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3363
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Who developed the Attachment and Health psychological model?
|
[
{
"docid": "19654750#0",
"text": "Attachment-based therapy applies to interventions or approaches based on attachment theory, originated by John Bowlby. These range from individual therapeutic approaches to public health programs to interventions specifically designed for foster carers. Although attachment theory has become a major scientific theory of socioemotional development with one of the broadest, deepest research lines in modern psychology, attachment theory has, until recently, been less clinically applied than theories with far less empirical support. This may be partly due to lack of attention paid to clinical application by Bowlby himself and partly due to broader meanings of the word 'attachment' used amongst practitioners. It may also be partly due to the mistaken association of attachment theory with the pseudo-scientific interventions misleadingly known as attachment therapy. The approaches set out below are examples of recent clinical applications of attachment theory by mainstream attachment theorists and clinicians and are aimed at infants or children who have developed or are at risk of developing less desirable, insecure attachment styles or an attachment disorder.",
"title": "Attachment-based therapy (children)"
},
{
"docid": "9014#26",
"text": "Attachment theory, originally developed by John Bowlby, focuses on the importance of open, intimate, emotionally meaningful relationships. Attachment is described as a biological system or powerful survival impulse that evolved to ensure the survival of the infant. A child who is threatened or stressed will move toward caregivers who create a sense of physical, emotional and psychological safety for the individual. Attachment feeds on body contact and familiarity. Later Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation protocol and the concept of the secure base.",
"title": "Developmental psychology"
},
{
"docid": "740176#47",
"text": "The broad theoretical framework for current versions of RAD is attachment theory, based on work conducted from the 1940s to the 1980s by John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth and René Spitz. Attachment theory is a framework that employs psychological, ethological and evolutionary concepts to explain social behaviors typical of young children. Attachment theory focuses on the tendency of infants or children to \"seek proximity\" to a \"particular attachment figure\" (familiar caregiver), in situations of alarm or distress, behavior which appears to have survival value. This is known as a discriminatory or selective attachment. Subsequently, the child begins to use the caregiver as a base of security from which to explore the environment, returning periodically to the familiar person. Attachment is not the same as love and/or affection although they are often associated. Attachment and attachment behaviors tend to develop between the ages of six months and three years. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with the infant, and who remain as consistent caregivers for some time. Caregiver responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment, that in turn lead to internal working models which will guide the individual's feelings, thoughts, and expectations in later relationships. For a diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder, the child's history and atypical social behavior must suggest the absence of formation of a discriminatory or selective attachment.",
"title": "Reactive attachment disorder"
},
{
"docid": "57430974#0",
"text": "Internal working model of attachment is a psychological approach that attempts to describe the development of mental representations, specifically the worthiness of the self and expectations of others' reactions to the self. This model is a result of interactions with primary caregivers which become internalized, and is therefore an automatic process. John Bowlby implemented this model in his attachment theory in order to explain how infants act in accordance with these mental representations. It is an important aspect of general attachment theory.",
"title": "Internal working model of attachment"
},
{
"docid": "50015690#1",
"text": "John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth developed attachment theory in the 1960s while investigating the effects of maternal separation on infant development. The development of the Strange Situation task in 1965 by Ainsworth and Wittig allowed researchers to systematically investigate the attachment system operating between children and their parents. The Strange Situation involves separating infant-parent dyads and observing infant behaviours upon reunion. Infant behaviour tended to follow patterns, leading to the development of three attachment categories: Secure, Anxious-Avoidant, and Anxious-Resistant. In 1990, Ainsworth added a new category, championed by Mary Main, called Disorganized/Disoriented attachment, characterized by its less reliable pattern of behaviour.",
"title": "Attachment and Health"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "50015690#0",
"text": "Attachment and Health is psychological model which considers how attachment theory pertains to people’s preferences and expectations for the proximity of others when faced with stress, threat, danger or pain. In 1982 the American Psychiatrist, Lawrence Kolb, noticed that patients with chronic pain displayed behaviours with their healthcare providers akin to what children might display with an attachment figure, thus marking one of the first applications of attachment theory to physical health. Development of adult attachment theory and adult attachment measures in the 1990s provided researchers with the means to apply attachment theory to health in a more systematic way. Since that time it has been used to understand variation in stress response, health outcomes and health behaviour. Ultimately, the application of attachment theory to health care may enable health care practitioners to provide more personalized medicine by creating a deeper understanding of patient distress and allowing clinicians to better meet their needs and expectations.",
"title": "Attachment and Health"
},
{
"docid": "50015690#12",
"text": "Working models are representatives of the cognitive schema, or psychological structure (often unconscious), which underlie the different attachment classifications. Working models develop in children over time based on their experiences with their attachment figures. The cognitive schema for attachment consists of views of the efficacy of self and other to create security in times of distress.",
"title": "Attachment and Health"
},
{
"docid": "18756845#8",
"text": "Following the publication of \"Maternal Care and Mental Health\", Bowlby sought new understanding from such fields as evolutionary biology, ethology, developmental psychology, cognitive science and control systems theory and drew upon them to formulate the innovative proposition that the mechanisms underlying an infants tie emerged as a result of evolutionary pressure. He realised that he had to develop a new theory of motivation and behaviour control, built on up-to-date science rather than the outdated psychic energy model espoused by Freud. Bowlby expressed himself as having made good the \"deficiencies of the data and the lack of theory to link alleged cause and effect\" in \"Maternal Care and Mental Health\" in his later work \"Attachment and Loss\" published between 1969 and 1980.",
"title": "History of attachment theory"
},
{
"docid": "50015690#2",
"text": "Bowlby believed attachment to be a primary biological drive to achieve proximity with a caregiver that transforms across child development to also encompass a psychological drive to find security by achieving a preferred interpersonal distance with an important caregiver he called an attachment figure. Insecure attachment patterns develop when caregivers are experienced as inconsistent or unpredictable, which necessitates the development of different strategies to achieve a sense of comfort and safety within an interpersonal setting. Furthermore, he posited that attachment figures function as a \"secure base\" that facilitate environmental eexploration and that \"attachment behaviours\" are triggered by perceived stress, danger or pain, and are thus \"state dependent\".",
"title": "Attachment and Health"
},
{
"docid": "12372971#0",
"text": "The health belief model (HBM) is a psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services. The health belief model was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists at the U.S. Public Health Service and remains one of the best known and most widely used theories in health behavior research. The health belief model suggests that people's beliefs about health problems, perceived benefits of action and barriers to action, and self-efficacy explain engagement (or lack of engagement) in health-promoting behavior. A stimulus, or cue to action, must also be present in order to trigger the health-promoting behavior.",
"title": "Health belief model"
},
{
"docid": "57430974#5",
"text": "However, when Bowlby developed his attachment theory, cognitive psychology was still at its beginning. Only in 1967, Neisser proposed a theory of mental representation based on schemas which later led to the development of schema theory. It was said that these scripts might be the base of the structure of internal working models.",
"title": "Internal working model of attachment"
}
] |
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] |
3364
|
Who is the heaviest human?
|
[
{
"docid": "25234802#0",
"text": "Jon Brower Minnoch (September 30, 1941 – September 10, 1983) was an American man who, at his peak weight, was the heaviest human being ever recorded, weighing approximately . This figure was only a close estimation because his extreme size, declining health, and lack of mobility prevented use of a scale.",
"title": "Jon Brower Minnoch"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "33436991#5",
"text": "Dr Lakdawala has performed sleeve gastrectomy surgery on Jayesh Malukani, one of the youngest Indian patient who is a 17-year-old boy.\nHe has performed Bariatric Surgery on the heaviest man in Asia who weighed all of 285 kg (627 pounds) in Tianjen, China. He also successfully operated on Eman Ahmed, an Egyptian woman considered to be the heaviest in the world.He was awarded 'Humanitarian of the year' by the All India Human Rights Association in 2007 and a Silver Medal at Shirin Mehtaji Oration for ‘Obstructive Jaundice’ in 1996 .\nHe was also awarded as the Gold Medallist in Anatomy at First Year M.B.B.S.",
"title": "Muffazal Lakdawala"
},
{
"docid": "1079718#0",
"text": "Robert Earl Hughes (June 4, 1926 – July 10, 1958) was an American man who was, during his lifetime, the heaviest human being recorded in the history of the world.",
"title": "Robert Earl Hughes"
},
{
"docid": "37174452#0",
"text": "Mayra Lizbeth Rosales (born 1980) is a Mexican American woman known for being, at one point, the heaviest living woman. At her heaviest, she weighed 470 kg (1,036 lb). She came to prominence in March 2008 when her sister was jailed for murdering her two-year-old nephew. She decided to get her life back in order to get custody of her sister's children, who had no parents to take care of them at that time.",
"title": "Mayra Rosales"
},
{
"docid": "43007322#0",
"text": "Khalid bin Mohsen Shaari (born 28 February 1991) is a Saudi Arabian man who in August 2013 was found to be the heaviest living person and the second-heaviest person in recorded history at , behind Jon Brower Minnoch. He also had a BMI of 204, the highest ever recorded. He was ordered by King Abdullah to be transferred from his home — which he had been unable to leave for over two years — to the country's capital, Riyadh, to receive treatment. As a result of this treatment, he lost a total of — more than half his body weight — in six months. In 2016, Fox News reported he was walking with the assistance of a walker.",
"title": "Khalid bin Mohsen Shaari"
},
{
"docid": "7044#6",
"text": "The heaviest beetle, indeed the heaviest insect stage, is the larva of the goliath beetle, \"Goliathus goliatus\", which can attain a mass of at least and a length of . Adult male goliath beetles are the heaviest beetle in its adult stage, weighing and measuring up to . Adult elephant beetles, \"Megasoma elephas\" and \"Megasoma actaeon\" often reach and .",
"title": "Beetle"
},
{
"docid": "6670017#9",
"text": "The Bornean orangutan is the third-heaviest living primate after the two species of gorilla, and the largest truly arboreal (or tree-dwelling) animal alive today. Body weights broadly overlap with the considerably taller \"Homo sapiens\", but the latter is considerably more variable in size. By comparison, the Sumatran orangutan is similar in size but, on average, is marginally lighter in weight. A survey of wild orangutans found that males weigh on average , ranging from , and long; females average , ranging from , and long. While in captivity, orangutans can grow considerably overweight, up to more than . The heaviest known male orangutan in captivity was an obese male named \"Andy\", who weighed in 1959 when he was 13 years old.",
"title": "Bornean orangutan"
},
{
"docid": "47991772#0",
"text": "Matt Alaeddine is a Canadian-based entertainer from Edmonton, Alberta who is the world's fattest contortionist. He has travelled around the world performing in a variety of venues. After getting his start at the Edmonton Fringe Festival, he has gone on to appear on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Canada's Got Talent, and Comedy Central's Gong Show. He holds the world records for \"Heaviest Man to Touch Own Feet to Ears\" and \"Heaviest Man to Fit Through a Hula Hoop.\"",
"title": "Matt Alaeddine"
},
{
"docid": "44058481#4",
"text": "Although it was the heaviest Cambridge crew ever, they weighed an average of 13 st 4.75 lb (84.5 kg), almost per rower less than Oxford, who were the heaviest crew in Boat Race history. Oxford saw two former Blues return in Miles Morland and Duncan Spencer, while Cambridge's crew included four Boat Race veterans in Donald Legget, Mike Bevan, John Lecky and Christopher Davey. Lecky was a Canadian international rower who had won a silver medal in the men's eight at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Six of Oxford's crew came from Keble College, five of those schooled at Eton College.",
"title": "The Boat Race 1964"
},
{
"docid": "48471726#0",
"text": "Paul Jonathan Mason (born 1960) is an English man who is known for being one of the world's former heaviest men, weighing in at at his peak. Mason was given a gastric bypass surgery in 2010, and lost an estimated .",
"title": "Paul Jonathan Mason"
}
] |
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] |
3365
|
What are the main climate types?
|
[
{
"docid": "484254#1",
"text": "The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are \"A\" (tropical), \"B\" (dry), \"C\" (temperate), \"D\" (continental), and \"E\" (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are assigned a main group (the first letter). All climates except for those in the \"E\" group are assigned a seasonal precipitation subgroup (the second letter). For example, \"Af\" indicates a tropical rainforest climate. The system assigns a temperature subgroup for all groups other than those in the \"A\" group, indicated by the third letter for climates in \"B\", \"C\", and \"D\", and the second letter for climates in \"E\". For example, \"Cfb\" indicates an oceanic climate with warm summers as indicated by the ending \"b\". Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type.",
"title": "Köppen climate classification"
},
{
"docid": "5999#10",
"text": "The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. These primary types are A) tropical, B) dry, C) mild mid-latitude, D) cold mid-latitude, and E) polar. The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as rainforest, monsoon, tropical savanna, humid subtropical, humid continental, oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, desert, steppe, subarctic climate, tundra, and polar ice cap.",
"title": "Climate"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2664846#18",
"text": "The classification of climate from paleosols can be related using climatically sensitive features of soils that are sensitive to particular climatic variables, but even the best of these features lack precision. This is because soils are not as sensitive as meteorological instruments for recording climatic conditions. However, in a fairly broad category, climate can be interpreted from the sensitive features found in soils. One of the most large-scale influences regarding the classification of climate was created in 1918, then modified over two decades by the German meteorologist Vladimir Köppen (Trewartha 1982). He proposed there are five main climate groups (Köppen climate classification), each corresponding to the main types of terrestrial vegetation. Each climate type is designated by letters, with upper-case letters referring to the main climate groups and lower-case letters referring to subsidiary climatic features. (Retallack 2001)",
"title": "Paleopedology"
},
{
"docid": "27390#18",
"text": "Three main climatic zones can be separated, according to geographical situation and orographic conditions:Apart from these main types, other sub-types can be found, like the desertic climate in parts of southeastern Spain, like in coastal Almería. Humid continental, alpine and tundra climates in the Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada, and a typical subtropical climate in the Canary Islands, varying from humid subtropical climates to desertic climates in most of the islands, and a tropical hot semi-arid climate in coastal parts, such as Tenerife or Gran Canaria.The largest metropolitan areas, based on 2007 population, were:\nIslander population:",
"title": "Geography of Spain"
},
{
"docid": "48551844#0",
"text": "Due to its vast size and range of altitudes, Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions, ranging from the hot subtropical region in the north to the cold subantarctic in the far south. Lying between those is the Pampas region, featuring a mild and humid climate. Many regions have different, often contrasting, microclimates. In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold in which the relief features, and the latitudinal extent of the country, determine the different varieties within the main climate types.",
"title": "Climatic regions of Argentina"
},
{
"docid": "48551844#15",
"text": "Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry, hot, and subtropical. Owing to its rugged topography, the region is climatically diverse, depending on the altitude, temperature, and distribution of precipitation. Consequently, vegetation differs within these different climate types. In general, the climate can be divided into two main types: a cold arid or semi-arid climate at the higher altitudes, and warmer subtropical climate in the eastern parts of the region. Under the Köppen climate classification, the region has 5 different climate types: semi–arid (\"BS\"), arid (\"BW\"), temperate climate without a dry season and with a dry season (\"Cf\" and \"Cw\" respectively), and an alpine climate at the highest altitudes.",
"title": "Climatic regions of Argentina"
},
{
"docid": "484254#2",
"text": "Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, so the main climate groups are based on the different variety of vegetation that grows in climates belonging to each group. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its link with the plant life of a region, the system is useful in predicting future changes in plant life within a region.",
"title": "Köppen climate classification"
},
{
"docid": "2526588#3",
"text": "Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry and hot and classified as subtropical. Owing to its rugged topography, the region is climatically diverse, depending on the altitude, temperature and distribution of precipitation. Consequentially, the vegetation will differ at these different climate types. In general, the climate can be divided into 2 main types: a cold arid or semi-arid climate at the higher altitudes and warmer subtropical climate in the eastern parts of the region. Under the Köppen climate classification, the region has 5 different climate types which are semi–arid (\"BS\"), arid (\"BW\"), without a dry season and with a dry season (\"Cf\" and \"CW\" respectively) and an alpine climate at the highest altitudes.",
"title": "Argentine Northwest"
},
{
"docid": "224021#40",
"text": "There are three main climates in the state. The lowlands are hot with temperatures rising as high as 44C in the summer in places such as the municipality of Pisaflores. Temperate regions can have hot days but often the temperature is moderated by cooler winds and clouds. Cold climates dominate the highest altitudes where freezing temperatures at night are not uncommon. Rainfall varies widely from as low as 250mm per year to as high as 2,800mm per year. The main indicator of climate type is altitude.",
"title": "Hidalgo (state)"
},
{
"docid": "48551844#4",
"text": "In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold, all determined by the expanse across latitude, range in altitude, and relief features. The vast size, and wide range of altitudes, contribute to Argentina's diverse climate. Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions ranging from subtropical in the north to subantarctic in the far south. Lying between those is the Pampas region, which features a mild and humid climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Argentina has 11 different climate types: Humid Subtropical (Cfa, Cwa), moderate oceanic (Cfb), warm semi-arid (BSh), subtropical highland oceanic (Cwb), warm desert (BWh), cold semi–arid (BSk), cold desert (BWk), moderate Mediterranean (Csb), cold oceanic (Cfc), and tundra (ET). Consequently, there is a wide variety of biomes in the country, including subtropical rain forests, semi-arid and arid regions, temperate plains in the Pampas, and cold subantarctic in the south. However, despite the diversity of biomes, about two-thirds of Argentina is arid or semi-arid. Argentina is best divided into six distinct regions reflecting the climatic conditions of the country as a whole. From north to south, these regions are Northwest, Chaco, Northeast, Cuyo/Monte, Pampas, and Patagonia. Each climatic region has distinctive types of vegetation.",
"title": "Climatic regions of Argentina"
},
{
"docid": "17335975#24",
"text": "In general, Argentina has four main climate types: warm, moderate, arid, and cold, all determined by the expanse across latitude, range in altitude, and relief features. The vast size, and wide range of altitudes, contribute to Argentina's diverse climate. Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions ranging from subtropical in the north to subantarctic in the far south. Lying between those is the Pampas region, which features a mild and humid climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Argentina has 11 different climate types: Humid Subtropical (Cfa, Cwa), moderate oceanic (Cfb), warm semi-arid (BSh), subtropical highland oceanic (Cwb), warm desert (BWh), cold semi–arid (BSk), cold desert (BWk), moderate Mediterranean (Csb), cold oceanic (Cfc), and tundra (ET). Consequently, there is a wide variety of biomes in the country, including subtropical rain forests, semi-arid and arid regions, temperate plains in the Pampas, and cold subantarctic in the south. However, despite the diversity of biomes, about two-thirds of Argentina is arid or semi-arid. Argentina is best divided into six distinct regions reflecting the climatic conditions of the country as a whole. From north to south, these regions are Northwest, Chaco, Northeast, Cuyo/Monte, Pampas, and Patagonia. Each climatic region has distinctive types of vegetation.",
"title": "Climate of Argentina"
}
] |
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3366
|
Who won The Battle of Kyongju?
|
[
{
"docid": "30002077#0",
"text": "The Battle of Kyongju was an engagement between United Nations (UN) and North Korean (NK) forces early in the Korean War from August 31 to September 15, 1950, in the vicinity of Kyongju in South Korea. It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously. The battle ended in a victory for the United Nations after large numbers of United States (US) and Republic of Korea (ROK) troops repelled a strong North Korean attack.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30002077#20",
"text": "By 1200 on September 4, North Korean units had established roadblocks along the Kyongju-An'gang-ni road within of Kyongju. A gap existed between the ROK 3rd and Capital Divisions in the P'ohang-dong area. But the big break in the United Nations line was in the high mountain mass west of the Hyongsan valley and southwest of An'gang-ni. In this area northwest of Kyongju there was an gap between the Capital Division and the ROK 8th Division to the west. From that direction the North Koreans posed a threat to the railroad and the road net running south through the Kyongju corridor to Pusan. Faced with this big gap on his left flank, Coulter put the US 21st Infantry in the broad valley and on its bordering hills northwest of Kyongju to block any approach from that direction.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
},
{
"docid": "30002077#27",
"text": "Coulter knew the NK 15th Division had crossed the Taegu lateral corridor at Yongch'on and was heading in the direction of Kyongju. On September 6, he ordered the US 21st Infantry to attack the next day up the valley and bordering hills that lead northwest from Kyongju into the high mountain mass in the direction of Yongch'on. When it attacked there on September 7 the 21st Infantry encountered virtually no opposition.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
},
{
"docid": "30002077#1",
"text": "Holding a line north of P'ohang-dong, An'gang-ni, and Kyongju, the so-called \"Kyongju corridor,\" the Republic of Korea Army I Corps was unexpectedly hit with an attack by the North Korean People's Army's II Corps, part of the wider Great Naktong Offensive. The South Korean troops, already demoralized and struggling to maintain a strong defensive line, were easily pushed back from their positions. US Army units were called in to assist the South Koreans repel the attack.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
},
{
"docid": "30002077#17",
"text": "This forced Coulter to withdraw the 21st Infantry from the line northwest of P'ohang-dong and concentrate it in the vicinity of Kyongju. The 2nd Battalion had joined the regiment on August 31, but Coulter had held it in the task force's reserve at An'gang-ni. That battalion now took up a horseshoe-shaped defense position around the town, with some elements on high ground east where they protected the Kyongju to P'ohang-dong highway. The rest of the regiment closed into an assembly area north of Kyongju. At the same time, Walker started the newly activated ROK 7th Division toward the North Korean penetration. Its ROK 5th Regiment closed at Yongch'on that afternoon, and the ROK 3rd Regiment, less its 1st Battalion, closed at Kyongju in the evening. Walker also authorized Coulter to use the 3rd Battalion, 9th Infantry; the 9th Infantry Regimental Tank Company; and the 15th Field Artillery Battalion as he deemed advisable. These units, held at Yonil Airfield for its defense, had not previously been available for commitment elsewhere.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
},
{
"docid": "30002077#28",
"text": "At 12:30 Eighth Army redesignated Task Force Jackson as Task Force Church, and at 13:00 Coulter departed Kyongju for Taegu to resume his planning duties. Church was now in command on the eastern front. That afternoon, September 7, Church canceled Coulter's order for the 21st Infantry to attack into the mountains. He felt it was a useless dispersion of troops and he wanted the regiment concentrated near Kyongju. Church made still another change in the disposition of the task force. On the 8th he moved its command post from Kyongju to the vicinity of Choyang-ni, south. He believed the command post could be more easily defended there in the open if attacked than in a town, and that traffic congestion near it would be less.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
},
{
"docid": "30002077#9",
"text": "At a briefing in Taegu on August 27, Eighth Army commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker showed his concern over this development. One of those present was Major General John B. Coulter who had arrived in Korea about a month earlier. Half an hour after the briefing ended, Walker ordered Coulter to observe the South Korean troops on the east. Coulter flew to Kyongju, arriving there at 12:00 that day. Walker in the meantime formally appointed Coulter Deputy Commander, Eighth Army, placing him in command of the ROK I Corps which controlled the Capital and 3rd Divisions, the US 21st Infantry Regiment, the 3rd Battalion, US 9th Infantry Regiment, and the 73rd Medium Tank Battalion, less C Company. Coulter designated these units Task Force Jackson and established his headquarters in the same building in Kyongju in which the ROK I Corps commander and the KMAG officers had their command post.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
},
{
"docid": "30002077#29",
"text": "Fighting continued between the North Koreans and the ROK Capital Division on the hills bordering the valley from An'gang-ni to Kyongju. The 3rd Battalion, US 19th Infantry, became involved there just after midnight on September 8–9. A North Korean force attacked K Company and drove it from Hill 300, a defensive position midway between An'gang-ni and Kyongju. North Koreans held the hill during September 9 against counterattack. Farther north, on the left side of the valley, the ROK 17th Regiment attacked and, with the support of the US 13th Field Artillery Battalion, captured Hill 285 and held it against several North Korean counterattacks. On the opposite, east side of the valley the ROK 18th Regiment made limited gains. These battles took place in drenching typhoon rains. Low-hanging clouds allowed very little air support. The rains finally ceased on September 10.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
},
{
"docid": "30002077#10",
"text": "When he arrived at Kyongju that day, Coulter found the ROK I Corps disintegrating rapidly and in low morale. Walker had instructed him to issue his orders to the ROK I Corps commander as advice, which Coulter did. Coulter had the mission of eliminating the North Korean penetration in the Kigye area and of seizing and organizing the high ground extending from north of Yongch'on to the coast at Wolp'o-ri, about north of P'ohang-dong. This line passed north of Kigye. Coulter was to attack as soon as possible with Task Force Jackson to gain the first high ground north of Kigye. The US 21st Infantry Regiment was moving to a position north of Taegu on the morning of August 27, when Walker revoked its orders and instructed it to turn around and proceed as rapidly as possible to Kyongju and report to Coulter. The regiment departed Taegu at 10:00 and arrived at Kyongju that afternoon. Coulter immediately sent the 3rd Battalion north to An'gang-ni where it went into a position behind the ROK Capital Division.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
},
{
"docid": "30002077#26",
"text": "The gains of the North Koreans in the east on September 4 caused Walker to shift still more troops to that area. The day before, he had ordered the US 24th Infantry Division to move from its reserve position near Taegu to the lower Naktong River to relieve the US 1st Provisional Marine Brigade in the Naktong Bulge area of the US 2nd Infantry Division front. It bivouacked that night on the banks of the Naktong near Susan-nil. On the morning of the 4th, before it could begin relief of the US Marine Corps forces there, the 24th Infantry Division received a new order to proceed to Kyongju. The assistant division commander, Brigadier General Garrison H. Davidson, proceeding at once by jeep, arrived at Kyongju that evening. Division troops and the US 19th Infantry Regiment started at 13:00 the next day, September 5, and, traveling over muddy roads, most of them arrived at Kyongju just before midnight. Major General John H. Church, the 24th Division commander, had arrived there during the day. All division units had arrived by 07:00, September 6.",
"title": "Battle of Kyongju"
}
] |
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] |
3367
|
How large is Flanders today?
|
[
{
"docid": "10878#56",
"text": "The present-day Flemish Region covers and is divided into five provinces, 22 arrondissements and 308 cities or municipalities.",
"title": "Flanders"
},
{
"docid": "10878#58",
"text": "Most municipalities are made up of several former municipalities, now called \"deelgemeenten\". The largest municipality (both in terms of population and area) is Antwerp, having more than half a million inhabitants. Its nine \"deelgemeenten\" have a special status and are called districts, which have an elected council and a college. While any municipality with more than 100,000 inhabitants can establish districts, only Antwerp did this so far. The smallest municipality (also both in terms of population and area) is Herstappe (Limburg).\nThe Flemish Community covers both the Flemish Region and, together with the French Community, the Brussels-Capital Region. Brussels, an enclave within the province of Flemish Brabant, is not divided into any province nor is it part of any. It coincides with the Arrondissement of Brussels-Capital and includes 19 municipalities.",
"title": "Flanders"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "169138#1",
"text": "Zeelandic Flanders is the north-eastern part of the large historical region of Flanders which today lies mostly in Belgium. It shares a land border with the Belgian provinces of East and West Flanders. It is a latitudinally oriented strip of land along the Western Scheldt, a North Sea estuary, and has no land access to the rest of the Netherlands. The area of Zeelandic Flanders is of which is land and is water.",
"title": "Zeelandic Flanders"
},
{
"docid": "13034025#0",
"text": "Helen Hartness Flanders (May 19, 1890 – May 23, 1972), a native of the U.S. state of Vermont, was an internationally recognized ballad collector and an authority on the folk music found in New England and the British Isles. At the initiative of the Vermont Commission on Country Life, Flanders commenced a three-decade career capturing traditional songs that were sung in New England—songs that, in many cases, traced their origin to the British Isles. The timing of her life work was critical, coming as it did when people were turning away from traditional music in favor of listening to the radio. Today her nearly 4,500 field recordings, transcriptions and analyses are housed at the Flanders Ballad Collection at Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont and have been a resource for scholars and folk singers, since the establishment of the collection in 1941.",
"title": "Helen Hartness Flanders"
},
{
"docid": "41272664#3",
"text": "The Flanders virus is similar to the antigentic make-up of the Hart Park virus. Both the HP and Flanders viruses are part of the Rhabdoviridae family and are both agents of \"Culex\" mosquitoes. The Flanders virus was named after the town in which it was first discovered in 1960. This town, in New York is a hamlet that provides the ideal habitat for mosquitoes because of its relatively long coastline. The access to large standing bodies of water are perfect nesting grounds for the \"Culex\" mosquitoes to begin laying eggs, away from potential predators. Similarly, the Flanders virus typically infects wild birds. The primary targets of the Flanders virus are red-winged blackbirds, house sparrows, and starlings.",
"title": "Hart Park virus"
},
{
"docid": "25883982#0",
"text": "Marc Mortier (9 December 1948 – 3 May 2004) was CEO of Flanders Expo from its foundation in 1986 to 2002. Flanders Expo is the biggest event hall in Flanders, and the second biggest in Belgium (Flanders Expo's indoor surface is 55,000 m²). Mortier later became president of Febelux, the Federation of Exhibitions in Belgium and Luxemburg. Until 2002, many concerts took place in Flanders Expo. Hall 8's capacity is more than 13,000 people.",
"title": "Marc Mortier"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
}
] |
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3368
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When did Yates Stirling Jr. become an admiral?
|
[
{
"docid": "34395955#0",
"text": "Yates Stirling Jr. (April 30, 1872 – January 27, 1948) was a decorated and controversial rear admiral in the United States Navy whose 44-year career spanned from several years before the Spanish–American War to the mid-1930s. He was awarded the Navy Cross and French Legion of Honor for distinguished service during World War One. The elder son of Rear Admiral Yates Stirling, he was an outspoken advocate of American sea power as a strong deterrent to war and to protect and promote international commerce. During Stirling's naval career and following retirement, he was a frequent lecturer, newspaper columnist and author of numerous books and articles, including his memoirs, \"Sea Duty: The Memoirs of a Fighting Admiral\", published in 1939. Describing himself, Stirling wrote, \"All my life I have been called a stormy petrel. I have never hesitated to use the pen to reveal what I considered should be brought to public attention, usually within the Navy, but often to a wider public. I seem to see some benefits that have come through those efforts. I have always believed that a naval man is disloyal to his country if he does not reveal acts that are doing harm to his service and show, if he can, how to remedy the fault. An efficient Navy cannot be run with 'yes men' only.\"",
"title": "Yates Stirling Jr."
},
{
"docid": "34395955#24",
"text": "On July 20, 1924, he became Captain of the Yard, Navy Yard, Washington, D.C., with additional duty as Assistant Superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory. He was promoted to rear admiral on October 6, 1926 and in December that year Stirling was designated Chief of Staff to Admiral Charles F. Hughes, Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet, based at San Pedro, California. At the October 27, 1927 Navy Day Ceremonies at San Pedro harbor, despite an all-day downpour, thousands of Southern Californians gathered for the festivities, including ships' tours, band performances of patriotic music and the key-note address given by Stirling, \"Merchant Marine, the Navy and the Nation\".",
"title": "Yates Stirling Jr."
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34395955#1",
"text": "Yates Stirling Jr. was born in Vallejo, California, in 1872 to Lieutenant Commander Yates Stirling Sr. (1843–1929) (United States Naval Academy Class of 1863) and his wife, Ellen Salisbury (née Hale) Stirling (1843–1929). At the time of Yates Jr.'s birth, his father was assigned to the , receiving ship at Mare Island Naval Shipyard. From an established Maryland family, Stirling was a great-grandson of Thomas Yates (1740–1815), Captain, Fourth Battalion, Maryland Regulars during the American Revolutionary War. When he was about four, Stirling's family moved to Baltimore, Maryland, the home of his father and grandfather. He was one of five children that survived to adulthood and the oldest of two boys, both of whom followed their father's footsteps to the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis. His younger brother, Commander Archibald G. Stirling (1884–1963) (United States Naval Academy Class of 1906) retired in 1933 but returned to active duty from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. The Yates Stirling family was the second in U.S. Naval history to have father and son flag officers (rear admirals) living at the same time. The first were Rear Admirals Thomas O. Selfridge Sr. and Jr.",
"title": "Yates Stirling Jr."
},
{
"docid": "34395955#36",
"text": "Rear Admiral Stirling died in his sleep on January 27, 1948, after three months’ illness in Baltimore, Maryland, his home for many years, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. He was survived by his wife, two sons, Captain Yates Stirling, III, USN (Ret.) of Norfolk, Virginia, and Commander Harry E. Stirling USN; and three daughters, Katharine (Mrs. William R. Ilk) of Los Angeles, California and Misses Ellen and Adelaide Stirling of Baltimore. Also surviving was his younger brother, Commander Archibald G. Stirllng, USN (Ret.) of Newport, Rhode Island.Rear Admiral Yates Stirling Jr. was awarded these decorations and service awards:",
"title": "Yates Stirling Jr."
},
{
"docid": "34396165#1",
"text": "Stirling was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on 6 May 1843, the son of Archibald Stirling and the former Elizabeth A. Walsh. He and his wife, Ellen (1843–1929), had seven children. Their elder son, Yates Stirling, Jr. (1872–1948), also became a rear admiral in the Navy, making them only the second family in the history of the U.S. Navy to have father and son rear admirals concurrently living. The first were Rear Admirals Thomas O. Selfridge, Sr. and Junior. Stirling's younger son, Archibald (1884-1963), was a captain in the Navy.",
"title": "Yates Stirling"
},
{
"docid": "34395955#16",
"text": "On 23 February 1900 he joined the , and on November 21 of the same year, reported for duty to his father, then a captain and the commandant of the Naval Station, San Juan, Puerto Rico. Following his father's promotion to rear admiral in June 1902, the elder Stirling was named commandant of the Puget Sound Navy Yard, where Yates Jr. joined him shortly thereafter as an officer of the yard. The elder Stirling was commander-in-chief of the United States Asiatic Fleet from 11 July 1904 to 23 March 1905 before retiring from the Navy on 6 May 1905 at the mandatory age of 62. During the time he commanded the Asiatic Fleet, his flag was on the and Yates Jr. served as his flag lieutenant. While he was with the Asiatic Fleet, Stirling also had staff duty on the . In mid-April 1905, Stirling, his father and their wives returned to the United States from Yokohama, Japan aboard the steamship \"S.S. Korea\" after the elder Stirling detached from command of the Asiatic Fleet. In 1905–1906, Stirling remained at sea in the and later, . In the rank of Lieutenant Commander he reported on October 1, 1906 to the Naval Academy and while on duty there made a cruise on the in the summer of 1907. Detached from the Naval Academy in June 1908 he next served on the , flagship of Admiral Charles S. Sperry Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet as gunnery officer. Stirling joined \"Connecticut\", at San Francisco, where it was then en route as flagship of the Great White Fleet on a global circumnavigation. Following refit at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, the fleet stood out on the next leg of the voyage on 7 July, reaching Hawaii on 16 July. Sailing from Hawaii, the fleet made ports of call at Auckland, New Zealand; Sydney and Melbourne, Australia; Manila, Philippines; Yokohama, Japan; Colombo, Ceylon; arriving at Suez, Egypt, on 3 January 1909.",
"title": "Yates Stirling Jr."
},
{
"docid": "34395955#3",
"text": "When Stirling was nearly fifteen, his father was given command of the old sloop-of-war , the receiving ship at the Washington Navy Yard. CDR Stirling moved his family from Baltimore to Washington, D.C., where the family set up comfortable, but cramped living quarters on the \"Dale\". Stirling was delighted with the change, and when he wasn't at school, enjoyed sailing on the Anacostia and Potomac Rivers in a boat that the \"Dale's\" sailors had rigged for him. Thrown in with the sons of naval officers at the Navy Yard, he soon realized that like himself, most aspired to naval careers. When Yates Jr. was fifteen, his father had taken him to the White House for the purpose of meeting President Grover Cleveland and requesting an appointment to Annapolis for his son. Dressed in shorts, that Stirling later regretted wearing since they accentuated his youthful looks, he recalled Cleveland telling his father, \"Why, Commander, your son looks too young to go to Annapolis this year. Maybe next, it will be possible. Shall I have his name put down for an appointment then?\"",
"title": "Yates Stirling Jr."
},
{
"docid": "34395955#34",
"text": "Stirling married the former Adelaide Egbert, daughter of Brigadier General Harry C. Egbert, in 1903 when he was 31. They had five children, two boys and three girls. His eldest son, Yates Stirling, III became a captain in the Navy. His younger son, Harry, also served in the Navy and attained the rank of commander.",
"title": "Yates Stirling Jr."
},
{
"docid": "34395955#2",
"text": "As a boy living in Baltimore's upper west side, Stirling attended public schools where despite a professed dislike of physical combat, he had a reputation of being a fighter. While his father was at sea for as long as three years at a time, Stirling had a happy home life with a mother that instilled a love for reading and provided private teachers that enabled him to skip grades at school, though Stirling admitted he was not a good student. During his father's cruise absences, the family's only knowledge of his well-being came in bulky packets of letters arriving in bunches over long intervals that Stirling's mother, Ellen, would read aloud to her children. The exciting details of life on a warship—\"gales, tropical coral reefs, savage people, hunting, and yellow fever\"—influenced Stirling's desire for the naval life. But he saw that it was not without sacrifice. A younger brother was about three when Stirling's father left Baltimore for a long cruise. A few months later, the boy contracted diphtheria and died. Another younger brother, Archie, was born shortly after that. Yates Stirling Jr. wondered how his father must have felt when he returned home and saw a new son that was nearly the same age as the one he had lost.",
"title": "Yates Stirling Jr."
},
{
"docid": "34396165#8",
"text": "Stirling had duty as a lighthouse inspector from December 1892 to December 1894 and was promoted to captain on 16 September 1894. He awaited orders from December 1894 until May 1895, then was commanding officer of the protected cruiser from May 1895 to July 1896 and of the screw sloop-of-war from July 1896 to June 1897. He was commander of the South Atlantic Squadron from July to December 1897. After duty as a member of the Lighthouse Board from 31 March 1898 to 1 July 1900, he became commandant of Naval Station San Juan in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on 21 November 1900, serving in that capacity into 1902. In May 1900, while commandant at San Juan, Captain Stirling rescued the Lloyd's agent there, a man named Butler who had jumped off the municipal pier that had caught fire. Stirling was promoted to rear admiral on 8 June 1902. Following his promotion, he was named commandant of the Puget Sound Navy Yard, where his son, Yates, Jr. joined him shortly thereafter as an officer of the yard.",
"title": "Yates Stirling"
}
] |
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3370
|
When was the first episode of American Horror Story: Roanoke?
|
[
{
"docid": "51674053#0",
"text": "\"Chapter 6\" is the sixth episode of the of the anthology television series \"American Horror Story\". It aired on October 19, 2016, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Ned Martel and directed by Angela Bassett. One of the first major story arc changes of the series, the format of the series becomes a found footage horror depicting the aftermath of \"My Roanoke Nightmare\" and the development of a follow-up series, \"Return to Roanoke: Three Days in Hell\".",
"title": "Chapter 6 (American Horror Story)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "48519740#0",
"text": "American Horror Story: Roanoke is the sixth season of the FX horror anthology television series \"American Horror Story\". It premiered on September 14, 2016, marking the first time the series has debuted outside of October, and concluded on November 16, 2016.",
"title": "American Horror Story: Roanoke"
},
{
"docid": "31227103#38",
"text": "\"Roanoke\" featured no title sequence or opening credits, instead opting for a simple title card from the first season, \"Murder House\", while the series theme music plays over the end credits. At the end of the finale's credits, the title of the season \"\"American Horror Story: Roanoke\"\" was revealed.",
"title": "American Horror Story"
},
{
"docid": "48519740#2",
"text": "Prior to the premiere, series co-creator Ryan Murphy stated this season of the series would be \"more rogue\" and \"dark\" in contrast to its previous cycle, \"\". Details about its plot and cast were kept secret until the first episode aired, an unusual approach to publicity for the series. As such, it became the first iteration of the series to not release a subtitle prior to the season premiere since its . Several potential themes were theorized based on various promotional material produced by FX. After the release of pictures taken from the set in Santa Clarita, it was widely speculated that the season would incorporate the infamous 1580s Roanoke Colony disappearance. The premiere episode revealed the season to be depicted as a paranormal documentary entitled \"My Roanoke Nightmare\" which reenacts the experiences of a married couple who relocate to North Carolina. \"Roanoke\" has received positive reviews, with critics noting its subdued aesthetic and pacing in comparison to earlier seasons of the series.",
"title": "American Horror Story: Roanoke"
},
{
"docid": "48519740#14",
"text": "\"American Horror Story: Roanoke\" has received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 76% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.68/10, based on 14 reviews. The site's consensus reads, \"\"American Horror Story: Roanoke\" takes a surprising turn away from prior \"AHS\" formats, revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier, smaller scale, even if the true-crime format feels overdone.\" On Metacritic, the season was given a score of 72 out of 100 based on 9 reviews, indicating \"generally positive reviews\".",
"title": "American Horror Story: Roanoke"
},
{
"docid": "51599003#5",
"text": "The episode holds an 87% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 5.8/10. The critical consensus reads, \"\"Chapter 5\" provides a satisfyingly scary conclusion to \"Roanoke\" first story arc – and sets up a quick change of course.\"",
"title": "Chapter 5 (American Horror Story)"
},
{
"docid": "51674053#6",
"text": "\"Chapter 6\" received largely positive reviews with much of the praise going towards the concept and Bassett's direction. It earned a 92% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.7/10. The critical consensus reads, \"The promised surprise twist is revealed in \"Chapter 6\" of \"Roanoke\", creating a solid – and even scarier – turn of events while splitting the season in two.\" Emily L. Stephens from \"The A.V. Club\" gave the episode an A rating, stating, \"\"Chapter 6\" isn't just the best episode of the season so far; technically speaking, it ranks with the best-executed episodes of \"American Horror Story\", period.\"",
"title": "Chapter 6 (American Horror Story)"
},
{
"docid": "48519740#3",
"text": "Presented as a paranormal documentary series titled \"My Roanoke Nightmare\" in the first half of the season, the story follows a married couple whose experiences are reenacted by actors. Shelby (Lily Rabe) and Matt Miller (André Holland) move from Los Angeles, California, to a house in North Carolina following a brutal assault which left Matt temporarily hospitalized and caused Shelby to have a miscarriage. As soon as the couple settles into their new home, located on a farmstead in rural North Carolina where the Roanoke Colony settled after their infamous disappearance, strange and paranormal occurrences begin to haunt them and Matt's sister, Lee Harris (Adina Porter).\nIn the five-episode documentary, Shelby is portrayed by the extravagant English actress Audrey Tindall (Sarah Paulson), Matt by the conceited Dominic Banks (Cuba Gooding Jr.) and Lee by Monet Tumusiime (Angela Bassett).",
"title": "American Horror Story: Roanoke"
},
{
"docid": "48519740#7",
"text": "Colonial ware and design are incorporated into the season, which is theorized to be, at least partially, set in 1590 Roanoke, North Carolina. A pioneer cottage is incorporated in Santa Clarita, California. The set is fully dressed in time-period appropriate dressings, including an etched tree. The production designers constructed an entire colonial house, that serves as the season's chief setting. The house was constructed in an undisclosed California forest, over the course of four months. The abode is completely functional, furnished, and finished inside and out. This is the first time in \"American Horror Story\" history that a complete home has been built, and is quite unprecedented for film and television productions in general. A three-story set built in Malibu Canyon was not permitted properly, and after being torn down in October 2016, FX \"will be required to do extensive restoration.\"",
"title": "American Horror Story: Roanoke"
},
{
"docid": "2016144#15",
"text": "In June 2016, the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting; in the video, Paulson and others told the stories of the people killed there. In the fall of 2016, she starred sixth iteration of \"American Horror Story\", subtitled \"\"; in it, she was cast in the dual roles of British actress Audrey Tindall and tortured wife and yoga instructor Shelby Miller, the latter of whom is portrayed by Tindall's character in \"My Roanoke Nightmare\", a documentary within the series. She also reprised her role of Lana Winters in the final episode of \"Roanoke\", in which the character makes a crossover appearance.",
"title": "Sarah Paulson"
}
] |
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] |
3371
|
Who was the first president of the new South Korea?
|
[
{
"docid": "2258054#0",
"text": "The First Republic of Korea () was South Korea's first independent government, ruling the country from 1948 to 1960. It succeeded USAMGIK, the United States military government, which ruled the area from 1945 to 1948. The Philippines recognized South Korea on 15 August 1948. The First Republic was established on August 15, 1948, with Syngman Rhee as the first president. Like subsequent governments, it claimed sovereignty over the entire Korean Peninsula, although it only had power over the area south of the 38th parallel. The investiture of the Rhee government followed the general election of May 10, 1948. The country's first constitution had been promulgated by the first National Assembly on July 17. It established a system with a strong president, who was elected indirectly by the National Assembly. The April Revolution in 1960 led to the resignation of Syngman Rhee and the transition to the Second Republic of South Korea.",
"title": "First Republic of Korea"
},
{
"docid": "27028#19",
"text": "On January 18, 1952 The first president of South Korea Syngman Rhee declared that the vicinity of Dokdo was a territory of South Korea (Syngman Rhee line). Subsequently, some 3,000 Japanese fishermen who conducted fishery operations in this vicinity were captured. This incident, called the Dai Ichi Daihoumaru Ship case strained relations between South Korea and Japan.",
"title": "Foreign relations of South Korea"
},
{
"docid": "98543#18",
"text": "On July 20, 1948, Rhee was elected president of the Republic of Korea in the South Korean presidential election, 1948 with 92.3% of the vote; the second candidate, Kim Gu, received 6.7% of the vote. On August 15, the Republic of Korea was formally established in South Korea and Rhee was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Korea. The next month, on September 9, the north also proclaimed statehood as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Rhee himself had been an independence activist, and his relations with the \"chinilpa\" Korean elites who had collaborated with the Japanese were, in the words of the South Korean historian Kyung Moon Hwang, often \"contentious,\" but in the end an understanding was reached in which, in exchange for their support, Rhee would not purge the elites. In particular, the Koreans who had served in the colonial-era National Police, whom the Americans had retained after August 1945, were promised by Rhee that their jobs would not be threatened by him. Upon independence in 1948, 53% of South Korean police officers were men who had served in the National Police during the Japanese occupation.",
"title": "Syngman Rhee"
},
{
"docid": "98543#0",
"text": "Syngman Rhee (, ; Lunisolar calendar , 1875 – July 19, 1965) was a South Korean politician, the first and the last Head of State of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, and President of South Korea from 1948 to 1960. His three-term presidency of South Korea (August 1948 to April 1960) was strongly affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean Peninsula.",
"title": "Syngman Rhee"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2360615#2",
"text": "The Second Republic operated under a parliamentary system. This was the first and the only instance South Korea turned to a cabinet system instead of a presidential system. The legislature was bicameral, with the National Assembly as the lower house and the House of Councilors as the upper house. The president was elected by both houses of the legislature and served as head of state. Due to the numerous abuses of power by South Korea's first president, Syngman Rhee, the president's role was greatly reduced by the new constitution, to a point almost entirely ceremonial. Real power rested with the prime minister and cabinet, who were elected by the National Assembly. Yun Po Sun was elected as the President on 13 August 1960. The prime minister and head of government was Chang Myon.",
"title": "Second Republic of Korea"
},
{
"docid": "2354070#0",
"text": "Park Geun-hye (; ; born 2 February 1952) is a former South Korean politician who served as the 18th President of South Korea from 2013 to 2017. Park was the first woman to be President of South Korea and also the first female president popularly elected as head of state in East Asia. She was also the first South Korean president to be born after the country's founding; her predecessors were either born during Japanese rule or during the post-World War II transitional period.",
"title": "Park Geun-hye"
},
{
"docid": "27020#59",
"text": "Park Geun-hye was inaugurated in February 2013. She was the eighteenth President of South Korea and is the eldest child of South Korea's third President, Park Chung-hee. She was the first woman to be elected South Korean president, but was impeached in December 2016, because a of series of scandals which led to her impeachment. She was the first woman to be elected as a head of state in the modern history of Northeast Asia. However, after a corruption scandal involving Choi Soon-sil quickly blew up after reports from multiple news organizations (the most notable of which was JTBC) in 2016, nationwide protests ensued on a weekly basis, with participant count hitting a maximum of over 2.3 million (as reported by the protesters). These protests turned out to be the biggest series of mass protests in Korean history. The protests continued even after the Congress voted on Park's impeachment. Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn acted as President of South Korea pending completion of investigations into the actions of Park Geun-hye, and in the absence of any intervening election. The impeachment was upheld by the Constitutional Court on 10 March 2017, ending Park's presidency and forcing her out of office.",
"title": "History of South Korea"
},
{
"docid": "2033707#2",
"text": "After the Surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945, figures such as Kim Gu returned. On August 15, 1948, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was dissolved. Rhee, who was the first president of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, became the first President of the Republic of Korea in 1948. The Constitution of South Korea, which was amended in 1987, stated that the Korean people inherited the rule of the KPG.",
"title": "Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea"
},
{
"docid": "16527120#1",
"text": "The first party president was Roh Hoe-chan, who was elected at the 2004 Parliamentary election as a member of the Democratic Labor Party.",
"title": "New Progressive Party (South Korea)"
},
{
"docid": "5094956#15",
"text": "In South Korea, after the emancipation from Japan, Shin was not considered an important author. The term \"minjok\" was decried as politically unacceptable by Shin's old acquaintance from the Provisional Government, and now the first president of South Korea, Syngman Rhee. The new South Korean government favoured the term \"kukka\", which implied loyalty to the Republic of Korea, over Shin's \"minjok\". In the 1960s, Rhee's political regime ended and anti-imperialism sentiments redoubled, followed by scholars pursuing a new autonomous history of Korea, and revived the term \"minjok\". By 1908, Shin Chae-ho had become a powerful figure in Korean historiography, but concepts like \"minjok\", among others, are interpreted in ways that favour the South Korean Government over the North's.",
"title": "Sin Chaeho"
},
{
"docid": "53629859#2",
"text": "In 1971, South Korea and Singapore established consular relations by renaming the Korea Trade Centre to a consulate-general. The two countries established formal diplomatic relations in 1975. In 1979, Lee Kuan Yew became the first Prime Minister of Singapore visiting South Korea. The two countries started regular ministerial meetings in the same year. In 1981, Chun Doo-hwan, the President of South Korea paid a state visit to Singapore, making him the first President of South Korea to do so. In 2002, S. R. Nathan became the first President of Singapore visiting South Korea.",
"title": "Singapore–South Korea relations"
}
] |
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] |
3372
|
What year did Trafalgar take place?
|
[
{
"docid": "9895191#0",
"text": "The Trafalgar Cemetery is a cemetery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. Formerly known as the Southport Ditch Cemetery, it occupies a small area of land just to the south of the city walls, in what had been a defensive ditch during the period of Spanish rule of Gibraltar. Although it is named for the Battle of Trafalgar of 21 October 1805, only two victims of the battle are buried there. The remainder of the interments are mostly of those killed in other sea battles or casualties of the yellow fever epidemics that swept Gibraltar between 1804 and 1814. In addition, tombstones were transferred to the Trafalgar Cemetery from St. Jago's Cemetery and Alameda Gardens. \nThe cemetery is no longer used for burials and was abandoned for many years, but was restored in the 1980s. In 1992, a memorial to the Battle of Trafalgar was erected in the cemetery. The graveyard is the site of an annual commemorative ceremony on Trafalgar Day, the Sunday nearest to the anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar. Trafalgar Cemetery is listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust.",
"title": "Trafalgar Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "9895191#3",
"text": "The cemetery was formerly known as the Southport Ditch Cemetery. It was consecrated in June 1798, seven years prior to the Battle of Trafalgar, which took place on 21 October 1805. The cemetery was sometimes considered to be part of St. Jago's Cemetery, the larger burial ground just to the north, on the opposite side of Charles V Wall. St. Jago's, also known as Deadman's Cemetery, was the only cemetery within the walls of the city of Gibraltar. In addition, it may have represented Gibraltar's oldest known cemetery. It was incorporated into St. Jago's Barracks playground in 1929, and repurposed as a rifle range and \"ball alley.\" There exists little evidence of the former cemetery.",
"title": "Trafalgar Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "38855#0",
"text": "The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1815).",
"title": "Battle of Trafalgar"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "62107#34",
"text": "The tree is selected by the Head Forester from Oslo's municipal forest and shipped, across the North Sea to the Port of Felixstowe, then by road to Trafalgar Square. The first tree was tall, but more recently has been around . In 1987, protesters chained themselves to the tree. In 1990, a man sawed into the tree with a chainsaw a few hours before a New Year's Eve party was scheduled to take place. He was arrested and the tree was repaired by tree surgeons who removed gouged sections from the trunk while the tree was suspended from a crane.",
"title": "Trafalgar Square"
},
{
"docid": "626232#1",
"text": "In August 1945, \"Trafalgar\" deployed to the Far East via the Mediterranean as part of the 19th Destroyer Flotilla, which consisted of her sister ships, and which performed a variety of duties in that region while based there. It was a brief stay however, for just the following year, the destroyer, along with the rest of the 19th Flotilla, returned to the UK via the Mediterranean. Upon returning home to the UK, \"Trafalgar\" was placed in reserve, an occurrence quite familiar to her sister ships during the 1950s. In 1953, while still in reserve, she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.",
"title": "HMS Trafalgar (D77)"
},
{
"docid": "1027408#1",
"text": "The formation of the Navy League in 1894 gave added impetus to the movement to recognise Nelson's legacy, and grand celebrations were held in Trafalgar Square in London on Trafalgar Day, 1896. It was commemorated by parades, dinners and other events throughout much of the British Empire in the 19th century and early 20th century. It continues to be celebrated by navies of the Commonwealth of Nations. Its public celebration declined after the end of World War I in 1918. The massive casualties and upheaval had changed the general public perception of war as a source of glorious victories to a more sombre view of it as a tragedy, for which the newly instituted Armistice Day on 11 November was created. However, Trafalgar Day was still marked as a public day each year. Around 1993, it was rumoured that John Major's government might make it a public holiday in place of May Day, and this plan was revived in the 2011 Tourism Strategy created by the then coalition government.",
"title": "Trafalgar Day"
},
{
"docid": "31430922#10",
"text": "Miccio is a Director of Trafalgar Events, formed in 2016, the entity responsible for bringing the first NRL trial match to Nelson's Trafalgar Park, between New Zealand Vodafone Warriors and St George Illawarra Dragons. Following this event, the entity hosted the first A league football match in Nelson, the Wellington Phoenix versus the Central Coast Mariners. Trafalgar Events was also behind a new Nelson festival, SNAPAFEST, combining seafood, music and arts, with the inaugural event taking place in September 2016.",
"title": "Aldo Miccio"
},
{
"docid": "9895191#7",
"text": "For years, an annual ceremony has been held on Trafalgar Day, the Sunday closest to 21 October. On that day, the ceremony in the cemetery commemorates those who died in the Battle of Trafalgar. A general restoration of the Trafalgar Cemetery was undertaken in the 1980s. In 1990, responsibility for the maintenance of the cemetery was transferred to the Gibraltar Heritage Trust, which completed repairs of the gates and walls. Gibraltar celebrated its tercentenary anniversary of British rule in 2004. That year, some veterans who had served there were invited to Gibraltar. The July 2004 schedule for the veterans included events at the Trafalgar Cemetery, Gibraltar Cross of Sacrifice, Gibraltar Museum, and St. Michael's Cave.",
"title": "Trafalgar Cemetery"
},
{
"docid": "22786700#0",
"text": "The Trafalgar Campaign was a long and complicated series of fleet manoeuvres carried out by the combined French and Spanish fleets; and the opposing moves of the Royal Navy during much of 1805. These were the culmination of French plans to force a passage through the English Channel, and so achieve a successful invasion of the United Kingdom. The plans were extremely complicated and proved to be impractical. Much of the detail was due to the personal intervention of Napoleon, who as a soldier rather than a sailor failed to consider the effects of weather, difficulties in communication, and the Royal Navy. Despite limited successes in achieving some elements of the plan the French commanders were unable to follow the main objective through to execution. The campaign, which took place over thousands of miles of ocean, was marked by several naval engagements, most significantly at the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October, where the combined fleet was decisively defeated, and from which the campaign takes its name. A final mopping up action at the Battle of Cape Ortegal on 4 November completed the destruction of the combined fleet, and secured the supremacy of the Royal Navy at sea.",
"title": "Trafalgar Campaign"
},
{
"docid": "5010903#2",
"text": "Standlynch Manor was bought by Sir Peter Vandeput in 1726. Three years later, he had John James design what would eventually become the Trafalgar Park which can be seen today. Sir Peter died in 1748, bequeathing the estate to his son George, who in 1752 sold it to Sir William Young. Henry Dawkins bought it from Young in 1765.",
"title": "Trafalgar Park, Wiltshire"
},
{
"docid": "9895191#4",
"text": "The Southport Ditch Cemetery was used for interments between 1798 and 1814, after which it fell into disuse. The only exception was the grave from 1838 at the northeast corner of the cemetery, near Prince Edward's Gate. The renaming of the graveyard to commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar apparently did not occur until many years after the victory. Only two of the interments are of those who died of wounds sustained during the battle. One of the victims was Captain Thomas Norman of the Royal Marine Corps and , who died in the Naval Hospital on 6 December 1805 at the age of 36. The other was Lieutenant William Forster of , who died of the wounds that he received in battle on 21 October 1805 at the age of 20. A plaque mounted by the Southport Gates reads: \"Trafalgar Cemetery - Here Lie The Remains Of Some Who Died Of Wounds At Gibraltar After Nelson's Great Victory In October, 1805, Those Killed During The Battle Having Been Buried At Sea. Other Graves Date From 1798.\"",
"title": "Trafalgar Cemetery"
}
] |
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] |
3373
|
What is the strongest recorded earthquake?
|
[
{
"docid": "26357457#7",
"text": "This was the strongest earthquake affecting Chile since the magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake (the most energetic earthquake ever measured in the world), and it was the strongest earthquake worldwide since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and until the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. It is tied with the 1906 Ecuador–Colombia and 1833 Sumatra earthquakes as the sixth strongest earthquake ever measured, approximately 500 times more powerful than the 7.0 M earthquake in Haiti one month prior in January 2010.",
"title": "2010 Chile earthquake"
},
{
"docid": "372417#0",
"text": "The 1960 Valdivia earthquake () or Great Chilean earthquake (\"Gran terremoto de Chile\") of 22 May is the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. Various studies have placed it at 9.4–9.6 on the moment magnitude scale. It occurred in the afternoon (19:11 GMT, 15:11 local time), and lasted approximately 10 minutes. The resulting tsunami affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, eastern New Zealand, southeast Australia and the Aleutian Islands.",
"title": "1960 Valdivia earthquake"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "55177736#1",
"text": "The earthquake caused all of Mexico City to tremble, prompting people to evacuate after the early warning system was triggered. It also generated a tsunami with waves of above tide level; and tsunami alerts were issued for surrounding areas. Mexico's president called it the strongest earthquake recorded in the country, in a century. It was also the second strongest recorded in the country's history, behind the magnitude 8.6 earthquake in 1787, and the largest recorded globally in 2017.",
"title": "2017 Chiapas earthquake"
},
{
"docid": "43195856#1",
"text": "Two of the most significant earthquakes in these swarms were the November 5, 2011 Prague earthquake east of the Oklahoma City area and the September 3, 2016 earthquake near Pawnee, north of Prague. The 2011 Prague earthquake, at reported magnitude 5.6, was at the time the strongest recorded earthquake in the history of Oklahoma. The 2016 earthquake was initially reported to be an identical 5.6 magnitude, but this was later upgraded to 5.8, making it the strongest earthquake on record. Simultaneously, the USGS upgraded the magnitude of the Prague earthquake to 5.7. Numerous seismologists had advised local residents of an even greater risk of earthquakes in 2014, by which time the number of earthquakes had increased to a dangerously high level. In response to the major increase in earthquakes in the Central United States, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) began developing a new seismic hazard model to account for risk associated with induced seismicity. By June 26, 2014, no fewer than six individual earthquake sequences in Oklahoma had been identified and named by the Oklahoma Geological Survey (OGS). Other swarms have been observed in south-central Kansas and North Texas.",
"title": "2009–19 Oklahoma earthquake swarms"
},
{
"docid": "38807433#10",
"text": "The strongest deep-focus earthquake in seismic record was the magnitude 8.3 Okhotsk Sea earthquake that occurred at a depth of 609 km in 2013. The deepest earthquake ever recorded was a small 4.2 earthquake in Vanuatu at a depth of 735.8 km in 2004.",
"title": "Deep-focus earthquake"
},
{
"docid": "10945152#8",
"text": "It was the largest British earthquake since the 2002 Dudley earthquake and the strongest in the Dover Straits since a magnitude 4.4 earthquake in 1950. The strongest recorded British earthquake is the 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake, which measured 6.1 on the Richter scale.",
"title": "2007 Kent earthquake"
},
{
"docid": "31182033#0",
"text": "The 1802 Vrancea earthquake occurred in the Vrancea Mountains of today's Romania (then Moldavia) on , on St. Paraskeva's Day. With an estimated intensity of 7.9 on the moment magnitude scale, it is the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Romania and one of the strongest in European history. It was felt across an area of more than two million square kilometers in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, from Saint Petersburg to the Aegean Sea.",
"title": "1802 Vrancea earthquake"
},
{
"docid": "36185509#0",
"text": "A 5.2 earthquake struck Gippsland near Moe at 8.55 pm on 19 June 2012, at a shallow depth of 10.0 km. It was the strongest recorded in Victoria in at least three decades, with some sources suggesting it was the strongest in over a century. It was felt across much of Victoria and parts of New South Wales, with strong shaking reported across the state capital, Melbourne. Some minor building damage was reported in the Latrobe Valley close to the epicentre, and in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Around 30 requests for help were made to the SES, mainly due to cracked walls and ceilings, and a number of local businesses lost some stock. Approximately 60 aftershocks were recorded the following day, but most of these were not felt.",
"title": "2012 Gippsland earthquake"
},
{
"docid": "12398499#4",
"text": "Although magnitude estimates for the 1959 earthquake vary (the United States Geological Survey recorded the quake at both 7.3 and 7.5, now calculated by the ISC as 7.2 ) the 1959 earthquake is comparable to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake as one of the strongest earthquakes in North America, behind the 1964 magnitude 9.2 Good Friday earthquake in Alaska. The 1959 earthquake is also the most severe earthquake in the Rocky Mountain area of the United States along with the 6.9 magnitude earthquake which struck Idaho in 1983. The landslide caused by this quake was the largest since an earthquake in Wyoming in 1925 caused a landslide amounting to of rock and debris that left 28 people dead. The death toll from the quake was also the highest since the 1925 earthquake and most recent for the Northwestern United States since an earthquake in 1927 that left seven people dead. The 1959 earthquake was also the most damaging earthquake to occur in Montana since the 1935–36 earthquakes that left four people dead. The Hebgen Lake area also experienced earthquakes again in 1964, 1974, 1977 and 1985.",
"title": "1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake"
},
{
"docid": "16337341#13",
"text": "A July 2013 study by US Geological Survey scientist William Ellsworth links earthquakes to wastewater injection sites. In the four years from 2010-2013 the number of earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater in the central and eastern United States increased dramatically. After decades of a steady earthquake rate (average of 21 events/year), activity increased starting in 2001 and peaked at 188 earthquakes in 2011, including a record-breaking 5.7-magnitude earthquake near Prague, Oklahoma which was the strongest earthquake ever recorded in Oklahoma. USGS scientists have found that at some locations the increase in seismicity coincides with the injection of wastewater in deep disposal wells. Injection-induced earthquakes are thought to be caused by pressure changes due to excess fluid injected deep below the surface and are being dubbed “man-made” earthquakes. On September 3, 2016, a 5.8-magnitude earthquake occurred near Pawnee, Oklahoma, followed by nine aftershocks between magnitudes 2.6 and 3.6 within three and one-half hours. The earthquake broke the previous record set five years earlier. Tremors were felt as far away as Memphis, Tennessee, and Gilbert, Arizona. Mary Fallin, the Oklahoma governor, declared a local emergency and shutdown orders for local disposal wells were ordered by the Oklahoma Corporation Commission. Results of ongoing multi-year research on induced earthquakes by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) published in 2015 suggested that most of the significant earthquakes in Oklahoma, such as the 1952 magnitude 5.5 El Reno earthquake may have been induced by deep injection of waste water by the oil industry.",
"title": "Injection well"
},
{
"docid": "31368573#2",
"text": "This earthquake is the strongest event recorded in the Hyūga-nada Sea region. The maximum slip was estimated to be 4 m. It was estimated that, in the Hyūga-nada Sea region, earthquakes with magnitudes about 7.6 occur with a period of about 200 years, while earthquakes with magnitudes about 7.1 occur with a period of about 20 to 27 years. It has been pointed out that there is a tendency of occurrence of inland earthquakes in Kyushu before and after large interplate earthquakes in the Hyūga-nada Sea region.",
"title": "1968 Hyūga-nada earthquake"
}
] |
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] |
3375
|
How did Dom Manuel II die?
