educated at Ashcroft High School in Luton, Bedfordshire and Tiffin School, a boys' grammar school in Kingston upon Thames, London. After Tiffin, Casson attended Richmond upon Thames College. Career Ambassador to Egypt Casson was appointed the British Ambassador to Egypt in August 2014 until August 2018. In May 2015, Casson faced criticism on Twitter after making a joke referencing a recent Egyptian political controversy. Casson has been the leader of the disability charity L’Arche in the United Kingdom since January 2021. Personal life Casson married his wife, Kathryn Rachel Clarke, in 2000. Casson speaks fluent Arabic. Casson identifies as a Christian. He was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2014 Birthday Honours list. References External links Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Egypt 21st-century British diplomats 1971 births Living people Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
38214097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirtocossus%20crucis	Hirtocossus crucis	Hirtocossus crucis is a moth of the family Cossidae. It is found in Madagascar. This is a large heavy moth with a wingspan of 70 mm. The frontwings are dull white, with 2 fine angulated lines crossing, the hindwings are uniformly dull grey. References Cossinae Moths described in 1914 Moths of Madagascar Moths of Africa
66032945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress%2033	Progress 33	Progress 33 () was a Soviet uncrewed Progress cargo spacecraft, which was launched in November 1987 to resupply the Mir space station. Launch Progress 33 launched on 20 November 1987 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in the Kazakh SSR. It used a Soyuz-U2 rocket. Docking Progress 33 docked with the aft port of the Kvant-1 module of Mir on 23 November 1987 at 01:39:13 UTC, and was undocked on 19 December 1987 at 08:15:46 UTC. Decay It remained in orbit until 19 December 1987, when it was deorbited. The deorbit burn occurred at 12:56:00 UTC and the mission ended at 13:37 UTC. See also 1987 in spaceflight List of Progress missions List of uncrewed spaceflights to Mir References Progress (spacecraft) missions 1987 in the Soviet Union Spacecraft launched in 1987 Spacecraft which reentered in 1987 Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets
32231753	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%201989	United Nations Security Council Resolution 1989	United Nations Security Council Resolution 1989, adopted unanimously on June 17, 2011, after recalling resolutions 1267 (1999), 1333 (2000), 1363 (2001), 1373 (2001), 1390 (2002), 1452 (2002), 1455 (2003), 1526 (2004), 1566 (2004), 1617 (2005), 1624 (2005), 1699 (2006), 1730 (2006), 1735 (2006), 1822 (2008), 1904 (2009) and 1988 (2011) on terrorism and the threat to Afghanistan, the Council imposed separate sanctions regimes on Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Resolution 1989 dealt with sanctions relating to Al-Qaeda, while Resolution 1988 (2011) addressed sanctions against the Taliban. Until the passing of both the resolutions, sanctions on the Taliban and Al-Qaeda had been handled by the same committee. Details The Security Council reaffirmed that terrorism continued to constitute a "serious" threat to international peace and security. The provisions of the resolution, adopted under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, included; Modified the Committee established in Resolution 1267 to include only Al-Qaeda and associates; Expanded the mandate of the Ombudsperson created in Resolution 1904 to include the consideration of requests for delisting and the acceptance or rejection of requests; Urged states and organisations to provide all necessary information concerning delisting requests for Al-Qaeda or other individuals; Ensured that the sanctions were more fairly and transparently applied. The annex of the resolution provided instructions for the Ombudsperson and Monitoring Committee. See also Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1901 to 2000 (2009 – 2011) Terrorism References External links Text of the Resolution at undocs.org Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267, 1989, and 2253 website (Al-Qaeda Sanctions Committee) 2011 United Nations Security Council resolutions 1989 Al-Qaeda Taliban United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning terrorism June 2011 events
35905587	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateshkadeh-ye%20Olya	Ateshkadeh-ye Olya	Ateshkadeh-ye Olya (, also Romanized as Āteshkadeh-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Āteshkadeh-ye Bālā) is a village in Meyghan Rural District, in the Central District of Nehbandan County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 77, in 18 families. References Populated places in Nehbandan County
64705302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis%20Malinnov%20Sdn%20Bhd	Aegis Malinnov Sdn Bhd	Aegis Malinnov Sdn Bhd also known as Malinnov (short for Malaysia Innovation) is a defence and security company that focusses on designing and manufacturing firearms, ammunitions and the distribution of defence and security related products mainly for Malaysian government agencies. History The company was formed in 2012. It started with gaining the rights to distribute firearms in Malaysia. Malinnov moved to indigenous production of firearms when it unveiled the Malinnov M1P in 2015. The company said that they planned to publicly debut it in the LIMA 2017 convention. However, it was reported in 2019 that the M1P was not further marketed by the company since it was dropped from its website. Products Malinnov M1P References External Links Official Site 2012 establishments in Malaysia Privately held companies of Malaysia Malaysian brands Firearm manufacturers of Malaysia Defense companies of Malaysia Manufacturing companies based in Kuala Lumpur
27099231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocenebra%20ingloria	Ocenebra ingloria	Ocenebra ingloria is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Description The length of the shell attains 18 mm. References External links MNHN, Paris: syntype Crosse H. (1865). Description d'espèces nouvelles. Journal de Conchyliologie. 13: 213-215 Barco, A.; Herbert, G.; Houart, R.; Fassio, G. & Oliverio, M. (2017). A molecular phylogenetic framework for the subfamily Ocenebrinae (Gastropoda, Muricidae). Zoologica Scripta. 46 (3): 322-335. Muricidae Gastropods described in 1865
26066656	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive%20%28band%29	Drive (band)	Drive was an American heavy metal band from Houston, Texas, formed by guitarist Rick Chavez. They released two albums, Characters in Time (1988) and Diablero (1992), while active and an archives release, iDefi, dedicated to the memory of Chavez and vocalist David Taylor, in 2017. History Drive formed in Houston, Texas, in the mid-1980s when its members were barely out of high school; but the band soon moved to Los Angeles, which had become the center of the hard rock scene. After winning a KNAC radio contest with their song "I Need The Nights", Drive landed on the 1987 10 Best From the West compilation released by Rampage Records, the hard rock division of Rhino Records. Rampage signed the band and, in July 1988, Drive released their debut album, Characters in Time. The album received good reviews from the industry's hard rock press, including the coveted 5 “K” rating from Kerrang!. The album also received airplay from hard rock stations around the country, including KNAC in Los Angeles. Drive recorded their sophomore effort, Diablero, for Rampage and advance tapes were circulating at the time, but the album's release was put on hold. At the turn of the decade the band left Rampage and signed with Zoo Entertainment, a new BMG label, that would later become connected with the band Tool. In 1992, the band released a re-worked version of Diablero to rave reviews from the metal underground. A shake-up at the label along with the dawn of the metal-killing grunge scene left the album without much of a push, and the band's recording career was put on hold, as members moved back to Texas. There Chavez and Taylor assembled one last Drive line-up, featuring bassist Mike Ribiero and drummer Carlos Cervantes, before putting things on hold. The break became permanent and Drive would not perform as a band again. On June 25, 2009, while driving along a San Antonio, Texas interstate, lead singer David Taylor lost control of his vehicle due to a tire malfunction and crashed. He was airlifted to an area hospital where he died of his injuries five days later. He was 44 years old. Eventually, founding member Rick Chavez was approached by German-American re-issue label 20th Century Music about releasing an album of unreleased material. The release, titled iDefi, surfaced in late 2017 and included "Inherit the Wind" and "Insanity" from the unreleased Rampage version of Diablero, alternate Spanish language versions of "Once Again" ("Otra Vez") and "Pandilla", also originally from Diablero, and various demos. Chavez died on February 25, 2017, from internal bleeding, and did not live to see the album's release. Members David Taylor – lead vocals (deceased in 2009) Rick Chavez – guitar, vocals (deceased in 2017) Mercy Valdez – guitar on Characters in Time & Diablero Mike Conde – guitar on Diablero Michael Anthony Guerrero – bass Valentine San Miguel – drums on Diablero Session musician on Characters in Time: Eric Singer - drums Additional musicians on iDefi: Mike Ribiero - bass Carlos "PeeWee" Cervantes - drums Discography Characters in Time (Rhino/Rampage, 1988) Diablero (Zoo Entertainment, 1992) iDefi (20th Century Music, 2017) References Heavy metal musical groups from Texas Musical quintets
4063249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%20Farndon	Pete Farndon	Peter Granville Farndon (12 June 1952 – 14 April 1983) was an English bassist and founding member of the rock band the Pretenders. Farndon attended Hereford Cathedral School in his home city of Hereford, before embarking on his musical career with the Pretenders. In addition to playing bass with the group, Farndon sang backup vocals and co-wrote two of the group's songs ("The Wait" and "Space Invader"), before a drug problem resulted in his dismissal from the group in 1982 and his death a year later. Career Farndon's musical influences included Stanley Clarke and Jeff Beck. Farndon played with Cold River Lady until the middle of 1976, and then toured with Australian folk-rock band The Bushwackers in 1978. Farndon joined the Pretenders in early 1978 and was the first member of the 1978–82 lineup to be recruited by Chrissie Hynde. Farndon recalled their first rehearsal: "I'll never forget it, we go in, we do a soul number, we do a country and western number, and then we did 'The Phone Call' which is like the heaviest fuckin' punk rocker you could do in 5/4 time. Impressed? I was very impressed." A guitarist was still needed, and Farndon recruited lead guitarist James Honeyman-Scott into the group that summer. Farndon, Honeyman-Scott, and bandmate Martin Chambers all hailed from Hereford. Chambers worked with Farndon to adjust to Hynde's timing: "Pete and I did a fair amount of work on our own, in terms of the rhythm section being able to play Chrissie's odd timing things. So Pete and I would come in a couple of hours ahead of the others and baby talk our way through the songs. You know, 'da dad da, boom boom.' She didn't count in the traditional way so we had to reinterpret the counts. Once we made the adjustment and learned to go with her flow, so to speak, it became second nature. It's the bedrock of Pretenders music." Farndon played a large role in shaping the Pretenders' tough image, often wearing his biker clothing, or later, samurai gear onstage. Hynde later acknowledged that two Pretenders' songs, "Biker" and "Samurai" had "references to a Pete Farndon type of character". As a performer, Hynde recalled that "Pete was fantastic. Pete was blagging it a lot because technically he wasn't any kind of great musician. But he had real heart, like in boxing terms, he could win the fight on heart alone. And he had a great energy, borne of a kind of desperation." By early 1982, Farndon's drug use was causing strained relations with his bandmates. He became increasingly belligerent and according to Hynde, "was in bad shape. He was really not someone you could work with." The situation came to a head when guitarist James Honeyman-Scott threatened to quit the band if Farndon wasn't fired. On 14 June 1982, band manager Dave Hill, on the orders of Hynde, fired Farndon. Two days after Farndon's dismissal, Honeyman-Scott was found dead of heart failure caused by a cocaine overdose. Four years into the career of the Pretenders, Hynde and drummer Martin Chambers were the only original members left, and less than a year later, the only two living members. After his dismissal from the Pretenders, Farndon worked with former Clash drummer Topper Headon, guitarist Henry Padovani, organist Mick Gallagher, and vocalist Steve Allen (formerly of Deaf School) in a short-lived band they called Samurai. Death On 14 April 1983, at the age of 30, Farndon was found by his wife drowned in the bath at his home in London, having lost consciousness after overdosing on heroin. He is buried at St. Peter's Church, Withington, Herefordshire, England. Discography The Bushwackers 1977 – Murrumbidgee The Pretenders 1979 – Pretenders 1981 – Extended Play 1981 – Pretenders II References External links Pretenders 977 Radio 1952 births 1983 deaths English rock bass guitarists Male bass guitarists English new wave musicians People from Hereford People educated at Hereford Cathedral School The Pretenders members Deaths by drowning Deaths by heroin overdose in England Accidental deaths in England 20th-century English musicians 20th-century English bass guitarists 20th-century British male musicians
65301702	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledar%20%C3%87u%C3%A7i	Bledar Çuçi	Bledar "Bledi" Çuçi (born 14 November 1970) is an Albanian politician. From January 2019 until December 2020 he served as Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development in the second cabinet of Edi Rama. On 16 December 2020, he was chosen by Prime Minister Edi Rama to serve as Interior Minister following the resignation of Sandër Lleshaj after mass protests hit the country following the police shooting of a 25 year old man who broke quarantine curfew. Personal life Cuci is married to Delina Fico, a civil society activist. In the late 90's, Fico was the fiancee of current Albanian Prime Minister Edi Rama, in whose cabinet Cuci serves. References Living people 1970 births Politicians from Tirana 21st-century Albanian politicians Government ministers of Albania Agriculture ministers of Albania
1444932	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Edward%20Hall	William Edward Hall	William Edward Hall (22 August 183530 November 1894) was an English lawyer and mountaineer who published some influential works on international law. Early life Hall was the only child of William Hall, a doctor and descendant of a junior branch of the "Halls of Dunglass", and of Charlotte née Cotton. He was born at Leatherhead, Surrey, but spent his childhood abroad, his father acting as physician to the King of Hanover, and subsequently to the British legation at Naples. Hence, perhaps, the son's taste in later life for art and modern languages. He was educated privately till, at the early age of seventeen, he matriculated at University College, Oxford, where in 1856 he took his degree with a first class in the then recently instituted school of law and history, gaining, three years afterwards, the Chancellor's prize for an essay upon the effect on Spain of the discovery of the precious metals in America. In 1861, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but devoted little time to any serious attempt to establish a legal practice. He was more interested in the study of Italian art, and in travelling Europe, always bringing home admirable water-colour drawings of buildings and scenery. He was an early and enthusiastic member of the Alpine Club, making several first ascents, notably that of the Lyskamm. He did however, exploit his legal profession in pursuit of his appetite for exploration in an expedition to South America to collect evidence on behalf of the Tichborne claimant, Arthur Orton. Military interests He was always much interested in military matters, and was under fire, on the Danish side, in the Second Schleswig War in 1864. In 1867 he published a pamphlet entitled A Plan for the Reorganization of the Army, in which he advocated national service. According to some, "He would undoubtedly have made his mark in the army" but was overwhelming attracted to life as a member of the landed gentry. He realised the latter ambition, first at Llanfihangel Crucorney, Monmouthshire, and then at Coker Court near Yeovil, Somerset. By all accounts he became, "the English country gentleman, with cosmopolitan experiences, encyclopaedic knowledge, and artistic feeling." His travels took him to Lapland, Egypt, South America and India. He performed valuable service for several government offices, in 1871 as inspector of returns under the Elementary Education Act 1870, in 1877 by reports to the Board of Trade on oyster fisheries, in France as well as in England. All the time, he was amassing materials for ambitious works on the history of civilization, and of the British Empire. His principal fame rests on his work on international law. In 1874 he published a book on the doctrine of neutrality, Rights and Duties of Neutrals. He followed this in 1880 by his magnum opus, his Treatise on International Law. Seen by some as "unquestionably the best book upon the subject in the English language", the book was, according to the legal author Arthur Nussbaum, well planned and exact, using crisp English and avoiding some of the "rhetorical vagueness" of earlier works on the subject. In 1894 Hall published a book on, the Foreign Jurisdictions of the British Crown. Private life Hall married Imogen, daughter of William Robert Grove in 1866. Imogen died in 1886 and in 1891 Hall Married Alice Hill. Hall had no children by either marriage. He died suddenly at Coker Court. Honours Institut de Droit International: Associ (1875) Membre (1882) References Bibliography Butler, A. J. (1895) "In memoriam: William Edward Hall", Alpine Journal, 17: 443-444 — (2004) "Hall, William Edward (1835–1894)", rev. Catherine Pease-Watkin, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 22 September 2007 External links 1835 births 1894 deaths English barristers English legal writers International law scholars Legal history of England Members of the Institut de Droit International English mountain climbers Alumni of University College, Oxford English art collectors 19th-century English lawyers
66354146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving%20%28TV%20series%29	Leaving (TV series)	Leaving is a British television sitcom which aired on BBC Two in two series from 1984 to 1985. Main cast Keith Barron as Daniel Ford Susan Hampshire as Martha Ford Gary Cady as Matthew Ford Caroline Dennis as Josephine Lucy Aston as Gina Ford Elizabeth Bradley as Mrs. Ford Richard Vernon as Mr. Chessington Philip Latham as Mr. Raphael Norma Streader as Freda Myrtle Devenish as Mrs. Barry Rachel Davies as Jan John Arthur as Ray Huntingdon Christine Shaw as Delia References Bibliography Horace Newcomb. Encyclopedia of Television. Routledge, 2014. External links 1984 British television series debuts 1985 British television series endings 1980s British comedy television series BBC television sitcoms English-language television shows
1316558	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrill	Morrill	Morrill may refer to: Locations in the United States Morrill, Kansas Morrill Township, Brown County, Kansas Morrill, Maine Morrill Township, Morrison County, Minnesota Morrill, Nebraska Morrill County, Nebraska Morrill, Texas People Annie Morrill Smith, botanist and genealogist Amos Morrill, a U.S. Federal Court Judge Anson P. Morrill, Governor of Maine and U.S. Congressman Charles Henry Morrill, businessman prominent in the history of Nebraska David L. Morril (note spelling), Governor of New Hampshire and U.S. Senator Edmund Needham Morrill, Governor of Kansas and U.S. Congressman James Morrill, former president of the Univ. of Minnesota John Morrill, baseball player for the Boston Beaneaters John Morrill (historian) Justin Smith Morrill, U.S. Senator from Vermont, whose namesake legislation includes: Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act Morrill Tariff Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act Lot M. Morrill, Governor of Maine, U.S. Senator, and Secretary of the U.S. Treasury under President Grant Mary Morrill, early Nantucket settler and grandmother of Benjamin Franklin Rowena Morrill, artist and illustrator Samuel P. Morrill, U.S. Congressman from Maine Stew Morrill, head coach of the Utah State University men's basketball team Walter Goodale Morrill, recipient of the Medal of Honor See also Merrill (disambiguation) Morrell, a surname
63488356	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neklyudikha	Neklyudikha	Neklyudikha () is a rural locality (a village) in Medvedevskoye Rural Settlement, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 1 as of 2002. Geography Neklyudikha is located 72 km east of Totma (the district's administrative centre) by road. Kolupaiha is the nearest rural locality. References Rural localities in Tarnogsky District
66559388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohd%20Naim%20Mokhtar	Mohd Naim Mokhtar	Dato' Setia Dr. Mohd. Na'im Mokhtar is the Chief Judge of the Syariah Court of Malaysia since 1 April 2019. References Malaysian judges Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Place of birth missing (living people)
66520132	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1muslu%2C%20Kur%C5%9Funlu	Hacımuslu, Kurşunlu	Hacımuslu is a village in the Kurşunlu district of Çankırı Province in Turkey. References Villages in Kurşunlu District
56843999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Wright%20%28shipbuilder-sawmiller%29	John Wright (shipbuilder-sawmiller)	John Wright was a 19th-century Australian shipbuilder, sawmiller and businessman. Biography In 1875, John Wright was the first white settler in Tuncurry, Australia. Born in Scotland, he arrived in Australia on Lord Worsley in May 1860. John Wright and Son Shipyards was a successful business until 1958. Wright adopted the local Worimi Aboriginal place name "Tuncurry" for the area north of Forster, which is said to mean "plenty fish". The Worimi people called John Wright "big boss" and "first fella". Before settling in Tuncurry, Wright sold his share of a sawmilling and shipwright business with Alexander Croll at Bungwahl on the Myall Lakes. Wright's son Ernest was the first white child born in Tuncurry. Ernest successfully continued the shipbuilding business after John's death. Another son, Sidney Garden Wright managed a large sawmill known as Avalon Mill near Krambach. Sidney married a granddaughter of Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism. They had ten children in the Mid North Coast area near Tuncurry. The water front land where the mill and shipyard stood at Tuncurry was gazetted as an area for public recreation and in 1962 was renamed John Wright Park. References 1835 births 1910 deaths Australian people of Scottish descent Mid North Coast Australian shipbuilders 19th-century Australian businesspeople
150749	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joplin%2C%20Missouri	Joplin, Missouri	Joplin is a city in Jasper and Newton counties in the southwestern corner of the U.S. state of Missouri. The bulk of the city is in Jasper County, while the southern portion is in Newton County. Joplin is the largest city located within both Jasper and Newton Counties - even though it is not the county seat of either county (Carthage is the seat of Jasper County while Neosho is the seat of Newton County). With a population of 51,762 as of the 2020 census, Joplin is the 12th most-populous city in the state. The city covers an area of 35.69 square miles (92.41 km2) on the outer edge of the Ozark Mountains. Joplin is the main hub of the three-county Joplin-Miami, Missouri-Oklahoma Metro area, which is home to 210,077 people making it the 5th largest metropolitan area in Missouri. In May 2011, the city was hit by a violent EF5 tornado which destroyed one-third of the city. History 19th century Lead was discovered in the Joplin Creek Valley before the Civil War, but only after the war did significant development take place. By 1871, numerous mining camps sprang up in the valley and resident John C. Cox filed a plan for a city on the east side of the valley. Cox named his village Joplin City after the spring and creek nearby, which had been named for the Reverend Harris G. Joplin, who settled upon its banks circa 1840. Carthage resident Patrick Murphy filed a plan for a city on the opposite side of the valley and named it Murphysburg. As the nearest sheriff was in Carthage, frontier lawlessness abounded in Joplin. The historic period was referred to as the "Reign of Terror". The cities eventually merged into Union City, but when the merger was found illegal, the cities split. Murphy suggested that a combined city be named Joplin. The cities merged again on March 23, 1873, this time permanently, as the City of Joplin. While Joplin was first settled for lead mining, zinc, often referred to as "jack", was the most important mineral resource. As railroads were built to connect Joplin to major markets in other cities, it was on the verge of dramatic growth. By the start of the 20th century, the city was becoming a regional metropolis. Construction centered around Main Street, with many bars, hotels, and fine homes nearby. Joplin's three-story "House of Lords" was its most famous saloon, with a bar and restaurant on the first floor, gambling on the second, and a brothel on the third. Trolley and rail lines made Joplin the hub of southwest Missouri. As the center of the "Tri-state district", it soon became the lead- and zinc-mining capital of the world. As a result of extensive surface and deep mining, Joplin is dotted with open-pit mines and mineshafts. Mining left many tailings piles (small hills of ground rock), which are considered unsightly locally. The main part of Joplin is nearly 75% undermined, with some mine shafts well over 100 ft (30 m) deep. These shafts have occasionally caved in, creating sinkholes. 20th century Joplin began to add cultural amenities; in 1902, residents passed a tax to create a public library, and gained matching funds that enabled them to build the Carnegie Library. It was seen as the symbol of a thriving city. In 1930, the grand commercial Electric Theater was built, one of the many movie palaces of the time. It was later purchased and renamed the Fox by Fox Theatres corporation. With the Depression and post-World War II suburban development, moviegoing declined at such large venues. On April 15, 1903, Joplin police officers, including Theodore Leslie, 36, were searching nearby rail yards for a Black man who had allegedly stolen pistols from a hardware store when Leslie noticed a man in one of the rail cars. Shots were fired, and Leslie, a father of four, was mortally wounded. Hundreds of men launched a search using bloodhounds. On April 16, a Black man with a weapon, Thomas Gilyard, was arrested, and while he told one of the men involved in the arrest that he had been in the box car, he said several others had been there and that one of them fired the fatal shot. Joplin City Attorney Perl Decker pleaded with the growing mob to break up, according to newspaper and other historical accounts, as did Mayor Thomas Cunningham, but the crowd soon stormed the jail and took Gilyard from his cell. He was lynched soon afterward. In 1933 during the Great Depression, the notorious criminals Bonnie and Clyde spent some weeks in Joplin, where they robbed several area businesses. Tipped off by a neighbor, the Joplin Police Department attempted to apprehend the pair. Bonnie and Clyde escaped after killing Newton County Constable John Wesley Harryman and Joplin Police Detective Harry McGinnis; however, they were forced to leave most of their possessions behind, including a camera. The Joplin Globe developed and printed the film, which showed now-legendary photos of Bonnie holding Clyde at mock gunpoint, and of Bonnie with her foot on a car fender, posed with a pistol in her hand and cigar in her mouth. The Missouri Advisory Council on Historic Preservation nominated the house where the couple stayed, at 34th Street and Oak Ridge Drive, for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places on February 13, 2009. After World War II, most of the mines were closed, and population growth leveled off. The main road through Joplin running east and west was designated as part of U.S. Route 66, which became famous as more Americans took to newly constructed highways. The roads provided improved access between cities, but they also drew off population to newer housing and eventually retail centers. In the 1960s and 1970s, nearly 40 acres (16 ha) of the city's downtown were razed in an attempt at urban renewal, as population and businesses had moved to a suburban fringe along newly constructed highways. The Keystone Hotel and Worth Block (former home of the House of Lords) were notable historic structures that were demolished. Christman's Department Store stands (converted into loft apartments), as does the Joplin Union Depot, since railroad restructuring and the decline in passenger traffic led to its closure. Other notable historic structures in Joplin include the Carnegie Library, Fred and Red's Diner, the Frisco Depot, the Scottish Rite Cathedral, and the Crystal Cave (filled in and used for a parking lot). The Newman Mercantile Store has been adapted for use as City Hall. The Fox Theatre has been adapted for use as the Central Christian Center. On May 5, 1971, Joplin was struck by a severe tornado, resulting in one death and 50 injuries, along with major damage to many houses and businesses. On November 11, 1978, Joplin's once-stately Connor Hotel, which was slated for implosion to make way for a new public library, collapsed suddenly and prematurely. Two demolition workers were killed instantly. A third, Alfred Sommers, was trapped for four days, yet survived. 21st century The city has two major hospitals which serve the Four States region, Freeman Health System and Mercy Hospital Joplin, the latter replacing St. John's Regional Medical Center which was destroyed in the May 22, 2011, tornado. Freeman Hospital East and Landmark Hospital serve more specialized community health needs. The city's park system has nearly and includes a golf course, three swimming pools, of walking/biking trails, the world's largest remaining globally unique Chert Glades and Missouri's first Audubon Nature Center located in Wildcat Park. A waterfall, Grand Falls, the highest continuously flowing in the state, is on Shoal Creek on the southern end of the city. Included in Schifferdecker Park is the Everett J. Ritchie Tri-State Mineral Museum and Dorothea B. Hoover Historical Museum, which holds a significant collection of minerals from the era of lead and zinc mining in the region. Numerous buildings in Joplin have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places for their historic and architectural significance. The city has undertaken Agenda 21; a major project to revitalize its Main Street downtown district, which lies on the historic Route 66. It has refurbished building facades, sidewalks, and added old-styled lamp posts, flower baskets, and benches to highlight the historic center of the city. A gasoline-powered citywide trolley system evokes images of the city's vibrant past. Numerous trucking lines such as CFI are headquartered in town, as the city is situated near the geographic and population centers of the nation. Eagle-Picher Industries, Tamko Building Products, AT&T Communications, and FAG Bearings are noted employers in Joplin, and Leggett & Platt (a Fortune 500) is located in nearby Carthage. The city is served by the Joplin Regional Airport located north of town near Webb City. Since the 2011 tornado, the city continued to expand eastward toward I-44. Large-scale development occurred along Range Line Road, particularly around Northpark Mall. Numerous suburbs adjacent to the city include Carl Junction, Webb City, Duenweg, Duquesne, Airport Drive, Oronogo, Carterville, Redings Mill, Shoal Creek Drive, Leawood, and Saginaw. Due to its location near two major highways and its few event and sports facilities, Joplin attracts travelers and is a destination for conferences and group events. Joplin offers nearly 500 hotel rooms, the majority located within a 1/4-mile area of Range Line Road and I-44. It has the John Q. Hammons Convention and Trade Center, which serves as the primary event facility for conventions, associations, and large events. Each June, Joplin hosts the Boomtown Run, a half marathon, 5K, and children's run. The event attracts runners from across the country, and features USTA certified courses which start and end in the historic downtown area. Celebrity runners featured at the prerace banquet have included Bart Yasso, Sarah Reinerston, Suzy Favor-Hamilton, and Jeff Galloway. In 2011, due to the devastating EF5 tornado that struck Joplin on May 22, just three weeks before the run, the event was transformed in the Boomtown Run Day of Service. About 270 individuals registered for the race after the tornado struck, knowing their proceeds would benefit tornado recovery. On June 11, about 270 registered runners and volunteers turned out to help clean debris and sort donations, contributing more than 1,200 hours of service. On August 7, 2012, the Village of Silver Creek and the City of Joplin voted to have Silver Creek annexed into Joplin City limits. 