|
[
{
"docid": "181547#29",
"text": "Manuel died unexpectedly in his residence on 2 July 1932, via suffocation by an abnormal swelling in the vocal folds of his larynx, or tracheal oedema. The Portuguese government, at that time led by António Oliveira de Salazar, authorized his burial in Lisbon, after a state funeral. His body arrived in Lisbon on 2 August 1932, on board the British cruiser HMS \"Concord\" which had made the journey from the United Kingdom and sailed into the Tagus River to deliver the coffin of the former King. The body was received at Praça do Comércio, where a crowd of people had gathered to follow the coffin to São Vicente de Fora and the roads were inundated with people interested in seeing the funeral procession. His body was interred in the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza in the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora.",
"title": "Manuel II of Portugal"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "181547#0",
"text": "\"Dom\" Manuel II (15 November 1889 – 2 July 1932), \"the Patriot\" () or \"the Unfortunate\" (), was the last King of Portugal, ascending the throne after the assassination of his father, King Carlos I, and his elder brother, Luís Filipe, the Prince Royal. Before ascending the throne he held the title of Duke of Beja. His reign ended with the dissolution of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution, and Manuel lived the rest of his life in exile in Twickenham, South London.",
"title": "Manuel II of Portugal"
},
{
"docid": "36991420#1",
"text": "Manuel was born c. 1516 in Évora to Joana de Vilhena and Dom Francisco of Portugal (1485–1549), 1st Count of Vimioso. He received the title of Comendador of Vimioso and of São Pedro de Calvelo, and was highly regarded by John Manuel, Prince of Portugal, father of the future king Sebastian of Portugal. During his reign, Sebastian appointed him Ambassador of Portugal in Castile. After the unfortunate death of King Sebastian at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, Dom Manuel took the side of Dom António, Prior of Crato in the succession crisis that followed.",
"title": "Manuel de Portugal (poet)"
},
{
"docid": "371939#17",
"text": "Following this incident, the poem narrates the maritime journey to India—an aim that Dom João II did not accomplish during his lifetime, but would come true with Dom Manuel, to whom the rivers Indus and Ganges appeared in dreams foretelling the future glories of the Orient. This canto ends with the sailing of the Armada, the sailors in which are surprised by the prophetically pessimistic words of an old man who was on the beach among the crowd. This is the episode of the Old Man of the Restelo.",
"title": "Os Lusíadas"
},
{
"docid": "21107443#1",
"text": "In early 1143 Patriarch Leo and Emperor John II Komnenos died within a few months of each other, bringing a period of turbulence to the Byzantine Church. John's appointed successor, his son Manuel I Komnenos arrived in Constantinople on June 27, 1143, from Cilicia where his father had died. In order to fully assure his position as emperor, Manuel needed to arrange his coronation. However, to do this he first needed to appoint a patriarch. His choice fell on the abbot of the monastery of Oxeia, Michael Kourkouas. The coronation did not take place until November 28, 1143, because Michael threatened to resign for unknown reasons.",
"title": "Michael II of Constantinople"
},
{
"docid": "2858482#7",
"text": "The Prince had previously tried to get the king's approval for his marriage, but he found that his nephew and the rest of the royal family were vehemently opposed to it. After his marriage, his pension was cut by Manuel II, and Dom Afonso, also rejected by his relatives in the Italian royal family, began to live in obscurity and sickness during his final days. He finally died alone, in Naples, on 21 February 1920. Only one Portuguese servant remained with him until the end.",
"title": "Afonso, Duke of Porto"
},
{
"docid": "23033#81",
"text": "On 1 February 1908, the king Dom Carlos I of Portugal and his heir apparent, Prince Royal Dom Luís Filipe, Duke of Braganza, were murdered in Lisbon. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared bankrupt – on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902 – causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. Manuel II of Portugal became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the 5 October 1910 revolution, which abolished the regime and instated republicanism in Portugal.",
"title": "Portugal"
},
{
"docid": "25941802#11",
"text": "The Brazilian republican government, \"fearful of a backlash resulting from the death of the emperor,\" banned any official reaction. Nevertheless, the Brazilian people were far from indifferent to Pedro II's demise, and the \"repercussions in Brazil were also immense, despite the government's effort to suppress. There were demonstrations of sorrow throughout the country: shuttered business activity, flags displayed at half-staff, black armbands on clothes, death knells, religious ceremonies.\" An article written by João Mendes de Almeida on 7 December 1891 says that, \"The news of the death of His Majesty Emperor Dom Pedro II has revealed the feelings of the Brazilian nation towards the Imperial dynasty. The consternation has been general.\" Solemn \"masses were held all over the country, which were followed by eulogies praising Dom Pedro II and the monarchy\". So, the \"Republic stood by silently, given the strength and impact of reactions.\"",
"title": "Exile and death of Pedro II of Brazil"
},
{
"docid": "22648550#4",
"text": "On 5 October 1910, during the Republican Revolution, the palace, because it was the official residence of the king, Manuel II, was shelled by the cruiser \"Adamastor\", one of the ships stationed in the Tagus River. The salvoes caused some damage to the Palace, and one of the bomblets even reached the king's private quarters on the first floor, but he had taken refuge elsewhere on the palace grounds. Thanks to the quick thinking of an employee of the building, who cut down the flagpole that customarily displayed the royal banner whenever the monarch was in residence, the Republicans were led to believe that Manuel II had abandoned his home. The king did indeed leave Lisbon a few hours later, and he took refuge in the royal palace at Mafra, 28 kilometres northwest of the capital.",
"title": "Necessidades Palace"
},
{
"docid": "144835#0",
"text": "Dom Manuel I (; 31 May 1469 – 13 December 1521), the Fortunate (Port. \"\"), King of Portugal and the Algarves, was the son of Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, by his wife, the Infanta Beatrice of Portugal. His name is associated with a period of Portuguese history distinguished by significant achievements both in political affairs and in the arts. In spite of Portugal’s small size and population in comparison to the great European land powers of France, Italy and even Spain, the classical Portuguese \"Armada\" was the largest in the world at the time. During Manuel's reign Portugal was able to acquire an overseas empire of vast proportions, the first in world history to reach global dimensions. The landmark symbol of the period was the Portuguese discovery of Brazil and the South American subcontinent in April 1500.",
"title": "Manuel I of Portugal"
},
{
"docid": "39679924#0",
"text": "Dom Manuel José Macário do Nascimento Clemente, (; born 16 July 1948), officially Manuel III, is a Portuguese prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been the Patriarch of Lisbon since 18 May 2013 and a cardinal since 14 February 2015. He has been a bishop since 1999 and was Bishop of Porto from 2007 to 2013.",
"title": "Manuel Clemente"
}
] |
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] |
3376
|
Who is the mascot of the Florida State University football team?
|
[
{
"docid": "2599202#0",
"text": "Osceola and Renegade are the official mascots of the Florida State University Seminoles. Osceola, representing the historical Seminole leader Osceola, and his Appaloosa horse Renegade introduce home football games by riding to midfield with a burning spear and planting it in the turf.",
"title": "Osceola and Renegade"
},
{
"docid": "2599202#2",
"text": "Florida State's Osceola tradition is overseen by Allen Durham, whose father, Bill Durham, introduced it in 1978. Osceola wears a Native American-themed costume that the university says was \"designed and approved by the Seminole Tribe of Florida,\" consisting of leather clothing, moccasins, face paint, and a garnet bandana. He carries a feathered spear and is accompanied by Renegade, an appaloosa horse whom he rides bareback. Osceola performs at all home football games at Doak Campbell Stadium and related events like Homecoming. He initiates each game by charging Renegade to midfield and hurling a flaming spear into the ground.",
"title": "Osceola and Renegade"
},
{
"docid": "2599202#7",
"text": "Osceola and Renegade debuted at a September 16, 1978 game against the Oklahoma State Cowboys. They proved quite popular, and subsequently other faux-Indian traditions arose, including the \"War Chant\" in 1984 and the \"Tomahawk Chop\" shortly after. Durham oversaw the Osceola tradition for 25 years, and over time aspects of the performance have become more refined and regulated. In 2002, Durham retired and passed his role on to his son Allen Durham, a former Osceola portrayer.\nIn the 1980s and 1990s, when mascots based on Native Americans became more controversial and many Native Americans and supporters protested their use, Florida State consulted with the Seminole Tribe of Florida, emphasizing that Osceola was never intended to be demeaning. Several representatives of the Seminole Tribe, including Chairman James E. Billie and Council Member Max Osceola, have given FSU their blessing to use Osceola and Seminole imagery. However, the matter remains controversial for other Florida Seminoles, as well as members of the Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma. Critics have noted a political undercurrent in the support from Florida Seminole leaders, who are heavily involved in business ventures such as Indian casinos in the state. In 2005, the NCAA added FSU to a list of schools facing potential sanctions for using \"hostile and abusive\" Indian mascots and names; after much deliberation, the NCAA gave FSU an exemption, citing the university's relationship with the Seminole Tribe of Florida as a major factor.",
"title": "Osceola and Renegade"
},
{
"docid": "2599202#6",
"text": "The Osceola and Renegade mascots were conceived by Bill Durham, a Tallahassee businessman and Florida State alumnus. He came up with the concept of a horseback-riding Seminole mascot as early as 1962, when he was voted into the school's homecoming court. He returned to the idea in 1977, and won the support of Ann Bowden, wife of head football coach Bobby Bowden, who helped make the idea a reality. Durham contacted the Seminole Tribe of Florida about the project, and chairman Howard Tommie had tribe members make the first costume for Osceola. Durham provided the horse, while Bowden helped acquire the various permits necessary to allow a horse onto the field.",
"title": "Osceola and Renegade"
},
{
"docid": "2599202#1",
"text": "Osceola and Renegade debuted in 1978, and are the most recent of several mascots used by the school. FSU has tried to ensure a dignified depiction of Osceola. The portrayal is supported by leaders of the Seminole Tribe of Florida, but it remains controversial in some quarters.",
"title": "Osceola and Renegade"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "47865344#0",
"text": "The 1902 Florida State College football team represented Florida State College in the sport of American football during the 1902 college football season. The team was the first intercollegiate football squad to represent Florida State University and was led by head coach W. W. Hughes. The team posted a 2–1 record and won the State Championship. With no formal nickname or mascot, the Florida State College football team was known simply as e. g. the \"Florida State College Eleven\".",
"title": "1902 Florida State College football team"
},
{
"docid": "47857778#0",
"text": "The 1904 Florida State College football team represented Florida State College in the sport of American football during the 1904 college football season. The team, led by head coach Jack Forsythe, posted a 2–3 record and won the State Championship with a victory over Stetson and the University of Florida. With no formal nickname or mascot, the Florida State College football team was known simply as e. g. the \"Florida State College Eleven\".",
"title": "1904 Florida State College football team"
},
{
"docid": "47866586#0",
"text": "The 1903 Florida State College football team represented Florida State College in the sport of American football during the 1903 college football season. The team was led by head coach W.W. Hughes and posted a 3–2–1 record and won the State Championship. With no formal nickname or mascot, the Florida State College football team was known simply as e. g. the \"Florida State College Eleven\".",
"title": "1903 Florida State College football team"
},
{
"docid": "13013963#1",
"text": "The University of Florida fielded its first official intercollegiate sports team (football) in the fall of 1906. It adopted orange and blue as its official colors, combining the orange and black of the former Florida Agricultural College in Lake City with the blue and white of the former East Florida Seminary in Gainesville, the university's two oldest predecessor institutions. The football team did not initially have an official nickname or mascot, and was often referred to as the \"Orange and Blue\" or \"Pee Wee's Boys,\" after the team's first head coach, Jack \"Pee Wee\" Forsythe.",
"title": "Albert and Alberta Gator"
},
{
"docid": "880200#43",
"text": "Every fall before the first football game of the season, FAU's Student Government Association sponsors the \"Annual Football Kick-Off Bonfire\" wherein the opposing team's mascot is burned in effigy. Also in football, Florida Atlantic challenges its rival Florida International (FIU) is the annual Shula Bowl. This intercollegiate football game is named after legendary coach Don Shula; so named because at the time of its inception, both head coaches, Florida Atlantic's Howard Schnellenberger and Florida International coach Don Strock, had worked under Shula at some point during their careers. Even though both universities have since moved on to new head coaches, the Shula Bowl is still played. As a home game, the competition takes place at university's own stadium; as an away game, the bowl is played at FIU Stadium in Miami.",
"title": "Florida Atlantic University"
},
{
"docid": "4731572#15",
"text": "At the beginning of each home football game, the school Indian, or student mascot, rides a horse across the field and throws a spear midfield. Although many think that the idea was borrowed from Florida State University, in fact it is opposite that, as accounted for by the former football coach and athletic director, Wyman Townsel. Ann Bowden, wife of Florida State University football coach, Bobby Bowden, attended a Choctaw football game in the 1970s, saw the horse run, and told her husband that it would be a good idea for FSU.",
"title": "Choctawhatchee High School"
},
{
"docid": "2641951#9",
"text": "Southeastern University teams are nicknamed the Fire and the school's mascot is known as Scorch. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), competing in The Sun Conference, formerly known as the Florida Sun Conference (FSC). The Fire are associate members of the National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA) after competing in both Division II and, more recently, Division I. The university added softball, men's tennis, and men's & women's cross country during the 2012-13 school year, and women's golf for 2013-14. Southeastern currently competes in seven men's and seven women's sports, after the addition of football in the 2014-15 academic year. Men's wrestling was added in the 2015-16 academic year, becoming the state's only collegiate scholarship program.",
"title": "Southeastern University (Florida)"
},
{
"docid": "9473101#1",
"text": "The logo and mascot of Florida Atlantic University's athletic teams is the burrowing owl. Owlsley is the name of the mascot for Florida Atlantic University. The presence of this bird has been popular on the land of the university, even preceding the construction of FAU. At the dedication ceremony in 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson even made notice and reference to the popular presence of the bird. In 1971, the National Audubon Society designated FAU's land an official owl sanctuary, honoring the tradition of the bird's presence and moving to protect the birds from attempts to expand construction of the university. Owls are still dominant in their presence on the Boca Raton campus to this day. With the addition of intercollegiate athletics in the mid-1980s, the university used the bird as its mascot - an animal that denotes wisdom, determination and cognizance.",
"title": "Florida Atlantic Owls"
},
{
"docid": "619230#34",
"text": "The mascot of the university is Monte, a Grizzly Bear. In 1897, a live bear cub traveled with UM's football team, then known as the \"Bears\" (the \"Grizzlies\" name was adopted in 1923). Numerous live bear cubs who served as university mascots, first named \"Teddy\", then \"Fessy\" and finally, in the 1960s, \"Cocoa\". UM's costumed mascot during the 1980s, dubbed \"Otto\", donned a variety of fun-loving outfits to entertain crowds at Grizzly football games. Monte (short for \"Montana\") was born in the mountains of Missoula in the fall 1993. The 2002–03 and 2004–05 National Champion Mascot of the Year (Capital One/ESPN) has evolved into a \"motorcycle-riding, break-dancing, back flipping, slam-dunking, movie-making, crowd-surfing, goal post smashing, prank-pulling superstar.\"",
"title": "University of Montana"
},
{
"docid": "484824#35",
"text": "\"Gators\" has been the nickname of the University of Florida's sports teams since 1911. In that year, a printer made a spur-of-the-moment decision to print an alligator emblem on a shipment of the school's football pennants. The mascot stuck, perhaps because the team captain's nickname was Gator.",
"title": "American alligator"
},
{
"docid": "2599202#4",
"text": "Florida State University adopted the Seminoles nickname in 1947, just after its reorganization from a women's college to a coed institution. The moniker was selected through a fan competition; reportedly the newly established football team liked it so much that they stuffed the ballot box to ensure its selection. Prior to the introduction of Osceola and Renegade, the Florida State Seminoles used several different Native American-themed mascots. The first was Sammy Seminole, introduced at the FSU Pow Wow in 1958 for football games. This mascot was portrayed by a white male member of the gymnastics or circus programs, who performed wild stunts in garish faux-Native American garb. The gymnastics program's sponsorship of Sammy Seminole ended in 1968, but the character was quickly reintroduced.",
"title": "Osceola and Renegade"
}
] |
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Is KOKI-TV on cable?
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{
"docid": "2639120#13",
"text": "KOKI-DT3 is the Escape-affiliated third digital subchannel of KOKI-TV, broadcasting in widescreen standard definition on UHF digital channel 22.3 (or virtual channel 23.3 via PSIP). On cable, KOKI-DT3 is available on Cox Communications channel 69. On July 17, 2014, Katz Broadcasting announced it had signed an agreement with Cox Media Group to carry Escape on the group's television stations in Tulsa and Charlotte (as well as sister network Grit in Orlando). KOKI-TV launched a digital subchannel on virtual channel 23.3 as an affiliate of Escape on August 18, 2014.",
"title": "KOKI-TV"
},
{
"docid": "2639120#0",
"text": "KOKI-TV, virtual channel 23 (UHF digital channel 22), is a Fox-affiliated television station licensed to Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States. The station is owned by the Cox Media Group subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, as part of a duopoly with MyNetworkTV-affiliate KMYT-TV (channel 41); KOKI and KMYT are, in turn, co-owned with local radio stations KRMG (740 AM and 102.3 FM), KRAV-FM (96.5), KWEN (95.5 FM) and KJSR (103.3 FM), as well as local cable television provider Cox Communications.",
"title": "KOKI-TV"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2639120#12",
"text": "The station's digital channel is multiplexed:\nKOKI-DT2 is the MeTV-affiliated second digital subchannel of KOKI-TV, broadcasting in standard definition on UHF digital channel 22.2 (or virtual channel 23.2 via PSIP). On cable, KOKI-DT2 is available on Cox Communications channel 68. KOKI-TV launched a digital subchannel on virtual channel 23.2 in April 2011, originally serving as an affiliate of music video-focused network TheCoolTV through a groupwide agreement between network parent Cool Music Network, LLC and Newport Television, involving Newport-operated stations in ten markets. On July 30, 2012, through an affiliation agreement reached between Newport Television and network owner Weigel Broadcasting, KOKI-DT2 became an affiliate of the classic television network MeTV.",
"title": "KOKI-TV"
},
{
"docid": "2639120#1",
"text": "KOKI and KMYT share studio facilities located on East 27th Street and South Memorial Drive (near W. G. Skelly Park) in the Audubon neighborhood of southeast Tulsa; the two stations also share transmitter facilities located on South 273rd East Avenue (between 91st Street South and the Muskogee Turnpike) in Broken Arrow. On cable, KOKI is available on Cox Communications channel 5 in standard definition and digital channel 1005 in high definition.",
"title": "KOKI-TV"
},
{
"docid": "2639120#11",
"text": "As part of a series of piecemeal sales announced on July 19, 2012 that also involved the larger Nexstar Broadcasting Group and Sinclair Broadcast Group, Newport Television announced that it would sell KOKI-TV and KMYT as well as fellow Fox affiliate WAWS (now WFOX-TV) and the intellectual assets of CBS affiliate WTEV-TV (now WJAX-TV) in Jacksonville, Florida to the Cox Media Group subsidiary of Atlanta-based Cox Enterprises for $253.011 million. The purchase placed the KOKI-KMYT duopoly under common ownership with Cox Radio's Tulsa cluster of KRMG (740 AM and 102.3 FM), KRAV-FM (96.5), KWEN (95.5 FM) and KJSR (103.3 FM), and, in the first instance since the 2003 repeal of an FCC cross-ownership ban in which the owner of a local cable provider acquired a television station in the same market, also made the two stations sister properties to Cox Communications, which has been the dominant cable operator in northeastern Oklahoma since it acquired Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI)'s Tulsa-area franchise in April 2000. The FCC approved the transaction on October 23, 2012; the sale was finalized on December 3. Although the sale separated KOKI/KMYT from its former radio sisters under Clear Channel ownership, iHeartMedia's Tulsa cluster continued to operate out of the Memorial Drive facility until the summer of 2017, when Cox moved its Tulsa-area radio stations into the building and iHeart moved its local stations into a new facility on Yale Avenue and 71st Street (northeast of Oral Roberts University) in southeast Tulsa's Richmond Hills section.",
"title": "KOKI-TV"
},
{
"docid": "2639120#17",
"text": "From 1980 until 1987, after which the broadcast rights transferred to KGCT, KOKI-TV held the local syndication rights to broadcast Major League Baseball games from the Kansas City Royals produced by their flagship broadcaster at the time, WDAF-TV. Its relationship with the league expanded in 1985, when carried games involving the St. Louis Cardinals (which were distributed by Anheuser-Busch's sports syndication subsidiary, Bud Sports); after a two-year stint on KGCT, Cardinals telecasts returned to channel 23 for the 1988 season. (All Cardinals telecasts moved to Tulsa Cable Television channel 3 [now Cox-operated YurView Oklahoma], or on channel 20 in the event of conflicts with sporting events carried on the primary public access channel, for the 1990 season.) Both the Cardinals and the Royals have had select games carried on KOKI each season since 1996, through Fox's broadcasting contract with Major League Baseball.",
"title": "KOKI-TV"
},
{
"docid": "3847175#17",
"text": "As part of a series of piecemeal sales announced on July 19, 2012 that also involved the larger Nexstar Broadcasting Group and Sinclair Broadcast Group, Newport Television announced that it would sell KOKI-TV and KMYT as well as Fox affiliate WAWS (now WFOX-TV) and the intellectual assets of WTEV-TV in Jacksonville, Florida to the Cox Media Group subsidiary of Atlanta-based Cox Enterprises for $253.011 million. The purchase placed the KOKI-KMYT duopoly under common ownership with Cox Radio's Tulsa cluster of KRMG (740 AM and 102.3 FM), KRAV-FM (96.5), KWEN (95.5 FM) and KJSR (103.3 FM), and, in the first instance since the 2003 repeal of an FCC cross-ownership ban in which the owner of a local cable provider acquired a television station in the same market, also made the two stations sister properties to Cox Communications, which has been the dominant cable operator in northeastern Oklahoma since it acquired Tele-Communications Inc. (TCI)'s Tulsa-area franchise in April 2000. The FCC approved the transaction on October 23, 2012; the sale was finalized on December 3.",
"title": "KMYT-TV"
},
{
"docid": "3847175#0",
"text": "KMYT-TV, virtual channel 41 (UHF digital channel 34), is a MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station licensed to Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States. The station is owned by the Cox Media Group subsidiary of Cox Enterprises, as part of a duopoly with Fox affiliate KOKI-TV (channel 23); KMYT and KOKI are, in turn, co-owned with local radio stations KRMG (740 AM and 102.3 FM), KRAV-FM (96.5), KWEN (95.5 FM) and KJSR (103.3 FM), as well as local cable television provider Cox Communications.",
"title": "KMYT-TV"
},
{
"docid": "2639120#18",
"text": "From 1989 to 1991, KOKI held the local broadcast rights to NFL preseason games from the Dallas Cowboys; the station, which assumed the preseason telecast rights to both teams from KGCT as a result of that station's two-year operational cessation, carried six to eight prime time game telecasts annually. The rights to both the Cowboys and Chiefs telecasts were transferred to KGCT beginning with the 1991 preseason. Since September 1994, most Cowboys telecasts carried on KOKI consist of those carried regionally or nationally by Fox, which through the network's contract with the NFL, holds primary broadcast rights to the National Football Conference (NFC). In addition to carrying Fox-televised games involving in-conference opponents, since 2014, Cowboys games carried on the station also include certain cross-flexed games against opponents in the American Football Conference (AFC) that were originally scheduled to air on CBS. (Most Cowboys preseason games not televised by Fox or by other broadcast or cable networks are carried over-the-air locally on CW affiliate KQCW (channel 19) through that station's agreement with the team's syndication service.) In addition, for the 1990 season (the first year that the NFL allowed a live preseason game to air on a team's out-of-market station), the station carried preseason games involving the Kansas City Chiefs, running four prime time game telecasts during that season.",
"title": "KOKI-TV"
},
{
"docid": "2639120#15",
"text": "KOKI-TV currently carries the majority of the Fox network schedule (prime time, Saturday late night and sports programming, and the political talk show \"Fox News Sunday\"), with program preemptions only occurring due to extended breaking news and severe weather coverage; however, it does not carry the network's Saturday morning infomercial block \"Weekend Marketplace\". In addition to airing programming supplied by the network directly, the station carries \"Xploration Station\", a live-action educational program block distributed by Steve Rotfeld Productions that is syndicated primarily to Fox stations, on Saturdays after \"Fox 23 News This Morning\"; however, because of the station's commitments to air Fox Sports programming, some programs within the block are subject to being deferred to weekend daytime slots normally occupied by feature films or paid programming when Fox has no scheduled sporting events, in order to fulfill FCC educational content quotas defined by the Children's Television Act. Syndicated programs broadcast by KOKI-TV include \"The Doctors\", \"Family Feud\", \"The Wendy Williams Show\", \"Modern Family\", and \"Judge Judy\".",
"title": "KOKI-TV"
}
] |
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] |
3378
|
Why Australia is not an island?
|
[
{
"docid": "20611325#1",
"text": "The continent includes a continental shelf overlain by shallow seas which divide it into several landmasses—the Arafura Sea and Torres Strait between mainland Australia and New Guinea, and Bass Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania. When sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene ice age, including the Last Glacial Maximum about 18,000 BC, they were connected by dry land. During the past 10,000 years, rising sea levels overflowed the lowlands and separated the continent into today's low-lying arid to semi-arid mainland and the two mountainous islands of New Guinea and Tasmania.",
"title": "Australia (continent)"
},
{
"docid": "20611325#8",
"text": "The continent primarily sits on the Indo-Australian Plate. Because of its central location on its tectonic plate Australia doesn't have any active volcanic regions, the only continent with this distinction. The lands were joined with Antarctica as part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana until the plate began to drift north about 96 million years ago. For most of the time since then, Australia–New Guinea remained a continuous landmass. When the last glacial period ended in about 10,000 BC, rising sea levels formed Bass Strait, separating Tasmania from the mainland. Then between about 8,000 and 6,500 BC, the lowlands in the north were flooded by the sea, separating New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and the Australian mainland.",
"title": "Australia (continent)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4689264#16",
"text": "Surrounded by the Indian and Pacific oceans, Australia is separated from Asia by the Arafura and Timor seas, with the Coral Sea lying off the Queensland coast, and the Tasman Sea lying between Australia and New Zealand. The world's smallest continent and sixth largest country by total area, Australia—owing to its size and isolation—is often dubbed the \"island continent\", and is sometimes considered the world's largest island. Australia has of coastline (excluding all offshore islands), and claims an extensive Exclusive Economic Zone of . This exclusive economic zone does not include the Australian Antarctic Territory. Apart from Macquarie Island, Australia lies between latitudes 9° and 44°S, and longitudes 112° and 154°E.",
"title": "Australia"
},
{
"docid": "18950948#15",
"text": "Australia also has several minor territories; the federal government administers a separate area within New South Wales, the Jervis Bay Territory, as a naval base and sea port for the national capital. In addition Australia has the following inhabited, external territories: Norfolk Island, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and several largely uninhabited external territories: Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Coral Sea Islands, and Heard Island and McDonald Islands. Australia also claims a portion of Antarctica as the Australian Antarctic Territory, although this claim is not widely recognized.",
"title": "Geography of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "2633781#7",
"text": "The island is known for its diversity of mammalian fauna, including several species now extinct or greatly reduced on mainland Australia. 13 mammal species exist on the island, including the spectacled hare-wallaby, burrowing bettong (or boodie), golden bandicoot, black-flanked rock-wallaby, Barrow Island euro and Barrow Island mouse (\"Pseudomys nanus ferculinus\"). The island is also home to 43 species of terrestrial reptiles including a variety of dragons, legless lizards, geckos, skinks, snakes and monitors. The most recognisable of these is probably the perentie, Australia's biggest lizard and the island's top predator. The island represents important turtle nesting habitat for the green turtle and flatback sea turtle.",
"title": "Barrow Island (Western Australia)"
},
{
"docid": "21422#97",
"text": "Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are \"outside of Australia\" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.",
"title": "Norfolk Island"
},
{
"docid": "4689096#2",
"text": "The term \"geographic Australia\" is used by the Australian government to describe the area covered by demographic statistics such as national population figures. This area comprises Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in addition to the six states and three mainland territories; Norfolk Island is the only territory with a permanent population that is not part of geographic Australia.",
"title": "States and territories of Australia"
},
{
"docid": "5520#0",
"text": "The Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands is an Australian external territory in the Indian Ocean, comprising a small archipelago approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka and closer to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is part of Southeast Asia and is in the Southern Hemisphere. The territory's dual name (official since the islands’ incorporation into Australia in 1955) reflects that the islands have historically been known as either the Cocos Islands or the Keeling Islands.",
"title": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands"
},
{
"docid": "573221#9",
"text": "As well as the internal and largely self-governing territories of the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia also possesses (or lays claim to—since Australia's Antarctic claims are not universally recognised) seven external territories, each of which falls within the sphere of influence of the Commonwealth and is administered by the Commonwealth Government. Three of these, Norfolk Island (which enjoys a large degree of autonomy), the Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands and the Territory of Christmas Island have permanent populations and also have an Administrator appointed by the Governor-General-in-Council to administer the territory on their behalf. The remaining four external territories, the Australian Antarctic Territory, the Coral Sea Islands Territory, the Territory of Ashmore Reef and Cartier Island, and the Territory of Heard and McDonald Islands have no permanent population and do not have an Administrator as such but are administered directly by the Commonwealth Government, currently under the auspices of the Attorney-General's Department.",
"title": "Administrator (Australia)"
},
{
"docid": "41619985#0",
"text": "Entrance Island is a low island located inside the mouth of Franklin Harbor, Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. The island comprises approximately , and falls within the boundaries of the Franklin Harbor Conservation Park and Franklin Harbor Marine Park. Its maximum elevation is approximately 4 metres. The island provides roosting and nesting habitat for a variety of sea and shorebird species.",
"title": "Entrance Island (South Australia)"
},
{
"docid": "4689264#0",
"text": "Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. The population of / 1000000 round 0 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest city is Sydney. The country's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.",
"title": "Australia"
},
{
"docid": "16283577#1",
"text": "Christmas Island is a small territory of Australia located in the Indian Ocean, 2600 kilometres (1600 mi) northwest of Perth in Western Australia, 500 kilometres (300 mi) south of Jakarta, Indonesia, and 975 km ENE of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Christmas Island supports about 1,600 residents, who live in a number of \"settlement areas\" on the northern tip of the island: Flying Fish Cove (also known as Kampong), Silver City, Poon Saan and Drumsite.Geography of Christmas Island\nRegions of Christmas Island",
"title": "Outline of Christmas Island"
}
] |
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] |
3379
|
When was Sun Yat-sen born?
|
[
{
"docid": "26431525#1",
"text": "Sun Yat-sen was born on November 12, 1866, into a farming peasant household in Choyhung in Kwangtung near the Portuguese colony of Macao. His early education established him as a man of two worlds: China and the West. After a basic training in the Chinese classics in his village school, he was sent to Hawaii in 1879 to join his older brother. There he enrolled in a college where he studied Western science and Christianity. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the father of the Republic of China, died in Beijing in 1925. Read more: Sun Yat-sen Biography",
"title": "Iloilo Sun Yat Sen High School"
},
{
"docid": "88483#55",
"text": "Sun Yat-sen was born to Sun Dacheng () and his wife, lady Yang () on 12 November 1866. At the time his father was age 53, while his mother was 38 years old. He had an older brother, Sun Dezhang (), and an older sister, Sun Jinxing (), who died at the early age of 4. Another older brother, Sun Deyou (), died at the age of 6. He also had an older sister, Sun Miaoqian (), and a younger sister, Sun Qiuqi ().",
"title": "Sun Yat-sen"
},
{
"docid": "88483#4",
"text": "Sun Yat-sen was born on 12 November 1866 to Sun Dacheng and Madame Yang. His birthplace was the village of Cuiheng, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City), Guangdong. He had a cultural background of Hakka (with roots in Zijin, Heyuan, Guangdong) and Cantonese. His father owned very few lands and worked as a tailor in Macau, and as a journeyman and a porter. After finishing primary education, he moved to Honolulu in the Kingdom of Hawaii, where he lived a comfortable life of modest wealth supported by his elder brother Sun Mei.",
"title": "Sun Yat-sen"
},
{
"docid": "88483#0",
"text": "Sun Yat-sen (; 12 November 1866 – 12 March 1925) was the founding father of the Republic of China. The provisional first president of the Republic of China, Sun was a Chinese medical doctor, writer, philosopher, Georgist, calligrapher, and revolutionary. As the foremost pioneer and first leader of a Republican China, Sun is referred to as the \"Father of the Nation\" in the Republic of China (ROC) and the \"forerunner of democratic revolution\" in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty (the last imperial dynasty of China) during the years leading up to the Xinhai Revolution. He was appointed to serve as Provisional President of the Republic of China when it was founded in 1912. He later co-founded the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of China), serving as its first leader. Sun was a uniting figure in post-Imperial China, and he remains unique among 20th-century Chinese politicians for being widely revered amongst the people from both sides of the Taiwan Strait.",
"title": "Sun Yat-sen"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "88483#20",
"text": "According to Lee Yun-ping, chairman of the Chinese historical society, Sun needed a certificate to enter the United States at a time when the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 would have otherwise blocked him. However, on Sun's first attempt to enter the US, he was still arrested. He was later bailed out after 17 days. In March 1904, while residing in Kula, Maui, Sun Yat-sen obtained a Certificate of Hawaiian Birth, issued by the Territory of Hawaii, stating that \"he was born in the Hawaiian Islands on the 24th day of November, A.D. 1870.\" He renounced it after it served its purpose to circumvent the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Official files of the United States show that Sun had United States nationality, moved to China with his family at age 4, and returned to Hawaii 10 years later.",
"title": "Sun Yat-sen"
},
{
"docid": "54328927#1",
"text": "Sen Yet Young (Yang Xianyi ) was born in The Kingdom of Hawaii (1893). His father, Young Ahin (Yang Zhu Kun), emigrated to Hawaii (1872 at age 19) from today's Chinese county of Zhongshan where Dr. Sun Yat Sen 孫逸仙 and his older brother Sun Mei came from. Young Ahin’s hometown village of Buck Toy (Bei Tai 北臺) was close to the Sun family village of Cui Heng; they spoke the same Zhongshan dialect, were good friends, business partners and could plan\nsecrets of Chinese revolution activities from Hawaii.",
"title": "Young-Sen-Yat"
},
{
"docid": "88483#3",
"text": "Sun was born as Sun Wen (Cantonese: \"Syūn Màhn\"; ), and his was Sun Deming (\"Syūn Dāk-mìhng\"; ). As a child, his was Tai Tseung (\"Dai-jeuhng\"; ). Sun's courtesy name was Zaizhi (\"Jai-jī\"; ), and his baptized name was Rixin (\"Yaht-sān\"; ). While at school in Hong Kong he got the art name Yat-sen (). Sūn Zhōngshān (), the most popular of his Chinese names, is derived from his Japanese name \"Nakayama Shō\" (), the pseudonym given to him by Tōten Miyazaki while in hiding in Japan.",
"title": "Sun Yat-sen"
},
{
"docid": "11355965#11",
"text": "Sun Yat-Sen was too occupied by military affairs to return to Macau after 1913 but nevertheless remained in close contact with Macau. Sun Yat-Sen died in Beijing on 12 March 1925. Over 20,000 people (one fifth of the city's population then) in Macau attended the solemn memorial ceremony held at Kiang Wu Hospital on 29 March 1925. Since his passing, Macau has hosted large-scale ceremonies over the decades to commemorate the birthday of Dr. Sun and the Xinhai Revolution. In November 2006, a photographic commemoration exhibition was organised by the Macau Government Tourist Board and Macau History Association in his honour. In addition, Macau has dedicated three grand statues of Dr. Sun and has named one memorial hall, one garden and two new roads after him too.",
"title": "Sun Yat Sen Memorial House"
},
{
"docid": "11355965#9",
"text": "On 13 February 1912, Sun Yat-Sen resigned his position as provisional President of the Republic of China and conducted an inspection tour of China to invigorate its development, visiting Macau in May 1912 and June 1913. In May 1919, Sun Yat-Sen expelled the warlord Gui Xi (Guizhou military clique) in Guangdong and assigned his son Sun Ke to set up an office at the Rua de Inacio Baptista No. 10 to plan and agitate on behalf of the Constitutional Protection Movement. In 1922, Sun Yat-Sen supported the anti-tyranny wishes of the Chinese people of Macau and received a petition delegation from Macau workers in Guangzhou to make every effort to defend the Macau populace.",
"title": "Sun Yat Sen Memorial House"
},
{
"docid": "88483#62",
"text": "In George Town, Penang, Malaysia, the Penang Philomatic Union had its premises at 120 Armenian Street in 1910, during the time when Sun spent more than four months in Penang, convened the historic \"Penang Conference\" to launch the fundraising campaign for the Huanghuagang Uprising and founded the \"Kwong Wah Yit Poh\"; this house, which has been preserved as the Sun Yat-sen Museum (formerly called the Sun Yat Sen Penang Base), was visited by President designate Hu Jintao in 2002. The Penang Philomatic Union subsequently moved to a bungalow at 65 Macalister Road which has been preserved as the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Centre Penang.",
"title": "Sun Yat-sen"
},
{
"docid": "88483#19",
"text": "A \"Heaven and Earth Society\" sect known as Tiandihui had been around for a long time. The group has also been referred to as the \"three cooperating organizations\" as well as the triads. Sun Yat-sen mainly used this group to leverage his overseas travels to gain further financial and resource support for his revolution. According to the New York Times \"Sun Yat-sen left his village in Guangdong, southern China, in 1879 to join a brother in Hawaii. He eventually returned to China and from there moved to the British colony of Hong Kong in 1883. It was there that he received his Western education, his Christian faith and the money for revolution.\" This is where Sun Yat-sen realized that China needed to change its ways. He knew that the only way that China would change and modernize would be to overthrow the Qing Dynasty.",
"title": "Sun Yat-sen"
}
] |
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] |
3380
|
Who was the last earl of Sandwich?
|
[
{
"docid": "244840#0",
"text": "John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, PC, FRS (13 November 1718 – 30 April 1792) was a British statesman who succeeded his grandfather Edward Montagu, 3rd Earl of Sandwich as the Earl of Sandwich in 1729, at the age of ten. During his life, he held various military and political offices, including Postmaster General, First Lord of the Admiralty, and Secretary of State for the Northern Department. He is also known for the claim that he was the eponymous inventor of the sandwich.",
"title": "John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "245284#9",
"text": "Some historical papers of the family and its Hinchingbrooke estate are held by Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies at the County Record Office in Huntingdon.The heir apparent is the present holder's son Luke Timothy Charles Montagu, Viscount Hinchingbrooke (b. 1969), the son of the 11th Earl of Sandwich and Lady Sandwich ((Susan) Caroline Hayman, b. July 1st 1968)..\nThe heir apparent's heir apparent is his son, the Hon. William James Hayman Montagu (b. 2004).",
"title": "Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "245284#10",
"text": "The current Viscount Hinchingbrooke is married to Julie Montagu, Viscountess Hinchingbrooke (b. February 17th, 1972), a yoga instructor, qualified nutritional therapist and food blogger, vegetarian cookbook author and regular cast member of reality TV show 'Ladies of London', from Chicago, Illinois. She opened a yoga school in 2017. They were married on June 11th 2004 and have two sons together, the heir apparent, the Hon. William James Hayman Montagu (b. 2004), and Nestor John Sturges Montagu (b. October 17th 2006)",
"title": "Earl of Sandwich"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4771656#3",
"text": "Lord Sandwich married firstly his distant cousin Lady Elizabeth Montague-Dunk, only daughter of George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, 8 March 1766. Lady Elizabeth died in 1768 and Sandwich married Lady Mary Powlett, daughter and co-heir of Admiral Harry Powlett or Paulet, 6th and last Duke of Bolton. Lord Sandwich lived and was a rural landowner at Hinchingbrooke House today in north Cambridgeshire and held other farming interests. His eldest child, John George Montagu, by his first wife died in 1790. Lord Sandwich died in June 1814, aged 70, and was succeeded by his eldest son by his second wife, George. Lord Sandwich's illegitimate son William Augustus Montagu rose to the rank of Vice-Admiral in the Royal Navy. William is thought to be named after his uncle, William Augustus, who died at Lisbon in 1776.",
"title": "John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "11511038#0",
"text": "Edward Montagu, 3rd Earl of Sandwich (10 April 1670 – 20 October 1729) was born in Burlington House, London, England to Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Sandwich and Lady Ann Boyle. He was styled Viscount Hinchingbrooke from 1672 until his accession to the earldom in 1688. On 8 July 1689 he married Elizabeth Wilmot, daughter of John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester and Elizabeth Malet. They had two children, Elizabeth, who died as an infant, and Edward Richard Montagu, Viscount Hinchingbrooke (7 July 1692 – 3 October 1722), who predeceased his father.",
"title": "Edward Montagu, 3rd Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "244840#7",
"text": "In 1763 he returned to the Admiralty in the government of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, and encouraged a major rebuilding programme for the Royal Navy. Bute was a Tory who wished to bring the war to an end, which he did with the Treaty of Paris. It was during this time that Sandwich first met Martha Ray who became his long-standing mistress. He was soon dismissed from the office, but was offered the influential position of Ambassador to Madrid.",
"title": "John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "244840#19",
"text": "Sandwich retired from public duty in 1782, and lived another ten years in retirement at the family seat, Hinchingbrooke House, Huntingdonshire, dying on 30 April 1792. His title of Earl of Sandwich passed to his eldest son, John Montagu, 5th Earl of Sandwich, who was 48 at the time.",
"title": "John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "244840#17",
"text": "For several years Sandwich had as a mistress Fanny Murray, the subject of Wilkes' \"An Essay on Woman\" (1763), but he eventually married Dorothy Fane, daughter of the 1st Viscount Fane, by whom he had a son, John, Viscount Hinchingbrooke (1743 – 1814), who later succeeded as 5th Earl. Sandwich's first personal tragedy was his wife's deteriorating health and eventual insanity. During his wife's decline, Sandwich started an affair with the talented opera singer Martha Ray. During their relationship, Ray bore him at least five and perhaps as many as nine children, including Basil Montagu (1770 – 1851), writer, jurist and philanthropist. Tragedy was to strike again in April 1779 when Ray was murdered in the foyer of the Royal Opera House at Covent Garden by a jealous suitor, James Hackman, Rector of Wiveton. Sandwich never recovered from his grief. The events surrounding Ray's murder were depicted in a popular novel \"Love and Madness\" (1780) by Herbert Croft.",
"title": "John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "886594#0",
"text": "Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich, KG, FRS (27 July 1625 – 28 May 1672) was an English landowner and Infantry officer who later became a naval officer and a politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1645 and 1660. He served Oliver Cromwell loyally in the 1650s, but went on to play a considerable part in the Restoration of Charles II, and was rewarded with several Court offices. He served as the English Ambassador to Portugal 1661-1662, and Ambassador to Spain 1666-1668. He became an Admiral, serving in the two Anglo-Dutch Wars in the reign of Charles II, and was killed at the Battle of Solebay. Our best picture of him is contained in the diary of Samuel Pepys, who was his cousin and protégé.",
"title": "Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "245284#5",
"text": "He was succeeded by his nephew, the ninth Earl. He was the son of Rear-Admiral the Hon. Victor Alexander Montagu, second son of the seventh Earl. Lord Sandwich was Member of Parliament for Huntingdon and Lord Lieutenant of Huntingdonshire.",
"title": "Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "244840#4",
"text": "In 1746 he was sent as a plenipotentiary to the congress at Breda, and he continued to take part in the negotiations for peace until the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was concluded in 1748. Sandwich was also made British Ambassador to the Dutch Republic during the talks. Using the resources of the British secret service, Sandwich was able to outmanoeuvre his French counterpart by intercepting the latter's secret correspondence. His service at Breda drew him to the attention of the influential Duke of Newcastle, who lobbied for him to be given high office when he returned home.",
"title": "John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich"
},
{
"docid": "244840#6",
"text": "In February 1748 he became First Lord of the Admiralty, retaining this post until June 1751. By 1751 Newcastle, who had previously admired Sandwich for his forthright and hardline views, had increasingly begun to distrust him and his relationship with The Duke of Bedford whom Newcastle regarded as a rival. Newcastle engineered the dismissal of both of them, by sacking Sandwich. Bedford resigned in protest, as Newcastle had calculated, allowing him to replace them with men he considered more loyal personally to him.\nFor the next few years Sandwich spent time at his country estate, largely avoiding politics, though he kept in close contact with both Bedford and Anson and Britain's participation in the Seven Years' War. Partly thanks to naval reforms pioneered by Anson and Sandwich the Royal Navy enjoyed a series of successes and was able to blockade much of the French fleet in port.",
"title": "John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich"
}
] |
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] |
3382
|
Who murdered Charles Walton on 14 February 1945?
|
[
{
"docid": "20842609#0",
"text": "Charles Walton (1870–1945) was found murdered on the evening of 14 February 1945, (St Valentine’s Day), at The Firs farm on the slopes of Meon Hill, Lower Quinton in Warwickshire, England. The case is notable as the foremost police detective of the era, Chief Inspector Robert Fabian, led the investigation into Walton's death. The chief suspect for the murder was the manager of The Firs, Alfred John Potter, for whom Walton was working on the day he died. However, there was insufficient evidence to convict Potter and the case is currently the oldest unsolved murder in the Warwickshire Constabulary records. The case has earned some notoriety in popular culture due to its supposed connection with the local belief in witchcraft.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20842609#4",
"text": "On 14 February 1945 Walton left home with a pitchfork and a slash hook – a double-edged pruning implement with a sharpened straight edge on one side and concave cutting edge on the other. Edith stated that Walton had left his purse at home on 14 February. He was witnessesed to have passed through the churchyard between 9 am and 9.30 am. On this particular day, he was slashing hedges in a field known as Hillground on the slopes of Meon Hill.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
},
{
"docid": "20842609#31",
"text": "Statements were taken from over 500 residents of Lower Quinton, some as young as eleven years old, as well as other individuals who were in and around the area on 14 February. A detailed search of the entire area surrounding the murder scene was undertaken, with the help of the Royal Engineers using mine detectors, in an attempt to find Walton’s pocket watch or some other clue, but to no avail.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
},
{
"docid": "20842609#10",
"text": "At 11 pm on 14 February, Detective Inspector Tombs took a statement from Alfred Potter. Potter stated that he had been at the farm for about five years and had known Walton for all that time. He had employed Walton casually for the last nine months and that Walton had worked when the weather permitted. Walton had been engaged on hedging for the previous few months and Hillground was the last field needing attention.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
},
{
"docid": "20842609#37",
"text": "On 13 February 1954, the eve of the ninth anniversary of Walton’s murder, the Daily Mirror revisited the killing of Ann Tennant and alleged similarity between that event and Walton's murder. The report stated: \"The police have found one other link between the killings, but I am pledged not to reveal it.\" One possible explanation was that the police had discovered that Charles Walton and Ann Tennant were related.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
},
{
"docid": "20842609#28",
"text": "When Harry Beasley was interviewed he told the police that he was employed by Harry Ball of Henney's Farm in the village. He said that \"Potter had a reputation as a decent man to work for\". On the night of 14 February he recalled Potter saying of Walton, \"I saw him at work at 12.15\". Beasley also confirmed that Edith Walton had been going out with one Edgar Goode for some years, although Goode was later eliminated from the police enquiries. Beasley said he was confident that Potter realised Walton was dead from the moment he saw Walton's body.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
},
{
"docid": "20842609#40",
"text": "The two reports that Fabian wrote on the case in 1945 and which are preserved on the police file make no mention of witchcraft, ritualistic killing, black dogs, natterjack toads or blood sacrifices. However, twenty-five years later he wrote the following:I advise anybody who is tempted at any time to venture into Black Magic, witchcraft, Shamanism – call it what you will – to remember Charles Walton and to think of his death, which was clearly the ghastly climax of a pagan rite. There is no stronger argument for keeping as far away as possible from the villains with their swords, incense and mumbo-jumbo. It is prudence on which your future peace of mind and even your life could depend.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
},
{
"docid": "20842609#1",
"text": "Charles Walton, born 12 May 1870, was a 74-year-old agricultural worker who had lived in Lower Quinton all his life. He was a widower who shared a small cottage, 15 Lower Quinton, with his thirty-three-year-old niece, Edith Isabel Walton, whom he had adopted thirty years previously upon the death of her mother. Walton was described as something of a loner who had earned a reputation as a trainer of horses in his youth. It is said that he did not socialise with his neighbours but that he was far from being disliked.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
},
{
"docid": "20842609#14",
"text": "The Chief Constable has asked me to get the assistance of Scotland Yard to assist in a brutal case of murder that took place yesterday. The deceased is a man named CHARLES WALTON, age 75, and he was killed with an instrument known as a slash hook. The murder was either committed by a madman or one of the Italian prisoners who are in a camp nearby. The assistance of an Italian interpreter would be necessary, I think. Dr Webster states deceased was killed between 1 and 2 pm yesterday. A metal watch is missing from the body. It is being circulated.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
},
{
"docid": "20842609#20",
"text": "On 17 February, Potter was interviewed for a second time, on this occasion by Detective Sergeant Webb. Potter stated that Walton had usually worked about four days each week, but never in wet weather. Potter stated that he paid him eighteen pence per hour and usually at the end of each fortnight, although sometimes by the week. He said that he left it to Walton to say how many hours he had completed and implied that Walton was sometimes paid for hours he had not actually worked. He had last paid Walton for the fortnight ending 10 February when he had given him £2.15s.0.",
"title": "Charles Walton (murder victim)"
}
] |
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] |
3383
|
Which hero does The Chameleon fight?
|
[
{
"docid": "313540#20",
"text": "Following the \"Dying Wish\" storyline, Chameleon later fights Superior Spider-Man (Otto Octavius's mind in Spider-Man's body) and the Secret Avengers on the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier. Chameleon ends up knocked unconscious and Superior Spider-Man transports him to his hidden underwater lab where he ends up imprisoned. Chameleon, Electro, Sandman, Mysterion, and the Vulture are later seen as part of a team led by Superior Spider-Man called the \"Superior Six\". Superior Spider-Man has been temporarily controlling their minds in order to redeem them for their crimes. He does this by forcing them do heroic deeds against their will which almost get some of them killed. Every time he is done controlling them, he puts them back in their containment cells. They eventually break free of Superior Spider-Man's control and attempt to exact revenge on the wall-crawler, while nearly destroying New York in order to do so. With the help of Sun Girl, Superior Spider-Man is barely able to stop the Superior Six.",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "313540#0",
"text": "The Chameleon (Dmitri Smerdyakov) is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Commonly depicted as a master of disguise and the half-brother of Kraven the Hunter, the Chameleon is known as being the first supervillain for Spider-Man to face by first appearing in the original issue of \"The Amazing Spider-Man\".",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "313540#1",
"text": "Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko, the character first appeared in \"The Amazing Spider-Man\" #1 (March 1963), making him the first member of Spider-Man's rogues' gallery, based on issue publication date, excluding the burglar who murdered Ben Parker (Supercharger was the first Spider-Man supervillain chronologically). He is also well known to be related to Kraven the Hunter. That revealed relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of \"The Amazing Spider-Man\".",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "313540#2",
"text": "The Chameleon was born a Soviet citizen named Dmitri Smerdyakov (Дмитрий Смердяков). In his youth, he was a servant and half-brother to Sergei Kravinoff and eventually became a minor associate to Gustav Fiers. Although Dmitri and Sergei were friends, Sergei was often abusive to Smerdyakov, leading to a combination of admiration and resentment towards Kravinoff. Eventually, Smerdyakov emigrated to the United States of America. As he had made a talent for himself during his youth, impressing his brother by impersonating friends and neighbors, he assumed an even more impressive disguise: the identity of Chameleon. During his first known criminal outing, he impersonated Spider-Man, though he was exposed and arrested. Shortly afterward, Kraven the Hunter himself came to America, and the Chameleon set his old associate's sights on Spider-Man. Both men became long-time enemies of Spider-Man, part of his primary rogues' gallery.",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "313540#3",
"text": "The Chameleon inspired Kraven to begin hunting Spider-Man, inviting Kraven to dispose of the hero. With Kraven, the Chameleon battled Iron Man, and then confronted the Hulk. At one point, the Chameleon disguised himself as Hank Pym, and robbed Pym's laboratory for documents to combat Virus Nine. While delivering the documents and a shrunken Hulk to HYDRA, he was encountered and defeated by Ant-Man. The Chameleon disguised himself as the Torpedo and battled Daredevil.",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "313540#21",
"text": "Following the return of the true Spider-Man, Chameleon attempts to drive Spider-Man insane as revenge for the Superior Spider-Man's treatment of him during the events of \"Superior Six\". However, Spider-Man's ally Deadpool switches costumes with Spider-Man, with Chameleon unaware of this. He fails at driving \"Spider-Man\" insane (as Deadpool is already insane), and ends up being shot in the leg by him. Both heroes (in each other's costumes) punch the Chameleon at the same time, knocking him out and later delivered him to the authorities.",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "9181906#48",
"text": "Chameleon was an international hitman and spy. He also cannot (or does not) speak while he is in his true form, though his grunts were once provided by Jim Cummings. Though in the episode \"Framed\" Richard Fisk indicates that Chameleon told them about Peter Parker's parents. Chameleon has a belt, which is capable of capturing an image of a person, so that he can turn into a person to disguise himself, and then makes a perfect imitation of his disguise's voice. In his first appearance, he attempts to kill two diplomats at a U.N. conference to start a war, but is foiled by Spider-Man who easily picks the Chameleon out from the crowd since he had taken the appearance of Peter Parker, secretly Spider-Man's alter ego. In \"The Insidious Six\" and \"Battle of the Insidious Six\", Chameleon became a member of the Insidious Six. In \"Framed\" and \"The Man Without Fear\", he was working for the Kingpin's son, Richard Fisk in framing Peter Parker for getting restricted government information. But Parker's name was cleared by the machinations of Spider-Man and Daredevil, thus Richard and the Chameleon were sentenced to jail. Later, in \"The Cat\", it was revealed that he was jailed in S.H.I.E.L.D. for his dangerous international activities and he was assigned by the Kingpin to release Felicia Hardy's father. Chameleon was infused with a techo-organic virus prior to his incarceration in S.H.I.E.L.D., which made him part-machine and was able to change into any person without the belt. He successfully disguised himself as Felicia's father so no one would know the real Hardesky was abducted. Eventually, his ruse was uncovered by Nick Fury. Later, in \"Six Forgotten Warriors\" parts 1-5, he was rescued by the rest of the Insidious Six and became a member again, but would betray them and join forces with his foster father, the Red Skull (they have no relation in the comics), and his brother, Rhienholdt Kragov, who would later become Electro. In the end, Electro and the Red Skull, along with Captain America, were trapped in a time dilation loophole and the Chameleon escaped, never to be seen again. However, he was trapped by Spider-Man and webbed. The Chameleon was presumably killed, when the Doomsday Weapon was destroyed once and for all. It was not mentioned that he escaped from the reactor room.",
"title": "List of Spider-Man (1994 TV series) characters"
},
{
"docid": "313540#18",
"text": "During the \"Ends of the Earth\" storyline, Chameleon was present with the Sinister Six when Doctor Octopus tells them his master plan. Chameleon was present at Palazzo Senatorio at a summit where the world's greatest minds and the world leaders is carried out to discuss about Doctor Octopus' supposed offer to save the world with Chameleon disguised as Al Gore. As Al Gore, Chameleon states that Doctor Octopus would save them. Without a counter-argument, Spider-Man punches Al Gore and reveals to everyone present that Al Gore is actually Chameleon in disguise. Spider-Man stated that his new costume could detect which person is actually Chameleon based on his heartbeat. A transmission from Doctor Octopus states that he has activated the Octavian Lens which are blocking the harmful UV rays from the sun in order to reinforce his offer. After letting Chameleon go, Spider-Man secretly places a Spider-Tracer on Chameleon so that he and the Avengers could follow him. They follow Chameleon to the Mediterranean Coasts where the rest of the Sinister Six is waiting for Chameleon. Using many of the stolen objects, the Sinister Six successfully subdue the Avengers leaving only Spider-Man standing.",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "53386972#1",
"text": "The player, as Kid Chameleon, progresses through a series of levels, containing an array of deadly enemies and obstacles. Most levels contain a flag, which is the primary goal of each level, from which the player progresses to the next level. However, a number of teleporters throughout the game can warp the player not only to different places in the same level, but also to different levels, and sometimes to an entirely different path through the game. At the end of the game, Kid fights and defeats the final boss, Heady Metal. \"Kid Chameleon\" contains 103 levels, of which only about half are on the \"main path\" (traversing levels only by flags), and also counts 32 smaller unnamed levels, simply called \"Elsewhere\". Despite the game's considerable length, there was no password system or other method of saving the game (although re-releases in compilations and Virtual Console include their own save features). There are several bonuses that can be earned at the end of certain levels (in which the flag is touched), including beating a time limit, not getting hit and not collecting any prizes.",
"title": "Kid Chameleon"
},
{
"docid": "313540#27",
"text": "In Marvel 2099, a designer drug that causes its users to involuntarily shapeshift in response to whatever emotion they are feeling at the time is nicknamed \"Chameleon\". After fighting an addict (who turned into a bull-like monster when angered and a mouse-like creature when frightened) at Woodstock 2099, the era's Spider-Man tracks down the distributor of Chameleon, a hippy known as Major Jones. While battling Jones and his minions, Spider-Man accidentally knocks the dealer into his supply of the drug, causing him to mutate into an amorphous blob, the new Chameleon.",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "426833#0",
"text": "Harlock is the archetypical Romantic hero, a space pirate with an individualist philosophy of life. He is as noble as he is taciturn, rebellious, stoically fighting against totalitarian regimes, whether they be Earth-born or alien. In his own words, he \"fight[s] for no one's sake... only for something deep in [his] heart.\" He does not fear death, and is sometimes seen wearing clothing with the number 42 on it. In Japanese culture, the number 42 is associated with death (the numbers, pronounced separately as \"four two,\" sound like the word \"shini\"—meaning \"dying/death\").",
"title": "Captain Harlock"
},
{
"docid": "313540#34",
"text": "In \"Spider-Man Noir\", Dmitri Smerdyakov (a.k.a. The Chameleon) is depicted as a former Coney Island freak working for mob boss Norman Osborn (a.k.a. \"The Goblin\"). Like his mainstream counterpart, he has the ability to alter his features to imitate any individual, although this ability stems from his clay-like malleable features rather than any technological advantages. Osborn has him impersonate J. Jonah Jameson in order to eliminate Ben Urich and set a trap for Spider-Man. He was killed by Felicia Hardy when she witnesses him as Jameson killing Ben.\nThe Chameleon plays an important role in the \"Sinister Six\" novel trilogy by Adam-Troy Castro. He arranges for the escape of Doctor Octopus, the Vulture, Electro and Mysterio to form a new incarnation of the Sinister Six, coordinated by internationally-feared criminal Gustav Fiers (the Gentleman) who has often employed the Chameleon in past schemes. With the aid of the Gentleman's ward, Pity, a young woman with enhanced strength and speed that allows her to stand up to Spider-Man and the ability to generate a psionically-induced darkness, these men form a new incarnation of the Sinister Six to aid in the Gentleman's plan to trigger a global financial collapse (although the Six are only aware of the Gentleman's plan to destroy the American economy by generating an EMP in the middle of New York, unaware that he also plans to release a catalyst that would destroy ink and thus remove all physical back-ups of the lost data, as well as render the money the Six had been paid with little more than paper). During their first attack of a 'Day of Terror', where four of the Six take hostages at various points around the city (Mysterio posing as Electro while he and Pity steal the catalyst to draw attention from Electro's absence), the Chameleon takes an acting class at Empire State University hostage to make them run across a football field rigged with explosives, but he is taken by surprise by Mary Jane, who dismisses his plan as pathetic before catching him off-guard and forcing him to flee. When the time comes to trigger the EMP, although Fiers believed that he had the Six under control, he is killed by none other than the Chameleon, who disguises himself as Fiers' new driver so that he can find the plane where Fiers is storing his new material wealth (Fiers having 'sacrificed' most of his actual money to pay the Six or buy new goods that will become more valuable once money itself has lost all value); while dying, Fiers reflects that he was always able to see through the Chameleon's disguises in the past, but wonders if the Chameleon just \"let\" him see through those disguises until he was ready to strike. However, the Chameleon's plan to take control of Fiers' scheme is cut short when Doctor Octopus attacks the plane intending to do the same thing, followed by a fight between Doctor Octopus, Spider-Man and Pity that sends the plane crashing into the sea, with Pity and Octavius vanishing while the Chameleon is left hospitalized from hypothermia and near-drowning.",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "313540#14",
"text": "Sometime later at an alley building, a distraught Chameleon is met by Kraven the Hunter's wife Sasha Kravinoff and her daughter Ana Kravinoff who want his help in avenging the death of her husband. Various follow up issues during \"The Gauntlet\" storyline show Chameleon helping the Kravinoff family into creating an alliance of Spider-Man's enemies as well as Diablo. First, he and Sasha managed to spring Electro from prison. Then Chameleon approached Mysterio stating that he has friends that are \"dying\" to meet him. When it came to the \"Grim Hunt\" part, he posed as Ezekiel in order to get close to Spider-Man, defeat him, and bring him to the Kravinoffs in order to sacrifice him as part of a ritual that will revive Sergei Kravinoff. After Sergei is resurrected, the Chameleon states that the problem might stem from inward anger of being resurrected. He and the Kravinoffs discover Spider-Man's corpse, which turns out to be Kaine in Spider-Man's costume instead. The real Spider-Man goes to take revenge on the Kravenoff family. Spider-Man soon arrives and pulled Chameleon and Alyosha into the huge nest of spiders. Sasha realizes that the Kravenoff family wasn't hunting the spiders, but it was the spiders hunting them.",
"title": "Chameleon (comics)"
}
] |
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] |
3384
|
How many items are in the Hermitage museum collection?
|
[
{
"docid": "55922472#0",
"text": "Hermitage Revealed is a documentary film directed by Margy Kinmonth and produced by Foxtrot Films Ltd which tells the story of the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg - formerly a royal palace and now one of the largest and most visited museums in the world. Holding over 3 million objects and with more curators than any other museum, the exhibits go back to Catherine the Great. Celebrating the museum's 250th anniversary in 2014, the film shows how the collection came about, how it survived revolutionary times and what makes the Hermitage Museum unique today.",
"title": "Hermitage Revealed"
},
{
"docid": "175403#1",
"text": "Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items (the numismatic collection accounts for about one-third of them), including the largest collection of paintings in the world. The collections occupy a large complex of six historic buildings along Palace Embankment, including the Winter Palace, a former residence of Russian emperors. Apart from them, the Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at Staraya Derevnya, and the eastern wing of the General Staff Building are also part of the museum. The museum has several exhibition centers abroad. The Hermitage is a federal state property. Since July 1992, the director of the museum has been Mikhail Piotrovsky.",
"title": "Hermitage Museum"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20154963#1",
"text": "The collection was established in 1852, the year the museum was made open to the public, when it purchased the collection of statuettes from Countess Alexandra Lavalle, previously stored in her mansion on English Embankment, and received the items collected in Egypt by Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg, including two black basalt sarcophagi of the Late Period, now displayed in the middle of the hall, as well as the sculpture group of Theban governor Amenemheb with his wife and mother (14th century BC). In 1853 the statue of Sekhmet (15th century BC), brought by Alexei Norov from Theban Necropolis of the Eleventh dynasty of Egypt in the 1830s, was moved from the Imperial Academy of Arts to the Hermitage. Some items were purchased for the museum from antiquities traders in Egypt and collections of Russian merchants or received as gifts. In 1862 the collection expanded significantly, as the Castiglione collection, which was purchased by the Imperial Academy of Sciences from Carlo Ottavio Castiglione in Milan in 1826 and consisted of more than 900 items, core of the Egyptian museum of the Kunstkamera, was transferred to the Hermitage. However, there were no Egyptologists in Russia at that time. Vladimir Golenishchev became the first Russian egyptologist and started to work in the Hermitage in the 1870s. At the insistence of Golenishchev in 1881 the remainder of the Egyptian museum of the Kunstkamera was moved to the Hermitage. The Hermitage collection continued to grow in the 1880s, when Coptic written monuments and two fragments of Egyptian water clocks were acquired. In 1891 Golenishchev published the first complete inventory of the collection. Since the 1870s Golenishchev had collected an impressive private Egyptian collection, which was sold to the Pushkin Museum in Moscow in 1909, shortly before he emigrated. For a few years, as the building for the Moscow museum was being constructed, the items were also stored in the Hermitage. Soviet orientalist Vasily Struve was in charge of the Hermitage's Egyptian collection from 1918 to 1933. The highlights of the exhibition include the mummy of priest Petese (10th century BC) and a fragment of a tablet of Ramesses II's peace treaty with the Hittites (13th century BC).",
"title": "Egyptian Collection of the Hermitage Museum"
},
{
"docid": "175403#35",
"text": "In 1928, the Soviet government ordered the Hermitage to compile a list of valuable works of art for export. In 1930–1934, over two thousand works of art from the Hermitage collection were clandestinely sold at auctions abroad or directly to foreign officials and businesspeople. The sold items included Raphael's \"Alba Madonna\", Titian's \"Venus with a Mirror\", and Jan van Eyck's \"Annunciation\", among other world known masterpieces by Botticelli, Rembrandt, Van Dyck, and others. In 1931, after a series of negotiations, Andrew W. Mellon acquired 21 works of art from the Hermitage and later donated to form a nucleus of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. (see also Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings).\nWith the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, before the Siege of Leningrad started, two trains with a considerable part of the collections were evacuated to Sverdlovsk. Two bombs and a number of shells hit the museum buildings during the siege. The museum opened an exhibition in November 1944. In October 1945 the evacuated collections were brought back, and in November 1945 the museum reopened.",
"title": "Hermitage Museum"
},
{
"docid": "20154963#0",
"text": "The Egyptian Collection of the Hermitage Museum dates back to 1852 and includes items from the Predynastic Period to the 12th century AD. It belongs to the Oriental Art section of the museum. The Egyptian exposition is hosted in a single large hall on the ground floor on the eastern side of the Winter Palace. The hall serves as a passage to the exhibition of Classical Antiquities in other Hermitage buildings and is situated right under St. George's Hall. It was redesigned for the exhibition by Alexander Sivkov in 1940 and earlier served as the main buffet of the Winter Palace.",
"title": "Egyptian Collection of the Hermitage Museum"
},
{
"docid": "175403#4",
"text": "Originally, the only building housing the collection was the \"Small Hermitage\". Today, the Hermitage Museum encompasses many buildings on the Palace Embankment and its neighbourhoods. Apart from the Small Hermitage, the museum now also includes the \"Old Hermitage\" (also called \"Large Hermitage\"), the \"New Hermitage\", the \"Hermitage Theatre\", and the \"Winter Palace\", the former main residence of the Russian tsars. In recent years, the Hermitage has expanded to the General Staff Building on the Palace Square facing the Winter Palace, and the Menshikov Palace.",
"title": "Hermitage Museum"
},
{
"docid": "175403#25",
"text": "Catherine acquired the best collections offered for sale by the heirs of prominent collectors. In 1769, she purchased Brühl's collection, consisting of over 600 paintings and a vast number of prints and drawings, in Saxony. Three years later, she bought Crozat's collection of paintings in France with the assistance of Denis Diderot. Next, in 1779, she acquired the collection of 198 paintings that once belonged to Robert Walpole in London followed by a collection of 119 paintings in Paris from Count Baudouin in 1781. Catherine’s favorite items to collect were believed to be engraved gems and cameos. At the inaugural exhibit of the Hermitage, opened by the Prince of Wales in November 2000, there was an entire gallery devoted to representing and displaying Catherine's favorite items. In this gallery her cameos are displayed along with cabinet made by David Roentgen, which holds her engraved gems. As the symbol of Minerva was frequently used and favored by Catherine to represent her patronage of the arts, a cameo of Catherine as Minerva is also displayed here. This particular cameo was created for her by her daughter-in-law, the Grand Duchess Maria Fyodorovna. This is only a small representation of Catherine's vast collection of many antique and contemporary engraved gems and cameos.\nThe collection soon overgrew the building. In her lifetime, Catherine acquired 4,000 paintings from the old masters, 38,000 books, 10,000 engraved gems, 10,000 drawings, 16,000 coins and medals and a natural history collection filling two galleries, so in 1771 she commissioned Yury Felten to build another major extension. The neoclassical building was completed in 1787 and has come to be known as the Large Hermitage or Old Hermitage. Catherine also gave the name of the Hermitage to her private theatre, built nearby between 1783 and 1787 by the Italian architect Giacomo Quarenghi. In London in 1787, Catherine acquired the collection of sculpture that belonged to Lyde Browne, mostly Ancient Roman marbles. Catherine used them to adorn the Catherine Palace and park in Tsarskoye Selo, but later they became the core of the Classical Antiquities collection of the Hermitage. From 1787 to 1792, Quarenghi designed and built a wing along the Winter Canal with the Raphael Loggias to replicate the loggia in the Apostolic Palace in Rome designed by Donato Bramante and frescoed by Raphael. The loggias in Saint Petersburg were adorned with copies of Vatican frescoes painted by Cristopher Unterberger and his workshop in the 1780s.",
"title": "Hermitage Museum"
},
{
"docid": "11801946#3",
"text": "Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Piotrovsky advocated the opening of the Hermitage collections to the wider world, which resulted in the establishment of the Hermitage Rooms in Somerset House, Hermitage Amsterdam and the Guggenheim Hermitage Museum. His tenure was not entirely free of scandals, however. After the museum announced in July 2006 that 221 minor items, including jewelry, Orthodox icons, silverware and richly enameled objects, had been stolen by one of the museum officials, there were calls for Piotrovsky's resignation.",
"title": "Mikhail Piotrovsky"
},
{
"docid": "6635226#9",
"text": "The exhibit was the first display in The Netherlands of works from the Hermitage Museum's collections of French paintings of the late 19th and early 20th century. The collection was started by Russian collectors Morozov and Shchukin. The exhibit contained hundreds of masterpieces by artists who pioneered Modernism, including Matisse, Van Dongen, De Vlaminck, Derain and Picasso. It looked at the concept of Modernism from a historical perspective and examined how artists joined the new movement. The guest curator for the exhibit was Henk van Os, Professor at the University of Amsterdam and chairman of the Specialists Council of the Hermitage Amsterdam.",
"title": "Hermitage Amsterdam"
},
{
"docid": "175403#42",
"text": "The museum announced in July 2006, that 221 minor items, including jewelry, Orthodox icons, silverware and richly enameled objects, had been stolen. The value of the stolen items was estimated to be approximately $543,000 but by the end of 2006 several of the stolen items were recovered.",
"title": "Hermitage Museum"
}
] |
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3385
|
When did St Teresa of Calcutta died?
|
[
{
"docid": "50937492#1",
"text": "Born in Igatpuri, D'Souza was ordained priest in 1948. He became Bishop of Cuttack-Bhubaneswar in 1974 and was named coadjutor Archbishop of Calcutta in 1985. D'Souza retired in 2002 as Archbishop of Calcutta and started the Life Ascending- a monthly newsletter for the elderly. He died at the age of 90 in 2016 at Vianney Home, Kolkata. He was the Archbishop of Calcutta (Kolkata) when Saint Mother Teresa was in her later years and upon her death in the year 1997, helped initiate and support her sainthood.",
"title": "Henry Sebastian D'Souza"
},
{
"docid": "38612843#34",
"text": "The famous Mother Teresa of Calcutta established the Missionaries of Charity in the slums of Calcutta in 1948 to work among \"the poorest of the poor\". Initially founding a school, she then gathered other sisters who \"rescued new-born babies abandoned on rubbish heaps; they sought out the sick; they took in lepers, the unemployed, and the mentally ill\". Teresa achieved fame in the 1960s and began to establish convents around the world. By the time of her death in 1997, the religious institute she founded had more than 450 centres in over 100 countries.",
"title": "Catholic Church and health care"
},
{
"docid": "24745263#97",
"text": "Mother Teresa of Calcutta established the Missionaries of Charity in the slums of Calcutta in 1948 to work among \"the poorest of the poor\". Initially founding a school, she then gathered other sisters who \"rescued new-born babies abandoned on rubbish heaps; they sought out the sick; they took in lepers, the unemployed, and the mentally ill\". Teresa achieved fame in the 1960s and began to establish convents around the world. By the time of her death in 1997, the religious institute she founded had more than 450 centres in over 100 countries.",
"title": "Women in the Catholic Church"
},
{
"docid": "347105#0",
"text": "Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu commonly called Mother Teresa, and known in the Roman Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, ; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary. She was born in Skopje (now the capital of Macedonia), then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Macedonia for eighteen years she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of her life.",
"title": "Mother Teresa"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "45533025#0",
"text": "Marie O'Riordan was the final journalist to interview Nobel Peace Prize winner Mother Teresa, Saint Teresa of Calcutta, for a documentary about street children in Calcutta, now Kolkata, India in 1997 aged 22. The documentary made by the Irish broadcaster called \"Suffer Little Children\" aired hours before Mother Teresa died on 5 September 1997.",
"title": "Marie O'Riordan"
},
{
"docid": "11417276#1",
"text": "Mother Teresa of Calcutta founded the a Roman Catholic religious congregation, Missionaries of Charity, which in 2012 consisted of over 4,500 sisters and is active in 133 countries. Members of the order must adhere to the vows of chastity, poverty and obedience, and the fourth vow, to give \"Wholehearted and Free service to the poorest of the poor\". The Missionaries of Charity at the time of her death had 610 missions in 123 countries including hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis; soup kitchens; children's and family counselling programmes; orphanages; and schools. For over 45 years, she ministered to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying, while guiding the Missionaries of Charity's expansion, first throughout India and then in other countries. Her beatification by Pope John Paul II following her death gave her the title \"Blessed Teresa of Calcutta\".",
"title": "St. Mother Teresa Catholic Academy"
},
{
"docid": "347105#50",
"text": "On September 4, 2017, during a celebration honoring the 1st anniversary of her canonization, Sister Mary Prema Pierick, Superior-General of the Missionaries of Charity, announced that Archbishop Teresa would be made the co-patron of the Calcutta Archdiocese during a Holy Mass in the Cathedral of the Most Holy Rosary at 5.30 pm on September 6, 2017. On September 5, 2017, Archbishop Thomas D'Souza, who serves as head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta, confirmed that Teresa will be named co-patron of the Calcutta Diocese, alongside Francis Xavier. On September 6, 2017, about 500 people attended the Mass at a cathedral where Dominique Gomes, the local Vicar General, read the decree instituting her as the second patron saint of the archdiocese. The ceremony was also presided over by D'Souza and the Vatican's ambassador to India, Giambattista Diquattro, who lead the Mass and inaugurated a bronze statue in the church of Mother Teresa carrying a child.",
"title": "Mother Teresa"
},
{
"docid": "347105#24",
"text": "Teresa lay in repose in St Thomas, Calcutta, for a week before her funeral. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country. Assisted by five priests, the last rites was performed by Cardinal Secretary of State and Pope's representative, Angelo Sodano. Teresa's death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her \"a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity.\" According to former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, \"She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world.\"",
"title": "Mother Teresa"
},
{
"docid": "347105#3",
"text": "A controversial figure during her life and after her death, Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work. She was praised and criticised for her opposition to abortion, and criticised for poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorised biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992, and she has been the subject of films and other books. On September 6, 2017, Teresa was named co-patron of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta, alongside St. Francis Xavier.",
"title": "Mother Teresa"
},
{
"docid": "347105#22",
"text": "In April 1996 she fell, breaking her collarbone, and four months later she had malaria and heart failure. Although Teresa had heart surgery, her health was clearly declining. According to Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D'Souza, he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism (with her permission) when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil.",
"title": "Mother Teresa"
},
{
"docid": "347105#27",
"text": "Indian views of Teresa are not uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee, a physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city's slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he \"never even saw any nuns in those slums\". His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Teresa. Chatterjee criticized her for promoting a \"cult of suffering\" and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal. According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (needle reuse, for example) improved after Teresa's death in 1997.",
"title": "Mother Teresa"
},
{
"docid": "347105#4",
"text": "Teresa was born Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha) Bojaxhiu (; \"Anjezë\" is a cognate of \"Agnes\"; \"Gonxhe\" means \"rosebud\" or \"little flower\" in Albanian) on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family in Skopje (now the capital of the Republic of Macedonia), Ottoman Empire. She was baptized in Skopje, the day after her birth. She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her \"true birthday\".",
"title": "Mother Teresa"
}
] |
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3386
|
When was the first US transcontinental railroad completed?
|
[
{
"docid": "51916#2",
"text": "A series of transcontinental railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that united the country by rail. The first of these, the \"Pacific Railroad\", was built by the Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad to link the San Francisco Bay at Alameda, California, with the nation's existing eastern railroad network at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska, thereby creating the world's first transcontinental railroad when it opened in 1869. Its construction was made possible by the US government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862, 1864, and 1867.",
"title": "Transcontinental railroad"
},
{
"docid": "18822872#1",
"text": "The company was incorporated in 1869, and completed the line in January 1870. At the time the First Transcontinental Railroad was being built, Brigham Young felt slighted by Union Pacific officials who had decided not to build the railroad through Salt Lake. \"We want [the railroad] in this city where it belongs,\" he said on one occasion to the Mormons in Salt Lake, \"the attempt to carry it in that [north] direction is an insult to the people of this city, for in so doing they have tried to shun us.\" Consequently, Brigham Young formed his own company, the Utah Central Railroad, in order to connect Salt Lake to the Transcontinental Railroad in Ogden, forty miles to the north.",
"title": "Utah Central Railroad (1869–1881)"
},
{
"docid": "768226#149",
"text": "The ultimate competitor to the California Trail showed up in 1869 when the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed. The combined Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad carried traffic from the East into California, and the Virginia and Truckee Railroad carried traffic from Reno to Virginia City. The trip from Omaha, Nebraska to California became faster, cheaper, and safer, with a typical trip taking only seven days and a $65 (economy) fare. Even before completion, sections of the railroad were used to haul freight and people around Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada and California. The price of many goods imported from the east dropped by 20–50% as the much cheaper transportation costs were mostly passed on to the consumers. The California trail was used after 1869 by a few intrepid travelers, but it mostly reverted to local traffic traveling to towns or locations along the trail.",
"title": "California Trail"
},
{
"docid": "143163#51",
"text": "At the same time, 1879-1881, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad was building across New Mexico and met the Southern Pacific at Deming, New Mexico March 7, 1881, completing the second transcontinental railroad (the first, the central transcontinental, was completed May 10, 1869 at Promontory Summit, Utah). Acquiring trackage rights over the SP, from Deming to Benson, the Santa Fe then built a line southwest to Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, completed October 1882, as its first outlet to the Pacific. This line was later sold to the Southern Pacific. The Southern Pacific continued building east from El Paso, completing a junction with the Texas & Pacific in December 1881, and finally in 1883, its own southern transcontinental, the Sunset Route, California to New Orleans, Atlantic waters to the Pacific. These railroads caused an early 1880s mining boom in such locales as Tombstone, Arizona, Bisbee, Arizona, and Santa Rita, New Mexico, the latter two world class copper producers. From Bisbee, a third sub-transcontinental was built across the Gadsden Purchase, the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad, to El Paso by 1905, then to a link with the Rock Island line to form the Golden State Route. The EP&SW was sold to the Southern Pacific in the early 1920s.",
"title": "Gadsden Purchase"
},
{
"docid": "1996726#40",
"text": "Abe Wheeler continues to work on the railroad until the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed on May 10, 1869, when the driving of the Golden Spike joins the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads at Promontory Summit in Utah. Abe parts company with Chow-Ping.",
"title": "Into the West (miniseries)"
},
{
"docid": "5226320#21",
"text": "The Atlantic shipping terminal was in Colon, Panama. The Pacific terminal was in Panama City. The 48-mile double track railway was the first transcontinental railway and an engineering marvel of the era. Until the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, the Panama Railway Company carried the heaviest volume of freight per unit length of any railroad in the world. H. W. Corbett and others from Portland would then use it to get back and forth to the connecting ships to and from the East, rather than crossing on mule back. When the transcontinental Union Pacific Railroad to San Francisco was completed on May 10, 1869, this more direct route was then used for shipping and travel connecting to Portland by boat or stage coach.",
"title": "Henry W. Corbett"
},
{
"docid": "18973050#21",
"text": "A Pacific Railroad train did eventually reach Jefferson City four months later, but St. Louis' plan to be the starting point of the transcontinental railroad was unsuccessful. In 1869, the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed at Promontory Summit, Utah, stretching from San Francisco to Chicago. The Pacific Railroad was renamed Missouri Pacific in 1867 and later became a part of Union Pacific in 1982.",
"title": "Gasconade Bridge train disaster"
},
{
"docid": "36541#0",
"text": "The First Transcontinental Railroad (also called the Great Transcontinental Railroad, known originally as the \"Pacific Railroad\" and later as the \"Overland Route\") was a continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay. The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds. The Western Pacific Railroad Company built of track from Oakland/Alameda to Sacramento, California. The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) constructed eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory (U.T.). The Union Pacific built from the road's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha, Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit.",
"title": "First Transcontinental Railroad"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18867107#3",
"text": "The first railroad in Sacramento as well as California was the Sacramento Valley Railroad finished in 1856 and engineered by Theodore Judah. Judah's efforts to realize a transcontinental railroad was transferred to the power of \"The Big Four\" investors, who created the Central Pacific Railroad. The First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869, when Central Pacific's line joined Union Pacific's at Promontory Summit. Sacramento's terminus was the primary departure station for the railroad until 1883.",
"title": "Sacramento Railyards"
},
{
"docid": "51916#7",
"text": "The completion of Canada's first transcontinental railroad with the driving of the Last Spike at Craigellachie, British Columbia, on November 7, 1885, is an important milestone in Canadian history. Between 1881 and 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) completed a line that spanned from the port of Montreal to the Pacific coast, fulfilling a condition of British Columbia's 1871 entry into the Canadian Confederation. The City of Vancouver, incorporated in 1886, was designated the western terminus of the line. The CPR became the first transcontinental railway company in North America in 1889 after its International Railway of Maine opened, connecting CPR to the Atlantic coast.",
"title": "Transcontinental railroad"
},
{
"docid": "36541#84",
"text": "When the last spike was driven, the rail network was not yet connected to the Atlantic or Pacific but merely connected Omaha to Sacramento. To get from Sacramento to the Pacific, the Central Pacific purchased the struggling Western Pacific Railroad (unrelated to the railroad of the same name that would later parallel its route) and resumed construction on it, which had halted in 1866 due to funding troubles. In November 1869, the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to the east side of San Francisco Bay by rail at Oakland, California, where freight and passengers completed their transcontinental link to the city by ferry.",
"title": "First Transcontinental Railroad"
},
{
"docid": "36541#62",
"text": "The CPRR route passed through Newcastle and Truckee in California, Reno, Wadsworth, Winnemucca, Battle Mountain, Elko and Wells in Nevada (with many more fuel and water stops), before connecting with the Union Pacific line at Promontory Summit in the Utah Territory. When the eastern end of the CPRR was extended to Ogden by purchasing the Union Pacific Railroad line from Promontory for about $2.8 million in 1870, it ended the short period of a boom town for Promontory, extended the Central Pacific tracks about and made Ogden a major terminus on the transcontinental railroad, as passengers and freight switched railroads there.\nSubsequent to the railhead's meeting at Promontory Summit, U.T., the San Joaquin River Bridge at Mossdale Crossing (near present-day Lathrop, California) was completed on September 8, 1869. As a result, the western part of the route was extended from Sacramento to the Alameda Terminal in Alameda, California, and shortly thereafter, to the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point in Oakland, California, and on to San Jose, California. Train ferries transferred some railroad cars to and from the Oakland wharves and tracks to wharves and tracks in San Francisco. Before the CPRR was completed, developers were building other feeder railroads like the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to the Comstock Lode diggings in Virginia City, Nevada, and several different extensions in California and Nevada to reach other cities there. Some of their main cargo was the thousands of cords of firewood needed for the many steam engines and pumps, cooking stoves, heating stoves etc. in Comstock Lode towns and the tons of ice needed by the miners as they worked ever deeper into the \"hot\" Comstock Lode ore body. In the mines, temperatures could get above at the work face and a miner often used over of ice per shift. This new railroad connected to the Central Pacific near Reno, and went through Carson City, the new capital of Nevada.",
"title": "First Transcontinental Railroad"
}
] |
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] |
3387
|
When was the first televised NFL game?
|
[
{
"docid": "3182739#17",
"text": "NBC broadcast the first televised National Football League (NFL) game when they carried the 22 October 1939 game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Brooklyn Dodgers. The same year, the first nationwide radio broadcast of an NFL championship game was carried on the Mutual Broadcasting System. While the NFL had weak television deals that ranked behind college football and even the Canadian Football League in the 1950s, the broadcast rights of the NFL would go on to become an important property following the 1958 NFL Championship and the later establishment of the American Football League in 1960. \"Monday Night Football\", \"NFL on Fox\", and \"NBC Sunday Night Football\" have changed the landscape of American football broadcasts, including the scheduling of the Super Bowl, transforming it from an afternoon broadcast into a primetime spectacle. The price for the NFL's broadcast rights has increased steadily over the past several decades, in part because of bidding wars between the numerous networks and the fear of losing stature due to the loss of NFL programming; as of the most recent contract the league nets annual fees of over $6 billion, or half of the league's overall revenue, from television rights alone. Four of the five major sports television units in the United States, and the four companies that control all of the major broadcast networks, currently own some NFL rights.",
"title": "Broadcasting of sports events"
},
{
"docid": "40059690#1",
"text": "NBC was the first major television network to cover an NFL game, when on October 22, 1939, it broadcast a game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Brooklyn Dodgers; the network was still only in its infancy, with only two affiliates, the modern day WRGB (now a CBS affiliate) in Schenectady and W2XBS in New York City. Portions of that game still survive via films, but the film is not footage from the telecast (recordings of television broadcasts did not begin until 1948). The use of a sideline camera, the sole camera used in the 1939 broadcast, would become the standard for all future NFL broadcasts until 2017; the angle is particularly suited for estimating yardage, compared to more mobile camera angles that began to appear in the 21st century.",
"title": "History of the National Football League on television"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1527849#2",
"text": "CBS' coverage began on September 30, 1956 (the first regular season broadcast was a game between the visiting Washington Redskins against the Pittsburgh Steelers), before the 1970 AFL–NFL merger. Prior to 1968, CBS had an assigned crew for each NFL team. As a result, CBS became the first network to broadcast some NFL regular season games to selected television markets across the country. From 1970 until the end of the 1993 season, when Fox won the broadcast television contract to that particular conference, CBS aired NFL games from the National Football Conference. Since 1975, game coverage has been preceded by pre-game show \"The NFL Today\", which features game previews, extensive analysis and interviews.",
"title": "NFL on CBS"
},
{
"docid": "2773926#1",
"text": "An NFL game was televised for the first time when NBC broadcast a Brooklyn Dodgers–Philadelphia Eagles game. The experimental broadcast was broadcast only to viewers in New York and Albany; regular broadcasting of NFL games would not begin until 1951.",
"title": "1939 NFL season"
},
{
"docid": "1546965#100",
"text": "Thanksgiving Day contests have been held since before the league's inception. The Detroit Lions have hosted a game every Thanksgiving since 1934 (with the exception of 1939–1944 due to the \"Franksgiving\" confusion and World War II), and they have been nationally televised since 1953. The first color television broadcast of an NFL regular season game was the 1965 Thanksgiving contest between the Lions and Baltimore Colts. In 1966, the NFL introduced an annual game hosted by the Dallas Cowboys, which has been played every year except in 1975 and 1977 when the St. Louis Cardinals hosted a match instead. However, fans both inside and outside St. Louis did not respond well to an NFL fixture on Thanksgiving, and thus Dallas resumed hosting the game in 1978.",
"title": "National Football League on television"
},
{
"docid": "1527849#63",
"text": "\"When CBS got the NFL back (in 1997), everything picked up again\", Pilson said. On November 8, 1998, CBS televised the first NFL game to be broadcast in high-definition, between the New York Jets and Buffalo Bills at Giants Stadium. It was also the first time two Heisman Trophy winning quarterbacks started against each other in the NFL (Vinny Testaverde for the Jets and Doug Flutie for the Bills).",
"title": "NFL on CBS"
},
{
"docid": "40059690#11",
"text": "The first ever AFL-NFL World Championship Game was played on January 15, 1967 between the NFL champion Packers and the AFL champion Chiefs. As CBS held the rights to nationally televise NFL games and NBC had the rights to broadcast AFL matches, it was decided that both would cover that first game. The next three AFL-NFL World Championship Games, the initial Super Bowls, were then divided by the two networks: CBS broadcast Super Bowls II and IV while NBC covered III.",
"title": "History of the National Football League on television"
},
{
"docid": "40059690#19",
"text": "In 1986, the United States Football League, at the time pursuing an antitrust lawsuit against the NFL, signed an agreement with ESPN to carry games on Sunday nights. When the lawsuit failed and the 1986 season was canceled, the NFL swooped in and took the time slot, creating \"ESPN Sunday Night Football\" in 1987. ESPN thus became the first cable network to broadcast regular season NFL games. Chris Berman helped redefine the pre- and post-game shows when he launched \"NFL Countdown\" and \"NFL Prime Time\", and they have since become the top-rated pre- and post-game shows on television. The cable network's contract to show \"ESPN Sunday Night Football\" was one of the turning points in their growth, transforming them from a small cable network to a marketing empire.",
"title": "History of the National Football League on television"
},
{
"docid": "1527849#22",
"text": "When the AFL and the NFL officially merged in 1970, the combined league divided its teams into the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). It was then decided (officially announced on January 26, 1970) that CBS would televise all NFC teams (including playoff games) while NBC would carry games from all AFC teams. For interconference games, CBS would broadcast them if the visiting team was from the NFC and NBC would carry them when the visitors were from the AFC. This was in line with the NFL television blackout rules of the time, meaning that every televised game of a local NFL team would be on the same channel (at the time, home games were banned from local television regardless of sell-out status, while road games are required to be aired in the teams' primary media markets, and select neighboring markets as well, even if it is not the most popular team in the market). The two networks also divided up broadcast rights to the Super Bowl on a yearly rotation.",
"title": "NFL on CBS"
},
{
"docid": "1031601#3",
"text": "After the season, NFL owners faced competition from the newly formed American Football League and wanted a vehicle through which to showcase more of its supposedly superior NFL professional football product on television. At the time, unlike the AFL, which had a contract with ABC-TV for nationally televised games, often double-headers, few NFL games were televised nationally during the season and there was only one scheduled post-season game, the NFL Championship Game. The Playoff Bowl was devised to match the second-place teams from the NFL's two conferences (Eastern and Western). This doubled from two to four the number of top NFL teams appearing in post-season play on national television. \nThe 1966 season required another game following the American Football League Championship Game and the NFL Championship Game, the first of four AFL–NFL World Championship Games between the champions of the two major Professional Football leagues for the undisputed championship. The establishment of the AFL–NFL World Championship Game (Super Bowl was not its official name until Super Bowl III) was the first phase of the AFL–NFL merger of June 1966. This new mega-game between the rival leagues was played in mid-January at a warm weather location, two weeks after the championship games for each league. The NFL's Playoff Bowl was played during the idle week, and because of AFL's equally major league status, interest in the game was waning. In addition, the arrival of the Miami Dolphins in 1966 as an expansion franchise in the AFL reduced local interest in the game.",
"title": "Playoff Bowl"
}
] |
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] |
3388
|
Are newts amphibians?
|
[
{
"docid": "9008254#44",
"text": "Only six amphibians and four land reptiles are native to Scotland. The amphibians include three species of newt: the great crested, of which fewer than 1,000 individuals survive; the smooth, and the palmate. The other amphibians are the common toad, the natterjack toad, found in only four locations in the south-west, and the common frog. A single alien amphibian is known in Scotland, the Alpine newt, a recent escapee confined to the Edinburgh area.",
"title": "Fauna of Scotland"
},
{
"docid": "19321517#18",
"text": "Newts, as with salamanders in general and other amphibians, serve as bioindicators because of their thin, sensitive skin and evidence of their presence (or absence) can serve as an indicator of the health of the environment. Most species are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the pH level of the streams and lakes where they live. Because their skin is permeable to water, they absorb oxygen and other substances they need through their skin. Scientists study the stability of the amphibian population when studying the water quality of a particular body of water.",
"title": "Newt"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1888553#11",
"text": "Eastern newts eat a variety of prey, such as insects, small mollusks and crustaceans, young amphibians, worms, and frog eggs.\nAlthough eastern newts are widespread throughout North America, they, like many other species of amphibians are increasingly threatened by several factors including, habitat fragmentation, climate change, invasive species, over-exploitation, and emergent infectious diseases. Wild eastern newts are known hosts of \"Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis\" and \"Ranavirus\". They are also highly susceptible to the newly emergent chytrid fungus \"Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans\".",
"title": "Eastern newt"
},
{
"docid": "11853642#0",
"text": "Bulgaria is a country in southeastern Europe situated entirely in the Balkan peninsula. Bulgaria is inhabited by 20 amphibian species, which makes the amphibians the least diverse class of vertebrates in the country. They include seven species of newts and salamanders from a single family, Salamandridae, as well as 13 frog and toad species from five families—Bombinatoridae, Bufonidae, Hylidae, Pelobatidae and Ranidae. The most recently classified species are the northern crested newt, identified in 2005, and the Macedonian crested newt, identified in 2007. Some of the most common species include the European green toad, yellow-bellied toad, and marsh frog.",
"title": "List of amphibians of Bulgaria"
},
{
"docid": "71097#0",
"text": "The smooth newt, also known as the common newt (Lissotriton vulgaris; formerly Triturus vulgaris) is a species of amphibian, the most common newt of the genus \"Lissotriton\". It is found throughout Europe, except the far north, areas of Southern France and the Iberian Peninsula.",
"title": "Smooth newt"
},
{
"docid": "2456705#0",
"text": "The alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) is a newt of the salamander order Caudata (or Urodela) in the class of amphibians.\nIt was formerly known as \"Triturus alpestris\" and \"Mesotriton alpestris\".",
"title": "Alpine newt"
},
{
"docid": "12176781#14",
"text": "The amphibian adrenal gland is responsible for the release of corticosteroids and catecholamines which aid in stress response in the newts by maintaining ion and water balance. This allows them to adapt and moderate environmental changes in their habitats. However, the introduction of cadmium into aquatic systems has been shown to disrupt normal operation of the adrenal gland in amphibians and result in a marked drop in ACTH (a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which triggers an increase in production of corticosterone) and therefore also a drop in corticosterone production. A drop in these necessary hormones severely affects the survivability of the newt, and its hypersensitivity towards chemical and pollutant exposure serves to cripple \"T. carnifex\"'s longevity further.",
"title": "Italian crested newt"
},
{
"docid": "34248635#9",
"text": "The rough-skinned newt (\"Taricha granulosa\") is a newt known for its strong poison. Habitats of rough-skinned newts are found throughout the West Coast of the United States and British Columbia. Their range extends south to Santa Cruz, California and north to Alaska.",
"title": "List of amphibians and reptiles of Oregon"
},
{
"docid": "34240006#5",
"text": "The rough-skinned newt (\"Taricha granulosa\") is a newt known for its strong poison. Habitats of rough-skinned newts are found throughout the West Coast of the United States and British Columbia. Their range extends south to Santa Cruz, California and north to Alaska. Rough-skinned newts are rare in Idaho and have only been found in several ponds near Moscow, Idaho where they may have been introduced.",
"title": "List of amphibians and reptiles of Idaho"
},
{
"docid": "34185895#5",
"text": "The rough-skinned newt (\"Taricha granulosa\") is a newt known for its strong poison. Habitats of rough-skinned newts are found throughout the West Coast of the United States and British Columbia. Their range extends south to Santa Cruz, California and north to Alaska.",
"title": "List of amphibians and reptiles of Olympic National Park"
}
] |
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] |
3389
|
Are footballs really made of pig skin?
|
[
{
"docid": "23976719#38",
"text": "In Europe, early footballs were made out of animal bladders, more specifically pig's bladders, which were inflated. Later leather coverings were introduced to allow the balls to keep their shape. However, in 1851, Richard Lindon and William Gilbert, both shoemakers from the town of Rugby (near the school), exhibited both round and oval-shaped balls at the Great Exhibition in London. Richard Lindon's wife is said to have died of lung disease caused by blowing up pig's bladders. Lindon also won medals for the invention of the \"Rubber inflatable Bladder\" and the \"Brass Hand Pump\".",
"title": "Football"
},
{
"docid": "143183#1",
"text": "The first balls were made of natural materials, such as an inflated pig bladder, later put inside a leather cover, which has given rise to the American slang-term \"pigskin\". Modern balls are designed by teams of engineers to exacting specifications, with rubber or plastic bladders, and often with plastic covers. Various leagues and games use different balls, though they all have one of the following basic shapes:",
"title": "Football (ball)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "57928120#2",
"text": "Hairless guinea pigs are not significantly physiologically different than regular haired guinea pigs, although they need to eat more to maintain body heat. The optimal temperature range for a hairless guinea pig is , which is slightly higher than the optimal temperature range for the haired guinea pig.\nTheir skin has a similar appearance to human skin, but has a more rubbery texture. Their skin is quite vulnerable to sunburn, other injuries and fungal infections unless precautions are taken. Baldwin guinea pigs should be housed indoors and they are usually kept with nesting materials such as a blanket, fleece bag or small plastic or wooden house for heat conservation. Heating pads or other external heat sources may be needed when the weather is cold.",
"title": "Baldwin guinea pig"
},
{
"docid": "15929223#5",
"text": "Almost all of the pig can be used as food. Preparations of pig parts into specialties include: sausage (and casings made from the intestines), bacon, gammon, ham, skin into pork scratchings, feet into trotters, head into a meat jelly called head cheese (brawn), and consumption of the liver, chitterlings and blood (blood pudding or black pudding). This is also, technically, the case for all other mammals, although the demand is not really there.",
"title": "Pig farming"
},
{
"docid": "143183#3",
"text": "The oldest football still in existence, which is thought to have been made circa 1550, was discovered in the roof of Stirling Castle, Scotland, in 1981. The ball is made of leather (possibly from a deer) and a pig's bladder. It has a diameter of between , weighs and is currently on display at the Smith Art Gallery and Museum in Stirling.",
"title": "Football (ball)"
},
{
"docid": "25342744#5",
"text": "In Mammola, an ancient tradition survives of making the serenity when you kill the pig, sung and played with accordion and guitar to honor the family. This special evening is celebrated with friends and family with the tasting of \"frittole, obviously accompanied by a glass of wine and bread pizza\" (corn bread), prepared during the day and cooked in the typical \"caddàra. In other cultures, specifically ancient Greek, the pig skin's wrinkle count is used to predict the gender of a newborn. If the pig skin has an even number of wrinkles, the child is likely female. On the other hand, if the pig skin tallies an odd number of wrinkles, then the child is likely a male.",
"title": "Frìttuli"
},
{
"docid": "32546#52",
"text": "Many of the traditional northern Lunar New Year dishes such as \"thịt đông, giò thủ,\" and \" canh măng móng giò\" involve the use of pig heads, tongues, throats and feet. Pig and beef tails, as well as chicken heads, necks and feet, are Vietnamese favorite beer dishes. \"Bóng\", used as an ingredient in \"canh bóng\" – a kind of soup, is pig skin baked until popped. Steamed pig brains can be found almost anywhere along a Vietnamese street. Also in the northern part of Vietnam, different kinds of animal blood can be made into a dish called \"tiết canh\" by whisking the blood with fish sauce and cold water in a shallow dish along with finely chopped, cooked duck innards (such as gizzards), sprinkled with crushed peanuts and chopped herbs such as Vietnamese coriander, mint, etc. It is then cooled until the blood coagulates into a soft, jelly-like mixture and served raw.",
"title": "Vietnamese cuisine"
},
{
"docid": "11659808#0",
"text": "Bánh da lợn or bánh da heo (literally \"pig skin cake\") is a Vietnamese steamed layer cake made from tapioca starch, rice flour, mashed mung beans, taro, or durian, coconut milk and/or water, and sugar. It is sweet and gelatinously soft in texture, with thin (approximately 1 cm) colored layers alternating with layers of mung bean, durian, or taro filling.",
"title": "Bánh da lợn"
},
{
"docid": "1943120#18",
"text": "American-style pork rinds are usually made from pig skin and fat without meat. They are commonly seasoned and sold in plastic bags, like corn and potato chips (crisps) as a \"junk food\" item. Some brands in the Southwest use the Spanish term , and Mexican-style dishes are available in many Mexican and Southwestern restaurants in the region. In the Deep South, traditional home-cooked pork rinds are called \"cracklings\" or (colloquially) \"cracklins\". They are made in a two-step process: the pork skin is first rendered and dried, and then fried and puffed. In New Mexico, the term is often taken to mean just fried pork fat, sometimes with incidental bits of lean meat.",
"title": "Chicharrón"
},
{
"docid": "2186735#35",
"text": "The oldest surviving ball that might have been used for football games dates to about 1540 and comes from Scotland. It is made from leather and a pig's bladder. It was discovered in 1981 in the roof structure of the Queen's Chamber, Stirling Castle. Whilst other uses for the ball, such as pallone, have been suggested, most notably by the National Museum of Scotland, due to its size (diameter 14–16 cm), staff at the Stirling Smith Museum and researchers at the Scottish Football Museum have attributed its use to football, citing the description of the ball used in the Carlisle Castle game of 1568.",
"title": "Medieval football"
},
{
"docid": "7244197#0",
"text": "The business fable of The Chicken and the Pig is about commitment to a project or cause. When producing a dish made of ham or bacon and eggs, the pig provides the ham or bacon which requires his or her sacrifice and the chicken provides the eggs which are not difficult to produce. Thus the pig is really committed in that dish while the chicken is only involved, yet both are needed to produce the dish.",
"title": "The Chicken and the Pig"
}
] |
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3390
|
Where was the Republic of Formosa?
|
[
{
"docid": "301940#0",
"text": "The Republic of Formosa (), was a short-lived republic that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895 between the formal cession of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty of China to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki and it being taken over by Japanese troops. The Republic was proclaimed on 23 May 1895 and extinguished on 21 October, when the Republican capital Tainan was taken over by the Japanese. Though sometimes claimed as the first Asian republic to have been proclaimed, it was predated by the Lanfang Republic in Borneo, established in 1777, as well as by the Republic of Ezo in Japan, established in 1869.",
"title": "Republic of Formosa"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "301940#4",
"text": "Official Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Formosa.\nThe Japanese have affronted China by annexing our territory of Formosa, and the supplications of us, the People of Formosa, at the portals of the Throne have been made in vain. We now learn that the Japanese slaves are about to arrive.\nIf we suffer this, the land of our hearths and homes will become the land of savages and barbarians, but if we do not suffer it, our condition of comparative weakness will certainly not endure long. Frequent conferences have been held with the Foreign Powers, who all aver that the People of Formosa must establish their independence before the Powers will assist them.\nNow therefore we, the People of Formosa, are irrevocably resolved to die before we will serve the enemy. And we have in Council determined to convert the whole island of Formosa into a Republican state, and that the administration of all our State affairs shall be organized and carried on by the deliberations and decisions of Officers publicly elected by us the People. But as in this new enterprise there is needed, as well for the resistance of Japanese aggression as for the organization of the new administration, a man to have chief control, in whom authority shall centre, and by whom the peace of our homesteads shall be assured—therefore, in view of the respect and admiration in which we have long held the Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Tang Ching Sung, we have in Council determined to raise him to the position of President of the Republic.\nAn official seal has been cut, and on the second day of fifth moon, at the \"ssu\" hour [9 a.m. 25 May], it will be publicly presented with all respect by the notables and people of the whole of Formosa. At early dawn on that day, all of us, notables and people, farmers and merchants, artizans and tradesmen, must assemble at the Tuan Fang Meeting House, that we may in grave and solemn manner inaugurate this undertaking\nLet there be neither delay nor mistake.\nA Declaration of the whole of Formosa.\n[Seal in red as follows] An announcement by the whole of Formosa.\nSince the island had already been ceded to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, Western powers were not in a position to recognize the Republic of Formosa as a legitimate government. Acting under the authority of the new Republic, Chinese troops would be able to resist the Japanese in Taiwan without technically breaching the terms of the treaty, and if they were successful Taiwan could return to Chinese rule at some future date. (In this respect, it was significant that the nominally independent Republic acknowledged the suzerainty of China.) There was therefore little sympathy in Europe for the Republic, despite its impeccably 'Parisian' manifesto.\nAlthough there was considerable unofficial support for the Formosan resistance movement in Peking, the Qing government's official stance was one of punctilious adherence to the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, as considerable diplomatic efforts were then underway to persuade Japan to relinquish the Liaotung Peninsula, which had also been ceded to Japan under the treaty. Japan's rapacity had aroused concern in Europe, and in a diplomatic demarche known as the Triple Intervention, Russia, France and Germany put pressure on the Japanese government in late April 1895 to restore the peninsula to China. On 5 May the Japanese agreed to retrocede the Liaotung Peninsula to China in return for an increased indemnity, but it took until December 1895 to negotiate the necessary treaty amendments, and while the negotiations were in progress Japanese troops remained in place. During this period the empress dowager and her officials were anxious not to offend Japan, and the Qing court therefore formally disavowed the Republican resistance movement in Taiwan. Shortly before the proclamation of the Republic of Formosa, the Qing court ordered Li Ching-fang (李經芳), the nephew and adopted son of China's elder statesman Li Hongzhang, to proceed to Taiwan and transfer sovereignty over the island from China to Japan. It also cabled an imperial edict to Taipei on 20 May, directing Tang Jingsong to order all Qing civil officials and all officers and soldiers to leave Taiwan. Tang himself was ordered to return to Peking.",
"title": "Republic of Formosa"
},
{
"docid": "301940#9",
"text": "The Republic of Formosa survived for only five months. The Japanese landed near Keelung on the northern coast of Taiwan on 29 May 1895, and in a five-month campaign swept southwards to Tainan. During the night of 4 June, on the news that the Japanese had captured Keelung, President T'ang and General Chiu fled to Tamsui, and from there sailed for the mainland on the evening of 6 June. The Japanese entered Taipei shortly afterwards.",
"title": "Republic of Formosa"
},
{
"docid": "301940#5",
"text": "Spurned by European public opinion and officially disavowed by China, the Republic of Formosa enjoyed only one week of uninterrupted existence. During this time it decked itself out with the conventional trappings of sovereignty. The Republicans adopted a national flag with a yellow tiger on a blue background, ordered a large silver state seal to be made, and began to issue paper money and postage stamps in the name of the Republic. The foreign minister Ch'en Chi-t'ung, who had lived in France for many years, was responsible for crafting much of this republican symbolism.",
"title": "Republic of Formosa"
},
{
"docid": "2147212#0",
"text": "The Formosa Resolution was a bill enacted by the U.S. Congress on January 29, 1955 that established an American commitment to defend Formosa (now called Taiwan). As a matter of American foreign policy, President Dwight D. Eisenhower promised to protect \"territories in the West Pacific under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China\" (i.e. Taiwan and Penghu) against invasion by the People's Republic of China (PRC). The legislation provided the President with the power to intervene if the island was attacked.",
"title": "Formosa Resolution of 1955"
},
{
"docid": "301940#6",
"text": "Premises were found for the republican parliament and the republican ministries in the yamens of the former Qing administration in Taipei. Tang Jingsong, the president of the republic, remained in the palatial Government House he had previously occupied as the Qing governor-general of Formosa. T'ang's cabinet included the heads of the four great ministries of state (war, the navy, home affairs and foreign affairs), who ran their ministries from the large yamens that had previously been the premises of the provincial treasury. The yamens previously used as the headquarters of the Defence Board became Parliament House. The navy department was housed in the old military secretariat.",
"title": "Republic of Formosa"
},
{
"docid": "301940#2",
"text": "When the news of the treaty's contents reached Taiwan, a number of notables from central Taiwan led by Qiu Fengjia decided to resist the transfer of Taiwan to Japanese rule. On 23 May, in Taipei, these men declared independence, proclaiming the establishment of a free and democratic Republic of Formosa. Tang Jingsong, the Qing governor-general of Taiwan, was prevailed upon to become the republic's first President, and his old friend Liu Yongfu, the retired Black Flag Army commander who had become a national hero in China for his victories against the French in northern Vietnam a decade earlier, was invited to serve as Grand General of the Army. Chiu was appointed Grand Commander of Militia, with the power to raise local militia units throughout the island to resist the Japanese. On the Chinese mainland Zhang Zhidong, the powerful governor-general of Liangkiang, tacitly supported the Formosan resistance movement, and the Republicans also appointed Chen Jitong, a disgraced Chinese diplomat who understood European ways of thinking, as the Republic's foreign minister. His job would be to sell the Republic abroad.",
"title": "Republic of Formosa"
},
{
"docid": "37159391#3",
"text": "As an island, Taiwan on the contrary, was known before World War I as the Republic of Formosa, with Taiwan under Japanese rule occurring between 1895 and 1945. It is geographically separate from Mainland China where the Kuomintang (KMT) party first began. During World War II, the KMT party that came to found the Republic of China was also part of the formation of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China in Mainland China, within the Japanese Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.",
"title": "Singapore–Taiwan relations"
},
{
"docid": "57623489#14",
"text": "While the Republic of Formosa issued a declaration of independence, Western powers were unable to recognize it due to its legal cession to Japan in the treaty of Shimonoseki. Because Formosa intended to rely upon China for troops and defenses, it had to recognize China as sovereign, which alienated powers in Europe. Meanwhile, China refused to acknowledge the republic on the basis of not offending Japan, which also served to prevent the support of Chinese troops to Formosa. Tang Jingsong was even ordered to return to Peking.",
"title": "Taiwanese Resistance to the Japanese Invasion (1895)"
},
{
"docid": "57623489#13",
"text": "The inclusion of Taiwan in the final treaty led pro-Qing officials to declare the Republic of Formosa in 1895. It would never gain international recognition.\nAfter hearing of the cession of Taiwan to Japan, pro-Qing officials led by Qiu Fengjia declared the Republic of Formosa. Tang Jingsong, the Qing governor-general of Taiwan, became the republic's first President. Liu Yongfu, the retired Black Flag Army commander and national hero, began to serve as Grand General of the Army.",
"title": "Taiwanese Resistance to the Japanese Invasion (1895)"
}
] |
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] |
3392
|
How many members do Cricket teams have?
|
[
{
"docid": "25675557#0",
"text": "Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps. The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat, while the bowling and fielding side tries to prevent this and dismiss each player (so they are \"out\"). Means of dismissal include being bowled, when the ball hits the stumps and dislodges the bails, and by the fielding side catching the ball after it is hit by the bat, but before it hits the ground. When ten players have been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. The game is adjudicated by two umpires, aided by a third umpire and match referee in international matches. They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.",
"title": "Cricket"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "6408059#1",
"text": "The earliest known mention of the concept occurs in a report by the \"London Evening Post\" of 7 to 9 September 1734 which states that the London Cricket Club, being \"desirous of playing one more match before the season is expired, do challenge to play with any eleven men in England\". The challenge excluded members of Croydon Cricket Club, with whom London were in dispute. It is possible that challenges of this sort had been issued previously but no records of them have been found. There had been matches involving, for example, a team representing one county against a team bearing a patron's name and it is possible that teams of the latter type included players from a wide geographical area. In the 1730s, \"any eleven men in England\" would in practice have come from the southeastern counties only: e.g., Berkshire, Essex, Hampshire, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey, Sussex.",
"title": "Non-international England cricket teams"
},
{
"docid": "431449#14",
"text": "In 2015, a report produced by the Welsh National Assembly’s petitions committee, reflected the passionate debate around the issue. Bethan Jenkins, Plaid Cymru’s spokesperson on heritage, culture, sport and broadcasting, and a member of the petitions committee, argued that Wales should have its own international team and withdraw from the ECB. Jenkins noted that Ireland (with a population of 6.4 million) was an ICC member with 6,000 club players whereas Wales (with 3.2 million) had 7,500. Jenkins said: \"Cricket Wales and Glamorgan CCC say the idea of a Welsh national cricket team is ‘an emotive subject’, of course having a national team is emotive, you only have to look at the stands during any national game to see that. To suggest this as anything other than natural is a bit of a misleading argument.\"",
"title": "England and Wales Cricket Board"
},
{
"docid": "1429759#1",
"text": "The hall of fame opened with ten inaugural members, ranging from Fred Spofforth, a pace bowler who retired from Test cricket in 1887, to Dennis Lillee who played his last Test match in 1984. , the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame comprises 49 members. All twelve members of the Australian Cricket Board Team of the Century are included, six of them amongst the inaugural members. The vast majority are men; Belinda Clark was the first woman admitted to the hall when she was inducted in 2014 (three years after she was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame). Clarke and Karen Rolton are the only two female Test captains to have been admitted, along with twenty-one of her male counterparts. Betty Wilson and Rolton became the second and third woman to enter the hall of fame when they were inducted in 2017 and 2018 respectively.",
"title": "Australian Cricket Hall of Fame"
},
{
"docid": "52638539#1",
"text": "The club has over 400 members. There are three senior sides and an over-40s team. The club's junior section runs nine junior teams and have a charity team called the Toft Taverners.",
"title": "Toft Cricket Club"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "2489797#8",
"text": "Having finished his school career, Crawford joined the first MCC tour of South Africa in the 1905–06 season. The team was not particularly strong—before the tour, critics judged it to possess the equivalent strength of a moderate county side. The MCC was criticised by the press in both England and South Africa for omitting many of the strongest players. As the youngest member of the team, Crawford was given the traditional role of writing press reports to be sent back home during the tour. When the team played in Worcester during the tour, the local press carried a report that Crawford planned to remain in South Africa. The 1906 \"Wisden\" carried the same story; in a comment on his success in 1905, it suggested that it was uncertain for how long he would play, and questioned whether, if he played Test cricket, he would do so for England or South Africa. The cricket historian Nigel Hart queries why \"Wisden\" mentioned South Africa; Crawford's only known connection came through his uncle, who had left South Africa five years before.",
"title": "Jack Crawford (cricketer)"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "25675557#64",
"text": "The International Cricket Council (ICC), which has its headquarters in Dubai, is the global governing body of cricket. It was founded as the Imperial Cricket Conference in 1909 by representatives from England, Australia and South Africa, renamed the International Cricket Conference in 1965, and took up its current name in 1989. The ICC in 2017 has 105 member nations, twelve of which hold full membership and can play Test cricket. The ICC is responsible for the organisation and governance of cricket's major international tournaments, notably the men's and women's versions of the Cricket World Cup. It also appoints the umpires and referees that officiate at all sanctioned Test matches, Limited Overs Internationals and Twenty20 Internationals.",
"title": "Cricket"
},
{
"docid": "307442#14",
"text": "MCC has 18,000 full members and 5,000 associate members. Members have voting rights and can use the Pavilion and other stands at Lord's to attend all matches played at the ground.",
"title": "Marylebone Cricket Club"
},
{
"docid": "8646212#0",
"text": "Pussihukat is a basketball club in Finland, based in Vantaa. The club's got over 400 members, it includes men's, women's, juniors, and special needs teams. The women's team has won the Finnish championship twice, and the men's team has won silver and bronze medals during the 2000s. Pussihukat is playing in the Energia Areena, since it moved into the brand new stadium in January 2007. The men's team currently plays in the \"First Division\", the second division of Finland.",
"title": "Pussihukat"
}
] |
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3393
|
Do tennis strings make a difference?
|
[
{
"docid": "5977844#0",
"text": "In tennis, the strings are the part of a tennis racquet which make contact with the ball. The strings form a woven network inside the head (or \"hoop\") of the racquet. Strings have been made with a variety of materials and possess varying properties that have been measured, such as dynamic stiffness, tension retention, thickness (gauge), string texture (shape of the string), and rebound efficiency.",
"title": "Strings (tennis)"
},
{
"docid": "5977844#1",
"text": "The material used in tennis string can significantly affect a player's performance, and even health. Several materials are used to make tennis strings. They vary in terms of elasticity, durability, rebound efficiency, tension holding capability, and manufacturing cost, among other considerations.",
"title": "Strings (tennis)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5977844#20",
"text": "Racquets are strung either with two separate strings (and thus four knots), or with a single string (resulting in only two knots). Sometimes, a hybrid of two different string types may be used in the same racquet. Traditionally, a double half hitch has been used to tie off tennis string, along with a starting knot. Recently, new kinds of knots have been used called the \"pro-knot\" and \"Parnell knot\". Along with the use of a starting clamp, this can make all the knots identical, and improve the aesthetics of a string job.",
"title": "Strings (tennis)"
},
{
"docid": "5977844#2",
"text": "Animal intestine is the most resilient material used to make tennis strings. It has better tension retention than any other material, and also is softer than any other material used for tennis strings. It provides the most energy return, meaning it is the most efficient string. It remains soft at high tensions while other materials tend to stiffen dramatically. This allows gut string to enable players to string rather tightly to improve ball control without losing much rebound efficiency (power) and without greatly increasing impact shock, which can hurt the elbow and other joints.",
"title": "Strings (tennis)"
},
{
"docid": "5977844#15",
"text": "Polyolefin is one of the softest synthetic string materials, rivaling some Zyex and most nylon multi-filaments. It offers mediocre durability and tension retention, so it is generally used as the cross string in a hybrid string setup. For those who do not break strings very quickly, however, 100% polyolefin stringing may be a good alternative to natural gut and multi-filament strings. This is especially true for those who have had tennis elbow and find natural gut string to be too costly.",
"title": "Strings (tennis)"
},
{
"docid": "1945335#16",
"text": "Since the 20th century, with the advent of steel and synthetic core strings, most bowed instrument string makers market their strings by tension rather than by diameter. They typically make string sets in three tension levels:\"heavy\", \"medium\", and \"light\" (German \"stark\", \"mittel\", and \"weich\"). These tension levels are not standardized between manufacturers, and do not correlate to specific diameters. One brand's medium strings may have quite a different tension from another brand's medium. Based on available historical records, gut strings were sold before 1900 in a similar way.",
"title": "String (music)"
},
{
"docid": "58142483#1",
"text": "Inspired by The Beatles’ use of strings on “Eleanor Rigby” and “Yesterday”, DiNizio chose to include string arrangements on most of the songs on the album. “We didn’t take the material and do wacky things with it just to be different,” DiNizio said. “I went to someone who was alive and making records when Buddy was still alive — Charles Calello — to arrange all of the strings.” DiNizio said of the album: \"I wanted to honor the memory of the musical artist from whom I got the most inspiration from – and in fact, provided the necessary encouragement to want to be a songwriter. I felt that on the fiftieth anniversary of his passing that someone should say something, but I didn’t want to do a typical knock-off Buddy Holly album, so I took a more baroque string-driven direction. On virtually every track there is a string quartet. So, it honors his memory, but I make the songs my own.”",
"title": "Pat DiNizio/Buddy Holly"
},
{
"docid": "48954341#13",
"text": "In tennis, the strings are the part of a tennis racquet which make contact with the ball. The strings form a woven network inside the head (or \"hoop\") of the racquet. Strings have been made with a variety of materials and possess varying properties that have been measured, such as dynamic stiffness, tension retention, thickness (gauge), string texture (shape of the string), and rebound efficiency.",
"title": "String (structure)"
},
{
"docid": "5977844#14",
"text": "Zyex string offers more rebound efficiency, i.e. gut-like dynamic stiffness, than other synthetic strings, particularly when strung at low tensions. This gives it playability that is more similar to natural gut than, arguably, other synthetic materials. It also has low overall stiffness. The ProKennex IQ Element Z string, for instance, has the lowest stiffness of any synthetic string yet tested. The drawback of Zyex is that the outer wrapping materials in Zyex tennis string tend to be much less durable than the Zyex filaments inside the string and do not bond with them. This can lead to the outer wrapping wearing away, leaving the inner Zyex filaments.",
"title": "Strings (tennis)"
},
{
"docid": "5977844#3",
"text": "Its principal drawbacks are much higher cost to manufacture and purchase than other materials, weakness to shear stresses from off-center hits (typical of beginning players), variable quality control depending upon the brand, batch, age, storage conditions, and grade, difficulty of stringing due to its delicacy, and poor durability when wetted with water. Natural gut is very sensitive to different types of weather and those players who use it normally carry several different racquets with different tensions to compensate for this. Some players, particularly those who hit flat shots and hit the sweet spot consistently, find high-quality gut to be more durable than many other types of strings due to its outstanding tension retention. This may help to offset the high initial cost. The use of a dense string pattern also generally improves the longevity of natural gut.",
"title": "Strings (tennis)"
}
] |
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] |
3394
|
Where is Slovakia?
|
[
{
"docid": "16285680#1",
"text": "Slovakia – landlocked sovereign country located in Central Europe. Slovakia has a population of over five million and an area of . The Slovak Republic borders the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is its capital, Bratislava. It is a member of the European Union.List of ecoregions in Slovakia",
"title": "Outline of Slovakia"
},
{
"docid": "26927843#1",
"text": "Slovakia is a landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia borders the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is its capital, Bratislava.",
"title": "Postage stamps and postal history of Slovakia"
},
{
"docid": "26830#0",
"text": "Slovakia (; ), officially the Slovak Republic (, ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the west, and the Czech Republic to the northwest. Slovakia's territory spans about and is mostly mountainous. The population is over 5.4 million and consists mostly of Slovaks. The capital and largest city is Bratislava, and the second largest city is Košice. The official language is Slovak.",
"title": "Slovakia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "681620#11",
"text": "Slovakia was drawn in Group B of Euro 2016 alongside England, Russia and Wales. Slovakia began their tournament against Wales where Ondrej Duda scored Slovakia's first goal in the history of the European Championship in an eventual 2–1 defeat. Slovakia then defeated Russia 2–1 with goals from Vladimír Weiss III and Marek Hamšík, then drew 0–0 against England to advance to the round of 16 as one of the tournament's best third-placed teams. They were eliminated at this stage by world champions Germany with a 3–0 defeat.",
"title": "Slovakia national football team"
},
{
"docid": "26830#101",
"text": "The Slovak Academy of Sciences has been the most important scientific and research institution in the country since 1953. Slovaks have made notable scientific and technical contributions during the history. Slovakia is currently in the negotiation process of becoming a member of the European Space Agency. Observer status was granted in 2010, when Slovakia signed the General Agreement on Cooperation in which information about ongoing education programmes was shared and Slovakia was invited to various negotiations of the ESA. In 2015, Slovakia signed the European Cooperating State Agreement based on which Slovakia committed to the finance entrance programme named PECS (Plan for the European Cooperating States) which serves as preparation for full membership. Slovak research and development organizations can apply for funding of projects regarding space technologies advancement. Full membership of Slovakia in the ESA is expected in 2020 after signing the ESA Convention. Slovakia will be obliged to set state budget inclusive ESA funding.",
"title": "Slovakia"
},
{
"docid": "13822773#0",
"text": "In European elections, Slovakia is a constituency of the European Parliament, currently represented by fourteen MEPs. It covers the member state of Slovakia.",
"title": "Slovakia (European Parliament constituency)"
},
{
"docid": "14162036#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming). Other names in common use include lysine-2-oxoglutarate reductase, dehydrogenase, saccharopine (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, lysine forming), epsilon-N-(L-glutaryl-2)-L-lysine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine, forming), N6-(glutar-2-yl)-L-lysine:NAD oxidoreductase (L-lysine-forming), 6-N-(L-1,3-dicarboxypropyl)-L-lysine:NAD+ oxidoreductase, and (L-lysine-forming). This enzyme participates in lysine biosynthesis and lysine degradation.",
"title": "Saccharopine dehydrogenase (NAD+, L-lysine-forming)"
},
{
"docid": "7823019#0",
"text": "Ňagov is a village and municipality in the Medzilaborce District in the Prešov Region of far north-eastern Slovakia.",
"title": "Ňagov"
},
{
"docid": "5716861#18",
"text": "In 2006, the government of Slovakia formally protested against the film \"Hostel\", stating that the film portrayed Slovakia as a dangerous country with police corruption, where tourists could easily be kidnapped and murdered. The film, the government stated, damaged the image of Slovakia and could be harmful to the tourism industry.",
"title": "Tourism in Slovakia"
},
{
"docid": "47891676#0",
"text": "Qād̨ub is a town on the island Socotra. It is located in the Socotra Governorate. It is also known as Kathub, Qadhub, and Qadib.",
"title": "Qād̨ub"
},
{
"docid": "42712106#0",
"text": "X̂ is the Latin letter \"X\" with a circumflex. The letter is used in the Haida language and Aleut languages of Alaska.",
"title": "X̂"
}
] |
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] |
3395
|
When was the World Intellectual Property Organization formed?
|
[
{
"docid": "33294#0",
"text": "The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO; ) is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN). WIPO was created in 1967 \"to encourage creative activity, to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world\".",
"title": "World Intellectual Property Organization"
},
{
"docid": "18556017#19",
"text": "The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations created in 1967 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Its purpose is to encourage creative activity and to promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world. The organization administers several treaties concerning the protection of intellectual property rights.",
"title": "List of specialized agencies of the United Nations"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "14724#52",
"text": "The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called \"Human rights and intellectual property\" that argued that intellectual property tends to be governed by economic goals when it should be viewed primarily as a social product; in order to serve human well-being, intellectual property systems must respect and conform to human rights laws. According to the Committee, when systems fail to do so they risk infringing upon the human right to food and health, and to cultural participation and scientific benefits. In 2004 the General Assembly of WIPO adopted \"The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization\" which argues that WIPO should \"focus more on the needs of developing countries, and to view IP as one of many tools for development—not as an end in itself\".",
"title": "Intellectual property"
},
{
"docid": "3373310#7",
"text": "This became even more pressing with the adoption of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs), which established rules for creating and protecting intellectual property that could be interpreted to conflict with the agreements made under the CBD. In response, the states who had ratified the CBD requested the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to investigate the relationship between intellectual property rights, biodiversity and traditional knowledge. WIPO began this work with a fact-finding mission in 1999. Considering the issues involved with biodiversity and the broader issues in TRIPs (involving all forms of cultural expressions, not just those associated with biodiversity – including traditional designs, music, songs, stories, etc.), WIPO established the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC-GRTKF).",
"title": "Traditional knowledge"
},
{
"docid": "33294#3",
"text": "WIPO was formally created by the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization, which entered into force on 26 April 1970. Under Article 3 of this Convention, WIPO seeks to \"promote the protection of intellectual property throughout the world\". WIPO became a specialized agency of the UN in 1974. The Agreement between the United Nations and the World Intellectual Property Organization notes in Article 1 that WIPO is responsible",
"title": "World Intellectual Property Organization"
},
{
"docid": "1838959#0",
"text": "World Intellectual Property Day is observed annually on 26 April. The event was established by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in 2000 to \"raise awareness of how patents, copyright, trademarks and designs impact on daily life\" and \"to celebrate creativity, and the contribution made by creators and innovators to the development of societies across the globe\". 26 April was chosen as the date for World Intellectual Property Day because it coincides with the date on which the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization entered into force in 1970.",
"title": "World Intellectual Property Day"
},
{
"docid": "1083815#0",
"text": "The Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization is a document signed in 2004 by a number of non-profit organizations, scientists, academics and other individuals urging the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to focus on the needs of developing countries with respect to intellectual property legislation.",
"title": "Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization"
},
{
"docid": "2210239#2",
"text": "In October 2004, the Geneva declaration on the future of the World Intellectual Property Organization emerged from a call from Brazil and Argentina for a development agenda for the World Intellectual Property Organization, and was supported by hundreds organizations.\nSupporters included the Free Software Foundation, with a statement \"Towards a \"World Intellectual Wealth Organisation\": Supporting the Geneva Declaration.\"",
"title": "Access to Knowledge movement"
},
{
"docid": "1838959#1",
"text": "Following a statement made at the Assembly of the Member States of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in September 1998, the Director General of the National Algerian Institute for Industrial Property (INAPI) proposed on 7 April 1999 the institutionalisation of an international day for intellectual property, with the aim of",
"title": "World Intellectual Property Day"
},
{
"docid": "5278#16",
"text": "In 1961, the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property signed the Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations. In 1996, this organization was succeeded by the founding of the World Intellectual Property Organization, which launched the 1996 WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty and the 2002 WIPO Copyright Treaty, which enacted greater restrictions on the use of technology to copy works in the nations that ratified it. The Trans-Pacific Partnership includes intellectual Property Provisions relating to copyright.",
"title": "Copyright"
},
{
"docid": "33294#2",
"text": "The predecessor to WIPO was the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (\"Bureaux Internationaux Réunis pour la Protection de la Propriété Intellectuelle\", with the French acronym for \"BIRPI\"), which had been established in 1893 to administer the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.",
"title": "World Intellectual Property Organization"
}
] |
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] |
3396
|
When did Portugal's monarchy end?
|
[
{
"docid": "3170556#29",
"text": "Militant Republicans and their allies in the Carbonária were not willing to remain in the shadows of the constitutional monarchy. Between 4–5 October 1910, members of the Carbonária, republican youth, and elements of the army instigated a coup d'état against the already weak constitutional monarchy. The young king and his family, after a few miscues, escaped from the Palace in Mafra to exile in England. On the morning of 5 October 1910, the Republic was declared from the balcony of Lisbon City Hall, ending eight centuries of monarchy in Portugal.",
"title": "History of Portugal (1834–1910)"
},
{
"docid": "577704#3",
"text": "King Carlos I of Portugal confirmed colonial treaties of the 19th century that stabilized the situation in Portuguese Africa. These agreements were, however, unpopular in Portugal, where they were seen as being to the disadvantage of the country. In addition, Portugal was declared bankrupt twice—first on 14 June 1892 and again on 10 May 1902—causing industrial disturbances, socialist and republican antagonism, and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as Prime Minister and subsequently accepting Parliament's dissolution. In 1908, Carlos I was assassinated in Lisbon. The Portuguese monarchy lasted until 1910 when, through the 5 October revolution, it was overthrown and Portugal was proclaimed a republic. The overthrow of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910 led to a 16-year struggle to sustain parliamentary democracy under republicanism – the Portuguese First Republic (1910–1926).",
"title": "Estado Novo (Portugal)"
},
{
"docid": "206246#10",
"text": "The monarchy of Portugal was also overthrown in 1910 (5 October), two years after the assassination of King Carlos I, ending the reign of Manuel II, who died in exile in England (1932), without issue.",
"title": "Abolition of monarchy"
},
{
"docid": "19651867#39",
"text": "The assassination of King Carlos and the Prince Royal was the effective end of a constitutional monarchy in Portugal (later confirmed by the 5 October 1910 revolution). The regime functioned for another 33 months with growing agitation and demands for reform (although considerably less than in the future First Republic). It cannot be denied that the weak and permissive attitude in the Government of Acclamation was an incentive for the Republican Party to attempt another coup. The assassinations did not change the system of government; instead, they delayed the change.",
"title": "Lisbon Regicide"
},
{
"docid": "9352542#3",
"text": "After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. From this time, the influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony, Brazil. After the independence of Brazil, Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa, but was ultimately forced to yield to the British interests, leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic.",
"title": "Kingdom of Portugal"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "26558506#10",
"text": "By the ending of 1808 the whole Royal Family of Portugal left Europe, with the country being attacked by Napoleon, and settled in Brazil. The regent prince arrived with his wife, Charlotte Joaquina, daughter of Charles IV and sister of Ferdinand VII. When the news of the imprisonment of Ferdinand VII arrived in South America, Charlotte tried to take control of the viceroyalties as regent, a project known as Carlotism. She could do so due to the derogation of the salic law by Charles IV in 1789, and she intended to prevent a French invasion in the Americas. Some Criollos like Castelli, Beruti, Vieytes and Belgrano supported the project, considering it a chance to get a local government instead of one in Europe, or a medium for a later declaration of independence. Other Criollos like Moreno, Paso or Saavedra were critics of it, as well as most peninsular Spaniards and Viceroy Liniers. They suspected the whole project of concealing Portuguese ambitions in the region, and her public image wasn't positive: the people around her in Brazil (like the infant Pedro Carlos de Bourbon), and her relations with her husband, caused strong public dislike. Charlotte also rejected her supporters, as they intended her to lead a constitutional monarchy, while she wanted to retain an absolute monarchy. Britain, with strong presence in Portugal, also opposed the project: they did not want to let Spain, now allied with them against France, be split into many kingdoms, and did not consider Charlotte able to prevent separatism.",
"title": "Causes of the May Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "3167635#0",
"text": "The history of the kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves, from the First Treaty of San Ildefonso and the beginning of the reign of Queen Maria I in 1777, to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834, spans a complex historical period in which several important political and military events led to the end of the absolutist regime and to the installation of a constitutional monarchy in the country.",
"title": "History of Portugal (1777–1834)"
},
{
"docid": "20395802#38",
"text": "The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves came into being in the wake of Portugal's war with Napoleonic France. The Portuguese Prince Regent, the future King John VI, with his incapacitated mother, Queen Maria I of Portugal and the Royal Court, escaped to the colony of Brazil in 1808.\nWith the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, there were calls for the return of the Portuguese Monarch to Lisbon; the Portuguese Prince Regent enjoyed life in Rio de Janeiro, where the monarchy was at the time more popular and where he enjoyed more freedom, and he was thus unwilling to return to Europe. However, those advocating the return of the Court to Lisbon argued that Brazil was only a colony and that it was not right for Portugal to be governed from a colony. On the other hand, leading Brazilian courtiers pressed for the elevation of Brazil from the rank of a colony, so that they could enjoy the full status of being nationals of the mother-country. Brazilian nationalists also supported the move, because it indicated that Brazil would no longer be submissive to the interests of Portugal, but would be of equal status within a transatlantic monarchy.",
"title": "Monarchies in the Americas"
},
{
"docid": "181547#24",
"text": "Manuel continued to plead for calm at the end of the War; while not abandoning the possibility of taking action in the future, he insisted on waiting to the end of peace negotiations in Paris: he was fearful that continued anarchy in Portugal would prejudice its negotiating position. But, for Paiva Couceiro and the other Integralists, this was the moment: they awaited the royal authorization of the King's adjunct Aires de Ornelas. Receiving a memorandum that requested this authorization, and convinced that this action would not occur immediately, Ornelas wrote on the margin, \"Go on. Palavras de El-Rei\", and signed the document. On 19 January 1919 a thousand soldiers and some artillery, under the command of Paiva Couceiro occupied Porto, in order to restore the Constitutional Monarchy, and its King Manuel II. A provisional government was established that controlled Minho, Trás-os-Montes (with the exception of Chaves), Mirandela and Vila Real), as well as part of the district of Aveiro, but contrary to Couceiro's expectations, the rest of the country did not rise.",
"title": "Manuel II of Portugal"
},
{
"docid": "9352542#7",
"text": "On 19 January 1919, the Monarchy of the North was proclaimed in Porto. The monarchy would be deposed a month later and no other monarchist counterrevolution in Portugal has happened since.",
"title": "Kingdom of Portugal"
},
{
"docid": "47872846#0",
"text": "The Secret Convention on the Transfer of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil was an international treaty between Portugal and Britain on October 22, 1807, also called \"secret Convention on the transfer to Brazil of the seat of the Portuguese monarchy and temporary occupation of Madeira Island by British troops. \" It was signed in London, taking place in the context of the Napoleonic wars. More specifically, it was agreed a few days before the first invasion of Portugal in the Peninsular War, when the Napoleonic troops were already approached the Portuguese borders through Spanish territory. Later, the Portuguese aspirations became reality with the support of the British navy during the transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil, and Portugal complied to the British requirements by opening the Brazilian ports to their goods.",
"title": "Secret Convention on the Transfer of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil"
}
] |
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] |
3397
|
When was the first Super Sentai Series released?