2011 tornado On May 22, 2011, an EF5 tornado touched down near the western edge of the city among large, newer homes, about 5:21 pm CDT (22:34 UTC) and tracked eastward across the city and across Interstate 44 into rural portions of Newton County. Its track was reported to have been about in width and long. About 2,400 houses, 1,000 cars, and businesses were flattened or blown away in Joplin, particularly in the section between 13th and 32nd Streets across the southern part of the city. The tornado narrowly missed the downtown area. St. John's Regional Medical Center was damaged, and demolished in 2012. The Missouri Disaster Medical Assistance Team temporarily replaced the demolished St. John's Regional Medical Center with a mobile hospital until the permanent hospital was rebuilt. The local high school, Joplin High School, was totally destroyed, as well. A total of 161 people died from tornado-related injuries as of the end of July 2011. Communications were lost and power was knocked out to many areas. An official statement from the National Weather Service has categorized the tornado as an EF5. On Sunday, May 29, President Barack Obama, Missouri Governor Jay Nixon, and Federal Emergency Management Agency Director Craig Fugate visited and toured Joplin to see what the damage looked like and attended a memorial service for the deceased. Later that day, the city held a moment of silence at 5:41 pm, to mark the time the tornado struck. The area was declared a federal disaster area. In July 2011, the City of Joplin entered into a contractual agreement with Wallace Bajjali Development Partners, L.P., a master developer company from Sugar Land, Texas, hired to assist in nearly $3 Billion in reconstruction efforts over the next five years. Priority construction projects included residential districts and senior and assisted-living facilities; 7,500 residential dwellings in the city were damaged or destroyed by storm. Not approved by the citizens, the city council began taking government funds for additional projects intended to spur expansion and economic growth included the construction of a $40 million performing and cultural arts center, a new and expanded public library and theatre facility, renovation of the historic downtown Union Depot, and a consolidated post office and state government complex, among other city amenities of trails, sidewalks, transportation, and park enhancements. A variety of additional major projects were to follow, greatly enhancing and expanding all aspects of the community's development. City Manager Mark Rohr said, "This effort is the greatest opportunity the city has ever seen." Among other resources and support from governmental agencies, the Economic Development Administration provided $20 million to construct a new Joplin Library and a two-year funding agreement to hire a disaster recovery coordinator to help coordinate the city's nearly $850 million in immediate restoration and recovery efforts. In the summer of 2012, the United States Housing and Urban Development Department awarded a $45 million community development block grant for reconstruction efforts and in 2013 awarded another $113 million. In May 2013, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources awarded Wildcat Glades Conservation and Audubon Center $500,000 to help with the restoration of the urban forest, which was passed through to the City of Joplin as a subgrant; 1,500 large-calibre trees were planted in the tornado zone and along an urban stream, Joplin Creek. In May 2016, a summit was held under the name of "Joplin Disaster Recovery Summit". The summit's purpose was to tackle several issues and ensure that the recovery plans take place. As of March 2018 the only project finished that was proposed in the recovery effort besides the hospital and schools was the new public library. Wallace-Bajjali was sued by a city they formerly contracted with and skipped town without fulfilling the contract made to refurbish Joplin. Mercy Park was created at the site of the former hospital. Tourism After the May 22, 2011 tornado came through a number of unofficial murals and monuments popped up across the city showcasing the community's spirit to rebuild the city and come back stronger than before. These popups also showcased the beginning of an arts renaissance in Joplin which still can be seen throughout the city today. One of many monuments which popped up was the Rainbow Tree which can be found on 20th Street between Indiana Avenue and Illinois Avenue. The Rainbow Tree is a tree which was destroyed in the May 22, 2011 tornado that the community decorated with bird houses, bird feeders, colored paint, and a sign saying "Help Us Feed The Birds", which is not to be confused with the since fallen Spirit Tree. After the tornado butterflies became a major part of the artistic works in the city due to the stories of children seeing butterfly entities carrying people through the sky shortly after the tornado which spread across the community of Joplin. One of the first works in Joplin to incorporate Butterflies was the "Butterfly Effect: Dreams Take Flight" Mural which is located on the Northwest corner of 15th and Main Street. The piece was painted by Dave Loewenstein with the support of a 20 community member design team and more than 300 community volunteers. On March 15, 2018, the City of Joplin conducted an independent tourism study which covered the purpose of the study, evaluation process, competitive market summary, recommendations, and implementations. In the overview, the City states its strategic priorities for tourism which were improve the visitor experience, increase the number of visitors, capture visitor spending, and emphasize results-driven tourism marketing. The purpose of the study was to provide direction for Joplin to help define the focus for future tourism efforts. In the study the city mentions the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the tourism market in the region as well as recommendations to increase tourism in the city. One of the recommendations in the study was to develop a conference center with an incorporated or adjacent hotel which could accommodate groups up to 2,500 and include multi-use exhibit space, breakout rooms and the newest technology. Another recommendation was to enhance downtown by encouraging hotel development in downtown, supporting and promoting development of empire market and food culture, supporting development of an Arts & Entertainment complex, supporting efforts of Connect2Culture and the broader art community relating facilities and programs downtown, hosting a variety of special events downtown, promoting downtown as a location for dining, shopping and culture, and continuing Main Street and downtown core improvements. It is recommended that the first step for the CVB Board is to discuss and decide which of the recommendations they see as priorities and take these to City Council for their recommendation. Additionally, the CVB should start collecting visitor data, undertake Identity and Branding study (with the city as lead or in partnership with the city), work on increasing lodging tax, ear-marked for conference center use the Tourism Study as a roadmap for future decision-making. In September 2019, Joplin unveiled the Rotary Sculpture Garden in Mercy Park which is home to 9 new sculptures with more on the way. The project was a joint effort of Joplin Rotary Club and Joplin Daybreak Rotary Club and all the Sculptures were donated. One by Sharon and Lance Beshore, one by Barbara and Jim Hicklin, and seven by Harry M. Cornell Jr., an art collector and chairman emeritus of Leggett & Platt Inc. On February 7, 2019, the Joplin Rotary Club donated over $9,800 which funded signage at the entrance of the walking paths in Mercy Park. The sculpture garden represents a $200,000 investment by community members who looked for the works of art, bought them, and donated them for permanent display. The Ghost Light or Spooklight, a mysterious orb spotted by locals and tourists, is also located in the region around Joplin. Geography Joplin is the center of what is regionally known as the Four State Area: Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas. Joplin is located north of I-44, its passage to the west into Oklahoma. In recent years, the residential development of Joplin has spread north to Webb City. The historic now-decommissioned U.S. Route 66 passes through Joplin, as 7th Street. The city is drained by Joplin, Turkey, Silver and Shoal creeks. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Neighborhoods Roanoke, Arbor Hills, Blendville, Gateway Drive, Iron Gates, Eastmorland, Midway, Murphysburg, North Heights, Oak Pointe, Royal Heights, Silver Creek, Sunnyvale, Sunset Ridge, Westberry Square, and Cedar Ridge are among the many neighborhoods in Joplin. Climate Joplin has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), as defined by the Köppen climate classification system, with cool, dry winters and hot, humid summers; the severe weather season from April through June is the wettest time of year. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from in January to in July. On average, 52.7 days of + highs, 4.5 days of + highs, 12.5 days where the high fails to rise above freezing, and 1.1 nights of sub- occur per year. It has an average annual precipitation of , including an average of snow. Extremes in temperature range from on February 13, 1905 up to on July 14, 1954; the last or below and the last + reading occurred on February 3 and August 2, 2011, respectively. The city is located in Tornado Alley. Notable severe weather events in the past half-century include an F3 tornado in 1971; a tornado in 1973; an EF1 tornado on May 8, 2009; a blizzard on February 1, 2011; and an EF5 tornado on May 22, 2011. Demographics As of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $30,555, and for a family was $38,888. Males had a median income of $28,569 versus $20,665 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,738. About 10.5% of families and 14.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over. 2010 census As of the 2010 census, 50,150 people, 20,860 households, and 12,212 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,448.4 people per square mile (559.2/km). The 23,322 housing units averaged 678.9 per square mile (262.1/km). The racial makeup of the city is 87.6% White, 3.3% African American, 1.8% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 1.7 from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 4.5% of the population. Of the 20,860 households, 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.5% were not families; 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.89. In the city, the population was distributed as 24.21% under the age of 19, 9.4% from 20 to 24, 25.12% from 25 to 44, 22.16% from 45 to 64, and 13.18% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males. Economy Top employers According to the city's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are: Government Local government for the City of Joplin is provided through a nine-member city council, whose members are elected by voters citywide, with four seats being assigned to designated geographic zones of the city. City council members include the city's mayor, who is responsible for serving as meeting chair and official spokesman for the city council; and the mayor pro tem, who is responsible for performing the mayor's duties in absence. Both positions are elected every two years by their fellow council members. Following the June 2020 city elections, the city council members include: Ryan Stanley [General] (Mayor) Keenan Cortez [General] (Mayor Pro Tem) Christina Williams [General] Doug Lawson [General] Anthony Monteleone [General] Gary Shaw [Zone I] Chuck Copple [Zone II] Phil Stinnett [Zone III] Diane Reid Adams [Zone IV] Law enforcement services are provided by the Joplin Police Department. On the state-level, the city is represented in the Missouri House of Representatives by Republican Lane Roberts of the 161st District, although a small portion of the city lies within the 162nd District represented by Republican Bob Bromley and in the Missouri Senate by Republican Bill White. The city also lies within Missouri's 7th congressional district, currently represented by Billy Long (R-Springfield). Education Primary and secondary education Joplin is home to 11 public elementary schools in the Joplin R-VIII School District: Cecil Floyd, Columbia, Eastmorland, Irving, Jefferson, Kelsey Norman, McKinley, Royal Heights, Soaring Heights, Stapleton, and West Central. It has three public middle schools, East, North, and South, and one high school, Joplin High School. The first high school was founded in 1885 and was located at the intersection of West 4th Street and Byers Ave. The JHS student population was nearly 2,200 children in the 2008–2009 school year. A school bond issue for $57.4 million was passed in April 2007, allowing the district to build two new middle schools (East and South Middle Schools) to replace the old Memorial and South Middle schools, and to give a major renovation and double the size of North Middle School. Joplin also has many private schools, such as College Heights Christian School, Martin Luther School, Thomas Jefferson Independent Day School, Christ's Community Discovery School, and more. St. Mary's Catholic Elementary School, St. Peter's Middle School, and McAuley Catholic High School are private Catholic schools established in 1885. Missouri Schools for the Severely Disabled (MSSD) is a state operated program serving Missouri students with severe disabilities in the greater Joplin area at College View State School. Colleges and universities The Joplin College of Physicians and Surgeons operated from 1880 to 1884. Today, Joplin is home to Missouri Southern State University, founded in 1937 as a junior college and expanded in the following decades. The one Bible college is Ozark Christian College. Messenger College also operated in Joplin until 2012 when the Pentecostal Church of God moved the campus to Euless, Texas that year. Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences announced in March 2015 its intention to establish a campus in Joplin with a large osteopathic medicine program, to be located in Mercy Hospital-Joplin's former long-term temporary location near the site of the destroyed St. John's Regional Medical Center. In 2017, KCU took in their first class of future physicians at the Farber-McIntire Campus. The campus is nearly 20,000 square feet and includes a large lecture hall, learning studio and lab dedicated to osteopathic manipulative medicine courses. The school's simulation suite includes 24 standardized patient exam rooms and three simulation rooms featuring high-fidelity, programmable robots in fully equipped medical, surgical, obstetrical and trauma settings. Extended video conferencing capabilities connect the Joplin campus to the KC campus, allowing students, faculty and staff to share learning opportunities. KCU-Joplin also shares a partnership with Freeman Health Systems and Mercy Hospital Joplin. Joplin is also home to technical schools including Franklin Technology Center, and WTI. Library Joplin is served by the Joplin Public Library. In 2013, the Economic Development Administration awarded the city $20 million to relocate the dated library to a new facility along 20th Street, in the heart of the tornado area. In June 2017, the new 48,000 square foot state-of-the art library opened to the public. Costing nearly $20,000,000, the new facility has meeting and event rooms and spaces, an outdoor plaza and courtyard, children's, teen and adult book collection areas, and maker-spaces and equipment for creative arts and business innovators. Transportation Joplin is served by the mainline of the Kansas City Southern (KCS) railroad, as well as by branchlines of the BNSF Railway and Missouri and Northern Arkansas Railroad (MNA). The city was once a beehive of railroad activity; however, many of the original railroad lines serving Joplin, such as the Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad, were abandoned after the demise of the mining and industrial enterprises. The Missouri and North Arkansas had connected Joplin with Helena, Arkansas. Passenger trains have not served the city since the 1960s. The Joplin Union Depot is still intact along the KCS mainline, and efforts are underway to restore it. Despite the decline in some rail lines in and around Joplin during the past five decades, many of the original lines still remain. Aside from the former Frisco Railroad route from Joplin to Webb City and the Carthage to Wichita, Kansas, lines that have since been converted into bike/hike trails, most of the original routes still remain in place under the control of the BNSF, KCS, and M&NA railroad companies. Interstate 44 connects Joplin with Springfield and St. Louis to the east and Tulsa and Oklahoma City to the west. U.S. Route 71 runs east of the city, connecting Joplin to Kansas City to the north and Fort Smith, Arkansas, to the south. The segment from Kansas City to Joplin was designated Interstate 49 on December 12, 2012. Previously, strong support existed for an extension of Interstate 66 along the current Interstate 44 alignment from St. Louis and extending along the U.S. 400 alignment to Wichita, Kansas, but, despite lobbying by both Missouri and Kansas, the project has been cancelled due to resistance farther east and west along the proposed extended alignment. Joplin once boasted an extensive trolley and inter-urban rail system. Today, part of the city is served by the Sunshine Lamp Trolley, which commenced service in July 2007, and expanded to three routes in 2009. In addition, the Joplin Regional Airport provides daily roundtrip flights to Denver international airport, Houston-Intercontinental and Chicago-O'Hare International Airport operated by United express as United Airlines. Notable people Tony Alamo, religious evangelist and polygamist John Whitby Allen, photographer and model railroading pioneer John Beal, actor Emily Newell Blair, writer, suffragist, national Democratic Party political leader, a founder of the League of Women Voters and feminist Betty Brewer, actress Norma Lee Clark, author, private secretary to Woody Allen Billy Cook, spree killer Robert Cummings, actor, star of films and television's The Bob Cummings Show Pauline Donnan, opera singer Christofer Drew, musician Scott Elbert, Major League Baseball pitcher Jane Grant, co-founder of The New Yorker magazine Langston Hughes, poet and writer, for whom Langston Hughes Broadway in Joplin is named Hale Irwin, golfer, three-time U.S. Open champion H. Dale Jackson, Baptist minister and ethicist, lived in Joplin with his wife when they were newly married in 1949 Jack Jewsbury, former player and captain of the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer Tito Landrum, baseball player Jamie McMurray, NASCAR driver Charles McPherson, jazz musician Elva Miller, singer Victor J. Miller, 33rd Mayor of St. Louis Lisa Myers, broadcast journalist J. Eddie Peck, actor, was raised in Joplin, graduated from Parkwood High School Charles Plumb, cartoonist of the syndicated Ella Cinders comic strip Carl Pomerance, mathematician Darrell Porter, baseball player, World Series champion and 4-time All-Star Mel Purcell, tennis player Pattiann Rogers, poet Wayne Shanklin, music producer and songwriter Frank Shellenback, baseball pitcher in Pacific Coast League Hall of Fame Pauline Starke, silent-film actress Gabby Street, manager of the St. Louis Cardinals; adopted Joplin as his hometown William Tobin, journalist Dennis Weaver, actor, star of films and television's Gunsmoke and McCloud Percy Wenrich, composer Grant Wistrom, former NFL defensive end, Super Bowl champion with St. Louis Rams References External links City of Joplin Historic Joplin – website on Joplin history. Historic maps of Joplin in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection at the University of Missouri Cities in Jasper County, Missouri Cities in Newton County, Missouri Cities in Missouri Joplin, Missouri, metropolitan area Populated places established in 1873 1873 establishments in Missouri
34726591	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Byng%20Scott	George Byng Scott	George Byng Scott (1824 – 17 February 1886) was an English-born Australian public servant, who served as Government Resident of the Northern Territory between 1873 and 1876. Career Born in Gillingham, Kent, England in 1824, Scott moved to South Australia in 1846, initially working as a farmer near Morgan. After a further four years as a gold miner, first in California, United States and then in Bendigo, Victoria, Scott became the Inspector of Police for the South-Eastern District of South Australia. At the same time, he served as a stipendiary magistrate. In 1859, he moved to be a magistrate in Naracoorte. From 6 October 1873 until 30 June 1876, Scott served as Government Resident of the Northern Territory. After his period in office, he returned to working as a stipendiary magistrate, first in Adelaide and then Mount Gambier. He continued in this latter role until his death on 17 February 1886. Personal life Scott married twice and had 9 children. His first marriage was to Elizabeth née Taylor on 7 October 1843, with whom he had 2 children. Elizabeth died in November 1849. Scott remarried in July 1865, to Caroline née Ritchie. They had 7 children. Memorial Scott Street in the Darwin suburb of Fannie Bay is named in his honour. References 1824 births 1886 deaths Government Resident of the Northern Territory People of the California Gold Rush People from Gillingham, Kent English emigrants to Australia
1340258	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuen%20Mun%20Road	Tuen Mun Road	Tuen Mun Road is a major expressway in Hong Kong which connects Tuen Mun with Tsuen Wan, within the New Territories. It is part of Hong Kong's Route 9, which circumnavigates the New Territories. Opened in 1978, it was once the major trunk route linking the northwest New Territories to urban Kowloon and is known for its frequent traffic jams and road accidents owing to its early design and heavy usage. As a result, speed limits have been enforced to due to geometric constraints. Alignment The highway leads off Yuen Long Highway at Lam Tei Interchange, where it also interchanges with Castle Peak Road and Tsing Lun Road. The next section (considered from west to east) is a dual 3 lane road through the town centre of Tuen Mun, but this section is not a statutorily designated (limited-access) expressway. Expressway regulations apply from the junction with Wong Chu Road, where it widens to 3 lanes and climbs the hillside beside Sam Shing Hui. It then descends into So Kwun Wat, crossing the rural area on an embankment. The road then rises again before descending into Siu Lam Interchange, where it interchanges with Castle Peak Road. From here, the highway crosses the mouth of Tai Lam Chung, and starts climbing the hillsides of Tai Lam through split level terraces (the lower one being the Tuen Mun bound carriageway). The two carriageways join before bypassing the village of Tsing Lung Tau to the north. This section of road is constructed upon various deep cuttings and high embankments. Afterwards, the road crosses over the village of Sham Tseng (situated in a valley) to Sham Tseng Interchange, where it interchanges once again with Castle Peak Road. The road then climbs towards Ting Kau Interchange with its widest section (5+3 lanes). After this junction with Tsing Long Highway, the Highway crosses the valley of Ting Kau with various viaducts, with the Tsuen Wan bound carriageway climbing to meet the split level section into Tsuen Wan. This section is characterised by its tight bends and steep descent eastbound. The two carriageways join as the highway terminates and leads into Cheung Pei Shan Road, with slip roads connecting with Tsuen Wan Road and Castle Peak Road (Tsuen Wan Section). Interchanges History and development Tuen Mun Road was one of Hong Kong's first high speed roads, and the first expressway. Its construction proved to be a great challenge for the engineers. The road had to be built along the winding coastline, and the steep terrain encountered required the construction of numerous viaducts, culverts and cuttings. To save construction costs, the road was built with narrow carriageways and substandard geometry, causing frequent traffic accidents and subsequent congestion for a long period, and as a result speed limits reduced to . Another such measure was putting the construction work into phases. Phase 1 of the road was built in 1977, being the present day Tsuen Wan bound carriageway. This section was officially opened on 5 May 1978 by Governor Murray MacLehose. Phase 2, which consists of the Tuen Mun bound carriageway between Sham Tseng and Tsuen Wan, was opened in 1981; the remaining Tuen Mun Bound carriageway was completed in 1983. Since the road was opened, there have been various improvements carried out to meet the increasing traffic demand, such as the addition of uphill crawler lanes (Tsuen Wan Bound) at Sam Shing Hui, So Kwun Wat, Tai Lam Chung and Ting Kau. The Highways Department has plans to carry out extensive reconstruction works on Tuen Mun Road that will include widening traffic lanes, improving horizontal curvatures and sightlines, and the installation of noise barriers. These works commenced in October 2008 and completed at the end of 2015. Tuen Mun Road remains one of the most heavily used roads in Hong Kong, as some drivers heading to Yuen Long shunpike Tai Lam Tunnel, and container trucks use it to access the River Trade Terminal in Tuen Mun. To enhance the convenience of communicators travelling from New Territories to Kowloon or Hong Kong Island, Tuen Mun Road Bus-Bus Interchange had been under construction since 15 July 2010. The interchange on Kowloon bound side and that on Tuen Mun bound side were commissioned on 26 December 2012 and 27 July 2013 respectively. Major incidents Bus accident near Ting Kau In the morning of 10 July 2003, a Neoplan Centroliner bus was running on route 265M of Kowloon Motor Bus (KMB) towards Tin Shui Wai, Yuen Long. A lorry running in the middle lane lost control as the bus approached the junction with Tsing Long Highway. The two vehicles collided, knocking the bus towards the side of the viaduct. The bus broke through the parapet, and plunged into Ting Kau Village below, resulting in 21 deaths (including the driver) and 20 injured. Rescue operations were described as being the most challenging encountered by the fire services since the fire at Garley Building. This was due to the constraints at the site (a rural village sited on a steep hillside with no direct road access), and the sheer volume of severely wounded casualties. The bus was later lifted back onto Tuen Mun Road and transported to the vehicle compound at Siu Ho Wan. It was however written off. After the incident, then-Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa visited the crash scene and pledged that the government would do all that it could to aid the survivors, to investigate the accident and prevent similar accidents from ever happening again. The lorry driver was sentenced to 18 months in jail after being found guilty of causing death by dangerous driving. At the time, it was the most serious road accident in Hong Kong history. He later appealed the rulings, which were subsequently overturned. Tests have shown that the vehicle he was driving was defective (tending to veer to the side when braking), and he was then found guilty of a lesser charge, careless driving, and his sentence was shortened to five months and a two-year driving ban. Tyre burst incident near Yau Kom Tau On 1 December 2013, a screw that protruded out of the road surface caused the tyres of about 50 heavy vehicles, of which 36 were KMB buses, to burst. The incident caused a 3-hour traffic jam and a partial closure of the road. Hundreds of passengers were affected but no one was injured in the incident. See also List of streets and roads in Hong Kong References External links Google Maps of Tuen Mun Road 1978 establishments in Hong Kong 2003 road incidents 2003 in Hong Kong Expressways in Hong Kong Route 9 (Hong Kong) Extra areas operated by NT taxis Transport infrastructure completed in 1978
16810539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Maddox	Carl Maddox	Carl Maddox was the athletics director of Louisiana State University (1968–1978) and Mississippi State University (1979–1983). The Carl Maddox Field House at LSU is named after him along with the Carl Maddox Track and Field Complex at Mississippi State. Honors and awards Carl Maddox Sport Management Award See: Carl Maddox Sport Management Award The Carl Maddox Sport Management Award is presented annually at the United States Sports Academy. Corbett Award Maddox was awarded the Corbett Award in 1986. The Corbett Award is presented annually "to the collegiate administrator who through the years has most typified Corbett's devotion to intercollegiate athletics and worked unceasingly for its betterment." References External links Carl Maddox Field House @ LSUSports.net LSU Tigers football coaches LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers athletic directors Mississippi State Bulldogs athletic directors
673075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargain%20Hunt	Bargain Hunt	Bargain Hunt is a British television programme in which two pairs of contestants are challenged to buy antiques from shops or a fair and then sell them in an auction for a profit. It has aired on BBC One since 13 March 2000 in a daytime version, and from 22 August 2002 to 13 November 2004 in a primetime version. Presenter Tim Wonnacott replaced original host David Dickinson from 2003 to January 2016. When Wonnacott ceased presenting, the format changed to a rota of hosts from a "team of experts" fronting the series. First to replace Wonnacott was Thomas Plant (now known as Thomas Forrester) on 25 January 2016, followed by Christina Trevanion, Charlie Ross, Paul Laidlaw, Natasha Raskin Sharp, Anita Manning, Charles Hanson and Eric Knowles. Format Bargain Hunt has undergone various TV formats and rule changes since it premiered in 2000. Most episodes are 45 minutes in length, though 30-minute versions and one-hour "live" editions have also been produced. Two teams – designated the "Reds" and the "Blues" – compete. Each team has two members, who wear fleeces that correspond to their team's colour. The contestants in most episodes are members of the public, though some shows feature teams of celebrity players instead. At the beginning of the show, each team is given a set amount of money with which to purchase antiques. The objective is to find items that will earn the team a profit when later sold at auction. Each team is accompanied by an antiques trade expert, though it is the contestants' decision whether to heed the advice given by their expert. After the contestants have completed their purchases and presented them to the host, home viewers are shown a "what the auctioneer thinks" segment in which the auctioneer appraises the buys and gives the auction estimate. At the auction, as each item is sold, the host compares the auction sale price to the price originally paid by the team, with the difference being either subtracted from or added to the team's total. If the final total shows a profit, the team receives that profit in cash; otherwise, the team receives nothing. The profit/loss does not take into account buyers' premium (commission) or Value Added Tax (a governmental sales tax). The show is punctuated by footage of the host visiting a place of historical interest, such as a stately home or museum, and talking about the items housed there. In the early David Dickinson-era episodes, teams were given £200 each, and could buy as many or as few items as they liked within the hour given to wander around a trade fair. The item rule was later changed so that teams have to buy three items. After Tim Wonnacott became host, the money was increased to £300, and a new feature called the "swap item" was introduced. Each expert chose an item of their own, and the team could replace one of their own choices with the "swap item" if they wished to. The host, when offering the option to a team, would often ask, "Swap or No Swap?" Originally, the experts were given an unspecified amount of money to buy the extra item; the rule was later changed so that the experts could only use whatever money was left of the team's £300 budget (the remaining money was referred to by Wonnacott as the "leftover lolly"). Under the revised rule, if a team used its entire budget, the expert could not choose a "swap item". The "swap" rule was changed again in 2006 (Series 14), becoming the "bonus buy". The expert is still given any "leftover lolly" to buy this bonus item, which is entered into the auction. Just after the auction of their own items, and before that of the bonus item, teams must decide whether the auction results of the bonus item should be added to their own auction lots. Teams can potentially add to their profit with the bonus item, but it can also subtract from a team's earnings if it loses money. In a series in 2014, an alternative bonus item was purchased by the expert with "Tim's Ton", (£100 provided by Tim). The teams then had to decide on whether to select the 'team's bonus buy' (bought with the leftover lolly), Tim's bonus buy (bought with Tim's ton) or neither. Tim would also make his prediction as to which bonus buy would make the larger profit or smaller loss (which he called Wonnacott's winner). Series 52 in 2019 brought a change to the rules with two challenges, the 'Big Spend Challenge' and the 'Presenter's Challenge' added. The teams have to spend at least £75 on one item, and buy an item relating to a specific category. Other changes include the contestants introducing themselves to camera, rather than to the presenter, and the bonus buy is now revealed to the contestants in the auction room after the sale of the first three items. On average, the majority of contestants' items lose money: the teams are paying retail prices at fairs, whereas auction prices are generally lower. Large profits are fairly rare, though it is not particularly unusual for contestants to take home a small profit. Teams achieving the difficult feat of earning a profit on all three items are awarded a "golden gavel"; originally a wooden trophy, but latterly a lapel pin. Four or five programmes are usually made at each antiques fair. Bargain Hunt Famous Finds A separate celebrity version of the show premiered on 1 December 2008 on BBC Two featuring team pairs made up of one well-known personality accompanied by a friend or family member. The show is presented by Tim Wonnacott and the format is the same as the main show but Wonnacott's visit to see an antiques collection or stately home is replaced by a feature where each celebrity contestant discusses antiques with him. Wonnacott might show them a borrowed collection of antiques brought along for the show that he believes would interest the celebrity (this may be related to the occupation of the celebrity), and in turn the celebrity shows Wonnacott an antique or collectable belonging to themselves. There is no suggestion of what to do with any profit if the teams make any, but most decide to give it to charity. Series 2 began on 30 March 2009 and ended on 3 April 2009. Celebrity contestants History Originally a daytime show when launched in 2000 with game host David Dickinson. Later a primetime version, hosted by Dickinson, was also made (2002–2004), which was similar to the daytime show except that the teams' budget was increased to £500. It was on this version of the show that the record was set for the greatest profit earned on Bargain Hunt. A team led by Michael Hogben purchased a Royal Worcester box at Ardingly Fair for £140; the item made £800 in the live primetime auction. When Dickinson gave up the daytime show to concentrate on the primetime version, his place was taken by Tim Wonnacott, an antiques expert already well known to UK viewers as a long-standing expert on the Antiques Roadshow. In April 2005 it was announced that the primetime version of Bargain Hunt had been axed; however the daytime version continued. Reruns of the daytime version (from the Dickinson era) also appear on BBC Entertainment and BBC America. The show occasionally features well-known contestants, such as 'Allo 'Allo! stars Gorden Kaye and Sue Hodge. The show airs on the Australian Foxtel and Austar cable television channel, Lifestyle, at 6.30 pm weekdays. The show also airs on the Seven Network's digital station 7Two (Prime's 7Two, in Regional Areas), weekdays at 11am and 6.30pm. Several episodes recorded in late 2014 were presented by Anita Manning, Charlie Ross, Christina Trevanion, Natasha Raskin, Charles Hanson, and Paul Laidlaw whilst Wonnacott took part in the BBC 1 entertainment programme Strictly Come Dancing. Christmas charity single In December 2017, four of the Bargain Hunt antique experts Charlie Ross, James Braxton, Charles Hanson and Philip Serrell got together to create a Christmas single in aid of BBC Children in Need. The single was released digitally on independent record label Saga Entertainment and peaked at number 1 on the Amazon Rock Charts, number 1 on the Amazon Rock Best Sellers and number 1 on the Amazon Hot New Releases chart. It was a rock cover of the classic Christmas song "Sleigh Ride", written by Leroy Anderson & Mitchel Parish. It was recorded at Metropolis Studios in Chiswick. Special programmes Following the death of expert David Barby on 25 July 2012, the programme paid tribute to him on 1 October 2012 by showing a montage of clips featuring his appearances on the show. 500th programme On 15 October 2007, the 500th show was broadcast. This show differed from a normal show in that both teams were made up of experts – the red team featured David Barby and Philip Serrell (described as the "old" team), while the blue team featured Kate Bliss and Charles Hanson (deemed the "young" team); the "bonus items" were purchased by Tim Wonnacott himself. The teams were given £500 to spend, rather than the usual £300, with any profits going to charities chosen by the team members. The red team made a profit of £245, beating the blue team's break-even. The show also featured out-takes and memorable clips from previous shows. 