|
[
{
"docid": "634116#1",
"text": "The series was created by Shotaro Ishinomori, then known for the 1971–1973 \"Kamen Rider\" TV series and the long-running manga \"Cyborg 009\". He developed the first two Super Sentai Series \"Himitsu Sentai Gorenger\", which ran from 1975 to 1977, and \"J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai\", released in 1977. Toei Company put the franchise on hiatus in 1978, collaborating with Marvel Comics to produce a live action \"Spider-Man\" series, which added giant robots to the concept of \"tokusatsu\" shows. The giant robot concept was carried over to Toei and Marvel's next show, \"Battle Fever J\", released in 1979, and was then used throughout the Super Sentai Series.",
"title": "Super Sentai"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2921474#1",
"text": "At the 2014 San Diego Comic Con, Shout! Factory announced that they would be releasing the entire \"Zyuranger\" series with English subtitles on DVD in North America. On February 17, 2015, \"\"Super Sentai Zyuranger\": The Complete Series\" was released on DVD in North America. This is the first Super Sentai Series to be released in North America. In addition on January 23, 2016, Shout Factory streamed the series on their website.",
"title": "Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger"
},
{
"docid": "634116#11",
"text": "Super Sentai has been broadcast in South Korea, dubbed in Korean. The first such series was \"Choushinsei Flashman\" which aired as \"Jigu Bangwidae Flash Man\" (\"Earth Defence Squadron Flashman\"), released in video format in 1989 by the Daeyung Panda video company; this was followed by \"Hikari Sentai Maskman\" and \"Chodenshi Bioman\". Throughout the 1990s, \"Dai Sentai Goggle Five\", \"Dengeki Sentai Changeman\", \"Choujuu Sentai Liveman\", and \"Kousoku Sentai Turboranger\" were also released in video format. In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tooniverse (formerly Orion Cartoon Network), JEI-TV (Jaeneung Television), Champ TV/Anione TV (Daewon Broadcasting), Cartoon Network South Korea, and Nickelodeon South Korea have broadcast Super Sentai Series a year following their original Japanese broadcast, but have changed the titles to \"Power Rangers\". Recently, there have been broadcasts of \"Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger\", \"Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger\", \"Mahou Sentai Magiranger\", \"GoGo Sentai Boukenger\", \"Juken Sentai Gekiranger\", \"Engine Sentai Go-onger\", \"Tensou Sentai Goseiger\", \"Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger\", \"Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters\", \"Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger\", \"Ressha Sentai ToQger\", \"Shuriken Sentai Ninninger\", \"Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger\", and \"Uchu Sentai Kyuranger\" under the titles of \"Power Rangers Dino Thunder\", \"Power Rangers S.P.D.\", \"Power Rangers Magic Force\", \"Power Rangers Treasure Force\", \"Power Rangers Wild Spirits\", \"Power Rangers Engine Force\", \"Power Rangers Jungle Force\", \"Power Rangers Miracle Force\", \"Power Rangers Captain Force\", \"Power Rangers Go-Busters\", \"Power Rangers Dino Force\", \"Power Rangers Train Force\", \"Power Rangers Ninja Force\", \"Power Rangers Animal Force\", and \"Power Rangers Galaxy Force\" respectively. Furthermore, \"Power Rangers Dino Force\" has the South Korea-exclusive sequel called \"Power Rangers Dino Force Brave\".",
"title": "Super Sentai"
},
{
"docid": "634116#10",
"text": "In the late 1970s, \"J.A.K.Q. Dengekitai\" was the first Sentai series to be shown in the Philippines. \"Choudenshi Bioman\" (the last \"tokusatsu\" dubbed in English on Philippine television) and \"Hikari Sentai Maskman\" (the first Super Sentai Series dubbed in Filipino on IBC) were broadcast in the Philippines in the 1980s. \"Choudenshi Bioman\" was so popular that many people from that generation came to associate all the Super Sentai Series as continuations of it, and \"Hikari Sentai Maskman\" was marketed as \"Bioman 2 Maskman\" on local TV. During the early 1990s, some other series were shown, such as \"Kousoku Sentai Turboranger\", \"Chikyu Sentai Fiveman\" and \"Chōjin Sentai Jetman\" which became the last Sentai series to broadcast on ABC5 in 1994. \"Dai Sentai Goggle-V\" was also aired on RPN 9 in 1998 every Sunday morning. From 1995 to 1999 and 2004 to 2015, ABS-CBN aired the American-produced \"Power Rangers\".",
"title": "Super Sentai"
},
{
"docid": "634116#16",
"text": "On 25 July 2014, Shout! Factory announced that they would release \"Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger\" on DVD in the United States. Since then, Shout! has been the official distributor of Super Sentai DVDs in North America. Beginning in 2016, Super Sentai episodes would be available on demand on ShoutFactoryTV.com. These episodes can only be viewed in North America.",
"title": "Super Sentai"
},
{
"docid": "634116#15",
"text": "After Honolulu, Hawaii's KIKU-TV had success with \"Android Kikaider\" (marketed as \"Kikaida\") and \"Kamen Rider V3\" in the 1970s, multiple Super Sentai Series, including \"Himitsu Sentai Gorenger\" and \"Battle Fever J\", were brought to the Hawaiian market, broadcast in Japanese with English subtitles by JN Productions. In 1985, Marvel Comics produced a pilot for an American adaptation of \"Taiyo Sentai Sun Vulcan\", but the show was rejected by the major US TV networks. In 1986, Saban Productions produced a pilot for an American adaptation of \"Choudenshi Bioman\" titled \"Bio Man\". In 1987, some episodes of \"Kagaku Sentai Dynaman\" were dubbed and aired as a parody on the USA Network television show \"Night Flight\".",
"title": "Super Sentai"
},
{
"docid": "634116#20",
"text": "\"Jushi Sentai France Five\" (later known as \"Shin Kenjushi France Five\") is a French online mini-series that was released in six installments from 2000 to 2013. The series was so popular in Japan that Akira Kushida recorded its second opening theme.",
"title": "Super Sentai"
},
{
"docid": "634116#24",
"text": "is a Toei-produced parody series that premiered in April 2012 on BS Asahi and Tokyo MX. \"Akibaranger\" is made for adult fans who were fans of the Super Sentai Series as children. The story features three otaku who live in the Akihabara district of Tokyo who receive technology from a scientist to fight an evil threat that at first only exists in their delusions, but eventually starts materializing itself in the real world. Like \"Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger\", \"Akibaranger\" features guest appearances by veteran Super Sentai actors (as themselves rather than their characters), and voice actors and musicians who have worked in anime and \"tokusatsu\". A second season aired in April 2013.",
"title": "Super Sentai"
},
{
"docid": "634116#2",
"text": "In 1993, American production company Saban Entertainment adapted 1992's \"Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger\" into \"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\" for the Fox Kids programming block, combining the original Japanese action footage with new footage featuring American actors for the story sequences. Since then, nearly every \"Super Sentai\" series that followed became a new season of \"Power Rangers\". Some countries, such as France, Brazil, Thailand, and the Philippines, switched from broadcasting \"Super Sentai\" to \"Power Rangers\". In 2002, Saban sold the \"Power Rangers\" franchise to Disney's Buena Vista division, who owned it until 2010, broadcasting \"Power Rangers\" on ABC Kids, ABC Family Channel, Jetix, and Toon Disney. On 12 May 2010, Saban bought the franchise back from Disney, moving the show to the Nickelodeon network for 2011. On 1 May 2018, toy company Hasbro announced they had acquired the \"Power Rangers\" franchise from Saban Capital Group for $522 million.",
"title": "Super Sentai"
},
{
"docid": "34520258#1",
"text": "In its first week in theaters, \"Super Hero Taisen\" opened at the #1 spot in the Japanese box offices, edging out \"\". The DVD and Blu-ray was released on October 21, 2012 and was aired as part of TV Asahi's \"Super Hero and Heroine Summer Vacation\" special on August 25, 2013.",
"title": "Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen"
}
] |
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] |
3398
|
When did the Crusades begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "17416992#1",
"text": "The Seljuk–Crusader War began when the First Crusade wrested territory from the Seljuk Turks during the Siege of Nicaea in 1097 and lasted until 1128 when Zengi became atabeg of Aleppo. At the latter date, the chief threat to the Crusaders from the east and north became the Zengids. The conflict was generally fought between European Crusaders and the Seljuk Turks and their vassals. The Muslim Syrian emirates occasionally allied themselves with the Christians against rival states.",
"title": "Military history of the Crusader states"
},
{
"docid": "4412145#4",
"text": "The term \"crusade\" used in modern historiography at first referred to the wars in the Holy Land beginning in 1095, but the range of events to which the term has been applied has been greatly extended, so that its use can create a misleading impression of coherence, particularly regarding the early Crusades. The term used for the campaign of the First Crusade was \"iter\" \"journey\" or \"peregrinatio\" \"pilgrimage\". The terminology of crusading remained largely indistinguishable from that of pilgrimage during the 12th century, reflecting the reality of the first century of crusading where not all armed pilgrims fought, and not all who fought had taken the cross. It was not until the late 12th to early 13th centuries that a more specific \"language of crusading\" emerged. Pope Innocent III used the term \"negotium crucis\" \"affair of the cross\" for the Eastern Mediterranean crusade, but was reluctant to apply crusading terminology to the Albigensian crusade. The \"Song of the Albigensian Crusade\" from about 1213 contains the first recorded vernacular use of the Occitan \"crozada\". This term was later adopted into French as \"croisade\" and in English as \"crusade\". The modern spelling \"crusade\" dates to c. 1760. Sinibaldo Fieschi (the future pope Innocent IV) used the terms \"crux transmarina\" for crusades in Outremer against Muslims and \"crux cismarina\" for crusades in Europe against other enemies of the church. Medieval Armenian term for Crusades — xacˇ‘e˘nkalk‘.",
"title": "Crusades"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "185953#12",
"text": "The Crusades arose as European expansion was growing at the peak of unified Islamic dominance. As the Crusades marked the beginning of conflict between the Christian countries and Islamic countries, some say that the so-called war on terror is a continuation of the Crusades. On September 16, 2001, in a speech, President Bush referred to the War on terror as a crusade. He said:",
"title": "Perpetual war"
},
{
"docid": "10384511#13",
"text": "Beginning in 1174, the Crusades Campaign is set several years prior to the outbreak of the Third Crusade, continuing into the Fourth Crusade and beyond. It follows the Kingdom of Jerusalem led by Richard the Lionheart and the Principality of Antioch led by Philip Augustus as they attempt to strengthen the presence of Christendom in the Holy Lands, whilst the Zengid Emirate led by Nur ad-Din Zangi and the Ayyubid Sultanate led by Saladin attempt to drive them out. Meanwhile, the Byzantine Empire led by Emperor Manuel Komnenos slowly moves into the middle east to regain its lost glory, and attempts to drive back the armies of the Turks as well as deal with the rebels and the Venetians that harass them in the west.Generals in the Crusades campaign have the ability to construct permanent forts that remain even after vacated by troops.",
"title": "Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms"
},
{
"docid": "17680947#20",
"text": "It was in the 12th century that the passing Crusaders wrought havoc upon the Jewish communities of Byzantium, in a foretaste of what the later Latin occupation would bring upon the Byzantine Christians. Although most crusading bands did not adopt a policy of violence or forced conversion against the Jews, the First Crusade certainly undertook an anti-Jewish face in certain communities. Because the Crusade was undertaken with the goal of \"subjugating all non-believers to the faith,\" many crusaders compelled Jews to convert on pain of death, and there is a large number of recorded cases of mass suicides within Jewish communities—particularly among Jewish maidens—in order to avoid such conversions.",
"title": "History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire"
},
{
"docid": "106128#34",
"text": "Subsequently, upon the Crusaders' arrival, the city was subjected to a lengthy siege, and when Arslan had word of it he rushed back to Nicaea and attacked the crusader army on 16 May. He was driven back by the unexpectedly large crusader force, with heavy losses being suffered on both sides in the ensuing battle. The siege continued, but the crusaders had little success as they found they could not blockade the lake, which the city was situated on, and from which it could be provisioned. To break the city, Alexios sent the Crusaders' ships rolled over land on logs, and at the sight of them the Turkish garrison finally surrendered on 18 June. The city was handed over to the Byzantine troops, which has often been depicted as a source of conflict between the Empire and the crusaders; Byzantine standards flew from the walls while the crusaders were forbidden from looting the city or even entering it except in small escorted bands.",
"title": "First Crusade"
},
{
"docid": "106128#24",
"text": "At a local level, the preaching of the First Crusade ignited the Rhineland massacres perpetrated against Jews, which some historians have deemed \"the first Holocaust\". At the end of 1095 and beginning of 1096, months before the departure of the official crusade in August, there were attacks on Jewish communities in France and Germany. In May 1096, Emicho of Flonheim (sometimes incorrectly known as Emicho of Leiningen) attacked the Jews at Speyer and Worms. Other unofficial crusaders from Swabia, led by Hartmann of Dillingen, along with French, English, Lotharingian and Flemish volunteers, led by Drogo of Nesle and William the Carpenter, as well as many locals, joined Emicho in the destruction of the Jewish community of Mainz at the end of May. In Mainz, one Jewish woman killed her children rather than see them killed; the chief rabbi, Kalonymus Ben Meshullam, committed suicide in anticipation of being killed.\nEmicho's company then went on to Cologne, and others continued on to Trier, Metz, and other cities. Peter the Hermit may have been involved in violence against the Jews, and an army led by a priest named Folkmar also attacked Jews further east in Bohemia. Emicho's army eventually continued into Hungary but was defeated by the army of Coloman of Hungary. His followers dispersed; some eventually joined the main armies, although Emicho himself went home.\nMany of the attackers seem to have wanted to force the Jews to convert, although they were also interested in acquiring money from them. Physical violence against Jews was never part of the church hierarchy's official policy for crusading, and the Christian bishops, especially the Archbishop of Cologne, did their best to protect the Jews. A decade before, the Bishop of Speyer had taken the step of providing the Jews of that city with a walled ghetto to protect them from Christian violence and given their chief Rabbis the control of judicial matters in the quarter. Nevertheless, some also took money in return for their protection. The attacks may have originated in the belief that Jews and Muslims were equally enemies of Christ, and enemies were to be fought or converted to Christianity. Godfrey of Bouillon was rumoured to have extorted money from the Jews of Cologne and Mainz, and many of the Crusaders wondered why they should travel thousands of miles to fight non-believers when there were already non-believers closer to home. The attacks on the Jews were witnessed by Ekkehard of Aura and Albert of Aix; among the Jewish communities, the main contemporary witnesses were the Mainz Anonymous, Eliezer ben Nathan, and Solomon bar Simson.",
"title": "First Crusade"
},
{
"docid": "16822#39",
"text": "In the spring of 1218 the Fifth Crusade began in earnest when German crusader fleets landed at Acre. Along with King John, who was elected leader of the crusade, the fleets sailed to Egypt and besieged Damietta at the mouth of the Nile in May. The siege progressed slowly, and the Egyptian sultan al-Adil died in August 1218, supposedly of shock after the crusaders managed to capture one of Damietta's towers. He was succeeded by his son al-Kamil. In the autumn of 1218 reinforcements arrived from Europe, including the papal legate Pelagius of Albano. In the winter the crusaders were affected by floods and disease, and the siege dragged on throughout 1219, when Francis of Assisi arrived to attempt to negotiate a truce. Neither side could agree to terms, despite the Ayyubid offer of a thirty-year truce and the restoration of Jerusalem and most of the rest of the former kingdom. The crusaders finally managed to starve out the city and captured it in November. Al-Kamil retreated to the nearby fortress of al-Mansurah, but the crusaders remained in Damietta throughout 1219 and 1220, awaiting the arrival of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, while King John returned to Acre briefly to defend against al-Mu'azzam, who was raiding the kingdom from Damascus in John's absence. Still expecting the emperor's imminent arrival, in July 1221, the crusaders set off towards Cairo, but they were stopped by the rising Nile, which al-Kamil allowed to flood by breaking the dams along its course. The sultan easily defeated the trapped crusader army and regained Damietta. Emperor Frederick had, in fact, never left Europe at all.",
"title": "Kingdom of Jerusalem"
},
{
"docid": "182917#13",
"text": "Pope Innocent proclaimed the Fifth Crusade in 1213, with the \"liberation of the Holy Land\" (the reconquest of Jerusalem) its principal object. The first crusader troops, commanded by Leopold VI of Austria, landed at Acre in early September 1217. Andrew II of Hungary and his army followed that month, and Hugh I of Cyprus and Bohemond IV of Antioch soon joined the crusaders. However, hundreds of crusaders soon returned to Europe because of a famine following the previous year's poor harvest. A war council was held in the tent of Andrew II, who considered himself the supreme commander of the crusader army. Other leaders, particularly John, did not acknowledge Andrew's leadership. The crusaders raided nearby territory ruled by Al-Adil I for food and fodder, forcing the sultan to retreat in November 1217. In December John besieged the Ayyubid fortress on Mount Tabor, joined only by Bohemond IV of Antioch. He was unable to capture it, which \"encouraged the infidel\", according to the contemporary Jacques de Vitry.",
"title": "John of Brienne"
},
{
"docid": "1197020#2",
"text": "Pope Urban II planned the departure of the crusade for 15 August 1096; a number of unexpected bands of peasants and low-ranking knights organized and set off for Jerusalem on their own. The peasant population had been afflicted by drought, famine, and disease for many years before 1096, and some of them seem to have envisioned the crusade as an escape from these hardships. Spurring them on had been a number of meteorological occurrences beginning in 1095 that seemed to be a divine blessing for the movement: a meteor shower, aurorae, a lunar eclipse, and a comet, among other events. An outbreak of ergotism had also occurred just before the Council of Clermont. Millenarianism, the belief that the end of the world was imminent, popular in the early 11th century, experienced a resurgence in popularity. The response was beyond expectations: while Urban might have expected a few thousand knights, he ended up with a migration numbering up to 100,000 Crusaders of mostly unskilled fighters, including women and children.",
"title": "People's Crusade"
},
{
"docid": "725516#16",
"text": "During the time of the Crusades, some of those who fought in the name of God were recognized as the \"Milites Christi\", soldiers or knights of Christ.\nThe Crusades were a series of military campaigns that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries against the Muslim Conquests. Originally, the goal was to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, and support the besieged Christian Byzantine Empire against the Muslim Seljuq expansion into Asia Minor and Europe proper. Later, Crusades were launched against other targets, either for religious reasons, such as the Albigensian Crusade, the Northern Crusades, or because of political conflict, such as the Aragonese Crusade. In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II raised the level of war from \"bellum iustum\" (\"just war\"), to \"bellum sacrum\" (\"holy war\"). In 16th-century France there was a succession of wars between Roman Catholics and Protestants (Hugenots primarily), known as the French Wars of Religion. In the first half of the 17th century, the German states, Scandinavia (Sweden, primarily) and Poland were beset by religious warfare in the Thirty Years War. Roman Catholicism and Protestantism figured in the opposing sides of this conflict, though Catholic France did take the side of the Protestants but purely for political reasons.",
"title": "Religious war"
}
] |
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] |
3399
|
When did The Young and the Restless first start airing?
|
[
{
"docid": "191587#0",
"text": "The Young and the Restless (often abbreviated as Y&R) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. The show is set in a fictionalized version of Genoa City, Wisconsin. First broadcast on March 26, 1973, \"The Young and the Restless\" was originally broadcast as half-hour episodes, five times a week. The show expanded to one-hour episodes on February 4, 1980. In 2006, the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013, when it moved to TVGN (now Pop). As of July 1, 2013, Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights. The series is also syndicated internationally.",
"title": "The Young and the Restless"
},
{
"docid": "52830659#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2016, by order of first appearance. In the first half of the year, characters were introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps until her replacement in the summer of 2016 by supervising producer Mal Young Young was first credited as executive producer on July 13, 2016. Co-executive producer and head writer Charles Pratt Jr. oversaw the creation and introduction of the characters until his replacement by Sally Sussman Morina. Sussman's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20, 2016, and is aired on December 7, 2016.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2016)"
},
{
"docid": "40573270#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2014, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2014)"
},
{
"docid": "37953896#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2013, by order of first appearance. All characters through October are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and head writer Josh Griffith; characters after October are introduced by Phelps and head writers Shelly Altman and Jean Passanante.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2013)"
},
{
"docid": "34330216#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 2011, by order of appearance. All characters were introduced to the series by its head writer that year, Maria Arena Bell. Lucy Romalotti, Primrose DeVille and Caleb Atkinson all debuted in January, while Angelo Veneziano first appeared in February. Davis Holloway debuted in July while Moses Winters debuted in October.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2011)"
},
{
"docid": "44864152#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2015, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Jill Farren Phelps and co-executive producer/head writer Charles Pratt, Jr.\nMarco Annicelli was a primary antagonist in Victor Newman's plan to bring down his rival, Jack Abbott. He was portrayed by Peter Bergman, who portrayed Jack at the same time.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2015)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "191587#30",
"text": "In the United Kingdom, \"The Young and The Restless\" has aired on many TV channels starting in 1990, when episodes from 1987 debuted on BSB Galaxy in a regular weekday timeslot. When BSB merged with Sky in November 1990, the soap moved to Sky's flagship channel Sky One and aired at 11:00 weekdays until the end of 1992. When BSB's original three-year contract to air the soap expired, Sky chose not to renew it. In 1993, \"Y&R\" was picked up by UK Living (then known as simply Living, now Sky Living) in a primetime timeslot, picking up where Sky left off. This lasted until late 1995. In 2007, Zone Romantica, now CBS Drama began broadcasting the show weekdays [four years behind US]. In 2009, when CBS went into partnership with and took over the Chellozone Channels the show was relegated to just one showing a day [in favor of repeating shows such as Dynasty and Dallas in the daytime]. It was attracting around 18–20,000 viewers at midnight in the last week of its broadcast in the UK in August 2010.",
"title": "The Young and the Restless"
},
{
"docid": "8293591#26",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American soap opera that first aired in Australia on the Nine Network from 1 April 1974 to 23 February 2007. Nine paired \"The Young and the Restless\" with \"Days of Our Lives\", with the two shows airing one after the other. During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s, episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States (varying slightly between states), due to the network's coverage of cricket each summer. As was the case with \"Days of Our Lives\", Nine aired a one-hour special on 14 September 2004 titled, \"The Young and the Restless: The Next Chapter\", which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers . This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US.",
"title": "Screening of soap operas in Australia"
},
{
"docid": "52842417#0",
"text": "\"The Young and the Restless\" is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared on the soap opera in 2017, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by executive producer Mal Young and co-executive producer/head writer Sally Sussman. In October 2017, Sussman departed as co-executive producer and head writer; Young remained as executive producer and was promoted as head writer.",
"title": "List of The Young and the Restless characters (2017)"
},
{
"docid": "191587#10",
"text": "Taped at CBS Television City, studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26, 1973, the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television, which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television. \"The Young and the Restless\" originally aired as a half-hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production, creating \"a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre.\" Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them, soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue, characters, and story, with details like sets as secondary concerns. \"The Young and the Restless\" stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles, similar to Hollywood-style productions. The style of videotaping included using out-of-the-ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close-ups with bright lighting on the actors' faces. Conboy said he used lighting to create \"artistic effects\". Those effects made the series look dark, shadowy, and moody. \"The Young and the Restless\"' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas. When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer, he balanced the lighting of the scenes.",
"title": "The Young and the Restless"
}
] |
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] |
3401
|
Does Canada have universal health care?
|
[
{
"docid": "58354#0",
"text": "Medicare () is an unofficial designation used to refer to the publicly funded, single-payer health care system of Canada. Canada does not have a unified national health care system; instead, the system consists of 13 provincial and territorial health insurance plans that provides universal health care coverage to Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and certain temporary residents. These systems are individually administered on a provincial or territorial basis, within guidelines set by the federal government. The formal terminology for the insurance system is provided by the \"Canada Health Act\" and the health insurance legislation of the individual provinces and territories.",
"title": "Medicare (Canada)"
},
{
"docid": "811741#4",
"text": "Canada (with the exception of the province of Quebec) is one of the few countries with a universal healthcare system that does not include coverage of prescription medication (other such countries are Russia and some of the former USSR republics even though Russia is considering a switch to full coverage of many prescription medications in the near future). Residents of Quebec who are covered by the province's public prescription drug plan pay an annual premium of $0 to $660 when they file their Quebec income tax return. Pharmaceutical medications are covered by public funds in some provinces for the elderly or indigent, or through employment-based private insurance or paid for out-of-pocket. Most drug prices are negotiated with suppliers by each provincial government to control costs but more recently, the Council of the Federation announced an initiative for select provinces to work together to create a larger buying block for more leverage to control costs of pharmaceutical drugs. More than 60 percent of prescription medications are paid for privately in Canada. Family physicians (often known as general practitioners or GPs in Canada) are chosen by individuals. If a patient wishes to see a specialist or is counselled to see a specialist by their GP, a referral is made by a GP in the local community. Preventive care and early detection are considered critical and yearly checkups are recommended for everyone.",
"title": "Healthcare in Canada"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35458791#101",
"text": "The Canada Health Act of 1984 \"does not directly bar private delivery or private insurance for publicly insured services,\" but provides financial disincentives for doing so. \"Although there are laws prohibiting or curtailing private health care in some provinces, they can be changed,\" according to a report in the New England Journal of Medicine. The legality of the ban was considered in a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, which ruled in \"Chaoulli v. Quebec\" that \"the prohibition on obtaining private health insurance, while it might be constitutional in circumstances where health care services are reasonable as to both quality and timeliness, is not constitutional where the public system fails to deliver reasonable services.\" The appellant contended that waiting times in Quebec violated a right to life and security in the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. The Court agreed, but acknowledged the importance and validity of the Canada Health Act, and at least four of the seven judges explicitly recognized the right of governments to enact laws and policies that favour the public over the private system and preserve the integrity of the public system.",
"title": "List of countries with universal health care"
},
{
"docid": "47290767#79",
"text": "In 1999, during his abortive 2000 Reform Party presidential campaign, Trump told TV interviewer Larry King, \"I believe in universal health care.\" In his 2000 book, \"The America We Deserve\", Trump reiterated his call for universal health care and focused on a Canadian-style single-payer health care system as a means to achieve it. Though he characterized the Canadian health-care system as \"catastrophic in certain ways\" in October 2016 during the second presidential debate, the Trump campaign website wrote in June 2015 about his support for \"a system that would mirror Canada's government-run healthcare service\" under the title \"What does Donald Trump believe? Where the candidate stands on 10 issues\". In 2015, Trump also expressed admiration for the Scottish health-care system, which is single payer.",
"title": "Political positions of Donald Trump"
},
{
"docid": "811741#1",
"text": "The government ensures the quality of care through federal standards. The government does not participate in day-to-day care or collect any information about an individual's health, which remains confidential between a person and their physician. Canada's provincially based Medicare systems are cost-effective because of their administrative simplicity. In each province, each doctor handles the insurance claim against the provincial insurer. There is no need for the person who accesses healthcare to be involved in billing and reclaim at all. Private health expenditure accounts for 30% of health care financing. The Canada Health Act does not cover prescription drugs, home care or long-term care or dental care, which means most Canadians rely on private insurance from their employers or the government to pay for those costs. Provinces provide partial coverage for children, those living in poverty and seniors.",
"title": "Healthcare in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "811741#46",
"text": "The Canada Health Act, which sets the conditions with which provincial/territorial health insurance plans must comply if they wish to receive their full transfer payments from the federal government, does not allow charges to insured persons for insured services (defined as medically necessary care provided in hospitals or by physicians). Most provinces have responded through various prohibitions on such payments. This does not constitute a ban on privately funded care; indeed, about 30% of Canadian health expenditures come from private sources, both insurance and out-of-pocket payments. The Canada Health Act does not address delivery. Private clinics are therefore permitted, albeit subject to provincial/territorial regulations, but they cannot charge above the agreed-upon fee schedule unless they are treating non-insured persons (which may include those eligible under automobile insurance or worker's compensation, in addition to those who are not Canadian residents), or providing non-insured services. This provision has been controversial among those seeking a greater role for private funding.",
"title": "Healthcare in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "58354#8",
"text": "According to Canada's constitution, the provinces have responsibility for health care, education and welfare. However, the federal Canada Health Act sets standards for all the provinces. The Canada Health Act requires coverage for all medically necessary care provided in hospitals or by physicians; this explicitly includes diagnostic, treatment and preventive services. Coverage is universal for qualifying Canadian residents, regardless of income level.",
"title": "Medicare (Canada)"
},
{
"docid": "41965635#8",
"text": "In defending the changes, the government explained its rationale as being to ensure equality between the health care received by refugees and that afforded to Canadians such that refugees would not receive superior benefits. Former Citizenship and Immigration Minister Jason Kenney emphasized the generosity of Canadians and Canada's immigration system, stating that the government did “not want to ask Canadians to pay for benefits for protected persons and refugee claimants that are more generous than what they are entitled to themselves.” In a related case, Nell Toussaint v. Attorney General of Canada, the Supreme Court cautioned that by extending universal health care regardless of immigration status, Canada “could become a health-care safe haven”.",
"title": "Refugee health care in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "811741#58",
"text": "Because medical marijuana is legal in Canada but illegal in most of the US, many US citizens with cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and glaucoma have traveled to Canada for medical treatment. One of those is Steve Kubby, the Libertarian Party's 1998 candidate for governor of California, who has adrenal cancer. Recent legal changes such as Proposition 215 may decrease this type of medical tourism from California only.The Canada Health Act covers the services of psychiatrists, medical doctors with additional training in psychiatry. In Canada, psychiatrists tend to focus on the treatment of mental illness with medication. However, the Canada Health Act excludes care provided in a \"hospital or institution primarily for the mentally disordered.\" Some institutional care is provided by provinces. The Canada Health Act does not cover treatment by a psychologist or psychotherapist unless the practitioner is also a medical doctor. Goods and Services Tax or Harmonized Sales Tax (depending on the province) applies to the services of psychotherapists. Some coverage for mental health care and substance abuse treatment may be available under other government programs. For example, in Alberta, the province provides funding for mental health care through Alberta Health Services. Most or all provinces and territories offer government-funded drug and alcohol addiction rehabilitation, although waiting lists may exist. The cost of treatment by a psychologist or psychotherapist in Canada has been cited as a contributing factor in the high suicide rate among first responders such as police officers, EMTs and paramedics. According to a CBC report, some police forces \"offer benefits plans that cover only a handful of sessions with community psychologists, forcing those seeking help to join lengthy waiting lists to seek free psychiatric assistance.\"",
"title": "Healthcare in Canada"
},
{
"docid": "490201#11",
"text": "As per the Constitution of Canada, health care is mainly a provincial government responsibility in Canada (the main exceptions being federal government responsibility for services provided to aboriginal peoples covered by treaties, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the armed forces, and Members of Parliament). Consequently, each province administers its own health insurance program. The federal government influences health insurance by virtue of its fiscal powers – it transfers cash and tax points to the provinces to help cover the costs of the universal health insurance programs. Under the Canada Health Act, the federal government mandates and enforces the requirement that all people have free access to what are termed \"medically necessary services,\" defined primarily as care delivered by physicians or in hospitals, and the nursing component of long-term residential care. If provinces allow doctors or institutions to charge patients for medically necessary services, the federal government reduces its payments to the provinces by the amount of the prohibited charges. Collectively, the public provincial health insurance systems in Canada are frequently referred to as Medicare. This public insurance is tax-funded out of general government revenues, although British Columbia and Ontario levy a mandatory premium with flat rates for individuals and families to generate additional revenues - in essence, a surtax. Private health insurance is allowed, but in six provincial governments only for services that the public health plans do not cover (for example, semi-private or private rooms in hospitals and prescription drug plans). Four provinces allow insurance for services also mandated by the Canada Health Act, but in practice there is no market for it. All Canadians are free to use private insurance for elective medical services such as laser vision correction surgery, cosmetic surgery, and other non-basic medical procedures. Some 65% of Canadians have some form of supplementary private health insurance; many of them receive it through their employers. Private-sector services not paid for by the government account for nearly 30 percent of total health care spending.",
"title": "Health insurance"
},
{
"docid": "811741#36",
"text": "There is evidence of inequality in health care for refugees that seek asylum in Canada. The health care needs of refugees is unique in that these people often require additional care than normal immigrants due to conditions in their home country. Despite the uniqueness of this situation, there appears to be a lack of information on whether refugees experience barriers in receiving health care. Additionally, there is a lack of public perception about the health care needs of refugees in Canada which causes public policies to sometimes overlook the wants of this societal group. Furthermore, the passing of the Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act in 2012 created inequalities in health care for refugees. The act formed a two-tiered system that separated care based on certain characteristics of the refugees under it. Differing levels of care are seen to be provided to refugees based off how the refugee came to Canada, the refugee's home country, and many other factors. Another impacts on refugees that the Protecting Canada's Immigration System Act had was on the levels of health care coverage for refugees provided by the Interim Federal Health Program (IFHP). The reforms of 2012 saw cuts to coverage for refugees by the IFHP which represents another unequal divide in health care between the general populace and refugees. Some of the results of the changes in the health care programs for refugees is that there appears to be a rise in emergency room visits due to lack of provisions of health care to refugees. This effect worries many people in Canada as they believe that the cost of health care will rise due to an increase in ER visits from refugees that have health concerns not cared for under IFHP. A study by Evans, Caudarella, Ratnapalan, and Chan on the consequences of cuts to IFHP for refugees suggests that another problem created by these changes is that there is great uncertainty over funding for programs that help pay for ER costs that recipients of care cannot afford. These problems spawned from the 2012 reforms and suggest that refugees receive a much lower level of care than the general populace in Canada.",
"title": "Healthcare in Canada"
}
] |
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3402
|
How do starfishes eat?
|
[
{
"docid": "13570187#3",
"text": "The common starfish feeds on a variety of benthic organisms. These include bivalve molluscs, polychaete worms, barnacles, gastropod molluscs, other echinoderms and carrion. When feeding on a mollusc such as a mussel, it attaches its tube feet to each shell valve and exerts force to separate them slightly. Even a gap of only is sufficient for the starfish to insert a fold of its stomach, secrete enzymes and start digesting the mollusc body. When the contents is sufficiently liquid, it brings its stomach back to its rightful position with the food inside. The common starfish has a well-developed sense of smell and can detect the odour of prey species such as the common mussel (\"Mytilus edulis\") and crawl towards it. It can also detect the odour of the predatory common sunstar (\"Crossaster papposus\"), which eats other starfish, and take evasive action.\nThe common starfish is dioecious, which means that each individual is either male or female. In the spring, the females release their eggs into the sea. A moderate sized starfish is estimated to be able to produce 2.5 million eggs. The males shed their sperm and fertilisation takes place in the water column. The larvae are planktonic and drift for about 87 days before settling on the seabed and undergoing metamorphosis into juveniles. Common starfish are believed to live for about seven to eight years. When well fed, the juveniles can increase their radius at the rate of slightly more than per month during the summer and autumn and slightly less than per month in the winter. An adult common starfish can survive starvation for several months although it loses weight in the process. One specimen shrank from a radius of to a radius of after starvation for five months.",
"title": "Common starfish"
},
{
"docid": "228613#1",
"text": "Starfish are marine invertebrates. They typically have a central disc and five arms, though some species have a larger number of arms. The aboral or upper surface may be smooth, granular or spiny, and is covered with overlapping plates. Many species are brightly coloured in various shades of red or orange, while others are blue, grey or brown. Starfish have tube feet operated by a hydraulic system and a mouth at the centre of the oral or lower surface. They are opportunistic feeders and are mostly predators on benthic invertebrates. Several species have specialized feeding behaviours including eversion of their stomachs and suspension feeding. They have complex life cycles and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Most can regenerate damaged parts or lost arms and they can shed arms as a means of defence. The Asteroidea occupy several significant ecological roles. Starfish, such as the ochre sea star (\"Pisaster ochraceus\") and the reef sea star (\"Stichaster australis\"), have become widely known as examples of the keystone species concept in ecology. The tropical crown-of-thorns starfish (\"Acanthaster planci\") is a voracious predator of coral throughout the Indo-Pacific region, and the northern Pacific sea star is considered to be one of the world's 100 worst invasive species.",
"title": "Starfish"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "53148608#4",
"text": "The starfishes \"Acodontaster conspicuus\", \"Acodontaster hodgsoni\", \"Odontaster meridionalis\" and \"Perknaster fuscus\" feed on the sponges, while \"Odontaster validus\" mostly scavenges, and \"D. brucei\" and the gastropod \"Trophonella longstaffi\" both feed on the bivalve \"L. hodgsoni\". \"D. brucei\" primarily feeds on molluscs, but does not seem to eat sponges as do many other starfish. It is sometimes preyed on by the sea anemone \"Urticinopsis antarctica\". Developing embryos of this species are brooded by the female until they have developed into juvenile starfish.",
"title": "Diplasterias brucei"
},
{
"docid": "32656141#3",
"text": "Harlequin shrimp's only source of nutrition comes from starfish. They are very skilled at flipping over the slow starfish on its back, and eating the tube feet and soft tissues until it reaches the central disk. They, usually one female and one male, use their claws to pierce the tough skin and feeding legs to help them maneuver the starfish. Sometimes the starfish will shed the arm that the shrimp attacked and regrow (the shrimp can then re eat it), but it is usually too wounded to regrow. They may also feed on sea urchins, because they have tube feet as well, but that is rare and only if they're very hungry.",
"title": "Hymenocera"
},
{
"docid": "350245#8",
"text": "Atlantic wolffish use their strong jaws to eat hardshell molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. They do not eat other fish. They are known to frequently eat large whelks (\"Buccinum\"), cockles (\"Polynices\", \"Chrysodomus\" and \"Sipho\"), sea clams (\"Mactra\"), large hermit crabs, starfish, sea urchins. They are an important predator of sea urchins and green crabs, whose populations escalate rapidly and can negatively affect the health of a marine system.",
"title": "Atlantic wolffish"
},
{
"docid": "10244353#39",
"text": "The Crown-of-Thorns Starfish is a coral reef predator which preys on coral polyps by climbing onto them, extruding its stomach over them, and releasing digestive enzymes to absorb the liquefied tissue. An individual adult of this species can eat up to six square meters of living reef in a single year. Geological evidence suggests that the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish has been part of the Great Barrier Reef's ecology for \"at least several thousand years\", but there is no geological evidence for Crown of Thorns outbreaks. The first known outbreak occurred during the 1960s. Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs. In 2000, an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66% of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the CRC Reefs Research Centre. Although large outbreaks of these starfish are believed to occur in natural cycles, human activity in and around the Great Barrier Reef can worsen the effects. Reduction of water quality associated with agriculture can cause the crown-of-thorns starfish larvae to thrive. Fertilizer runoff from farming increases the amount of phytoplankton available for the Crown of Thorns Starfish larvae to consume. A study by the Australian Institute of Marine Science showed that a doubling of the chlorophyll in the water leads to a tenfold increase in the crown-of-thorns starfish larvae's survival rate. Overfishing of its natural predators, such as the Giant Triton, is also considered to contribute to an increase in the number of Crown of Thorns Starfish. The CRC Reef Research Centre defines an outbreak as when there are more than 30 adult starfish in an area of one hectare. There have been three large outbreaks of COTS on the reef since observation began, between 1962 and 1976; 1978 and 1991; 1993 and 2005, and a fourth began in 2009. Investigation is being undertaken into mimicking a chemical scent released by the COTS' natural predator, the giant triton snail.",
"title": "Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef"
},
{
"docid": "228613#30",
"text": "Most species are generalist predators, eating microalgae, sponges, bivalves, snails and other small animals. The crown-of-thorns starfish consumes coral polyps, while other species are detritivores, feeding on decomposing organic material and faecal matter. A few are suspension feeders, gathering in phytoplankton; \"Henricia\" and \"Echinaster\" often occur in association with sponges, benefiting from the water current they produce. Various species have been shown to be able to absorb organic nutrients from the surrounding water, and this may form a significant portion of their diet.",
"title": "Starfish"
},
{
"docid": "22343567#11",
"text": "Campaigns and Community Support\nThe supporter base of Starfish Greathearts Foundation is based on widespread support from individuals through donations and income generated through successful campaigns. The Dinners of Hope Campaign is the most popular ongoing campaign that Starfish has developed. It is simple in the fact that everyone has to eat and therefore everyone can participate in the campaign. The emphasis of this campaign brings to the table the chance to educate, communicate and fundraise with minimal input and optimal results. The concept is simple in that supporters are asked to host a meal for family, friends or colleagues and then ask guests for a doantion rather than a contribution to the meal. The campaign also works as a powerful tool in promoting HIV/AIDS awareness and education at all levels. The campaign has mobilised more than 20,000 individuals and 120 corporations worldwide to participate.",
"title": "Starfish Greathearts Foundation"
},
{
"docid": "309666#24",
"text": "Crown-of-thorns starfish (\"Acanthaster planci\") is the major predator of the reefs, as it preys upon coral polyps by climbing onto them, extruding its stomach over them, and releasing digestive enzymes to absorb the liquefied tissue. An individual adult can eat up to 6 m of reef per year. In 2000, an outbreak of crown-of-thorns starfish contributed to a loss of 66% of live coral cover on sampled reefs. Changes in water quality and overfishing of natural predators, such as the Giant Triton, may have contributed to an increase in the number of crown-of-thorns starfish.",
"title": "Coral Sea"
},
{
"docid": "228613#16",
"text": "Although starfish do not have many well-defined sense organs, they are sensitive to touch, light, temperature, orientation and the status of the water around them. The tube feet, spines and pedicellariae are sensitive to touch. The tube feet, especially those at the tips of the rays, are also sensitive to chemicals, enabling the starfish to detect odour sources such as food. There are eyespots at the ends of the arms, each one made of 80–200 simple ocelli. These are composed of pigmented epithelial cells that respond to light and are covered by a thick, transparent cuticle that both protects the ocelli and acts to focus light. Many starfish also possess individual photoreceptor cells in other parts of their bodies and respond to light even when their eyespots are covered. Whether they advance or retreat depends on the species.",
"title": "Starfish"
},
{
"docid": "34730821#4",
"text": "This starfish feeds on various small sea cucumbers, such as \"Cucumaria miniata\", \"Cucumaria curata\", \"Eupentacta quinquesemita\", \"Eupentacta pseudoquinquesemita\", and \"Psolus chitonoides\". It also eats brachiopods, ascidians, or sea pens.",
"title": "Solaster stimpsoni"
}
] |
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] |
3403
|
When did the German Empire fall?
|
[
{
"docid": "4077967#21",
"text": "In November 1918, with internal revolution, a stalemated war, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire suing for peace, Austria-Hungary falling apart from multiple ethnic tensions, and pressure from the German high command, the Kaiser and all German ruling princes abdicated. On 9 November 1918, the Social Democrat Philipp Scheidemann proclaimed a Republic, in cooperation with the business and middle classes, not the revolting workers. The new government led by the German Social Democrats called for and received an armistice on 11 November 1918; in practice it was a surrender, and the Allies kept up the food blockade to guarantee an upper hand. The war was over; the history books closed on the German Empire. It was succeeded by the democratic, yet flawed, Weimar Republic.",
"title": "History of Germany during World War I"
},
{
"docid": "12674#7",
"text": "The high command under Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff increasingly controlled the country, but in October after the failed offensive in spring 1918, the German armies were in retreat, allies Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed, and Bulgaria had surrendered. The Empire collapsed in the November 1918 Revolution with the abdications of its monarchs. This left a postwar federal republic and a devastated and unsatisfied populace, which later led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazism.",
"title": "German Empire"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12446#52",
"text": "Some of the Germanic tribes are frequently credited in popular depictions of the decline of the Roman Empire in the late 5th century. Professional historians and archaeologists have since the 1950s shifted their interpretations in such a way that the Germanic peoples are no longer seen as \"invading\" a decaying empire but as being \"co-opted\" into helping defend territory the central government could no longer adequately administer. Germanic tribes nonetheless fought against Roman dominance when necessary. When the Roman Empire refused to allow the Visigoths to settle in Noricum for instance, they responded by sacking Rome in CE 410 under the leadership of Alaric I. Oddly enough, Alaric I did not see his imposition in Rome as an attack against the Roman Empire per se but as an attempt to gain a favorable position within its borders, particularly since the Visigoths held the Empire in high regard.",
"title": "Germanic peoples"
},
{
"docid": "1123369#6",
"text": "Gibbon took September 4, 476 as a convenient marker for the final dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, when Romulus Augustus, the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed by Odoacer, a Germanic chieftain. Some modern historians question the significance of the year 476 for its end. Julius Nepos, the Western emperor recognized by the Eastern Roman Empire, continued to rule in Dalmatia, until he was assassinated in 480. The Ostrogothic rulers of Italia considered themselves upholders of the direct line of Roman tradition, and the Eastern emperors considered themselves the sole rightful Roman rulers of a united empire. Roman cultural traditions continued throughout the territory of the Western Empire, and a recent school of interpretation argues that the great political changes can more accurately be described as a complex cultural transformation, rather than a fall.",
"title": "Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "3943310#5",
"text": "Only after Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck gradually built a unified German state under the Prussian royal house of Hohenzollern did \"Kleinstaaterei\" largely end in 1871 with the founding of the German Empire. (The only surviving petty states—Luxembourg and Liechtenstein—lie at the periphery of the German-speaking world.) The founding of the German Empire created a largely German nation-state. While the German Empire excluded the partly German but multinational Habsburg domains of Austria–Hungary, it included a substantial Polish minority in parts of eastern Prussia and other minorities along its northern and western borders. The unification of the German Empire put Germany on the map as a major European power, albeit too late to become a major colonial presence. Internally in the nation some of these fragmented boundaries and small political units continued to exist until the modern States of Germany were established in the Federal Republic after World War II.",
"title": "Kleinstaaterei"
},
{
"docid": "7120188#2",
"text": "In \"The Fall of the Roman Empire: The Military Explanation\" (1998 ), Ferrill supports the claims of Vegetius, about increased \"barbarisation\" and \"germanisation\" helping to cause the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century AD. He asserts that allowing barbarians to settle within Rome's borders, to act as a buffer zone against other barbarians, created friction and led to a decrease in the size of the Roman Empire's Borders. He also states that the Germans were recruited in such large numbers by the Western empire that they in fact changed it from a Roman to a German culture. For example, field army units would not use their helmets, the pilum was replaced, and the standard of drill declined, leading to a lack of military skill within the Empire.",
"title": "Arther Ferrill"
},
{
"docid": "1123369#34",
"text": "The culture of the German barbarians living just across the Rhine and Danube rivers was not so conducive to the spread of pathogens. Germans lived in small scattered villages that did not support the same level of trade as did Roman settlements. Germans lived in single-family detached houses. Germans did not have public baths nor as many brothels and drank ale made with boiled water. The barbarian population seemed to be on the rise. The demographics of Europe were changing.",
"title": "Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "5734765#1",
"text": "In 1944, unexpectedly for the Allies, a German winter offensive results in over 80% of European territories falling to German control. No one really knows what Hitler and his generals did to bring forth this course of events, but the fall of London made it clear that the Allies had little chance of winning the war. Soon after, the destruction of Moscow and the taking of Washington D.C. ended the war.\nIt was hard to believe that it was the German military technique or their leaders' tactical skills. People started to talk about final development of the Wunderwaffe, especially that\nnot many managed to flee from the battlefields to tell what they have seen - their reports were unclear and not explaining anything. Nevertheless, the world was unable to stop the Führer and his Reich.",
"title": "Mortyr"
},
{
"docid": "849186#100",
"text": "The fall of the inner German border came rapidly and unexpectedly in November 1989, along with the fall of the Berlin Wall. Its integrity had been fatally compromised in May 1989 when the Hungarian government began dismantling its border fence with Austria. The government was still notionally Communist but planned free elections and economic reform as part of a strategy of \"rejoining Europe\" and reforming its struggling economy.",
"title": "Inner German border"
},
{
"docid": "142280#44",
"text": "The German Confederation ended as a result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 between Austrian Empire and its allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia and its allies on the other. The Confederation had 34 members immediately before its dissolution. In the Prague peace treaty, on 23 August 1866, Austria had to accept that the Confederation was dissolved. The following day, the remaining member states confirmed the dissolution. The treaty allowed Prussia to create a new (a new kind of federation) in the North of Germany. The South German states were allowed to create a South German Confederation but this did not come into existence.",
"title": "German Confederation"
},
{
"docid": "1123369#55",
"text": "The French historian Lucien Musset, studying the Barbarian invasions, argues the civilization of Medieval Europe emerged from a synthesis between the Graeco-Roman world and the Germanic civilizations penetrating the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire did not fall, did not decline, it just transformed but so did the Germanic populations which invaded it. To support this conclusion, beside the narrative of the events, he offers linguistic surveys of toponymy and anthroponymy, analyzes archaeological records, studies the urban and rural society, the institutions, the religion, the art, the technology.",
"title": "Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire"
}
] |
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] |
3404
|
When did the Ottoman Empire begin and end?
|
[
{
"docid": "1084650#0",
"text": "Beginning from the late eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation. In response to foreign threats, the empire initiated a period of tremendous internal reform which came to be known as the Tanzimat, which succeeded in significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state, despite the empire's precarious international position. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized, exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era. The process of reform and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the Nizam-ı Cedid (New Order) during the reign of Sultan Selim III and was punctuated by several reform decrees, such as the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane in 1839 and the Hatt-ı Hümayun in 1856. At the end of this period, marked with 1908, to a degree the Ottoman military became modernized and professionalized according to the model of Western European Armies. The period was followed by the defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922).",
"title": "Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "535282#0",
"text": "The foundation and rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in , and ended with the conquest of Constantinople on May 29, 1453. This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia, and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans and Anatolia. For this reason, this period in the empire's history has been described as the Proto-Imperial Era. Throughout most of this period, the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region, and relied upon the support of local warlords and vassals to maintain control over their realm. By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state, a process which was brought to fruition by Sultan Mehmed II (r. 1451-1481). The conquest of Constantinople in 1453 is seen as the symbolic moment when the emerging Ottoman state shifted from a mere principality into an empire, marking a major turning point in its history.",
"title": "Rise of the Ottoman Empire"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5496119#8",
"text": "After its pinnacle during the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire was thereafter in constant regression rather than being able to progress as its European counterparts did. As European power increased, the Ottomans saw a lack of progress themselves. In the Treaty of Paris (1856), the Ottomans were now considered part of the European world. This was the beginning of intervention by Europeans (i.e. Great Britain and France) in the Ottoman Empire. One of the reasons they were taking a step into Ottoman territory was for the protection of Christianity in the Ottoman Empire. There had been perennial conflict between Muslims and non-Muslims in the Empire. This was the focal point for the Russians to interfere, and the Russians were perhaps the Ottomans' most disliked enemy. The Russians looked for many ways to become involved in political affairs especially when unrest in the Empire reached their borders. The history of the Russo-Turkish wars was long, for many different reasons. The Ottomans saw the Russians as their most fierce enemy and not one to be trusted.",
"title": "Ottoman constitution of 1876"
},
{
"docid": "46281990#28",
"text": "Ottoman's did not see a chance of these new states to stand against new Russia. These new Muslim states needed support to be emerged as viable independent states. In order to consolidate a buffer zone with Russia (both for the Empire and these new states), however, Ottomans needed to expel the Bolsheviks from Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus before the end of war. Based on 1917 negotiations, Enver concluded that Empire should not to expect much military assistance from the Muslims of the Caucasus as they were the one in need. Enver also knew the importance of Kars—Julfa railroad and the adjacent areas for this support. Goal was set forward beginning from 1918 to end of the war.",
"title": "History of the Ottoman Empire during World War I"
},
{
"docid": "535239#42",
"text": "The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the \"Kanûn-u Esâsî\" (meaning \"Basic Law\" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. It established the freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. The empire's First Constitutional era, was short-lived. But the idea of Ottomanism proved influential. A group of reformers known as the Young Ottomans, primarily educated in Western universities, believed that a constitutional monarchy would give an answer to the empire's growing social unrest. Through a military coup in 1876, they forced Sultan Abdülaziz (1861–1876) to abdicate in favour of Murad V. However, Murad V was mentally ill and was deposed within a few months. His heir-apparent, Abdülhamid II (1876–1909), was invited to assume power on the condition that he would declare a constitutional monarchy, which he did on 23 November 1876. The parliament survived for only two years before the sultan suspended it. When forced to reconvene it, he abolished the representative body instead. This ended the effectiveness of the \"Kanûn-ı Esâsî\".",
"title": "History of the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "9239#47",
"text": "In parallel, the Eastern Question grew more complex ever since the Ottoman defeat in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire seemed imminent, the Great Powers struggled to safeguard their strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. The Russian Empire stood to benefit from the decline, whereas the Habsburg Empire and Britain perceived the preservation of the Ottoman Empire to be in their best interests. Meanwhile, the Serbian revolution (1804) and Greek War of Independence (1821) marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, which ended with the Balkan Wars in 1912-1913. Formal recognition of the \"de facto\" independent principalities of Montenegro, Serbia and Romania ensued at the Congress of Berlin in 1878.",
"title": "Europe"
},
{
"docid": "434444#1",
"text": "The Ottoman Empire had its longest period of peace between 1739 (Treaty of Belgrade) and 1768, when it did not engage any of its European rivals. Europe was caught up in costly and bloody conflicts while the Ottomans stayed out and tended to economy and politics, and rebuilding social and administrative organization. This peaceful period came to an end on 23 October 1768, when war was declared on Russia. Causes were aggressive Russian foreign policy, interference in Crimea (an Ottoman vassal), and the power struggle in Poland-Lithuania. There were insignificant events in 1768–69, as both sides prepared for a long campaign.",
"title": "Orlov revolt"
},
{
"docid": "1084650#39",
"text": "The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, called the \"Kanûn-u Esâsî\" (meaning \"Basic Law\" in Ottoman Turkish), written by members of the Young Ottomans, which was promulgated on 23 November 1876. It established the freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. The empire's First Constitutional era, was short-lived. But the idea of Ottomanism proved influential. A group of reformers known as the Young Ottomans, primarily educated in Western universities, believed that a constitutional monarchy would give an answer to the empire's growing social unrest. Through a military coup in 1876, they forced Sultan Abdülaziz (1861–1876) to abdicate in favour of Murad V. However, Murad V was mentally ill and was deposed within a few months. His heir-apparent, Abdülhamid II (1876–1909), was invited to assume power on the condition that he would declare a constitutional monarchy, which he did on 23 November 1876. The parliament survived for only two years before the sultan suspended it. When forced to reconvene it, he abolished the representative body instead. This ended the effectiveness of the \"Kanûn-ı Esâsî\".",
"title": "Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "51603867#3",
"text": "In comparison with earlier periods of Ottoman history, the empire's territory remained relatively stable, stretching from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east, and from Arabia in the south to Hungary in the north. The pace of expansion slowed during the second half of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–66), as the Ottomans sought to consolidate the vast conquests carried out between 1514 and 1541, but did not come to an end. After making peace with Austria in 1568, the Ottomans launched the 1570–73 Ottoman-Venetian War, conquering Cyprus and most of Dalmatia. A naval campaign led to the capture of Tunis from the Spanish in 1574, and a truce was signed in 1580.",
"title": "Transformation of the Ottoman Empire"
},
{
"docid": "535282#7",
"text": "In 1938 the Austrian historian Paul Wittek published an influential work entitled \"The Rise of the Ottoman Empire\", in which he put forth the argument that the early Ottoman state was constructed upon an ideology of Islamic holy war against non-Muslims. Such a war was known as \"gaza\", and a warrior fighting in it was called a \"gazi\". Wittek's formulation, subsequently known as the \"Gaza Thesis,\" was influential for much of the twentieth century, and led historians to portray the early Ottomans as zealous religious warriors dedicated to the spread of Islam. Beginning in the 1980s, historians increasingly began to criticize Wittek's thesis. Scholars now recognize that the terms \"gaza\" and \"gazi\" did not have strictly religious connotations for the early Ottomans, and were often used in a secular sense to simply refer to raids. Additionally, the early Ottomans were neither strict orthodox Muslims nor were they unwilling to cooperate with non-Muslims, and several of the companions of the first Ottoman rulers were either non-Muslims or recent converts. The idea of holy war existed during the fourteenth century, but it was only one out of many factors influencing Ottoman behavior. It was only later, in the fifteenth century, that Ottoman writers retroactively began to portray the early Ottomans as zealous Islamic warriors, in order to provide a noble origin for their dynasty which had by then constructed an intercontinental Islamic empire.",
"title": "Rise of the Ottoman Empire"
}
] |
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] |
3405
|
When did construction on Caribou Air Force Station begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "33674105#0",
"text": "Caribou Air Force Station, also known as North River Depot and East Loring, is a defunct Air Force Station that operated from 1951 until some time when it was absorbed into Loring Air Force Base in 1962. It was located in Limestone, Maine, adjacent to Loring. Between 1951 and 1962 Caribou was an Operational Storage Site for Air Materiel Command (AMC-OSS), one of five in the United States, and the weapons storage and maintenance facility for Loring alert aircraft.",
"title": "Caribou Air Force Station"
},
{
"docid": "33674105#4",
"text": "Caribou Air Force Station was the first of five, United States Air Force, Air Material Command (AMC) installations that were constructed during the period of 1951 – 1953. Each of the five installations was built specifically to provide operational storage of the nuclear stockpile, and to provide a specified number of weapons to their adjacent Strategic Air Command (SAC) bases. The first four installations were built and occupied by 1953. The fifth installation, although completed in 1953, would not be utilized until 1955. The first installation, code named “Site Easy” was originally known as the “North River Depot”. It was constructed between 1951-1952, and operations began in 1952. Funds were provided in 1951 to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), for the planning and construction of an ordnance storage site in the vicinity of a new Strategic Air Command Base. The AFSWP was directed to utilize the services of the Corps of Engineers, Department of Army, for planning and construction, and was made responsible for monitoring such work, and for operational security measures during these phases. The original directive to the AFSWP stipulated that upon completion of construction the installation would be turned over to Headquarters, Air Material Command for operational responsibilities.",
"title": "Caribou Air Force Station"
},
{
"docid": "115894#41",
"text": "In 1951, the Department of Defense (DOD) allocated funds for the construction of an ordnance storage site at Loring AFB. The designs called for a self-sufficient \"maximum security storage area for the most advanced weapons of mankind\". The mission of the facility would be the protection and maintenance of the weapons used by SAC. The facility was in the northeast corner of the base, and construction began on 4 August 1951. In addition to 28 storage igloos and other weapons storage structures, the facility included weapons maintenance buildings, barracks, recreational facilities, a warehouse, and offices.",
"title": "Loring Air Force Base"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30637547#1",
"text": "Klamath Air Force Station was one of twenty-eight stations built as part of the second segment of the Air Defense Command permanent radar network. Prompted by the start of the Korean War, on July 11, 1950, the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to quicken construction of the permanent network. Receiving the Defense Secretary’s approval on July 21, the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to begin construction adjacent to the town of Requa, California, about 3 miles northwest of the town of Klamath and within sight of the mouth of the Klamath River.",
"title": "Klamath Air Force Station"
},
{
"docid": "33674105#3",
"text": "In June 1962, the United States Atomic Energy Commission released its custody and ownership of the weapons to the Air Force, and the personnel and property were absorbed into the adjacent Loring Air Force Base.",
"title": "Caribou Air Force Station"
},
{
"docid": "115894#25",
"text": "The war brought increased funding to Limestone in 1951. Eight additional hangars were constructed at the southwestern end of the runway, as well as a addition to the northern end of the runway. The Department of Defense allocated funds for the North River Depot, a weapons storage facility to the northwest of the base. It later became Caribou Air Force Station and was absorbed into the facility in the 1960s. The end of the year brought the completion of a communications facility, a hospital, three barracks, a school, an officers club, a bakery, and a briefing and training building. The base was one of the first constructed after World War II and also one of the first to retain as much surrounding vegetation as possible in case there was a need to camouflage the airfield and surrounding facilities. It avoided the traditional grid system for roads.",
"title": "Loring Air Force Base"
},
{
"docid": "115872#2",
"text": "Nearby to the northeast, Loring Air Force Base opened in the early 1950s near Limestone, with bomber and tanker aircraft of the Strategic Air Command. It provided a major economic boost to the area, with construction starting in 1947 on \"Limestone Army Air Field.\" Caribou was incorporated as a city in 1967 on February 23, but the area's boom period leveled off in the 1970s as a result of difficulties in its traditional potato industry. That, along with closure of the base in 1994, contributed to a decline in population in the 1980s and 1990s.",
"title": "Caribou, Maine"
},
{
"docid": "23374456#1",
"text": "In late 1950, construction began on Charleston Air Force Station. Known as Bull Hill for its location in the town, the station was one of twenty-eight stations built as part of the second segment of the permanent Air Defense Command national radar network. Prompted by the start of the Korean War, on July 11, 1950, the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the second segment of the permanent network. Receiving the Defense Secretary’s approval on July 21, the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction.",
"title": "Charleston Air Force Station"
},
{
"docid": "33674105#28",
"text": "Another area of the site was still further removed from the rest of the Q area. This area became the focus for activities performed by those personnel assigned to the site who were employees of AEC and/or Sandia Corporation. The Base Spares Area was situated at the westernmost point of the Q-Area. It was constructed between 1952 and 1956, and included structures necessary for the storage of components and spare parts needed to modify, maintain, and/or repair the weapons on site. Many of these buildings have since been demolished or removed, but some are still standing today. Of the original sixteen structures built at this area of the site, six or less remain in various stages of disrepair. Building No. 368 was constructed in 1952. It was constructed of brick on a concrete foundation. It was a front-gabled structure with a steel deck roof and an entrance on the southwest elevation. A large addition was constructed in 1989 on the northwest elevation. The addition has a pitched roof, is faced with vertical siding, and has four overhead doors and one pedestrian door on the southwest elevation. The edition was constructed by the Air Force for SAC munitions maintenance personnel. This building is the only building within the Base Spares Area in good condition today. Building No. 369 was constructed of concrete block and was razed some time ago. The date is unknown. Buildings 368 and 369 were both used for warehouse supply and equipment storage.",
"title": "Caribou Air Force Station"
},
{
"docid": "30599755#1",
"text": "Cambria Air Force Station was one of twenty-eight stations built as part of the second segment of the Air Defense Command permanent radar network. Prompted by the start of the Korean War, on July 11, 1950, the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the permanent network. Receiving the Defense Secretary’s approval on July 21, the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction.",
"title": "Cambria Air Force Station"
},
{
"docid": "30653716#1",
"text": "Curlew Air Force Station was one of twenty-eight stations built as part of the second segment of the Air Defense Command permanent radar network. Prompted by the start of the Korean War, on July 11, 1950, the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the permanent network. Receiving the Defense Secretary's approval on July 21, the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction.",
"title": "Curlew Air Force Station"
}
] |
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3406
|
How is globalization measured?
|
[
{
"docid": "46313#61",
"text": "One index of globalization is the \"KOF Index of Globalization\", which measures three important dimensions of globalization: economic, social, and political. Another is the A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index.\nMeasurements of economic globalization typically focus on variables such as trade, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), portfolio investment, and income. However, newer indices attempt to measure globalization in more general terms, including variables related to political, social, cultural, and even environmental aspects of globalization.",
"title": "Globalization"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31720862#4",
"text": "There have been numerous attempts to measure globalization, typically using indices that capture quantitative data for trade flows, political integration, and other measures. The two most prominent are the AT Kearney/Foreign Policy Globalization index and the KOF Globalization Index. Cultural globalization, however, is much more difficult to capture using quantitative data, because it is difficult to find easily verifiable data of the flow of ideas, opinions, and fashions. One attempt to do so was the Cultural Globalization Index, proposed by Randolph Kluver and Wayne Fu in 2004, and initially published by Foreign Policy Magazine. This effort measured cultural flow by using global trade in media products (books, periodicals, and newspapers) as a proxy for cultural flow. Kluver and Fu followed up with an extended analysis, using this method to measure cultural globalization in Southeast Asia.",
"title": "Cultural globalization"
},
{
"docid": "52146245#8",
"text": "Fragile banking system, and shrink all central banks face the global financial markets is difficult to predict the political change through the uncertainty of it all. \nIn fact, globalization started in the 1970s and the depression action on the free capital market can be called a political product. \nTherefore, whether the global economy has indeed gotten to survive in the 21st century will depend on how the political world accepted for defects in the global economy. But whether the survival of today's global economy is being increasingly questioned. \nToday, a huge global capital has noted the introduction based political risk. Capricious and future-oriented commercial capital moves even slightly negative change in symptoms over the border to another country. \nCountry abandoned by the movement of capital in the process falls in financial panic. Excessive interference of the signals is the government claiming the class struggle and the trade protectionism of the negative changes that lead to this situation, and good intentions, but include changing financial and regulatory aspects of figured counterproductive. In fact, the world today can be bent because the political and financial markets were increasingly able to understand each other. And this phenomenon has been shown most strongly, particularly in the United States. The political movement who want to get away from the current capital market liberalization and free trade has been visible in the United States. Therefore, the United States lies in the critical time in terms of the private economy of the United States. \nPoliticians have experienced economic success of both parties for 25 years. And it could watch the wealth creation and poverty reduction in the global economy moving toward a pure utopia in the late 1970s. But now they are inciting the public protectionism and waging the class struggle and controversy.\nBecause the future of the global economy is currently based essentially owns the financial and political capital is too small, it is impossible to predict. On the one hand, the income gap has been exacerbated. Therefore, the political base of support for the global economy is very weak. \nOver the past 25 years, people have believed the illusion of globalization since, no matter how policy-makers, even if the measures that continue to create a situation that can cause shock and disillusionment low unemployment would last forever. However, instead of looking for political leaders is how to attract more people into the corporate capitalist system, most are eager to grab this political masterpiece. Among people blame globalization for half the directors and present the class struggle, reckless protectionism and policies that can put the financial system at risk. If the proposed policy as it applies to their moving process of the last 25 years of global wealth creation and poverty reduction would be reversed. These claims are inciting the public has already destroyed the stability of financial markets. Therefore, in recent years in order to maintain political irresponsibility based on the global banking sector and against the political demagoguery that suggests a stupid way to support the new global economy, policymakers should focus on the role of human capital and growth.",
"title": "The World Is Curved"
},
{
"docid": "47512#52",
"text": "Global sea level change for much of the last century has generally been estimated using tide gauge measurements collated over long periods of time to give a long-term average. More recently, altimeter measurements—in combination with accurately determined satellite orbits—have provided an improved measurement of global sea level change. To measure sea levels prior to instrumental measurements, scientists have dated coral reefs that grow near the surface of the ocean, coastal sediments, marine terraces, ooids in limestones, and nearshore archaeological remains. The predominant dating methods used are uranium series and radiocarbon, with cosmogenic radionuclides being sometimes used to date terraces that have experienced relative sea level fall. In the early Pliocene, global temperatures were 1–2˚C warmer than the present temperature, yet sea level was 15–25 meters higher than today.",
"title": "Climate change"
},
{
"docid": "28072640#4",
"text": "Political globalization is measured by aggregating and weighting data on the number of embassies and high commissioners in a country, the number of the country's membership in international organization, its participation in the UN peacekeeping missions, and the number of international treaties signed by said country. This measure has been used by Axel Dreher, Noel Gaston, Pim Martens Jeffrey Haynes and is available from the KOF institute at ETH Zurich",
"title": "Political globalization"
},
{
"docid": "50177986#0",
"text": "Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation lidar (GEDI, pronounced ) is a NASA mission to measure how deforestation has contributed to atmospheric CO concentrations. A full-waveform Lidar will be attached to the International Space Station to provide the first global, high-resolution observations of forest vertical structure. This will allow scientists to map habitats and biomass, particularly in the tropics, providing detail on the Earth's carbon cycle.",
"title": "Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation lidar"
},
{
"docid": "2118246#0",
"text": "Global health is the health of populations in the global context; it has been defined as \"the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide\". Problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized. Thus, global health is about worldwide health improvement (including mental health), reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that disregard national borders. Global health is not to be confused with international health, which is defined as the branch of public health focusing on developing nations and foreign aid efforts by industrialized countries. Global health can be measured as a function of various global diseases and their prevalence in the world and threat to decrease life in the present day.",
"title": "Global health"
},
{
"docid": "39532079#2",
"text": "Global studies – interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary academic study of globalizing forces and trends. Global studies may include the investigation of one or more aspects of globalization, but tend to concentrate on how globalizing trends are redefining the relationships between states, organizations, societies, communities, and individuals, creating new challenges that cannot be solved by nations or markets alone. Study of the factors contributing to globalization may originate in many academic concentrations, such as political science, economics, sociology, and many others.",
"title": "Outline of globalization"
},
{
"docid": "323608#0",
"text": "Global alert is used as the global radio-communications network during times of international crises or threats to international security. Global Alerts are also issued by agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), when there is a perceived threat of international pandemic, (global epidemic), such as the threat of a SARS, (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), pandemic during March 2003, due to its high contagion level which was rapidly spread by travelers sharing international flights. The global alert released by the World Health Organization regarding the SARS outbreak and its rapid contagion saved many lives: The alert about the disease, precautionary measures, and preventive measures to be taken by individuals, including specific hygiene information needed to arrest the spread of SARS was communicated instantly throughout the world.",
"title": "Global alert"
},
{
"docid": "46313#74",
"text": "In the book \"The End of Poverty\", Jeffrey Sachs discusses how many factors can affect a country's ability to enter the world market, including government corruption; legal and social disparities based on gender, ethnicity, or caste; diseases such as AIDS and malaria; lack of infrastructure (including transportation, communications, health, and trade); unstable political landscapes; protectionism; and geographic barriers. Jagdish Bhagwati, a former adviser to the U.N. on globalization, holds that, although there are obvious problems with overly rapid development, globalization is a very positive force that lifts countries out of poverty by causing a virtuous economic cycle associated with faster economic growth. However, economic growth does not necessarily mean a reduction in poverty; in fact, the two can coexist. Economic growth is conventionally measured using indicators such as GDP and GNI that do not accurately reflect the growing disparities in wealth. Additionally, Oxfam International argues that poor people are often excluded from globalization-induced opportunities \"by a lack of productive assets, weak infrastructure, poor education and ill-health;\" effectively leaving these marginalized groups in a poverty trap. Economist Paul Krugman is another staunch supporter of globalization and free trade with a record of disagreeing with many critics of globalization. He argues that many of them lack a basic understanding of comparative advantage and its importance in today's world.\nThe flow of migrants to advanced economic countries has been claimed to provide a means through which global wages converge. An IMF study noted a potential for skills to be transferred back to developing countries as wages in those a countries rise. Lastly, the dissemination of knowledge has been an integral aspect of globalization. Technological innovations (or technological transfer) is conjectured to benefit most the developing and least developing countries (LDCs), as for example in the adoption of mobile phones.",
"title": "Globalization"
}
] |
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3409
|
When was the department store Marshall Field's first opened?
|
[
{
"docid": "249171#21",
"text": "Marshall Field & Company originated in 1852. It was the premier department store on the main shopping street in the Midwest, State Street in Chicago. Upscale shoppers came by train from throughout the region, patronizing nearby hotels. It grew to become a major chain before converting to the Macy's nameplate on 9 September 2006. Marshall Field's served as a model for other department stores in that it had exceptional customer service. Field's also brought with it the now famous Frango mints brand that became so closely identified with Marshall Field's and Chicago from the now defunct Frederick & Nelson Department store. Marshall Field's also had the firsts; among many innovations by Marshall Field's were the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, until the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \"book signing\". Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the \"theme\" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting \"under the clock\" on State Street.",
"title": "Department store"
},
{
"docid": "976662#2",
"text": "Marshall Field & Company traces its antecedents to a dry goods store opened at 137 Lake Street in Chicago, Illinois in 1852 by Potter Palmer, (1826–1902), eponymously named P. Palmer & Company. In 1856, 21-year-old Marshall Field (1834–1906) moved to the booming midwestern city of Chicago on the southwest shores of Lake Michigan from Pittsfield, Massachusetts and found work at the city's then-largest dry goods firm – Cooley, Wadsworth & Company. Just prior to the American Civil War, in 1860, Field and bookkeeper Levi Z. Leiter, (1834–1904), became junior partners in the firm, then known as Cooley, Farwell & Company. In 1864, the firm, then led by senior partner John V. Farwell, Sr., (1825–1908), was renamed Farwell, Field & Company. only for Field and Leiter to soon withdraw from the partnership with Farwell when presented with the opportunity of a lifetime.",
"title": "Marshall Field's"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "976662#45",
"text": "Marshall Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, right up to the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \"book signing.\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown store windows were filled with animated displays as part of the downtown shopping district display; the \"theme\" window displays became famous for their ingenuity and beauty, and visiting the Marshall Field's windows at Christmas became a tradition for Chicagoans and visitors alike, as popular a local practice as visiting the Walnut Room with its equally famous Christmas tree or meeting \"under the clock\" on State Street.",
"title": "Marshall Field's"
},
{
"docid": "976662#24",
"text": "The first branch of Marshall Field's itself opened at Market Square in Lake Forest, Illinois in May 1928. In September 1928, its first branch in Evanston, Illinois followed, later relocating to a French Renaissance-style building at Sherman Avenue and Church Street in November 1929. The Oak Park, Illinois store opened in September 1929 in a building similar to the Evanston store.\nFrederick & Nelson, a Seattle, Washington-based department store founded in 1890, was also acquired in 1929, with its own 1914 downtown Seattle building at Pine Street and Fifth Avenue. Frederick & Nelson retained its name, though its logo was soon rewritten in Field's iconic script. But more important for Field's history, Frederick & Nelson created Frango mints, a Seattle tradition then and now, that later became identified with Marshall Field's and the city of Chicago. The candy kitchen at the State Street flagship store soon began producing the confections.",
"title": "Marshall Field's"
},
{
"docid": "976662#18",
"text": "Also in 1914, the same Graham, Burnham & Company supervised the opening of a new twenty-story Marshall Field Annex across the street at 25 East Washington, which housed \"Marshall Field's Store for Men\" on its first six floors. These buildings recaptured its status as the world's largest department store, its many restaurants and separate men's and women's lounges becoming an important social destination for upscale Chicago.",
"title": "Marshall Field's"
},
{
"docid": "976662#44",
"text": "Among the \"firsts\" by Marshall Field's was the concept of the department store tea room. In the 19th century, ladies shopping downtown returned home for lunch; having lunch at a downtown restaurant unescorted by a gentleman was not considered ladylike. But after a Marshall Field's clerk shared her lunch (a chicken pot pie) with a tired shopper, Field's hit on the idea of opening a department store tea room, so that women shoppers would not feel the need to make two trips to complete their shopping. To this day, the Walnut Room serves the traditional Mrs. Herring's chicken pot pie.",
"title": "Marshall Field's"
},
{
"docid": "6571629#0",
"text": "Marshall Field's Wholesale Store, Chicago, Illinois, sometimes referred to as the Marshall Field's Warehouse Store, was a landmark seven-story building designed by Henry Hobson Richardson. Intended for the wholesale business of Field's eponymously named department store, it opened on June 20, 1887, encompassing the block bounded by Quincy, Franklin, Adams and Wells Streets, near the location of the Chicago Board of Trade Building.",
"title": "Marshall Field's Wholesale Store"
},
{
"docid": "16031168#1",
"text": "Marshall Field's established numerous important business \"firsts\" in this building and in a long series of previous elaborate decorative structures on this site for the last century and a half, and it is regarded as one of the three most influential establishments in the nationwide development of the department store and in the commercial business economic history of the United States. Both the building name and the name of the stores formerly headquartered at this building changed names on September 9, 2006 as a result of the merger of the previous May's Department Stores (Marshall Field's former owner and parent) with the Federated Department Stores which led to the integration of the Marshall Field's stores into the Macy's now nationwide retailing network.",
"title": "Marshall Field and Company Building"
},
{
"docid": "976662#28",
"text": "Marshall Field's even expanded further in the Pacific Northwest, acquiring The Crescent department store in Spokane, Washington in 1962 and in 1970, moved east with the purchase of Halle Brothers Co., a leading department store in Cleveland, Ohio. Field's also continued to expand its hometown base in Illinois, opening a store at Woodfield Center in Schaumburg in 1971.",
"title": "Marshall Field's"
},
{
"docid": "5619965#1",
"text": "The first Fields store was established in Vancouver in 1950 by the chain's founders, Joseph Segal and Saul \"Sonny\" Wosk. From there, Fields grew to eight stores by the time it opened a store at Capilano Mall in North Vancouver in 1968, continuing to expand across British Columbia into the 1970s with the acquisitions of several regional retailers (including several small HBC stores in smaller towns). In 1972, Fields purchased a subsidiary chain of hardware stores called Marshall Wells, and after further expansion into Alberta and Saskatchewan, it acquired majority ownership of the Zellers chain in 1976. Zellers would reverse the takeover a few months later and make Fields and Marshall Wells into its subsidiaries, all of which were partly acquired by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in 1978, and fully owned by 1981. Marshall Wells was sold by HBC in 1985, and Fields was moved from a Zellers subsidiary into a full division of HBC in 1988.",
"title": "Fields (department store)"
},
{
"docid": "976662#16",
"text": "Under Shedd's leadership for the next 16 years, Marshall Field & Co. continued to rebuild its store, fulfilling plans approved by Field himself to pull down the 1879 structure later in 1906. In its stead rose a new south State Street building with a continuation of the 1902 street façade. Opened in September 1907, it included a Louis Comfort Tiffany- decorated ceiling that is both the first and largest ceiling ever built in favrile glass, containing over 1.6 million pieces. With completion of the 1907 building, Marshall Field's momentarily possessed the title of \"world's largest department store\" over John Wanamaker & Co. in Philadelphia and R.H. Macy & Co. in New York.",
"title": "Marshall Field's"
}
] |
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] |
3410
|
When did mososaurs live?
|
[
{
"docid": "800373#0",
"text": "Mosasaurs (from Latin \"Mosa\" meaning the 'Meuse river', and Greek σαύρος \"sauros\" meaning 'lizard') are an extinct group of large marine reptiles containing 38 genera in total. Their first fossil remains were discovered in a limestone quarry at Maastricht on the Meuse in 1764. Mosasaurs probably evolved from an extinct group of aquatic lizards known as aigialosaurs in the Early Cretaceous. During the last 20 million years of the Cretaceous period (Turonian-Maastrichtian ages), with the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs, mosasaurs became the dominant marine predators. They became extinct as a result of the K-Pg event at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago.",
"title": "Mosasaur"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30370167#11",
"text": "From May 1973 to September 1974, Abdelghani Bousta lived in hiding. During this time, he realised the mistakes made when the March 1973 events were organised. In 1975, he wrote a critical analysis of UNFP on behalf of the Option Révolutionnaire (Revolutionary option) movement, harshly criticising the events and the leaders: “[…] the March 1973 events helped shed light on the internal contradictions of the Party and show the true nature of its leaders: putschist and adventurous leaders who did not see any problem in sacrificing dozens of activists in a hazardous battle.”",
"title": "Abdelghani Bousta"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "34821871#2",
"text": "Puncture marks made by teeth on several \"Eutrephoceras\" fossils (such as \"E. campbelli\", of the Trent River Formation in Vancouver) are cited as evidence of mososaur predation on this genus.",
"title": "Eutrephoceras"
},
{
"docid": "13842645#5",
"text": "Vassallo died on 29 March 1868 and is buried in the Carmelite church in Valletta.",
"title": "Ġan Anton Vassallo"
},
{
"docid": "48718652#0",
"text": "This timeline of mosasaur research is a chronologically ordered list of important fossil discoveries, controversies of interpretation, and taxonomic revisions of mosasaurs, a group of giant marine lizards that lived during the Late Cretaceous Epoch. Although mosasaurs went extinct millions of years before humans evolved, humans have coexisted with mosasaur fossils for millennia. Before the development of paleontology as a formal science, these remains would have been interpreted through a mythological lens. Myths about warfare between serpentine water monsters and aerial thunderbirds told by the Native Americans of the modern western United States may have been influenced by observations of mosasaur fossils and their co-occurrence with creatures like \"Pteranodon\" and \"Hesperornis\".",
"title": "Timeline of mosasaur research"
},
{
"docid": "1203012#0",
"text": "Mesosaurs (\"middle lizards\") were a group of small aquatic reptiles that lived during the early Permian period, roughly 299 to 270 million years ago. Mesosaurs were the first known aquatic reptiles, having apparently returned to an aquatic lifestyle from more terrestrial ancestors. However, just how terrestrial mesosaur ancestors had become remains uncertain; recent research cannot establish with confidence if the first amniotes were fully terrestrial, or only amphibious. Most authors consider mesosaurs to have been aquatic, although adult animals may have been amphibious, rather than completely aquatic, as indicated by their moderate skeletal adaptations to a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Similarly, their affinities are uncertain; they may be either the most basal sauropsids, or among the most basal parareptiles.",
"title": "Mesosaur"
},
{
"docid": "5602066#0",
"text": "Platecarpus (\"flat wrist\") is an extinct genus of aquatic lizards belonging to the mosasaur family, living around 84–81 million years ago during the middle Santonian to early Campanian, of the Late Cretaceous period. Fossils have been found in the United States and a possible specimen in Belgium and Africa. A well-preserved specimen of \"Platecarpus\" shows that it fed on moderate-sized fish, and it has been hypothesized to have fed on squid, and ammonites as well. Like other mosasaurs, it was initially thought to have swum in an eel-like fashion, although another study suggests that it swam more like modern sharks. An exceptionally well-preserved specimen of \"P. tympaniticus\" known as LACM 128319 shows skin impressions, pigments around the nostrils, bronchial tubes, and the presence of a high-profile tail fluke, showing that it and other mosasaurs did not necessarily have an eel-like swimming method, but were more powerful, fast swimmers. It is held in the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.",
"title": "Platecarpus"
},
{
"docid": "4864603#10",
"text": "The Morrison Formation is a sequence of shallow marine and alluvial sediments which, according to radiometric dating, ranges between 156.3 million years old (Ma) at its base, to 146.8 million years old at the top, which places it in the late Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, and early Tithonian stages of the Late Jurassic period. This formation is interpreted as a semiarid environment with distinct wet and dry seasons. The Morrison Basin where dinosaurs lived, stretched from New Mexico to Alberta and Saskatchewan, and was formed when the precursors to the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains started pushing up to the west. The deposits from their east-facing drainage basins were carried by streams and rivers and deposited in swampy lowlands, lakes, river channels and floodplains. This formation is similar in age to the Solnhofen Limestone Formation in Germany and the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. In 1877 this formation became the center of the Bone Wars, a fossil-collecting rivalry between early paleontologists Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope.",
"title": "Marshosaurus"
},
{
"docid": "24035218#7",
"text": "The presence of young mosasaurs in the formation suggests that mosasaurs were viviparous and gave birth hundreds of miles out to sea, as Niobrara was in the middle of the Western Interior Seaway at the time. Juveniles would have been vulnerable to predation by the many large mid-ocean predators, so it is likely that mosasaurs lived in groups rather than solitarily. Also, viviparous species tend to have much fewer offspring than egg-laying ones, so if there were few young that were born, they were most likely to have sought protection within groups in order to reach adulthood and thereby maintain the population of mosasaurs.",
"title": "Paleobiota of the Niobrara Formation"
},
{
"docid": "1317491#0",
"text": "Suchomimus (meaning \"crocodile mimic\") is a genus of spinosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived between 125 to 112 million years ago in what is now Niger, during the Aptian to early Albian stages of the Early Cretaceous Period. The animal was named and described by Paul Sereno and colleagues, based on a partial skeleton from the Erlhaz Formation. Its long and shallow skull, similar to that of a crocodile, earns it its genus name, while the species Suchomimus tenerensis alludes to the locality of its first remains, the Ténéré Desert. Some palaeontologists consider the animal to be an African species of the European spinosaurid \"Baryonyx\", \"B. tenerensis\". \"Suchomimus\" might also be a junior synonym of the contemporaneous spinosaurid \"Cristatusaurus lapparenti\", although the latter taxon is based on much more fragmentary remains.",
"title": "Suchomimus"
}
] |
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] |
3411
|
Where is Transylvania?
|
[
{
"docid": "4000799#0",
"text": "Transylvania is a historical region in central and northwestern Romania. It was part of the Dacian Kingdom (1st–2nd centuries CE), Roman Dacia (2nd–3rd centuries), the Hunnic Empire (4th–5th centuries), the Kingdom of the Gepids (5th–6th centuries), the Avar Khaganate (6th–9th centuries) and the 9th century First Bulgarian Empire. During the late 9th century, western Transylvania was reached by the Hungarian conquerors and later it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary, formed in 1000. After the Battle of Mohács in 1526 it belonged to the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, from which the Principality of Transylvania emerged. During most of the 16th and 17th centuries, the principality was a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire; however, the principality had dual suzerainty (Ottoman and Habsburg). In 1690, the Habsburgs gained possession of Transylvania through the Hungarian crown. After 1711 Habsburg control of Transylvania was consolidated, and Transylvanian princes were replaced with Habsburg imperial governors. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the separate status of Transylvania ceased; it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania) as part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. After World War I, Transylvania became part of Romania. In 1940 Northern Transylvania reverted to Hungary as a result of the Second Vienna Award, but it was reclaimed by Romania after the end of World War II.",
"title": "History of Transylvania"
},
{
"docid": "30853#0",
"text": "Transylvania is a historical region which today is located in central Romania. Bound on the east and south by its natural borders, the Carpathian mountain range, historical Transylvania extended westward to the Apuseni Mountains. The term sometimes encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also parts of the historical regions of Crișana and Maramureș, and occasionally the Romanian part of Banat.",
"title": "Transylvania"
},
{
"docid": "30853#13",
"text": "The Transylvanian Plateau, high, is drained by the Mureș, Someș, Criș, and Olt rivers, as well as other tributaries of the Danube. This core of historical Transylvania roughly corresponds with nine counties of modern Romania. The plateau is almost entirely surrounded by the Eastern, Southern and Romanian Western branches of the Carpathian Mountains. The area includes the Transylvanian Plain. Other areas to the west and north are widely considered part of Transylvania. In common reference, the Western border of Transylvania has come to be identified with the present Romanian-Hungarian border, settled in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, though geographically the two are not identical.",
"title": "Transylvania"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13336049#1",
"text": "\"Transylvania\" is the story of Zingarina (Asia Argento), a rebellious Italian girl who travels to Transylvania with her best friend Marie (Amira Casar) and a young interpreter, Luminita (Alexandra Beaujard), seeking her fiance, Milan Agustin (Morgan), who has been expelled from France, the country where they had met and fallen in love. She knows he's a travelling musician and plays in a gypsy band.\nZingarina finds Milan at a pagan festival (Herod's Feast), but he tells her that their love story is over. The girl, angry and crushed, doesn't want to return to France and in her aimless travel through the boulevards and the villages, meets Tchangalo (Birol Unel), a charming and travelling merchant of Turkish descent.",
"title": "Transylvania (film)"
},
{
"docid": "30853#22",
"text": "Alba Iulia is a city located on the Mureş River in Alba County, and since the High Middle Ages, the city has been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese. Between 1541 and 1690 it was the capital of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the latter Principality of Transylvania. Alba Iulia also has historical importance because at the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 to proclaim the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania. In Transylvania, there are many medieval smaller towns such as Sighișoara, Mediaș, Sebeș, and Bistrița.",
"title": "Transylvania"
},
{
"docid": "93243#12",
"text": "At present Transylvania is a solidly Republican county, although much less so than the vast majority of Appalachia. No Democratic presidential nominee has carried Transylvania County since Jimmy Carter did so in 1976; although, even Hillary Clinton obtained well over thirty percent of Transylvania’s vote, whereas she frequently fell under twenty percent in counties of Kentucky, Southwest Virginia and West Virginia.",
"title": "Transylvania County, North Carolina"
},
{
"docid": "752593#0",
"text": "Transylvania University is a private university in Lexington, Kentucky, United States. It was founded in 1780, making it the first university in Kentucky. It offers 36 major programs, as well as dual-degree engineering programs, and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Transylvania's name, meaning \"beyond the woods\" in Latin, stems from the university's founding in the heavily forested region of western Virginia known as the Transylvania Colony, which became most of Kentucky in 1792. Transylvania is the alma mater of two U.S. vice presidents, two U.S. Supreme Court justices, 50 U.S. senators, 101 U.S. representatives, 36 U.S. governors, one Confederate President, and 34 U.S. ambassadors, making it a large producer of U.S. statesmen. Its medical program graduated 8,000 physicians by 1859. Its enduring footprint, both in national and Southern academia, makes it among the most prolific cultural establishments and the most storied institutions in the South.",
"title": "Transylvania University"
},
{
"docid": "4000799#77",
"text": "Today, \"Transylvania proper\" is included within the Romanian counties (\"județe\") of Alba, Bistrița-Năsăud, Brașov, Cluj, Covasna, Harghita, Hunedoara, Mureș, Sălaj and Sibiu. In addition to Transylvania proper, modern Transylvania includes parts of the Banat, Crișana and Maramureș; these regions are in the counties of Arad, Bihor, Caraș-Severin, Maramureș, Sălaj, Satu Mare and Timiș.",
"title": "History of Transylvania"
},
{
"docid": "31327794#0",
"text": "Hotel Transylvania is a 2012 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation. It was directed by Genndy Tartakovsky (in his directorial debut) from a screenplay by Peter Baynham and Robert Smigel and story by Todd Durham, Daniel Hageman and Kevin Hageman, and stars the voices of Adam Sandler, Andy Samberg, Selena Gomez, Kevin James, Fran Drescher, Steve Buscemi, Molly Shannon, David Spade, and CeeLo Green. The film tells a story of Count Dracula, the owner of a hotel called Hotel Transylvania where the world's monsters can take a rest from human civilization. Dracula invites some of the most famous monsters to celebrate the 118th birthday of his daughter Mavis. When the \"human-free hotel\" is unexpectedly visited by an ordinary 21-year-old traveler named Jonathan, Dracula must protect Mavis from falling in love with him before the hotel's guests learn that there is a human in the castle, which may jeopardize the hotel's future and his career.",
"title": "Hotel Transylvania"
},
{
"docid": "21304871#6",
"text": "The territories under the jurisdiction of the voivodes are known as Voivodeship of Transylvania or Voivodate of Transylvania (, ). Voivodes were the chiefs of the \"ispáns\" of the Transylvanian counties. Although the counties in Transylvania were first attested from the 1170s, earlier references to fortresses at their seats and archaeological finds suggest that a system of counties existed in the 11th century. For instance, Torda County was first mentioned in a charter of 1227, but a royal castle at Torda (Turda) had already been documented in 1097, and three burials coin-dated to the reign of Stephen I of Hungary (1000 or 1001–1038) were unearthed in the same fortress.",
"title": "Voivode of Transylvania"
}
] |
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] |
3412
|
When was Paradise Lost written?
|
[
{
"docid": "37373#2",
"text": "In his introduction to the Penguin edition of \"Paradise Lost\", the Milton scholar John Leonard notes, \"John Milton was nearly sixty when he published Paradise Lost in 1667. The biographer John Aubrey (1626–97) tells us that the poem was begun in about 1658 and finished in about 1663. However, parts were almost certainly written earlier, and its roots lie in Milton's earliest youth.\" Leonard speculates that the English Civil War interrupted Milton's earliest attempts to start his \"epic [poem] that would encompass all space and time.\"",
"title": "Paradise Lost"
},
{
"docid": "37373#0",
"text": "Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poet John Milton (1608–1674). The first version, published in 1667, consisted of ten books with over ten thousand lines of verse. A second edition followed in 1674, arranged into twelve books (in the manner of Virgil's \"Aeneid\") with minor revisions throughout and a note on the versification. It is considered by critics to be Milton's major work, and it helped solidify his reputation as one of the greatest English poets of his time.",
"title": "Paradise Lost"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "10227391#1",
"text": "Singer auditioned to be in Paradise Lost in 1994 after Matthew Archer quit, but was not chosen - because of having a pink drum kit. In 2004, when Paradise Lost's drummer Lee Morris (the drummer who beat Singer in the Audition for the spot in the band in '94) quit, Singer was finally chosen to be in the band, which was conflicting for him as he was to be the drummer for another British Metal band Rise To Addiction, but committed to Paradise Lost just in time to play on the band's \"Forever After\" single, as the band were about to record it. Singer was not officially hired into the band until Paradise Lost's single \"The Enemy\" in 2007. Singer announced his departure from the band on 13 August 2008, just before a scheduled South American tour, because he wanted to be with his family and had an upcoming job. As a result, Paradise Lost had to cancel the South American tour dates they had planned, though they have since hired a new drummer, Adrian Erlandsson (At the Gates, Cradle of Filth), and reconfirmed the tour. There had been a few times that Singer filled in for Erlandsson on occasional Paradise Lost shows, when Erlandsson was unable to play for the band.",
"title": "Jeff Singer"
},
{
"docid": "605376#22",
"text": "On 27 October 2013, it was announced that the writing for the 14th studio album will begin after their 25th anniversary tour and the recording to the album will start in June 2014. On 29 December 2014, it was revealed that \"The Plague Within\" would be the title for upcoming album. On 26 January 2015, the release date for 2 June 2015 was announced, along with the producer, Jaimie Gomez Arellano and the recording location of Orgone Studios, London. Speaking to Rock Sins, Nick Holmes stated that the new album would have elements of all previous Paradise Lost material including a return to the death/doom of their early output, stating that \"there’s some songs that could’ve been written in 1989, a couple of really old school doom/death songs which are gonna surprise a couple of people when they hear it.\" \"The Plague Within\" is considered by many traditional fans to be their best and most complete album in many years, as well as being a true return to their signature sound.",
"title": "Paradise Lost (band)"
},
{
"docid": "52747774#18",
"text": "\"Paradises Lost\" was first published as a part of the collection \"The Birthday of the World and Other Stories\" in 2002, along with seven other stories from the period 1994–2000. \"Paradises Lost\" was the only original story in the book: all the others had been previously published elsewhere. According to scholar Sandra Lindow, all of the works in the collection (with the exception of \"Old Music and the Slave Women\") examine unorthodox sexual relationships and marriage; in the case of \"Paradises Lost\", the tightly controlled reproduction of people aboard the ship. Margaret Atwood, however, described the \"peculiar arrangements of gender and sexuality\" as being restricted to the first seven stories (i.e. excluding \"Paradises Lost\"). Haiven wrote that a number of stories in the collection, including \"Paradises Lost\", \"Mountain Ways\", and \"Old Music and the Slave Women\", explored anarchist ideas. In 2016 \"Paradises Lost\" was anthologized along with all 12 of Le Guin's other novellas in the volume \"The Found and the Lost\"; the other stories in the collection included three novellas from \"Earthsea\", and several stories from the Hainish Cycle. The pieces were arranged approximately by the date they were published.",
"title": "Paradises Lost"
},
{
"docid": "16215#71",
"text": "The Romantic poets valued his exploration of blank verse, but for the most part rejected his religiosity. William Wordsworth began his sonnet \"London, 1802\" with \"Milton! thou should'st be living at this hour\" and modelled \"The Prelude\", his own blank verse epic, on \"Paradise Lost\". John Keats found the yoke of Milton's style uncongenial; he exclaimed that \"Miltonic verse cannot be written but in an artful or rather artist's humour.\" Keats felt that \"Paradise Lost\" was a \"beautiful and grand curiosity\", but his own unfinished attempt at epic poetry, \"Hyperion\", was unsatisfactory to the author because, amongst other things, it had too many \"Miltonic inversions\". In \"The Madwoman in the Attic\", Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar note that Mary Shelley's novel \"Frankenstein\" is, in the view of many critics, \"one of the key 'Romantic' readings of \"Paradise Lost\".\"",
"title": "John Milton"
},
{
"docid": "30157934#0",
"text": "The Paradise Novels is a set of three spiritually inspired novels by Ted Dekker, written mostly in 2006, and is part of a larger story called the Books of History Chronicles, along with the Circle Series and The Lost Books.The book starts David Abraham joining the Harvard-sponsored project that has to do with orphaned kids in Colorado. It then fast forwards to 13 years later where a man named Marsuvees Black walks into a small town called Paradise and kills a mute man who goes by Cecil Marshal in the presence of a boy named Johnny Drake.",
"title": "The Paradise Novels"
},
{
"docid": "52747774#23",
"text": "Attebery credited Le Guin, among others, of reviving generation ship stories in the 1990s, but wrote that these authors shifted the emphasis of such stories away from individuals towards exploring communal action and belief. Le Guin wished to focus on the \"middle generations\" in such stories; those generations that lived out their journey in isolation. According to Attebery, Le Guin was able to explore these lives because authors before her had written of the beginning and ending of generation ship journeys. A review of \"The Found and the Lost\" in the online science fiction magazine \"Tor.com\" compared \"Paradises Lost\" and \"Vaster than Empires and More Slow\", stating that while both stories examined the challenges of interstellar travel and the isolation it brought on, the differences between them were \"as stark as they are fascinating\". It went on to say that \"Paradises Lost\" explored the issue of isolation in space travel with \"compassion and patience\", and called the story the \"culmination of the collection, [which drew] together the community-building and existential malaise of all the previous stories into a captivating and ambivalent conclusion\". Speaking of the volume as a whole, \"Tor.com\" stated that it readers home to places they've never visited, and making the familiar stranger and stranger still\".",
"title": "Paradises Lost"
},
{
"docid": "605376#0",
"text": "Paradise Lost are a gothic metal band that formed in 1988 in Halifax, England and are considered by some to be one of the pioneers of the death-doom genre and of the gothic metal genre. Paradise Lost has proven to be an influential band, with Jonas Renkse of Katatonia saying that his band started off \"as Paradise Lost fanboys\".",
"title": "Paradise Lost (band)"
},
{
"docid": "1936406#1",
"text": "Although not officially, this is the first album with Jeff Singer (his official full-time membership in the band was on \"The Enemy\" single from the \"In Requiem\" album), who came after when the band was ready to release this album on an earlier date but postponed when they had no drummer. The band had songs such as \"Sedative God\", which was written for this album but did not end up on any of the releases of this album (such as singles) but instead ended up on the aforementioned album, while other songs such as \"Through The Silence\" and \"Sanctimonious You\", although not released on any of the reissues of this album, ended up being on the \"Forever After\" single CD and the \"B-Sides & Rarities\" album. The aforementioned single also has a Music Video which features Jeff Singer in the lineup.",
"title": "Paradise Lost (Paradise Lost album)"
},
{
"docid": "52747774#19",
"text": "\"Paradises Lost\" was adapted into an opera by the opera program of the University of Illinois. The opera was composed by Stephen A. Taylor; the libretto has been attributed both to Kate Gale, and to Marcia Johnson. Adapted in 2005, the opera premiered in 2012. Le Guin described the effort as a \"beautiful opera\" in an interview, and expressed hopes that it would be picked up by other producers. She also said she was better pleased with stage adaptations, including \"Paradises Lost\", than screen adaptations of her work till date. An essay written for the Poetry Foundation stated that the opera was \"so free from history—and even from Earth—as to have its own constraints\". The review described the opera as taking place in a quiet setting, unlike the \"swashbuckling atmosphere\" of most operas, and that as a result it depended more on atmosphere and language to maintain tension. A review of a performance that included excerpts of the opera in Portland, Oregon, stated that Taylor had given the music \"rhythmic drive and bright sound, with two sopranos, flute, celesta, metallophone and plenty of pizzicato, that were well suited to the theme of celestial travel.\" The review went on to say that the vocal melodies soon \"took on a sense of sameness that undercut the story’s dramatic tension.\"",
"title": "Paradises Lost"
}
] |
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3413
|
What fruits are pomelos related to?
|
[
{
"docid": "379788#0",
"text": "The pomelo, Citrus maxima or Citrus grandis, is the largest citrus fruit from the Rutaceae family. It is a natural (non-hybrid) citrus fruit, similar in appearance to a large grapefruit, native to South and Southeast Asia. The pomelo is one of the original citrus species from which the rest of cultivated citrus hybridized. The popular fruit is used in many Chinese festive celebrations throughout Southeast Asia.",
"title": "Pomelo"
},
{
"docid": "379788#5",
"text": "The fruit is also known as jabong in Hawaii and jambola in varieties of English spoken in South Asia.\nTypically, the fruit is pale green to yellow when ripe, with sweet white (or, more rarely, pink or red) flesh, and a very thick albedo (rind pith). It is a large citrus fruit, in diameter, usually weighing . Leaf petioles are distinctly winged.\nThe typical pomelo is much larger than the grapefruit, and also has a much thicker rind. It tastes like a sweet, mild grapefruit (believed to be a hybrid of \"Citrus maxima\" and the orange). The flesh has none, or very little, of the common grapefruit's bitterness. The enveloping membranous material around the segments is bitter, considered inedible, and usually discarded.",
"title": "Pomelo"
},
{
"docid": "4387617#23",
"text": "Pomelo (the Asian fruit that was crossed with an orange to produce grapefruit) contains high amounts of furanocoumarin derivatives. Grapefruit relatives and other varieties of pomelo have variable amounts of furanocoumarin.",
"title": "Grapefruit–drug interactions"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "44603802#14",
"text": "The pomelo (\"Citrus maxima\"), a second of the core species from which most citrus hybrids have derived, is native to southeast Asia. Among the hybrids deriving from mandarin/pomelo crosses, there is a direct correlation between the proportion of pomelo DNA in the hybrid and fruit size, while the more palatable mandarins are those that have received specific genes from pomelos that alter their acidity. Some of the more common pomelos are genetically pure, while a number have a single small region of introgressed mandarin DNA on one chromosome, the result of a cross followed by extensive backcrossing with pomelo.",
"title": "Citrus taxonomy"
},
{
"docid": "4984440#1",
"text": "The orange is a hybrid between pomelo (\"Citrus maxima\") and mandarin (\"Citrus reticulata\"). The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced.",
"title": "Orange (fruit)"
},
{
"docid": "49246509#0",
"text": "The Devanahalli pomelo (also called Devanahalli Pomello in official documents) is a variety of the citrus fruit pomelo (\"Citrus maxima\") of the family Rutaceae. It is exclusively grown in the region around Devanahalli taluk, Bangalore Rural District, India, as an exotic crop variety. Its officially designated name is \"Devanahalli Pomello (Chakkota)\"; it is locally known as chakkota.",
"title": "Devanahalli pomelo"
},
{
"docid": "4984440#6",
"text": "Other citrus groups also known as oranges are:\nAn enormous number of cultivars have, like the sweet orange, a mix of pomelo and mandarin ancestry. Some cultivars are mandarin-pomelo hybrids, bred from the same parents as the sweet orange (e.g. the tangor and ponkan tangerine). Other cultivars are sweet orange x mandarin hybrids (e.g. clementines). Mandarin traits generally include being smaller and oblate, easier to peel, and less acidic. Pomelo traits include a thick white albedo (rind pith, mesocarp) that is more closely attached to the segments.",
"title": "Orange (fruit)"
},
{
"docid": "379788#9",
"text": "The fruit is said to have been introduced to Japan by a Cantonese captain in the An'ei era (1772–1781). There are two varieties: a sweet kind with white flesh and a sour kind with pinkish flesh, the latter more likely to be used as an altar decoration than eaten. Pomelos often are eaten in Asia during the mid-autumn festival or mooncake festival.",
"title": "Pomelo"
},
{
"docid": "67401#0",
"text": "The grapefruit (\"Citrus\" × \"paradisi\") is a subtropical citrus tree known for its relatively large sour to semi-sweet, somewhat bitter fruit. Grapefruit is a citrus hybrid originating in Barbados as an accidental cross between two introduced species – sweet orange (\"C. sinensis\"), and pomelo (or shaddock) (\"C. maxima\") – both of which were introduced from Asia in the seventeenth century. When found, it was nicknamed the \"forbidden fruit\". Frequently, it is misidentified as the very similar parent species, pomelo.",
"title": "Grapefruit"
},
{
"docid": "25359272#3",
"text": "The fruit is thought to have arisen in Southern China, where its name was recorded in the records of Jianchang during the Ming Dynasty, and its agricultural growth is widespread in Jiangxi province. Japanese oranges were cultivated from the cherry orange about 700 years ago. Genetic studies have found it to be closely related to the Huanglingmiao mandarin, carrying the same pomelo (\"Citrus maxima\") introgression, indicating that the two diverged from the same backcrossed domesticated ancestor. Under the Tanaka system of citrus taxonomy, it is a separate species, \"Citrus kinokuni\", while the Swingle system groups it with other pure and hybrid mandarins as a single species, \"Citrus reticulata\".\nThe Chinese government recently ranked the fruit as one of the best fruits in China.",
"title": "Kishu mikan"
}
] |
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] |
3414
|
Where was Mohamed Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta born?
|
[
{
"docid": "20487#5",
"text": "Atta was born on September 1, 1968, in Kafr el-Sheikh, located in Egypt's Nile Delta region. His father, Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta, was a lawyer, educated in both sharia and civil law. His mother, Bouthayna Mohamed Mustapha Sheraqi, came from a wealthy farming and trading family and was also educated. Bouthayna and Mohamed married when she was 14, via an arranged marriage. The family had few relatives on the father's side and kept a distance from Bouthayna's family. In-laws characterized Atta's father as \"austere, strict, and private,\" and neighbors considered the family reclusive. Atta was the only son; he had two older sisters who are both well-educated and successful in their careers — one as a medical doctor and the other as a professor.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
},
{
"docid": "20487#0",
"text": "Mohamed Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta ( ; \"\" ; September 1, 1968 – September 11, 2001) was an Egyptian hijacker and one of the ringleaders of the September 11 attacks in which four United States commercial aircraft were commandeered with the intention of destroying specific civilian targets. He served as the hijacker-pilot of American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the coordinated attacks. At 33 years of age, he was the oldest of the 19 hijackers who took part in the attacks.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
},
{
"docid": "20487#1",
"text": "Atta was born in 1968 in a small town in Egypt's Nile Delta. He was 10 years old when he moved with his family to the Abdeen section of Cairo. Atta studied architecture at Cairo University, graduating in 1990, and continued his studies in Germany at the Hamburg University of Technology. In Hamburg, Atta became involved with the al-Quds Mosque, where he met Marwan al-Shehhi, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and Ziad Jarrah, together forming the Hamburg cell. Atta disappeared from Germany for periods of time, spending some time in Afghanistan, including several months in late 1999 and early 2000 when he met Osama bin Laden and other top al-Qaeda leaders. Atta and the other Hamburg cell members were recruited by bin Laden and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed for the \"planes operation\" in the United States. Atta returned to Hamburg in February 2000, and began inquiring about flight training in the United States.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20487#4",
"text": "Mohamed Atta varied his name on documents, also using \"Mehan Atta\", \"Mohammad El Amir\", \"Muhammad Atta\", \"Mohamed El Sayed\", \"Mohamed Elsayed\", \"Muhammad al-Amir\", \"Awag Al Sayyid Atta\", \"Muhammad al-Amir\", and \"Awad Al Sayad\". In Germany, he registered his name as \"Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta\", and went by the name Mohamed el-Amir at the Hamburg University of Technology. In his will, written in 1996, Atta gives his name as \"Mohamed the son of Mohamed Elamir awad Elsayed.\" Atta also claimed different nationalities, sometimes Egyptian and other times telling people he was from the United Arab Emirates.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
},
{
"docid": "2422824#39",
"text": "Kevin Drum, writing for \"The Washington Monthly\" notes that reports of the precise date at which the information was allegedly passed to the FBI vary considerably. It is most unlikely that Able Danger would have identified a terrorist called \"Mohamed Atta\" before May 2000.\nSince 9/11, of course, we have retrieved every scrap of information ever known about Mohamed Atta, so we know what information would have been available to the Able Danger data mining operation. And what we know is that Mohamed Atta sent his first email to friends in the U.S. in March 2000 and received his first U.S. visa on May 18, 2000. Moreover, that was the first time he had ever gone by the name \"Mohamed Atta.\" His full name is \"Mohamed Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta\", and prior to 2000 he went by \"Mohamed el-Amir\".\nSenate Judiciary Committee Chairman Arlen Specter held a hearing on September 21, 2005, looking into the facts about Able Danger. However, Lt. Col. Shaffer and the other four members of Able Danger were ordered not to testify by the Department of Defense. Senator Specter decided to go forward with the hearings anyway.",
"title": "Able Danger"
},
{
"docid": "20487#52",
"text": "Atta's father, Mohamed el-Amir Awad el-Sayed Atta, a retired lawyer in Egypt, vehemently rejected allegations his son was involved in the September 11 attacks, and instead accused the Mossad and the United States government of having a hand in framing his son. Atta Sr. rejected media reports that stated his son was drinking wildly, and instead described his son as a quiet boy uninvolved with politics, shy and devoted to studying architecture. The elder Mr. Atta said he had spoken with Mohamed by phone the day after on September 12, 2001. He held interviews with the German news magazine \"Bild am Sonntag\" in late 2002, saying his son was alive and hiding in fear for his life, and that American Christians were responsible for the attacks. In a subsequent interview in 2005, Atta Sr. stated, \"My son is gone. He is now with God. The Mossad killed him.\"",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
},
{
"docid": "48857870#0",
"text": "Aziza Amir (; 17 December 1901 – 28 February 1952) was an Egyptian actress, producer, and screenwriter. She has legendary status in Egyptian film. \nAziza Amir was born Mofida Mohamed Ghoneim in Damiettia, Egypt on 17 December 1901. Amir went to school at Hosn El Massarat on Mohamed Ali Street. Her dad worked at sea to provide for her family. Amir changed her name due to the general outlook of Egyptian society on theatre women and how it would’ve negatively affected her family's reputation. After the revolution of 1919 women's levels of energy rose and they wanted to make a difference. Amir got her acting start in the theater. Aziza then took the stage and started working as a theatre actress. She played the part of Napoleon's Daughter on stage, and that is how she met her first husband Ahmed EL Sheirei.",
"title": "Aziza Amir"
},
{
"docid": "57933167#0",
"text": "El-Sayed Mohamed (born 3 September 1965) is an Egyptian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1988 Summer Olympics.",
"title": "El-Sayed Mohamed"
},
{
"docid": "34265754#0",
"text": "Mohamed Salah El Azab (; born 19 September 1981) is an Egyptian writer and novelist. He was born in Cairo. He has published several novels and short story collections, and has won multiple awards for his fiction. He has been described by Al-Ahram newspaper as \"one of Egypt's rising literary talents\".",
"title": "Mohamed Salah El Azab"
},
{
"docid": "58048239#0",
"text": "Mohamed El-Sayed (born 20 June 1924) was an Egyptian rower. He competed at the 1948 Summer Olympics and the 1952 Summer Olympics.",
"title": "Mohamed El-Sayed (rower)"
},
{
"docid": "20487#20",
"text": "In late 1999, Atta, Shehhi, Jarrah, Bahaji, and bin al-Shibh decided to travel to Chechnya to fight against the Russians, but were convinced by Khalid al-Masri and Mohamedou Ould Slahi at the last minute to change their plans. They instead traveled to Afghanistan over a two-week period in late November. On November 29, 1999, Mohamed Atta boarded Turkish Airlines Flight TK1662 from Hamburg to Istanbul, where he changed to flight TK1056 to Karachi, Pakistan. After they arrived, they were selected by Al Qaeda leader Mohammed Atef as suitable candidates for the \"planes operation\" plot. They were all well-educated, had experience of living in western society, along with some English skills, and would be able to obtain visas. Even before bin al-Shibh had arrived, Atta, Shehhi, and Jarrah were sent to the House of Ghamdi near bin Laden's home in Kandahar, where he was waiting to meet them. Bin Laden asked them to pledge loyalty and commit to suicide missions, which Atta and the other three Hamburg men all accepted. Bin Laden sent them to see Atef to get a general overview of the mission, and then they were sent to Karachi to see Khalid Sheikh Mohammed to go over specifics.",
"title": "Mohamed Atta"
}
] |
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] |
3415
|
When was Westminster Cathedral built?
|
[
{
"docid": "391897#1",
"text": "The site on which the cathedral stands in the City of Westminster was purchased by the Diocese of Westminster in 1885, and construction was completed in 1903. Westminster Cathedral is the largest Catholic church building in England and Wales and the seat of the Archbishop of Westminster.",
"title": "Westminster Cathedral"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "40956289#1",
"text": "The current building for Holy Trinity Cathedral was built during the period from January 1, 1899 to January 1, 1902. \nAlthough Holy Trinity was established as the cathedral of the Anglican Diocese of New Westminster in 1892, since 1929 the cathedral of the diocese has been Christ Church Cathedral, Vancouver in the City of Vancouver. Holy Trinity was allowed the privilege of continuing to describe itself as a cathedral for historical reasons.",
"title": "Holy Trinity Cathedral (New Westminster)"
},
{
"docid": "391897#36",
"text": "The founder of Westminster Cathedral, Cardinal Herbert Vaughan laid great emphasis on the beauty and integrity of the cathedral's liturgy. Initially, he determined there should be a community of Benedictine monks at the new cathedral, performing the liturgies and singing the daily Office. This caused great resentment amongst the secular clergy of the diocese, who felt they were being snubbed. In the end, negotiations with both the English Benedictines and the community of French Benedictines at Farnborough failed and a 'traditional' choir of men and boys was set up instead. Despite great financial problems, the Choir School opened on 5 October 1901 with eleven boy choristers, in the building originally intended for the Benedictine monks. Cardinal Vaughan received the boys with the words \"You are the foundation stones\". The Cathedral Choir was officially instituted three months later in January 1902. Sung Masses and Offices were immediately established when the cathedral opened for worship in 1903, and have continued without interruption ever since. Today, Westminster Cathedral Choir is the only professional Catholic choir in the world to sing daily Mass and Vespers.",
"title": "Westminster Cathedral"
},
{
"docid": "3262385#3",
"text": "The Synod of Westminster in 1102 is recorded as taking measures to restore Bangor Cathedral, but the earliest part of the present building was built during the episcopate of Bishop David (1120–1139) with the assistance of the king of Gwynedd, Gruffudd ap Cynan, who donated money towards the project and was buried by the high altar on his death in 1137. This was a cruciform building in the Norman style, about 44 yards in length. Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd, was also buried here, as was his brother Cadwaladr. Giraldus Cambrensis describes a service held here in 1188 when the Archbishop of Canterbury celebrated Mass.",
"title": "Bangor Cathedral"
},
{
"docid": "391897#46",
"text": "Westminster Cathedral has published a monthly magazine since 1896, before the building work was completed. The latest in a series of titles is \"Oremus\", which first appeared in 1996. (The Latin word \"oremus\" translates into English as \"Let us pray\".) \"Oremus\" is a 32-page colour magazine, which contains features and articles by well-known members of the Catholic community, as well as non-Catholic commentators and leading figures within British society. It is the successor of titles such as the \"Westminster Cathedral Record\", selling at 6d per copy from January 1896, the \"Westminster Cathedral Chronicle\", a monthly, available from January 1907 at 2d a copy or 3/- a year, post paid, and the \"Westminster Cathedral Bulletin\", first published in 1974. Dylan Parry, who edited the magazine between 2012 and August 2016, took the decision to make \"Oremus\" a free publication in 2013. The magazine is also available to download via Westminster Cathedral's website.",
"title": "Westminster Cathedral"
},
{
"docid": "43245#14",
"text": "Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556. The already-old expression \"robbing Peter to pay Paul\" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral.\nThe abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a \"Royal Peculiar\" – a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.)",
"title": "Westminster Abbey"
},
{
"docid": "99199#9",
"text": "Scott was appointed architect to Westminster Abbey in 1849. In 1853 he built a Gothic terraced block adjoining the abbey in Broad Sanctuary. In 1858 he designed Christchurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand which now lies partly ruined following the earthquake in 2011 and subsequent attempts to demolish the cathedral by the Anglican Church authorities. Demolition was blocked after appeals by the population of Christchurch but the future of this historic building is still in dispute",
"title": "George Gilbert Scott"
},
{
"docid": "4903654#14",
"text": "The Roman Catholic Westminster Cathedral was built in 1903 filling a site previously occupied by the Tothill Fields Prison.",
"title": "Victoria, London"
},
{
"docid": "43245#0",
"text": "Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, England, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the United Kingdom's most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. The building itself was a Benedictine monastic church until the monastery was dissolved in 1539. Between 1540 and 1556, the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, the building is no longer an abbey or a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England \"Royal Peculiar\"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign.",
"title": "Westminster Abbey"
},
{
"docid": "6689968#1",
"text": "The site has been used for religious buildings since at least the 4th century, when an oratory stood on the site. A cathedral was built in the 9th century, but was badly damaged by Norman invasions and was replaced in the 10th century, from about 940, when bishop Milo built a Romanesque cathedral. This building was the location of the Council of Troyes that opened on 13 January 1128/29, at which the Order of the Knights Templar was confirmed and its rule established. The Romanesque cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1188.",
"title": "Troyes Cathedral"
},
{
"docid": "391897#0",
"text": "Westminster Cathedral (), or the Metropolitan Cathedral of the Precious Blood of Our Lord Jesus Christ, in London is the mother church of the Catholic Church in England and Wales.",
"title": "Westminster Cathedral"
}
] |
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] |
3416
|
What is the oldest university in the Netherlands?
|
[
{
"docid": "46599#1",
"text": "A university city since 1575, Leiden has been one of Europe's most prominent scientific centres for more than four centuries. Leiden is a typical university city, university buildings are scattered throughout the city and the many students from all over the world give the city a bustling, vivid and international atmosphere. Many important scientific discoveries have been made here, giving rise to Leiden’s motto: ‘City of Discoveries’. The city houses Leiden University, the oldest university of the Netherlands, and Leiden University Medical Center. Leiden University is one of Europe’s top universities, with thirteen Nobel Prize winners. It is a member of the League of European Research Universities and positioned highly in all international academic rankings. It is twinned with Oxford, the location of the United Kingdom's oldest university. Leiden University and Leiden University of Applied Sciences (Leidse Hogeschool) together have around 35,000 students. Modern scientific medical research and teaching started in the early 18th century in Leiden with Boerhaave.",
"title": "Leiden"
},
{
"docid": "86373#0",
"text": "Leiden University (abbreviated as LEI; ), founded in the city of Leiden, is the oldest university in the Netherlands. The university was founded in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War. The Dutch Royal Family and Leiden University have a close association: Queen Juliana, Queen Beatrix and King Willem-Alexander are former students. The university came into particular prominence during the Dutch Golden Age, when scholars from around Europe were attracted to the Dutch Republic due to its climate of intellectual tolerance and Leiden's international reputation. During this time Leiden was home to such figures as René Descartes, Rembrandt, Christiaan Huygens, Hugo Grotius, Baruch Spinoza and Baron d'Holbach.",
"title": "Leiden University"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "32053#0",
"text": "Utrecht University (UU; , formerly \"Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht\") is a university in Utrecht, the Netherlands. Established 26 March 1636, it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands. In 2016, it had an enrolment of 29,425 students, and employed 5,568 faculty and staff. In 2011, 485 PhD degrees were awarded and 7,773 scientific articles were published. The 2013 budget of the university was €765 million.",
"title": "Utrecht University"
},
{
"docid": "956504#0",
"text": "Radboud University Nijmegen (abbreviated as \"RU\", , formerly \"Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen\") is a public university with a strong focus on research located in Nijmegen, the Netherlands. It was established on 17 October 1923 and is situated in the oldest city of the Netherlands. The RU has seven faculties and enrolls over 19,900 students. The university features many student associations which encourage participation in extracurricular activities.",
"title": "Radboud University Nijmegen"
},
{
"docid": "546160#0",
"text": "The University of Amsterdam (abbreviated as UvA, ) is a public university located in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The UvA is one of two large, publicly funded research universities in the city, the other being the VU University Amsterdam (VU). Established in 1632 by municipal authorities and later renamed for the city of Amsterdam, the University of Amsterdam is the third-oldest university in the Netherlands. It is one of the largest research universities in Europe with 31,186 students, 4,794 staff, 1,340 PhD students and an annual budget of €600 million. It is the largest university in the Netherlands by enrollment. The main campus is located in central Amsterdam, with a few faculties located in adjacent boroughs. The university is organised into seven faculties: Humanities, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Economics and Business, Science, Law, Medicine, and Dentistry.",
"title": "University of Amsterdam"
},
{
"docid": "21148#8",
"text": "The prehistory of the area that is now the Netherlands was largely shaped by the sea and the rivers that constantly shifted the low-lying geography. The oldest human (Neanderthal) traces were found in higher soils, near Maastricht, from what is believed to be about 250,000 years ago. At the end of the Ice Age, the nomadic late Upper Paleolithic Hamburg culture (c. 13.000–10.000 BC) hunted reindeer in the area, using spears, but the later Ahrensburg culture (c. 11.200–9500 BC) used bow and arrow. From Mesolithic Maglemosian-like tribes (c. 8000 BC) the oldest canoe in the world was found in Drenthe.",
"title": "Netherlands"
},
{
"docid": "10496717#1",
"text": "The International Business and Management Studies (IBMS) Programme of the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, founded in 1988, is the one of the oldest International Business Schools in the Netherlands. Approximately 60% of IBMS' students come from outside the Netherlands and over 40 nationalities are represented. Classes are taught in English or German by a multinational group of staff members with diverse international backgrounds.",
"title": "International Business School Groningen"
},
{
"docid": "337407#25",
"text": "The oldest corporation in the Netherlands, Minerva, was established in the Dutch city of Leiden in 1814, other corporations were established in the cities of Utrecht, Groningen, Delft, Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Wageningen.",
"title": "Corporation (university)"
},
{
"docid": "1871871#0",
"text": "The University of Franeker (1585–1811) was a university in Franeker, Friesland, the Netherlands. It was the second oldest university of the Netherlands, founded shortly after Leiden University.",
"title": "University of Franeker"
},
{
"docid": "8978514#37",
"text": "The oldest dental education in the Netherlands used to be taught at the University of Utrecht. The faculty of dentistry in Utrecht was closed because of governmental economizing.",
"title": "Dentistry throughout the world"
}
] |
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] |
3418
|
When was the first Spider-Man movie released?
|
[
{
"docid": "1074657#13",
"text": "The next film licensed from Marvel Studios was \"Spider-Man\" by Columbia Pictures, directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as Spider-Man. The film was released on May 3, 2002, grossing $403,706,375 in the United States and Canada and $821,708,551 worldwide. The early success of \"Spider-Man\" led the film's studio to issue a seven-figure advance for a sequel. Arad spoke of the deal, \"Movies make sequels. Therefore, it's a big economic luxury to know that a movie's going to get a second and third. This is a business of precedence.\" According to a Lehman Brothers analysis, the Studios made only $62 million for the first 2 Spider-Man movies. Marvel was making more from half the consumer product licensing fees while making relatively little from the movie, but was enough for Marvel to regain its financial footings. In October 2002, Marvel Studios announced deals for Sub-Mariner and Prime with Universal Studios.",
"title": "Marvel Studios"
},
{
"docid": "32198217#4",
"text": "The first film in the franchise, \"Spider-Man\", was released to US theaters on May 3, 2002. Its story follows Peter Parker (played by Tobey Maguire), a high-school student who turns to crime-fighting in New York, under the alias of Spider-Man, after developing spider-like powers. The film sees him develop friendships with Harry Osborn (James Franco) and his love interest, Mary Jane Watson (portrayed by Kirsten Dunst). \"Spider-Man\" was praised for staying faithful to the comic series and for being an enjoyable movie, with Joe Morgenstern of \"The Wall Street Journal\" finding the film to be \"unusually good\" for its genre. Raimi's 2002 release topped the box office with ticket revenue totaling to $114.8 million. By the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed over $820 million.",
"title": "List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series"
},
{
"docid": "7927053#1",
"text": "The first live-action film based on Spider-Man was the unauthorized short \"Spider-Man\" by Donald F. Glut in 1969. This was followed by \"Spider-Man\", an American made-for-television film that premiered on the CBS network in 1977. It starred Nicholas Hammond and was intended as a backdoor pilot for what became a weekly episodic TV series.",
"title": "Spider-Man in film"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "52179698#12",
"text": "The first trailer for \"Spider-Man: Far From Home\" was shown at Sony's CCXP Brazil panel on December 8, 2018, with Holland and Gyllenhaal in attendance to promote the film. The footage did not acknowledge the events of \"Infinity War\" or \"Endgame\", with Steven Weintraub of Collider describing it as a continuation of \"the \"Spider-Man\" universe\" only. The first trailer was publicly released on January 15, 2019, after Holland premiered it on his Instagram. A second, international version of the trailer was also released, which featured slight differences. Alex Abad-Santos of \"Vox\" felt the trailer \"arrived at a curious time\" given the last time Parker was seen, he had died in \"Infinity War\". Abad-Santos added that the trailer was \"a roundabout way\" that Parker and others would be revived in \"Endgame\". Other news outlets also commented on Parker's appearance in the trailer given the events of \"Infinity War\", with Zack Straf of IndieWire pointing out that, while it appeared Parker does return, the audience was still left wondering how he returns. Adam Chitwood of Collider said, \"This trailer looks exactly like a sequel to \"Spider-Man: Homecoming\". It’s cute and fun, and I love the idea of sending the kids on a European vacation. Adding Nick Fury to the mix also increases the stakes from an MCU standpoint, and I like that Jake Gyllenhaal‘s Mysterio is only revealed in mysterious fashion\". However, he added that \"Far From Home\" felt \"the tiniest bit less special\" when \"judged so closely to [the animated film] \"\"\", given the latter's success as an \"animated masterwork\". Chitwood also spoke to the teaser poster released for the film, calling it \"really fun, leaning into the whole 'summer vacation' vibe of the film as the iconic Spider-Man mask is covered in travel stickers,\" with the stickers potentially hinting at all the locations in the film. Graeme McMillian of \"The Hollywood Reporter\" felt the trailer was crafted in a way that presented the Elementals as the threat, when if fact, they could turn out to be \"massive illusions on behalf of Mysterio as part of as-yet-unknown scheme\", with Mysterio the true threat. He added, \"Such a deception not only allows the audience to be as thrown off the scent as the movie’s hero, but it also gives \"Far From Home\" the opportunity to stay as grounded as \"Spider-Man: Homecoming\" was, in terms of narrative scale\". McMillian's colleague Richard Newby stated \"The main takeaway from the trailer is that \"Spider-Man: Far From Home\" is deftly blending old and new school elements of the Spider-Man mythos, for a result that feels surprisingly fresh\", and concluded, \"\"Spider-Man: Far From Home\" looks like a strong next step in Spider-Man’s story, with enough intrigue and heart to make it a fitting first chapter of the MCU’s next phase.\" Newby was also excited about the inclusion of Nick Fury in the film, as it would allow Spider-Man \"to become established in another corner of the MCU\". \"Forbes\"s senior contributor Scott Mendelson noted \"the sheer confidence on display\" from Sony with the teasers since Sony was \"in a place where they are on a winning streak when it comes to Spidey movies\" after the successes of \"Homecoming\", \"Venom\", and \"Into the Spider-Verse\". The trailer received 130 million views in 24 hours, surpassing \"Homecoming\" (116 million views) as the most viewed Sony Pictures trailer in that time period.",
"title": "Spider-Man: Far From Home"
},
{
"docid": "32198217#6",
"text": "\"Spider-Man 2\" opened in US theaters on June 30, 2004. This entry focuses on Peter Parker's struggles, as he tries to manage both his personal life and his duties as Spider-Man. He also has to stop the film's main villain, Doctor Octopus (Alfred Molina), a man who becomes insane after an experiment of his goes haywire. \"Spider-Man 2\" was less successful in its first week of release, taking first place at the box office with around $88 million at 4,152 locations. Nonetheless, the sequel set several box office records at the time and broke the record for best opening day title ever, previously held by the preceding \"Spider-Man\" film. It eventually made more than $783 million worldwide but still stands as the lowest-grossing in the trilogy. However, it also stands as the best received film in the franchise. Movie critics believed the second installment had better humor and action sequences than its predecessor and that it was \"unusually good\" for its genre. A writer for website IGN said this film had \"a better flowing storyline, more emotional depth, and a less ridiculous looking supervillain, Spider-Man 2 elevated the series to just about everything that comic fans love about the character.\" The website also ranked \"Spider-Man 2\" as being the third best superhero film of all-time on their 2005 list. \"Time\" magazine also named the sequel the third best superhero movie on their top-ten list published in 2011.",
"title": "List of accolades received by the 2002–2007 Spider-Man film series"
},
{
"docid": "25862453#61",
"text": "The comic was released in June, named \"Amazing Spider-Man: The Movie\" #1–2, written by Tom Cohen and illustrated by Neil Edwards. A trade paperback was published collecting the two-parter a week before the film's release, entitled \"Amazing Spider-Man: The Movie Prelude\", which also included \"The Amazing Spider-Man\" issues #75–77.",
"title": "The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)"
},
{
"docid": "6298797#0",
"text": "Lego Spider-Man is a product range of the Lego construction toy, based on the first two Spider-Man movies. The theme was first introduced in 2002 as a sub-brand of the Lego Studios theme, to tie in with the release of the first \"Spider-Man\" film. Three new sets were released in 2003, this time without the Lego Studios branding. In 2004, 7 new sets were introduced, to tie-in with the \"Spider-Man 2\" movie. After this, the line was discontinued, and the rights to the third film in the series \"Spider-Man 3\" were sold instead to rival company MEGA Brands, resulting in a \"Spider-Man 3\" range of the Mega Bloks toy. However, in 2012 LEGO released a set based on the \"Ultimate Spider-Man\" animated series in their Marvel Superheroes line.",
"title": "Lego Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "27936#49",
"text": "Spider-Man was featured in a trilogy of live-action films directed by Sam Raimi and starring Tobey Maguire as the titular superhero. The first \"Spider-Man\" film of the trilogy was released on May 3, 2002; followed by \"Spider-Man 2\" (2004) and \"Spider-Man 3\" (2007). A third sequel was originally scheduled to be released in 2011, however Sony later decided to reboot the franchise with a new director and cast. The reboot, titled \"The Amazing Spider-Man\", was released on July 3, 2012; directed by Marc Webb and starring Andrew Garfield as the new Spider-Man. It was followed by \"The Amazing Spider-Man 2\" (2014). In 2015, Sony and Disney made a deal for Spider-Man to appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Tom Holland made his debut as Spider-Man in the MCU film \"\" (2016), before later starring in \"\" (2017); directed by Jon Watts. Holland reprises his role as Spider-Man in \"\" (2018) and will do so again in \"\" (2019) and \"\" (2019). Jake Johnson voiced Spider-Man in \"\". Chris Pine also voiced a version of Peter Parker in the film.",
"title": "Spider-Man"
},
{
"docid": "47069739#20",
"text": "\"Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse\" was released by Sony Pictures Releasing under its Columbia Pictures label on December 14, 2018. In April 2015, Sony had made its first official announcement that a new animated Spider-Man film was in development, scheduling release for July 20, 2018. It would be the first animated Spider-Man feature film, and would be independent of the timelines of other Spider-Man universe films. At the end of 2015, the release date was changed to December 21, and two years later, moved up one week. Sony premiered the film at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on December 1, 2018, and included tributes to Stan Lee and Steve Ditko.",
"title": "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse"
},
{
"docid": "45359871#29",
"text": "Watts, Holland, Batalon, Harrier, Revolori, and Zendaya appeared at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con to show an exclusive clip of the film, which also had a panel at Comic Con Experience 2016. The first trailer for \"Homecoming\" premiered on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" on December 8, 2016, and was released online alongside an international version, which Feige thought was different enough that \"it would be fun for people to see both.\" The shots of Vulture descending through a hotel atrium and Spider-Man swinging with Iron Man flying beside him were created specifically for the trailer. Watts explained that the Vulture shot was created for Comic-Con and \"was never meant to be in the movie\", but he was able to repurpose the angle for Vulture's reveal in the film. The Spider-Man and Iron Man shot was created because the marketing team wanted a shot of the two together, and existing shots \"just didn't look that great\" then. The trailer shot used a background plate taken when filming the subway in Queens. The two trailers were viewed over 266 million times globally within a week.",
"title": "Spider-Man: Homecoming"
},
{
"docid": "7927053#60",
"text": "\"The Amazing Spider-Man 2\" became the first Spider-Man movie released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on March 1, 2016. October 17, 2017 saw Sony release the home video release of \"Homecoming\" on UHD and other home video formats as well as sets featuring all of their other Spider-Man movies on UHD. This included \"Spider-Man\": Limited Edition Collection, which includes all three Raimi films, and \"The Amazing Spider-Man\": Limited Edition Collection, which includes both Webb films.",
"title": "Spider-Man in film"
}
] |
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3419
|
Who founded Humanism?
|
[
{
"docid": "5135982#0",
"text": "Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism and empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term \"humanism\" has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. The term was coined by theologian Friedrich Niethammer at the beginning of the 19th century to refer to a system of education based on the study of classical literature (\"classical humanism\"). Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. It views humans as solely responsible for the promotion and development of individuals and emphasizes a concern for man in relation to the world.",
"title": "Humanism"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5135982#44",
"text": "Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic \"culte\" founded on human principlesa secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism. Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to \"\"vivre pour altrui\"\" (\"live for others\", from which comes the word \"altruism\"), and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy.",
"title": "Humanism"
},
{
"docid": "5135982#57",
"text": "\"Religious humanists\" are non-superstitious people who nevertheless see ethical humanism as their religion, and who seek to integrate (secular) humanist ethical philosophy with congregational rituals centred on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of \"humanism\" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic religions paired with human-centred ethical philosophy have a long history. A unified Ethical Culture movement was first founded in 1876; its founder, Felix Adler was a former member of the Free Religious Association, and conceived of Ethical Culture as a new religion that would retain the ethical message at the heart of all religions. Ethical Culture was religious in the sense of playing a defining role in people's lives and addressing issues of ultimate concern. Nowadays religious humanists in the United States are represented by organisations such as the American Ethical Union, and will simply describe themselves as \"ethical humanists\" or \"humanists\". Secular humanists and religious humanists organise together as part of larger national and international groupings, and differentiate themselves primarily in their attitude to the promotion of humanist thinking.",
"title": "Humanism"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "5713212#12",
"text": "Another experimental-vs-control study compared the effect of the Roots and Shoots humane education program on elementary students in several schools in two cities in the United States. The authors found that \"[s]tudents who participated in the humane education program showed stronger growth in both of these outcomes compared with students in the control group\". However, they did not find differences in disruptive behaviors between students who participated in the humane education program and the control program (a chess club). Overall, the authors state that \"[e]ffects appeared strongest on attitudes; behavioral effects were found to be largely limited to behaviors directly addressed by the humane education program\".",
"title": "Humane education"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "18691665#19",
"text": "Sanaʽa was chosen as the 2004 Arab Cultural Capital by the Arab League. In 2008, the Al Saleh Mosque was completed. It holds over 40,000 worshipers.",
"title": "Sanaʽa"
},
{
"docid": "695578#0",
"text": "The A∴A∴ is a spiritual organization described in 1907 by occultist Aleister Crowley. Its members are dedicated to the advancement of humanity by perfection of the individual on every plane through a graded series of universal initiations. Its initiations are syncretic, unifying the essence of Theravada Buddhism with Vedantic yoga and ceremonial magic. The A∴A∴ applies what it describes as mystical and magical methods of spiritual attainment under the structure of the Qabalistic Tree of Life, and aims to research, practise, and teach \"scientific illuminism\".",
"title": "A∴A∴"
},
{
"docid": "30370167#11",
"text": "From May 1973 to September 1974, Abdelghani Bousta lived in hiding. During this time, he realised the mistakes made when the March 1973 events were organised. In 1975, he wrote a critical analysis of UNFP on behalf of the Option Révolutionnaire (Revolutionary option) movement, harshly criticising the events and the leaders: “[…] the March 1973 events helped shed light on the internal contradictions of the Party and show the true nature of its leaders: putschist and adventurous leaders who did not see any problem in sacrificing dozens of activists in a hazardous battle.”",
"title": "Abdelghani Bousta"
},
{
"docid": "44262278#12",
"text": "① Expansion of photovoltaic power generation by citizens through financial support for 40,000 PV panels \n② Expansion of buildings’ mandatory generation of renewable and decentralized energy from 12% to 20% \n③ Full disclosure of information on energy consumption by buildings and expansion of energy performance diagnosis \n④ Replacement of all traditional public light bulbs such as street and security lights with LED bulbs \n⑤ Introduction of Driving-Mileage Program to incentivize less driving \n⑥ Creation of jobs in the energy service sector through measures like establishing 25 energy hub centers \n⑦ Promotion of innovative technologies such as BEMS and smart grids \n⑧ Job creation for the elderly and expansion of recycling through community-based recycling \n⑨ Eradication of energy poverty through provision of LED bulbs to 120,000 low-income households and support for BRP for 150 welfare facilities \n⑩ Establishment local energy governance",
"title": "Seoul Sustainable Energy Action Plan"
}
] |
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] |
3420
|
Are IP addresses based on location?