10th anniversary The programme marked its tenth anniversary on air with a week of special editions broadcast between 15 and 19 March 2010. These followed a similar format to the 500th episode, except that the teams were given only the usual £300 to buy items, with a separate £100 per team allotted for the bonus items. 20th anniversary The programme marked its twentieth anniversary on air with a week of special editions broadcast between 19 and 23 October 2020. Only some of the usual rules applied. The teams had one hour and £300 pounds to buy three items to take to auction, shopping on their own, in a relay. BBC Music Day specials On 28 September 2018, Bargain Hunt aired a special episode as part of BBC Music Day. The Red Team consisted of Bez and Rowetta from Happy Mondays and the Blue Team consisted of Jarvis Cocker and Candida Doyle from Pulp. The Red Team won the episode by earning a profit of £8. However, it was later discovered that Bez's girlfriend had bought two of the Red Team's items. As it was against the rules of the programme for friends and family of the teams to buy items the teams were selling, the Blue Team were made winners and Bez had to hand over £8 from his own pocket. On 26 September 2019, the second BBC Music Day special was shown with The Darkness (lead singer Justin Hawkins and bassist Frankie Poullain) competing against Feeder (lead singer Grant Nicholas and bassist Taka Hirose) at the Stamford Meadows antiques fair in Lincolnshire. Presenters Christina Trevanion Eric Knowles Anita Manning Natasha Raskin Sharp Charlie Ross Experts Izzie Balmer (2022-) Ochuko Ojiri (2019-) Roo Irvine (2019-) Stephanie Connell (2019-) Raj Bisram Kate Bliss (née Alcock) John Cameron Ben Cooper Nick Hall Charles Hanson David Harper Caroline Hawley Paul Laidlaw Richard Madley Gary Pe (2016-) Thomas Forrester (formerly Plant) Jonathan Pratt Danny Sebastian Philip Serrell Catherine Southon Mark Stacey Tim Weeks Colin Young Past experts Philip Allwood Mark Ashley David Barby (2000-2012, his death) Kate Bateman James Braxton Pippa Deeley Dean Goodwin (2000) Chris Gower Paul Hayes Karen van Hoey Smith (2004) Michael Hogben (2000–2006) Kevin Jackson (2000–2005) James Lewis Anita Manning Henry Meadows Toby Moy (2000) Adam Partridge Natasha Raskin Sharp Susan Orringe Charlie Ross Nigel Smith Sally Stratton (2001–2002) Elizabeth Talbot Christina Trevanion Louise Weir (2000) Claire Rawle In popular culture In March 2003, ITV children's TV channel CITV's Saturday morning children's program SMTV Live introduced a parody sketch of the program entitled "Garbage Hunt" with presenter Des Clarke parodying Dickinson as "David Dustbin" looking at old unused merchandise from people's rubbish bins. References External links Bargain Hunt Famous Finds 2000 British television series debuts British game shows 2000s British game shows 2010s British game shows 2020s British game shows BBC Television shows Antiques television series English-language television shows Television series by BBC Studios
152008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newhaven%2C%20East%20Sussex	Newhaven, East Sussex	Newhaven is a port town in East Sussex in England, with regular passenger services to Dieppe. It lies at the mouth of the River Ouse, Sussex. Origins Newhaven lies at the mouth of the River Ouse, in the valley the river has cut through the South Downs. Over the centuries the river has migrated between Newhaven and Seaford in response to the growth and decay of a shingle spit (shoal) at its mouth. There was a Bronze Age fort on what is now Castle Hill. In about 480 AD, the Saxon people established a village near where Newhaven now stands, which they named "Meeching" (variously known as "Myching" or "Mitching"). Throughout the Middle Ages, the main outlet and port of the Ouse was at Seaford (one of the Cinque Ports). The growth of the shingle spit hindered the outflow of the river, which consequently flooded the Levels upstream and hindered access to the port. Therefore, a channel through the shingle spit was cut in the mid-16th century below Castle Hill, creating access to a sheltered harbour, better than that at Seaford. This was the origin of modern Newhaven. However, shingle continued to accumulate and so the mouth of the Ouse began to migrate eastwards again. Under the Ouse Navigation Act (1790), a western breakwater was constructed to arrest longshore drift and so cut off the supply of shingle to the spit. A new outlet (The Cut) was built on the river's present course, below Castle Hill. At that time the settlement began to be known as the "new haven". The present breakwater was built in 1890. It was part of the Holmstrow hundred until the abolition of hundreds in the 19th century. Port Although there are some signs of the derelict facilities that serviced the former train ferry operations, the port still sees a great deal of freight and passengers movement. International ferries run to the French port of Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, operated by DFDS Seaways. There are two outbound sailings per day, one in the morning and one in the evening, using the 18,654 GT ro-ro ferry MS Côte D'Albâtre. Rail passengers wishing to connect with the ferries are advised nationally to travel to , and then use the free bus service; this has resulted in a dramatic fall in passenger services at , leading to questions regarding its future and that of . The port is the proposed main landside site for E.ON's development of the offshore-Rampion Wind Farm. History The village was of little maritime importance until the opening of the railway line to Lewes in 1847. In 1848, the exiled French King Louis Philippe I landed here in disguise after abdicating his throne. The London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) constructed their own wharf and facilities on the east side of the river, and opened the Newhaven harbour railway station. The railway also funded the dredging of the channel and other improvements to the harbour between 1850 and 1878, to enable it to be used by cross channel ferries, and in 1863 the LB&SCR and the Chemin de Fer de l'Ouest introduced the Newhaven-Dieppe passenger service. The harbour was officially recognised as 'The Port of Newhaven' in 1882. Imports then included French farm products and manufactures, timber, granite and slates. Newhaven harbour was designated as the principal port for the movement of men and materiel to the European continent during World War I and was taken over by the military authorities and the ferries requisitioned for the duration of the war. Between 22 September 1916 and 2 December 1918, the port and town of Newhaven were designated a 'Special Military Area' under the 'Defence of the Realm Regulations', and the Harbour station was closed to the public. The port and harbour facilities, rail sidings and warehousing were greatly enlarged at this time and electric lighting installed to allow for 24-hour operation. During World War II, large numbers of Canadian troops were stationed at Newhaven, and the ill-fated Dieppe Raid in 1942 was largely launched from the harbour. When the high-profile gambler and murder-suspect Lord Lucan vanished in 1974, his car was found abandoned in Norman Road, Newhaven, with traces of blood matching the blood-groups of his children’s nanny Sandra Rivett, whom he is believed to have murdered, and his wife, whom he had attempted to murder, according to her testimony. The Newhaven location suggested that he had taken the cross-channel ferry, but no confirmed sighting of him was ever made. Lifeboat The Newhaven Lifeboat, the first of which was commissioned in 1803, is among the oldest in Britain, and was established some 20 years before the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. The town established the rescue lifeboat in response to the wreck of HMS Brazen in January 1800 when only one man of her crew of some 105 men could be saved. The town used a combination of funds raised locally and contributed by Lloyd's of London to purchase a lifeboat built to Henry Greathead's "Original" design. Newhaven also has one of the Watch stations of the National Coastwatch Institution. Industry To the east, in the neighbouring parish of Seaford was the village of Tide Mills, built in 1761, and now derelict. Here are the remains of workers' cottages, the tide mill itself, and a large saline lagoon which was the storage pond for high water to power the mills on the outgoing tide. The Newhaven Marconi Radio Station was established in 1904, and started running in 1905. The station was owned and operated by the Marconi Radio Company and achieved regular ship to shore radio communications in approximately 1912. To the east of Newhaven is the 50,000-foot production factory of King and McGaw, the UK's largest online Art provider. The company's contribution to the area was recognised in April 2014 with a visit from local MP Norman Baker. The Heritage Marine Hospital was built in 1924 to cater for disabled boys who had undergone surgery. It became a casualty of wartime defence work during World War II. The Denton Island Business Park lies to the north of the town on the west bank of the river. The business park has attracted a number of businesses to the area with the basepoint Newhaven Enterprise Centre being the focal point. The centre has attracted a lot of new businesses to the area. A new waste incinerator, just across from Denton Island, was completed in late 2011 and is now in full operation, despite huge opposition by local residents from across the Lewes District. Military Newhaven Fort, one of the Palmerston Forts, was built on Castle Hill on the recommendation of the 1859 Royal Commission to defend the growing harbour. It was the largest defence work ever built in Sussex and is now open as a museum. The adjacent village of Tide Mills was the site of an experimental seaplane base at the head of the beach. The first formation of No. 242 Squadron RAF was on 15 August 1918 from numbers 408, 409 and 514 Flights at the seaplane station at Newhaven, Sussex. Operating from there and the nearby airfield at Telscombe Cliffs, it was equipped with Short Type 184 seaplanes and carried out anti-submarine patrols over the English Channel until the end of the First World War. Surveys carried out in 2006 have exposed part of the slipway, concrete aprons to both hangars with door tracks and several other slabs presumed to be workshops. Sussex Archaeological Society started a dig in April 2006 to catalogue the entire East Beach site. Layout The main part of the town is located on the west side of the river, there is also a residential area at Denton and Mount Pleasant on the slopes of the Downs to the east. Industrial areas lay on the east side of the river as do all three of the railway stations which serve Newhaven; Newhaven Town, Newhaven Harbour and the now redundant Newhaven Marine. Recent housing development has taken place at the West Quay, Harbour Heights and August Fields. Governance Newhaven Town Council was formed in 1974. There are 18 councillors representing three wards: Denton ward (five councillors); Meeching (seven); and Valley (six). The parliamentary constituency for Newhaven is Lewes. The Liberal Democrat Norman Baker served as the constituency member of parliament from 1997 until 2015, when Conservative Maria Caulfield was elected. Demography Newhaven population (12,232 persons) are 59% of working age; 22% are 15 and under; and 19% retirement age. There are over 360 businesses in the town. Landmarks The main landmark in the town is the Newhaven Fort. The new waste incinerator is a major landmark, the chimney being visible from the sea as well as from Firle Beacon and parts of Seaford. The parish includes part of the Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest. The cliffs are mainly of geological interest, containing many Santonian and Campanian fossils. The SSSI listing includes flora and fauna biological interest too. The open land surrounding Newhaven to the west, north and east is part of the South Downs National Park, although the town itself is excluded from the boundaries. Transport Newhaven lies at the southern end of the cross-country A26 trunk road originating in Maidstone; and its junction with the A259 coast road between Brighton and Eastbourne. It is also located on the Seaford Branch Line from Lewes; there are two operating stations: Newhaven Town and Newhaven Harbour. A third, for all intents and purposes unused since its train ferry services ceased using it, was Newhaven Marine railway station. Walkers on the long-distance footpath, the Vanguard Way end their journey here from East Croydon in south London. Education, culture and religion There is one secondary school in the town: Seahaven Academy (previously known as Tideway Comprehensive), There are four primary schools: Denton Community Primary, Breakwater academy, Harbour Primary School and High cliff Academy which opened in September 2015 in a brand-new building in Southdown Road, on what was part of the Tideway Comprehensive School site. The Newhaven Local & Maritime Museum is operated by the Newhaven Historical Society and is a registered charity. The Planet Earth Museum and Sussex History Trail is dedicated to the history of the earth. They are both located at Paradise Park which is a garden centre owned by the Tate family. The parish church is dedicated to St Michael and is shared by the Church of England and Methodist communities. The Roman Catholic church is dedicated to the Sacred Heart (Church of the Sacred Heart). The town is featured in Crime Is My Business by W. Howard Baker (Sexton Blake Library No 408, Amalgamated Press, 1958) and possibly based on an idea or material by Jack Trevor Story. Although mentioned (along with Brighton, Beachy Head, and Eastbourne), the references are vague and one would not recognise the town from the book. Other references in the text (a typical Sexton Blake adventure) suggest a roadside café somewhere in the region of the recently demolished Peacehaven Motel, which was formerly situated at the eastern end of Peacehaven. Twinning The town is officially twinned with La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin (La Chapelle-Saint-Mesmin-french) in France (near Orléans) since 2011 (13 November) and 2012 (28 January 28), the official Twinning Charter signing dates which took place in Newhaven and in La Chapelle Saint-Mesmin with both Mayors and Chairmen of the Comité de Jumelage Chapellois and the Newhaven Twinning Association. Sport Newhaven is home to a marina: the Newhaven and Seaford Sailing Club is based there; scuba diving, water skiing and surfboarding are also practised. Newhaven Football Club plays in the Sussex County League; there is a thriving archery club. The town also boasts a large and modern indoor bowls centre, and there is an outdoor bowling green located close to the marina. Notable people Charles Wells, the "man who broke the bank at Monte Carlo" casino, who bought a house in Fort Road with some of the proceeds Charles Webb, the author of The Graduate Wreckless Eric Ho Chi Minh in 1913. When he was a pastry boy on the Newhaven–Dieppe ferry route. Leonard White, actor and producer of ''The Avenger Nigel Buxton, Travel writer and TV personality, Alistair Appleton, TV presenter, therapist and meditation teacher References Sources External links Newhaven Chamber of Commerce Newhaven Swing Bridge opening times, local weather and tide times Seahaven FM the local community radio station's transmission base is in Newhaven Towns in East Sussex Civil parishes in East Sussex Populated coastal places in East Sussex Beaches of East Sussex Port cities and towns in South East England
23902583	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbast%C4%B1	Kolbastı	Kolbastı is a popular Turkish dance. It was originally created in the 1930s in the seaport of Trabzon on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey. Loosely translated, 'kolbastı' means 'caught red-handed by the police.' According to legend, the name comes from nightly police patrols of the city to round up drunks, who made up a song with the lyrics: 'They came, they caught us, they beat us' (in Turkish: 'Geldiler, bastılar, vurdular'). In the past few years this dance has grown very popular and is spreading in popularity outside the region. These days this dance is mostly used for weddings or by youngsters who like to show off and attract girls. A rise in the dances' popularity outside of Trabzon has led to the belief that the dance disappeared from the region. However, it is still prevalent among youth to this day. See also The Melbourne shuffle, a similar dance style associated with the electronic music scene in Melbourne, Australia. External links Turkish man accused of wife beating in NZ 'was dancing', BBC News website, 7 August 2010 Video kolbastı dance classes(in spanish) Trabzon Turkish dances
63777441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olajide%20Omotayo	Olajide Omotayo	Olajide Omotayo (born 6 July 1995, in Lagos, Nigeria) is a Nigerian professional table tennis player based in Italy. He is the youngest of 6 siblings. His peak world ranking to-date was 85. He is currently ranked 92nd in the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) male world rankings. He is the current Champion of Africa after defeating Quadri Aruna to win Gold in the Men's Singles at the 2019 African Games, his debut appearance. Olajide is known for his offensive playing style with a strong topspin stroke. In 2017, Olajide secured a five-year sponsorship deal with the German manufacturer of kits, Gewo. He competed for Nigeria at the 2016 African Championship (doubles event) and 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games in Australia winning Bronze and silver respectively. His first international appearance for Nigeria was in 2008 as a cadet at the 2008 International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) African Junior and Cadet Championships which held in Alexandria, Egypt. In 2019, he was nominated for Nigerian Sportsman of the Year Award by the ITTF. Early years Olajide attended Pedro Primary School, Famous, Bariga and later, Morocco Comprehensive High School, Igbobi Yaba, Lagos for his Junior Secondary Education before proceeding to Baptist Senior High School, Obanikoro Palmgroove for his Senior Secondary School Education. Table tennis career Olajide started playing Table Tennis at the age of 8. He was introduced to the game by his sister, Omobolanle Omotayo, a one-time national table tennis champion. He started his career playing for a local club, Summer Table Tennis club in his neighbourhood in Somolu Area, Lagos State. He represented his school in the Lagos State Table Tennis Competition for Primary Schools and National School sports Competition at age 9. He started representing Nigeria at International Competitions at 11. In 2008, he represented Nigeria at the All African Junior Table Tennis Championships in Alexandria Egypt where he won Bronze. He has since then established himself as a key member of Nigeria's senior table Tennis Team at several International Tournaments. He aspires to get to the Top 50 ranked players in the world. 2015 African Games Olajide failed to qualify for the 2015 African Games after losing a crucial game during the trials. He couldn't return to his club in Italy at the time and was at the verge of quitting Table Tennis completely. Quadri Aruna's record-breaking qualification for the Rio 2016's Olympic Games quarter-finals gave him hope to fight back. 2018 Commonwealth Games Olajide was one of the five male Table Tennis players selected to represent Nigeria at the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The Nigerian team included Bode Abiodun, Azeez Jamiu, Quadri Aruna, and veteran player, Segun Toriola. Nigeria won silver at the end of the competition after losing to the Indian Team consisting of Sharath Kamal, Sathiyan Gnanasekaran and Harmeet Desai in the finals. 2018 African Championship in Mauritius Olajide featured in the 2018 African Championship in Mauritius representing Nigeria. He made it to the semi-finals after beating Togo's Atarou Assou and Angola's Elizandro André. He had a stunning outing as he proceeded to defeat Egypt's no.3 seed, Mohamed El-Beiali and Shady Magdy to make it to the semi-final round. Olajide lost to compatriot Quadri Aruna. 2019 ITTF World Team Cup The Nigerian Team represented by Quadri Aruna, Olajide Omotayo and Bode Abiodun played against Team China in Group A at the 2019 ITTF Team World Cup. Olajide lost 3–0 to world number 10, Yun-Ju Lin in the game. In the doubles match, Quadri and Olajide played against Cheng-Ting Liao and Chen Chien-an and lost (2-1). The Nigerian team lost (3-1) overall to exit the 2019 ITTF Team World Cup which held in Tokyo, Japan. Chinese Taipei finished second in the Group while Nigeria exited bagging the third spot. 2019 African Games At the 2019 African Games which held in Rabat Morocco, Olajide was up against three of the best players in Africa to become the continent's champion. He played against two former champions – Egypt's Ahmed Saleh and Nigeria's Segun Toriola in the quarterfinal and semifinal stages. The final was a classic with one of his role-models in the game and the then highest ranked African table tennis player, Quadri Aruna. Omotayo raced to the lead with a 3-0 (13-11, 11–9, 16-14). The more experienced Quadri had a good comeback in the 4th and 5th games cutting the lead to 3–2 with 8-11, 13–15. Omotayo scaled through with a 12–10 win to claim his first international Gold medal. 2020 Tokyo Olympics (2021) Omotayo qualified for Men's Singles at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The Games were rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. He was defeated in four (4) straight sets by Tiago Apolónia in the First Round. See also List of table tennis players References 1995 births Living people Nigerian male table tennis players Table tennis players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Commonwealth Games medallists in table tennis African Games gold medalists for Nigeria African Games medalists in table tennis Competitors at the 2019 African Games Sportspeople from Lagos State Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Nigeria Table tennis players at the 2020 Summer Olympics
35562098	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan%20McKibbin	Brendan McKibbin	Brendan McKibbin (born 19 September 1985) is a professional rugby union footballer. He plays for London Irish in the Aviva Premiership. He previously played for the Waratahs and the Queensland Reds in Super Rugby. His regular playing position is scrum-half. Early life McKibbin was born in Irvine, Scotland. He spent his early life in Kilmarnock before he moved with his family to Brisbane, Australia when he was three years old. He attended Marist College Ashgrove where he played rugby for the 1st XV. During his final year at Ashgrove in 2002, he was selected to play for Queensland at the Australian Schools Rugby Championships. McKibbin played open-side flanker at schoolboy and under-19 level, only switching to scrum-half to play senior rugby. Rugby career McKibbin was invited to join the Reds Rugby College from the Brothers club in Brisbane. He played for the Queensland U19 side in the Trans Tasman Challenge competition in 2004. In 2007, he played for the Ballymore Tornadoes in the Australian Rugby Championship, appearing in four matches during the tournament. The following year, McKibbin scored 223 points for Brothers to be the leading points scorer in Queensland Premier Rugby for the 2008 regular season. His tally was 8 tries, 51 conversions and 27 penalties. Brothers narrowly lost the grand final to Easts in 2008, but McKibbin won the Alec Evans Medal for Premier Player of the Year. In 2009, he made his Super 14 debut for the Reds against the Chiefs. After winning four caps for the Reds, McKibbin went on to captain Brothers to a hard-fought grand final win over Souths in the Queensland Premier Rugby competition. He also won the Tony Shaw Medal for Player of the Grand Final. McKibbin moved to Sydney at the end of that year, to take up an opportunity with the Junior Waratahs. He joined the Eastern Suburbs club to play in the Shute Shield competition, and won the 2010 Ken Catchpole Medal for the most outstanding player in Sydney club rugby. He played limited minutes in Super Rugby for the Waratahs in 2011, but became the team's first choice halfback and goalkicker in 2012. McKibbin was called up to the Wallabies' squad for the last Test match of the year in 2012, being named on the bench for the final match of the Spring Tour, against Wales in Cardiff. In January 2015 it was announced that McKibbin had signed for then English Premiership club London Irish on a two-year contract from the start of the 2015/16 season. References External links Waratahs player profile McKibbin's profile on itsrugby.co.uk 1985 births Living people Australian people of Scottish descent Australian rugby union players London Irish players New South Wales Country Eagles players New South Wales Waratahs players Queensland Reds players Rugby union players from Irvine, North Ayrshire Rugby union scrum-halves
66474943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%20Pan%20American%20Wrestling%20Olympic%20Qualification%20Tournament	2012 Pan American Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament	The 2012 Olympic Wrestling Pan American Qualification Tournament was the second regional qualifying tournament for the 2012 Olympics. The competition was held in Kissimmee, United States from 23 to 25 March 2012. The top two wrestlers in each weight class earn a qualification spot for their nation. Men's freestyle 55 kg 24 March 60 kg 25 March 66 kg 25 March 74 kg 25 March 84 kg 25 March 96 kg 25 March 120 kg 25 March Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg 23 March 60 kg 23 March 66 kg 23 March 74 kg 23 March 84 kg 23 March 96 kg 23 March 120 kg 24 March Women's freestyle 48 kg 24 March 55 kg 24 March 63 kg 24 March 72 kg 24 March References External links UWW Database Qualification America Olympic Q America 2012 Q
48647212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphidocera%20abiasta	Glyphidocera abiasta	Glyphidocera abiasta is a moth in the family Autostichidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1936. It is found in Venezuela. References Moths described in 1936 Glyphidocerinae
2068732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyazma%20%28river%29	Vyazma (river)	The Vyazma () is a river in the Smolensk Oblast in Russia. It is a left tributary of the Dnieper. The length of the river is 147 km. The area of its basin is 1350 km². In ancient times, the Vyazma River was a part of a route that connected the upper basins of the Volga, Oka, and Dnieper with the help of portages. The city of Vyazma is located on the Vyazma River. References Rivers of Smolensk Oblast
33255343	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Jebb%20%28priest%29	John Jebb (priest)	John Jebb (21 September 1805 in Dublin – 8 January 1886 in Peterstow, Herefordshire) was an Anglo-Irish Anglican priest and writer on church music. Life Jebb was the eldest son of Mr Justice Richard Jebb and his wife Jane Louisa Finlay, and nephew of John Jebb, Bishop of Limerick. He was educated at Winchester College and Trinity College, Dublin. After graduating MA in 1829, Jebb briefly held the rectory of Dunerlin in Ireland before becoming a prebendary of Limerick Cathedral (1832), rector of Peterstow, Herefordshire (1843), a prebendary of Hereford Cathedral (1858) and a canon residentiary (1870). Jebb married Frances, daughter of General Sir Richard Bourke, in September 1831 (she died 1866). Jebb was a leading authority on the Anglican choral tradition and a significant figure in the English choral revival. When Walter Hook, vicar of Leeds, proposed to reinstate choral services and a surpliced choir at Leeds Parish Church in 1841, it was to his friend Jebb that he looked for advice. With his cathedral background Jebb argued that in churches with a choir, the desired musical effect should not be marred by "the roar of the congregation". He persuaded Hook to adopt the cathedral form of service at Leeds rather than the alternative model demonstrated by the Revd Frederick Oakeley at Margaret Chapel, London, in 1839, where the choir’s role was to lead the congregation in response, hymn and psalm. Jebb's policy was first made public in Three Lectures on the Cathedral Service (1841). A more scholarly and definitive treatment of the topic was published in his The Choral Service of the United Church of England and Ireland (1843) which was an enquiry in the low state of service and music provision in cathedrals and collegiate churches. He funded the building costs of the new rectory at Peterstow. St Peter's Church at Peterstow was restored in the 1860s under Jebb with Sir George Gilbert Scott as architect. The reopening was on 2 July 1866. Writings Three Lectures on the Cathedral Service of the Church of England (Leeds, 1841) The Choral Service of the United Church of England and Ireland, being an Inquiry into the Liturgical System of the Cathedral and Collegiate Foundations of the Anglican Communion (London, 1843) The Choral Responses and Litanies of the United Church of England and Ireland (London, 1847) References 19th-century Irish Anglican priests 1805 births 1886 deaths People educated at Winchester College Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
13912	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow%20Earth	Hollow Earth	The Hollow Earth is a concept proposing that the planet Earth is entirely hollow or contains a substantial interior space. Notably suggested by Edmond Halley in the late 17th century, the notion was disproven, first tentatively by Pierre Bouguer in 1740, then definitively by Charles Hutton in his Schiehallion experiment around 1774. It was still occasionally defended through the mid-19th century, notably by John Cleves Symmes Jr. and Jeremiah N. Reynolds, but by this time it was part of popular pseudoscience and no longer a scientifically viable hypothesis. The concept of a hollow Earth still recurs in folklore and as a premise for subterranean fiction, a subgenre of adventure fiction. Hypothesis In ancient times, the concept of a subterranean land inside the Earth appeared in mythology, folklore and legends. The idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined with the concept of "places" of origin or afterlife, such as the Greek underworld, the Nordic Svartálfaheimr, the Christian Hell, and the Jewish Sheol (with details describing inner Earth in Kabalistic literature, such as the Zohar and Hesed L'Avraham). The idea of a subterranean realm is also mentioned in Tibetan Buddhist belief. According to one story from Tibetan Buddhist tradition, there is an ancient city called Shamballa which is located inside the Earth. According to the Ancient Greeks, there were caverns under the surface which were entrances leading to the underworld, some of which were the caverns at Tainaron in Lakonia, at Troezen in Argolis, at Ephya in Thesprotia, at Herakleia in Pontos, and in Ermioni. In Thracian and Dacian legends, it is said that there are caverns occupied by an ancient god called Zalmoxis. In Mesopotamian religion there is a story of a man who, after traveling through the darkness of a tunnel in the mountain of "Mashu", entered a subterranean garden. In Celtic mythology there is a legend of a cave called "Cruachan", also known as "Ireland's gate to Hell", a mythical and ancient cave from which according to legend strange creatures would emerge and be seen on the surface of the Earth. There are also stories of medieval knights and saints who went on pilgrimages to a cave located in Station Island, County Donegal in Ireland, where they made journeys inside the Earth into a place of purgatory. In County Down, Northern Ireland there is a myth which says tunnels lead to the land of the subterranean Tuatha Dé Danann, a group of people who are believed to have introduced Druidism to Ireland, and then went back underground. In Hindu mythology, the underworld is referred to as Patala. In the Bengali version of the Hindu epic Ramayana, it has been depicted how Rama and Lakshmana were taken by the king of the underworld Ahiravan, brother of the demon king Ravana. Later on they were rescued by Hanuman. The Angami Naga tribes of India claim that their ancestors emerged in ancient times from a subterranean land inside the Earth. The Taino from Cuba believe their ancestors emerged in ancient times from two caves in a mountain underground. Natives of the Trobriand Islands believe that their ancestors had come from a subterranean land through a cavern hole called "Obukula". Mexican folklore also tells of a cave in a mountain five miles south of Ojinaga, and that Mexico is possessed by devilish creatures who came from inside the Earth. In the middle ages, an ancient German myth held that some mountains located between Eisenach and Gotha hold a portal to the inner Earth. A Russian legend says the Samoyeds, an ancient Siberian tribe, traveled to a cavern city to live inside the Earth. The Italian writer Dante describes a hollow earth in his well-known 14th-century work Inferno, in which the fall of Lucifer from heaven caused an enormous funnel to appear in a previously solid and spherical earth, as well as an enormous mountain opposite it, "Purgatory". In Native American mythology, it is said that the ancestors of the Mandan people in ancient times emerged from a subterranean land through a cave at the north side of the Missouri River. There is also a tale about a tunnel in the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona near Cedar Creek which is said to lead inside the Earth to a land inhabited by a mysterious tribe. It is also the belief of the tribes of the Iroquois that their ancient ancestors emerged from a subterranean world inside the Earth. The elders of the Hopi people believe that a Sipapu entrance in the Grand Canyon exists which leads to the underworld. Brazilian Indians, who live alongside the Parima River in Brazil, claim that their forefathers emerged in ancient times from an underground land, and that many of their ancestors still remained inside the Earth. Ancestors of the Inca supposedly came from caves which are located east of Cuzco, Peru. 16th to 18th centuries The following lines from Act 3, Scene 2 of Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream, written in London in 1595/6, suggest that the idea may have been known in Western Europe 100 years before it took on a more scientific form: Hermia: 'I'll believe as soon / This whole earth may be bored and that the moon / May through the center creep and so displease / Her brother's noontide with Antipodes.' The notion was further popularized by Athanasius Kircher's non-fiction Mundus Subterraneus (1665), which speculated that there is an "intricate system of cavities and a channel of water connecting the poles". Edmond Halley in 1692 conjectured that the Earth might consist of a hollow shell about thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core. Atmospheres separate these shells, and each shell has its own magnetic poles. The spheres rotate at different speeds. Halley proposed this scheme in order to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged the atmosphere inside as luminous (and possibly inhabited) and speculated that escaping gas caused the Aurora Borealis. Le Clerc Milfort in 1781 led a journey with hundreds of Muscogee Peoples to a series of caverns near the Red River above the junction of the Mississippi River. According to Milfort the original Muscogee Peoples' ancestors are believed to have emerged out to the surface of the Earth in ancient times from the caverns. Milfort also claimed the caverns they saw "could easily contain 15,000 – 20,000 families." It is often claimed that mathematician Leonhard Euler proposed a single-shell hollow Earth with a small sun (1,000 kilometres across) at the center, providing light and warmth for an inner-Earth civilization, but that is not true. Instead, he did a thought experiment of an object dropped into a hole drilled through the center, unrelated to a hollow Earth. 19th century In 1818, John Cleves Symmes, Jr. suggested that the Earth consisted of a hollow shell about thick, with openings about across at both poles with 4 inner shells each open at the poles. Symmes became the most famous of the early Hollow Earth proponents, and Hamilton, Ohio even has a monument to him and his ideas. He proposed making an expedition to the North Pole hole, thanks to efforts of one of his followers, James McBride. Jeremiah Reynolds also delivered lectures on the "Hollow Earth" and argued for an expedition. Reynolds went on an expedition to Antarctica himself but missed joining the Great U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, even though that venture was a result of his agitation. Though Symmes himself never wrote a book about his ideas, several authors published works discussing his ideas. McBride wrote Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres in 1826. It appears that Reynolds has an article that appeared as a separate booklet in 1827: Remarks of Symmes' Theory Which Appeared in the American Quarterly Review. In 1868, a professor W.F. Lyons published The Hollow Globe which put forth a Symmes-like Hollow Earth hypothesis, but failed to mention Symmes himself. Symmes's son Americus then published The Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres in 1878 to set the record straight. Sir John Leslie proposed a hollow Earth in his 1829 Elements of Natural Philosophy (pp. 449–53). In 1864, in Journey to the Center of the Earth Jules Verne describes a hollow Earth containing two rotating binary stars, named Pluto and Proserpine. William Fairfield Warren, in his book Paradise Found–The Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole, (1885) presented his belief that humanity originated on a continent in the Arctic called Hyperborea. This influenced some early Hollow Earth proponents. According to Marshall Gardner, both the Eskimo and Mongolian peoples had come from the interior of the Earth through an entrance at the North pole. 20th century NEQUA or The Problem of the Ages, first serialized in a newspaper printed in Topeka, Kansas in 1900 and considered an early feminist utopian novel, mentions John Cleves Symmes' theory to explain its setting in a hollow Earth. An early 20th-century proponent of hollow Earth, William Reed, wrote Phantom of the Poles in 1906. He supported the idea of a hollow Earth, but without interior shells or inner sun. The spiritualist writer Walburga, Lady Paget in her book Colloquies with an unseen friend (1907) was an early writer to mention the hollow Earth hypothesis. She claimed that cities exist beneath a desert, which is where the people of Atlantis moved. She said an entrance to the subterranean kingdom will be discovered in the 21st century. Marshall Gardner wrote A Journey to the Earth's Interior in 1913 and published an expanded edition in 1920. He placed an interior sun in the Earth and built a working model of the Hollow Earth which he patented (). Gardner made no mention of Reed, but did criticize Symmes for his ideas. Around the same time, Vladimir Obruchev wrote a novel titled Plutonia, in which the Hollow Earth possessed an inner Sun and was inhabited by prehistoric species. The interior was connected with the surface by an opening in the Arctic. The explorer Ferdynand Ossendowski wrote a book in 1922 titled Beasts, Men and Gods. Ossendowski said he was told about a subterranean kingdom that exists inside the Earth. It was known to Buddhists as Agharti. George Papashvily in his Anything Can Happen (1940) claimed the discovery in the Caucasus mountains of a cavern containing human skeletons "with heads as big as bushel baskets" and an ancient tunnel leading to the center of the Earth. One man entered the tunnel and never returned. Novelist Lobsang Rampa in his book The Cave of the Ancients said an underground chamber system exists beneath the Himalayas of Tibet, filled with ancient machinery, records and treasure. Michael Grumley, a cryptozoologist, has linked Bigfoot and other hominid cryptids to ancient tunnel systems underground. According to the ancient astronaut writer Peter Kolosimo a robot was seen entering a tunnel below a monastery in Mongolia. Kolosimo also claimed a light was seen from underground in Azerbaijan. Kolosimo and other ancient astronaut writers such as Robert Charroux linked these activities to UFOs. A book by a "Dr. Raymond Bernard" which appeared in 1964, The Hollow Earth, exemplifies the idea of UFOs coming from inside the Earth, and adds the idea that the Ring Nebula proves the existence of hollow worlds, as well as speculation on the fate of Atlantis and the origin of flying saucers. An article by Martin Gardner revealed that Walter Siegmeister used the pseudonym "Bernard", but not until the 1989 publishing of Walter Kafton-Minkel's Subterranean Worlds: 100,000 Years of Dragons, Dwarfs, the Dead, Lost Races & UFOs from Inside the Earth did the full story of Bernard/Siegmeister become well-known. The science fiction pulp magazine Amazing Stories promoted one such idea from 1945 to 1949 as "The Shaver Mystery". The magazine's editor, Ray Palmer, ran a series of stories by Richard Sharpe Shaver, claiming that a superior pre-historic race had built a honeycomb of caves in the Earth, and that their degenerate descendants, known as "Dero", live there still, using the fantastic machines abandoned by the ancient races to torment those of us living on the surface. As one characteristic of this torment, Shaver described "voices" that purportedly came from no explainable source. Thousands of readers wrote to affirm that they, too, had heard the fiendish voices from inside the Earth. The writer David Hatcher Childress authored Lost Continents and the Hollow Earth (1998) in which he reprinted the stories of Palmer and defended the Hollow Earth idea based on alleged tunnel systems beneath South America and Central Asia. Hollow Earth proponents have claimed a number of different locations for the entrances which lead inside the Earth. Other than the North and South poles, entrances in locations which have been cited include: Paris in France, Staffordshire in England, Montreal in Canada, Hangchow in China, and the Amazon Rainforest. Concave Hollow Earths Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet—sometimes called a "convex" Hollow Earth hypothesis—some have claimed humans live on the inside surface of a hollow spherical world, so that our universe itself lies in that world's interior. This has been called the "concave" Hollow Earth hypothesis or skycentrism. Cyrus Teed, a doctor from upstate New York, proposed such a concave Hollow Earth in 1869, calling his scheme "Cellular Cosmogony". Teed founded a group called the Koreshan Unity based on this notion, which he called Koreshanity. The main colony survives as a preserved Florida state historic site, at Estero, Florida, but all of Teed's followers have now died. Teed's followers claimed to have experimentally verified the concavity of the Earth's curvature, through surveys of the Florida coastline making use of "rectilineator" equipment. Several 20th-century German writers, including Peter Bender, Johannes Lang, Karl Neupert, and Fritz Braut, published works advocating the Hollow Earth hypothesis, or Hohlweltlehre. It has even been reported, although apparently without historical documentation, that Adolf Hitler was influenced by concave Hollow Earth ideas and sent an expedition in an unsuccessful attempt to spy on the British fleet by pointing infrared cameras up at the sky. The Egyptian mathematician Mostafa Abdelkader wrote several scholarly papers working out a detailed mapping of the Concave Earth model. In one chapter of his book On the Wild Side (1992), Martin Gardner discusses the Hollow Earth model articulated by Abdelkader. According to Gardner, this hypothesis posits that light rays travel in circular paths, and slow as they approach the center of the spherical star-filled cavern. No energy can reach the center of the cavern, which corresponds to no point a finite distance away from Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology. A drill, Gardner says, would lengthen as it traveled away from the cavern and eventually pass through the "point at infinity" corresponding to the center of the Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology. Supposedly no experiment can distinguish between the two cosmologies. Gardner notes that "most mathematicians believe that an inside-out universe, with properly adjusted physical laws, is empirically irrefutable". Gardner rejects the concave Hollow Earth hypothesis on the basis of Occam's razor. Purportedly verifiable hypotheses of a Concave Hollow Earth need to be distinguished from a thought experiment which defines a coordinate transformation such that the interior of the Earth becomes "exterior" and the exterior becomes "interior". (For example, in spherical coordinates, let radius r go to R2/r where R is the Earth's radius; see inversive geometry.) The transformation entails corresponding changes to the forms of physical laws. This is not a hypothesis but an illustration of the fact that any description of the physical world can be equivalently expressed in more than one way. Schiehallion experiment In 1735, Pierre Bouguer and Charles Marie de La Condamine chartered an expedition from France to the Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador. Arriving and climbing the volcano in 1738, they conducted a vertical deflection experiment at two different altitudes to determine how local mass anomalies affected gravitational pull. In a paper Bouguer wrote a little over ten years later, Bouguer commented that his results had at least falsified the Hollow Earth Theory. In 1772, Nevil Maskelyne proposed to repeat the same experiment to the Royal Society. Within the same year, the Committee of Attraction was formed and they sent Charles Mason to find the perfect candidate for the vertical deflection experiment. Mason found the Schiehallion mountain, where the experiment took place and not only supported the earlier Chimborazo Experiment but yielded far greater results. Contrary evidence Seismic The picture of the structure of the Earth that has been arrived at through the study of seismic waves is quite different from a fully hollow Earth. The time it takes for seismic waves to travel through and around the Earth directly contradicts a fully hollow sphere. The evidence indicates the Earth is mostly filled with solid rock (mantle and crust), liquid nickel-iron alloy (outer core), and solid nickel-iron (inner core). Gravity Another set of scientific arguments against a Hollow Earth or any hollow planet comes from gravity. Massive objects tend to clump together gravitationally, creating non-hollow spherical objects such as stars and planets. The solid spheroid is the best way in which to minimize the gravitational potential energy of a rotating physical object; having hollowness is unfavorable in the energetic sense. In addition, ordinary matter is not strong enough to support a hollow shape of planetary size against the force of gravity; a planet-sized hollow shell with the known, observed thickness of the Earth's crust would not be able to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium with its own mass and would collapse. Based upon the size of the Earth and the force of gravity on its surface, the average density of the planet Earth is 5.515 g/cm3, and typical densities of surface rocks are only half that (about 2.75 g/cm3). If any significant portion of the Earth were hollow, the average density would be much lower than that of surface rocks. The only way for Earth to have the force of gravity that it does is for much more dense material to make up a large part of the interior. Nickel-iron alloy under the conditions expected in a non-hollow Earth would have densities ranging from about 10 to 13 g/cm3, which brings the average density of Earth to its observed value. Direct observation Drilling holes does not provide direct evidence against the hypothesis. The deepest hole drilled to date is the Kola Superdeep Borehole, with a true vertical drill-depth of more than 7.5 miles (12 kilometers). However, the distance to the center of the Earth is nearly 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers). Oil wells with longer depths are not vertical wells; the total depths quoted are measured depth (MD) or equivalently, along-hole depth (AHD) as these wells are deviated to horizontal. Their true vertical depth (TVD) is typically less than 2.5 miles (4 kilometers). In fiction The idea of a hollow Earth is a common element of fiction, appearing as early as Ludvig Holberg's 1741 novel Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum (Niels Klim's Underground Travels), in which Nicolai Klim falls through a cave while spelunking and spends several years living on a smaller globe both within and the inside of the outer shell. Other notable early examples include Giacomo Casanova's 1788 Icosaméron, a 5-volume, 1,800-page story of a brother and sister who fall into the Earth and discover the subterranean utopia of the Mégamicres, a race of multicolored, hermaphroditic dwarves; Vril published anonymously in 1819; Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery by a "Captain Adam Seaborn" (1820) which reflected the ideas of John Cleves Symmes, Jr.; Edgar Allan Poe's 1838 novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket; Jules Verne's 1864 novel Journey to the Center of the Earth, which showed a subterranean world teeming with prehistoric life; George Sand's 1864 novel Laura, Voyage dans le Cristal where giant crystals could be found in the interior of the Earth; Etidorhpa, an 1895 science-fiction allegory with major subterranean themes; and The Smoky God, a 1908 novel that included the idea that the North Pole was the entrance to the hollow planet. In William Henry Hudson's 1887 romance, A Crystal Age, the protagonist falls down a hill into a Utopian paradise; since he falls into this world, it is sometimes classified as a hollow Earth story; although the hero himself thinks he may have traveled forward in time by millennia. The idea was used by Edgar Rice Burroughs in the seven-novel "Pellucidar" series, beginning with At the Earth's Core (1914). Using a mechanical drill, called the Iron Mole, his heroes David Innes and Professor Abner Perry discover a prehistoric world called Pellucidar, 500 miles below the surface, that is lit by a constant noonday inner sun. They find prehistoric people, dinosaurs, prehistoric mammals and the Mahar, who evolved from pterosaurs. The series ran for six more books, ending with Savage Pellucidar (1963). The 1915 novel Plutonia by Vladimir Obruchev uses the concept of the Hollow Earth to take the reader through various geological epochs. In recent decades, the idea has become a staple of the science fiction and adventure genres across films (Children Who Chase Lost Voices, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Aquaman and the MonsterVerse), television programs (the third and fourth seasons of Sanctuary), role-playing games (e.g., the Hollow World Campaign Set for Dungeons & Dragons, Hollow Earth Expedition), and video games (Torin's Passage and Gears of War). The idea is also partially used in the Marvel Comics universe, where there exists a subterranean realm beneath the Earth known as Subterranea. In popular art In 1975 Japanese artist Tadanori Yokoo used elements of the Aghartha legend, along with other Eastern subterranean myths, to depict an advanced civilization in the cover art for jazz musician Miles Davis's album Agharta. Tadanori said he was partly inspired by his reading of Raymond W. Bernard's 1969 book The Hollow Earth. See also Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty - 1974 proponent of Hollow Earth Dyson sphere Earth's inner core Expanding Earth Flat Earth Hades Hollow Moon List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Scientific skepticism Shamballa Shellworld Travel to the Earth's center Xibalba References Bibliography Seaborn, Captain Adam. Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery. J. Seymour, 1820. Lewis, David. The Incredible Cities of Inner Earth. Science Research Publishing House, 1979. Kafton-Minkel, Walter. Subterranean Worlds. Loompanics Unlimited, 1989. Standish, David. Hollow Earth : the Long and Curious History of Imagining Strange Lands, Fantastical Creatures, Advanced Civilizations, and Marvelous Machines Below the Earth's Surface. Da Capo Press, 2006. Lamprecht, Jan. Hollow Planets: A Feasibility Study of Possible Hollow Worlds Grave Distraction Publications, 2014. External links What Curiosity in the Structure: The Hollow Earth in Science Library of Congress References Stories of a Hollow Earth Public Domain Review Skeptic Dictionary: Hollow Earth "Is Our Globe Hollow?", Scientific American, 13 July 1878, p. 20 Subterranea (geography) Hollow Earth in fiction UFO-related phenomena Adventure fiction Thought experiments
11879176	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colayer	Colayer	Colayer GmbH is a software product company, headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, founded in 2000 by Markus Hegi, the current CEO. Colayer GmbH also has a subsidiary, Colayer Web Conversations Private Limited located in Pune, India. Colayer offers a context-driven platform to build social interactive Web 2.0 environments and Virtual workplaces for enterprises. History The concepts which eventually became Colayer, were worked out by founder, Markus Hegi, in 1999 and a small working prototype was developed on his laptop. 2000-2003: Markus Hegi founded Metalayer AG, to work further on his concepts. The development of these concepts started as a collaboration tool prototype, referred to as "The metalayer Comty Hub". The exploration of suitable technologies were taken out for further scalability of the platform. 2004-2006: In 2004, Colayer GmbH was established by the same founder who started Metalayer. The management team decided to develop the platform to C++ architecture from the ASP.NET model. The focus was to build the core of the Colayer, a Web 2.0 platform for the social web. 2009: Colayer offers a platform to build interactive social Web 2.0 environments. Colayer aims to be the environment for creating social networking websites and applications. In 2009, the similarities of Colayer and Google Wave were discussed. Use in business Colayer has integrated web technologies 2.0, to come up with the contextualized collaborative software—enabling businesses from different geographical locations to communicate. Colayer (or Collaboration layer) is also the name of the product, a social web software that can be used to create a virtual organisation. It has content management system, virtual conferencing (online meetings, email and SMS notification), reporting and statistical analysis. References External links Colayer website Swiss companies established in 2000 Companies based in Zürich Web development software Software companies established in 2000
26829795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turridrupa%20prestoni	Turridrupa prestoni	Turridrupa prestoni is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae, the turrids. Description The length of the shell attains 27.5 mm, its diameter 10.4 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs off the Nansha Islands, China. References Powell AWB. 1967. The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1a. The subfamily Turrinae concluded. Indo-Pacific Moll. 1(7):409–432. External links Baoquan Li 李宝泉 & R.N. Kilburn, Report on Crassispirinae Morrison, 1966 (Mollusca: Neogastropoda: Turridae) from the China Seas; Journal of Natural History 44(11):699–740 · March 2010; DOI: 10.1080/00222930903470086 Turridae Gastropods described in 1967
56734924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory%20Wade%20Hindorff	Cory Wade Hindorff	Cory Wade Hindorff (born September 21, 1990, in Philadelphia, PA) is an American model, actor, singer, songwriter and LGBTQ activist and spokesperson. He is best known for placing in third place on the 20th cycle of America's Next Top Model, and being the first openly gay male participant in the show. Early life Hindorff is the third of four brothers, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 21, 1990. He attended Strath Haven High School there, and later studied musical theater at Point Park University. He focused his early career on live theater, and performed as Angel in Rent at a local equity house in the suburbs of Philadelphia, and Paul in a chorus line in another professional production. Career ANTM Hindorff was selected to participate in the 20th cycle of America's Next Top Model in 2013. The season was unique because it was the first time Tyra Banks allowed both men and women to compete against each for the first place. Throughout the show, Hindorff was forced to mature his inner-self to stand against the criticism of fellow male models and especially judge Rob for being too "feminine" and having a lack of masculine poses for the photoshoots He described it in an interview: "I went through an identity crisis that almost completely destroyed me when I was on that show. All of that said, my experience on Top Model was incredible and life changing. It was a very positive thing. I just wish I could've desensitized myself to all of the pressure I was receiving to 'man up' or to ‘act straight.’" Tyra Banks also helped Hindorff get through some tough times during the show: "She told me that what I had to offer was polarizing…and that I should use that to my advantage. That advice has served me very well! She was also the one who recommended that I get into event hosting and red carpet hosting! I've made most of the money I've earned in 2015 through hosting at events and on red carpets so she definitely knew what she was talking about! I love her endlessly." After his run on the 20th cycle of ANTM he returned for three cameos on the next season. After ANTM He went on to do several modeling jobs, is currently signed with EMG models in New York City, and gives talks on gender expression and sexuality at various colleges and universities across America through "The College Agency" Music career In February 2015, he released his first single "I´m Sorry" and followed it with "Carpe Diem" on July that same year. During a trip to London on 2017, he got acquaintanced with pop producer Alan Glass, who produced his first album "Unify" with its first single and music video "There For You", debuted on June 26, 2017. Unify was released on September 2017 via Spotify. October 23rd, 2020 alongside Reenna he released Dreaming on the Dance Floor. Activism He is a strong supporter of LGBTQ equality and especially gender-fluid and non-binary clothing choices for queer people. He has been published in the Huffington Post, Buzzfeed, People and others in various articles about gender non-conformity as well as general queer culture in today's society. He advocates for The Door NYC, Adoptions From The Heart, Attic Youth Center and Sound Affects charities and non-profit organizations. Personal life According to interviews, he loves to sing, act, model and being a drag queen. Cory resides in New York City. References America's Next Top Model contestants American male models American singer-songwriters Gay models LGBT people from Pennsylvania Living people 1990 births 21st-century American singers 21st-century LGBT people
22596789	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Donald%20Gorme%20Og%20Macdonald%2C%201st%20Baronet	Sir Donald Gorme Og Macdonald, 1st Baronet	Sir Donald Gorme Macdonald, 8th Laird of Sleat, and 1st Baronet (?-1643) was a Scottish laird. Donald Gorme Mor Macdonald, 7th Laird of Sleat died, in 1616, without any children so he was succeeded by his nephew Donald Gorme Og MacDonald of Sleat. Donald Gorme was created a Baronet of Nova Scotia, by King Charles I, with a special clause of precedency placing him second of that order in Scotland. He adhered to the cause of Charles I, and died in 1643. Marriage and children He married Janet, the second daughter of Kenneth Mackenzie, 1st Lord Mackenzie of Kintail and they had several children: Sir James Mor Macdonald, 9th Laird of Sleat Mary Macdonald, who married Ewen Cameron of Lochiel Alexander MacDonald of Sleat whose daughter married Lachlan Maclean, 3rd Laird of Torloisk Donald of Castleton References Year of birth missing 1643 deaths Donald Gorme Macdonald Baronets in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia
41603030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Broome%20%28pilot%29	Frank Broome (pilot)	Captain Frank Crossley Griffithes Broome DFC AFC (7 March 1892 – 16 April 1948) was a British World War I pilot who later became a test pilot for Vickers and attempted the first flight from Cairo to Cape Town. Early life Broome was born in St Pancras, London, younger son of another Frank Broome, and educated at Uppingham School. After leaving school, he spent three years in Australia working on cattle ranches, returning to England in 1914. World War I Ten days after the outbreak of war, Broome enlisted in the Middlesex Regiment. The following year he obtained a commission in the Horse Transport Section of the Army Service Corps. In 1917, he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps (which became the Royal Air Force in 1918). After obtaining his pilot's licence, he was posted to Hadleigh to take part in the air defence of London with 112 Squadron. In 1918, he returned to France with 151 Squadron. He was then a lieutenant. In one week he destroyed three German aircraft, his only three victories. One of these was a giant Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI bomber he shot down over Beugny, France, while flying a Sopwith Camel during the night of 15–16 September 1918, one of the only two R.VI bombers the Germans lost to enemy action in World War I and the only one shot down by an Allied aircraft. For this achievement, he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) on 3 December 1918. The citation read: A bold and skilful officer who has displayed conspicuous courage and judgment in many engagements with hostile machines, notably on the night of 15/16th September, when he observed a giant bombing machine held by searchlights and engaged by our anti-aircraft guns. His signals to the guns were not observed and the fire continued, shells bursting all round the enemy machine; disregarding this he, with conspicuous gallantry, closed to 100 yards [91 meters] and drove the machine down in flames. On 14 November 1918, Broome was promoted to the acting rank of captain. Post-World War I Broome was demobilised in January 1919 and shortly afterwards joined Vickers as a test pilot. On 24 June 1920, Broome and Captain Stanley Cockerell (who had been his flight commander in 151 Squadron) took off from Brooklands in a Vickers Vimy on a pioneering flight to South Africa in an attempt to test the air route from Cairo to the Cape of Good Hope. They were accompanied by mechanic Sergeant-Major James Wyatt MSM, rigger Claude Corby, and passenger Peter Chalmers Mitchell, an eminent zoologist and correspondent for The Times, which sponsored the flight. That evening they arrived at RAF Manston in Kent. The following day they crossed the English Channel and arrived at Lyon. They reached Istres on 26 January, Rome on 27 January, Malta on 29 January, Tripoli on 31 January (having been held up by storms the previous day), Benghazi on 1 February, and Heliopolis near Cairo on 3 February. On 6 February, they set out for the main flight to South Africa and reached Aswan. On 8 February, after two forced landings caused by leaking cylinder water jackets, they reached Khartoum. After repairs, they left Khartoum on 10 February and reached El Jebelein, 208 miles to the south. Following further repairs, they left later the same day, but were forced to land in a dry swamp near Renk. The following day they returned to Jebelein for further repairs. On 14 February, they set off again and reached Mongalla, in the far south of Sudan the following day, after spending the night on the banks of the Nile. They remained in Mongalla making repairs until 20 February, when they took off again and reached Nimule, again with engine trouble. They began again on 22 February and reached Uganda in Uganda. On 24 February they left again and reached Kisumu in Kenya. They reached Tabora in Tanganyika Territory on 26 February, but crashed on take-off the following day, writing off the machine and ending the flight. Cockerell and Corby were slightly injured. Cockerell and Broome did eventually reach Cape Town, although not by air, and were welcomed by, among others, Pierre van Ryneveld and Quintin Brand, who had made the flight successfully by a slightly different route and were the only one of five crews attempting the journey to successfully complete it. On 12 July 1920, Cockerell and Broome were awarded the Air Force Cross (AFC) and Wyatt and Corby the Air Force Medal (AFM) in recognition of the flight. On 15 March 1922, he was with Cockerell and Wyatt when they were forced to ditch a flying boat in the Channel four miles off Hastings while making a test flight from Portsmouth to Sheerness. They were rescued from the water by rowing boat. During World War II, he returned to RAF service in the Administrative and Special Duties Branch on 7 July 1941 with the rank of pilot officer, but resigned his commission due to ill-health on 15 October 1942 and was allowed to keep the rank of flight lieutenant (equivalent to the rank he had previously held in World War I). Family Broome married Nancy Ismay Lermitte at Great Horkesley, near Colchester, on 17 August 1920. Cockerell was his best man and the wedding cake was ornamented with a silver model of the Vickers Vimy in which they had crossed Africa, presented to Broome by The Times. They were later divorced and Broome remarried. Footnotes 1892 births 1948 deaths People from St Pancras, London People educated at Uppingham School British Army personnel of World War I Royal Air Force personnel of World War I Royal Air Force personnel of World War II Middlesex Regiment soldiers Royal Army Service Corps officers Royal Flying Corps officers Royal Air Force officers English test pilots Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom) Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom) British World War I pilots
20812780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaena%20Hern%C3%A1ndez%20Mart%C3%ADnez	Liaena Hernández Martínez	Liaena Hernández Martínez is the youngest member of the Cuban National Assembly. During the opening of the 2008 Cuban National Assembly, after the 2008 legislative election, "Eighteen-year old legislator Liaena Hernandez Martínez read the oath in which each member of the new legislature committed their loyalty to the country and to observe and enforce the laws and all juridical norms." After the election Hernández stated, "Our main goal is to ready ourselves to fulfill our mission." References Living people Members of the National Assembly of People's Power Communist Party of Cuba politicians 21st-century Cuban women politicians Year of birth missing (living people)
38564834	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Unified%20School%20District	Douglas Unified School District	Douglas School District 27 is a school district in Cochise County, Arizona. External links School districts in Cochise County, Arizona Douglas, Arizona