|
[
{
"docid": "75028#38",
"text": "In IP telephony, no such direct link between location and communications end point exists. Even a provider having hardware infrastructure, such as a DSL provider, may know only the approximate location of the device, based on the IP address allocated to the network router and the known service address. Some ISPs do not track the automatic assignment of IP addresses to customer equipment.",
"title": "Voice over IP"
},
{
"docid": "25280408#3",
"text": "Some online locators determine user location from the user's IP address, rather than asking a user to input his or her location. The company utilizes IP geolocation software from Digital Element to power the “My Local Ace” section of its website. Based on a site visitor’s location, the website can show the visitor how many stores are in their area, as well as a city-level locator map to help the customer find the store closest to their address.",
"title": "Online locator service"
},
{
"docid": "14921#4",
"text": "An IP address serves two principal functions. It identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of establishing a path to that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: \"A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.\"\nThe header of each IP packet contains the IP address of the sending host, and that of the destination host.",
"title": "IP address"
},
{
"docid": "1555671#13",
"text": "Advertisers may also deliver ads based on a user's suspected geography through geotargeting. A user's IP address communicates some geographic information (at minimum, the user's country or general region). The geographic information from an IP can be supplemented and refined with other proxies or information to narrow the range of possible locations. For example, with mobile devices, advertisers can sometimes use a phone's GPS receiver or the location of nearby mobile towers. Cookies and other persistent data on a user's machine may provide help narrowing a user's location further.",
"title": "Online advertising"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1152833#26",
"text": "\"Charging function addresses\" are addresses distributed to each IMS entities and provide a common location for each entity to send charging information. \"charging data function\" (CDF) addresses are used for offline billing and \"Online Charging Function\" (OCF) for online billing.IMS-based PES (PSTN Emulation System) provides IP networks services to analog devices. IMS-based PES allows non-IMS devices to appear to IMS as normal SIP users. Analog terminal using standard analog interfaces can connect to IMS-based PES in two ways:",
"title": "IP Multimedia Subsystem"
},
{
"docid": "1076132#1",
"text": "The Mobile IP allows for location-independent routing of IP datagrams on the Internet. Each mobile node is identified by its home address disregarding its current location in the Internet. While away from its home network, a mobile node is associated with a \"care-of\" address which identifies its current location and its home address is associated with the local endpoint of a tunnel to its \"home agent\". Mobile IP specifies how a mobile node registers with its home agent and how the home agent routes datagrams to the mobile node through the \"tunnel\".",
"title": "Mobile IP"
},
{
"docid": "311108#16",
"text": "Neustar IP Intelligence, formerly named Quova, is a company that identifies the geographical location of website visitors based on IP addresses. The company is based in Mountain View, California and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Neustar, Inc. The company's CEO is Lisa Hook. Customers include Major League Baseball, which uses the service to black out MLB.tv content in a team's home area.",
"title": "Neustar"
},
{
"docid": "75028#39",
"text": "IP communication provides for device mobility. For example, a residential broadband connection may be used as a link to a virtual private network of a corporate entity, in which case the IP address being used for customer communications may belong to the enterprise, not being the IP address of the residential ISP. Such off-premises extensions may appear as part of an upstream IP PBX. On mobile devices, e.g., a 3G handset or USB wireless broadband adapter, the IP address has no relationship with any physical location known to the telephony service provider, since a mobile user could be anywhere in a region with network coverage, even roaming via another cellular company.",
"title": "Voice over IP"
},
{
"docid": "8359417#4",
"text": "The design and operation of the Internet is based on the Internet Protocol Suite, commonly also called TCP/IP.\nIP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite and has the task of delivering datagrams from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses. For this purpose, IP defines addressing methods and structures for datagram encapsulation. It is a connectionless protocol and relies on the transmission of packets. Every IP packet from a given source has an ID that uniquely identifies IP datagram.",
"title": "Idle scan"
},
{
"docid": "14921#27",
"text": "The configuration of a static IP address depends in detail on the software or hardware installed in the computer. Computers used for the network infrastructure, such as routers and mail servers, are typically configured with static addressing, Static addresses are also sometimes convenient for locating servers inside an enterprise.",
"title": "IP address"
}
] |
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] |
3422
|
What is the air quality in Los Angeles?
|
[
{
"docid": "21515767#5",
"text": "Although Los Angeles remains the city with the worst ozone pollution, the state of air pollution has been improving. With a population of roughly over 10 million, the Los Angeles area is a large basin with the Pacific Ocean to the west, and several mountain ranges with 11,000-foot peaks to the east and south, Los Angeles is particularly susceptible to high ozone levels. Diesel engines, ports, motor vehicles, and industries are main sources of air pollution in Los Angeles. Frequent sunny days and low rainfall contribute to ozone formation, as well as high levels of fine particles and dust. The strong relationship between Air Quality Index (AQI) and ozone levels may be found on air pollution maps.",
"title": "Pollution in California"
},
{
"docid": "21515767#6",
"text": "Air pollution in Los Angeles has caused widespread concerns. In 2011, the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) Survey on Californians and the Environment showed that 45% of citizens in Los Angeles consider air pollution to be a “big problem”, and 47% believe that the air quality of Los Angeles is worse than it was 10 years ago. The most recent PPIC Survey of 2018 showed that the strong majority of California adults (72%) and likely voters favor the new state law mandating reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and 56% of adults support the state's cap-and-trade program. In addition, about half of Californians believe state climate policies will lead to more jobs, while the other half expects the price of gasoline to rise. In 2013, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside area ranked as the 1st most ozone-polluted city, the 4th most polluted city by annual particle pollution, and the 4th most polluted city by 24-hour particle pollution.",
"title": "Pollution in California"
},
{
"docid": "47523622#23",
"text": "Air pollution, or suspended particulate matter locally generated from the increased number of automobiles in the area, from point sources such as factories, dust carried into the air by construction activity, and the contribution of similar pollutants from the Los Angeles area has regularly caused the Inland Empire to be at, or near, the bottom of many air quality ratings. In 2004, the EPA rated the San Bernardino-Riverside area as having the worst particulate air pollution in the United States (although the San Joaquin Valley in central California had the worst overall air pollution). Air pollution in the Los Angeles region is still an issue, although improvements have been made over the years. But the problem is exacerbated in the Inland Empire, which is surrounded by mountains on the north and the east. Prevailing winds move bad air eastward from Los Angeles, but once the pollution reaches the Inland Empire it cannot be carried further east as it becomes trapped by the mountains surrounding the region .",
"title": "Inland Empire"
},
{
"docid": "21515767#4",
"text": "According to the American Lung Association's recent \"State of the Air 2017\" report, California is a leader in air pollution among other states, with the highest ozone levels. The top three cities in the country with the highest recorded levels of ozone (smog) levels were Los Angeles-Long Beach, Bakersfield, and Fresno-Madera. Salinas, California is the only city of California that reports no days of unhealthy air quality. While the air quality in California is significantly better in northern California, more than ninety percent of Californians live in counties with unhealthy air.",
"title": "Pollution in California"
},
{
"docid": "21515767#0",
"text": "Pollution in California relates to the degree of pollution in the air, water, and land of the state of California. Pollution is defined as the addition of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or any form of energy (such as heat, sound, or radioactivity) to the environment at a faster rate than it can be dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some harmless form. The combination of three main factors are the cause of notable unhealthy levels of air pollution in California: the activities of over 39 million people, a mountainous terrain that traps pollution, and a warm climate that helps form ozone and other pollutants. Eight of the ten cities in the US with the highest year-round concentration of particulate matter between 2013 and 2015 were in California, and seven out of the ten cities in the US with the worst ozone pollution were also in California. Studies show that pollutants prevalent in California are linked to several health issues, including asthma, lung cancer, birth complications, and premature death. In 2016, Bakersfield, California recorded the highest level of airborne pollutants of any city in the United States.",
"title": "Pollution in California"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "17024928#49",
"text": "Air pollution in Los Angeles has caused widespread concerns. In 2011, the Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) Survey on Californians and the Environment showed that 45% of citizens in Los Angeles consider air pollution to be a “big problem”, and 47% believe that the air quality of Los Angeles is worse than it was 10 years ago. In 2013, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside area ranked the 1st most ozone-polluted city, the 4th most polluted city by annual particle pollution, and the 4th most polluted city by 24-hour particle pollution.",
"title": "Air pollution in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "18110#38",
"text": "The smog season lasts from approximately May to October. While other large cities rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. When the act was passed, California was unable to create a State Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards, largely because of the level of pollution in Los Angeles generated by older vehicles. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low-emission vehicles. Smog is expected to continue to drop in the coming years because of aggressive steps to reduce it, which include electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other measures.",
"title": "Los Angeles"
},
{
"docid": "42690935#17",
"text": "Los Angeles is known for the nation's worst air quality and its “sharp inequalities in environmental exposures”. Wilmington, Los Angeles is a neighborhood located on the southern part of Los Angeles, California. 54,512 people live in Wilmington, the median household income is $40,627, about 86 percentage of them are Latino and only 5.1% of Wilmington residents 25 or older have a four-year degree.",
"title": "Toxic hotspot"
},
{
"docid": "27000#48",
"text": "Los Angeles was one of the best known cities suffering from transportation smog for much of the 20th century, so much so that it was sometimes said that \"Los Angeles\" was a synonym for \"smog.\" In 1970, when the Clean Air Act was passed, Los Angeles was the most polluted basin in the country, and California was unable to create a State Implementation Plan that would enable it to meet the new air quality standards. However, ensuing strict regulations by state and federal government agencies overseeing this problem (such as the California Air Resources Board and the United States Environmental Protection Agency), including tight restrictions on allowed emissions levels for all new cars sold in California and mandatory regular emission tests of older vehicles, resulted in significant improvements in air quality. For example, air concentrations of volatile organic compounds declined by a factor of 50 between 1962 and 2012. Concentrations of air pollutants such as nitrous oxides and ozone declined by 70% to 80% over the same period of time.In the late 1990s, massive immigration to Ulaanbaatar from the countryside began. An estimated 150,000 households, mainly living in traditional Mongolian gers on the outskirts of Ulaanbaatar, burn wood and coal (some poor families burn even car tires and trash) to heat themselves during the harsh winter, which lasts from October to April, since these outskirts are not connected to the city's central heating system. A temporary solution to decrease smog was proposed in the form of stoves with improved efficiency, although with no visible results. \nCoal-fired ger stoves release high levels of ash and other particulate matter (PM). When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems. At two to 10 times above Mongolian and international air quality standards, Ulaanbaatar's PM rates are among the worst in the world, according to a December 2009 World Bank report. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that health costs related to this air pollution account for as much as 4 percent of Mongolia's GDP.",
"title": "Smog"
},
{
"docid": "425258#8",
"text": "Bel Air is situated about west of Downtown Los Angeles and includes some of the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains. It lies across Sunset Boulevard from the northern edge of the main campus of the University of California, Los Angeles. At the heart of the community sits the Bel-Air Country Club and the Hotel Bel-Air.",
"title": "Bel Air, Los Angeles"
},
{
"docid": "31133053#0",
"text": "The South Coast Air Basin—SCAB (or SoCAB) is one of several regional air basin areas designated by the state of California, for the purpose of air quality management and air pollution control in Southern California. The SCAB district was created in 1969. and includes all of Orange County and \nthe non-desert regions of Los Angeles County, Riverside County, and San Bernardino County.\nThe region covers approximately 17100 km and includes much of the Greater Los Angeles Area which is home to approximately 18 million people.",
"title": "South Coast Air Basin"
}
] |
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] |
3423
|
What country has the most tornadoes?
|
[
{
"docid": "8293375#14",
"text": "More tornadoes occur in Texas than in any other US state. The state which has the highest number of tornadoes per unit area is Florida, although most of the tornadoes in Florida are weak tornadoes of EF0 or EF1 intensity. A number of Florida's tornadoes occur along the edge of hurricanes that strike the state. The state with the highest number of strong tornadoes per unit area is Oklahoma. The neighboring state of Kansas is also a particularly notorious tornado state. It records the most EF4 and EF5 tornadoes in the country.",
"title": "Tornado climatology"
},
{
"docid": "8293375#0",
"text": "Tornadoes have been recorded on all continents except Antarctica and are most common in the middle latitudes where conditions are often favorable for convective storm development. The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, as well as the strongest and most violent tornadoes. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States popularly known as Tornado Alley. Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include significant portions of Europe, South Africa, Philippines, Bangladesh, parts of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern and southeast Brazil, northern Mexico, New Zealand, and far eastern Asia.",
"title": "Tornado climatology"
},
{
"docid": "8293375#9",
"text": "The United States averaged 1,274 tornadoes per year in the last decade. April 2011 saw the most tornadoes ever recorded for any month in the US National Weather Service's history, 875; the previous record was 542 in one month. It has more tornadoes yearly than any other country and reports more violent (F4 and F5) tornadoes than anywhere else.",
"title": "Tornado climatology"
},
{
"docid": "84358#51",
"text": "It is internationally recognised that the United Kingdom has a higher incidence of tornadoes, measured by unit area of land, than any other country in the world. Dr T. Theodore Fujita (inventor of the Fujita scale), an American meteorologist, was the first to recognise the UK as the top site for tornadoes in 1973. The United Kingdom has at least 33 tornadoes per year, more than any other country in the world relative to its land area. Although most tornadoes are weak, there are occasional destructive events, for example, the Birmingham tornado of 2005 and the London tornado of 2006. Both registered F2 on the Fujita scale and both caused significant damage and injury. The largest ever recorded was thought to have been an F4, again in London in 1091. The most deadly occurred on 28 December 1879. All 74 lives were lost when a passenger train plunged from the Tay Bridge (Tayside) into the Tay Estuary, when the middle section of the bridge collapsed. Although the bridge was poorly constructed and had already been weakened in earlier gales (including the pre-existing winds at the time of the tragedy), the ultimate failure is believed to have been caused by two or three waterspouts which were sighted close to the bridge immediately before the accident. A tornado also developed in London on 3 July 2007.\nThe UK also holds the title for the highest known 'outbreak' of tornadoes outside of the United States. The largest tornado outbreak in Britain is also the largest tornado outbreak known anywhere in Europe. On 23 November 1981, 105 tornadoes were spawned by a cold front in the space of 5.25 hours. Excepting Derbyshire, every county in a triangular area from Gwynedd to Humberside to Essex was hit by at least one tornado, while Norfolk was hit by at least 13. Very fortunately most tornadoes were short-lived and also weak (the strongest was around T5 on the TORRO Tornado Scale) and no deaths occurred.",
"title": "Climate of the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "37530#45",
"text": "The United States averages about 1,200 tornadoes per year, followed by Canada, averaging 62 reported per year. NOAA's has a higher average 100 per year in Canada. The Netherlands has the highest average number of recorded tornadoes per area of any country (more than 20, or 0.0013 per sq mi (0.00048 per km), annually), followed by the UK (around 33, or 0.00035 per sq mi (0.00013 per km), per year), although those are of lower intensity, briefer and cause minor damage.\nTornadoes kill an average of 179 people per year in Bangladesh, the most in the world. Reasons for this include the region's high population density, poor construction quality, and lack of tornado safety knowledge. Other areas of the world that have frequent tornadoes include South Africa, the La Plata Basin area, portions of Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and far eastern Asia.",
"title": "Tornado"
},
{
"docid": "8293375#1",
"text": "The United States averaged 1,274 tornadoes per year in the last decade while Canada reports nearly 100 annually (largely in the southern regions). However, the UK has most tornadoes per area per year, 0.14 per 1000 km², although these tornadoes are generally weak, and many other European countries have a similar number of tornadoes per area.",
"title": "Tornado climatology"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "37530#48",
"text": "The United Kingdom has the highest incidence of tornadoes, measured by unit area of land, than any other country in the world. Unsettled conditions and weather fronts transverse the Islands at all times of the years and are responsible for spawning the tornadoes, which consequently form at all times of the year. The United Kingdom has at least 34 tornadoes per year and possibly as many as 50, more than any other country in the world relative to its land area. Most tornadoes in the United Kingdom are weak, but they are occasionally destructive. For example, the Birmingham tornado of 2005 and the London tornado of 2006 both registered F2 on the Fujita scale and both caused significant damage and injury.",
"title": "Tornado"
},
{
"docid": "25728235#15",
"text": "The Netherlands has the highest average number of recorded tornadoes per area of any country in the world (more than 20, or 0.0005 per km), annually), followed by the UK (around 33, or 0.0001 per km), per year), but most are small and cause minor damage. In absolute number of events, ignoring area, the UK experiences more tornadoes than any other European country, excluding waterspouts. Europe uses its own tornado scale, known as the TORRO scale, which ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.",
"title": "Climate of Europe"
},
{
"docid": "18436515#12",
"text": "The Southern United States has suffered more tornado fatalities than any other part of the country. Some areas experience repeated damaging tornado events, such as the Tennessee Valley and in northern Alabama. The state of Alabama is tied for the most reported F5 tornadoes. For the period 1950 to 2006, three hundred and fifty eight people were killed by tornadoes in Alabama, ranking the state third nationwide behind Texas (521) and neighboring Mississippi (404). Fourth is Arkansas (336) and fifth is Tennessee with 271 fatalities.",
"title": "Tornadoes in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "37530#44",
"text": "The United States has the most tornadoes of any country, nearly four times more than estimated in all of Europe, excluding waterspouts. This is mostly due to the unique geography of the continent. North America is a large continent that extends from the tropics north into arctic areas, and has no major east-west mountain range to block air flow between these two areas. In the middle latitudes, where most tornadoes of the world occur, the Rocky Mountains block moisture and buckle the atmospheric flow, forcing drier air at mid-levels of the troposphere due to downsloped winds, and causing the formation of a low pressure area downwind to the east of the mountains. Increased westerly flow off the Rockies force the formation of a dry line when the flow aloft is strong, while the Gulf of Mexico fuels abundant low-level moisture in the southerly flow to its east. This unique topography allows for frequent collisions of warm and cold air, the conditions that breed strong, long-lived storms throughout the year. A large portion of these tornadoes form in an area of the central United States known as Tornado Alley. This area extends into Canada, particularly Ontario and the Prairie Provinces, although southeast Quebec, the interior of British Columbia, and western New Brunswick are also tornado-prone. Tornadoes also occur across northeastern Mexico.",
"title": "Tornado"
},
{
"docid": "8293375#15",
"text": "Canada also experiences numerous tornadoes, although fewer than the United States. On average 62 are reported per year, but this number is expected to be higher due to undetected tornadoes in large expanses of underpopulated areas. NOAA has a higher average 100 per year in Canada. This causes tens of millions of dollars in damage. Most are weak F0 or F1 in intensity, but there are on average a few F2 or stronger that touch down each season.",
"title": "Tornado climatology"
}
] |
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] |
3424
|
What is Kenya's largest export?
|
[
{
"docid": "16657#66",
"text": "Kenya's chief exports are horticultural products and tea. In 2005, the combined value of these commodities was US$1,150 million, about 10 times the value of Kenya's third most valuable export, coffee. Kenya's other significant exports are petroleum products, sold to near neighbours, fish, cement, pyrethrum, and sisal. The leading imports are crude petroleum, chemicals, manufactured goods, machinery, and transportation equipment. Africa is Kenya's largest export market, followed by the European Union.",
"title": "Economy of Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "27738841#0",
"text": "Kenya is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. The capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East and Central Africa. Agriculture is a major employer; the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe. The service industry is also a major economic driver. Additionally, Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc.",
"title": "List of companies of Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "17864708#5",
"text": "Kenya is the world's 3rd largest exporter of cut flowers. Roughly half of Kenya's 127 flower farms are concentrated around Lake Naivasha, 90 kilometers northwest of Nairobi. To speed their export, Nairobi airport has a terminal dedicated to the transport of flowers and vegetables.",
"title": "Agriculture in Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "16657#23",
"text": "The agricultural sector continues to dominate Kenya's economy, although only 15 percent of Kenya's total land area has sufficient fertility and rainfall to be farmed, and only 7 or 8 percent can be classified as first-class land. In 2006 almost 75 percent of working Kenyans made their living on the land, compared with 80 percent in 1980. About one-half of total agricultural output is non-marketed subsistence production. Agriculture is the second largest contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product (GDP), after the service sector. In 2005 agriculture, including forestry and fishing, accounted for about 24 percent of GDP, as well as for 18 percent of wage employment and 50 percent of revenue from exports. The principal cash crops are tea, horticultural produce, and coffee; horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of Kenya's exports. In 2005 horticulture accounted for 23 percent and tea for 22 percent of total export earnings. Coffee has declined in importance with depressed world prices, accounting for just 5 percent of export receipts in 2005. The production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations. Production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example, in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people⎯because of one of Kenya's intermittent droughts. However, the expansion of credit to the agricultural sector has enabled farmers to better deal with the large risk of agriculture based on rainfall and the dramatic fluctuations of the prices of agricultural products.",
"title": "Economy of Kenya"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "188171#2",
"text": "Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic, in which elected officials represent the people and the president is the head of state and government. Kenya is a member of United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, COMESA, and other international organisations. With a GNI of 1,460, Kenya is a lower-middle-income economy. Kenya's economy is the largest in eastern and central Africa, with Nairobi serving as a major regional commercial hub. Agriculture is the largest sector; tea and coffee are traditional cash crops, while fresh flowers are a fast-growing export. The service industry is also a major economic driver, particularly tourism. Kenya is a member of the East African Community trade bloc, though some international trade organisations categorise it as part of the Greater Horn of Africa. Africa is Kenya's largest export market, followed by the European Union.",
"title": "Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "38057087#2",
"text": "India and Kenya have growing trade and commercial ties. Bilateral trade amounted to $2.4 billion in 2010–2011 but with Kenyan imports from India accounting for $2.3 billion, the balance of trade was heavily in India's favour. India is Kenya's sixth largest trading partner and the largest exporter to Kenya. Indian exports to Kenya include pharmaceuticals, steel, machinery and automobiles while Kenyan exports to India are largely primary commodities such as soda ash, vegetables and tea. Indian companies have a significant presence in Kenya with Indian corporates like the Tata Group, Essar, Reliance Industries and Bharti Airtel operating there. The Indian public sector banks Bank of Baroda and Bank of India have operations in Kenya. Kenya has been trying to promote itself as a tourist destination in India. However air connectivity between the two countries is limited and is provided by Kenya Airways between Mumbai and Delhi to Nairobi. Services to Nairobi, which was Air India's second international destination, begun to in 1951 was finally shut down by the airline in 2010.",
"title": "India–Kenya relations"
},
{
"docid": "188171#83",
"text": "Kenya is the world's 3rd largest exporter of cut flowers. Roughly half of Kenya's 127 flower farms are concentrated around Lake Naivasha, 90 kilometers northwest of Nairobi. To speed their export, Nairobi airport has a terminal dedicated to the transport of flowers and vegetables.",
"title": "Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "44969601#6",
"text": "In September 2014, Tanzania became the largest export destination of Kenyan goods within East Africa. Kenya's total exports to Tanzania in 2011 were valued at 488 million U.S. dollars as compared to 390 million dollars in 2010. Kenya's imports from Tanzania were valued at 185.4 million dollars in 2011, an increase from 126 million dollars in 2010. In the years between 2007-2008 Tanzanian exports to Kenya increased by 17%. The balance of trade still favours Kenya.",
"title": "Kenya–Tanzania relations"
},
{
"docid": "1284667#3",
"text": "In 2011 the company's annual revenue was estimated at 4.5 billion Kenyan shillings and its processing capacity was 1,500 tons of pineapples daily. Due to the company's existence and operations, the largest single manufactured export from Kenya is canned pineapple. Additionally, Kenya ranks among the top five pineapple exporters in the world due to the presence and operations of Cirio Del Monte Kenya. Their products are primarily exported to the European market. 34% of the company's production is juice concentrate, 22% is solid pineapple, 21% is mill juice sugar and 22% is cattle feed.",
"title": "Del Monte Kenya"
},
{
"docid": "14604#240",
"text": "As littoral states of the Indian Ocean, trade links and commercial ties between India and Kenya go back several centuries. Kenya has a large minority of Indians and Persons of Indian Origin living there who are descendants of labourers who were brought in by the British to construct the Uganda Railway and Gujarati merchants. \nIndia and Kenya have growing trade and commercial ties. Bilateral trade amounted to $2.4 billion in 2010–2011 but with Kenyan imports from India accounting for $2.3 billion, the balance of trade was heavily in India's favour. India is Kenya's sixth largest trading partner and the largest exporter to Kenya. Indian exports to Kenya include pharmaceuticals, steel, machinery and automobiles while Kenyan exports to India are largely primary commodities such as soda ash, vegetables and tea. Indian companies have a significant presence in Kenya with Indian corporates like the Tata Group, Essar Group, Reliance Industries and Bharti Airtel operating there.",
"title": "Foreign relations of India"
},
{
"docid": "45099528#9",
"text": "Germany is Kenya's third largest export market in Europe after the UK and the Netherlands.",
"title": "Germany–Kenya relations"
}
] |
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] |
3425
|
What is the largest glacier on Mount Rainier?
|
[
{
"docid": "191265#1",
"text": "Mount Rainier is circled by the Wonderland Trail and is covered by glaciers and snowfields totaling about . Carbon Glacier is the largest glacier by volume in the contiguous United States, while Emmons Glacier is the largest glacier by area. Mount Rainier is a popular peak for mountaineering with some 10,000 attempts per year with approximately 50% making it to the summit.",
"title": "Mount Rainier National Park"
},
{
"docid": "1427181#0",
"text": "Emmons Glacier is on the northeast flank of Mount Rainier, in Washington. At , it has the largest surface area of any glacier in the contiguous United States. The glacier was named after the geologist Samuel Franklin Emmons after his involvement in a survey of Mount Rainier in 1870.",
"title": "Emmons Glacier"
},
{
"docid": "21251533#36",
"text": "Mountain climbing on Mount Rainier is difficult, involving traversing the largest glaciers in the U.S. south of Alaska. Most climbers require two to three days to reach the summit, with a success rate of approximately 50%, with weather and physical conditioning of the climbers being the most common reasons for failure. About 8,000 to 13,000 people attempt the climb each year, about 90% via routes from Camp Muir on the southeast flank, and most of the rest ascend Emmons Glacier via Camp Schurman on the northeast. Climbing teams require experience in glacier travel, self-rescue, and wilderness travel. All climbers who plan to climb above the high camps, Camp Muir and Camp Schurman, are required by law to purchase a Mount Rainier Climbing Pass and register for their climb. \nAdditionally, solo climbers must fill out a solo climbing request form and receive written permission from the Superintendent before attempting to climb.",
"title": "Mount Rainier"
},
{
"docid": "21251533#24",
"text": "Between the 14th century and 1850, many of the glaciers on Mount Rainier advanced to their farthest extent downvalley since the last ice age. Many advances of this sort occurred worldwide during this time period known to geologists as the Little Ice Age. During the Little Ice Age, the Nisqually Glacier advanced to a position downvalley from the site of the Glacier Bridge, Tahoma and South Tahoma Glaciers merged at the base of Glacier Island, and the terminus of Emmons Glacier reached within of the White River Campground.",
"title": "Mount Rainier"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "21251533#43",
"text": "The worst mountaineering accident on Mount Rainier occurred in 1981, when eleven people lost their lives in an ice fall on the Ingraham Glacier.\nThis was the largest number of fatalities on Mount Rainier in a single incident since 32 people were killed in a 1946 plane crash on the South Tahoma Glacier.",
"title": "Mount Rainier"
},
{
"docid": "11285624#0",
"text": "The Wilson Glacier is a medium-sized tributary glacier located on the southeast flank of Mount Rainier in Washington. Named after A.D. Wilson, who was part of an early ascent of Mount Rainier, the body of ice has an area of and has a volume of 1.9 billion feet (54 million m). The glacier is directly feeds ice to the adjacent, but much larger Nisqually Glacier. Starting from the head at , the glacier flows downhill southward. One part of the glacier meets the Nisqually Glacier at and the other part of the glacier ends on a cliff in between the Wilson and Nisqually Glacier at . Meltwater from the glacier feeds the Nisqually River.",
"title": "Wilson Glacier (Mount Rainier)"
},
{
"docid": "21251533#9",
"text": "With 26 major glaciers and of permanent snowfields and glaciers, Mount Rainier is the most heavily glaciated peak in the lower 48 states. The summit is topped by two volcanic craters, each more than in diameter, with the larger east crater overlapping the west crater. Geothermal heat from the volcano keeps areas of both crater rims free of snow and ice, and has formed the world's largest volcanic glacier cave network within the ice-filled craters, with nearly of passages.\nA small crater lake about in size and deep, the highest in North America with a surface elevation of , occupies the lowest portion of the west crater below more than of ice and is accessible only via the caves.",
"title": "Mount Rainier"
},
{
"docid": "11285332#0",
"text": "The Russell Glacier is a medium-sized glacier on the north flank of Mount Rainier, Washington. Named for the geologist Israel Russell, it covers and contains 3.1 billion ft (88 million m) of ice. Starting from its highest point at , the Russell Glacier flows northeast towards the Carbon Glacier and contributes ice to the larger glacier before becoming distinct below . With most of the ice located from to , the glacier only descends to , unlike the much lower extent of the Carbon Glacier. Echo Rock and Observation Rock, two minor sub-peaks of Rainier, lie northwest of this glacier. Meltwater from the glacier eventually reaches the Carbon River.",
"title": "Russell Glacier (Mount Rainier)"
},
{
"docid": "8535323#0",
"text": "The Nisqually Glacier is one of the larger glaciers on the southwestern face of Mount Rainier in the U.S. state of Washington. The glacier is one of the most easily viewed on the mountain, and is accessible from the Paradise visitor facilities in Mount Rainier National Park. The glacier has had periods of advance and retreat since 1850 when it was much more extensive. It is currently retreating. Measurements made at altitude show that glacier got thicker between 1994 and 1997, suggesting that it will probably begin advancing in the first decade of the 21st century. Nisqually Glacier is the source of the Nisqually River.",
"title": "Nisqually Glacier"
},
{
"docid": "21251533#18",
"text": "Mount Rainier is located in an area that itself is part of the eastern rim of the Pacific Ring of Fire. This includes mountains and calderas like Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak in California, Crater Lake, Three Sisters, and Mount Hood in Oregon, Mount Saint Helens, Mount Adams, Glacier Peak, and Mount Baker in Washington, and Mount Cayley, Mount Garibaldi, Silverthrone Caldera, and Mount Meager in British Columbia. All of the above are dormant, but could return to activity, and scientists on both sides of the border gather research of the past eruptions of each in order to predict how mountains in this arc will behave and what they are capable of in the future, including Mount Rainier. Of these, only two have erupted since the beginning of the twentieth century: Lassen in 1915 and St. Helens in 1980 and 2004. However, past eruptions in this volcanic arc have multiple examples of sub-plinian eruptions or higher: Crater Lake's last eruption as Mount Mazama was large enough to cause its cone to collapse, and Mt. Rainier's closest neighbor, Mount St. Helens, produced the largest eruption in the continental United States when it erupted in 1980. Statistics place the likelihood of a major eruption in the Cascade Range at 2-3 per century.\nMount Rainier is currently listed as a Decade Volcano, or one of the 16 volcanoes with the greatest likelihood of causing great loss of life and property if eruptive activity resumes. If Mt. Rainier were to erupt as powerfully as Mount St. Helens did in its May 18, 1980 eruption, the effect would be cumulatively greater, because of the far more massive amounts of glacial ice locked on the volcano compared to Mount St. Helens, the vastly more heavily populated areas surrounding Rainier, and the simple fact that Mt Rainier is a much bigger volcano, almost twice the size of St. Helens. Lahars from Rainier pose the most risk to life and property, as many communities lie atop older lahar deposits. According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), about 150,000 people live on top of old lahar deposits of Rainier. Not only is there much ice atop the volcano, the volcano is also slowly being weakened by hydrothermal activity. According to Geoff Clayton, a geologist with a Washington State Geology firm, RH2 Engineering, a repeat of the Osceola mudflow would destroy Enumclaw, Orting, Kent, Auburn, Puyallup, Sumner and all of Renton. Such a mudflow might also reach down the Duwamish estuary and destroy parts of downtown Seattle, and cause tsunamis in Puget Sound and Lake Washington. Rainier is also capable of producing pyroclastic flows and expelling lava.\nAccording to K. Scott, a scientist with the USGS:",
"title": "Mount Rainier"
}
] |
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] |
3427
|
When was the hard drive first developed?
|
[
{
"docid": "1130688#1",
"text": "Hard disk drives store data in the magnetic polarization of small patches of the surface coating on a disk. The maximum areal density is defined by the size of the magnetic particles in the surface, as well as the size of the \"head\" used to read and write the data. The areal density of disk storage devices has increased dramatically since IBM introduced the IBM 350 disk storage, the first hard disk drive in 1956 at an areal density of 2,000 bit/in. The growth rate has matched Moore's Law with the density reaching 1 Tbit/in in 2014. In 2015, Seagate introduced a hard drive at a density of 1.34 Tbit/in, about 600 million times that of the first disk drive. It is expected that current recording technology can be \"feasibly\" expected to scale to at least 5 Tbit/in in the near future. New technologies like Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) and Microwave Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) are under development and are expected to continue magnetic areal density progress.",
"title": "Areal density (computer storage)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13777#9",
"text": "In 1973, IBM introduced a new type of HDD code-named \"Winchester\". Its primary distinguishing feature was that the disk heads were not withdrawn completely from the stack of disk platters when the drive was powered down. Instead, the heads were allowed to \"land\" on a special area of the disk surface upon spin-down, \"taking off\" again when the disk was later powered on. This greatly reduced the cost of the head actuator mechanism, but precluded removing just the disks from the drive as was done with the disk packs of the day. Instead, the first models of \"Winchester technology\" drives featured a removable disk module, which included both the disk pack and the head assembly, leaving the actuator motor in the drive upon removal. Later \"Winchester\" drives abandoned the removable media concept and returned to non-removable platters.",
"title": "Hard disk drive"
},
{
"docid": "7064918#16",
"text": "The 1980s saw the minicomputer age plateau as PCs were introduced. Manufacturers such as DEC and Hewlett-Packard continued to manufacture minicomputer compatible hard drive systems as industry demanded higher storage. Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP 7935 as one such drive. But it was clear that smaller Winchester storage systems were eclipsing large platter hard drives.\nHard disk drives for personal computers (PCs) were initially a rare and very expensive optional feature; systems typically had only the less expensive floppy disk drives or even cassette tape drives as both secondary storage and transport media. However by the late '80s, hard disk drives were standard on all but the cheapest PC and floppy disks were used almost solely as transport media.",
"title": "History of hard disk drives"
},
{
"docid": "14544999#0",
"text": "The Macintosh Hard Disk 20 was the first hard drive developed by Apple Computer specifically for use with the Macintosh 512K. Introduced on September 17, 1985, it was part of Apple's long awaited solution toward completing the Macintosh Office (a suite of integrated business hardware & software) announced in January 1985. It would be over a year more before Apple would release the file server software AppleShare that would link all of the hardware together. By that time the SCSI interface introduced on the Macintosh Plus in January 1986, would accommodate far faster and more efficient hard drives, rendering the Hard Disk 20 virtually obsolete.",
"title": "Hard Disk 20"
},
{
"docid": "2004239#0",
"text": "Conner Peripherals (commonly referred to as Conner) was a company that manufactured hard drives for personal computers. Conner Peripherals was founded in 1985 by Seagate Technology co-founder and San Jose State University alumnus (1943– ). In 1986, they merged with CoData, a Colorado start-up founded by MiniScribe founders Terry Johnson and John Squires. CoData was developing a new type of small hard disk that put the capacity of a 5.25-inch drive into the smaller (and now commonplace) 3.5-inch format. The CoData drive was the first Conner Peripherals product. The company was partially financed by Compaq, who was also a major customer for many years.",
"title": "Conner Peripherals"
},
{
"docid": "23624028#5",
"text": "By early 1985, it was clear that the Macintosh needed additional storage space, in particular a hard drive. Apple announced their first hard drive for the Mac in March 1985. However, the MFS file system did not support subdirectories, making it unsuitable for a hard disk. Apple quickly began adopting for the Mac the hierarchical based SOS filing system introduced with the Apple III and long since implemented in ProDOS for the Apple II series and the Lisa. This change in the Mac's filing system delayed the introduction of the double sided Sony drives which Apple intended to offer as soon as the technology was available, a concession they made when adopting the Sony drives over their own problematic double-capacity Twiggy drives. However, based on the success of the 3.5\" floppy drive for the Mac, there was no such obstacle in immediately implementing an 800K drive for the Apple II, so it was introduced in September 1985, four months before the version for the Mac. While Apple simultaneously introduced their new hard drive after a 6-month delay, they chose not to implement the new floppy drive for the Macintosh at that time.",
"title": "Macintosh External Disk Drive"
},
{
"docid": "14069922#0",
"text": "Nanoionic hard drives use nanoionic technology allowing for smaller devices while doing away with moving parts and the mechanical failures which are associated with previous HDD drives. Nanoionic hard drives are currently the most state of the art drives on the market and nanoionics was not utilized in hard drives until February 2014. Nanoionic devices were first proposed in 1992: \"The results obtained show that it is possible to form arrays of electrochemical devices with single elements ~10 nm in size in the films\". The basis of design of nanoionic devices is the creation of nanostructures with nanoionic parameter \"λ\" / \"L\" ~ 1, where \"L\" is the size of device structure, and \"λ\" is the characteristic size of specific region where the property of fast ionic transport is realized. “Possibilities to influence on these specific regions < λ > in a controllable manner may appear in short sized devices”. Ion - electronic hybrid devices should be considered as a step on a way to the future nanoelectronics-nanoionics (nanoelionics) that was first proposed in 1996.",
"title": "Nanoionic device"
},
{
"docid": "8773349#4",
"text": "By 1985, Plus Development had engineered their first Hardcard; it had a 10 megabyte (MB) capacity; its suggested retail price was $1,095. In the mid-1980s, hard drives were as small as 1.6 inches tall, but in order to fit into a single ISA PC card expansion slot a custom one-inch thick hard drive had to be designed. Having spent $15 million on the project, Plus Development started shipping Hardcard in October 1985, and trademarked the Hardcard brand in 1988.",
"title": "Hardcard"
},
{
"docid": "13777#5",
"text": "The first production IBM hard disk drive, the 350 disk storage, shipped in 1957 as a component of the IBM 305 RAMAC system. It was approximately the size of two medium-sized refrigerators and stored five million six-bit characters (3.75 megabytes) on a stack of 50 disks.",
"title": "Hard disk drive"
},
{
"docid": "7265745#2",
"text": "The possibility of inertialess travel was first suggested in \"Theoretical and Physical Chemistry,\"\npublished in 1912\nby the Tellurian chemist Samuel Lawrence Bigelow,\nan alumnus of Harvard.\nThe first faster-than-light drive, which achieved only partial neutralization of inertia, was developed on the planet Nevia. Soon thereafter, two Tellurian scientists, Lyman Cleveland and Frederick Rodebush developed the one-hundred-percent inertialess Rodebush-Cleveland drive, which traveled (and decelerated) much faster. (In contrast to accounts in later versions, there were no critical flaws with this drive, and no contribution by any scientist named Bergenholm or by Arisians.)Galactic Civilization developed for a long period using only the semi-inert drive, which was presumably similar to Nevian partially inertialess drive discussed above. The exact duration is not known, but even as late as the Third Galactic Survey it still “took years to cross the galaxy.” Because the key piece of inertialess technology is known as the Bergenholm,\nit seems likely that an engineer by that name was responsible for a key advance, but little is known for certain. Dr. Bergenholm is referred to as the “late Dr. Bergenholm himself” in the original, which suggests that he was a more recent figure than in the ret-con version, below.In the revised book versions of \"Triplanetary\" and the core \"Lensman\" novels, the partially inertialess drive was given by Arisia to Nevia, and the fully inertialess drive was initially developed by scientists Rodebush and Cleveland, but the early drive was considered to be a \"man-killer.\"\nProgress was made when the Triplanetary scientist Nels Bergenholm, activated by the Arisian Drounli, came up with a \"hunch\" which solved the phasing problems of the original Rodebush-Cleveland drive. This made the drive safe and commercially practical, and in recognition of his achievement, the drive was thereafter called a Bergenholm.",
"title": "Inertialess drive"
},
{
"docid": "7064918#0",
"text": "In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application for what it termed a \"Random Access File\" having high capacity and rapid random access at a relatively low cost. After considering technologies such as wire matrices, rod arrays, drums, drum arrays, etc., the engineers at IBM's San Jose California laboratory invented the hard disk drive. The disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, then termed Random Access Storage but today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically drums) but faster and more expensive than tape drives.",
"title": "History of hard disk drives"
},
{
"docid": "7064918#8",
"text": "The RAMAC disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically core or drum) but faster and more expensive than tape drives. Subsequently there was a period of about 20 years in which other technologies competed with disks in the secondary storage marketplace, for example tape strips, e.g., NCR CRAM, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM 3850, and drums, e.g., Burroughs B430, UNIVAC FASTRAND, but all ultimately were displaced by HDDs. Today SSDs compete with HDDs in the marketplace.",
"title": "History of hard disk drives"
}
] |
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] |
3429
|
Who was the main character in How I Met Your Mother?
|
[
{
"docid": "2711314#0",
"text": "How I Met Your Mother (often abbreviated to HIMYM) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19, 2005, to March 31, 2014. The series follows the main character, Ted Mosby, and his group of friends in New York City's Manhattan. As a framing device, Ted, in the year 2030, recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother.",
"title": "How I Met Your Mother"
},
{
"docid": "41221308#0",
"text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\" (often abbreviated to \"HIMYM\") is an American sitcom that premiered on CBS on September 19, 2005. The 2013–14 season is the show's ninth and final season. The series follows the main character, Ted Mosby, and his group of friends in Manhattan. As a framing device, Ted, in the year 2030, recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meeting their mother.",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by How I Met Your Mother"
},
{
"docid": "9181653#1",
"text": "The main characters are: Ted Mosby, a romantic searching for \"The One\"; Barney Stinson, a womanizer; Robin Scherbatsky, a journalist who moved to New York in 2005; and Marshall Eriksen and Lily Aldrin, a long-term couple. Although the show is based around The Mother, her first appearance is not until the season eight finale.",
"title": "List of How I Met Your Mother characters"
},
{
"docid": "9181653#0",
"text": "The American sitcom \"How I Met Your Mother\" premiered on CBS on September 19, 2005. Created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays, the show is presented from the perspective of Ted Mosby in 2030 (\"Future Ted\") as he tells his children how he met the titular mother. The show lasted for nine seasons and 208 episodes; the finale first aired on March 31, 2014.",
"title": "List of How I Met Your Mother characters"
},
{
"docid": "29342321#0",
"text": "Theodore Evelyn Mosby is a fictional character and the main protagonist in the U.S. television sitcom \"How I Met Your Mother\", portrayed by Josh Radnor. Ted also serves as the show's narrator from the future, voiced by Bob Saget, as he tells his children the \"long version\" of how he met their mother.",
"title": "Ted Mosby"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "40262098#0",
"text": "Tracy McConnell (colloquial: \"The Mother\") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom \"How I Met Your Mother\". The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from \"Lucky Penny\" to \"The Time Travelers\", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in \"Something New\" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti.",
"title": "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)"
},
{
"docid": "40262098#3",
"text": "During its first eight seasons, \"How I Met Your Mother\" often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother. Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted to cast a lesser known actress in the role to avoid audiences associating the Mother with the actresses' previous roles, similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had \"kept the show alive\" when it began. Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call. They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on \"30 Rock\" and \"Once\"; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member. Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of season 8 having never watched \"How I Met Your Mother\" before. She only learned of the character's importance after binge watching the show during the summer.",
"title": "The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)"
},
{
"docid": "33169729#4",
"text": "\"How I Wet Your Mother\" is written by Billy Kimball and Ian Maxtone-Graham and was directed by Lance Kramer. The title of the episode is a reference to the TV show, \"How I Met Your Mother\". The plot spoofs the film \"Inception\", with various scenes parodying certain moments from the film. The episode is also the fourth to feature the character of Mona Simpson, who had previously died in \"Mona Leaves-a\". The name of character B.F. Sherwood is a parody of American psychologist B.F. Skinner.",
"title": "How I Wet Your Mother"
},
{
"docid": "9181653#27",
"text": "Played by Joe Nieves, Carl is the bartender at MacLaren's, which is frequented by the main characters. It's assumed that Carl's last name is MacLaren and that he owns the bar. Carl eventually has a son who helps him at MacLaren's.",
"title": "List of How I Met Your Mother characters"
},
{
"docid": "41247740#13",
"text": "Kaitlin Thomas from TV.com has also given the episode a positive review, saying, \"'How Your Mother Met Me' was a great 200th episode for How I Met Your Mother. It was something different, but it was also a long time coming. It fleshed out a character we've been hearing about for nearly nine years but still didn't really know, and it was one of those patented emotional episodes the series does so well that sometimes I wonder why it even bothers with pure comedy. How I Met Your Mother could easily be a successful 30-minute dramedy if it wanted to be, and I maintain that it's at its best when it's doing these kinds of emotional stories. I didn't expect the Mother to have loved and lost at such a young age, but it worked for the show and for her character, and it added a nice bit of depth to the woman Ted will soon love, and that we already do.\"",
"title": "How Your Mother Met Me"
}
] |
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] |
3431
|
When did the Marlboro Man first appear in Marlboro ad campaigns?
|
[
{
"docid": "1017033#10",
"text": "The use of the Marlboro Man campaign had very significant and immediate effects on sales. In 1955, when the Marlboro Man campaign was started, sales were at $5 billion. By 1957, sales were at $20 billion, representing a 300% increase within two years. Philip Morris easily overcame growing health concerns through the Marlboro Man campaign, highlighting the success as well as the tobacco industry’s strong ability to use mass marketing to influence the public.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#0",
"text": "The Marlboro Man is a figure used in tobacco advertising campaigns for Marlboro cigarettes. In the United States, where the campaign originated, it was used from 1954 to 1999. The Marlboro Man was first conceived by Leo Burnett in 1954. The images initially featured rugged men portrayed in a variety of roles but later primarily featured a rugged cowboy or cowboys, in picturesque wild terrain. The advertisements were originally conceived as a way to popularize filtered cigarettes, which at the time were considered feminine.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2326300#1",
"text": "McLaren worked as a stuntman and rodeo rider before being hired to appear in ads for Marlboro. McLaren competed in bronc riding and bull riding events. In 1976, he did promotional work for the famous Marlboro cigarette advertising campaign as the \"Marlboro Man\".",
"title": "Wayne McLaren"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#13",
"text": "Wayne McLaren testified in favor of anti-smoking legislation at the age of 51. During the time of McLaren's anti-smoking activism, Philip Morris denied that McLaren ever appeared in a Marlboro ad, a position it later amended to maintain that while he did appear in ads, he was not the Marlboro Man; Winfield held that title. In response, McLaren produced an affidavit from a talent agency that had represented him, along with a pay check stub, asserting he had been paid for work on a 'Marlboro print' job. McLaren died before his 52nd birthday in 1992.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "36639760#0",
"text": "William Leo Thourlby (January 22, 1924 – April 15, 2013) was an American actor, model and writer. He was known for his rugged, cowboy look, when he appeared as the face of the Marlboro Man campaign in the 1950s. This ad campaign was one of the 20th century's most famous, redefining the Marlboro brand image from a cigarette for women to one for men.",
"title": "William Thourlby"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#1",
"text": "The Marlboro advertising campaign, created by Leo Burnett Worldwide, is said to be one of the most brilliant advertisement campaigns of all time. It transformed a feminine campaign, with the slogan \"Mild as May\", into one that was masculine, in a matter of months. The first models were a Navy Lieutenant and Andy Armstrong, the ad agency’s art supervisor. Other early models were sales promotion director of Philip Morris, Robert Larking, and others from the Leo Burnett ad agency, Lee Stanley and Owen Smith. A number of models who have portrayed the Marlboro Man have died of smoking-related diseases.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#15",
"text": "Eric Lawson, who appeared in Marlboro print ads from 1978 to 1981, died at the age of 72 on January 10, 2014, of respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. A smoker since age 14, Lawson later appeared in an anti-smoking commercial that parodied the Marlboro Man, and also in an \"Entertainment Tonight\" segment to discuss the negative effects of smoking.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#7",
"text": "When the new Marlboro Country theme opened in late 1963, the actors utilized as Marlboro Man were replaced, for the most part, with real working cowboys. In the same year the campaign began to use Elmer Bernstein's 1960 theme music from \"The Magnificent Seven\". \"In 1963, at the 6 6 6 6 Ranch in Guthrie, Texas, they discovered Carl \"Big-un\" Bradley. He was the first real cowboy they used, and from then on the lead Marlboro men were real cowboys, rodeo riders, stuntmen.\" Another of this new breed of real cowboys was Max Bryan \"Turk\" Robinson, of Hugo, Oklahoma; Turk says that he was recruited for the role while at a rodeo simply standing around behind the chutes, as was the custom for cowboys who had not yet ridden their event. It took only a few years for the results to register. By 1972, the new Marlboro Man would have so much market appeal that Marlboro cigarettes were catapulted to the top of the tobacco industry.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#5",
"text": "The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc. The cowboy was to have been the first in this series. Burnett's inspiration for the exceedingly masculine \"Marlboro Man\" icon came in 1949 from an issue of \"Life\" magazine, whose photograph (shot by Leonard McCombe) and story of Texas cowboy Clarence Hailey Long caught his attention.\nWithin a year, Marlboro's market share rose from less than one percent to the fourth best-selling brand. This convinced Philip Morris to drop the lineup of manly figures and stick with the cowboy. In the mid fifties, the cowboy image was popularized by actor Paul Birch in 3 page magazine ads and in TV ads.",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
},
{
"docid": "1017033#2",
"text": "Cowboys proved to be popular, which led to the \"Marlboro Cowboy\" and \"Marlboro Country\" campaigns. The slogan \"Come to Marlboro Country\" promised every ordinary man the prospect of transforming himself into, or at least associating himself with, a rugged and macho cowboy merely by lighting up this Philip Morris product. A satirical reference to the advertisement was made in the Rolling Stones's 1965 song Satisfaction: \"\"When I'm watchin' my TV and a man comes on and tells me how white my shirts can be, but he can't be a man 'cause he doesn't smoke the same cigarettes as me\"\".",
"title": "Marlboro Man"
}
] |
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] |
3432
|
Who was the lead male character in American Pie?
|
[
{
"docid": "31825250#1",
"text": "Noah Levenstein, also known as \"Jim's dad\", is the only character to appear in all eight films to date. At the 2000 American Comedy Award, Levy was nominated for Funniest Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture although he didn't win. At the 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Award he was nominated for Favorite Supporting Actor - Comedy which he won. At the 2002 Canadian Comedy Awards he was nominated for Pretty Funny Male Performance for his role in \"American Pie 2\" and won the award.",
"title": "List of American Pie characters"
},
{
"docid": "31825250#0",
"text": "This is a list of characters from the film series \"American Pie\" consisting of \"American Pie\" (1999), \"American Pie 2\" (2001), \"American Wedding\" (2003), \"\" (2005), \"\" (2006), \"\" (2007), \"\" (2009), and \"American Reunion\" (2012). Only one character, Noah Levenstein played by Eugene Levy, has appeared in all eight released films. Biggs, Hannigan, Scott, Nicholas, Thomas, Coolidge, Cho, Isfield, Cheek, and Owen all play their characters in four films each; other characters appear in fewer films.",
"title": "List of American Pie characters"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "899215#1",
"text": "Scott's first commercial success came with the 1999 film \"American Pie\", as Steve Stifler, a role he reprised in three sequels, \"American Pie 2\" (2001), \"American Wedding\" (2003), and \"American Reunion\" (2012). For his supporting role in the first film, Scott was paid only $8,000. Scott was granted the lead role in \"American Wedding\", though he only received second billing, and the character propelled him into the public consciousness. Scott's fear of typecasting led him to play different types of characters post-\"American Pie\", such as a hapless nerd in the horror film \"Final Destination\" and a friendly stoner in \"Dude, Where's My Car?\". He also appeared in the film \"Bulletproof Monk\".",
"title": "Seann William Scott"
},
{
"docid": "14607334#14",
"text": "Several films set in the \"American Pie\" continuity were released. The films featured mostly new characters. Aside from the raunchy humor, the common elements among the \"American Pie Presents\" films are the continued presence of Jim's Dad and members of the Stifler clan. Other than Jim's Dad, the only other returning characters are Matt Stifler, who takes center stage for the first spin-off, albeit played by a new actor, and Chuck Sherman, who is the guidance counselor for East Great Falls High School in the first spin-off.",
"title": "American Pie (film series)"
},
{
"docid": "31825250#17",
"text": "Michelle Annabeth Flaherty first appears in \"American Pie\" in which she is a considerably minor character and ended up being a popular character. Jim asks her to the prom as she pretends to be the only person in the school who has not seen the video of Jim prematurely ejaculating. After the prom Jim loses his virginity to Michelle who becomes aggressive and later leaves him to wake up alone, which amused him in the end rather than angering him.",
"title": "List of American Pie characters"
},
{
"docid": "31825250#80",
"text": "Elyse Houston is a fictional character from the \"American Pie\" series of teen comedy films. She appears in Band Camp as a love interest for Matt Stifler. When the school bands compete for points throughout camp, with East Great Falls leading on the last day until a prank by Stifler in which he was originally supposed to sabotage the other band so as to help Elyse, causes the band to lose and Elyse to lose a chance at a scholarship. Once the new term starts Matt attempts to fix his mistakes and persuades the school band to play Elyse's piece to the Conservatory head to impress the board which wins Elyse a scholarship, and Matt her affection.",
"title": "List of American Pie characters"
},
{
"docid": "31825250#78",
"text": "AJ is a high school senior who is Kara's boyfriend, who's sexually frustrated and is ready to have sex with Kara, who's holding out until the \"right time\". He is arrogant, selfish, hostile, and extremely paranoid, thinking Jim is trying to steal Kara from him. He is similar to Steve Stifler in the American Pie series. Throughout the film, he harasses the gang (especially Jim and Stifler), which ultimately leads to a big fight between the teens (AJ and his crew), and the '99 gang (consisting of Jim, Oz, Finch, Stifler, Kevin, John, and Michelle). He serves as the main antagonist out of the three villains.Ron is Heather's new boyfriend. He takes great joy in both embarrassing and patronizing Oz, such as providing the DVD to his appearance on Celebrity Dance-Off in order to not only humiliate him but to make him look bad in front of Heather. When he catches Oz kissing Heather, he dares him to punch him so he can sue him, but Stifler intervenes and punches him because if he sues him and not Oz, he'll get nothing because he isn't worth anything.",
"title": "List of American Pie characters"
},
{
"docid": "31825250#55",
"text": "He reappears in \"American Pie Presents: Band Camp\" when Matt Stifler plays a prank on the school band. Sherman, who is now the school's guidance counselor, decides that a worthwhile punishment would be for Stifler to attend band camp.",
"title": "List of American Pie characters"
},
{
"docid": "31825250#2",
"text": "He first appears in \"American Pie\" where he attempts to offer sexual advice including purchasing and giving his son Jim pornography after finding him masturbating with a tube sock. He later finds Jim masturbating with a pie after being previously told that third base feels like \"warm apple pie\". He later helps Jim cover the incident up and lies to his wife about the missing pie and where it has gone, telling her he ate it all.",
"title": "List of American Pie characters"
},
{
"docid": "31825250#74",
"text": "Grandma Levenstein is a fictional character from the \"American Pie\" series of teen comedy films. She appears in \"American Wedding\" and is introduced to be Jim's grandmother and Noah's mother. In the deleted scenes it is revealed that She does not have much longer to live so the wedding is moved up so She can attend. She voices her disapproval towards Michelle for not being Jewish. Jim, Kevin and Finch recruits John and Justin to keep an eye on her. However, they put Grandma Levenstein in the closet due to her constant complaining in her disapproval against Jim and Michelle's wedding. Stifler walked inside the closet and believed her to be Cadence that he has sex with her. Only when Kevin and Finch open the closet, he is horrified that he had sex with Jim's grandmother, who tells him to focus more. After this, she acts more friendly and kind, especially to Stifler who is still horrified by the whole thing.",
"title": "List of American Pie characters"
},
{
"docid": "31825250#75",
"text": "Past cast members including Jason Biggs, Seann William Scott, Eugene Levy, Alyson Hannigan, Chris Klein, Mena Suvari, Thomas Ian Nicholas, Tara Reid, Natasha Lyonne, Eddie Kaye Thomas, Shannon Elizabeth, Chris Owen, Jennifer Coolidge, and John Cho all appear in the film as their respective characters.",
"title": "List of American Pie characters"
}
] |
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3434
|
How many people in America identify as liberals?
|
[
{
"docid": "5266241#94",
"text": "Liberal historian Eric Alterman notes that barely 20% of Americans are willing to accept \"liberal\" as a political label, but that supermajorities of Americans actually favor \"liberal\" positions time and again. Alterman points out that resistance to the label \"liberal\" is not surprising due to billions of dollars worth of investment poured into the denigration of the term. A 2004 poll conducted by the National Election Study found only 35% of respondents questioned identifying as liberal compared to 55% identifying as conservative; a 2004 Pew poll found 19% of respondents identifying as liberal, and 39% identifying as conservative, with the balance identifying as moderate. A 2006 poll found that 19% identified as liberal, and 36% conservative. In 2005, self-identifying moderates polled by Louis Harris & Associates were found to share essentially the same political beliefs as self-identifying liberals, but rejected the world \"liberal\" because of the vilification heaped on the word itself by conservatives. Alterman acknowledges political scientist Drew Westen's observation that for most Americans, the word \"liberal\" now carries meanings such as \"elite\", \"tax and spend\", and \"out of touch\".",
"title": "Modern liberalism in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "2327581#40",
"text": "A 2014 Gallup poll found that a plurality of Americans believe the media is biased to favor liberal politics. According to the poll, 44% of Americans feel that news media are \"too liberal\" (70% of self-identified conservatives, 35% of self-identified moderates, and 15% of self-identified liberals), while 19% believe them to be \"too conservative\" (12% of self-identified conservatives, 18% of self-identified moderates, and 33% of self-identified liberals), and 34% \"just about right\" (49% of self-identified liberals, 44% of self-identified moderates, and 16% of self-identified conservatives). In 2017, Gallup released the results of a poll with a similar question, with it finding that the majority of Americans view the news media favoring a particular political party, with 64% believing it favored the Democratic Party, compared to 22% who believed it favored the Republican Party.",
"title": "Media bias in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "2298740#32",
"text": "According to a 2014 poll, 38% of American voters identify as \"conservative\" or \"very conservative,\" 34% as \"moderate,\" 24% as \"liberal\" or \"very liberal\". These percentages were fairly constant from 1990-2009, when conservatism spiked in popularity briefly before reverting to the original trend while liberal views on social issues reached a new high. Although the study does show some distinction between the concentration of moderates and conservatives or liberals between the Republican and Democratic parties. Among Democrats, 44% are self-identified liberals, 19% as conservatives, and 36% as moderates. For Republicans 70% self-identified as conservative, 24% as moderate, and 5% as liberal.",
"title": "Conservatism in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "12244290#3",
"text": "The size of ideological groups varies slightly depending on the poll. Gallup/USA Today polling in June 2010 revealed that 42% of those surveyed identify as conservative, 35% as moderate, and 20% as liberal. In another polling in June 2010, 40% of American voters identify themselves as conservatives, 36% as moderates and 22% as liberals, with a strong majority of both liberals and conservatives describing themselves as closer to the center than to the extremes. As of 2013, self-identified conservatives stand at 38%, moderates at 34%, and liberals at 23%.",
"title": "Political ideologies in the United States"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31621759#2",
"text": "\"The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans\", is a book on the phenomenon of growing political polarization in the United States. Levendusky finds that while a small number have become more extreme over time, most contemporary Americans maintain relatively similar views to those in previous generations. What has changed is the way people sort themselves into parties. Previously, many liberals identified as Republicans and many conservatives identified as Democrats. More recently, the parties have become more ideologically pure and encouraged people to think of themselves in that way as well. Thus, voters have been \"sorting\" into Democrats and Republicans and eliminated much of the middle ground that existed in previous generations.",
"title": "Matthew Levendusky"
},
{
"docid": "10621658#14",
"text": "There may be as many as seven million people in the United States who self-identify as Orthodox due to ethnicity or being baptized as children. They may also be married in the church and baptize their children in the church, but they remain unknown to parishes and do not participate in church life. Many recent immigrants who have come to America also self-identify as Orthodox, but never participate in church life. The table below does not include either of these categories, limiting itself to those Orthodox believers who attend parish churches at least often enough to be counted in the official parish statistics. They are listed as \"adherents.\" The \"regular attendees\" are the number of people who attend church on a typical Sunday.",
"title": "Eastern Orthodoxy in North America"
},
{
"docid": "5043544#24",
"text": "According to a Pew Research poll, the Democratic Party has become more socially liberal and secular compared to how it was in 1987. Based on a poll conducted in 2014, Gallup found that 30% of Americans identified as Democrats, 23% as Republicans and 45% as independents. In the same poll, a survey of registered voters stated that 47% identified as Democrats or leaned towards the party—the same poll found that 40% of registered voters identified as Republicans or leaned towards the Republican party.",
"title": "Democratic Party (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "864886#3",
"text": "Many liberal parties are members of the Liberal International and/or one of its regional partners, such as the ALDE Party in Europe, the Liberal Network for Latin America and the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats. Generally, membership in these international organizations is an indication that that party is indeed liberal. However, other international organisations, such as the International Democrat Union and the Centrist Democrat International, and regional organisations, such as the European People's Party, the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists, the European Democratic Party and the Christian Democrat Organization of America, also have liberal or liberal leaning parties as significant proportions of their membership.",
"title": "Liberalism by country"
},
{
"docid": "16650960#12",
"text": "The 2008 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) found a difference between how people identify and what people believe. While only 0.7% of U.S. adults identified as atheist, 2.3% said there is no such thing as a god. Only 0.9% identified as agnostic, but 10.0% said there is either no way to know if a god exists or they weren't sure. Another 12.1% said there is a higher power but no personal god. In total, only 15.0% identified as Nones or No Religion, but 24.4% did not believe in the traditional concept of a personal god. The conductors of the study concluded, \"The historic reluctance of Americans to self-identify in this manner or use these terms seems to have diminished. Nevertheless ... the level of under-reporting of these theological labels is still significant ... many millions do not subscribe fully to the theology of the groups with which they identify.\"",
"title": "Irreligion in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "9161315#14",
"text": "A 2015 Gallup annual average based on January though December 2015 as part of Gallup's monthly Gallup Poll Social Series surveys found a record 45% of Democrats identify as liberals—a rise from 29% in 2000. A 2015 Public Religion Research Institute found 82% of liberal Democrats opposed legally permitting small business owners to discriminate by refusing products and services to gay and lesbian people; including on the basis of their religious beliefs, while 15% supported allowing this and 3% did not know or refused to answer. A March 2015 Pew Research Center poll found 75% of liberal Democrats believed cannabis should be legal while 22% were opposed and 3% did not know. A March 2016 Pew Research Center poll found 84% of liberal Democrats support same-sex marriage while 12% oppose same-sex marriage and 87% believe homosexuality should be accepted by society while 8% believe it should be discouraged. A May 2016 Gallup poll found that more Democrats identified as liberal on social issues (57%) than liberal on economic issues (41%). The 57% of Democrats who currently say they are liberal on social issues is up from 35% in 2001.",
"title": "Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "5266241#12",
"text": "A 2005 Pew Research Center study found that liberals were the most educated ideological demographic and were tied with the conservative sub-group the \"enterprisers\" for the most affluent group. Of those who identified as liberal, 49% were college graduates and 41% had household incomes exceeding $75,000, compared to 27% and 28% as the national average, respectively. Liberalism has become the dominant political ideology in academia, with 44-62% identifying as liberal, depending on the exact wording of the survey. This compares with 40-46% liberal identification in surveys from 1969 to 1984. The social sciences and humanities were most liberal, whereas business and engineering departments were the least liberal, though even in the business departments, liberals outnumbered conservatives by two to one. This feeds the common question whether liberals, on average, are more educated than their political counterparts––conservatives. Two Zogby surveys from 2008 and 2010 indeed affirm that self-identified liberals tend to go to college more than self-identified conservatives. Polls have found that young Americans are considerably more liberal than the general population. As of 2009, 30% of the 18-29 cohort was liberal. In 2011, this had changed to 28%, with moderates picking up the two percent.",
"title": "Modern liberalism in the United States"
}
] |
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] |
3436
|
When did Gabrielle Bonheur "Coco" Chanel take the name "Coco"?
|
[
{
"docid": "11291214#6",
"text": "Having learned to sew during her six years at Aubazine, Chanel found employment as a seamstress. When not sewing, she sang in a cabaret frequented by cavalry officers. Chanel made her stage debut singing at a \"cafe-concert\" (a popular entertainment venue of the era) in a Moulins pavilion, \"La Rotonde\". She was a \"poseuse\", a performer who entertained the crowd between star turns. The money earned was what they managed to accumulate when the plate was passed. It was at this time that Gabrielle acquired the name \"Coco\" when she spent her nights singing in the cabaret, often the song, \"Who Has Seen Coco?\" She often liked to say the nickname was given to her by her father. Others believe \"Coco\" came from \"Ko Ko Ri Ko\", and \"Qui qu'a vu Coco\", or it was an allusion to the French word for kept woman, \"cocotte\". As an entertainer, Chanel radiated a juvenile allure that tantalized the military habitués of the cabaret.",
"title": "Coco Chanel"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "734019#0",
"text": "Chanel S.A. (, ) is a French privately held company owned by Alain Wertheimer and Gérard Wertheimer, grandsons of Pierre Wertheimer, who was an early business partner of the \"couturière\" Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. Chanel S.A. is a high fashion house that specializes only in women's haute couture and ready-to-wear clothes, luxury goods, and fashion accessories. In her youth, Gabrielle Chanel gained the nickname \"Coco\" from her time as a chanteuse. As a fashion designer, Coco Chanel catered to women's taste for elegance in dress, with blouses and suits, trousers and dresses, and jewellery (gemstone and bijouterie) of simple design, that replaced the opulent, over-designed, and constrictive clothes and accessories of 19th-century fashion. The Chanel product brands have been personified by fashion models and actresses, including Inès de La Fressange, Catherine Deneuve, Carole Bouquet, Vanessa Paradis, Nicole Kidman, Anna Mouglalis, Audrey Tautou, Keira Knightley, Kristen Stewart and Marilyn Monroe.",
"title": "Chanel"
},
{
"docid": "11291214#0",
"text": "Gabrielle Bonheur \"Coco\" Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971) was a French fashion designer and business woman. The founder and namesake of the Chanel brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with liberating women from the constraints of the \"corseted silhouette\" and popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style. A prolific fashion creator, Chanel extended her influence beyond couture clothing, realizing her design aesthetic in jewellery, handbags, and fragrance. Her signature scent, Chanel No. 5, has become an iconic product. She is the only fashion designer listed on \"Time\" magazine's . Chanel herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s.",
"title": "Coco Chanel"
},
{
"docid": "11291214#2",
"text": "Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel was born in 1883 to mother, Eugénie Jeanne Devolle—known as Jeanne—a laundrywoman, in the charity hospital run by the Sisters of Providence (a poorhouse) in Saumur, Maine-et-Loire, France. She was Jeanne's second child with Albert Chanel; the first, Julia, was born less than a year earlier. Albert Chanel was an itinerant street vendor who peddled work clothes and undergarments, living a nomadic life, traveling to and from market towns. The family resided in rundown lodgings. In 1884, he married Jeanne Devolle, persuaded to do so by her family who had \"united, effectively, to pay Albert to marry her.\"",
"title": "Coco Chanel"
},
{
"docid": "22814902#1",
"text": "\"Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky\" is based on the 2002 fictional novel \"Coco and Igor\" by Chris Greenhalgh and traces a rumoured affair between Coco Chanel and Igor Stravinsky in Paris in 1920, the year that Chanel No. 5 was created. Greenhalgh also wrote the screenplay for the film. Chanel and its current chief designer Karl Lagerfeld lent their support to the production; they granted access to the company's archives and to Coco Chanel's apartment at 31, rue Cambon, Paris. The film was released very soon after Anne Fontaine's film \"Coco avant Chanel\" starring Audrey Tautou.",
"title": "Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky"
},
{
"docid": "22507490#4",
"text": "Several years after leaving the orphanage where her father abandoned her, a young Gabrielle Chanel finds herself working in a provincial bar. She is both a seamstress for the performers and a singer, earning the nickname 'Coco' from the song she sings nightly with her sister. A liaison with the charismatic Baron Balsan (Belgian actor Benoît Poelvoorde) gives her an entry into French high society, and a chance to develop her gift for designing increasingly popular hats.",
"title": "Coco Before Chanel"
},
{
"docid": "27290198#0",
"text": "Gabrielle Dorziat (1880–1979) was a French stage and film actress. Dorziat was a fashion trend setter in Paris and helped popularize the designs of Coco Chanel. The Théâtre Gabrielle-Dorziat in Épernay, France is named for her.",
"title": "Gabrielle Dorziat"
},
{
"docid": "11291214#4",
"text": "When Gabrielle was 12, her mother died of tuberculosis at the age of 32. Her father sent his two sons to work as farm laborers and sent his three daughters to the convent of Aubazine, which ran an orphanage. Its religious order, the Congregation of the Sacred Heart of Mary, was \"founded to care for the poor and rejected, including running homes for abandoned and orphaned girls\". It was a stark, frugal life, demanding strict discipline. Placement in the orphanage may have been the best thing for Coco's future because it is where she learned to sew. At age eighteen, Chanel, too old to remain at Aubazine, went to live in a boarding house for Catholic girls in the town of Moulins.",
"title": "Coco Chanel"
},
{
"docid": "734019#19",
"text": "Wisely, Pierre Wertheimer settled his business- and commercial-rights quarrel with Chanel, and, in May 1947, they renegotiated the 1924 contract that had established Parfums Chanel — she was paid $400,000 in cash (wartime profits from the sales of perfume No. 5 de Chanel); assigned a 2.0 per cent running royalty from the sales of No. 5 \"parfumerie\"; assigned limited commercial rights to sell \"her\" \"Chanel perfumes\" in Switzerland; and granted a perpetual monthly stipend that paid all of her expenses. In exchange, Gabrielle Chanel closed her Swiss \"parfumerie\" enterprise, and sold to Parfums Chanel the full rights to the name \"Coco Chanel\".",
"title": "Chanel"
},
{
"docid": "11291214#10",
"text": "Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that evolved into a commercial enterprise. She became a licensed milliner in 1910 and opened a boutique at 21 rue Cambon, Paris, named \"Chanel Modes\". As this location already housed an established clothing business, Chanel sold only her millinery creations at this address. Chanel's millinery career bloomed once theatre actress Gabrielle Dorziat wore her hats in Fernand Nozière's play \"Bel Ami\" in 1912. Subsequently, Dorziat modelled Chanel's hats again in photographs published in \"Les Modes\".",
"title": "Coco Chanel"
}
] |
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] |
3438
|
Did Kim Hong-il have kids?