18630268	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian%20war%20elephants	Persian war elephants	War elephants were used in Iranian military history, most notably in Achaemenid, Seleucid and Sasanian periods. The elephants were Asian elephants, and were recruited from southern provinces of Iran and India but also possibly Syrian elephants from Syria and westernmost Iran. The men (excluding the driver) sat in a large tower from which troops would fight. The elephant itself would normally be armed with thin plate armour (the Sassanids used chain mail as well as thin plate armour) and would bear a large crenelated wooden howdah on its back. Persian war elephants were trained by their rider, called a mahout, who would also ride the elephant into battle. While on the move, the elephants required large paths to cut to accommodate their passage. Training elephants was a difficult task and their upkeep was expensive because of their high nutritional demands. History Under the Achaemenids Persians used war elephants at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. The battle raged between king Alexander the Great of Macedon and king Darius III of Persia. The Persians had 15 Indian-trained war elephants, which were placed at the centre of the Persian line, and they made such an impression on the Macedonian troops that Alexander felt the need to sacrifice to the God of Fear the night before the battle. Despite this the Persians lost the battle, relinquishing the Achaemenid empire to Alexander. Some claim that they had been used previously in the Greek campaign of King Xerxes I of Persia, and even further back at the time of Darius the Great at the Indus, the Danube and against the Scythians in 512 BC. Neither Xenophon nor Herodotus mention war elephants in their accounts of these earlier campaigns. Under the Parthians Since the early 1st century AD, elephants were also used as a symbol of kingship in Iran. This notion was adopted from the Greco-Bactrians. Under the Sasanians In the early Sasanian period, the war elephants were used in battles as a psychological weapon for its terrorizing effects. Later this role evolved into a logistical one, and in late Sasanian period they were used by army commanders to survey the battle scene. Sasanian elephants were under a special chief, known as the Zend−hapet, or "Commander of the Indians", as they were from India. Shapur I may have used war elephants against Valerian. But the beasts were most notably used in Shapur II's forces. Emperor Julian mentions their use in the wars of 337–361, which he described them to be Indian elephants and carried "iron towers full of archers" (possibly hyperbole; he was not an eye-witness to the particular battle he described). The elephants were later used by the Sasanians against Julian during his campaign in 363, including at Ctesiphon, Samarra, and later in a surprise attack on Jovian's forces. The eye-witness Ammianus Marcellinus describes the beasts as "gleaming elephants with ... cruel gaping jaws, pungent smell, and strange appearance"; at Ctesiphon, they were placed behind the Sasanian ranks, looking like "walking hills" that "by the movements of their enormous bodies, ... threatened destruction to all who came near them, dreaded as they were from past experience". But these instances were all results of "dire necessity rather than normal deployment", as they usually had little tactical impact, especially in pitched battles. When they were used in pitched battles, the elephants were usually positioned in the rear, in contrast to the classical Carthaginian and Hellenistic practices. The Sasanian elephants were most effective in siege warfare against fortified cities, where they probably carried turrets or howdahs and were used as shooting platforms. According to Procopius, emperor Justinian I had raised Dara's city walls by to hinder attacks by the Sasanian elephants. Procopius has mentioned wooden turrets that allowed the Sasanians to tower over the walls of a besieged city and shoot arrows. During the Lazic War, Mihr-Mihroe's eight elephants proved effective in the sieges of Archaeopolis and other Lazic fortifications. Miscellaneous applications of the elephants by the Sasanians are also reported; Agathias mentions their use to blockade a river in one occasion. In the Battle of the Bridge near the fall of the Sasanian Empire, the Sasanians under Bahman Jaduyah used their elite Zhayedan forces, which included war elephants, against the invading Arab Muslims under Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi. A white elephant tore the latter from his horse with its trunk, and trampled him underfoot. The Arab Muslims suffered heavy casualties in the battle. The elephants was also used in the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah, but was unsuccessful. Later dynasties The war elephants were also used by Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Buyids to a lesser extent, and also by Khwarezmids in the Samarkand area. The Timurids also used them in the Battle of Ankara. In popular culture Shatranj (chess) – which modern chess has gradually developed from, same as Indian chess, includes the war elephant with the name fil (meaning "elephant" in Persian) as the bishop. The Persian civilisation in the real-time strategy computer game Age of Empires II has war elephants as their unique unit, in reference to this period in history. War elephants are also available to the Persians in Age of Empires and are granted fast movement. See also War elephant Crushing by elephant Sassanid army History of elephants in Europe List of historical elephants Military animals Cavalry tactics References Further reading External links http://www.iranian.com/main/2011/jul/ancient-world-war-0 http://www.iranchamber.com/history/parthians/parthians.php http://www.artarena.force9.co.uk/sass2.htm Military history of Iran Ghaznavid Empire Military units and formations of the Achaemenid Empire Cavalry units and formations of the Sassanian Empire Elephants in culture War elephants
15021505	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20British%20architects	List of British architects	This list of British architects includes notable architects, civil engineers, and earlier stonemasons, from the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. People have also been included who were born outside the UK/Great Britain but who are primarily known for their practice within the UK. Medieval stonemasons Richard Cementarius (fl. 1264–1290) Elias of Dereham (fl. 1188–1245) Gundulf of Rochester (died 1108) Hugh Herland (c. 1330–1411) Robert Janyns (fl. 1438–1464) John Lewyn (fl. late 14th cent.) William Orchard (fl. 1468–1504) William Ramsey (fl. 1330–1411) James of St. George (c. 1230–1309) Alan of Walsingham (died c. 1364) William of Sens (fl. 1174–1184) William the Englishman (fl. 1174–1214) William Wynford (fl. 1360–1405) Henry Yevele (c. 1320–1400) Renaissance, Tudor and Jacobean architects and stonemasons 16th and early 17th century John Abel (c. 1578–1675) Robert Adams (1540–1595) William Arnold (fl. 1595–1637) Simon Basil (fl. 1590–1615) Robert Janyns the Younger (fl. 1499–1506) Robert Lyminge (fl. 1607–1628) John Mylne (died 1621) John Mylne (died 1657) John Mylne (1611–1667) Robert Smythson (1535–1614) John Thorpe (c. 1565–1655) Robert Vertue (died 1506) William Vertue (died 1527) William Wallace (died 1631) John Wastell (c. 1485–1515) Palladian and English Baroque architects Early 17th century to mid–18th century William Adam (1689–1748) Henry Aldrich (1647–1710) Thomas Archer (1668–1743) John Bastard (c. 1668–1770) William Bastard (c. 1689–1766) Henry Bell (died 1711) Jean de Bodt (also known as Johann von Bodt) (1670–1745) Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington (1694–1753) Sir William Bruce (c. 1630–1710) Colen Campbell (1676–1729) Thomas Cartwright (c. 1653–1703) Richard Cassels (1690–1751) Isaac de Caus (1590–1648) George Clarke (1661–1736) William Etty (c. 1675–1734) Henry Flitcroft (1697–1769) Sir Balthazar Gerbier (1592–1663) James Gibbs (1682–1754) Sir Bernard de Gomme (1620–1685) Nicholas Hawksmoor (c. 1661–1736) Robert Hooke (1635–1703) John James (1673–1746) Inigo Jones (1573–1652) Christopher Kempster (1627–1715) William Kent (c. 1685–1748) Giacomo Leoni (1686–1746) Hugh May (1621–1684) Robert Mylne (1633–1710) Sir Edward Lovett Pearce (1699–1733) Sir Roger Pratt (1620–1684) Francis Smith (1672–1738) James Smith (c. 1645–1731) Nicholas Stone (1586–1647) William Talman (1650–1719) Sir John Vanbrugh (1664–1726) John Webb (1611–1672) Elizabeth, Lady Wilbraham (1632–1705) William Winde (c. 1645–1722) Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723) Georgian architects Mid–18th century to 1837 A–G James Adam (1732–1794) John Adam (1721–1792) Robert Adam (1728–1792) Thomas Atkinson (1799–1861) William Atkinson (c. 1774–1839) Thomas Baldwin (c. 1750–1820) Francis Octavius Bedford (1784–1858) Ignatius Bonomi (1787–1870) Joseph Bonomi the Elder (1739–1808) Matthew Brettingham (1699–1769) James Bridges (fl. 1757–1763) James Brindley (1716–1772) Lancelot "Capability" Brown (1716–1783) Decimus Burton (1800–1881) Charles Busby (1788–1834) Patrick Byrne (1783–1864) John Carr (1723–1807) Sir William Chambers (1723–1796) Samuel Pepys Cockerell (1754–1827) Lewis Nockalls Cottingham (1787–1847) Thomas Cooley (1740–1784) James Craig (1744–1795) George Dance the Elder (1695–1768) George Dance the Younger (1741–1825) John Donowell (fl. 1770s and 1780s) John Douglas (c. 1730–1778) Charles Dyer (1794–1848) Archibald Elliot (1760–1823) James Essex (c. 1722–1784) John Eveleigh (fl. 1756–1800) John Forbes (fl. 1825–1835) John Foster junior (1787–1846) John Foulston (1772–1841) James Gandon (1743–1823) Henry Goodridge (1797–1864) James Gillespie Graham (1776–1855) Richard Grainger (1797–1861) Benjamin Green (1811–1858) George Gwilt (1746–1807) John Gwynn (1713–1786) H–M William Halfpenny (fl. 1723–1755) David Hamilton (1768–1853) Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858) Philip Hardwick (1792–1870) Thomas Hardwick (1752–1829) Thomas Harrison (1744–1829) Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke (1693–1750) William Hiorne (c. 1712–1776) Henry Holland (1745–1806) Henry Inwood (1794–1843) William Inwood (c. 1771–1843) Nathaniel Ireson (1685–1769) Francis Johnston (1760–1829) John Johnson (1732–1814) Anthony Keck (1726–1797) Henry Keene (1726–1776) George Meikle Kemp (1795–1844) Richard Payne Knight (1750–1824) Alexander Laing (1752–1823) David Laing (1774–1856) Richard Lane (1795–1880) Thomas Lee (1794–1834) Thomas Leverton (1743–1824) Charles Harcourt Masters (born 1759) Sanderson Miller (1716–1780) Roger Morris (1695–1749) Richard Morrison (1767–1849) William Vitruvius Morrison (1794–1838) Robert Mylne (1734–1811) William Mylne (1734–1790) N–R John Nash (1752–1835) James Paine (1717–1789) John Palmer (c. 1738–1817) George Papworth (c. 1738–1817) John Buonarotti Papworth (1795–1847) Thomas Paty (c. 1713–1789) William Paty (1758–1800) Joseph Pickford (1699–1733) John Pinch the elder (1770–1827) John Pinch the younger (1796–1849) William Henry Playfair (1790–1857) William Porden (c. 1755–1822) George Porter (died 1856) James Pigott Pritchett (1789–1868) James Pigott Pritchett junior (1830–1911) John Rennie the Elder (1761–1821) Sir John Rennie (1794–1874) Thomas Rickman (1776–1841) Nicholas Revett (1720–1804) Thomas Ripley (1683–1758) Peter Frederick Robinson (1776–1858) S–Z John Sanders (1768–1828) Michael Searles (1750–1813) Henry Hake Seward (c. 1778–1848) John Shaw Sr. (1776–1832) Archibald Simpson (1790–1847) John Smeaton (1724–1792) Sir Robert Smirke (1781–1867) Sir John Soane (1753–1837) William Stark (1770–1813) James "Athenian" Stuart (1713–1788) Sir Robert Taylor (1714–1788) Thomas Telford (1757–1834) James Thornhill (c. 1676–1734) James Trubshaw (1777–1853) John Vardy (fl. 1736–1765) Isaac Ware (1704–1766) Samuel Ware (1781–1860) Amon Wilds (1762–1833) Amon Henry Wilds (1784 or 1790–1857) William Wilkins (1778–1839) John Wood, the Elder (1704–1754) John Wood, the Younger (1728–1782) Benjamin Dean Wyatt (1775–1852) James Wyatt (1746–1813) Lewis Wyatt (1777–1853) Philip Wyatt (died 1835) Samuel Wyatt (1737–1807) Sir Jeffry Wyattville (1766–1840) John Yenn (1750–1821) John Young (1797–1877) Victorian architects The reign of Queen Victoria, from 1837 to 1901 A–G George Aitchison (1825–1910) Thomas Allom (1804–1872) Robert Rowand Anderson (1834–1921) George Townsend Andrews (1804–1855) Neville Ashbee (1852–1919) Hubert Austin (1845–1915) Sir Benjamin Baker (1840–1907) Joseph Henry Ball (1861–1931) William Swinden Barber (1832–1908) Sir Charles Barry (1795–1860) Charles Barry, Jr. (1823–1900) Edward Middleton Barry (1830–1880) George Basevi (1794–1845) Sir Joseph Bazalgette (1819–1891) John Francis Bentley (1839–1902) Eugenius Birch (1818–1884) Robert Knott Blessley (1833–1923) Sir Arthur Blomfield (1829–1899) Edward Blore (1787–1879) George Frederick Bodley (1827–1907) Cuthbert Brodrick (1821–1905) George Washington Browne (1853–1939) Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1806–1859) David Bryce (1803–1876) John Chessell Buckler (1793–1894) Benjamin Bucknall (1833–1895) James Bunstone Bunning (1802–1863) William Burges (1827–1881) William Burn (1789–1870) William Butterfield (1814–1900) Basil Champneys (1842–1935) Thomas Edward Collcutt (1840–1924) Richard Cromwell Carpenter (1812–1855) John Henry Chamberlain (1831–1883) Ewan Christian (1814–1895) Charles Robert Cockerell (1788–1863) Henry Conybeare (1823–c. 1884) William Henry Crossland (c. 1834–1909) Thomas Cubitt (1788–1855) Lewis Cubitt (1799–1883) Henry Currey (1820–1900) Samuel Daukes (1811–1880) Sir Thomas Deane (1792–1871) Gabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur (1822–1893) George Devey (1820–1886) John Dobson (1787–1865) Thomas Leverton Donaldson (1795–1885) William Donthorne (1799–1859) John Douglas (1830–1911) Thomas Duff (1792–1848) Robert Rippon Duke (1817–1909) Peter Ellis (1804–1888) Harvey Lonsdale Elmes (1813–1847) Sir William Emerson (1843–1924) Benjamin Ferrey (1810–1880) Captain Francis Fowke (1823–1865) Charles Fowler (1792–1867) James Fowler (1828–1892) Sir John Fowler (1817–1898) William Frame (1848–1906) Stephen Geary (1787-1854) John Gibson (1814–1892) Edward William Godwin (1833–1886) H–M Edward Habershon (1828–1900) Joseph Hansom (1803–1882) Philip Charles Hardwick (1822–1892) Jesse Hartley (1780–1860) Henry Hare (1861–1921) James Harrison (1814–1866) Edward Haycock, Sr. (1790–1870) John Hayward (1808–1891) William Hill (1827/8–1889) Thomas Hopper (1776–1856) George Gordon Hoskins (1837–1911) A. J. Humbert (1822–1877) Sir Thomas Graham Jackson (1835–1924) Sir Horace Jones (1819–1887) Sampson Kempthorne (1809–1873) Henry Kennedy (c. 1814–1898) Edmund Kirby (1838–1920) Sir James Knowles (1831–1908) Gibson Kyle (1820–1903) Edward Buckton Lamb (1806–1869) Sir Charles Lanyon (1813–1889) John Leeming (1849–1931) William Leiper (1839–1916) Henry Francis Lockwood (1811–1878) Thomas Meakin Lockwood (1830–1900) Charles Lynam (1829–1921) William Henry Lynn (1829–1915) MacGibbon and Ross (founded 1872, dissolved 1914) George Vaughan Maddox (1802–1864) Alexander Marshall Mackenzie (1847–1933) Frank Matcham (1854–1920) James Maxwell (1838–1893) Edward John May (1853–1941) John Stuart McCaig (11 July 1823 – 29 June 1902) Alfred Meeson (1808–1885) Edward William Mountford (1855–1908) William Chadwell Mylne (1781–1863) N–R William Eden Nesfield (1835–1888) William Adams Nicholson (1803–1853) Edward Ould (1852–1909) William Owen (1846–1910) Edward Graham Paley (1823–1895) Sir Joseph Paxton (1803–1865) John Loughborough Pearson (1817–1897) John Dick Peddie (1824–1891) Sir James Pennethorne (1801–1871) Charles John Phipps (1835–1897) Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–1852) Edward Welby Pugin (1834–1875) William Railton (c. 1801–1877) Charles Reeves (1815–1866) David Rhind (1808–1883) Henry Roberts (1803–1876) John Thomas Rochead (1814–1878) S–Z James Piers St Aubyn (1815–1895) James Salmon (1805–1888) Anthony Salvin (1799–1881) Sir George Gilbert Scott (1811–1878) George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (1839–1897) John Oldrid Scott (1841–1913) John Dando Sedding (1838–1891) John Pollard Seddon (1827–1906) Edmund Sharpe (1809–1877) John Shaw Jr (1803–1870) Richard Norman Shaw (1831–1912) Cornelius Sherlock (c. 1824–1888) Isaac Thomas Shutt (1818–1879) Sir John Simpson (1858–1933) Sydney Smirke (1798–1877) Sidney R. J. Smith (1858–1913) William Smith (1831–1901) Robert Stephenson (1803–1859) George Edmund Street (1824–1881) Sir John Taylor (1833–1912) Samuel Sanders Teulon (1812–1873) Yeoville Thomason (1826–1901) Alexander "Greek" Thomson (1817–1875) Sir William Tite (1798–1873) John Thomas (1813–1862) Alfred Hill Thompson (1839–1874) Charles Harrison Townsend (1851–1928) Silvanus Trevail (1851–1903) Charles Trubshaw (1841–1917) Charles Tuke (1843–1893) Hugh Thackeray Turner (1853–1937) Charles Underwood (1791-1883) George Allen Underwood (1793–1829) Henry Underwood (1787–1868) Henry Jones Underwood (1804–1852) Henry Hill Vale (1831–1875) Thomas Verity (1837–1891) Lewis Vulliamy (1791–1871) Edward Walters (1808–1872) Alfred Waterhouse (1830–1905) Paul Waterhouse (1861–1924) Philip Webb (1831–1915) John Dodsley Webster (1840-1913) William White (1825–1900) James William Wild (1814–92) Charles Wilson (1810–1863) Henry Woodyer (1816–1896) Benjamin Woodward (1816–1861) Thomas Worthington (1826–1909) Sir Matthew Digby Wyatt (1820–1877) Thomas Henry Wyatt (1807–1880) J. & G. Young (1885–1895) John Young (1797-1877) William Young (1843–1900) Edwardian and inter-war period 1901 up to the end of the Second World War in 1945 A–G Theophilus Arthur Allen (1846–1929) Stanley Davenport Adshead (1868–1947) Charles Robert Ashbee (1863–1942) Charles Herbert Aslin (1893–1959) Robert Atkinson (1883–1952) Sir Frank Baines (1877–1933) Sir Herbert Baker (1862–1946) Peter Behrens (1868–1940) John Belcher (1841–1913) Edward Ingress Bell (1834–1913) Thomas Bennett (1887–1980) Hendrik Petrus Berlage (1856–1934) Sir Reginald Blomfield (1856–1942) Bradshaw Gass & Hope (founded 1862) Walter Henry Brierley (1862–1926) Sir John James Burnet (1857–1938) William Douglas Caroe (1857–1938) Ethel Charles (1871–1962) Serge Chermayeff (1900–1996) Wells Coates (1895–1958) Sir Ninian Comper (1864–1960) Amyas Connell (1901–1980) James Hoey Craigie (1870–1930) Robert Cromie (1855-1907) Peter Cummings (1879–1957) Guy Dawber (1861–1938) Ronald Fielding Dodd (c.1890–1958) H. Kempton Dyson (1880–1944) Vincent Esch (1876–1950) Reginald Fairlie (1883–1952) Cyril Farey (1888–1954) Edmund Fisher (1872–1918) Sir Banister Fletcher (1866–1953) Ernest Gimson (1864–1919) Harry Stuart Goodhart-Rendel (1887–1959) William Curtis Green (1882–1958) Sidney Greenslade (1867–1955) H–M Vincent Harris (1876–1971) Gillian Harrison (1898–1974) Thomas Hastings (1860–1929) Stanley Heaps (1878–1962) Oliver Hill (1887–1968) Dr Harold Frank Hoar (1907–1976) Charles Holden (1875–1960) Arthur John Hope (1875–1960) Thomas Cecil Howitt (1889–1968) Charles Holloway James (1893–1953) R.W.H. Jones (1900–1965) Arthur Kenyon (1885-1969) Sir William Kininmonth (1904–1988) John Kinross (1855–1931) Ralph Knott (1878–1929) Henry Vaughan Lanchester (1863–1953) Archibald Leitch (1865–1939) William Lethaby (1857–1931) Sir Robert Lorimer (1864–1929) Berthold Lubetkin (1901–1990) Sir Edwin Lutyens (1869–1944) Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868–1928) Elspeth Douglas McClelland (1879–1920) Frank Maxwell (1863–1941) Temple Moore (1856–1920) Ernest Morgan (1881–1954), Swansea Borough architect G. Val Myer (1883-1959) N–Z Ernest Newton (1856–1922) George Oatley (1863–1950) Paul Paget (1901–1985) Henry Paley (1859–1946) F.W.J. Palmer (1864–1947) Arthur Joseph Penty (1875–1937) Stephen Rowland Pierce (1896–1966) Arthur Beresford Pite (1861–1934) John Russell Pope (1874–1937) Henry Price (1867–1944) Edward Schroeder Prior (1857–1932) Sir Charles Herbert Reilly (1874–1948) Sir Albert Richardson (1880–1964) W. H. Romaine-Walker (1854–1940) Herbert James Rowse (1887–1963) James Salmon (1873–1924) Adrian Gilbert Scott (1882–1963) Baillie Scott (1865–1945) Elisabeth Scott (1898–1972) Sir Giles Gilbert Scott (1880–1960) Arthur Shoosmith (1888–1974) Sir John Simpson (1858–1933) W. G. R. Sprague (1863–1933) Leonard Stokes (1858–1925) Walter Tapper (1861–1935) Thomas S. Tait (1882–1954) Tecton Group (founded 1932) Sir Alfred Brumwell Thomas (1868–1948) Sir Percy Thomas (1883–1969) Walter Aubrey Thomas (1859–1934) Sir Arnold Thornely (1870–1953) Philip Tilden (1887–1956) Twigg Brown Architects Sir Raymond Unwin (1863–1940) Charles Voysey (1857–1941) Wallis, Gilbert and Partners (founded 1914) Frederick Arthur Walters (1849–1931) George Henry Walton (1867–1933) Sir Aston Webb (1849–1930) Harry Weedon (1887–1970) Sir Owen Williams (1890–1969) Sir Clough Williams-Ellis (1883–1978) Edgar Wood (1860–1935) George Grey Wornum (1888–1957) Sir Percy Worthington (1864–1939) Post–war architects 1945 up to the present A–M Sir Patrick Abercrombie (1879–1957) Robert Adam (born 1948) Jonathan Adams (born 1961) David Adjaye (born 1966) Peter Aldington (born 1933) Simon Allford (born 1961) Will Alsop (1947–2018) Bryan Avery (1944–2017) George Grenfell Baines (1908–2003) Basil Al Bayati (born 1946) Eric Bedford (1909–2001) Corinne Bennett (1935–2010) Julian Bicknell (born 1945) Stephen Dykes Bower (1903–1994) Alexander Buchanan Campbell (1914–2007) Sir Hugh Casson (1910–1999) David Chipperfield (born 1953) Nigel Coates (born 1949) Edward Cullinan (1931–2019) Jane Duncan (born 1953) Bill Dunster (born 1960) Ralph Erskine (1914–2005) Sir Terry Farrell (born 1939) Richard Feilden (1950–2005) Kathryn Findlay (1953–2014) Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank (born 1935) Wendy Foster (1937–1989) Kenneth Frampton (born 1930) Tony Fretton (born 1945) Maxwell Fry (1899–1987) Sir Frederick Gibberd (1908–1984) Gerard Goalen(1918–1999) Ernő Goldfinger (1902–1987) Sir Nicholas Grimshaw (born 1939) Piers Gough (born 1946) Zaha Hadid (1950–2016) Denis Clarke Hall (1910-2006) William Holford, Baron Holford (1907–1975) Sir Michael Hopkins (born 1935) Patricia Hopkins (born 1942) Glenn Howells (born 1961) Geoffrey Jellicoe (1900–1996) Percy Johnson-Marshall (1915–1993) Edward Jones (born 1939) Shiu-Kay Kan (born 1951) Eric Kuhne (1951–2016) Sir Denys Lasdun (1914–2001) Gertrude Leverkus (1899–1976) Richard Llewelyn-Davies, Baron Llewelyn-Davies (1912–1981) Owen Luder (1928 - 2021) Berthold Lubetkin (1901–1990) Eric Lyons (1912–1980) Kate Macintosh (born 1937) Robert Hamilton Macintyre (1940–1997) Rick Mather (1937–2013) Sir Robert Matthew (1906–1975) Sir Leslie Martin (1908–1999) Sir Edward Maufe (1883–1974) John Melvin (born 1935) Peter Moro (1911–1998) Hidalgo Moya (1920–1994) Richard Murphy (born 1955) N–Z George Pace (1915–1975) Claud Phillimore (1911–1994) Francis Pollen (1926–1987) Sir Philip Powell (1921–2003) Brian Ring Ian Ritchie (born 1947) James A. Roberts (1922–2019) Howard Morley Robertson (1888–1963) president of the Royal Institute of British Architects from 1952 to 1954 David Roberts (1911–1982) Richard Rogers, Baron Rogers of Riverside (1933-2021) Su Rogers (born 1939) Deborah Saunt Mervyn Seal (born 1930) Hugh Segar "Sam" Scorer (1923-2003) Richard Seifert (1910–2001) Sir Peter Shepheard (1913–2002) Richard Sheppard (1910–1982) Ken Shuttleworth (born 1952) Ian Simpson (born 1955) Alison Smithson (1928–1993) Peter Smithson (1923–2003) Ivor Smith (1926–2018) Sir Basil Spence (1907–1976) Sir James Stirling (1926–1992) Rosemary Stjernstedt (1912–1998) Quinlan Terry (born 1937) Ralph Tubbs (1912–1996) John Wells-Thorpe (1928–2019) Michael Wilford (born 1938) Desmond Williams Keith Williams (born 1958) Sir Colin St John Wilson (1922–2007) John Winter (1930–2007) Georgie Wolton (born 1937) Peter Womersley (1923-1993) Jonathan Woolf (1961–2015) 18th, 19th and 20th-century British and Irish architects who emigrated A–M Edmund Anscombe (1874–1948) (New Zealand) John Lee Archer (1791–1852) (Australia) Benjamin Backhouse (1829–1904) (Australia) William Barnett Armson (1834–1883) (New Zealand) Herbert Baker (1862–1946) (South Africa, though he returned to England in 1913) James Barnet (1827–1904) (Australia) Edward Bartley (1839–1919) (New Zealand) Claude Batley (1879–1956) (India) John Begg (1866–1937) (India) Edward H. Bennett (1874–1954) (USA) James Blackburn (1803–1854) (Australia) Edmund Blacket (1817–1883)(Australia) C.A. "Peter" Bransgrove (1914–1966) (Tanganyika/Tanzania) Charles Cameron (1843–1812) (Russia) John James Clark (1838–1915) (Australia) Nicholas J. Clayton (1840–1916) (USA) Frederick de Jersey Clere (1856–1952) (New Zealand) Josiah Condor (1852–1920) (Japan) Frederick William Cumberland (1821–1881) (Canada) Peter Dickinson (1925–1961) (Canada) John Donaldson (1854–1941) (USA) John Ewart(1788–1856) (Canada) George Grant Elmslie (1869–1952) (USA) Ralph Erskine (1914–2005) (Sweden) Thomas Forrester (1838–1907) (New Zealand) Thomas Fuller (1823–1898) (Canada) Alfred Giles (1853–1920) (USA) Francis Greenway (1777–1837) (Australia) Samuel Hannaford (1835–1911) (USA) Alexander Nelson Hansell (1857–1940) (Japan) William Critchlow Harris (1854–1913) (Canada) John Haviland (1792–1852) (USA) John Cyril Hawes (1876–1956) (Australia) Peter Harrison (1716–1775) (USA) Peter Hemingway (1929–1995) (Canada) James Hoban (c. 1758–1831) (USA) Talbot Hobbs (1864–1938) (Australia) Herbert Horne (1864–1916) (Italy) William Jay (1792–1837) (USA) Richard Roach Jewell (1810–1891) (Australia) Gordon Kaufmann (1888–1949) (USA) Henry Bowyer Lane (1817–1878) (Canada) Benjamin Latrobe (1764–1820) (USA) Robert Lawson (1833–1902) (New Zealand) Gordon W. Lloyd (1832–1905) (USA) John M. Lyle (1872–1945) (Canada) Adam Menelaws (1748–1831) (Russia) Charles Donagh Maginnis (1867–1955) (USA) William Mason (1810–1897) (New Zealand) Benjamin Mountfort (1825–1898) (New Zealand) N–Z Percy Erskine Nobbs (1875–1964) (Canada) John Notman (1810–1865) (USA) John Ostell (1813–1892) (Canada) John C. Parkin (1922–1988) (Canada) John Parkinson (1861–1935) (USA) John A. Pearson (1867–1940) (Canada) Cecil Ross Pinsent (1884–1963) (Italy) Robert John Pratt (1907–2003) (Canada) Francis Rattenbury (1867–1935) (Canada) Thomas Rowe (1829–1899) (Australia) Frederick Preston Rubidge (1806–1897) (Canada) Robert Russell (1808–1900) (Australia) Robert Tor Russell (1880–1972) (India) Conrad Sayce (1888–1935) (Australia) Thomas Seaton Scott (1826–1895) (Canada) Arthur Shoosmith (1888–1974) (India) Frank Worthington Simon (1863–1933) (Canada) Eden Smith (1858–1949) (Canada) Robert Smith (1722–1777) (USA) Frederick William Stevens (1847–1900) (India) George Strickland Kingston (1807–1880) (Australia) John Sulman (1849–1934) (Australia) Florence Mary Taylor (1879–1969) (Australia) James Walter Chapman-Taylor (1878–1958) (New Zealand) George Temple-Poole (1856–1934)(Australia) Frederick Thatcher (1814–1890) (New Zealand) William Thomas (c. 1799–1860) (Canada) George Troup (1863–1941) (New Zealand) Kivas Tully (1820–1905) (Canada) Richard Upjohn (1802–1878) (USA) Henry Vaughan (1845–1917) (USA) Calvert Vaux (1824–1895) (USA) John Verge (1788–1861) (Australia) Richard A. Waite (1848–1911) (USA) William Wardell (1824–1899) (Australia) John Cliffe Watts (1786–1873) (Australia) Charles Webb (1821–1898) (Australia) Leslie Wilkinson (1882–1973) (Australia) George Wittet (1878–1926) (India) Charles Wyatt (1758–1813) (India) See also Architecture of the United Kingdom List of architects List of British architecture firms List of British people List of historic buildings and architects of the United Kingdom List of Oxford architects Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland Royal Institute of British Architects Royal Society of Architects in Wales References Architects British Architects
5546203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Journal%20of%20Criminal%20Justice	Howard Journal of Criminal Justice	The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice is an academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the Howard League for Penal Reform five times each year. The editors-in-chief are David Wilson and J. Robert Lilly. Herschel Albert Prins was on its editorial board in the 1980s. External links References Criminology journals Wiley-Blackwell academic journals Publications established in 1921 English-language journals 5 times per year journals Criminal law journals
11921960	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Saint-Pierre	Battle of Saint-Pierre	The Battle of Saint-Pierre was a military confrontation on March 25, 1776, near the Quebec village of Saint-Pierre, south of Quebec City. This confrontation, which occurred during the Continental Army's siege of Quebec following its defeat at the Battle of Quebec, was between forces that were both largely composed of Canadian militia, including individuals on both sides of the conflict that had been recruited in the same communities. The Patriot forces routed the Loyalist forces, killing at least 3 and capturing more than 30. Background Early in the American Revolutionary War, the Second Continental Congress had invited the citizens of the Province of Quebec to join them, first by addressing letters to them, and then by invading the province with the goal of ousting the British government of General Guy Carleton. The invasion reached a peak on December 31, 1775, when the Continental Army, under the command of General Richard Montgomery, was defeated before the gates of the city of Quebec. The battle resulted in the death of Montgomery and the capture of over 400 men. Following the defeat, the remnants of the Army, now under the command of General Benedict Arnold, besieged the city. During this time, they worked to recruit French-speaking Canadians to support their efforts toward independence, while Carleton and the British worked to build Loyalist support among the Canadiens. Loyalist militia recruitment Early on the morning of March 14, 1776, Jean-Baptiste Chasson, a Canadian miller from Saint-Vallier, crossed the Saint Lawrence River by canoe and reached the city of Quebec. He brought news to General Carleton that the Americans were setting up a gun battery at Pointe-Lévis, on the south shore of the river, across from the city. This battery would command the city's harbor and shipping on the river. Chasson also told Carleton that people to the south of the city were prepared to rise up against the Americans. Carleton gave Chasson instructions to deliver to Louis Liénard de Beaujeu, the seigneur of the Isle-aux-Grues (Crane Island), an island in the Saint Lawrence, and a man with previous military experience in the French and Indian War. The instructions included intercepted communications from Arnold describing the difficult conditions in the siege camp and an amnesty for people who had previously supported the Americans but were now willing to assist the British. Beaujeu, who had previously been asked to raise militia in support of the British, set about raising a force to make an attack on the unfinished battery at Pointe-Lévis. By March 23, he had assembled over 100 men at Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière. When this force reached Saint-Thomas on the night of March 24, it was joined there by an additional 70 men. An advance guard from this force, numbering 46, was sent to Saint-Pierre under the command of Couillard and Gaspé, where they established a base at the house of Michel Blais, a Loyalist and former commander of the local militia. Americans warned Habitants from Beaumont friendly to the Americans notified the commander at Pointe-Lévis of the recruiting activity. In response, General Arnold, sent a detachment of 80 Americans under John Dubois to deal with the situation. Pierre Ayotte and Clément Gosselin, recruiters working for Moses Hazen, the commander of the 2nd Canadian Regiment, raised about 150 men who joined the Americans. These forces headed up the southern shore to investigate the reports. Some of these recruits were from the same villages from which Beaujeu had recruited men. A small band of militia from Beaumont went to Saint-Michel and arrested Chasson, who was planning to return to the city. Conflict The Loyalist advance guard was surprised by the arrival of the Patriot forces at Saint-Pierre, and barricaded themselves in the house, where they were attacked by Dubois' men with musket and cannon. While a few escaped, the majority surrendered, and three were killed. Their priest, Charles-François Bailly de Messein, was wounded in this battle. It is said that, because both sides recruited in the same areas to build their militias, that there were some families whose members fought against each other in this battle. Aftermath Beaujeu, his plans uncovered, disbanded the militia and went into hiding on Île-aux-Grues. After Dubois established that the action had been sanctioned by the British, some of the prisoners were released after promising not to take up arms again. The remaining 21 prisoners were sent to the American camp outside Quebec. The skirmish itself had no notable effect on relations between the people and the occupying Americans, which were already deteriorating as the siege dragged on. This was due in part to the fact that the Americans, rather than paying for their supplies in coin, paid with Continental paper currency or promissory notes, deemed to be of little worth by the locals. See also List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes Citations References Further reading This contains (on page 290) a slightly longer-than-usual description of the incident. This is a somewhat detailed description of the incident. This volume contains (pp. 132–140) an account of a man who was in Beaujeu's rear guard, and not part of this action. Saint-Pierre Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Battles involving Canada Battle of Saint-Pierre Conflicts in 1776 Conflicts in Quebec Saint-Pierre
2640876	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Silberbauer	Michael Silberbauer	Michael Silberbauer (born 7 July 1981) is a Danish football manager and former professional player. He currently is the assistant coach of FC Basel. Silberbauer played more than a 100 games for each Danish club Aalborg BK and FC Copenhagen, winning three Danish Superliga titles with FC Copenhagen. He was capped 25 times for the Denmark national football team, scoring a single goal. Club career Aalborg BK Born in Støvring, Silberbauer started his career playing youth football for local amateur team Støvring IF, before moving to nearby top-flight club Aalborg Boldspilklub (AaB). He made his Danish Superliga debut for AaB in the 3–2 win against defending Superliga champions Herfølge BK on 26 July 2000, and he played 28 of 33 games during the 2000–01 Danish Superliga season. Silberbauer played a total 105 Superliga games for AaB until December 2003, and was named AaB player of the year in both 2001 and 2002. Copenhagen In January 2004, Silberbauer moved on to Superliga rivals F.C. Copenhagen (FCK) in a transfer deal reportedly worth between 7–10 million DKK. In his first six months with FCK, he won both the 2003–04 Danish Superliga championship and the 2003–04 Danish Cup trophy. In the spring of 2005, he was in top form, scoring four goals in two games, before he suffered an injury in a game against arch rivals Brøndby IF. He won a further two Danish Superliga titles with FCK, before leaving the club as his contract expired in the Summer 2008. Utrecht Silberbauer then moved abroad to play for Eredivisie club FC Utrecht. He was eventually named team captain of Utrecht, and was seen as a leader figure for the young team. With his contract running out in the Summer 2011, Utrecht looked to sell him in the winter 2010 transfer window, with a number of British clubs reportedly interested. Young Boys Bern Silberbauer was not sold, and eventually agreed a free transfer move to Swiss Super League club BSC Young Boys in April 2011, effective from July 2011. Silberbauer is on contract until 2015, but is on a loan to Odense Boldklub until summer 2013. Odense Boldklub Silberbauer joined OB 3 September 2012 on a one-year loan contract. International career At the age of 16, Silberbauer made his international debut for the Danish under-17 national team in August 1997. He participated in the 1998 European Under-16 Championship. Up until November 2003, he played a total 56 games and scored seven goals for the various Danish youth selections, including 24 games and two goals for the Danish under-21 national team. Silberbauer was selected for the senior Danish national team under national team manager Morten Olsen, and made his debut in the 1–0 friendly game win against Scotland in August 2002. It would be two-and-a-half years and a move to FCK before he added the second game to his tally. It came in March 2005, as he took part in the 3–0 win against Kazakhstan in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament. Silberbauer scored his first international goal in his fourth game, a 1–0 friendly win against Finland in June 2005. It came as a surprise to many commentators that Silberbauer was not included in Olsen's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and Silberbauer himself was so disappointed that he considered ending his international career. Following the World Cup, he was called up for the national team again. Silberbauer also represented the Denmark League XI national football team, a selection of the best domestic Danish Superliga players managed by Morten Olsen for a number of unofficial international matches. Silberbauer has played an aggregated seven games and scored one goal for the League XI team in 2002, 2004, and 2006. International goals Scores and results list Denmark's goal tally first Coaching career FC Luzern Silberbauer became an assistant at Swiss Super League club FC Luzern in 2016. He remained with the club through the 2018–19 Swiss Super League season. Pacific FC On 20 August 2018, Silberbauer was announced as the first head coach of Pacific FC of the Canadian Premier League on a 2-year contract beginning January 2019. On 28 April 2019, he coached Pacific to a 1–0 victory in its first ever game over HFX Wanderers FC. He parted ways with the club on 18 October the same year. FC Midtjylland On 17 August 2020 it was confirmed, that Silberbauer had returned to Denmark and joined FC Midtjylland as an assistant coach for the club's successful U-19 team. FC Basel On 15 June 2021 Swiss club FC Basel announced, that Silberbauer had been hired on a deal for the 2021–22 season, as the clubs new assistant coach under head coach Patrick Rahmen. Honours Copenhagen Danish Superliga: 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07 References External links Michael Silberbauer profile Dansk Boldspil-Union Silberbauer Michael on FC Biel-Bienne Michael Silberbauer profile Voetbal International 1981 births Living people Danish footballers Association football wingers Denmark youth international footballers Denmark under-21 international footballers Denmark international footballers AaB Fodbold players F.C. Copenhagen players FC Utrecht players BSC Young Boys players Odense Boldklub players FC Biel-Bienne players Pacific FC non-playing staff Danish Superliga players Swiss Super League players Eredivisie players Danish expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands Expatriate footballers in Switzerland Danish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands Danish expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland UEFA Euro 2012 players People from Rebild Municipality
24394762	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20S.%20George	Warren S. George	Warren S. George is an American union activist and International President Emeritus of the Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU), one of the largest and most politically active unions in the AFL-CIO. From 2003 to 2010, George served as the International President of the ATU. George is mentioned in the song "Workin' for the MTA" on Justin Townes Earle's 2010 Harlem River Blues album. The lyrics read: "Yeah, them hard times are going around, hard times are goin' around, hard times are goin' around, bringin' hard luck on New York town. But I'm bankin' on the ATU, bankin' on the ATU, I'm bankin' on the ATU, Brother George is gonna see me through." References Leaders of American trade unions Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Amalgamated Transit Union people
6409717	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogard	Bogard	Bogard may refer to: Bogard, Missouri, a city in Carroll County, Missouri, United States Delia Bogard (1921–1995), an American film actress and dancer Ben M. Bogard (1868–1951), an American Baptist clergyman, author, editor, educator, radio broadcaster, and champion debater Terry Bogard, a video game character in the Fatal Fury series and one of the DLC characters in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Andy Bogard, Terry Bogard's brother Jeff Bogard, the father of Terry The Bogard brothers, see List of Fatal Fury characters See also Bogarde
62763125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping%20Girl	Sleeping Girl	Sleeping Girl may refer to: Sleeping Girl (Lichtenstein painting) Sleeping Girl (17th century painting)
17845849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional%20%28Jeffrey%20Osborne%20album%29	Emotional (Jeffrey Osborne album)	Emotional is the fourth album by American singer Jeffrey Osborne. It was released by A&M Records on May 27, 1986. Produced by Osborne, Rod Temperton, Richard Perry, T. C. Campbell, Michael Masser, and George Duke, Emotional reached number five on the US Billboard R&B Albums chart and number 27 on the Billboard 200. It spawned one of Osborne's biggest pop hits, "You Should Be Mine (The Woo Woo Song)" which peaked at number 13 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Other tracks that charted include "In Your Eyes", "Soweto", and "Room with a View." Critical reception AllMusic editor Jason Elias, who had praised previous albums by Osborne, called it "quite a disappointment" and "not exactly a work of cohesion." He found that Emotional "is overly slick with poor song choices and barely there vocals" and compared it to Whitney Houston's early material "with its use of multiple producers and pop material." Connie Johnson from Los Angeles Times felt that "while lacking a blockbuster [...] this album is well-balanced in its blend of exuberant, up-tempo cuts and heart-rending love songs. Simplicity would have gotten the point across far better. Still, in his bid for a broader audience, Osborne hasn’t sacrificed all of the soul basics." Track listing Personnel Performers and Musicians Jeffrey Osborne – lead and backing vocals, handclaps (1), percussion (9) Bobby Lyle – keyboards (1), handclaps (1) T.C. Campbell – keyboard solo (1), keyboards (3, 6, 9, 10), synthesizers (10) Andy Goldmark – synthesizers (2), drum programming (2) Bruce Roberts – synthesizers (2), drum programming (2) Robbie Buchanan – additional synthesizers (2), electric piano (4) Jeff Lorber – additional synthesizers (2), synth solo (7), guitar (7), drum programming (7) Hamish Stuart – keyboards (3), synth solo (3), guitar solo (3), backing vocals (3) Bob Moore – keyboards (3) Randy Kerber – acoustic piano (4) Bill Payne – acoustic piano (5) David Tyson – synthesizers (5), drum programming (5) Steve George – additional synthesizers (5) Howie Rice – additional synthesizers (5) Steve Mitchell – additional synthesizers (5), synthesizers (7), drum programming (7) George Duke – Yamaha DX7 (8), Synclavier (8) Paul Jackson Jr. – guitar (1, 2, 4, 9) Dann Huff – guitar (2, 5) Charles Fearing – guitar (5, 6) Chuck Gentry – guitar (8) Maitland Ward – guitar (9, 10) Freddie Washington – bass (1), handclaps (1) Nathan East – bass (4, 5, 7) Byron Miller – bass (10) John Robinson – drums (1, 2, 4, 6, 8), handclaps (1), brushes (9), tom-tom fills (9) Ricky Lawson – drums (3, 9, 10) Paul Fox – drum programming (5) Eddie Schwartz – drum programming (5) Rod Temperton – Roland TR-808 (1), handclaps (1) Paulinho da Costa – percussion (2, 5, 7) Michael Masser – arrangements (4) Gene Page – arrangements (4) Alex Brown – backing vocals (1, 2, 10) Portia Griffin – backing vocals (1, 3, 6, 8, 10), lead vocals (6) Joyce Kennedy – backing vocals (1) Marcy Levy – backing vocals (1) Vesta Williams – backing vocals (1) Bunny Hall – backing vocals (2) Stephanie Spurill – backing vocals (2) Yolanda Davis – backing vocals (3, 6, 10) Kevin Dorsey – backing vocals (3) Lynette Hawkins – backing vocals (5, 7) Tramaine Hawkins – backing vocals (5, 7) Michelle Jordan – backing vocals (5) Jeanie Tracy – backing vocals (5, 7) Walter Hawkins – backing vocals (7) Lynn Davis – backing vocals (8) Marta Woodhull – children's choir director on "Soweto" Children's choir on "Soweto" – Monica Calhan, David Chan, Kelly Chan, Kristina Chan, Susan Guzman, Michelle Poston, Becky Ramirez, Jessica Robertson, Teri Robin, Andrea Scott, Tasha Scott, Veronique Vicari, Angela White and Christopher White Production and Technical Jeffrey Osborne – producer (1, 3, 6, 9, 10) Rod Temperton – producer (1) Richard Perry – producer (2, 5, 7) Andy Goldmark – co-producer (2) Bruce Roberts – co-producer (2) Frank Musker – co-producer (3) Hamish Stuart – co-producer (3) Michael Masser – producer (4) T.C. Campbell – producer (6, 9, 10) George Duke – producer (8) Bradford Rosenberger – production coordinator (2, 5, 7) Alice Murrell – production assistant (8) Thaddeus Edwards – album production assistant Tommy Vicari – recording (1, 3, 6, 9, 10), mixing (1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10), remix engineer (2, 5, 7) John Boghosian – recording (2, 5, 7) Michael Brooks – recording (2, 5, 7) Phil Moores – recording (3) Dean Burt – recording (4) Michael Mancini – recording (4) Erik Zobler – recording (8) Larry Ferguson – additional engineer (1, 3, 6, 9, 10) Khaliq Glover – additional engineer (1, 3, 6, 9, 10) David Luke – additional engineer (1, 2, 3, 5, 7) Sharon Rice – additional engineer (1, 9, 10) Wally Buck – additional engineer (2, 5, 7) Glen Holguin – additional engineer (2, 5, 7), assistant engineer (2, 5, 7) Jay Rifkin – additional engineer (2, 5, 7) Ernie Sheesley – additional engineer (2, 5, 7) Laura Livingston – additional engineer (6) Ken Fowler – additional engineer (9) Julie Last – assistant engineer (2, 5, 7) Craig Miller – assistant engineer (2, 5, 7) Mitch Gibson – assistant engineer (8) Ralph Sutton – mix assistant (4) Mixbusters – album remixing Brian Gardner – mastering Chuck Beeson – art direction, design Bonnie Schiffman – photography Ton Sur Ton – wardrobe Jack Nelson & Associates – management Studios Recorded at Lion Share Recording Studio, The Complex, Studio 55 and Record One (Los Angeles, CA); Fantasy Studios (Berkeley, CA); Music Grinder Studios, Baby'O Recorders and Le Gonks West (Hollywood, CA); Devonshire Sound Studios (North Hollywood, CA); The Hit Factory (New York, NY). Track 8 mixed at Lion Share Recording Studio. Mastered at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, CA). Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References 1986 albums Jeffrey Osborne albums A&M Records albums Albums produced by George Duke Albums produced by Richard Perry Albums produced by Rod Temperton Albums produced by Michael Masser
22343200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%20David%20%28producer%29	Saul David (producer)	Saul David (June 27, 1921 – June 7, 1996) was an American book editor and film producer. Early life Born in Springfield, Massachusetts, he won an art competition and received a scholarship to the Rhode Island School of Design, which he attended from 1937 to 1940. After graduation he worked at a radio station in York, Pennsylvania and on a newspaper in Port Huron, Michigan. During World War II, David enlisted in the US Army where he wrote for Yank, the Army Weekly and the Stars and Stripes in North Africa and Europe. Bantam Books From 1950 to 1960 David worked at Bantam Books, starting as a publisher's reader then advancing to editorial director and editor in chief. He had known Bantam president Oscar Dystel when they worked on Stars and Stripes in Cairo. At Bantam David lured Ross Macdonald away from Pocket Books and hired artist James Avati. Rather than reprint several hardcover Western authors, David thought of hiring and promoting one author to write three original books for Bantam each year. From a shortlist of five authors, David chose Louis L'Amour who had become disillusioned with Fawcett publishing. Hollywood David left Bantam to work for Columbia Pictures and Warner Brothers. While at Warner David acquired Helen Gurley Brown's book Sex and the Single Girl for the studio. When one studio executive told him the book had no plot, David replied "I told you that a hundred thousand dollars ago"; the studio had purchased a title, not a plot. 20th Century Fox He became a producer at 20th Century Fox with the 1964 World War II prisoner of war adventure Von Ryan's Express filmed on location in Italy with Frank Sinatra and a strong cast. He then produced three spy-fi films, Our Man Flint (1965), Fantastic Voyage (1966), and In Like Flint (1967). All four films were big commercial successes. The plot of In Like Flint concerns three minutes missing from the life of the President of the United States. Ironically, when Fox edited out three minutes of In Like Flint to add more depth to the film, David left the studio. Years later David was enraged by seeing ten to fifteen minutes cut from an Our Man Flint television broadcast that "was not so much re-edited as lobotomized into senselessness". He wrote to California Senator George Murphy to say that since a publisher is required to inform readers if they are buying and reading an abridged works so should television stations inform their viewers they are watching abridged films. Later Films David produced Skullduggery (1970) originally for ABC Pictures, but after a disagreement the film and David went to Universal Pictures. Though he announced a busy production schedule of five films, none were made. Still interested in science fiction, David recalled the book Logan's Run and produced the film in 1976. Logan's Run won a Special Achievement Academy Award for visual effects, which was presented by actor Roy Scheider to L.B. Abbott, Glen Robinson, and Matthew Yuricich at the 49th Annual Academy Awards show on March 28, 1977 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. During his acceptance speech, Abbott said, "I want to very sincerely thank the Board of Directors of the Academy. The producer, Mr. Saul David, and that great host of wonderful helpers made this accolade possible for me." MGM hired David to produce a television version of the film in 1977 but then fired him and "hired an inept team of producers who knew nothing whatever about science fiction," said William F. Nolan. David died of congestive heart failure in Culver City, California. Filmography Von Ryan's Express (1964) Our Man Flint (1965) Fantastic Voyage (1966) In Like Flint (1967) Skullduggery (1970) – Berl Tanen (final film role) Logan's Run (1976) References Notes David, Saul The Industry: Life in the Hollywood Fast Lane 1981 Times Books External links 1921 births 1996 deaths 20th Century Fox people Film producers from Massachusetts American entertainment industry businesspeople Businesspeople from Springfield, Massachusetts Rhode Island School of Design alumni 20th-century American businesspeople United States Army personnel of World War II
11511959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Chess	Phil Chess	Philip Chess (born Fiszel Czyż; March 27, 1921 – October 18, 2016) was a Polish-born American record producer and company executive, the co-founder with his brother of Chess Records. Early life Chess was born to a Polish-Jewish family in the village of Motal, then in eastern Poland and now part of Belarus. He and his brother Lejzor, sister Malka and mother followed their father to Chicago in 1928. The family name was changed to Chess, with Lejzor becoming Leonard and Fiszel becoming Philip. Career Chess served in the army during World War II. In 1946, after leaving the Army, Phil joined Leonard in running a popular club, the Macomba Lounge. Two years later, Leonard became a partner in Aristocrat Records, a local company that recorded a wide range of music, and Phil joined in 1950. The company then changed its name to Chess Records, and began concentrating on R&B music, signing and recording artists such as Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley, "Sonny Boy Williamson" (Rice Miller), Robert Lockwood Jr., Etta James, Willie Dixon, Howlin Wolf and Chuck Berry. Phil Chess was actively involved in producing many of their blues and rock and roll recordings. The company expanded successfully through the 1950s and early 1960s, until it was sold to GRT in 1968. Chess was also a co-founder with his brother of L & P Broadcasting, which operated radio station WSDM. Retirement Phil Chess retired to Arizona in 1972. Phil and Leonard Chess were both inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame as non-performers in 1995. In February 2013, Phil Chess attended the ceremony to receive one of The Recording Academy's Trustees Awards for non-performers presented to him and his brother. Death Chess died at his home in Tucson, Arizona, at the age of 95. References External links Chess Records The Chess Story Chess Records: How Two Polish Brothers Made Music History 1921 births 2016 deaths People from Motal Polish emigrants to the United States American music industry executives Jewish American military personnel United States Army personnel of World War II Businesspeople from Chicago 20th-century Polish Jews Chess family Polish military personnel 20th-century American businesspeople 21st-century American Jews
962828	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed%20Records	Seed Records	Seed Records has been the name of multiple record labels. 1970s American label Seed Records was a record label started in 1972 by Paul Clark, a musician involved in the Jesus music movement. The label ran until circa 1981, when he started Minstrel's Voyage Music. Seed Records was distributed by Word Records and ABC Records. 1990s American label Seed Records was a short-lived American independent record label owned by Atlantic Records. The label has released music by artists such as Tumbleweed, Madder Rose, Inch, Leatherface, The Nightblooms, Ivy, Television Personalities, The Pooh Sticks, The Earthmen, and The Pastels. 2000s British label A London based record label also named Seed Records was set up in 2000 by Rich Bevan and Joshu Doherty of electronica duo Posthuman. The original roster of artists who released music on Seed included Cursor Miner, Ardisson, Kansas City Prophets, The Doubtful Guest, Digitonal, and Posthuman. Posthuman also promoted a series of events called 'Seed Showcases', including UnderLondonGround, held in the disused underground Aldwych tube station. Artists that played these events included the label's roster, alongside guests such as Aphex Twin, Alison Goldfrapp, Richard X, Plaid, Luke Vibert, T.Rauschmeire, Funkstörung, Mark Moore and many more. There is no 13th release in the label catalogue. The 14th release '1.21 Gigawatts' by MoQ was removed from the catalogue before physical release, and released instead as digital only SEEDEX04. It was later removed from sale entirely. In 2006, for the label's official fifth birthday a series of limited edition CD releases sealed in bags with promotional items was released Doherty left Seed in late 2006, turning over control to Bruce McClure, who had been involved with the label and live events for several years. In 2011, Seed released Sleeps in Oysters second album, 'Lo!'. The first fifty editions came with animal masks and sewing kits. In 2012, Seed distributed the final album of the legendary Japanese games music producer Kazuki Sakata. In 2012, 'Hot Doctor' by The Dagger Brothers was released with remixes by Nightwave and Sleeps in Oysters. The special editions came with a 'Singalong a Dagger Brothers' song sheet. In 2013, The Dagger Brothers' album 'Bwananapple' was released as a limited-edition USB, with songs about Bruce Willis and a lyric sheet. It also included the 'Beast Tour 2009' rockumentary filmed at the Edinburgh Fringe in 2012 In 2015, Seed put out a limited edition of one hundred 10" vinyl by Rutger Hauser and Eftus Spectun. This was a joint release with The Lumen Lake and Void of Ovals, and was the final release on the label. Many of the Seed Records releases are highly limited in number and sought after by collectors. The main genres covered are electronica, techno, post-rock, and IDM. An A-Z of artists who have released music with Seed Records: Discography The following is a list of physical releases from Seed Records. A number of download-only releases were also made available from the label, some via password on the official site, others on their Bleep.com page. References Record labels established in 1972 Record labels disestablished in 1981 Electronic music record labels British independent record labels
3473557	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placement%20%28electronic%20design%20automation%29	Placement (electronic design automation)	Placement is an essential step in electronic design automation — the portion of the physical design flow that assigns exact locations for various circuit components within the chip's core area. An inferior placement assignment will not only affect the chip's performance but might also make it non-manufacturable by producing excessive wire-length, which is beyond available routing resources. Consequently, a placer must perform the assignment while optimizing a number of objectives to ensure that a circuit meets its performance demands. Together, the placement and routing steps of IC design are known as place and route. A placer takes a given synthesized circuit netlist together with a technology library and produces a valid placement layout. The layout is optimized according to the aforementioned objectives and ready for cell resizing and buffering — a step essential for timing and signal integrity satisfaction. Clock-tree synthesis and Routing follow, completing the physical design process. In many cases, parts of, or the entire, physical design flow are iterated a number of times until design closure is achieved. In the case of application-specific integrated circuits, or ASICs, the chip's core layout area comprises a number of fixed height rows, with either some or no space between them. Each row consists of a number of sites which can be occupied by the circuit components. A free site is a site that is not occupied by any component. Circuit components are either standard cells, macro blocks, or I/O pads. Standard cells have a fixed height equal to a row's height, but have variable widths. The width of a cell is an integral number of sites. On the other hand, blocks are typically larger than cells and have variable heights that can stretch a multiple number of rows. Some blocks can have preassigned locations — say from a previous floorplanning process — which limit the placer's task to assigning locations for just the cells. In this case, the blocks are typically referred to by fixed blocks. Alternatively, some or all of the blocks may not have preassigned locations. In this case, they have to be placed with the cells in what is commonly referred to as mixed-mode placement. In addition to ASICs, placement retains its prime importance in gate array structures such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In FPGAs, placement maps the circuit's subcircuits into programmable FPGA logic blocks in a manner that guarantees the completion of the subsequent stage of routing. Objectives and constraints Placement is usually formulated as a problem of constrained optimization. The constraint is to remove overlaps between all the instances in the netlist. The optimization objective can be of multiple, which typically include: Total wirelength: Minimizing the total wirelength, or the sum of the length of all the wires in the design, is the primary objective of most existing placers. This not only helps minimize chip size, and hence cost, but also minimizes power and delay, which are proportional to the wirelength (This assumes long wires have additional buffering inserted; all modern design flows do this.) Timing: The clock cycle of a chip is determined by the delay of its longest path, usually referred to as the critical path. Given a performance specification, a placer must ensure that no path exists with delay exceeding the maximum specified delay. Congestion: While it is necessary to minimize the total wirelength to meet the total routing resources, it is also necessary to meet the routing resources within various local regions of the chip’s core area. A congested region might lead to excessive routing detours, or make it impossible to complete all routes. Power: Power minimization typically involves distributing the locations of cell components so as to reduce the overall power consumption, alleviate hot spots, and smooth temperature gradients. A secondary objective is placement runtime minimization. Basic techniques Placement is divided into global placement and detailed placement. Global placement introduces dramatic changes by distributing all the instances to appropriate locations in the global scale with minor overlaps allowed. Detailed placement shifts each instance to nearby legal location with very moderate layout change. Placement and overall design quality is most dependent on the global placement performance. At early time, placement of integrated circuits is handled by combinatorial approaches. When IC design was of thousand-gate scale, simulated annealing methodologies such as TimberWolf exhibits the best performance. As IC design entered million-scale integration, placement was achieved by recursive hyper-graph partitioning like Capo. Quadratic placement later outperformed combinatorial solutions in both quality and stability. GORDIAN formulates the wirelength cost as a quadratic function while still spreading cells apart through recursive partitioning. The algorithm models placement density as a linear term into the quadratic cost function and solves the placement problem by pure quadratic programming. The majority of modern quadratic placers (KraftWerk, FastPlace, SimPL) follow this framework, each with different heuristics on how to determine the linear density force. Nonlinear placement presents better performance over other categories of algorithms. The approach in first models wirelength by exponential (nonlinear) functions and density by local piece-wise quadratic functions, in order to achieve better accuracy thus quality improvement. Follow-up academic works mainly include APlace and NTUplace. ePlace is the state of the art global placement algorithm. It spreads instances apart by simulating an electrostatic field, which introduces the minimum quality overhead thus achieves the best performance. See also Electronic design automation Design flow (EDA) Integrated circuit design Floorplan (microelectronics) Place and route References Further reading/External links IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits And Systems (TCAD) ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems (TODAES) IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration Systems (TVLSI) Integrated circuits Electronic design automation Electronics optimization
29896926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard%20de%20Coligny	Gaspard de Coligny	Gaspard de Coligny may refer to: Gaspard I de Coligny (c. 1465 - 1522) Gaspard II de Coligny (1519 – 1572) Gaspard III de Coligny (1584 – 1646) See also Gaspard (disambiguation) Coligny (disambiguation)
3304069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida%20Nilsen	Ida Nilsen	Ida Nilsen is a Canadian indie pop singer-songwriter and musician. She has been a member of the bands Radiogram, The Violet Archers, The Beans, The Gay, The Buttless Chaps and The Choir Practice, and has appeared as a guest musician on albums by P:ano, Jerk With a Bomb, Montag and Veda Hille. She formed her own band, Great Aunt Ida, in 2003. That band released its debut album, Our Fall, in 2005. Great Aunt Ida's second album How They Fly was released at the Railway Club in Vancouver on September 21, 2006. In a favourable review, critic Jennifer Van Evra wrote, "the album's simultaneously warm and spare arrangements give it an understated power". In October 2007, Nilsen moved from Vancouver to Toronto. She resided there settling in Parkdale writing the songs that were to become "Nuclearize Me", which Now Magazine described as "Reminiscent of Belle & Sebastian’s fuller late-period material, it’s steady and sure, intimate and honest, with songs that are so damn smartly crafted.", recorded with Dave Draves at Little Bullhorn Studios in Ottawa. In 2012, Nilsen moved to Detroit, MI with her husband, songwriter Jay Clark Reid. In 2015, Nilsen moved back to Vancouver. In 2021 she released Unsayable, her fourth album and her first in a decade. Discography Our Fall (2005) How They Fly (2006) Nuclearize Me (2011) Unsayable (2021) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Musicians from Vancouver Canadian people of Norwegian descent Canadian singer-songwriters Canadian indie rock musicians Canadian indie pop musicians Nilsen, Ida
31130791	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosta%20Angeli%20Radovani	Kosta Angeli Radovani	Kosta Angeli Radovani (6 October 1916 – 27 February 2002) was a Croatian sculptor and member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. After World War II he was one of the founders of the Zagreb Academy of Applied Arts in 1950 where he was the head of the department of sculpture until the academy closed in 1955. From 1977 until his retirement in 1987 he worked as a professor at the Department of Sculpture at the Faculty of Fine Arts in Sarajevo. He was a guest professor at the International Summer Academy in Salzburg in 1987, 1988 and 1991. In his artistic work, he primarily dealt with the human figure, and his oeuvre contains many nudes and portraits. He made over 30 large-scale public sculptures, such as the one dedicated to the Drežnica Uprising (1949), a monument dedicated to the Zagreb victims who died in NOB Dotrščina, Zagreb (1988–1991) and the monument dedicated to Franjo Bučar located on the Sports Square, Zagreb (1991). A series of some 20 female nudes entitled Dunje are considered to hold an important place in his oeuvre. Radovani also made small sculptures and medals and his opus contains 400 portraits and almost the same number of portrait medals, as well as over 800 small sculptures. Radovani exhibited at many solo exhibitions in Croatia and abroad (Athens, Prague, Tunis, Salzburg, Pordenone), and participated in more than 600 group exhibitions, 50 of which were of international significance. In 1950 he participated at the Venice Biennale along with Vanja Radauš, Vojin Bakić and Zoran Mušič. In 1973 he had a retrospective exhibition at the Modern Gallery in Zagreb, on which occasion a monograph was published to mark 40 years of his work. He received many awards for his work and in 1987 he received the Vladimir Nazor Award for life achievement. Works published on Kosta Angeli Radovani Dragojević, Danijel - Kosta Angeli Radovani, (Mala likovna biblioteka sv XIX, Naprijed, Zagreb, 1961). Maleković, Vladimir - Kosta Angeli Radovani, (Modern Gallery, Zagreb and the Graphic Institute of Croatia, 1973). Maleković, Vladimir - Kosta Angeli Radovani, (Modern Art Gallery, Zagreb and the Graphic Institute of Croatia, 1981). Zidić, Igor - Kosta Angeli Radovani, (Naprijed, 1989). Banov, Ive Šimat & Maroevic, Tonko - Kosta Angeli Radovani, (HDLU, Zagreb, 1999). See also Croats of Italy References 1916 births 2002 deaths Members of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts Vladimir Nazor Award winners 20th-century Croatian sculptors
8005814	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikep%C3%A9rcs	Mikepércs	Mikepércs is a village in Hajdú-Bihar county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary. Geography It covers an area of and has a population of 4480 people (2015). References Populated places in Hajdú-Bihar County
19856877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBulinek	Żulinek	Żulinek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wieczfnia Kościelna, within Mława County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. References Villages in Mława County
60880050	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollet	Rollet	Rollet may refer to: People Joseph Rollet, French venereologist Louis Rollet, French painter Maurice Rollet, French activist Paul-Frédéric Rollet, French general Places Rollet, former municipality now in Rouyn-Noranda, Canada Rollet Island, Antarctica
21346087	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgarten%20Charterhouse	Christgarten Charterhouse	Christgarten Charterhouse () is a former Carthusian monastery, or charterhouse, near Ederheim in Bavaria, Germany. History The monastery, dedicated to Saint Peter, was founded in 1383 by Counts Ludwig and Friedrich von Oettingen. From 1525 the counts of Oettingen supported the Reformation, and from 1558 Carthusian monks from Christgarten were called to be Protestant ministers. In the course of the Reformation the prior of Hürnheim (near Ederheim) also converted to the new teaching and from then on ministered to Christgarten in a Reformist spirit. Nevertheless, the charterhouse was not dissolved until after the Thirty Years' War, in 1649. In 1656 the bell tower was demolished; further buildings followed in the 18th and 19th centuries. All that remained of the monastic church was the choir, which was used as the Protestant parish church. The "Scheuffelin altar" was given to the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. References Backmund, Norbert, 1974: Die kleineren Orden in Bayern und ihre Klöster bis zur Säkularisation, pp. 63 f. Windberg Bosl, Karl, 1974 (ed.): Handbuch der Historischen Stätten Deutschlands. Band 7 = Bayern, pp. 117 f. Stuttgart Sources and external links Klöster in Bayern: Christgarten (and all available information as a pdf: PDF (8 KB) ) Haus der Bayrischen Geschichte: Klöster in Bayern: Christgarten Carthusian monasteries in Germany Monasteries in Bavaria 1383 establishments in Europe 1649 disestablishments in Europe Christian monasteries established in the 14th century