|
[
{
"docid": "154099#48",
"text": "There is no official information available about Kim Jong-il's marital history, but he is believed to have been officially married twice and to have had three mistresses. He had three known sons: Kim Jong-nam, Kim Jong-chul and Kim Jong-un. His two known daughters are Kim Sul-song and Kim Yo-jong.",
"title": "Kim Jong-il"
},
{
"docid": "154099#52",
"text": "His second mistress, Ko Yong-hui, was a Japanese-born ethnic Korean and a dancer. She had taken over the role of First Lady until her deathreportedly of cancerin 2004. They had two sons, Kim Jong-chul (in 1981) and Kim Jong-un, also \"Jong Woon\" or \"Jong Woong\" (in 1983). They also had a daughter, Kim Yo-jong, who was about 23 years old in 2012.",
"title": "Kim Jong-il"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "53214072#0",
"text": "Hong Il-chon (, born 1942) was the first wife of Kim Jong-il. She was the daughter of a soldier who died during the Korean War. In the early 1960s, Kim Il-sung, father of Kim Jong-il, introduced her to his son and handpicked her to marry him in 1966. Her only daughter is named Kim Hye-gyong, born in 1968, and is the first child of Kim Jong-il. They divorced in 1969.",
"title": "Hong Il-chon"
},
{
"docid": "154099#49",
"text": "Kim's first wife, Hong Il-chon, was the daughter of a martyr who died during the Korean War. She was handpicked by his father and married to him in 1966. They have a girl called Kim Hye-kyung, who was born in 1968. Soon, they divorced in 1969.",
"title": "Kim Jong-il"
},
{
"docid": "41477321#12",
"text": "Kim Jong-il had four partners, and at least five children with three of them. He fathered Kim Jong-nam in 1971 with film star Song Hye-rim, and Kim Sul-song in 1974 with his first wife, Kim Young-suk. His second mistress, Ko Yong-hui, was the \"\"de facto\" First Lady of North Korea\". She was born in Japan to a Korean father and Japanese mother. Their three children are Kim Jong-chul (born 1981), Kim Jong-un (born 1983), and Kim Yo-jong (born 1987). He did not have children with his fourth partner, Kim Ok. The two half-brothers Kim Jong-un and Kim Jong-nam never met, because of the ancient practice of raising potential successors separately.\nFrom the early 1980s onward, Kim Jong-il dichotomized the Kim Family between its main, or central, branch (\"won kaji\") and its side, or extraneous, branch (\"kyot kaji\"). The main branch referred to Kim Il-sung’s family with Kim Jong-suk and publicly included Kim Jong-il and Kim Kyong-hui. The side branch referred to Kim Il-sung’s family with Kim Sung-ae and included the three children from their marriage.",
"title": "Kim dynasty (North Korea)"
},
{
"docid": "19718837#33",
"text": "Kim Il-sung married twice. His first wife, Kim Jong-suk (1919–1949), gave birth to two sons before her death in childbirth during the delivery of a stillborn girl. Kim Jong-il was his oldest son. The other son (Kim Man-il, or Shura Kim) of this marriage died in 1947 in a swimming accident. Kim married Kim Sung-ae in 1952, and it is believed he had three children with her: Kim Yŏng-il (not to be confused with the former Premier of North Korea of the same name), Kim Kyŏng-il and Kim Pyong-il. Kim Pyong-il was prominent in Korean politics until he became ambassador to Hungary. Since 2015 Kim Pyong-il has been ambassador to the Czech Republic. Kim was reported to have other children with women he was not married to. They included Kim Hyŏn-nam (born 1972, head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party since 2002).",
"title": "Kim Il-sung"
},
{
"docid": "41477321#8",
"text": "Kim Il-sung married twice and had six children. He met his first wife, Kim Jong-suk, in 1936, and she bore Kim Jong-il, Kim Man-il, and Kim Kyong-hui before dying while bearing a stillborn daughter. Kim Jong-suk was born 24 December 1917 in Hoeryong in (North) Hamgyo’ng Province. Her family and she fled Korea to Yanji, Jilin (Kirin) Province around 1922. In October 1947, Kim Jong-suk presided over the establishment of a school for war orphans in South P’yo’ngan Province, which became the Mangyo’ngdae Revolutionary School. When the school opened in west Pyongyang one year after its foundation, Kim Jong Suk also unveiled the country's first statue to Kim Il-sung. In 1949, Kim Jong-suk was once again pregnant. She continued public activities, but her health diminished. She died on 19 September 1949 due to complications from pregnancy. Kim Il-sung had three children with his second wife, Kim Song-ae: Kim Kyong-il (born 1951), Kim Pyong-il (born 1953), and Kim Yong-il (born 1955). He had two younger brothers, Kim Chol-ju and Kim Yong-ju and a sister.",
"title": "Kim dynasty (North Korea)"
},
{
"docid": "23065715#2",
"text": "Fujimoto states that Kim Jong-il had a taste for \"live fish\" and expensive alcohol such as French wines and brandies, particularly Hennessy cognac, while claiming that both Jong-il and his third son, Kim Jong-un, \"both like shark fin soup three times a week\". According to Fujimoto, he would travel the world for Kim Jong-il, all expenses paid, purchasing Chinese melons, Czech beer, Uzbek caviar, Thai papayas and Danish pork. On one occasion, an envoy was sent to China to retrieve some McDonald's hamburgers. Kim's wine cellar is filled with 10,000 bottles, he said, and the banquets that Kim holds have lasted for four days. Fujimoto also said there is an institute based in Pyongyang staffed by 200 individuals devoted entirely to Kim Jong-il's diet, ensuring he eats the best and most healthy foods.",
"title": "Kenji Fujimoto"
},
{
"docid": "507834#2",
"text": "Kim Jong-nam was born 10 May 1971 in Pyongyang, North Korea, to Song Hye-rim, one of three women known to have had children with Kim Jong-il. Because Kim Jong-il aimed to keep his affair with Song a secret due to the disapproval of his father Kim Il-sung, he initially kept Jong-nam out of school, instead sending him to live with Song's older sister Song Hye-rang, who tutored him at home. North Korea Leadership Watch says he left North Korea to visit his grandmother in Moscow, Soviet Union, and spent his childhood at international schools in both Russia and Switzerland until returning to his home country in 1988.",
"title": "Kim Jong-nam"
},
{
"docid": "154099#50",
"text": "Kim's first mistress, Song Hye-rim, was a star of North Korean films. She was already married to another man and with a child when they met. Kim is reported to have forced her husband to divorce her. This relationship, started in 1970, was not officially recognized. They had one son, Kim Jong-nam (1971–2017), who was Kim Jong-il's eldest son. Kim kept both the relationship and the child a secret (even from his father) until he ascended to power in 1994. However, after years of estrangement, Song is believed to have died in Moscow in the Central Clinical Hospital in 2002.",
"title": "Kim Jong-il"
},
{
"docid": "154099#11",
"text": "The elder Kim had meanwhile remarried and had another son, Kim Pyong-il. Since 1988, Kim Pyong-il has served in a series of North Korean embassies in Europe and was the North Korean ambassador to Poland. Foreign commentators suspect that Kim Pyong-il was sent to these distant posts by his father in order to avoid a power struggle between his two sons.",
"title": "Kim Jong-il"
}
] |
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3439
|
Is Catalan independent?
|
[
{
"docid": "55501071#0",
"text": "The Catalan declaration of independence (; ) was a resolution that was passed by the Parliament of Catalonia on 27 October 2017, which declared the independence of Catalonia from Spain and the founding of an independent Catalan Republic. The Act was immediately suspended by the Parliament. The declaration did not receive recognition from the international community. The declaration and proceeding vote were declared illegal as it was done on a simple majority and not the two-thirds requirement of the Catalan constitution.",
"title": "Catalan declaration of independence"
},
{
"docid": "37117457#3",
"text": "On 11 September 2012, a massive pro-independence demonstration marked the Catalan political agenda and re-opened the debate about the right to hold a referendum on the independence of Catalonia, as well as the debate about the feasibility of an independent Catalan state and its integration into the European Union. On 25 September 2012, President of the Government of Catalonia Artur Mas announced a snap regional election to be held on 25 November and argued, referring to the demonstration, that \"this election will not be held to help a party [referring to CiU] to perpetuate itself in power. It will be held so that the whole of the Catalan population decides democratically and peacefully what will their future be as a nation.\" President Mas signed the decree to officially call the Catalan election on 1 October. Mas' move was criticized as an attempt to try to funnel the popular support for independence seen in the September demonstration into an absolute majority of seats in the election.",
"title": "2012 Catalan regional election"
},
{
"docid": "320046#4",
"text": "As a political term, it refers to a number of political projects as advocated by supporters of Catalan independence. These, based on the linguistic fact, argue for the existence of a common national identity that would surpass the limits of each territory covered by this concept and would apply also to the remaining ones. These movements advocate for \"political collaboration\" amongst these territories. This often stands for their union and political independence. As a consequence of the opposition these political projects have received –notably in some of the territories described by this concept – some cultural institutions avoid the usage of \"Països Catalans\" in some contexts, as a means to prevent any political interpretation; in these cases, equivalent expressions (such as \"Catalan-speaking countries\") or others (such as \"the linguistic domain of Catalan language\") are used instead.",
"title": "Catalan Countries"
},
{
"docid": "39831254#14",
"text": "The Foreign Assemblies of the ANC, in collaboration with the Catalan Communities Abroad and Catalans al Món, organized more than 116 Catalan Ways carried out mainly between 1 August and 11 September 2013 in major cities around the world \"to support the democratic independence process of Catalonia\". More than 8,000 Catalans and supporters of Catalonia's independence participated in the International Catalan Way.Initially, 12-O Moviment Cívic called for a demonstration in the Sagrada Família square to circle around this monument, show their support for the \"unity of Spain\" and \"break the pro-independence chain\". However, the Ministry of the Interior of the Government of Catalonia ruled that this demonstration could not be at the same time of the human chain, both in time and in place, for security reasons. This, together with the limited support of the anti-independence political parties, led the organizers to call off the event and invited unionist Catholics to go to the Temple to pray and postponed an answer to the Catalan Way on 12 October, the \"Fiesta Nacional de España\".",
"title": "Catalan Way"
},
{
"docid": "1067492#38",
"text": "Opponents of Catalan independence have accused the movement of racism or elitism, and argue that the majority of the Catalan public does not support independence. In an op-ed for the Guardian Aurora Nacarino-Brabo and Jorge San Miguel Lobeto, two political scientists affiliated with the anti-independence Ciutadans party, disputed the claim that Catalonia has been oppressed or excluded from Spanish politics. They argued that the independence movement is \"neither inclusive nor progressive\", and criticized nationalists for excluding the Spanish speaking population of Catalonia, and resorting to what they argue are appeals to ethnicity. These criticisms of ethnic-based appeals and exclusion of Spanish speakers have been echoed by other politicians and public figures opposed to independence, such former Spanish Prime Minister Felipe González, and the leader of Ciutadans in Catalonia Inés Arrimadas.",
"title": "Catalan independence movement"
},
{
"docid": "55501071#12",
"text": "On 27 October 2017, a resolution based on the \"Declaration of the representatives of Catalonia\" declaring the independence of Catalonia was voted in the Parliament and was approved with 70 votes in favor, 10 against, and 2 blank votes. Fifty-three MPs from the opposition refused to be present during the voting after the legal services of the Catalan Parliament advised that the voting could not take place, as the law on which it was based had been suspended by the Spanish Constitutional Court. The two pro-independence parties, JxSí and CUP, had 72 seats, and the vote in favour of independence obtained 70.",
"title": "Catalan declaration of independence"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "51905441#2",
"text": "The referendum question, which voters answered with \"Yes\" or \"No\", was \"Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?\". The \"Yes\" side won, with 2,044,038 (92.01%) voting for independence and 177,547 (7.99%) voting against, on a turnout of 43.03%. The Catalan government estimated that up to 770,000 votes were not cast due to polling stations being closed off during the police crackdown, although the \"universal census\" system introduced earlier in the day allowed electors to vote at any given polling station. Catalan government officials have argued that the turnout would have been higher were it not for Spanish and Catalan police suppression of the vote. On the other hand, many voters who did not support Catalan independence did not turn out, as the constitutional political parties asked citizens not to participate in what they considered an illegal referendum.",
"title": "2017 Catalan independence referendum"
},
{
"docid": "28095489#0",
"text": "Catalan Solidarity for Independence (Catalan: \"Solidaritat Catalana per la Independència\", \"SI\"; ) is an electoral coalition in Catalonia, founded in the summer of 2010 as an outcome of the grassroots social movement that initiated and organized the Catalan independence referendums of 2009 and 2010. It was organized as a common political platform for Catalan independentism, dissatisfied with what they considered a pragmatist and conformist policy of other Catalan parties (including the independentist Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya) towards the issue of independence.",
"title": "Catalan Solidarity for Independence"
},
{
"docid": "1067492#2",
"text": "The modern independence movement began in 2010 when the Constitutional Court of Spain ruled that some of the articles of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy—which had been agreed with the Spanish government and passed by a referendum in Catalonia—were unconstitutional, and others were to be interpreted restrictively. Popular protest against the decision quickly turned into demands for independence. Starting with the town of Arenys de Munt, over 550 municipalities in Catalonia held symbolic referendums on independence between 2009 and 2011. All of the towns returned a high \"yes\" vote, with a turnout of around 30% of those eligible to vote. A 2010 protest demonstration against the court's decision, organised by the cultural organisation Òmnium Cultural, was attended by over a million people. The popular movement fed upwards to the politicians; a second mass protest on 11 September 2012 (the National Day of Catalonia) explicitly called on the Catalan government to begin the process towards independence. Catalan president Artur Mas called a snap general election, which resulted in a pro-independence majority for the first time in the region's history. The new parliament adopted the Catalan Sovereignty Declaration in early 2013, asserting that the Catalan people had the right to decide their own political future.",
"title": "Catalan independence movement"
},
{
"docid": "36963633#11",
"text": "Changes in support for independence in Catalonia through time can be seen by comparing the results of a survey conducted by Spain's Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas in 1996, which asked: \"Personally, would you support or reject Catalonia becoming independent?\" with more recent surveys carried out in 2011 and 2012, revealing the level of support in a referendum on the independence of Catalonia.During the morning, like every year, wreaths were laid on the monument to Rafael Casanova in Barcelona's Ronda Sant Pere. An official ceremony was then held in Parc de la Ciutadella where, according to government spokesman Francesc Homs, \"our national sentiment\" and especially \"the Catalan language, after the recent attacks\" would be celebrated. The event was led by playwright John Ollé and emceed by the previous director of the Catalan public TV, journalist Mònica Terribas. The official ceremony began with a parade by the Catalan police, the Mossos d'Esquadra. Then, the town Capmany—symbolising the \"fight against fire\" after its comarca of Alt Empordà suffered a serious wildfire this summer—delivered the Catalan flag to President Artur Mas.",
"title": "2012 Catalan independence demonstration"
},
{
"docid": "1067492#21",
"text": "The referendum took place on 1 October 2017, despite being suspended by the Constitutional Court, and despite the action of Spanish police to prevent voting in some centres. According to the Catalan authorities, 90% of voters supported independence, but turnout was only 43%, and there were reports of irregularities. On 10 October 2017, in the aftermath of the referendum, the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Carles Puigdemont, declared the independence of Catalonia but left it suspended. Puigdemont said during his appearance in the Catalan parliament that he assumes, in presenting the results of the referendum, \"the people's mandate for Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic\", but proposed that in the following weeks the parliament \"suspends the effect of the declaration of independence to engage in a dialogue to reach an agreed solution\" with the Spanish Government.",
"title": "Catalan independence movement"
}
] |
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] |
3440
|
How long did King of the Hill air?
|
[
{
"docid": "40183032#0",
"text": "The thirteenth and final season of \"King of the Hill\" originally aired Sunday nights on the Fox Broadcasting Company from September 28, 2008 to September 13, 2009. Four episodes from this season originally premiered in syndication from May 3 to May 6, 2010. Actress Brittany Murphy, who voiced Luanne Platter, died of pneumonia on December 20, 2009, five months before the final four episodes aired.",
"title": "King of the Hill (season 13)"
},
{
"docid": "2134949#0",
"text": "\"King of the Hill\" is an American animated television series created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels. The series focuses on the Hills, a middle-class American family in the fictional city of Arlen, Texas. It originally aired on Fox from January 12, 1997 to September 13, 2009; with four episodes from the final season premiering in syndication from May 3 to May 6, 2010. A total of 259 episodes aired over the course of 13 seasons.",
"title": "List of King of the Hill episodes"
},
{
"docid": "3402926#35",
"text": "\"King of the Hill\" received critical acclaim over its 13-year run. Early reviews of the show were positive. Diane Holloway at the \"Chicago Tribune\" considered it the \"most Texan television series since \"Dallas\",\" and praised the show's \"sly sense of humor and subversive sensibility.\" At the \"Los Angeles Times\", writer Howard Rosenberg suggested that the show \"totes a few smiles, but [there's] little to bowl you over, and it takes a spell getting used to.\"",
"title": "King of the Hill"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "40183032#2",
"text": "Because FOX wanted to make room for new shows on their \"Animation Domination\" line-up, the final six DABE episodes were cut down to two (\"The Boy Can't Help It\" and \"To Sirloin with Love\"). Both episodes aired as a special one-hour series finale on September 13, 2009. The other four unaired episodes (\"The Honeymooners,\" \"Bill Gathers Moss,\" \"When Joseph Met Lori, and Made Out with Her in the Janitor's Closet,\" and \"Just Another Manic Kahn-Day\") did not air on FOX, but did appear in syndicated reruns and on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim line-up, as well as appearing on streaming platforms Netflix and Amazon Prime. \"To Sirloin with Love\" is still considered by most to be the final episode of the series, despite not being the last episode to air, as it was the last episode produced and written for the series.",
"title": "King of the Hill (season 13)"
},
{
"docid": "2047802#0",
"text": "\"King of the Hill\" is the twenty-third episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series \"The Simpsons\". It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 3, 1998. It was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Steven Dean Moore, and guest stars Brendan Fraser and Steven Weber. The episode sees Homer trying to climb a large mountain to impress Bart after he humiliates him at a church picnic with his lack of fitness.",
"title": "King of the Hill (The Simpsons)"
},
{
"docid": "40179924#0",
"text": "The fourth season of \"King of the Hill\" originally aired Sundays at 7:30–8:00 p.m. (EST) on the Fox Broadcasting Company from September 26, 1999 to May 21, 2000. The Region 1 DVD was released on May 3, 2005. The Region 2 and 4 DVDs were respectively released on January 15 and June 20, 2007.",
"title": "King of the Hill (season 4)"
},
{
"docid": "153000#13",
"text": "The first episode of \"King of the Hill\" with Mangione originally aired on February 16, 1997. The episode featured an original score specifically recorded for the occasion. He continued to appear in episodes, a total of ten more up until 2003. In the context of the series, Mangione chafes under an oppressive spokesperson contract with Mega Lo Mart (his contract had him appearing at every Mega-Lo store opening, some 400 per year, leaving him no time to tour, record or be with his family). He eventually goes into hiding inside their store in Arlen, Texas, the fictional town in which \"King of the Hill\" is set. Mangione is discovered by Dale Gribble, who keeps his secret, in the episode \"Mega-Lo Dale.\" After a long hiatus, the character of Chuck Mangione returned in May 2007 in an episode titled \"Lucky's Wedding Suit\". A recurring joke is that whatever tune he plays on his flugelhorn inevitably shifts into \"Feels So Good\" after a few bars. The series finale in 2009 included Chuck Mangione one last time, playing the National Anthem which of course segued into \"Feels So Good\". After the Mega Lo Mart blows up, Mangione states during a group therapy session that \"Every song I play now sounds like 'Feels So Good'.\" In homage to the series, Mangione's album \"Everything For Love\" contains a track titled Peggy Hill.",
"title": "Chuck Mangione"
},
{
"docid": "3402926#20",
"text": "On April 30, 2009, it was announced that Fox ordered at least two more episodes to give the show a proper finale. The show's 14th season was supposed to air sometime in the 2009–2010 season, but Fox later announced that it would not air the episodes, opting instead for syndication. On August 10, 2009, however, Fox released a statement that the network would air a one-hour series finale (which consisted of a regular 30-minute episode followed by a 30-minute finale) on September 13, 2009.",
"title": "King of the Hill"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "385000#56",
"text": "The animated television series \"King of the Hill\" (1997-2010) featured Jeff Boomhauer, whose profession was a long-running secret (much like the location of Springfield, of the Simpsons' residence in \"The Simpsons\"). In episode 20 of the final season of \"King of the Hill\" that aired September 13, 2009, it was revealed that Boomhauer was a Texas Ranger in a shot of his wallet revealing his badge and information.",
"title": "Texas Ranger Division"
}
] |
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3441
|
Where was Claire Labine born?
|
[
{
"docid": "1352511#1",
"text": "Labine was born in Jacksonville, Florida on June 28, 1934. She attended the University of Kentucky where her major was journalism, but later she switched to playwriting major at Columbia University's School of Dramatic Arts (now Columbia University School of the Arts).",
"title": "Claire Labine"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "2653407#1",
"text": "Labine was born in Lincoln, Rhode Island, grew up in nearby Woonsocket, and served as a paratrooper in World War II. After compiling a 5–1 record for Brooklyn as a rookie in 1951, he shut out the New York Giants in Game 2 of the National League pennant playoff, 10–0. Labine went on to enjoy several stellar seasons for the Dodgers as a relief pitcher. In 1955, the year the Dodgers finally brought a world championship to Brooklyn, he led the NL with 60 games pitched and 10 relief victories and earned a career-best 13 wins overall. Although the save was not yet an official statistic, he has been retroactively credited with leading the NL twice (1956–57) in that category, with 19 and 17 respectively, and was an All-Star both years.",
"title": "Clem Labine"
},
{
"docid": "2653407#7",
"text": "Following his retirement from baseball, Labine settled again in the Woonsocket area, where he became a designer of men's athletic wear, serving as general manager for the sporting goods division of the Jacob Finklestein's & Sons manufacturing company. His son, Jay, joined the Marine Corps and lost a leg while serving in Vietnam after stepping on a mine. Labine died at age 80 in Vero Beach, Florida, one week after undergoing exploratory brain surgery following a bout with pneumonia; he had been serving as an instructor at the Dodgers' adult fantasy camp at their Dodgertown headquarters. Vin Scully, the longtime Dodger announcer, said upon learning of Labine's death that he had a heart of a lion and the smarts of a wily fox, and was very likable.",
"title": "Clem Labine"
},
{
"docid": "49147520#2",
"text": "Born in 1965, in Montreal, Quebec, Claire Desjardins is the daughter of artists Jane and Pierre Desjardins. She is the younger of two children. Her parents bought land in Vermont, while pregnant with Claire, and much of Claire's early years were spent in the home that her parents built themselves, especially during the mid 1960s until the early 1980s. The family sold the property in 2011. The daughter of an Olympic sailor, Claire and her family spent a great deal of time sailing, which meant traveling abroad, mostly to Europe, frequently spending summers on her father's sailboat, exploring the northern side of the Mediterranean Sea. She spent time in France and England (where her mother's family lived). In order to occupy her time, her mother, an art teacher, would frequently give Claire and her brother crayons and paper, and encourage them to create drawings, so that art became an integral part of Claire's life at an early age.",
"title": "Claire Desjardins"
},
{
"docid": "53417469#0",
"text": "Marie Claire Lim Moore is a Filipina-Canadian-American mother, speaker, and author. She is the daughter of international artist Lenore R.S. Lim. Claire has penned two Amazon best sellers entitled \"Don't Forget the Soap\" and \"Don't Forget the Parsley.\" Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, she moved with her family to New York City and attended the United Nations International School, where her mother was an elementary school teacher. After high school, Claire completed her undergraduate education at Yale University and received an Executive MBA from Fordham University. Claire began her career at American Express before joining Citi. She is currently the Development Director at The Women's Foundation.",
"title": "Marie Claire Lim Moore"
},
{
"docid": "8295703#0",
"text": "Matthew Labine (May 5, 1959 – September 1, 2017) was an American soap opera writer, the son of Claire Labine and the brother of Eleanor Labine Mancusi.",
"title": "Matthew Labine"
},
{
"docid": "333813#1",
"text": "Claire Forlani was born on 17 December 1971 in Twickenham, London, the daughter of Barbara (née Dickinson), who is English, and Pier Luigi Forlani, a music manager from Ferrara, Italy. At age 11, Forlani entered the Arts Educational School in London, where she began to study acting. During her six years at the school, she also studied dance, which led to performances on stage in \"The Nutcracker\" and \"Orpheus in the Underworld\".",
"title": "Claire Forlani"
},
{
"docid": "646205#2",
"text": "Labine was born in Brampton, Ontario, Canada, but grew up in Maple Ridge, British Columbia. He is the brother of actors Kyle Labine and Cameron Labine. He played the role of Dave Groves in \"Invasion\", and Bert \"Sock\" Wysocki in \"Reaper\", and Dale in the comedy-horror film \"Tucker & Dale vs Evil\". He played the lead character in the 2010 Fox comedy series \"Sons of Tucson\", but the show was cancelled after 4 episodes (the remaining 9 episodes that were shot aired that summer).",
"title": "Tyler Labine"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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] |
3443
|
What are the main branches of economics?
|
[
{
"docid": "37010#55",
"text": "Philosophy of economics is the branch of philosophy which studies philosophical issues relating to economics. It can also be defined as the branch of economics which studies its own foundations and morality. It can be categorized into three central topics. The first concerns the definition and scope of economics and by what methods it should be studied and whether these methods rise to the level of epistemic reliability associated with the other special sciences. For example, is it possible to research economics in such a way that it is value-free, establishing facts that are independent of the normative views of the researcher? The second topic is the meaning and implications of rationality. For example, can buying lottery tickets (increasing the riskiness of your income) at the same time as buying insurance (decreasing the riskiness of your income) be rational? The third topic is the normative evaluation of economic policies and outcomes. What criteria should be used to determine whether a given public policy is beneficial for society?",
"title": "Philosophy of science"
},
{
"docid": "682482#87",
"text": "Economics is a social science which studies the production, distribution, trade, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on measurable variables, and is broadly divided into two main branches: microeconomics, which deals with individual agents, such as households and businesses, and macroeconomics, which considers the economy as a whole, in which case it considers aggregate supply and demand for money, capital and commodities. Aspects receiving particular attention in economics are resource allocation, production, distribution, trade, and competition. Economic logic is increasingly applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity or determining economic value.",
"title": "Human"
},
{
"docid": "63262#0",
"text": "Financial economics is the branch of economics characterized by a \"concentration on monetary activities\", in which \"money of one type or another is likely to appear on \"both sides\" of a trade\". Its concern is thus the interrelation of financial variables, such as prices, interest rates and shares, as opposed to those concerning the real economy. It has two main areas of focus: asset pricing and corporate finance; the first being the perspective of providers of capital, i.e. investors, and the second of users of capital.",
"title": "Financial economics"
},
{
"docid": "7915278#0",
"text": "Consumer economics is a branch of economics. It is a broad field, principally concerned with microeconomic analysis behavior in units of consumers, families, or individuals (in contrast to traditional economics, which primarily government or business units). It sometimes also encompasses family financial planning and policy analysis. The term largely describes what was more commonly called \"home economics\" in the past.",
"title": "Consumer economics"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "11162#19",
"text": "The cash budget is basically a detailed plan that shows all expected sources and uses of cash when it comes to spending it appropriately. The cash budget has the following six main sections:Financial economics is the branch of economics studying the interrelation of financial variables, such as prices, interest rates and shares, as opposed to goods and services. Financial economics concentrates on influences of real economic variables on financial ones, in contrast to pure finance. It centres on managing risk in the context of the financial markets, and the resultant economic and financial models. It essentially explores how rational investors would apply risk and return to the problem of an investment policy. Here, the twin assumptions of rationality and market efficiency lead to modern portfolio theory (the CAPM), and to the Black–Scholes theory for option valuation; it further studies phenomena and models where these assumptions do not hold, or are extended. \"Financial economics\", at least formally, also considers investment under \"certainty\" (Fisher separation theorem, \"theory of investment value\", Modigliani–Miller theorem) and hence also contributes to corporate finance theory. Financial econometrics is the branch of financial economics that uses econometric techniques to parameterize the relationships suggested.",
"title": "Finance"
},
{
"docid": "39956266#0",
"text": "Botany is a natural science concerned with the study of plants. The main branches of botany (also referred to as \"plant science\") are commonly divided into three groups: core topics, concerned with the study of the fundamental natural phenomena and processes of plant life, the classification and description of plant diversity; applied topics which study the ways in which plants may be used for economic benefit in horticulture, agriculture and forestry; and organismic topics which focus on plant groups such as algae, mosses or flowering plants.",
"title": "Branches of botany"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "12650#46",
"text": "The Gary Public Library System consists of the main library at 220 West 5th Avenue and several branches: Brunswick Branch, W. E. B. DuBois Branch, J. F. Kennedy Branch, Tolleston Branch, and Woodson Branch. In March 2011, the Gary Library Board voted to close the main library on 5th Avenue and the Tolleston branch in what officials said was their best economic option. The main library closed at the end of 2011. The building now houses a museum.",
"title": "Gary, Indiana"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
}
] |
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3446
|
How contagious is Mumps?
|
[
{
"docid": "3344863#58",
"text": "Mumps is a contagious disease caused by the virus by the same name. Since most people in the United States have been vaccinated, mumps is now a rare disease in this country. Currently there are no specific treatments for mumps.\nMumps is spread person to person by droplets of saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose or throat of an infected person. This is done through coughing, sneezing, talking, and coming into contact with contaminate items. Transmission likely occurs before the salivary glands swell an up to 5 days after the swelling begins.",
"title": "Childhood immunizations in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "59171#2",
"text": "Mumps is spread from person to person through contact with respiratory secretions, such as saliva from an infected person. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, the droplets aerosolize and can enter the eyes, nose, or mouth of another person. Mumps can also be spread by sharing eating utensils or cups. The virus can also survive on surfaces and then be spread after contact in a similar manner. A person infected with mumps is contagious from approximately seven days before the onset of symptoms until about eight days after symptoms start. The incubation period (time until symptoms begin) can be from 12–25 days, but is typically 16–18 days. 20-40 percent of persons infected with the mumps virus do not show symptoms, so it is possible to be infected and spread the virus without knowing it.",
"title": "Mumps"
},
{
"docid": "59171#12",
"text": "Mumps is considered most contagious in the five days after the onset of symptoms, and isolation is recommended during this period. In someone who has been admitted to the hospital, standard and droplet precautions are needed. People who work in healthcare cannot work for five days.",
"title": "Mumps"
},
{
"docid": "331749#13",
"text": "Mumps is seen to be a common cause of parotid gland swelling - 85% of cases occur in children younger than 15 years. The disease is highly contagious and spreads by airborne droplets from salivary, nasal, and urinary secretions. Symptoms include oedema in the area, trismus as well as otalgia. The lesion tends to begin on one side of the face and eventually becomes bilateral. The transmission of the paramyxovirus is by contact with the infected persons saliva. Initial symptoms tend to be a headache and fever. Mumps is not fatal, however further complications can include swelling of the ovaries or the testes. Diagnosis of mumps is confirmed through viral serology, management of the condition includes hydration and good oral hygiene of the patient requiring excellent motivation. However, since the development of the mumps vaccine, given at the age of between 4–6 years, the incidence of this viral infection has greatly reduced. This vaccine has reduced the incidence by 99%.",
"title": "Parotid gland"
},
{
"docid": "59171#0",
"text": "Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus. Initial signs and symptoms often include fever, muscle pain, headache, poor appetite, and feeling tired. This is then usually followed by painful swelling of one or both parotid salivary glands. Symptoms typically occur 16 to 18 days after exposure and resolve after seven to ten days. Symptoms in adults are often more severe than in children. About a third of people have mild or no symptoms. Complications may include meningitis (15 percent), pancreatitis (four percent), inflammation of the heart, permanent deafness, and testicular inflammation which uncommonly results in infertility. Women may develop ovarian swelling but this does not increase the risk of infertility.\nMumps is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among people living in close quarters. The virus is transmitted by respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person. Only humans get and spread the disease. People are infectious to each other from about seven days before the start of symptoms to about eight days after. Once an infection has run its course, a person is typically immune for life. Reinfection is possible but the ensuing infection tends to be mild. Diagnosis is usually suspected due to parotid swelling and can be confirmed by isolating the virus on a swab of the parotid duct. Testing for IgM antibodies in the blood is simple and may be useful; however, it can be falsely negative in those who have been immunized.\nMumps is preventable by two doses of the mumps vaccine. Most of the developed world includes it in their immunization programs, often in combination with measles, rubella, and varicella vaccine. Countries that have low immunization rates may see an increase in cases among older age groups and thus worse outcomes. There is no specific treatment. Efforts involve controlling symptoms with pain medication such as paracetamol (acetaminophen). Intravenous immunoglobulin may be useful in certain complications. Hospitalization may be required if meningitis or pancreatitis develops. About one per ten thousand people who are infected die.\nWithout immunization about 0.1 percent to one percent of the population are affected per year. Widespread vaccination has resulted in a more than 90 percent decline in rates of disease. Mumps is more common in the developing world where vaccination is less common. Outbreaks, however, may still occur in a vaccinated population. Before the introduction of a vaccine, mumps was a common childhood disease worldwide. Larger outbreaks of disease would typically occur every two to five years. Children between the ages of five and nine were most commonly affected. Among immunized populations often those in their early 20s are affected. Around the equator it often occurs all year round while in the more northerly and southerly regions of the world it is more common in the winter and spring. Painful swelling of the parotid glands and testicles was described by Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE.",
"title": "Mumps"
},
{
"docid": "16819447#5",
"text": "If not vaccinated against mumps, susceptible individuals catch the disease by breathing around an infected person who has coughed or sneezed, releasing their contaminated saliva. Those who have had mumps are usually immune to future infections of the disease. Children have the highest risk of catching mumps, and it is rare for an adult to contract mumps. The incubation period for mumps can range from a couple weeks to a month, while the illness period is a few weeks. The swelling of the salivary glands is caused when the virus travels from the respiratory tract to the salivary glands and multiplies within the glands, causing the glands to swell.",
"title": "Rubulavirus"
},
{
"docid": "14932478#17",
"text": "Mumps is a viral disease which causes swelling of the salivary glands and testes. The mumps virus lives in the upper respiratory tract and spreads through direct contact with saliva. Prior to widespread vaccination programs, it was a common childhood disease. Mumps is generally not serious in children, but in adults, where sperm have matured in the testis, it can cause more severe complications, such as infertility.",
"title": "Testicular immunology"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "97839#2",
"text": "Canine distemper is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus of the family \"Paramyxoviridae\" (the same family of the viruses that causes measles, mumps, and bronchiolitis in humans). The disease is highly contagious via inhalation. Morbidity and mortality may vary greatly among animal species, with up to 100% mortality in unvaccinated populations of ferrets. In domestic dogs, while the acute generalized form of distemper has a high mortality rate, disease duration and severity depends mainly on the animal's age and immune status and virulence of the infecting strain of the virus. Despite extensive vaccination in many regions, it remains a major disease of dogs, and was the leading cause of infectious disease death in dogs, prior to a vaccine becoming available.",
"title": "Canine distemper"
},
{
"docid": "172296#7",
"text": "The Mumps were a popular band on the Max's Kansas City and CBGB circuit, as well as at other American clubs, for almost five years. They played on bills with rock and punk rock bands such as Television, Talking Heads, the Ramones, Blondie, Milk 'N' Cookies, The Cramps, Cheap Trick, and Van Halen. Despite this popularity and two critically acclaimed, independent 45s, they failed to secure a contract with a major record label. Two compilations of their music have been released: \"Fatal Charm\" (Eggbert Records, 1994) and a lavishly illustrated, remastered, 2-disc CD/DVD compilation, \"How I Saved The World\", in 2005. The CD booklets contain affectionate tributes from members of the Cramps, Sparks, R.E.M., the New York Dolls, Blondie, Dramarama, the Go-Go's, Danzig, Devo, Patti Smith Group, and the Screamers, as well as praise from Danny Fields, Jayne County, Rufus Wainwright, and Paul Reubens, helping to secure The Mumps a place in musical history.",
"title": "Lance Loud"
},
{
"docid": "59171#1",
"text": "Mumps is usually preceded by a set of prodromal symptoms including low-grade fever, headache, and malaise. This is followed by progressive swelling of one or both parotid glands. Parotid gland swelling usually lasts about one week. Other symptoms of mumps can include dry mouth, sore face and/or ears and some patients find it difficult to talk. A vaccine has been available since the 1960s.The mumps virus is an enveloped single-stranded, linear negative-sense RNA virus of the genus \"Rubulavirus\" and family \"Paramyxovirus\". The genome consists of 15,384 bases encoding nine proteins. Proteins involved in viral replication are the nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and polymerase protein while the genomic RNA forms the ribonucleocapsid. Humans are the only natural host for the virus.",
"title": "Mumps"
}
] |
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3447
|
When was the Heckscher–Ohlin model developed?
|
[
{
"docid": "1675534#4",
"text": "Bertil Ohlin first explained the theory in a book published in 1933. Ohlin wrote the book alone, but he credited Heckscher as co-developer of the model because of his earlier work on the problem, and because many of the ideas in the final model came from Ohlin's doctoral thesis, supervised by Heckscher.",
"title": "Heckscher–Ohlin model"
},
{
"docid": "192241#3",
"text": "In 1930 Ohlin succeeded Eli Heckscher, his teacher, as a professor of economics, at the Stockholm School of Economics. In 1933 Ohlin published a work that made him world-renowned, \"Interregional and International Trade\". In this Ohlin built an economic theory of international trade from earlier work by Heckscher and his own doctoral thesis. It is now known as the Heckscher–Ohlin model, one of the standard model economists use to debate trade theory.",
"title": "Bertil Ohlin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1675534#0",
"text": "The Heckscher–Ohlin model (H–O model) is a general equilibrium mathematical model of international trade, developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics. It builds on David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage by predicting patterns of commerce and production based on the factor endowments of a trading region. The model essentially says that countries export products that use their abundant and cheap factors of production, and import products that use the countries' scarce factors.",
"title": "Heckscher–Ohlin model"
},
{
"docid": "2944844#0",
"text": "The Heckscher–Ohlin theorem is one of the four critical theorems of the Heckscher–Ohlin model, developed by Swedish economist Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin (his student). In the two-factor case, it states: \"A capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good, while the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good.\"",
"title": "Heckscher–Ohlin theorem"
},
{
"docid": "1052414#2",
"text": "According to a bibliography published in 1950, Heckscher had, as of the previous year, published 1148 books and articles, among which may be mentioned his study of Mercantilism, which had been translated into several languages, and a monumental Economic history of Sweden in several volumes. Heckscher is best known for a model explaining patterns in international trade (Heckscher-Ohlin model) that he developed with Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics.",
"title": "Eli Heckscher"
},
{
"docid": "192241#1",
"text": "Ohlin's name lives on in one of the standard mathematical models of international free trade, the Heckscher–Ohlin model, which he developed together with Eli Heckscher. He was jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 together with the British economist James Meade \"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements\".",
"title": "Bertil Ohlin"
},
{
"docid": "1675534#10",
"text": "Notable contributions came from Paul Samuelson, Ronald Jones, and Jaroslav Vanek, so that variations of the model are sometimes called the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model or the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model in the neo-classical economics.",
"title": "Heckscher–Ohlin model"
},
{
"docid": "225524#8",
"text": "The Heckscher-Ohlin model (H-O model), also known as the \"factors proportions development\", is a general equilibrium mathematical model of international trade, developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin at the Stockholm School of Economics. It builds on David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage by predicting patterns of commerce and production based on the factor endowments of a trading region. The model essentially says that countries will export products that utilize their abundant and cheap factor(s) of production and import products that utilize the countries' scarce factor(s).",
"title": "Internationalization"
},
{
"docid": "1675534#45",
"text": "The original Heckscher–Ohlin model and extended model such as the Vanek model performs poorly, as it is shown in the section \"Econometric testing of H–O model theorems\". Daniel Trefler and Susan Chun Zhu summarizes their paper that \"It is hard to believe that factor endowments theory [editor's note: in other words, Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek Model] could offer an adequate explanation of international trade patterns\".",
"title": "Heckscher–Ohlin model"
},
{
"docid": "35222624#6",
"text": "In the early 1900s, a theory of international trade was developed by two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin. This theory has subsequently become known as the Heckscher–Ohlin model (H–O model). The results of the H–O model are that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments. It predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of locally abundant factors and will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce.",
"title": "International trade theory"
}
] |
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] |
3448
|
Who won the 2008 FedEx Orange Bowl?
|
[
{
"docid": "12595787#0",
"text": "The 2008 FedEx Orange Bowl was a post-season college football bowl game between the Virginia Tech Hokies and the Kansas Jayhawks on January 3, 2008, at Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Spread bettors favored Virginia Tech by three points, but in a game dominated by defensive and special teams play, Kansas defeated Virginia Tech 24–21. The game was part of the 2007–2008 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) of the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season and was the concluding game of the season for both teams. This 74th edition of the Orange Bowl was televised in the United States on FOX and was watched by more than eight million viewers.",
"title": "2008 Orange Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "12595787#6",
"text": "In the wake of the Hokies's defeat, Virginia Tech chose to start a new quarterback and a new offensive plan. Behind freshman Tyrod Taylor, the Hokies rolled to five straight victories, including a win over No. 22 Clemson by 18 points. During the winning streak, Sean Glennon, who had started at quarterback for the Hokies during the first two games of the season, returned to alternate possessions with Taylor in an unusual two-quarterback system. On October 25, the Hokies had a chance to make up for their early-season loss to LSU when they faced No. 2 Boston College on a Thursday night in Blacksburg, Virginia. Though the Hokies dominated for most of the game, Boston College quarterback Matt Ryan managed a late-game comeback to win the game 14–10 with 11 seconds remaining.",
"title": "2008 Orange Bowl"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "20435003#0",
"text": "The 2009 FedEx Orange Bowl was the 75th edition of the annual American college football bowl game known as the Orange Bowl. It pitted the 2008 Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) champion Virginia Tech Hokies against the Big East Conference champion Cincinnati Bearcats on January 1, 2009, at Dolphin Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Virginia Tech defeated Cincinnati, 20–7. The game was the second contest in the 2008–2009 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) of the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season and was the concluding game of the season for both teams. The game was televised in the United States on FOX, and an estimated 9.3 million viewers watched the broadcast live.",
"title": "2009 Orange Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "27583499#15",
"text": "In 2008, sports channel ESPN won the right to broadcast Bowl Championship Series games between 2011 and 2014. In compensation, it agreed to pay the BCS $125 million per year, more than a competing bid from Fox ($100 million), which had been paying $82.5 million per year for the contract that ended in 2010. To balance the higher cost of broadcasting the games, ESPN demanded more money for title sponsorship of each game. Shipping company FedEx, which had become the Orange Bowl's title sponsor in 1990 and was the longest continuous sponsor of any bowl game, balked at ESPN's increased demands—about $20 million per year and required advertising outside the Orange Bowl—and ended its sponsorship.",
"title": "2011 Orange Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "20996160#0",
"text": "The 2010 FedEx Orange Bowl game featured the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and the Iowa Hawkeyes on Tuesday, January 5, 2010, at Land Shark Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Iowa won the game 24–14, securing the Hawkeyes' first major bowl win since the 1959 Rose Bowl.",
"title": "2010 Orange Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "13301110#0",
"text": "The 2003 FedEx Orange Bowl game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Iowa Hawkeyes and the USC Trojans on January 2, 2003, at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. USC won the game, 38–17. The game was part of the 2002–2003 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) of the 2002 NCAA Division I-A football season and represented the concluding game of the season for both teams. The Orange Bowl was first played in 1935, and the 2003 game represented the 69th edition of the Orange Bowl. The contest was televised in the United States on ABC.",
"title": "2003 Orange Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "163327#26",
"text": "KU football dates from 1890, and has played in the Orange Bowl three times: 1948, 1969, and 2008. They are currently coached by David Beaty, who was hired in 2014. In 2008, under the leadership of Mark Mangino, the #7 Jayhawks emerged victorious in their first BCS bowl game, the FedEx Orange Bowl, with a 24–21 victory over the #3 Virginia Tech Hokies. This capstone victory marked the end of the most successful season in school history, in which the Jayhawks went 12–1 (.923). The team plays at David Booth Kansas Memorial Stadium, which recently underwent a $31 million renovation to add the Anderson Family Football Complex, adding a football practice facility adjacent to the stadium complete with indoor partial practice field, weight room, and new locker room.",
"title": "University of Kansas"
},
{
"docid": "25292523#21",
"text": "In the weeks preceding the game, media coverage focused on the tragic circumstances surrounding the Huskies' season. On December 21, 2010, the team was declared the winner of the 2009 FedEx Orange Bowl/FWAA Courage Award, given to a person or team who displayed courage on or off the field, overcame injury or physical handicap, prevented a disaster, or lived through hardship. The award was presented at the 2010 Orange Bowl on January 5, 2011, following the PapaJohns.com Bowl.",
"title": "2010 PapaJohns.com Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "13301055#0",
"text": "The 2004 FedEx Orange Bowl game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Miami Hurricanes and the Florida State Seminoles on January 1, 2004, at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida. Miami defeated FSU 16–14 in a stout defensive battle. The game was part of the 2003–2004 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) of the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season and represented the concluding game of the season for both teams. The Orange Bowl was first played in 1935, and the 2004 game represented the 70th edition of the Orange Bowl. The contest was televised in the United States on ABC.",
"title": "2004 Orange Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "13312950#0",
"text": "The 2002 FedEx Orange Bowl game was a post-season college football bowl game between the Florida Gators and the ACC champion Maryland Terrapins on January 2, 2002. Florida defeated Maryland 56–23. The game was part of the 2001–2002 Bowl Championship Series (BCS) of the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season and was the concluding game of the season for both teams. The Orange Bowl was first played in 1935, and the 2002 game was the 68th edition of the Orange Bowl. The contest was televised in the United States on ABC.",
"title": "2002 Orange Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "8517923#9",
"text": "On December 8, 2009, Zorich was also inducted into the FedEx Orange Bowl Hall of Fame for his outstanding performances in back-to-back Orange Bowl appearances (1990 and 1991).",
"title": "Chris Zorich"
}
] |
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] |
3449
|
When did Bob Dylan win the Nobel Prize?
|
[
{
"docid": "4637590#140",
"text": "The Nobel Prize committee announced on October 13, 2016, that it would be awarding Dylan the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\". \"The New York Times\" reported: \"Mr. Dylan, 75, is the first musician to win the award, and his selection on Thursday is perhaps the most radical choice in a history stretching back to 1901.\" Dylan and George Bernard Shaw are the only two people who have received both a Nobel prize and an Academy Award.",
"title": "Bob Dylan"
},
{
"docid": "23385442#30",
"text": "The 2016 choice of Bob Dylan was the first time a musician and song-writer won the Nobel for Literature. The award caused some controversy, particularly among writers arguing that the literary merits of Dylan's work are not equal to those of some of his peers. Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine tweeted that \"Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars.\" The French Moroccan writer Pierre Assouline described the decision as \"contemptuous of writers\". In a live webchat hosted by \"The Guardian\", Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård said that \"I'm very divided. I love that the novel committee opens up for other kinds of literature – lyrics and so on. I think that's brilliant. But knowing that Dylan is the same generation as Thomas Pynchon, Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, makes it very difficult for me to accept it.\" Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh said \"I'm a Dylan fan, but this is an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies.\" Dylan's songwriting peer and friend Leonard Cohen said that no prizes were necessary to recognize the greatness of the man who transformed pop music with records like \"Highway 61 Revisited\". \"To me,\" Cohen said, \"[the Nobel] is like pinning a medal on Mount Everest for being the highest mountain.\" Writer and commentator Will Self wrote that the award \"cheapened\" Dylan whilst hoping the laureate would \"follow Sartre in rejecting the award\".",
"title": "Nobel Prize in Literature"
},
{
"docid": "15127238#0",
"text": "Bob Dylan has received many accolades throughout his long career as a songwriter and performing artist. Dylan's professional career began in 1961 when he signed with Columbia Records. Fifty-five years later, in 2016, Dylan continued to release new recordings and was the first musician to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Bob Dylan"
},
{
"docid": "15127238#2",
"text": "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inducted Bob Dylan as Performer in 1988 and listed five songs by Bob Dylan of the 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.Dylan was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature on October 13, 2016, \"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\". It is the first time since 1993 that the Nobel committee has offered the award in the category of American literature.",
"title": "List of awards and nominations received by Bob Dylan"
},
{
"docid": "1118383#1",
"text": "Dylan has won many awards for his songwriting and performances, including the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature for his entire body of work. For a list of these accolades, see List of Bob Dylan awards. Much of his music has been bootlegged; for an examination of this phenomenon, see Bob Dylan bootleg recordings.",
"title": "Bob Dylan discography"
},
{
"docid": "4637590#146",
"text": "Dylan has been described as one of the most influential figures of the 20th century, musically and culturally. He was included in the where he was called \"master poet, caustic social critic and intrepid, guiding spirit of the counterculture generation\". In 2008, the Pulitzer Prize jury awarded him a special citation for \"his profound impact on popular music and American culture, marked by lyrical compositions of extraordinary poetic power.\"\nPresident Barack Obama said of Dylan in 2012, \"There is not a bigger giant in the history of American music.\" For 20 years, academics lobbied the Swedish Academy to give Dylan the Nobel Prize in Literature. He received the award in 2016, making Dylan the first musician to be awarded the Literature Prize. Horace Engdahl, a member of the Nobel Committee, described Dylan's place in literary history:",
"title": "Bob Dylan"
},
{
"docid": "4637590#138",
"text": "Dylan has won many awards throughout his career including the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature, ten Grammy Awards, one Academy Award and one Golden Globe Award. He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and Songwriters Hall of Fame. In May 2000, Dylan received the Polar Music Prize from Sweden's King Carl XVI.",
"title": "Bob Dylan"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "4637590#105",
"text": "On October 13, the Nobel Prize committee announced it had awarded Dylan the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\".",
"title": "Bob Dylan"
},
{
"docid": "4637590#157",
"text": "When Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, \"The New York Times\" commented: \"In choosing a popular musician for the literary world's highest honor, the Swedish Academy, which awards the prize, dramatically redefined the boundaries of literature, setting off a debate about whether song lyrics have the same artistic value as poetry or novels.\" Responses varied from the sarcasm of Irvine Welsh, who described it as \"an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies\", to the enthusiasm of Salman Rushdie who tweeted: \"From Orpheus to Faiz, song & poetry have been closely linked. Dylan is the brilliant inheritor of the bardic tradition. Great choice.\"",
"title": "Bob Dylan"
},
{
"docid": "4637590#142",
"text": "After two weeks of speculation about Dylan's silence concerning the Nobel Prize, he said in an interview with Edna Gundersen that getting the award was: \"amazing, incredible. Whoever dreams about something like that?\"",
"title": "Bob Dylan"
}
] |
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] |
3450
|
When did Kinshasa become the capital of the Congo?
|
[
{
"docid": "11746049#3",
"text": "On 3 April 1919, it was renamed the Apostolic Vicariate of Léopoldville. It lost territory several times more: to establish the \"Mission sui juris\" of Bikoro on 3 January 1931, the Apostolic Vicariate of Boma on 26 February 1934, the Apostolic Prefecture of Kole on 14 June 1951, and the Apostolic Vicariate of Inongo on 29 June 1953. It was elevated on 10 November 1959 as the Archdiocese of Léopoldville, when the city was soon to become the national capital of the newly-independent Republic of the Congo. It was renamed the Archdiocese of Kinshasa on 30 May 1966, when the city's name was changed from Léopoldville to Kinshasa. The archdiocese was visited by Pope John Paul II in May 1980 and again in August 1985.\nThe Archdiocese of Kinshasa is the metropolitan archdiocese of the Ecclesiastical Province of Kinshasa, which includes the following suffragan dioceses:",
"title": "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kinshasa"
},
{
"docid": "13728759#0",
"text": "The Republic of the Congo () was a sovereign state in Central Africa that was created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960. From 1960 to 1966, the country was often known as \"Congo-Léopoldville\" (after its capital) in order to distinguish it from its north-western neighbour, also called the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Brazzaville. With the renaming of Léopoldville as Kinshasa on 1 June 1966, it was known as \"Congo-Kinshasa\" until 1971.",
"title": "Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)"
},
{
"docid": "45773#4",
"text": "The city was founded as a trading post by Henry Morton Stanley in 1881. It was named Léopoldville in honour of King Leopold II of Belgium, who controlled the vast territory that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, not as a colony but as a private property. The post flourished as the first navigable port on the Congo River above Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids over below Leopoldville. At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea had to be carried by porters between Léopoldville and Matadi, the port below the rapids and from the coast. The completion of the Matadi-Kinshasa portage railway, in 1898, provided an alternative route around the rapids and sparked the rapid development of Léopoldville. In 1914, a pipeline was installed so that crude oil could be transported from Matadi to the upriver steamers in Leopoldville. By 1923, the city was elevated to capital of the Belgian Congo, replacing the town of Boma in the Congo estuary. The town, nicknamed \"Léo\" or \"Leopold\", became a commercial centre and grew rapidly during the colonial period.\nAfter gaining its independence on 30 June 1960, following riots in 1959, the Republic of the Congo elected its first prime minister, Patrice Lumumba. Lumumba's determination to have full control over Congo's resources to improve the living conditions of his people was perceived as a threat to Western interests. This being the height of the Cold War, the U.S. and Belgium did not want to lose control of the strategic wealth of the Congo, in particular its uranium. Less than a year after Lumumba's election, the Belgians and the U.S. bought the support of his Congolese rivals and set in motion the events that culminated in Lumumba's assassination. In 1965, with the help of the U.S. and Belgium, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu seized power in the Congo. He initiated a policy of \"Africanizing\" the names of people and places in the country. In 1966, Léopoldville was renamed \"Kinshasa\", for a village named Kinshasa that once stood near the site, today Kinshasa (commune). The city grew rapidly under Mobutu, drawing people from across the country who came in search of their fortunes or to escape ethnic strife elsewhere, thus adding to the many ethnicities and languages already found there.",
"title": "Kinshasa"
},
{
"docid": "3984115#3",
"text": "The Belgian Congo became an independent country in 1960, named Republic of the Congo. By 1963, the country was organised into 21 provinces (informally called \"provincettes\") plus the capital city of Léopoldville, similar to the original 22 districts under colonial rule. In 1966, the 21 \"provincettes\" were grouped into eight provinces, and the capital city was renamed Kinshasa.",
"title": "Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "52710#4",
"text": "To distinguish between the two African countries with \"Congo\" in their names, the Republic of the Congo is sometimes called Congo-Brazzaville, as opposed to Congo-Kinshasa (the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known from 1971 to 1997 as Zaïre, the capital of which is Kinshasa). Kinshasa lies on the southern bank of the Congo, directly across from Brazzaville. This is the only place in the world where two national capital cities are on opposite banks of a river, within sight of each other. Since the mid-19th century the two cities have been rivals in trade, sports and power. There have been proposals to connect the two capitals by a Brazzaville–Kinshasa Bridge. In 2018, the African Development Bank and Africa50 signed a deal with both governments to develop the project.",
"title": "Brazzaville"
},
{
"docid": "1578335#1",
"text": "Boma was the capital city of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo (the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo) from 1 May 1886 to 1926, when the capital was moved to Léopoldville (since renamed Kinshasa). The port handles exports of tropical timber, bananas, cacao, and palm products.",
"title": "Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo"
},
{
"docid": "45773#7",
"text": "Kinshasa is a city of sharp contrasts, with affluent residential and commercial areas and three universities alongside sprawling slums. It is located along the south bank of the Congo River, downstream on the Pool Malebo and directly opposite the city of Brazzaville, capital of the Republic of the Congo. The Congo river is the second longest river in Africa after the Nile, and has the continent's greatest discharge. As a waterway it provides a means of transport for much of the Congo basin; it is navigable for large river barges between Kinshasa and Kisangani, and many of its tributaries are also navigable. The river is an important source of hydroelectric power, and downstream from Kinshasa it has the potential to generate power equivalent to the usage of roughly half of Africa's population.",
"title": "Kinshasa"
},
{
"docid": "45773#1",
"text": "Once a site of fishing and trading villages, Kinshasa is now a megacity with an estimated population of more than 11 million. It faces Brazzaville, the capital of the neighbouring Republic of the Congo, which can be seen in the distance across the wide Congo River, making them the world's second-closest pair of capital cities after Rome and Vatican City. The city of Kinshasa is also one of the DRC's 26 provinces. Because the administrative boundaries of the city-province cover a vast area, over 90 percent of the city-province's land is rural in nature, and the urban area occupies a small but expanding section on the western side.",
"title": "Kinshasa"
},
{
"docid": "2785281#1",
"text": "TASOK was founded in 1961 as \"TASOL\" for \"The American School of Leopoldville\", Leopoldville being the name of the capital of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo. The \"L\" was amended to \"K\" when the name of the city was changed to Kinshasa in 1966.",
"title": "American School of Kinshasa"
},
{
"docid": "1787776#3",
"text": "At the Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference, in 1960, the name given to the negotiations for the independence of the then-Belgian Congo, a decision was taken that the new state would move the location of its capital from Kinshasa to Luluabourg, due to the latter's central location. However, due to multiple political setbacks, and particularly the secession attempt by Albert Kalonji and his South Kasai, this decision was never implemented. When the central government reconquered South Kasai in 1962, Luluabourg became the capital of the new Kasai-Occidental province. Kananga (as Luluabourg) was the site of the drafting of the first Congolese-written constitution for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in 1964.\nIn 1966, during an Africanization campaign, Mobutu Sese Seko renamed a number of cities and towns that bore European names. Leopoldville became Kinshasa, and Luluabourg became Kananga. The name Kananga derives from the Tshiluba word kanangayi meaning \"a place for peace or love\" as what is now central Kananga was a gathering place for pre-colonial chiefs to discuss treaties and to settle disputes.",
"title": "Kananga"
}
] |
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] |
3452
|
When did calypso music become popular in the U.S.?
|
[
{
"docid": "234646#7",
"text": "Calypso music enjoyed a brief period of popularity in other parts in the world during the 1950s. Trinidadian expatriate Lord Kitchener had helped popularize calypso in England, and Sparrow also found some success there. In the United States, interest in calypso was sparked largely by Harry Belafonte's 1956 album \"Calypso\", the first LP to sell over one million copies. In January 1958, Sparrow, along with longtime rival Lord Melody, travelled to New York City seeking access to the American music audience. Sparrow had already been recording with Balisier and Cook Records, and with Belafonte's help he also began to record for RCA Victor. He did not achieve the success he had hoped for; he said in a 2001 interview, \"When nothing happened for me, I went back to England and continued on with my career.\"",
"title": "Mighty Sparrow"
},
{
"docid": "1560463#10",
"text": "The chantwell became a calypsonian in the 1920s and calypso became widely popular throughout Trinidad and the Caribbean in the 1930s. Harry Belafonte, a Jamaican-born artist, became hugely successful throughout the world with his 1956 \"Calypso\" becoming a million seller. During the 1960s, calypso was merged with Indian music and later soul and funk to become soca.",
"title": "Canboulay riots"
},
{
"docid": "154175#12",
"text": "The first major stars of calypso started crossing over to new audiences worldwide in the late 1930s. Attila the Hun, Roaring Lion and Lord Invader were first, followed by Lord Kitchener, one of the longest-lasting calypso stars in history—he continued to release hit records until his death in 2000. 1944's \"Rum and Coca-Cola\" by the Andrews Sisters, a cover version of a Lord Invader song, became an American hit despite the song being a very critical commentary on the explosion of prostitution, inflation and other negative influences accompanying the American military bases in Trinidad at the time. Perhaps the most straightforward way to describe the focus of calypso is that it articulated itself as a form of protest against the authoritarian colonial culture which existed at the time.",
"title": "Calypso music"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "242801#22",
"text": "During the 1970s, calypso's popularity waned throughout the world, including the Caribbean. Derivatives include an uptempo version of Calypso music called soca, and a hip-hop-influenced style called rapso both became popular in Trinidad and other islands. Soca was by the more influential in terms of international sales, since rapso's crossover appeal to mainstream tastes has been extremely limited. Old-time calypsonians and purists, however, preferred rapso's continuation of the lyrical ambidexterity that helped make calypso the world-famous, innovative art form it has become; many criticized soca's perceived watering-down of calypso, including veteran calypsonians such as Chalkdust, who asked: \"Are we to put water in the brandy, singing just two or three words [that mainstream audiences] can understand and dance to?\" Indo-Trinidadians began popularising chutney music during the same time period. In the mid-1970s, artists like Sundar Popo made the music mainstream.",
"title": "Music of Trinidad and Tobago"
},
{
"docid": "341356#10",
"text": "Calypso is part of a spectrum of similar folk and popular Caribbean styles that spans benna and mento, but remains the most prominent genre of Lesser Antillean music. Calypso's roots are somewhat unclear, but we know it can be traced to 18th-century Trinidad and other Caribbean islands like Saint Lucia. Modern calypso, however, began in the 19th century, a fusion of disparate elements ranging from the masquerade song \"lavway\", French Creole \"belair\" and the stick fighting chantwell. Calypso's early rise was closely connected with the adoption of Carnival by Trinidadian slaves, including camboulay drumming and the music masquerade processions. Popular calypso arose in the early 20th century, with the rise of internationally known calypsonians like Attila the Hun and Roaring Lion. calypso remained popular throughout the Caribbean in the later 20th century, the islands began producing calypso stars. In the 1970s, a calypso variant called soca arose, characterized by a focus on dance rhythms rather than lyricism. Soca has since spread across the Caribbean and abroad.",
"title": "Music of the Lesser Antilles"
},
{
"docid": "27788209#1",
"text": "Lord Mouse and the Kalypso Katz was a Calypso band in the city of Berlin, and one of the few on the continent of Europe. It was formed to bring public awareness of the style to countries across Europe, but later gained a healthy following in Russia and Japan, as well.\nThe musical style, originally from the island of Trinidad, began in earnest in the mid- 1920s, when it was first recorded, and grew in popularity in the United States in the 1950s through the work of Harry Belafonte. Since then, the genre has been all but forgotten in Europe. From the inception of the band the genre has become slowly recognized as a legitimate and dance-worthy musical form within the continent, spreading from Berlin outwards.\nAlthough the band was based in Berlin, the members came from all over the world, including the U.S., Russia, England, Australia, Brazil, Poland, France, Italy, Finland, and of course, Germany.\nThe band stayed within the classic sound of the 1920s and 1930s as possible, while still utilizing modern recording techniques. While much of its work is original, there are also covers, used as a reference point, by such calypso heavyweights as Roaring Lion, Young Tiger, Caresser and Lord Invader.",
"title": "Lord Mouse and the Kalypso Katz"
},
{
"docid": "7570941#6",
"text": "Following independence in 1966, Barbadian calypso became more popular, especially the band The Merrymen, known for songs like \"Brudda Neddy\" and \"Millie Gone to Brazil\". Jackie Opel, a Barbadian singer, also arose, playing a blend of calypso and reggae that evolved into spouge music. Spouge was immensely popular in Barbados from about 1969 to 1973. In 1974, the Crop Over Festival was revived, featuring calypso competitions; as a result, calypso's popularity grew, rapidly overshadowing spouge and other genres, with only dub music achieving equal stature.",
"title": "Music history of Barbados"
},
{
"docid": "6904083#17",
"text": "Calypso's early rise was closely connected with the adoption of Carnival by Trinidadian slaves, including canboulay drumming and the music masquerade processions. The French brought Carnival to Trinidad, and calypso competitions at Carnival grew in popularity, especially after the abolition of slavery in 1834. From Trinidad, the carnival, calypso and steel pan spread to the entire English speaking Caribbean islands. Calypso in the Caribbean includes a range of genres, including: the Benna genre of Antiguan and Barbudan music; Mento, a style of Jamaican folk music that greatly influenced ska and reggae; Ska, the precursor to rocksteady and reggae; Spouge, a style of Barbadian popular music.",
"title": "Culture of Martinique"
},
{
"docid": "1770592#26",
"text": "Calypso's early rise was closely connected with the adoption of Carnival by Trinidadian slaves, including canboulay drumming and the music masquerade processions. The French brought Carnival to Trinidad, and calypso competitions at Carnival grew in popularity, especially after the abolition of slavery in 1834. From Trinidad, the carnival, calypso and steel pan spread to the entire English speaking Caribbean islands. Calypso in the Caribbean includes a range of genres, including: the Benna genre of Antiguan and Barbudan music; Mento, a style of Jamaican folk music that greatly influenced ska and reggae; Ska, the precursor to rocksteady and reggae; Spouge, a style of Barbadian popular music.",
"title": "Culture of Dominica"
},
{
"docid": "987173#19",
"text": "Lucian popular music can be traced back to the 1940s, when calypso became a part of the island's musical culture. Calypso is a lyrical Trinidadian genre, related to several styles found through the Antillean music area. Music scholar Jocelyne Guilbault has called calypso the primary way modern Lucians \"express social commentary\". Along with calypso, Lucia has also imported the Trinidadian steelband and soca traditions.",
"title": "Music of Saint Lucia"
},
{
"docid": "247156#25",
"text": "Calypso has been popular in Dominica since the 1950s; the first Calypso King was crowned in 1959. Popular calypso in Dominica has always been closely associated with steelpan music. The first wave of Dominican steelpan includes such bands as Esso, Shell and Regent, Vauxhall and Old Oak.",
"title": "Music of Dominica"
}
] |
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] |
3453
|
Why do we use Oxytocin?