29542166	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Thomas%20More%20Parish	Saint Thomas More Parish	Saint Thomas More Parish is located in Durham, New Hampshire, United States. Named after Thomas More of England, the Catholic parish was established in 1949 on the corner of Madbury Road and Cowell Drive, near the heart of the campus of the University of New Hampshire. The parish consists of three buildings. The main building contains the church itself where masses and other services occur. The Church Hall is in the basement of the building and is where many of the Sunday morning Christian Formation classes occur. The food pantry is also located in the Church Hall. Adjacent to the church is the Saint Thomas More Center. The parish offices and campus ministry are in this building. The Saint Thomas More Center houses the beginning of Palm Sunday mass, to allow the laying of palms down upon the path between the center and the church. The third building, the rectory, lies behind the main building. Visitor parking is available near the rectory. References Untitled photograph of Saint Thomas More Parish, Retrieved November 9, 2010 Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Manchester Churches in Strafford County, New Hampshire Buildings and structures in Durham, New Hampshire
52933868	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara%20Gachechiladze	Tamara Gachechiladze	Tamara "Tako" Milanova (; ; born 17 March 1983) is a Georgian singer, songwriter, and actress. She represented Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017, with the song "Keep the Faith", but failed to qualify to the final. Career She took part in the national final for Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, with the song "Me and My Funky", coming in tenth place. As a member of the quartet Stephane & 3G, she also placed fourth in the same national final with the song "I'm Free", and was going to represent Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "We Don't Wanna Put In", until the group's entry was disqualified for political content. She intended to enter Georgian national final for the Eurovision Song Contest in 2011, but ultimately withdrew due to health problems. In 2017, she represented Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 with the song "Keep the Faith" but failed to qualify to the final, finishing in 11th place in the first semi-final. Personal life In 2018, Gachechiladze married Bulgarian songwriter Borislav Milanov at Mama Daviti Church in Tbilisi. They had met while both were participating in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017; Gachechiladze was representing Georgia, while Milanov had written the entries for Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria. They have two children and live in Austria. Discography Singles References External links 1983 births Living people 21st-century women singers from Georgia (country) Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2017 Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Georgia (country) Musicians from Tbilisi Pop singers from Georgia (country)
22022798	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Washington%20Colonials%20football	George Washington Colonials football	The George Washington Colonials football team represented George Washington University of Washington, D.C. in college football competition from 1881 to 1966. The team's home field in the final seasons was (now Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium), shared with the Washington Redskins of the National Football League. The Colonials were most successful between the 1930s and 1950s, when they regularly played top-level competition. George Washington made one bowl game appearance, at the end of the 1956 season at the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas; the Colonials shut out host Texas Western (now UTEP) 13–0 on New Year's Day. The football program was discontinued after the 1966 season due to a number of factors, including the team's lack of an on-campus stadium and football support facilities. History The earliest recorded football games at Columbian University (as the school was known until 1904) were five contests against Gallaudet and Episcopal High School between 1881 and 1883. On November 8, 1890, football resumed when Columbian defeated a Washington-based club, Kalorama AC, 10–0. The team played off and on until 1920. That season was not a successful one for George Washington, which finished 1–6–1, including a defeat at the hands of West Virginia, 81–0, and , 101–7. H. Watson "Maud" Crum became the head football and basketball coach in 1924. He was the first to remain in that position with the "Hatchetites" for more than four years. In 1928, the school's athletic teams were renamed the "Colonials". That year they were routed by Penn State, 50–0. Head coach James "Possum Jim" Pixlee took over the following season and led GW to a 0–8 record. Pixlee, however, later became George Washington's winningest coach in terms of number of wins (42). In 1930, GW routed the New York Aggies, 86–0. In the 1930s and 1940s, GW gained nationwide media attention and scheduled top competition, starting with Alabama in 1932. The Colonials lost, 28–6, but that same year they beat Iowa, 21–6, and tied Oklahoma, 7–7. From 1933 to 1935, back Alphonse "Tuffy" Leemans set school records with 1,054 single-season rushing yards, 2,382 career rushing yards, 207 single-season carries, and 490 career carries. After college, he became a two-time All-NFL player for the New York Giants and was eventually inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. From 1938 to 1941, William Reinhart, the Colonials' winningest baseball and basketball coach, also coached football. The football team, however, was mediocre under him, and, from 1943 to 1945, was discontinued due to World War II. Andy Davis played as GW quarterback from 1948 to 1951, and recorded 3,587 passing yards and 1,416 rushing yards. In 1952, the Colonials defeated Bucknell, 21–7, with the help of a block punt, an interception, and a fumble recovery. The loss was Bucknell's second in their past 20 games. George Washington was a member of the Southern Conference for many years. In 1953, head coach Eugene "Bo" Sherman was named Southern Conference Coach of the Year and center Steve Korcheck was named Southern Conference Player of the Year. In 1956, GW ended the regular season 7–1–1. The lone defeat came against West Virginia, when reserve quarterback Alex Szuch's passing led the Mountaineers to victory, 14–0. They held Boston U to a tie, 20–20. The season's performance resulted in the team being invited to play in the 1957 Sun Bowl in El Paso, TX to face the host school, Texas Western (now known as UTEP). The Miners possessed a 9–1 record and were favored by a two-touchdown margin. The 17th-ranked Colonials, however, won, 13–0, to finish their most successful season with an 8–1 record. Over the next three years, the Colonials compiled a 6–20 record. Bill Elias served as head coach in 1961 and improved the Colonials to a 5–3 mark from 1–8 the year prior. After the season, however, he left to take over at Virginia, a team that had a 28-game losing streak. From 1962 to 1966, James V. Camp served as head coach, and his teams posted a 22–35 record. Between 1961 and 1963, Dick Drummond rushed for 1,814 yards and was twice named All-Southern Conference. Garry Lyle, one of the last GW players to go on to an NFL career, did not consider the last Colonial teams to have been terrible. He recalled, however, that, "When I was a freshman, we played Army and I remember the varsity coming home and half of them wore casts." The final George Washington football game to date came on Thanksgiving Day, November 24, 1966, when the team lost to , 16–7. It was GW's third loss in a row. GW ended the season with a 4–6 record (conference: 4–3) and Coach Camp was named Southern Conference Coach of the Year. GW President Dr. Lloyd H. Elliott reevaluated GW's football program; he said that GW had lost $254,000 on the football program during the 1966 season. Coach Camp resigned on December 19, 1966, because of the uncertainty of whether GW would retain its football program the following year. On January 19, 1967, the Board of Trustees voted to end the football program. GW decided to use the football program's funding to build a new field house for the basketball team. Poor game attendance and the expense of the program contributed to the decision. A former GW player, Harry Ledford, believed that most people were unwilling to commute into Washington, D.C., which did not have metrorail at the time, on Friday nights to D.C. Stadium (later RFK), was perceived as an unsafe area. Additionally, Maryland and Virginia were nationally competitive teams that drew potential suburban spectators away from GW. Bowl games References American football teams established in 1881 American football teams disestablished in 1966 1881 establishments in Washington, D.C. 1966 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
2801851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Correctional%20Institution%2C%20Seagoville	Federal Correctional Institution, Seagoville	The Federal Correctional Institution, Seagoville (FCI Seagoville) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Seagoville, Texas in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. The facility includes a detention center for male offenders and an adjacent satellite prison camp that houses minimum security-male offenders. FCI Seagoville is located southeast of Downtown Dallas. History The Federal Reformatory for Women in Seagoville opened on October 10, 1940. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the government converted the center into a Federal Detention Station, monitored by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, that housed people of Japanese, German and Italian descent who were classified as "enemy aliens," including women deported from Latin America into U.S. custody Many of the Latin American internees had been classified officially as "voluntary internees" because they had chosen to leave their home countries after their husbands had been deported to the U.S., however, their choice was in many cases motivated by the difficulties of supporting themselves and their families alone. Internees at Seagoville published a German language newsletter called the Sägedorfer Fliegende Blätter. Beginning in June 1943, the State Department arranged for the deportation of many of the internees to Japan and Germany, which helped decrease the population as authorities prepared to transfer the remaining detainees to Crystal City, Texas. Seagoville held a total of some 650-700 people, and was closed in June 1945. After World War II ended, on June 25, 1945 the prison became a facility for minimum security male offenders. In 1969, the facility's mission changed to that of housing young male offenders sentenced under the Youth Corrections Act. At the time the maximum age of the prisoners was 27. In 1979, the facility's mission changed into that of a Federal Prison Camp. In 1981, a perimeter fence was installed and the facility became a Federal Correctional Institution. The adjacent Federal Detention Center opened in 1996. FDC Seagoville celebrated its 60th anniversary on October 10, 2000. Facility The prison facility is located on an tract. Built for $1.8 million, it occupies a portion of the acreage. In World War II single detainees occupied dormitories while couples resided in "Victory Huts", prefabricated one room buildings with measurements of each. Notable incidents On November 8, 2012, 27-year-old John Hall, an inmate at FCI Seagoville, pleaded guilty to violating the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act for assaulting a fellow inmate whom he believed to be gay. Hall admitted that on December 20, 2011, he repeatedly punched and kicked the victim, whom the Department of Justice did not identify, while calling the victim homosexual slurs. The victim sustained multiple lacerations to his face and fractured teeth as a result of Hall's unprovoked attack. On March 14, 2013, Hall was sentenced to an additional 71 months in prison for the attack, which is to be served consecutively. Notable inmates (current and former) COVID-19 outbreak On August 8, 2020, CNN reported that 1,300 of the 1,750 prisoners (75% of the inmates) have tested positive for COVID-19.Twenty-eight of the 300 staff members have tested positive as well. , three inmates have died. "It came through here so fast that it's out of control," said inmate Bobby Williams, who contracted the virus in June. "We're packed like sardines." See also List of U.S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States References External links Map of BOP Prisons BOP: FCI Seagoville Buildings of the United States government in Texas Federal Correctional Institutions in the United States Prisons in Texas Buildings and structures in Dallas County, Texas World War II internment camps in the United States Women's prisons in Texas 1940 establishments in Texas
13162416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Miguel%20de%20Corneja	San Miguel de Corneja	San Miguel de Corneja is a municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 102 inhabitants. References Municipalities in the Province of Ávila
66155581	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel%20Lobanov	Pavel Lobanov	Pavel Pavlovich Lobanov (January 15, 1902, Staro, Dmitrovsky District, Moscow Governorate – August 13, 1984, Moscow) was a Soviet statesman and economic leader. Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union of 4, 5, 7–9 convocations. Member of the Central Auditing Commission of the All–Union Communist Party (Bolshevikss)(1939–1952), candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1956–1961). Academician of the Lenin All–Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1948), Doctor of Economics (1967). Hero of Socialist Labour (1971). Biography Lobanov was born into a peasant family. He graduated from the Agronomic Faculty of the Moscow Agricultural Academy Named After Kliment Timiryazev in 1925. 1925 – agronomist of the Shakhovsky Section of the Volokolamsky Uyezd of the Moscow Region; 1925–1926 – served in the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army; 1926–1927 – agronomist for grain inspection of the elevator of the Moscow–Kazan railway; 1927–1930 – agronomist of the Kostroma District and district land administration; 1930–1931 – technical director of the Soviet Farm "Ilyich's Precepts", Ivanovo Oblast; 1931–1936 – postgraduate student at the All–Union Scientific Research Institute of Soviet Farms; 1936–1937 – head of the department of the Moscow Institute of Land Management; 1937 – Director of the Voronezh Agricultural Institute; 1937–1938 – Deputy People's Commissar of Agriculture of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic; 1938 – People's Commissar of Agriculture of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic; 1938–1946 – People's Commissar of Grain and Livestock Farms of the Soviet Union; 1946–1953 – Deputy, 1st Deputy Minister of Agriculture of the Soviet Union; 1953 – 1st Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Procurement of the Soviet Union; 1953–1955 – First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Minister of Agriculture and Procurement of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (since 1953 – Minister of Agriculture of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic); 1955–1956 – Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union; 1956–1961 – President of the Lenin All–Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Chairman of the Council of the Union of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (until 1962); 1961–1965 – Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the Soviet Union; 1965–1978 – President of the Lenin All–Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences. From 1978, he was a personal pensioner. He died in 1984 and is buried in the city of Dmitrov. Awards Hero of Socialist Labour; Two Orders of Lenin; Order of the October Revolution; Order of the Red Banner of Labour; Order of Friendship of Peoples. Sources State Power of the Soviet Union. The Highest Authorities And Management And Their Leaders. 1923–1991. Historical and Biographical Reference Book / Compiled by Vladimir Ivkin. Moscow, 1999 – External links Lobanov Pavel Pavlovich – article from the Biographical Encyclopedia of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, All–Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Named After Lenin Biography in the Handbook of the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1902 births 1984 deaths Heroes of Socialist Labour Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Soviet economists People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union Fourth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Fifth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Seventh convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Eighth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Ninth convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union Chairmen of the Soviet of the Union Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union candidate members Academicians of the VASKhNIL
58931093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatting	Hatting	Hatting may refer to: Hatmaking Hatting, Denmark Hatting Parish in Horsens Municipality, Denmark Hatting, Tyrol, Austria Hatting, Upper Austria, Austria, in Sankt Marienkirchen am Hausruck John Hatting, ex-husband and singing partner of Lise Haavik Flat-hatting, Aerobatic trick involving extremely low flight See also Hattin (disambiguation)
41285774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurata%20igniventris	Eurata igniventris	Eurata igniventris is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Hermann Burmeister in 1878. It is found in Argentina. References Arctiinae Moths described in 1878
69427093	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Japanese%20House%20of%20Councillors%20election	2022 Japanese House of Councillors election	House of Councillors elections will be held in Japan by 25 July 2022 to elect 124 of the 245 members of the House of Councillors, the upper house of the then 710-member bicameral National Diet, for a term of six years. Seventy-four members will be elected by single non-transferable vote (SNTV)/First-past-the-post (FPTP) voting in 45 multi- and single-member prefectural electoral districts. The nationwide district will elect 50 members by D'Hondt proportional representation with optionally open lists; the previous most open list system was modified in 2018 to give parties the option to prioritize certain candidates over the voters' preferences in the proportional election. The election will occur within the first year of Fumio Kishida's term as Prime Minister, and it will see Kenta Izumi debut as the leader of the opposition CDP. References 2022 elections in Asia House of Councillors (Japan) elections 2022 in Japan Future elections in Japan
18318387	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella%20at%20Midnight	Bella at Midnight	Bella at Midnight is a fantasy novel for children by Diane Stanley. The story is based on the fairy tale Cinderella. It was first published in 2006. Plot Maud's sister Catherine has just married Sir Edward of Burning Wood when he forbids her to see her family again. Three years later, Maud receives an urgent summons from her brother-in-law to aid her sister in childbirth. The child is delivered safely, but Catherine falls ill and dies. Edward flies into a fury and orders Maud to get rid of the child. Maud christens the child Isabel, after her late grandmother, and gives her to the family of a blacksmith named Martin. His wife, Beatrice, recently served as a wet nurse to the fourth son of the king, Prince Julian. The prince frequently returns to visit over the course of his childhood, and he and Isabel, or "Bella", become fast friends. One day, when Julian is older, he is approached by Bella in front of his peers. But instead of acknowledging her as a friend, he pretends not to know her. Later, he is on his way to apologize to her when a messenger stops him to inform him that he is to be a hostage in a neighboring kingdom, Brutanna, with which they had been at war. The captivity is to enforce a peace treaty between the two kingdoms. Some time later, Maud returns to Bella's village with a summons from her father, who has recently remarried. Bella sorrowfully leaves her family and journeys with her aunt to meet her father. Once there she finds him still cold and cruel, and her stepmother Matilda and stepsister Marianne unkind as well. Her other stepsister Alice has been silent ever since the death of her father. Marianne becomes lady-in-waiting to the queen, and thus is privy to some royal secrets. When she comes home she gossips with her family about the plot to attack Brutanna at the expense of Julian's life. Bella cries out in protest and expresses her intent to save him, but her stepmother, trying to protect Marianne's place at court, locks her in the storeroom. Alice sneaks to the storeroom and gives Bella a hairpin to pick the lock with. Once she is free, Alice gives her a ring that shows her the person she wants to see. Bella flees to Maud's house, and Maud gives her the means to save Julian, including a gown and glass slippers. Bella rides to Brutanna as quickly as possible and warns Julian of the king's plot. Julian rides out to convince his brother to leave, but he is captured. A battle begins between the soldiers of the two kingdoms when the Worthy Knight appears, halting the battle and blinding King Gilbert. Julian searches for Bella, but only finds her possessions. Sadly, he returns home to act as regent for his brother. He visits Sir Edward's family, where Alice shows him how to use the ring. He sees the Knight and asks Alice to accompany him to find the Knight. They return to Brutanna to discover that the Worthy Knight is none other than Bella. She is heavily wounded but recovering in the care of a poor man and his son. Julian brings her back to Moranmoor and takes her to visit her adoptive family. He asks Martin for Bella's hand in marriage, and, having consulted Bella and receiving a positive answer, accepts. Characters Bella Bella is the daughter of Catherine and Sir Edward of Burning Wood. Upon her mother's death, her father orders her aunt Maud to get rid of her. She is raised by Martin the blacksmith and his family and becomes close friends with Prince Julian. Then Prince Julian betrays her after they go to a fair with all the pages he lives with. After he is sent to Brutanna as a hostage, on his way to apologize to Bella. Quickly afterward, her father summons her. She returns to Burning Wood, where she meets her father and new stepfamily. One day her stepsister Marianne brings the news that the king plans to attack Brutanna, endangering Prince Julian. Bella declares her intentions of warning him and her stepmother locks her in the storeroom. That night her stepsister Alice helps her escape. Bella warns Julian in time to save him, but couldn't prevent the battle. Instead she plays the part of the Worthy Knight, stopping the war forever. She is gravely wounded, but rescued by Prince Julian, who takes her back to her adoptive family and asks for her hand in marriage. She accepts. Prince Julian of Moranmoor Prince Julian is the fourth son of King Raymond. He was given to Beatrice until he was three, when he went to live with his uncle, but frequently returns to visit. He is instantly taken with Bella when introduced, and the two become close friends, until he snubs her in front of his peers. He is on his way to apologize when a messenger stops him and informs him that he is to be a hostage to enforce a peace treaty Moranmoor and the neighboring kingdom Brutanna. He is living with the royal family when Bella comes to warn him of his brother's plot. He rides out to convince his brother to stop the attack, but the king accuses him of cowardice and takes him prisoner. The battle begins, but is halted by the appearance of the Worthy Knight. Afterwards, unable to locate Bella, Julian sadly returns to Moranmoor to acts as regent for his brother, who was struck blind in the battle. He pays a visit to Burning Wood, where Alice shows him the Worthy Knight in her ring. They set off to find him and discover that "he" is actually Bella. They bring her back to reunite with her adoptive family, and Julian asks for her hand in marriage. Maud Maud is Bella's maternal aunt and godmother. She does everything in her power to help her goddaughter, including giving her supplies for her quest to rescue Prince Julian. Matilda Matilda is Bella's stepmother. She has become bitter ever since the death of her husband and loss of their wealth. She takes her anger out on her new husband and stepdaughter. Marianne Marianne is Bella's older stepsister. She is placed in court as the queen's lady-in-waiting by her aunt Basilia. She is very rude to Bella and discusses the plans of King Gilbert, which leads to Bella going to rescue Prince Julian. Alice Alice is Bella's younger stepsister. Before her father left on his final voyage, he gave her a ring that allows her to see the whereabouts of any person. After her father's death she rarely speaks. Bella, however, helps her heal from the pain and in return Alice gives her the ring. Lord Percy Lord Percy is Basilia's husband. He is very wealthy, but reluctant to show charity to Matilda and her daughters, doing so only out of duty. Basilia Basilia is Matilda's sister. The two had a falling out when they were each married, and Basilia enjoys gloating over her sister's misfortune. However, she helps Marianne find a place at court. King Harry of Brutanna King Harry is the King of Brutanna, with which Moranmoor has been at war for over a hundred years. When the treaty for peace is signed and Prince Julian becomes a hostage, he treats the prince quite kindly. The King is attending his daughter Princess Marguerite's wedding when he is attacked by King Gilbert. Martin The adopted father of Bella who took care of Bella, Prince Julian, Will, and Margaret as babies. Beatrice The adopted mother of Bella who took care of Bella, Prince Julian, Will, and Margaret as babies. Will and Margaret The son and daughter of Beatrice and Martin. Bella thinks they are her siblings but soon finds out that they are not her family. Family tree Reception Reviewers have praised the story as being a new take on the classic fairytale and the character of Bella for being a strong, courageous young woman. Some critics have criticized the use of alternating point of view, saying that it makes the story slow and confusing to follow. Others have claimed that some of the material, such as the details about birth, were inappropriate for the age level for which the book is written (34-34). Awards Bella at Midnight has won the following awards: Texas Bluebonnet Award (nominee) New York Public Library Books for the Teen Age School Library Journal Best Book ALA Booklist Editors’ Choice References External links Diane Stanley's Official Website Diane Stanley at HarperChildrens.com 2006 American novels 2006 fantasy novels American fantasy novels American children's novels Children's fantasy novels Novels based on fairy tales Works based on Cinderella HarperCollins books 2006 children's books
13566374	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes%20of%20Montenegro	Tribes of Montenegro	The tribes of Montenegro (Montenegrin and / plemena Crne Gore) or Montenegrin tribes (Montenegrin and / crnogorska plemena) were historical tribes in the areas of Old Montenegro, Brda, Old Herzegovina and Primorje, and were geopolitical units of the Ottoman Montenegro Vilayet (or Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro, 1697–1852), eastern Sanjak of Herzegovina, parts of the Sanjak of Scutari, and Venetian Albania, territories that in the 20th century were incorporated into Montenegro. Many tribes were united into the Principality of Montenegro (1852–1910). The tribal assembly (zbor) of the Principality of Montenegro initially officially composed of the two communities of Old Montenegro (Crnogorci, "Montenegrins") and Brda (Brđani, "Highlanders"). In anthropological studies these tribes are divided into those of Old Montenegro, Brda, Old Herzegovina, and Primorje, and then into sub-groups (brotherhoods/clans – bratstva, and finally families). Today they richly attest to social anthropology and family history, as they have not been used in official structures since (although some tribal regions overlap contemporary municipality areas). The kinship groups give a sense of shared identity and descent. Origin The tribes in what is today Montenegro were formed and developed in different times, in a process which was not uniform. The organization of the tribes can be followed during the Ottoman period. A basic condition of forming a tribe was the possession of communal, (mostly) pastoral land defended by the whole tribe. Neighbouring tribes, and also members of the same tribe, fought each other over flocks and grazing lands. The winter pasture, katun, was the economic basis whose deprivation could threaten the survival of the tribe. Tribes were formed more often through agglomeration than through blood relation, although tribal lore has its members descending from a common ancestor; the core drew together smaller groups that would adopt the lore as their own. According to B. Đurđev, the tribes of Old Montenegro, Brda and Old Herzegovina developed from the katun. The katun was primarily a kinship organization, the shepherds (vlachs) also serving as soldiers, thus a military organization as well. The župa (county), the territorial organization of the feudal Nemanjić state, was replaced by the katun in provinces where the katun transformed into tribes. Be it via the kinship katun which emerged and turned unrelated elements into one basic group allegedly blood-related, or united families without imposed blood association, they entered elements of their kinship organization and military democracy into the tribes that were created in the ruins of feudal territorial organization. Organization The tribes (plemena, ) were territorial and socio-political units composed of clans (bratstva, ) in historical Montenegro. The tribes are not necessarily kin as they only serve as a geopolitical unit. The tribes enjoyed especially large autonomy in the period from the second part of the 15th century until the mid-19th century. Initially they were recorded as katuns - a basic Vlach social and ethnic structure not always homogeneous by blood on which head was katunar - tribal chief. With Slavicization, former katuns began to be called plemena (meaning both tribe and clan), while the katunar became Slavic vojvoda or knez. Following the Ottoman occupation, the relative isolation from one another and lack of centralized authority made them local self-governing units. The clans or brotherhoods (bratstvo) are patrilocal kin groups which usually trace their origin to a particular male ancestor and share the same surname. The bratstvo is an exogamous group. Names of brotherhoods are derived from either names, nicknames or profession of the ancestor. In most cases marriage within the bratstvo is forbidden regardless of the biological distance between the would-be spouses. However, this is not the case with some larger brotherhood who sometimes allow endogamous marriages if the genealogical distance between spouses is large enough. In war, the members of the bratstvo (bratstvenici) were obliged to stand together. The size of such units varied in size, ranging from 50 to 800 warriors (1893). Through time the bratstvo would split into smaller subdivisions and acquire separate names. Contemporary surnames of Montenegrins usually come from these smaller units. The members tend to guard their family history and many are able to recite the line of ancestors to the originator of the bratstvo. The relationship between tribe and brotherhood is loose. At times of tribal autonomy, brotherhoods usually lived concentrated in the same place for long time and therefore formed a part of the tribe. Different brotherhoods living on the territory of one tribe were often not related to each other. A new brotherhood could be established (and often was) if a stranger sought refuge, usually because of conflict with Ottoman authorities or because of a blood feud, within a tribe. The tribes were an important institution in Montenegro throughout its modern history and state creation. Every tribe had its chief, and they collectively composed a "gathering" or assembly (zbor or skupština). The tribal assembly elected the vladika (bishop-ruler) from exemplary families, who from the 15th century were the main figures in resistance to Ottoman incursions. The uniting of tribes (and mitigating blood feuds) was their core objective, but the results were limited to narrow cohesion and solidarity. Culture The Dinaric society of highland herdsmen had a patriarchal-heroic culture with endemic culture of violence caused by the survival from poverty on barren terrain, isolation from cities and education, and preservation of tribal structures. Illiteracy was not uncommon, and folk songs had higher influence on moral standards compared to Orthodox religious teaching. Sharp father-son clashes were common as violent self-assertion brought respect. Danilo Medaković in 1860 noted the paradox in Dinaric men "He is as courageous in combat as he is fearful of harsh authorities. Harsh authorities can turn him into a true slave", resulting in willingness to fight, but never true political freedom. Guerrilla warfare also had a negative impact on respect of the laws, with robbery and looting making important part of economical income. The harsh Montenegric life perspective is reflected in The Mountain Wreath (1847). The clans were often in intertribal conflicts and blood feuds (krvna osveta). Collaborating with external enemy (Ottomans, Austrians) against domestic wasn't uncommon, as Milovan Djilas relates "We Montenegrins did not hold a grudge against the enemy alone, but against one another as well". Djilas in his boyhood memoirs described the blood feuds and resulting vengeance as "was the debt we paid for the love and sacrifice our forebears and fellow clansmen bore for us. It was the defence of our honour and good name, and the guarantee of our maidens. It was our pride before others; our blood was not water that anyone could spill... It was centuries of manly pride and heroism, survival, a mother's milk and a sister's vow, bereaved parents and children in black, joy, and songs turned into silence and wailing. It was all, all". Although made life miserable, "threat of vendetta helped to hold individuals within marriage pattern... individual tribes remained viable as political units under the vendetta system because truces usually could be made when needed". In modern censuses of Montenegro, descendants identify as Montenegrins, Serbs, ethnic Muslims and Bosniaks, and Albanians. The organisational structure varies significantly between various clans and tribes. Traditionally, the Vojvoda was regarded as the highest authority in the tribe. However, the appointment on such position also diverged among clans and evolved in the process of time. In some tribes the position was hereditary, and not necessarily from father to son, while in some was elective. Tribes of Old Montenegro rarely had Voivodas until 18th century. The authority was thus in the hand of the local knez (similar to the Anglo-Saxon Esquire). The Highland tribes appointed Voivodas since mid 15th century, while the tribes of the Old Herzegovina started the practice a century later. Voivoda had the authority to represent the tribe overall and thus his allegiances, either to the Ottomans or to the Prince-Bishops of Montenegro, even proclaiming himself independent marked the political course of the tribe. With the stronger central authority, Voivodes were gradually recognised as a sort of nobility in Montenegro, with the ruler having a power to strip them off the title. This historical process laid foundation for the creation of modern Montenegro, which evolved to the country from a loose federation of the tribes in the 18/19th turn of the century. The title of knez gradually disappeared, and thus was replaced with Sardar (similar to Count, but below Voivoda). During the period of theocracy, the highest religious authority was reserved for the Hegumen of some of the medieval monasteries which tribe claimed as its own and for whom it developed a worshiping cult. Morača is a particular example since it served as a gathering place of both Rovčani and Moračani tribe and, up to the beginning of the 19th century, Vasojevići, who later developed their own cult after Đurđevi Stupovi. History Background Each tribe has a complex historical and geographical origin. During the Middle Ages the Slavic population managed to culturally assimilate the native Romanized descendants of "Illyrian" tribes. Tribal names (including a few non-Slavic) left traces in the toponymy of Montenegro and surrounding countries. As far as historical records by age and testimony go, it is shown that at least between 14th and 15th century many tribal migrations in Montenegro from Kosovo, Metohija, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina took place. Early modern period In 1596, an uprising broke out in Bjelopavlići, then spread to Drobnjaci, Nikšić, Piva and Gacko (see Serb Uprising of 1596–97). It was suppressed due to lack of foreign support. In 1689, an uprising broke out in Piperi, Rovca, Bjelopavlići, Bratonožići, Kuči and Vasojevići, while at the same time an uprising broke out in Prizren, Peć, Priština and Skopje, and then in Kratovo and Kriva Palanka in October (Karposh's Rebellion). In 1697, with the election of the Danilo I Šćepčević from the Njeguši tribe as the metropolitan (vladika) of Cetinje, succession became restricted to the Petrović clan until 1918 (with exception of short periods of rule by Šćepan Mali and Arsenije Plamenac). As Orthodox bishops could not have children, the official title was passed from uncle to nephew. Danilo I established Montenegro's first code of law, a court to arbitrate the legal matter, and struggled to unite the tribes. In 1774, in the same month of the death of Šćepan Mali, Mehmed Pasha Bushati attacked the Kuči and Bjelopavlići, but was decisively defeated and returned to Scutari. The lack of intertribal cohesion weakened Montenegro's defenses in war with the Turks, as well failed centralized system, making Montenegro backward and parochial. Petar I Petrović at the Assembly of Cetinje in 1787 for the first time managed to successfully unite the Old Montenegrin tribes against the Ottoman enemy. The result was victories and gaining of territory, especially the Brda, then in Eastern Herzegovina, Zeta valley, littoral from Bar to the south of Ulcinj, bringing more tribes under control. However, due to previous Serbian influence in those parts, these tribes revolted if there were attempts by Cetinje to tax them. Although most of those seven tribes were incorporated in 1796, the Rovčani and Moračani were only in 1820, while Vasojevići in 1858. From these tribes later descended Karađorđe (Vasojevići) and Miloš Obrenović (Bratonožići). In 1789, Jovan Radonjić, the governor of Montenegro, wrote for the second time to the Empress of Russia: "Now, all of us Serbs from Montenegro, Herzegovina, Banjani, Drobnjaci, Kuči, Piperi, Bjelopavlići, Zeta, Klimenti, Vasojevići, Bratonožići, Peć, Kosovo, Prizren, Arbania, Macedonia belong to your Excellency and pray that you, as our kind mother, send over Prince Sofronije Jugović-Marković." 19th century After the First Serbian Uprising broke out (1804), smaller uprisings also broke out in Drobnjaci (1805), Rovca and Morača. Prince-Bishop Petar I (r. 1782-1830) sought the help of Russia in 1807 to create a new Serbian Empire centred on Montenegro. He waged a successful campaign against the bey of Bosnia in 1819; the repulse of an Ottoman invasion from Albania during the Russo-Turkish War led to the recognition of Montenegrin sovereignty over Piperi. Petar I had managed to unite the Piperi, Kuči and Bjelopavlići into his state. A civil war broke out in 1847, in which the Piperi and Crmnica sought to secede from the principality which was afflicted by a famine, and could not relieve them with the rations of the Ottomans, the secessionists were subdued and their ringleaders shot. Amid the Crimean War, there was a political problem in Montenegro; Danilo I's uncle, George, urged for yet another war against the Ottomans, but the Austrians advised Danilo not to take arms. A conspiracy was formed against Danilo, led by his uncles George and Pero, the situation came to its height when the Ottomans stationed troops along the Herzegovinian frontier, provoking the mountaineers. Some urged an attack on Bar, others raided into Herzegovina, and the discontent of Danilo's subjects grew so much that the Piperi, Kuči and Bjelopavlići, the recent and still unamalgamated acquisitions, proclaimed themselves an independent state in July, 1854. Danilo was forced to take measurement against the rebels in Brda, some crossed into Turkish territory and some submitted and were to pay for the civil war they had caused. Petar II Petrović-Njegoš further united Montenegrin tribes, forging structure of the state, and Montenegro independence in 1878, as well solidarity with Serbia and Serbdom. Croatian historian Ivo Banac claims that with Serbian Orthodox religious and cultural influence, Montenegrins had lost sight of their complex origin and thought of themselves as Serbs. Like at the time of Danilo I, was advocated physical persecution of Muslim population, also making part of religious definition of Montenegrin identity. 20th century In 1904 Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš reorganized the Principality of Montenegro into "captaincies", each organized on a tribal level. Every nahija had its own elder (from the corresponding tribe). The tribal assemblies were attended regularly by all grown men from the corresponding clan. The "General Montenegrin Assembly" was the highest political body and a mediator between the Montenegrin people and the Ottoman authorities. It was composed of chiefs of all tribes in Montenegro. The territorial expansion of Montenegro continued, and after the Balkan Wars (1912–13), it included substantial parts of Herzegovina, Serbia and Albania. Since 1880 the ambitions of Nikola I collided with those of Obrenović and Karađorđević dynasty for leadership of the Serbs. Montenegrin nationalism (federalism) eventually suffered from the political activity of young Montenegrins living in Serbia. During the Podgorica Assembly (1918) which decided the fate of Montenegro as either an independent state (supported by the Greens) or a united part of the Kingdom of Serbia (supported by the Whites), the tribes were divided, even internally. The Greens consisted of the highland tribes of Moračani, Piperi and Rovči, the Katun clans of Bjelice, Cetinje, Cveto and Cuce and the Hercegovinian tribes of Nikšići and Rudinjani. The Greens ethnically declared themselves as Serbs, but did not support, what they saw, as a Serbian annexation of the Montenegrin state. However, the Whites supported by the rest of the tribes eventually won. During World War II, the tribes were internally mainly divided between the two sides of Chetniks (Serbian royalists) and Yugoslav Partisans (communists), that were fighting each other for the rule of Yugoslavia. As a result, the conflict spread within the tribal and clan structures. Anthropology Czech historian Konstantin Josef Jireček (1918) considered that the population of Duklja was a very mixed population of newly arrived Slavs and older people like Albanians and Romanians. Croatian historian Milan Šufflay (1925–1927) considered that the Vlach-Albanian-Montenegrin symbiosis is seen in the etymology of the names, in Piperi, Moguši, Kuči, and the surnames with suffix "-ul" (Gradul, Radul, Serbul, Vladul), and toponymical names of mountains, Durmitor and Visitor. Serbian historian Vladislav Škarić (1918) considered that many brotherhood names, like Sarapi, Radomani and others in Montenegro, belonged to migrants from central Albania, while Bukumiri from Bratonožići, Vajmeši from Vasojevići, Ibalji from Herzegovina came from northern Albania. Serbian ethnologist Jovan Cvijić (1922) noted the Slavic assimilation and migration of many Albanian groups of Mataruge, Macure, Mugoši, Kriči, Španji, Ćići and other Albanians/Vlachs who were mentioned as brotherhoods or tribes. He considered that all gornji ("upper") tribes lived in the parts of currently Serb tribes in Brda and Old Herzegovina, and that many groups were assimilated into the tribes of Piperi, Kuči, Bratonožići, Bjelopavlići among others, who preserved their old name. American cultural anthropologist Christopher Boehm stated that some clans descended from the pre-Slavic Illyrian population of present-day Montenegro, while a majority of the clans were of Slavic origin, either from earliest Serb settlers, or from later Serb immigrants who came to the area from neighbouring regions during Ottoman rule over the Balkans. Croatian linguist Petar Skok (1918–1919) while researching 15th-century Ragusan documents, noted that in the territory of Žabljak and Stolac there existed a specific domain called donji Vlasi or Vlachi inferiores ("lower Vlachs"), and that thus somewhere there had to exist a gornji Vlasi ("upper Vlachs"), not mentioned in documents; he believed it could have been located in today's Katunska nahija in Montenegro, to which probably referred catunos/catuni Cernagore from 1435. Jovan Erdeljanović spoke of the amalgamation of Serbs (Slavs) and Vlachs, and noted that in the older phase of forming of Dinaric tribes, the Serb and Serbicized native brotherhoods united into a tribal unit under one name. Jovan Cvijić noted the uncertainty whether the term "Vlach" in medieval Serbia and other parts was always used for genuine Vlach, or also Serb shepherds, since the term gradually developed a secondary meaning of "shepherd", regardless of ethnicity. According to Croatian-Albanian historian Zef Mirdita (2009), some Serbian scholars like D. Đurđev (1951) often totally rejected Vlach ethnic uniqueness, considered them only a social category and proclaimed them as Serbs or Slavs, against the fact that the Vlachs were always mentioned as, according to Mirdita, a genuine ethnicity in medieval records until the 16th century. Franz Babinger (1951) also opposed Đurđev's point of view. Montenegrin ethnologist Petar Šobajić stated that the first Slavic settlers in the area of Zeta mixed with local Romanized Illyrian natives and Slavicized them, though accepting the natives' tribal names (Španji, Mataguži, Mataruge, Malonšići, Macure, Bukumiri, Kriči). Later Serb settlers entered into conflicts with these early mixed tribes, which eventually resulted in the latters' annihilation, and new stronger tribes were formed. Serbian historian Ivan Božić pointed out that Slavicization wasn't completed in the 15th century, and that contemporaries made clear distinction between Slavs and those who were Vlachs/Morlachs or included Vlach admixture, and also traced Vlach contribution in Montenegro. Serbian historian Sima Ćirković (1968–1973) noted that throughout the entire medieval age Vlach was used as an ethnic term along Greek, Albanian, Bulgarian, Latin, Saxon, and although almost linguistically Slavicized and culturally adapted to the environment, their division from other Slavs in documents show their different origin, economic activities and status, and that they were not completely accepted as members of the same ethnical and social society. In 14th-century records from the Bay of Kotor, the term Vlach (Nos Vlaci, cum Vlachis, dictorum Vlacorum) had an ethnic meaning along that of Slavs and Turks, according to Zef Mirdita (2009). Montenegrin historian Špiro Kulišić (1980) considered that in the business contracts it was necessary to establish the identity of the interlocutor, including ethnic and local. In 1296 people of Čeklići were identified as Vlachs (R. Kovijanić, 1963). Jireček argued that in Ragusan documents the katuns and vlachs (shepherds) were described as being part of a tribe, not constituting the whole tribe. Serbian anthropologist Petar Vlahović (1996) argued that the Slavs that had settled by the 7th century came into contact with the remnants of Romans (Vlachs), who later became a component part of all the Balkan peoples. Although the old Balkan population had for long retained particularities, they did not have greater influence on the Slavic tribal communities. Part of the old Balkan population that viewed themselves as Roman inheritors withdrew ahead of the Slavs from the interior to the littoral cities. Meanwhile, the Romans (Vlachs) who stayed in the mountains of the interior became subjects of the Slavs. These mountainous Vlachs, in their numbers or by culture, did not have noticeable effect on the development of society, and lesser so on the formation of a special ethnos. The Roman population's influence in the cities of Zeta was small, as evident also in Serbian royal charters from the 13th- and 14th centuries in which the ethnic groups of Serbs, Latins, Arbanasi, and Vlachs are mentioned, the order bearing witness to their numbers; the Albanians, who could not have been many, were more than Vlachs. According to him, the name Vlach also denoted the profession of shepherding, because along with ethnic Vlachs, there were Slavic shepherds who were called "Vlachs", not in an ethnical- but in economical status. Slavic geographical nomenclature, except for minor cases, is a certain confirmation, as Slavs settled along roads and rivers, and also katuns. Tribes Serbian geographer Jovan Cvijić listed 21 tribes in the territory of Old Montenegro, 7 in Brda (the Highlands), 16 in Old Herzegovina and 2 in Primorje (Montenegrin littoral). They were divided into two distinct groups; Old Montenegrin, and the tribes in the Highlands. The latter were concentrated in the northeast of Zeta river, and predominantly consisted of tribes who fled Ottoman occupation, and got incorporated into Montenegro following the battles at Martinići and Krusi (1796). The Old Montenegrin tribes were organized into five (later four) territorial units called nahija'' (term borrowed from Ottoman nahiye); Katunska, Lješanska, Pješivci (later incorporated into Katunska), Rijeka, and Crmnička nahija. Dispersed brotherhoods There are also large dispersed or emigrant brotherhoods, such as Maleševci, Pavkovići, Prijedojevići, Trebješani (Nikšići), Miloradovići-Hrabreni, Ugrenovići, Bobani, Pilatovci, Mrđenovići and Veljovići. Annotations See also Regions in Montenegro, contains a list of tribal and historical regions of Montenegro. References Sources Books External links Serb clans of Montenegro Plemena Stare Crne Gore, Brda, Hercegovine i Primorja Podjela u podlovćenskoj Crnoj Gori (Montenegrin), from the website of the Montenegrin Ethnic Association of Australia Lists of modern Indo-European tribes and clans Lists of Montenegrin people Montenegro history-related lists
54230377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Palardy	Jean Palardy	Jean Palardy (1905October 28, 1991) was a French-Canadian painter, art historian, ethnologist and filmmaker. Biography Born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, Palardy moved with his family to Canada as an infant in 1908, one of eight children. He was educated at Collège Saint-Laurent and the séminaire de Sainte-Thérèse, before studying at the École des Beaux-Arts de Montréal. He married painter Jori Smith in 1930. Palardy and Smith were both members of the League for Social Reconstruction, with his interest in French Canadian rural life influenced by his political beliefs. Artist Jack Humphrey stayed with Palardy and his wife, Jori Smith, while living briefly in Montreal, with the three of them in poverty, supporting themselves during the winter of 1933 by painting matchboxes. He was responsible for the interior design of the in Quebec's Laurentian region in 1939. He joined the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) in 1941 and over 19 years directed a number of short films there including The Rising Tide, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject at the 22nd Academy Awards. In 1963, he wrote his influential book on French Canadian design, Les Meubles anciens du Canada français, for which he received a grant from the Canada Council. Palardy consulted on the restoration of the vessel Grande Hermine as well as that of the Fortress of Louisbourg. In 1975, he started restorations on the Jacques Cartier house. He also consulted for number of museums including the château Ramezay, McCord Museum, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec and the David M. Stewart Museum. Filmography as director 1947 - 1949 - The Rising Tide 1951 - Oyster Man 1951 - Îles-de-la-Madeleine 1952 - The Bird Fancier (L'Homme aux oiseaux) 1954 - Sorel 1954 - Bush Doctor 1954 - Artist in Montreal (On the Spot series) 1955 - Two Countries, One Street 1955 - Soirée de chantiers 1955 - The Lumberjack 1955 - Eye Witness No. 71 1955 - Chantier coopératif 1956 - Designed for Living 1956 - Agronomy 1957 - Carnival in Quebec 1959 - Correlieu as screenwriter 1949 1954 Sorel 1954 Bush Doctor 1955 Soirée de chantiers as cinematographer 1955 Soirée de chantiers 1955 Eye Witness No. 71 as producer 1955 Soirée de chantiers Honours Officer, Order of Canada (1967) Certificate of merit, Canadian Historical Association (1975) Grand Officier, National Order of Quebec (1992, posthumously) References External links Biography, Quebec in Cinema Watch films directed by Jean Palardy at the National Film Board of Canada 1905 births 1991 deaths 20th-century Canadian painters Canadian male painters Canadian art historians Film directors from Quebec National Film Board of Canada people Officers of the Order of Canada Grand Officers of the National Order of Quebec French Quebecers People from Fitchburg, Massachusetts École des beaux-arts de Montréal alumni Canadian ethnologists Canadian documentary film directors
37943639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Fletcher	Don Fletcher	Donald or Don Fletcher may refer to: Donald Fletcher, 19th century real estate businessman Don Fletcher (ice hockey) (born 1931), Canadian ice hockey player Don Fletcher, character in All Over Town Don Fletcher (footballer) (born 1958), Australian rules footballer for Hawthorn
6643260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Francis%20Whealon	John Francis Whealon	John Francis Whealon (January 15, 1921 – August 2, 1991) was an American clergyman of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Erie (1966–1968) and Archbishop of Hartford (1968–1991). Biography John Whealon was born in Barberton, Ohio, to John Joseph and Mary Christina (née Zanders) Whealon. He received his early education at St. Augustine School in his Ohio from 1927 to 1934, and attended St. Charles College in Catonsville, Maryland, from 1934 to 1940. He then returned to Ohio and made his theological studies at St. Mary's Seminary in Cleveland from 1940 to 1945. He was ordained to the priesthood on May 26, 1945. He briefly served as a curate at St. Peter Church in Akron before entering the University of Ottawa, where he earned a Doctor of Sacred Theology degree. Upon his return to Ohio, he served as a curate at St. Dominic Church in Shaker Heights and professor of Sacred Scripture at St. Mary's Seminary from 1946 to 1948. He furthered his studies at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome from 1948 to 1950. He returned to Ohio and was named a curate at St. Aloysius Church in Cleveland in 1950. He resumed his post as professor at St. Mary's Seminary in 1952, and became rector of Borromeo Seminary in Wickliffe the following year. He was named a papal chamberlain in 1955, and raised to the rank of domestic prelate in 1959. He contributed to Catholic Biblical Quarterly and was vice president of the Catholic Biblical Association (1959–60). On June 5, 1961, Whealon was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Cleveland and Titular Bishop of Andrapa by Pope John XXIII. He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 6 from Archbishop Egidio Vagnozzi, with Bishops Paul John Hallinan and Floyd Lawrence Begin serving as co-consecrators. Between 1962 and 1965, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council. Following the resignation of Archbishop John Mark Gannon, Whealon was named the sixth Bishop of Erie, Pennsylvania, by Pope Paul VI on December 9, 1966. Two years later, on December 28, 1968, Whealon was appointed Archbishop of Hartford, Connecticut, following the resignation of Archbishop Henry Joseph O'Brien. During his 23-year-long administration, he established a program to train married men to be ordained as deacons, advocated the promotion of women within the structure of the Church, and developed a team ministry in which clerical and lay people administer a parish together. In 1986, he appointed Sister Helen M. Feeney to be first woman Chancellor of the Archdiocese and only the fifth woman chancellor in the country. Whealon also founded the radio station WJMJ. He was active on ecumenical issues, and was chairman of the Committee on Ecumenism of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops and head of ChrisConn, the Christian conference of Connecticut. Whealon left the Democratic Party in 1988 because of his opposition to abortion, declaring in his column in the weekly Catholic Transcript that he was "unable in conscience to remain a registered Democrat" because of the party's support of legal and government-financed abortions. In 1974, he said that Catholic healthcare professionals who participated in abortions faced excommunication. He even resigned from a local television station's program advisory committee because the station did not cancel an episode of Maude that dealt with abortion. He also described a state-sponsored advertising campaign that encouraged sexually active adults to use condoms to prevents AIDS as "a commendable effort but a serious mistake to present condoms as the answer to the threat." He supported the Vietnam War and defended the maintenance of nuclear weapons. The Archbishop died unexpectedly during a routine surgical procedure at St. Francis Hospital in Hartford. The Archdiocese's annual fundraising golf tournament is named in his honor. Additionally, a Waterbury council of the Knights of Columbus bears his name - the Archbishop John F. Whealon Council 10865. References External links Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hartford Roman Catholic Diocese of Erie \|- \|- \|- Roman Catholic bishops of Hartford Roman Catholic bishops of Erie Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland Participants in the Second Vatican Council 20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States 1991 deaths 1921 births Pontifical Biblical Institute alumni People from Barberton, Ohio Religious leaders from Ohio Catholics from Ohio
4239639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky%20Memorial%20Airport	Sikorsky Memorial Airport	Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Airport is a public airport in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, owned by the city of Bridgeport. It is three miles (6 km) southeast of downtown, in the town of Stratford. It was formerly Bridgeport Municipal Airport. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021 categorized it as a general aviation facility. It has three fixed-base operators (FBOs) and several private hangars. In 2016 Tailwind Air Service started seaplane flights between Sikorsky and the New York Skyports Seaplane Base in central Manhattan. History The airport was originally Avon Field, a racetrack where aircraft landed on the grass infield. It was the site of the country's first air show held in 1911, on the grounds of what is now St. Michaels Cemetery. It became known as Mollison Field after Captain Jim Mollison's crash landing there in 1933 during an attempt to fly across the Atlantic. The City of Bridgeport purchased the airport in 1937, after which it became Bridgeport Municipal Airport. In 1972 it was rededicated as the Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Airport, honoring its most famous tenant, Igor Sikorsky, who selected Stratford as the site for his Sikorsky Aviation Corporation in 1929. In the 1950s American Airlines stopped at Bridgeport, one Convair a day; American left in 1960. Allegheny Airlines then provided service until 1976. In the 1980s the airport was served by five carriers or their regional affiliates: Business Express Airlines, Continental Airlines, Piedmont Airlines, US Air and United Express. In 1992 airlines flew from Bridgeport to several cities in the northeast, including Washington, DC, Philadelphia, Boston and Newark. The airport has been the subject of heated debate in Stratford and Bridgeport. While the City of Bridgeport owns the airport, the whole property is in the Town of Stratford. Before the end of World War II little more than salt marshes surrounded the airport, but in the 1950s and 1960s Stratford permitted extensive residential development in the Lordship area near the airfield. Bridgeport has pushed for runway and terminal expansion, hoping to attract new service to the airport, arguing that service to the airport is necessary for the growth of Bridgeport's economy. Stratford has opposed terminal expansion and runway lengthening that would interfere with existing roads. Even when the airport was served by major carriers, Stratford advocated for limits on flights because of noise in the Lordship and South End neighborhoods. In 2003 the Federal Aviation Administration mandated the lengthening of the two runways with unpaved safety overruns at each end. Stratford and Connecticut officials have resisted the FAA effort to install the overruns, but the FAA has notified Stratford, Bridgeport and state officials that it may obtain a federal court order to use eminent domain to complete the overruns. In June 2006 US Helicopter began scheduled flights to New York's Downtown Manhattan Heliport, continuing to John F. Kennedy International Airport. This was the first airline service since 1999. On September 25, 2009 US Helicopter suddenly shut down. In February 2007 state legislators from Bridgeport, in an effort to force expansion, introduced legislation allowing the State of Connecticut to take over the airport. Officials from Stratford would prefer the town take ownership of the airport and oppose the proposed state takeover. In October 2016 runway 6-24 re-opened after closing in late 2014 so a 300-foot length of engineered materials arrestor system (EMAS) could be installed at its east end. Facilities The airport covers 800 acres (324 ha) at an elevation of 9 feet (3 m). It has two asphalt runways: 11/29 is 4,761 by 150 feet (1,451 x 46 m) and 6/24 is 4,677 by 100 feet (1,426 x 30 m). Each runway has a runway safety area that does not meet FAA requirements. Both are wide enough, but 6/24 is 10% and 11-29 is 25% of the required length. In the year ending February 28, 2019, the airport averaged 136 aircraft operations per day: 94% general aviation, 6% air taxi, and <1% military. 155 aircraft were based at the airport: 107 single-engine, 32 jet, 10 multi-engine, 5 helicopter, and one glider. Airships At over 800 acres, the airport has room for a number of airships, usually moored south of the 11-29 runway. Often blimps use Sikorsky as a base for flyovers of regional sporting events because of lack of space at other airports, security concerns, and avoiding controlled airspace around cities and larger airports. Approximately 20 dockings are made per year. Visitors have included the Ameriquest, Fuji, Hood,. Metlife, and Monster.Com airships. Helicopters Connecticut Airpad 37 (CT 37) is a private-use heliport active since November 1960, featuring two asphalt helipad landing facilities called H1 and H2. Stratford Eagles Composite Squadron The Stratford Eagles Composite Squadron is a member group of the non-profit and all-volunteer Connecticut Wing Civil Air Patrol, which is an official auxiliary of the United States Air Force, carrying the designation NER-CT-022. It performs various duties such as pilot training, search and rescue, disaster relief, and fire watch. Formed in 1963, the group moved to its present World War II era barracks on west side of the airport at 1100 Stratford Road in 1972. A predecessor group of the same name had been active in spotting German U-boats and air-sea rescue operations during the war from the airfield. In September 2016 Major Kenneth Fortes was named squadron commander, and was the first African-American to lead a Connecticut Wing squadron. As of May 2018, the current squadron commander is Captain Robert Talley. Curtiss and Sikorsky hangars A historically important structure on the airport's grounds is the Curtiss Hangar, built in 1928 by Glenn Curtiss. The hangar served as the home of a branch of the Curtiss Flying School for several years. In 1930, Sikorsky began flying boat production next to the hangar including the Pan AM Clipper. Early Sikorsky helicopter development, including the first practical helicopter, the Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 occurred on the grounds. The Curtiss hangar was referred to as "Hangar 1", while the Sikorsky hangar was referred to as "Hangar 2". Howard Hughes kept aircraft in the hangar, Amelia Earhart visited, and Charles Lindbergh test piloted the Vought V-173 "Flying Pancake" in the 1940s. During World War II 8000 Chance-Vought F4U Corsair fighter-bombers were produced across the street and flown from the hangar for the war in the Pacific. The XF4U prototype was stored in the hangar. In 2018 the Connecticut Air and Space Center announced that the hangar is being restored into a museum of flight focusing on locally manufactured aircraft including a Chance-Vought F4U Corsair, a replica of the Gustave Whitehead 1901 flyer and a Sikorsky S-60 helicopter. Airlines and destinations Cargo Notable events In October 2018 an emergency landing was made by a L-39 Albatros, a Czechoslovakian-made jet trainer, after it lost a piece of its landing gear. There were no injuries. In May 2017 the World War II B-17 bomber Yankee Lady visited the airport. It was then one of nine operational B-17 bombers in the world. On 27 September 2013 the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics named the airport and the former Vought-Sikorsky Aircraft Plant as an aerospace historic landmark. In 1999, scheduled air service was halted. On April 27, 1994 a chartered aircraft overshot the 6-24 runway and struck a fence, killing eight of the nine aboard. On November 1, 1992 President George H W Bush gave a speech at this airport. On October 17, 1962 President John F. Kennedy gave a speech at the airport. In June 1933 a de Havilland Dragon named "Seafarer" flown by Jim Mollison and Amy Johnson crashed-landed. The aviators survived but the plane was a complete loss. In 1919 a Curtiss JN-4 crashed. See also Connecticut World War II Army Airfields List of airports in Connecticut Igor I. Sikorsky Memorial Bridge Sikorsky Aircraft References External links Sikorsky Memorial Airport at City of Bridgeport website Lordship aviation history Aerial image as of April 1991 from USGS The National Map Airports established in 1911 Airports in Fairfield County, Connecticut Buildings and structures in Stratford, Connecticut Transportation in Bridgeport, Connecticut Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Connecticut 1911 establishments in Connecticut
22312262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Guice	John Guice	John Guice (born October 10, 1983) is a former Canadian football defensive back. He was signed by the BC Lions as a street free agent in 2008. He played college football for the UNLV Rebels. External links BC Lions bio UNLV Rebels bio 1983 births Living people Players of Canadian football from Atlanta Canadian football defensive backs UNLV Rebels football players BC Lions players
51697959	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayonara%20Sensation	Sayonara Sensation	"Sayonara Sensation" is the second single by Hey! Say! JUMP's sub group, Sensations, and the group's eighteenth single overall. It was released for the film Assassination Classroom: Graduation, starring group member Ryosuke Yamada. The group made two music videos for the single: New Gear Mode and Final Battle Mode. Regular Edition DVD New Gear Mode PV Cathode Side PV Making Final Battle Mode & New Gear Mode PV & Cathode Side PV Making Limited Edition CD "Sayonara Sensation" "Sayonara Sensation" (Original Karaoke) DVD Final Battle Mode PV Anode Side PV Final Battle Mode PV & Anode Side PV Making References 2016 singles Hey! Say! JUMP songs 2016 songs J Storm singles
65272659	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis%20Creek%20%28Cape%20Fear%20River%20tributary%29	Willis Creek (Cape Fear River tributary)	Willis Creek is a long 2nd order tributary to the Cape Fear River in Cumberland County, North Carolina. Course Willis Creek rises on the west side of Fayetteville, North Carolina in Fort Bragg. Cross Creek then flows southeast through Fayetteville to join the Cape Fear River on the east side of Fayetteville. Watershed Cross Creek drains of area, receives about 48.7 in/year of precipitation, has a wetness index of 560.85 and is about 19% forested. See also List of rivers of North Carolina References Rivers of North Carolina Rivers of Cumberland County, North Carolina Tributaries of the Cape Fear River