|
[
{
"docid": "222300#18",
"text": "Nasally administered oxytocin has been reported to reduce fear, possibly by inhibiting the amygdala (which is thought to be responsible for fear responses). Indeed, studies in rodents have shown oxytocin can efficiently inhibit fear responses by activating an inhibitory circuit within the amygdala. Some researchers have argued oxytocin has a general enhancing effect on all social emotions, since intranasal administration of oxytocin also increases envy and \"Schadenfreude\". Individuals who receive an intranasal dose of oxytocin identify facial expressions of disgust more quickly than individuals who do not receive oxytocin. Facial expressions of disgust are evolutionarily linked to the idea of contagion. Thus, oxytocin increases the salience of cues that imply contamination, which leads to a faster response because these cues are especially relevant for survival. In another study, after administration of oxytocin, individuals displayed an enhanced ability to recognize expressions of fear compared to the individuals who received the placebo. Oxytocin modulates fear responses by enhancing the maintenance of social memories. Rats that are genetically modified to have a surplus of oxytocin receptors display a greater fear response to a previously conditioned stressor. Oxytocin enhances the aversive social memory, leading the rat to display a greater fear response when the aversive stimulus is encountered again.",
"title": "Oxytocin"
},
{
"docid": "222300#0",
"text": "Oxytocin (Oxt) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide. Oxytocin is normally produced by the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to stretching of the cervix and uterus during labor and with stimulation of the nipples from breastfeeding. This helps with birth, bonding with the baby, and milk production. Oxytocin was discovered by Henry Dale in 1906. Its molecular structure was determined in 1952. Oxytocin is also used as a medication to facilitate childbirth.",
"title": "Oxytocin"
},
{
"docid": "222300#21",
"text": "It has been shown that oxytocin differentially affects males and females. Females who are administered oxytocin are overall faster in responding to socially relevant stimuli than males who received oxytocin. Additionally, after the administration of oxytocin, females show increased amygdala activity in response to threatening scenes; however, males do not show increased amygdala activation. This phenomenon can be explained by looking at the role of gonadal hormones, specifically estrogen, which modulate the enhanced threat processing seen in females. Estrogen has been shown to stimulate the release of oxytocin from the hypothalamus and promote receptor binding in the amygdala.",
"title": "Oxytocin"
},
{
"docid": "52536759#0",
"text": "Oxytocin, sold under the brand name Pitocin among others, is a medication made from the peptide \"oxytocin\". As a medication, it is used to cause contraction of the uterus to start labor, increase the speed of labor, and to stop bleeding following delivery. For this purpose, it is given by injection either into a muscle or into a vein.\nThe use of oxytocin as a medication can result in excessive contraction of the uterus that can risk the health of the baby. Common side effects in the mother include nausea and a slow heart rate. Serious side effects include rupture of the uterus and with excessive dose, water intoxication. Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis may also occur.\nOxytocin was discovered in 1952. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. , the wholesale cost in the developing world is US$0.10 to 0.56 per dose.Oxytocin injection (synthetic) is contraindicated in any of these conditions:Oxytocin is relatively safe when used at recommended doses, and side effects are uncommon. These maternal events have been reported:Excessive dosage or long-term administration (over a period of 24 hours or longer) has been known to result in tetanic uterine contractions, uterine rupture, postpartum hemorrhage, and water intoxication, sometimes fatal.",
"title": "Oxytocin (medication)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "52536759#6",
"text": "Oxytocin is marketed as a pheromone. Oxytocin in spray form is sold under the brands Attrakt and Connekt. It is not absorbed into the skin when used topically, but it may be inhaled in a manner similar to perfume applied to skin. Oxytocin sprays for insufflation are also sold, but often with little or no oxytocin at all.",
"title": "Oxytocin (medication)"
},
{
"docid": "5712947#22",
"text": "There has been interest in use of the so-called \"love hormone\" – oxytocin – during therapy sessions, although this is still largely experimental and somewhat controversial. Some researchers have argued oxytocin has a general enhancing effect on all social emotions, since intranasal administration of oxytocin also increases envy and \"Schadenfreude\". Also, oxytocin has also the potential for being abused in confidence tricks.",
"title": "Couples therapy"
},
{
"docid": "35536844#28",
"text": "Much like the opioids mentioned above, the neuropeptide oxytocin has been shown to be extremely affective in the conditioning effects involved in the formation of stable preferences for places, stimuli and other beings. Studies have shown that women specifically not only show greater sensitivity to the release of oxytocin during sexual activity than men, but it has been suggested a correlation exists between oxytocin release and orgasm intensity, which may explain why women generally associate stronger interconnectivity between love and sexual desire.",
"title": "Sexual desire and intimate relationships"
},
{
"docid": "45646981#12",
"text": "There are variable results in between males of different species as to the effects of oxytocin on paternal care. Oxytocin is unchanged in California mice before and after becoming fathers, but the amount of paternal exposure to rats is associated with oxytocin and increased care. However, multiple studies on biparental species show an association between paternal care and oxytocin. Since the species in these studies are biparental, excluding rats, it is unclear as to why California mice do not have a change in oxytocin postpartum.",
"title": "Endocrinology of parenting"
},
{
"docid": "27546#30",
"text": "In humans, sexual intercourse and sexual activity in general have been reported as having health benefits as varied as increased immunity by increasing the body's production of antibodies and subsequent lower blood pressure, and decreased risk of prostate cancer. Sexual intimacy and orgasms increase levels of the hormone oxytocin (also known as \"the love hormone\"), which can help people bond and build trust. Oxytocin is believed to have a more significant impact on women than on men, which may be why women associate sexual attraction or sexual activity with romance and love more than men do. A long-term study of 3,500 people between ages 18 and 102 by clinical neuropsychologist David Weeks indicated that, based on impartial ratings of the subjects' photographs, sex on a regular basis helps people look significantly chronologically younger.",
"title": "Sexual intercourse"
},
{
"docid": "6052485#12",
"text": "More research would be useful in determining the best doses of ergometrine, and syntocinon.\nThe difficulty using oxytocin is that it needs to be kept below a certain temperature which requires resources such as fridges which are not always available particularly in low-resourced settings. When oxytocin is not available, misoprostol can be used. Misoprostol does not need to be kept at a certain temperature and research into its effectiveness in reducing blood loss appears promising when compared with a placebo in a setting where it is not appropriate to use oxytocin. Misoprostol can cause unpleasant side effects such as very high body temperatures and shivering. Lower doses of misoprostol appear to be safer and cause less side effects.",
"title": "Postpartum bleeding"
}
] |
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] |
3454
|
How many votes does it take to elect a pope?
|
[
{
"docid": "23056#42",
"text": "Traditionally, the vote was conducted by Acclamation, by selection (by committee), or by plenary vote. Acclamation was the simplest procedure, consisting entirely of a voice vote.\nThe election of the pope almost always takes place in the Sistine Chapel, in a sequestered meeting called a \"conclave\" (so called because the cardinal electors are theoretically locked in, \"cum clave\", i.e., with key, until they elect a new pope). Three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors (by reason of illness), three are chosen by lot to count the votes, and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes. The ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for \"one whom under God I think ought to be elected\" before folding and depositing his vote on a plate atop a large chalice placed on the altar. For the Papal conclave, 2005, a special urn was used for this purpose instead of a chalice and plate. The plate is then used to drop the ballot into the chalice, making it difficult for electors to insert multiple ballots. Before being read, the ballots are counted while still folded; if the number of ballots does not match the number of electors, the ballots are burned unopened and a new vote is held. Otherwise, each ballot is read aloud by the presiding Cardinal, who pierces the ballot with a needle and thread, stringing all the ballots together and tying the ends of the thread to ensure accuracy and honesty. Balloting continues until someone is elected by a two-thirds majority. \nOne of the most prominent aspects of the papal election process is the means by which the results of a ballot are announced to the world. Once the ballots are counted and bound together, they are burned in a special stove erected in the Sistine Chapel, with the smoke escaping through a small chimney visible from Saint Peter's Square. The ballots from an unsuccessful vote are burned along with a chemical compound to create black smoke, or \"fumata nera\". (Traditionally, wet straw was used to produce the black smoke, but this was not completely reliable. The chemical compound is more reliable than the straw.) When a vote is successful, the ballots are burned alone, sending white smoke (\"fumata bianca\") through the chimney and announcing to the world the election of a new pope. Starting with the Papal conclave, 2005, church bells are also rung as a signal that a new pope has been chosen.",
"title": "Pope"
},
{
"docid": "827717#4",
"text": "The process was further refined by Gregory XV with his 1621 bull \"Aeterni Patris Filius\", which established the requirement of a two-thirds majority of cardinal electors to elect a pope. The Third Lateran Council had initially set the requirement that two-thirds of the cardinals were needed to elect a pope in 1179. This requirement had varied since then, depending on whether the winning candidate was allowed to vote for himself, in which cases the required majority was two-thirds plus one vote. \"Aeterni Patris Filius\" prohibited this practice and established two-thirds as the standard needed for election. \"Aeterni Patris Filius\" did not eliminate the possibility of election by acclamation, but did require that a secret ballot take place first before a pope could be elected.",
"title": "Papal conclave"
},
{
"docid": "827717#2",
"text": "Since the Apostolic Age, the Bishop of Rome, like other bishops, was chosen by the consensus of the clergy and laity of the diocese. The body of electors was more precisely defined when, in 1059, the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of electors. Since then, other details of the process have developed. In 1970, Pope Paul VI limited the electors to cardinals under 80 years of age in \"Ingravescentem aetatem\". The procedures were established by Pope John Paul II in his apostolic constitution \"Universi Dominici gregis\" as amended by Pope Benedict XVI in 2007 and 2013. A two-thirds supermajority vote is required to elect the new pope.",
"title": "Papal conclave"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "23056#40",
"text": "The pope was originally chosen by those senior clergymen resident in and near Rome. In 1059 the electorate was restricted to the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and the individual votes of all Cardinal Electors were made equal in 1179. The electors are now limited to those who have not reached 80 on the day before the death or resignation of a pope. The pope does not need to be a Cardinal Elector or indeed a Cardinal; however, since the pope is the Bishop of Rome, only those who can be ordained a bishop can be elected, which means that any male baptized Catholic is eligible. The last to be elected when not yet a bishop was Pope Gregory XVI in 1831, and the last to be elected when not even a priest was Pope Leo X in 1513, and the last to be elected when not a cardinal was Pope Urban VI in 1378. If someone who is not a bishop is elected, he must be given episcopal ordination before the election is announced to the people.",
"title": "Pope"
},
{
"docid": "23807#25",
"text": "Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or \"stop-gap\" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal Eugène Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose \"John\" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were \"I will be called John\". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.",
"title": "Pope John XXIII"
},
{
"docid": "32625480#15",
"text": "At the end of November, the majority of cardinals gradually came to the conclusion that no matter how outrageous the interference of Philip II, without the support of his followers there was no chance to elect a Pope, so it would be better to choose someone from his list. On 4 December, therefore, supported by the Madrid faction, Cardinal Paleotti received 33 votes (he needed another three to win). Montalto did not prefer Paleotti, so together with Sforza he came to the conclusion that in order to prevent his election, they needed to support either Sfondrati or Facchinetti. In the end, they decided to elect Sfondrati.",
"title": "October–December 1590 papal conclave"
},
{
"docid": "3790508#21",
"text": "Any priest from a Catholic faction has a chance of becoming Pope if they are accepted into the college of cardinals and then made one of the Preferati. When the incumbent Pope dies, the college of cardinals will elect a new Pope from the Preferati, with each cardinal having one vote; factions with multiple cardinals will, therefore, have much more influence on the election. The new Pope will leave their original faction and become the faction leader of the Papal States. Popes, upon being elected into office, will generally think highly of factions who supported them.",
"title": "Medieval II: Total War"
},
{
"docid": "32625600#12",
"text": "For a few weeks voting took place routinely, without any result. Most votes were received by minor candidates. The Spanish Pacheco and Cueva were regularly given twelve to twenty votes; on 13 September the Frenchman Leonocourt received 18 votes; on 18 September the absent Cardinal Henry of Portugal was given 15 votes and 5; others voted for at this point included Rebiba, Ghisleri and Saraceni. Rannucio Farnese got 21 votes in the election on the anniversary of his grandfather's election as pope. From 9 September to 16 December 68 fruitless ballots were held.",
"title": "1559 papal conclave"
},
{
"docid": "48870396#22",
"text": "Another debated issue is turnout. No contemporary source indicates how many cast ballots in an election. One clue to an approximate number is the size of the voting area. As consul Julius Caesar began the construction of a structure on the Campus Martius to hold the population while voting. The size of the structure, if completely filled with voters could have held between 30,000 and 70,000 people. This is almost certainly a high estimate, as open spaces for conducting to polling itself would at the least have been required. Cicero mentions in one work that the voting for a single consul in 45 BCE took 5 hours, with the equites and the first and second classes voting. From what we know of how the voting was structured historians have estimated that at most between 6,000 and 16,800 could have voted in that election. With an electorate of 910,000, even the most generous guesses put voter turnout below 10%.",
"title": "Elections in the Roman Republic"
},
{
"docid": "17001246#9",
"text": "In late April all the factions except the Flying Squadron had disappeared, and the cardinals had agreed to elect Emilio Altieri. On 29 April 1670 Altieri received three votes at the scrutiny in the morning, which was the same number he had received consistently since the beginning of the conclave. At the afternoon scrutiny, he received twenty-one votes, and was shortly acclaimed pope by an additional thirty-five cardinals. This brought his final total to fifty-six out of a total possible of fifty-nine electors. Altieri was old and was in poor health, and resisted his own election to the point where he had to be dragged out of his room by two cardinals in order to be acclaimed. His election took place at 3 pm, but he resisted being elected for an hour. He took the name Clement in honour of Clement IX, who had created him a cardinal. At the age of 79, Altieri is the oldest person to have been elected pope.",
"title": "1669–70 papal conclave"
},
{
"docid": "24186432#1",
"text": "Voters elected 121 members to the House of Representatives, with 71 from single-member electorates (an increase from 70 in 2011) and 49 from party lists. Since 1996, New Zealand has used the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting system, giving voters two votes: one for a political party and one for their local electorate MP. The party vote decides how many seats each party gets in the new Parliament; a party is entitled to a share of the seats if it receives 5% of the party vote or wins an electorate. Normally, the House has 120 seats but extra seats may be added where there is an overhang, caused by a party winning more electorates than seats it is entitled to. The one-seat overhang from the 50th Parliament will remain for the 51st Parliament, after United Future won one electorate when their 0.22% party vote did not entitle them to any seats.",
"title": "2014 New Zealand general election"
}
] |
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] |
3455
|
How many seasons does Buffy the Vampire Slayer have?
|
[
{
"docid": "28196105#25",
"text": "The comic book series continued with \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine\" in September 2011, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten\" in March 2014, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eleven\" in November 2016, and concluded with \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Twelve\" in June 2018.",
"title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (season 7)"
},
{
"docid": "47542#52",
"text": "The storyline was continued in a series of comic books produced by Joss Whedon and published by Dark Horse Comics, which serve as a canonical continuation of the television series. The series, which began in 2007 with \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight\", followed by \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine\" in 2011, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten\" in 2014, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eleven\" in 2016, and \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Twelve\" in 2018, which was the final season of the comic book series.",
"title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer"
},
{
"docid": "158075#0",
"text": "\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" is an American television series created by Joss Whedon, which premiered on March 10, 1997. It concluded on May 20, 2003, after seven seasons with 144 episodes in total, plus an unaired pilot episode.",
"title": "List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "9327429#5",
"text": "Halfway through the season, ditzy vampire Harmony Kendall rises to fame as a reality TV star and ushers in a new pro-vampire, anti-Slayer world order. Under attack from Twilight and other demons as well as militaries across the world, the various Slayer squads (including Faith) reconvene in retreat from their enemy. Because Twilight can now track the group through their use of magic, Buffy and her friends relocate to Tibet to learn from Oz how to suppress magical natures for witches and Slayers alike. Giles and Buffy are both concerned with the extent to which they rely on Willow, worried she may go overboard again as in Season Six; Buffy's fears are in part justified by her visit to the future (a crossover with the Whedon miniseries \"Fray\") where she was forced to kill a future Dark Willow. Following the fray with Twilight, in which many Slayers were killed, Buffy developed abilities similar to those of Twilight.",
"title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight"
},
{
"docid": "3603219#10",
"text": "When Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight was finished, Dark Horse Comics decided to publish a new comic season of Buffy. Meanwhile, IDW publishing decided to follow up the series with the publication of Angel & Faith as a part of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine.Season Ten is a Buffy comic series published after Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine.\nDark Horse began publishing Season Eleven in November 2016. This season consists of a 12-issue \"Buffy\" series, a 12-issue \"Angel\" series, and a 4-issue \"Giles\" miniseries.Fray is an eight-issue comic book limited series, a futuristic spin-off of the television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". Written by \"Buffy\" creator Joss Whedon, the series follows a Slayer named Melaka Fray, a chosen one in a time where vampires (called \"lurks\") are returning to the slums of New York City, and the rich-poor divide is even greater. Volume one is drawn by Karl Moline (pencils) and Andy Owens (inks).",
"title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer comics"
},
{
"docid": "751619#4",
"text": "Each season of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" (often simplified as \"Buffy\") presents an overall story arc which episodes tie into, as well as a specific manifestation of evil known as the Big Bad. As noted by \"Buffy\" scholar Roz Kaveney, episodes in the fourth season address authority, order, and the estrangement from the self and others as Buffy and her friends take on new roles after high school. An ongoing theme in the series is Buffy's complex relationship to her destiny as the current Slayer and how she uniquely expresses this role, and this plot element is further explored in season four in general, and in the episode \"Restless\" in particular.",
"title": "Restless (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)"
},
{
"docid": "26695512#4",
"text": "\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine\" continues the plot thread from the previous series, focusing on Buffy and her core group of friends. After the Twilight crisis, in which she destroyed the 'Seed of Wonder' and consequently brought about the end of magic, Buffy is now living in San Francisco and must continue her duties as the Slayer. However, there is a new status quo in Buffy's personal life as well as in her Slayer career. For example, in the process of becoming a vampire, demons are no longer able to fully possess the dead, creating mindless creatures which Xander coins \"zompires\". Xander and Buffy's sister Dawn have settled into a quiet domestic life together, and Buffy's best friend Willow no longer possesses magical abilities. Andrew and Riley are still friends of Buffy's, but she sees them less frequently. Buffy lives with two seemingly normal roommates, Tumble and Anaheed, and the job of patrolling for vampires initially falls to Buffy and her ex-lover Spike, a vampire with a soul.",
"title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine"
},
{
"docid": "40827731#9",
"text": "\"Where are They Now?\" is a brief story released in a free sampler celebrating Dark Horse's 30th anniversary. Harmony, Clem, and a two-person film crew of a vampire and human are filming Harmony's documentary of how the world has changed now that the supernatural is known. She annoys Buffy over three days, calling her a relic that is no longer special since she broke the rules to give all the Slayers power, but also warns her that someone is apparently trying to kill her. Buffy is electrocuted by wires left in water in the laundry room. Harmony interrupts Buffy and Spike's date night, implying they have relationship problems, and the three of them stop an out-of-control streetcar from hurting anyone. On the third night she walks in on Buffy and Giles looking over old spell-books, and Giles remembers the human from the film crew as a former Watcher-in-training, deducing that he and the vampire cameraman are trying to kill Buffy, tired of her messing with primordial forces. Buffy slays the vampire, and the would-be Watcher is turned over to the police. Harmony believes that if a Watcher and vampire hate Buffy enough to work together, she should realise that rules exist for a reason, and that if she keeps breaking them she might break everything. Buffy ignores this, and Harmony is unsure if that makes her the best Slayer ever, or the worst.",
"title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten"
},
{
"docid": "1361956#118",
"text": "SFPD officer Robert Dowling is introduced in the first issue of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine\". He is investigating a series of murders of unmarked and unwounded Jane and John Does around the San Francisco area, which he hypothesized were vampires. After witnessing Buffy stake a vampire, he and his partner arrest her for homicide. After Buffy escapes custody, he declares her the target of a manhunt. After he is anonymously tipped off about the location of the real culprit, Severin, Dowling appears at the scene of a battle where Buffy and Spike are having their powers drained; he shoots Severin three times, hospitalizing him. Subsequently, he and his partner begin investigating vampires more strenuously until she too is turned. He is trained by Xander and Dawn both in how to kill vampires, and in understanding the difference between who the vampires once were and who they now are, using which he is able to kill his ex-partner. Dowling subsequently attempted to quit the force, but was put in charge of an anti-vampire task force instead, working alongside Buffy.",
"title": "List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters"
},
{
"docid": "51119778#0",
"text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eleven is the sequel to the \"Season Ten\" comic book series, a canonical continuation of the television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". Buffy & Angel consist of only 12 issues per series, a much shorter run than the previous seasons, while the miniseries, Giles, runs for 4 issues. The series was published by Dark Horse Comics and began on November 23, 2016.",
"title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eleven"
},
{
"docid": "47542#61",
"text": "Dark Horse has published the \"Buffy\" comics since 1998. In 2003, Whedon wrote an eight-issue miniseries for Dark Horse Comics titled \"Fray\", about a Slayer in the future. Following the publication of \"Tales of the Vampires\" in 2004, \"Dark Horse Comics\" halted publication on Buffyverse-related comics and graphic novels. The company produced Whedon's \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight\" with forty issues from March 2007 to January 2011, picking up where the television show left off—taking the place of an eighth canonical season. The first story arc is also written by Whedon, and is called \"The Long Way Home\" which has been widely well-received, with circulation rivalling industry leaders DC and Marvel's top-selling titles. Also after \"The Long Way Home\" came other story arcs like Faith's return in \"No Future for You\" and a \"Fray\" cross-over in \"Time of Your Life.\" Dark Horse later followed \"Season Eight\" with \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine\", starting in 2011, and \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten\", which began in 2014.",
"title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer"
}
] |
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] |
3456
|
When was Air New Zealand founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "140958#1",
"text": "Air New Zealand originated in 1940 as Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL), a company operating trans-Tasman flights between New Zealand and Australia. TEAL became wholly owned by the New Zealand government in 1965, whereupon it was renamed Air New Zealand. The airline served international routes until 1978, when the government merged it and the domestic New Zealand National Airways Corporation (NAC) into a single airline under the Air New Zealand name. Air New Zealand was privatised in 1989, but returned to majority government ownership in 2001 after near bankruptcy due to a failed tie up with Australian carrier Ansett Australia. In the 2017 financial year to June, Air New Zealand carried 15.95 million passengers.",
"title": "Air New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "13302968#0",
"text": "The history of Air New Zealand, the national carrier of New Zealand, began when the amalgamated East Coast Airways and Cook Strait Airways began operations in January 1936 as Union Airways of N.Z. Ltd, the country's first major airline. Union Airways was the sole New Zealand aviation partner in Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL), which made its inaugural flight in 1940. The New Zealand Government bought full ownership of TEAL in 1961 and the airline was renamed \"Air New Zealand\" in 1965. New Zealand's domestic airline, National Airways Corporation (NAC), was merged with Air New Zealand in 1978. Air New Zealand was privatised in 1989 but in the early 2000s (decade) it got in financial trouble and in 2001 the New Zealand Government took up 80% ownership in return for injecting NZ$885M. In November 2013, the National Government sold down its share in Air New Zealand from 73% to 53% as part of its controversial asset sales programme.",
"title": "History of Air New Zealand"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "13302968#10",
"text": "On 1 April 1978 the domestic airline NAC was absorbed into Air New Zealand. Although both airlines had worked closer together during the 1970s, sharing aircraft etc., it was felt that NAC was threatening the airline. Qantas was feeling out a domestic partner in New Zealand and had NAC in its sights. When NAC announced plans to purchase the Boeing 727-200 to increase capacity, and wanted to reapply for some of its Pacific Island routes, Air New Zealand objected and applied pressure to the New Zealand Government that one airline would best serve the nation's interest. The relaunched Air New Zealand used the NAC NZ prefix for domestic flight numbers and the Air New Zealand TEAL TE prefix for international flights until October 1990, when NZ became universal. The order for the Boeing 727-200s was stopped, and Air New Zealand decided to instead purchase more Boeing 737-200s. It was a decision that would come back to haunt the airline as it would not have a mid-sized aircraft to support the DC-10s when the last DC-8s were due to retire in 1981.",
"title": "History of Air New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "47083135#1",
"text": "Robert Inglis founded Air Nelson in 1979 with Nicki Smith. Air New Zealand purchased 50 per cent of the airline in October 1988, and then acquired the remaining share in 1996. The airline still exists today as one of Air New Zealand's regional subsidiaries, operating turboprop aircraft on domestic routes under the Air New Zealand Link brand. Inglis and Smith subsequently founded Origin Pacific Airways in 1996, to provide regional flights around New Zealand. It had a code-share agreement with Qantas' New Zealand subsidiary Jetconnect between 2001 and 2004, allowing Origin Pacfic's regional flights to connect with the larger airline's domestic and international routes. The termination of the code-share agreement resulted in Origin Pacific Airways losing 60% of its business, and the airline eventually went into liquidation in 2006.",
"title": "Originair"
},
{
"docid": "140958#56",
"text": "In November 2005, it was revealed that Air New Zealand (along with Qantas and British Airways) had a policy of not seating adult male passengers next to unaccompanied children. The policy came to light following an incident in 2004 when a man who was seated next to a young boy on a Qantas flight in New Zealand was asked to change seats with a female passenger. A steward informed him that \"it was the airline's policy that only women were allowed to sit next to unaccompanied children\". Air New Zealand later said it had a similar policy to Qantas.",
"title": "Air New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "629022#4",
"text": "Extensions to the domestic terminal were completed in 1975 with a new two level pier added, extending the total floor space to 16,000 square metres. In October that year, Air New Zealand began a weekly DC-8 service linking Christchurch to Nadi, Rarotonga and Papeete. Air New Zealand opened its No.1 Hangar at the airport in August 1979. In December 1980 the two Australian domestic airlines Ansett and Trans Australia Airlines commenced scheduled services from Hobart within a few days of each other.\nIn July 1984 a main runway extension was completed, the runway was lengthened 845 metres to the northeast, to a total of 3,287 metres. In February 1985 Newmans Air started scheduled de Havilland Canada Dash 7 services on the tourist routes. The first ever Air New Zealand Boeing 767 service to Melbourne and the inaugural Air New Zealand Boeing 747-200 service to Los Angeles via Honolulu and Nadi (known as the southern connection) departed in October 1985.\nIn October 1986 Singapore Airlines started Boeing 747 services to the city. The following month the first British Airways Boeing 747 flight from London arrived. In July 1987 Ansett New Zealand started flying on domestic trunk routes using Boeing 737 aircraft. Also in 1987 the terminal was extended to accommodate Ansett New Zealand and new Air New Zealand lounges; and domestic airbridges were added. Thai Airways began a weekly DC-10 service from Bangkok in November 1988. In March 1989 Air New Zealand introduced a weekly Boeing 747 service from Tokyo and the following month a Boeing 767 service to Perth was introduced. Although dropped years later, the Perth route was restored on a seasonal basis in 2013 with the same aircraft until 2016, when it was upgauged to a Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Also in April 1989 saw the first visit to Christchurch by a British Airways Concorde, on a world tour. In September 1990 stage 1 of the International Antarctic Centre tourist attraction was officially opened.",
"title": "Christchurch International Airport"
},
{
"docid": "140958#6",
"text": "In 1978, the domestic airline National Airways Corporation (NAC) and its subsidiary Safe Air were merged into Air New Zealand to form a single national airline, further expanding the carrier's operations. As a result, NAC's Boeing 737 and Fokker F27 aircraft joined Air New Zealand's fleet alongside its DC-8 and DC-10 airliners. The merger also resulted in the airline having two IATA airline designators: TE from Air New Zealand and NZ from NAC. TE continued to be used for international flights and NZ for domestic flights until 1990, when international flights assumed the NZ code.",
"title": "Air New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "177165#24",
"text": "New Zealand's first contribution came in 1949, when C-47 Dakotas of RNZAF No. 41 Squadron were attached to the Royal Air Force's Far East Air Force. New Zealand became more directly involved in the conflict in 1955; from May, RNZAF de Havilland Vampires and Venoms began to fly strike missions. In November 1955 133 soldiers of what was to become the Special Air Service of New Zealand arrived from Singapore, for training in country with the British SAS, beginning operations by April 1956. The Royal New Zealand Air Force continued to carry out strike missions with Venoms of No. 14 Squadron and later No. 75 Squadron English Electric Canberras, as well as supply-dropping operations in support of anti-guerrilla forces, using the Bristol Freighter.",
"title": "Malayan Emergency"
},
{
"docid": "13302968#26",
"text": "In March 1999 Ansett and Air New Zealand became full Star Alliance members. 1999 also saw the start of a long and confusing battle over ownership of Ansett. Ansett remained profitable but was having increasing difficulty in finding a way to rationalise its cost structure, and badly needed a capital injection to replace its elderly fleet. Of the two half owners, News Limited was more interested in selling out and investing the proceeds in other industries, while Air New Zealand did not have the funds to spare: with 102 aircraft, nearly 15,000 staff and a turnover of US$2.3 billion (compared with Air New Zealand's 72 aircraft, 9,200 staff and US$1.8 billion turnover) Ansett's need for capital was greater than Air New Zealand's ability to provide it—particularly given the age of Air New Zealand's own fleet.",
"title": "History of Air New Zealand"
},
{
"docid": "140958#13",
"text": "On 21 December 2010, the New Zealand government approved an alliance between Air New Zealand and Australian airline Virgin Blue (now named Virgin Australia), which allowed both airlines to expand operations between Australia and New Zealand with codeshares for trans-Tasman and connecting domestic flights; and reciprocal access to frequent flyer programmes and airport lounges. Air New Zealand subsequently purchased a 26% shareholding in Virgin Australia Holdings (Virgin Australia's parent company) to cement the relationship. By October 2016 Air New Zealand sold its remaining stake in Virgin Australia to investors and the Nasham Group. On 4 April 2018, Air New Zealand ended its partnership with Virgin Australia effective 28 October 2018.",
"title": "Air New Zealand"
}
] |
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3458
|
When was the J-2 rocket engine built?
|
[
{
"docid": "712786#0",
"text": "The J-2 was a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine used on NASA's Saturn IB and Saturn V launch vehicles. Built in the U.S. by Rocketdyne, the J-2 burned cryogenic liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) propellants, with each engine producing of thrust in vacuum. The engine's preliminary design dates back to recommendations of the 1959 Silverstein Committee. Rocketdyne won approval to develop the J-2 in June 1960 and the first flight, AS-201, occurred on 26 February 1966. The J-2 underwent several minor upgrades over its operational history to improve the engine's performance, with two major upgrade programs, the de Laval nozzle-type J-2S and aerospike-type J-2T, which were cancelled after the conclusion of the Apollo program.",
"title": "Rocketdyne J-2"
},
{
"docid": "712786#26",
"text": "Inspiration for the J-2 dates back to various NASA studies conducted in the late 1950s, of LH2-fuelled engines producing thrust of up to following the success of the RL-10 used on the Atlas-Centaur's Centaur upper stage. As ever-heavier launch vehicles entered consideration, NASA began to look at engines producing thrusts of up to , with development being officially authorized following the 1959 report of the Saturn Vehicle Evaluation Committee. A source evaluation board was formed to nominate a contractor from five bidding companies, and approval was given on 1 June 1960 for Rocketdyne to begin development of a \"high-energy rocket engine, fuelled by LOX and hydrogen, to be known as the J-2\". The final contract, awarded in September 1960, was the first to explicitly require the design \"insure maximum safety for manned flight.\"",
"title": "Rocketdyne J-2"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1081816#18",
"text": "Introduced in the middle of the 1957 model year, the 1957 and 1958 J-2 Golden Rocket had three two-barrel (twin choke) carburetors with a vacuum-operated linkage. Only the center carburetor was mechanically connected to the throttle pedal, and it was the only one equipped with a choke. When the center carburetor was opened to 60° or more engine vacuum drawn from the windshield wiper pump would simultaneously open the front and rear carburetors. These carburetors did not open progressively; they were either open or closed. The J-2 engine also had a slightly thinner head gasket, raising compression to 10.0:1. It was advertised with gross power and torque ratings of at 4600 rpm and at 2800 rpm. Oldsmobile charged $83 for the J-2 option with the three-speed manual (or in the 98), $314 dollars with the automatic.",
"title": "Oldsmobile V8 engine"
},
{
"docid": "5846760#1",
"text": "The J-2X was intended to be based on the J-2 used on the S-II and S-IVB stages of the Saturn rockets used during the Apollo program, but as required thrust for the Ares I increased due to weight problems it became a clean-sheet design. It entered development in 2007 as part of the cancelled Constellation program. Originally planned for use on the upper stages of the Ares I and Ares V rockets, the J-2X was later intended for use in the Earth Departure Stage of the Block II Space Launch System, the successor to the Constellation program. The engine is intended to be more efficient and simpler to build than its J-2 ancestor, and cost less than the RS-25 Space Shuttle Main Engine. Differences in the new engine include the removal of beryllium, a centrifugal turbo pump versus the axial turbo pump of the J-2, different chamber and nozzle expansion ratios, a channel-walled combustion chamber versus the tube-welded chamber of the J-2, a redesign of all the electronics, a gas generator and supersonic main injector based on the RS-68, and the use of 21st-century joining techniques.",
"title": "J-2X"
},
{
"docid": "34785687#0",
"text": "The HG-3 was a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine which was designed for use on the upper stages of Saturn rockets in the post-Apollo era. Designed in the United States by Rocketdyne, the HG-3 was to have burned cryogenic liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants, with each engine producing of thrust during flight. The engine was designed to produce a specific impulse (\"I\") of 451 seconds in a vacuum, or 280 seconds at sea level. Developed from Rocketdyne's J-2 engine used on the S-II and S-IVB stages, the engine was intended to replace the J-2 on the upgraded S-II-2 and S-IVB-2 stages intended for use on the Saturn MLV, Saturn IB-B and Saturn V/4-260 rockets, with a sea-level optimised version, the HG-3-SL, intended for use on the Saturn INT-17. The engine was cancelled, however, during the post-Apollo drawdown when development of the more advanced Saturn rockets ceased, and never flew, although the engine was later used as the basis for the design of the RS-25 Space Shuttle main engine.",
"title": "HG-3 (rocket engine)"
},
{
"docid": "61941#19",
"text": "Engines built to the \"Planet\" design and the subsequent 2-2-2 \"Patentee\" design of 1833 made the design of \"Rocket\" obsolete.\nThe opening ceremony of the L&MR, on 15 September 1830, was a considerable event, drawing luminaries from the government and industry, including the Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington. The day started with a procession of eight trains setting out from Liverpool for Manchester. The parade was led by \"Northumbrian\" driven by George Stephenson, and included \"Phoenix\" driven by his son Robert, \"North Star\" driven by his brother Robert Sr. and \"Rocket\" driven by assistant engineer Joseph Locke. The day was marred by the death of William Huskisson, the Member of Parliament for Liverpool, who was struck and killed by \"Rocket\" at Parkside.",
"title": "Stephenson's Rocket"
},
{
"docid": "5846760#0",
"text": "The J-2X is a liquid-fueled cryogenic rocket engine that was planned for use on the Ares rockets of NASA's Constellation program, and later the Space Launch System. Built in the United States by Aerojet Rocketdyne (formerly, Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne), the J-2X burns cryogenic liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants, with each engine producing of thrust in vacuum at a specific impulse (\"I\") of . The engine's mass is approximately 2,470 kg (5,450 Lb), significantly heavier than its predecessors.",
"title": "J-2X"
},
{
"docid": "878815#4",
"text": "In August or September 1955, the DOD Committee on Special Capabilities chose the NRL proposal, named Vanguard, for the IGY project. The Martin company, which had also built the Viking, became prime contractor for the launch vehicle. The Vanguard rocket was designed as a three-stage vehicle. The first stage was a General Electric X-405 liquid-fueled engine (designated XLR50-GE-2 by the Navy), derived from the engine of the RTV-N-12a Viking. The second stage was the Aerojet General AJ10-37 (XLR52-AJ-2) liquid-fueled engine, a variant of the engine in the RTV-N-10 Aerobee. Finally, the third stage was a solid-propellant rocket motor. All three-stage Vanguard flights except the last one used a motor built by the Grand Central Rocket Company. Vanguard had no fins, and the first and second stages were steered by gimbaled engines. The second stage housed the vehicle's telemetry system, the inertial guidance system and the autopilot. The third stage was spin-stabilized, with the spin imparted by a turntable on the second stage before separation.",
"title": "Vanguard (rocket)"
},
{
"docid": "712786#27",
"text": "Rocketdyne launched the development of the J-2 with an analytical computer model that simulated engine operations and aided in establishing design configurations. The model was supported by a full-sized mockup which was used throughout development to judge the positioning of the engine's components. The first experimental component, the engine's injector, was produced within two months of the contract being awarded, and testing of the engine's components began at Rocketdyne's Santa Susana Field Laboratory in November 1960. Other test facilities, including a vacuum chamber and full-size engine test stand, were used during the development, with the engine's turbopumps entering testing in November 1961, the ignition system in early 1962, and the first prototype engine running a complete 250-second test run in October 1962. In addition to flight hardware, five engine simulators were also used during the development process, assisting in the design of the engine's electrical and mechanical systems. Contracts were signed between NASA and Rocketdyne in the summer of 1962, requiring 55 J-2 engines to be produced to support the final designs for the Saturn rockets, which required 5 engines for each S-II second stage of the Saturn V and 1 engine for each S-IVB Saturn IB and Saturn V stage.",
"title": "Rocketdyne J-2"
},
{
"docid": "454300#19",
"text": "The design of the J-2X engine intended for use on the Ares V booster rocket was originally to be similar to the J-2 engine of the Apollo-era Saturn V and Saturn IB rockets. In designing the J-2X, NASA engineers visited museums, searched for Apollo-era documentation and consulted with engineers who worked on the Apollo program. \"The mechanics of landing on the Moon and getting off the Moon to a large extent have been solved,\" said Constellation program manager Jeff Hanley. \"That is the legacy that Apollo gave us.\" However, as the J-2X program progressed, it became apparent that, because of revised safety requirements and the growing mass of the upper stage, it was necessary to scrap the original J-2 design completely and use a completely new design for the J-2X.",
"title": "Constellation program"
}
] |
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] |
3460
|
What is the population of the Isle of Wight?
|
[
{
"docid": "5892614#0",
"text": "This is a list of the Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) on the Isle of Wight, England. The Isle of Wight is an island and county three miles off the south coast of England in the English Channel. Its geology is complex, with a chalk downland ridge running east to west through its centre and important fossil beds from the Lower Cretaceous to the Lower Tertiary around the coast. This geology gives rise to many distinct habitats, with strong maritime influences, including chalk grassland, neutral meadows, and broad-leaved woodland. The Isle of Wight has a population of 140,000, making it one of the country's smaller counties in terms of population.",
"title": "List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest on the Isle of Wight"
},
{
"docid": "15102#65",
"text": "The table below shows the regional gross value (in millions of pounds) added by the Isle of Wight economy, at current prices, compiled by the Office for National Statistics.\nAccording to the 2011 census, the island's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households, giving an average household size of 2.27 people.",
"title": "Isle of Wight"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "91304#0",
"text": "Isle of Wight County is a county located in the Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It was named after the Isle of Wight, in the English Channel, from where many of its early colonists had come. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,270. Its county seat is Isle of Wight.",
"title": "Isle of Wight County, Virginia"
},
{
"docid": "351848#0",
"text": "Newport is a civil parish and the county town of the Isle of Wight, an island off the south coast of England. The civil parish had a population of 23,957 at the time of the 2001 census, which rose to 25,496 at the 2011 census. The town lies slightly to the north of the centre of the Island. It has a quay at the head of the navigable section of the River Medina, which flows northward to Cowes and the Solent.",
"title": "Newport, Isle of Wight"
},
{
"docid": "91304#6",
"text": "By 1634, the entire Colony consisted of eight shires or counties with a total population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants. Warrosquyoake Shire was renamed in 1637 as Isle of Wight County, after the island off the south coast of England. The original name had come derived from the Native Americans of the area; it went through transliteration and Anglicisation, eventually becoming known as \"Warwicke Squeake\".",
"title": "Isle of Wight County, Virginia"
},
{
"docid": "22210588#0",
"text": "HMP Isle of Wight is a prison on the Isle of Wight, UK, combining the two island prisons, Albany and Parkhurst. The two former prisons along with Camp Hill were merged in 2009 and each site still retained its old name. Across the three sites there were nearly 1,700 prisoners making it one of the largest prisons in the country. The reorganisation took effect on 1 April 2009. In March 2013 Camp Hill closed, reducing the overall prison population by 595.",
"title": "HM Prison Isle of Wight"
},
{
"docid": "1601940#6",
"text": "The Isle of Wight forms a single constituency of the House of Commons, with an electorate of 110,697 (as of 2017). This is by far the largest electorate in the country. The 2018 proposals from the Boundary Commission for England will split the constituency into two.",
"title": "Politics of the Isle of Wight"
},
{
"docid": "1114280#0",
"text": "The Isle of Wight Council is a unitary authority covering the Isle of Wight near the South coast of England. It is currently made up of 40 seats. Since the 2017 election, the Conservatives have held a majority of 25 and appointed Cllr Dave Stewart as leader of the council.",
"title": "Isle of Wight Council"
},
{
"docid": "374530#16",
"text": "Ventnor is the seventh largest town on the Isle of Wight, with a population of just under 6,000. The nearest town is Shanklin, nearly four miles to the north-east, and the nearest villages are Whitwell and Wroxall, both less than distant.",
"title": "Ventnor"
},
{
"docid": "1145858#1",
"text": "There are nine main towns, most located along the north and east coasts. By greater area population, Ryde is the largest with a population of 32,072. Newport is the centrally located county town, with an area population of 25,496. Most settlements link to Newport by road, which is a hub for island services. There are no settlements with city status; the nearest city is Portsmouth, five miles north-east, then Southampton, ten miles north of Cowes.",
"title": "List of places on the Isle of Wight"
}
] |
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] |
3462
|
Who was the King of Poland during the 1100's?
|
[
{
"docid": "636823#3",
"text": "Duke Bolesław III the Wrymouth, who reigned from 1102 to 1138, tried to end the repeated struggles between various claimants by setting the government of Poland on a more formal footing. In his testament, he divided his lands into five Duchies and distributed them among his sons.",
"title": "Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "18671#14",
"text": "Unlike other Polish provinces, especially Silesia, Lesser Poland did not undergo further fragmentation, and in the early 14th century became the core of the reunited nation (together with Greater Poland). The period of nation's fragmentation came to a symbolic end on 30 January 1320, when Władysław I the Elbow-high was crowned as King of Poland. The ceremony took place in Kraków's Wawel Cathedral, and the king of the reunited country decided to choose Kraków as the capital. Through 14th and 15th centuries, Lesser Poland's position as the most important province of the nation was cemented. It became visible during the reign of Casimir III the Great, who favored less known Lesser Poland's noble families, at the expense of Greater Poland's nobility. The reign of Casimir the Great was a period of growing prosperity of Lesser Poland. With high density of population, fertile soils and rich deposits of minerals (especially salt in Bochnia and Wieliczka, as well as lead in Olkusz), the province was the richest part of Poland. After annexation of Red Ruthenia, Lesser Poland lost its status of the borderland, and both regions created an economic bridge between Poland and the ports of the Black Sea. The king, who drew Jewish settlers from across Europe to his country, built several castles along western border of Lesser Poland, with the most notable ones in Skawina, Pieskowa Skała, Będzin, Lanckorona, Olkusz, Lelów, Bobolice, Krzepice, Ogrodzieniec, Ojców, Olsztyn, Bobolice, Mirów (see also Eagle Nests Trail). Furthermore, he built or strengthened castles in other parts of the province, such as Szydlow, Chęciny, Wiślica, Radom, Niedzica, Opoczno, Lublin, Sandomierz, as well as the Wawel Castle. Also, during his reign (1333–1370), Casimir the Great founded on Magdeburg rights several cities, urbanizing hitherto rural province. Among major Lesser Poland's cities founded by the King, there are:",
"title": "Lesser Poland"
},
{
"docid": "5586600#1",
"text": "Augustus II of Saxony, who had also ruled as King of Poland for most of the years since 1697, died on February 1, 1733, sparking a struggle over his successor to the Polish throne. Stanisław I Leszczyński, who had briefly ruled as king during the Great Northern War (his reign was from 1705 to 1709), was elected king by an election sejm held on September 10, 1733, with broad support from the Polish nobility and population, as well as support from France (where his daughter was married to Louis XV), and Sweden (where Charles XII had supported him during his earlier reign). Russia, the Habsburgs, and Saxony, desiring a monarch over whom they would have more influence, opposed his election. Russia sent troops into Poland in August 1733, at first in an attempt to influence the election, but then forcing Stanisław, who had only 2,000 troops in Warsaw, to retreat to Danzig, where he entrenched with his partisans (including the Primate of Poland Teodor Potocki and the French and Swedish ministers) to await support that had been promised by France. On September 30 a Russian army of 20,000 under Peter Lacy arrived in Warsaw, and on October 6 a second sejm (composed of a smaller number of electors who had dissented from the previous election) proclaimed Augustus III king.",
"title": "Siege of Danzig (1734)"
},
{
"docid": "20026103#2",
"text": "Good relations between Poland and Hungary date back to the Middle Ages. The Polish and Hungarian noble houses (as Piast dynasty or House of Árpád) often intermarried with each other. Louis the Great was king of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and king of Poland from 1370 until his death in 1382. He was his father’s heir, Charles I of the House of Anjou-Sicily (King of Hungary and Croatia) and his uncle’s heir, Casimir III the Great (king of Poland - last of the Piast dynasty). King Casimir had no legitimate sons. Apparently, in order to provide a clear line of succession and avoid dynastic uncertainty, he arranged for his nephew, King Louis I of Hungary, to be his successor in Poland. Louis' younger daughter Saint Jadwiga of Poland inherited the Polish throne, and became one of the most popular monarchs of Poland. In the 15th century, the two countries briefly shared the same king again, Poland's Władysław III of Varna, who perished, aged barely twenty, fighting the Turks at Varna, Bulgaria. In the 16th century, Poland elected as her king a Hungarian nobleman, Stephen Báthory, who is regarded as one of Poland's greatest rulers.",
"title": "Hungary–Poland relations"
},
{
"docid": "27041853#36",
"text": "In 1313–1314, Władysław conquered Greater Poland. In 1320, he became the first king of Poland crowned in Kraków's Wawel Cathedral instead of Gniezno. The coronation was hesitantly agreed to by Pope John XXII in spite of the opposition of King John of Bohemia, who had also claimed the Polish crown. John undertook an expedition aimed at Kraków in 1327, which he was compelled to abort; in 1328, he waged a crusade against Lithuania, during which he formalized an alliance with the Teutonic Order. The Order was in a state of war with Poland from 1327 to 1332 (see Battle of Płowce). As a result, the Knights captured Dobrzyń Land and Kujawy. Władysław was helped by his alliances with Hungary (his daughter Elizabeth was married to King Charles I in 1320) and Lithuania (in a pact of 1325 against the Teutonic State and the marriage of Władysław's son Casimir to Aldona, daughter of the Lithuanian ruler Gediminas). After 1329, a peace agreement with Brandenburg also assisted his efforts. A lasting achievement of King John of Bohemia (and a great loss to Poland) was his success in forcing most of the Piast Silesian principalities, often ambivalent about their loyalties, into allegiance between 1327 and 1329.",
"title": "History of Poland during the Piast dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "27057199#9",
"text": "The first king of the new dynasty was Jogaila, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who was known as Władysław II Jagiełło in Poland. He was elected king of Poland in 1386 after his marriage to Jadwiga of Anjou, the Queen of Poland in her own right, and his conversion to Roman Catholicism. The Christianization of Lithuania in the Latin Rite followed. Jogaila's rivalry in Lithuania with his cousin Vytautas the Great, who was opposed to Lithuania's domination by Poland, was settled in 1392 in the Ostrów Agreement and in 1401 in the Union of Vilnius and Radom: Vytautas became the Grand Duke of Lithuania for life under Jogaila's nominal supremacy. The agreement made possible a close cooperation between the two nations necessary to succeed in struggles with the Teutonic Order. The Union of Horodło of 1413 defined the relationship further and granted privileges to the Roman Catholic (as opposed to Eastern Orthodox) segment of the Lithuanian nobility.",
"title": "History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "13772#12",
"text": "Attempts to reunite the Polish lands gained momentum in the 13th century, and in 1295, Duke Przemysł II of Greater Poland managed to become the first ruler since Bolesław II to be crowned king of Poland. He ruled over a limited territory and was soon killed. In 1300–05 King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia also reigned as king of Poland. The Piast Kingdom was effectively restored under Władysław I the Elbow-high (r. 1306–33), who became king in 1320. In 1308, the Teutonic Knights seized Gdańsk and the surrounding region of Pomerelia.",
"title": "History of Poland"
},
{
"docid": "21959065#1",
"text": "Kunigunde's father was a bitter rival with Wenceslaus II of Bohemia who was King of Poland between 1291–1305. Life was dangerous for Kunigunde, her mother and her siblings during this time, she, her mother and two of her siblings had to go into hiding for a while during 1300. In 1305, Wenceslaus II died and was succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia. Wenceslaus III reigned for a year before he was assassinated under mysterious circumstances so his campaign of Poland ended. His wife, Viola Elisabeth of Cieszyn had not bore him any children so his successor was Władysław.",
"title": "Kunigunde of Poland"
},
{
"docid": "38999#0",
"text": "Bolesław I the Brave ( , ; 967 – 17 June 1025), less often known as Bolesław I the Great (), was Duke of Poland from 992 to 1025, and the first King of Poland in 1025. As Boleslav IV, he was also Duke of Bohemia between 1002 and 1003. He was the son of Mieszko I of Poland by his wife, Dobrawa of Bohemia. According to a scholarly theory, Bolesław ruled Lesser Poland already during the last years of his father's reign. Mieszko I, who died in 992, divided Poland among his sons, but Bolesław expelled his father's last wife, Oda of Haldensleben, and his half-brothers and reunited Poland between 992 and 995.",
"title": "Bolesław I the Brave"
},
{
"docid": "258983#12",
"text": "In Poland, after the death of the last Piast in 1370, Polish kings were initially elected by a small council; gradually, this privilege was granted to all members of the \"szlachta\" (Polish nobility). Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania during the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) were elected by gatherings of crowds of nobles at a field in Wola, today a neighbourhood of Warsaw. Since in Poland all sons of a noble were nobles, and not only the eldest, every one of an estimated 500,000 nobles could potentially have participated in such elections in person – by far the widest franchise of any European country at the time. During the election period, the function of the king was performed by an interrex (usually in the person of the primate of Poland). This unique Polish election was termed the free election (\"wolna elekcja\").",
"title": "Elective monarchy"
},
{
"docid": "43371375#2",
"text": "After the end of Lubomirski’s rebellion, Polanowski entered in the service of the Crown Hetman Jan or John Sobieski (future elected King John III Sobieski), who during the free election in 1669 was the major candidate for the Polish Crow and therefore ruler of “The Commonwealth” (the whole Realm – nowadays Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Latvia, etc. ). He participated in the expedition to Hajec, commanding the left side of the Polish army. In the years 1671-1676 he fought against the Turkish and Tartars troops, participating in the expedition to Bratslav, and fighting the Tatars in Chocimska campaign. In August 1683 went to Vienna, but during the military taking exercise in Tarnów Mountains became ill and had to return to his homeland. Soon after, he resigned from the military, living with the profits of the salt mines of Kraków given to him by the King of Poland (Jan III Sobieski) for live.",
"title": "Aleksander Polanowski"
}
] |
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3463
|
What does transplant rejection mean?
|
[
{
"docid": "529578#0",
"text": "Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between donor and recipient and by use of immunosuppressant drugs after transplant.",
"title": "Transplant rejection"
},
{
"docid": "1584036#46",
"text": "Acute rejection occurs in 10–25% of people after transplant during the first 60 days. Rejection does not necessarily mean loss of the organ, but it may necessitate additional treatment and medication adjustments.",
"title": "Kidney transplantation"
},
{
"docid": "3310752#27",
"text": "Transplant rejection is a primary concern, both immediately after the surgery and continuing throughout the patient's life. Because the transplanted lung or lungs come from another person, the recipient's immune system will see it as an invader and attempt to neutralize it. Transplant rejection is a serious condition and must be treated as soon as possible.",
"title": "Lung transplantation"
},
{
"docid": "529578#29",
"text": "Bone marrow transplant can replace the transplant recipient's immune system with the donor's, and the recipient accepts the new organ without rejection. The marrow's hematopoietic stem cells—the reservoir of stem cells replenishing exhausted blood cells including white blood cells forming the immune system—must be of the individual who donated the organ or of an identical twin or a clone. There is a risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), however, whereby mature lymphocytes entering with marrow recognize the new host tissues as foreign and destroy them.",
"title": "Transplant rejection"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "529578#25",
"text": "Hyperacute rejection manifests severely and within minutes, and so treatment is immediate: removal of the tissue. Chronic rejection is generally considered irreversible and poorly amenable to treatment—only retransplant generally indicated if feasible—though inhaled ciclosporin is being investigated to delay or prevent chronic rejection of lung transplants. Acute rejection is treated with one or several of a few strategies. Despite treatment, rejection remains a major cause of transplant failure.",
"title": "Transplant rejection"
},
{
"docid": "529578#19",
"text": "Developing with formation of cellular immunity, \"acute rejection\" occurs to some degree in all transplants, except between identical twins, unless immunosuppression is achieved (usually through drugs). Acute rejection begins as early as one week after transplant, the risk being highest in the first three months, though it can occur months to years later. Highly vascular tissues such as kidney or liver often host the earliest signs—particularly at endothelial cells lining blood vessels—though it eventually occurs in roughly 10 to 30% of liver transplants, and 10 to 20% of kidney transplants. A single episode of acute rejection can be recognized and promptly treated, usually preventing organ failure, but recurrent episodes lead to \"chronic rejection\". It is believed that the process of acute rejection is mediated by the cell mediated pathway, specifically by mononuclear macrophages and T-lymphocytes.",
"title": "Transplant rejection"
},
{
"docid": "529578#20",
"text": "The term \"chronic rejection\" initially described long-term loss of function in transplanted organs via fibrosis of the transplanted tissue's blood vessels. This is now \"chronic allograft vasculopathy\", however, leaving \"chronic rejection\" referring to rejection due to more patent aspects of immunity.",
"title": "Transplant rejection"
},
{
"docid": "144757#1",
"text": "The discovery of the MHC and role of histocompatibility in transplantation was a combined effort of many scientists in the 20th century. A genetic basis for transplantation rejection was proposed in a 1914 Nature paper by C.C. Little and Ernest Tyyzer, which showed that tumors transplanted between genetically identical mice grew normally, but tumors transplanted between non-identical mice were rejected and failed to grow. The role of the immune system in transplant reject was proposed by Peter Medawar, whose skin graft transplants in world war two victims showed that skin transplants between individuals had much higher rejection rates then self-transplants within an individual, and that suppressing the immune system delayed skin transplant rejection. Medawar shared the 1960 Nobel Prize in part for this work.",
"title": "Histocompatibility"
},
{
"docid": "46300441#9",
"text": "Organ rejection is the unfortunate circumstance of the host immune system recognizing the transplanted organ as foreign. This is the most notable complication facing transplant recipients. Through T-cell receptors, T-lymphocytes are able to distinguish between self and non-self by recognizing human leukocyte antigens (HLA) bound to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein located on the surface of organ cells. Once identified as foreign, the immune system proceeds to destroy the transplanted tissue. The panel reactive antibody (PRA) test measures the proportion of the population to which a recipient will react via pre-existing antibodies to various HLA antigens; in other words, how likely a patient is to acutely reject their new transplant. Therefore, it is essential that HLA and PRA statuses are tested for and demonstrate low immunoreactivity of the patient to the graft. In some cases, a recipient may suffer from graft-versus-host disease, in which cells of the transplanted organ attack the recipient's cells.",
"title": "Intestine transplantation"
},
{
"docid": "529578#6",
"text": "Rejection is an adaptive immune response via cellular immunity (mediated by killer T cells inducing apoptosis of target cells) as well as humoral immunity (mediated by activated B cells secreting antibody molecules), though the action is joined by components of innate immune response (phagocytes and soluble immune proteins). Different types of transplanted tissues tend to favor different balances of rejection mechanisms.",
"title": "Transplant rejection"
},
{
"docid": "529578#18",
"text": "While kidneys can routinely be obtained from human donors, most organs are in short supply leading to consideration of xenotransplants from other species. Pigs are especially likely sources for xenotransplants, chosen for the anatomical and physiological characteristics they share with humans. However, the sugar galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (αGal) has been implicated as a major factor in hyperacute rejection in xenotransplantation. Unlike virtually all other mammals, humans and other primates do not make αGal, and in fact recognize it as an antigen. During transplantation, xenoreactive natural antibodies recognize αGal on the graft endothelium as an antigen, and the resulting complement-mediated immune response leads to a rejection of the transplant.",
"title": "Transplant rejection"
}
] |
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] |
3464
|
When was William O'Brien born?
|
[
{
"docid": "48540573#1",
"text": "William O'Brien was probably born in County Clare in about 1740 to a family which claimed a distant connection to the Viscounts Clare. His father was a fencing master in Dublin David Garrick brought O'Brien over to London from Dublin in 1758 to join his actor's company at Drury Lane. O'Brien was successful in a number of roles, particularly Shakespeare and contemporary comedies. O'Brien was an actor in the company of He eloped with Lady Susannah \"Susan\" Fox-Strangways, eldest daughter of Stephen Fox, the first Earl of Ilchester, whom he had met when they both performed in amateur theatricals at Holland House. Their marriage, which took place on 7 April 1764 at St. Paul's Church, Covent Gardens, was disapproved of by Lady Susan's family.",
"title": "William O'Brien (actor)"
},
{
"docid": "52504936#0",
"text": "William O'Brien (born 26 January 1929) is an English former footballer who played in the Football League for Darlington. A centre half born in Middlesbrough, O'Brien began his football career as a junior with his hometown club, Middlesbrough F.C., and was on the books of Leicester City for the 1947–48 season before serving in the Army. He joined Darlington in February 1950, but did not make his first-team debut for more than a year, when he replaced the injured Geoff Stone on 17 March 1951 for a 4–1 defeat at home to Bradford City. He kept his place for the next Third Division North matchan even heavier defeat, this time away to Hartlepools Unitedbut that was his final appearance.",
"title": "Willie O'Brien"
},
{
"docid": "31991113#1",
"text": "James O'Brien was the son of William O'Brien, 3rd Earl of Inchiquin, and his wife, Mary Villiers, daughter of Sir Edward Villiers. He was born in 1701 at Inchiquin, County Clare. Not long after his birth, his family relocated to Charleville, County Cork. He married Mary Jephson, the daughter of the Very Reverend William Jephson, Dean of Kilmore, and Anne Barry.",
"title": "James O'Brien (1695–1771)"
},
{
"docid": "422802#0",
"text": "William O'Brien (2 October 1852 – 25 February 1928) was an Irish nationalist, journalist, agrarian agitator, social revolutionary, politician, party leader, newspaper publisher, author and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was particularly associated with the campaigns for land reform in Ireland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries as well as his conciliatory approach to attaining Irish Home Rule.",
"title": "William O'Brien"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "58247205#1",
"text": "Frances Marcella O'Brien was born at Peafield near Ennis, County Clare, on 24 June 1840. Her parents were William O'Brien, a farmer, and his wife Marcella (née Burke-Browne) of Newgrove, County Clare. She was the second youngest child of three sons and two daughters. Marcella O'Brien died at age 30, when her children were still young, and William married again to a Miss Taylor of Mulpit, County Galway. Due to financial hardship, the O'Brien family emigrated to New York City in 1849. Due to O'Brien's asthma she was unable to join them, and remained in Ireland with her mother's family at Newgrove. As she was in poor health, she didn't receive a formal education. She was widely read and got direction from her aunt and the parish priest. She became friends with Timothy Daniel Sullivan and the editor of the \"Irish Monthly\", Fr Matthew Russell. It was in the \"Irish Monthly\" that O'Brien published poetry and fiction, firstly under \"A. O'B.\" and then under her nickname \"Attie O'Brien\". One of the first poems of note by O'Brien was published in 1877, \"Probatica\". In 1878 she published 6 more poems.",
"title": "Frances O'Brien"
},
{
"docid": "21858331#1",
"text": "He was born in Thornhill, Upper Canada, the son of Edward G. O'Brien, an immigrant from Ireland, and was educated at Upper Canada College. In 1864, he married Elizabeth Loring, a descendant of United Empire Loyalist Joshua Loring. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1874. O'Brien was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the House of Commons in 1878. He was a lieutenant-colonel in the militia and commanded a regiment during the North-West Rebellion of 1885. In 1889, O'Brien introduced a motion in the House of Commons that the Jesuit Estates Act, which had been passed by the Quebec assembly, be struck down by the federal parliament; that motion was defeated. He was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1896.",
"title": "William Edward O'Brien"
},
{
"docid": "57434049#1",
"text": "John Roger O'Brien was born October 16, 1903, in Lehighton, Pennsylvania, to the marriage of Charles William O'Brien (1879–1960) and Anna Lena Fetherolf (1878–1967). He was raised in nearby Allentown. In 1921, O'Brien graduated from Bethlehem Preparatory School in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. He went on to Muhlenberg College, where he was in a fraternity, and then to Columbia University, where he studied organ with David McK. Williams \"(né\" David McKinley Williams; 1887–1978).",
"title": "Jack O'Brien (jazz pianist)"
},
{
"docid": "27482783#1",
"text": "William O'Brien was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Charles D. and Alice M. (née O'Hara) O'Brien. He received his early education at Kinzie Grade School and at the Christian Brothers' school at Holy Name Cathedral. In 1899, he became one of the first two graduates of St. Vincent's College (later DePaul University) in Chicago. He then studied for the priesthood at Kenrick Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri. O'Brien was ordained a priest by Archbishop James Edward Quigley on July 11, 1903.",
"title": "William David O'Brien"
},
{
"docid": "422802#1",
"text": "William O'Brien was born at Bank Place in Mallow, County Cork, as second son of James O'Brien, a solicitor's clerk, and his wife Kate, the daughter of James Nagle, a local shopkeeper. On his mother's side he was descended from the distinguished Norman family of Nagles, long settled in the vicinity of Mallow giving their name to the nearby Nagle Mountains. He was also linked through his mother with the statesman Edmund Burke's mother's family, as well as with the poet Edmund Spencer's family.\nThe Nagles however, no longer held the status or prosperity they once had. In the same month thirty-eight years earlier Thomas Davis was born in Mallow. O'Brien's advocacy of the cause of Irish Independence was to be in the same true tradition of his esteemed fellow-townsman. Following in his footsteps he acknowledged the existence of many strands of Irishness.",
"title": "William O'Brien"
},
{
"docid": "2855660#1",
"text": "Born in Clonakilty, County Cork, and christened 'John William', O'Brien moved with his family to Dublin in 1897, and quickly became involved in the Irish Socialist Republican Party (ISRP). O'Brien is described as \"a very significant figure in the ISRP\" by the historian of the ISRP, David Lynch. He was a member of the Socialist Party of Ireland, serving on its executive.",
"title": "William X. O'Brien"
},
{
"docid": "6010623#1",
"text": "George O'Brien was born at Dromoland Castle County Clare, Ireland in 1821 he was the fifth son of Admiral Robert O'Brien, a direct descendant of Murrough O'Brien, 57th King of Thomond Baron Inchiquin, and of Brian Boroimhe, Monarch of Ireland (?-1014). George O'Brien was a first cousin of William Smith O'Brien (1803–1864) deported to Tasmania for his part in the 1848 'Young Ireland' uprising, and a cousin too of James FitzGerald, at one time Superintendent of the Canterbury Province in New Zealand.",
"title": "George O'Brien (painter)"
}
] |
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3465
|
When did the Cretaceous period begin?
|
[
{
"docid": "5615#0",
"text": "The Cretaceous (, ) is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period mya. It is the last period of the Mesozoic Era, and the longest period of the Phanerozoic Eon. The Cretaceous Period is usually abbreviated K, for its German translation \"Kreide\" (chalk, \"creta\" in Latin).",
"title": "Cretaceous"
},
{
"docid": "11603215#33",
"text": "The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.\nDuring the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart.\nThe Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed. The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe, where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic \"lagerstätten\" of Holzmaden and Solnhofen.\nIn contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, with few outcrops at the surface. Though the epicontinental Sundance Sea left marine deposits in parts of the northern plains of the United States and Canada during the late Jurassic, most exposed sediments from this period are continental, such as the alluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation. The first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern Cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny. Important Jurassic exposures are also found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia and the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Geological history of Earth"
},
{
"docid": "10727548#65",
"text": "Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged late in the Cretaceous period, about 100 to 85 million years ago, but that modern families first appeared later, in the late Eocene and early Miocene epochs of the Cenozoic period. Fossil-based analyses, on the contrary, limit the placentals to the Cenozoic. Many Cretaceous fossil sites contain well-preserved lizards, salamanders, birds, and mammals, but not the modern forms of mammals. It is likely that they simply did not exist, and that the molecular clock runs fast during major evolutionary radiations. On the other hand, there is fossil evidence from of hoofed mammals that may be ancestors of modern ungulates.",
"title": "Evolution of mammals"
},
{
"docid": "31226827#13",
"text": "In the hall representing the Cretaceous period, which is the last period of the Mesozoic era from 145 to 66 million years ago, the displays relate to the biological and social habits of dinosaurs, reasons for their extinction by the end of the Cretaceous period, that are attributed to meteorite, volcanic eruptions and intense geographic and climatic changes. Evolution of birds inferred as theropods evolving from the non-avian dinosaurs are represented by the \"Archaeopteryx\" (a prehistoric bird) and dinosaurs such as the \"Deinonychus\" or the \"Dromaeosaurus\".",
"title": "Jurassic Museum of Asturias"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5615#27",
"text": "During the Cretaceous, the late-Paleozoic-to-early-Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its tectonic breakup into the present-day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin mountain building (orogenies) that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera, as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies.\nThough Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, it broke up as South America, Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa (though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising eustatic sea levels worldwide. To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged.",
"title": "Cretaceous"
},
{
"docid": "11603215#36",
"text": "To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged. The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk; indeed, more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic. Mid-ocean ridge activity—or rather, the circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges—enriched the oceans in calcium; this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the bioavailability of the element for calcareous nanoplankton. These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous formations from North America include the rich marine fossils of Kansas's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. Other important Cretaceous exposures occur in Europe and China. In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were laid down in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.",
"title": "Geological history of Earth"
},
{
"docid": "3969819#35",
"text": "The Cretaceous () had much of the same insect fauna as the Jurassic until much later on. During the Cretaceous, the late-Paleozoic-to-early-Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its tectonic breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera, as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. Though Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, it broke up as South America, Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa (though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising eustatic sea levels worldwide. To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds.",
"title": "Evolution of insects"
},
{
"docid": "5615#3",
"text": "The Cretaceous as a separate period was first defined by Belgian geologist Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy in 1822, using strata in the Paris Basin and named for the extensive beds of chalk (calcium carbonate deposited by the shells of marine invertebrates, principally coccoliths), found in the upper Cretaceous of Western Europe. The name Cretaceous was derived from Latin \"creta\", meaning \"chalk\".",
"title": "Cretaceous"
},
{
"docid": "3551034#1",
"text": "It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays, mudstones, and sandstones deposited during the Maastrichtian and Danian (respectively, the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Paleogene) by fluvial activity in fluctuating river channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern continental margin fronting the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. The climate was mild, and the presence of crocodilians suggests a sub-tropical climate, with no prolonged annual cold. The famous iridium-enriched Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, which separates the Cretaceous from the Cenozoic, occurs as a discontinuous but distinct thin marker bedding above and occasionally within the formation, near its boundary with the overlying Fort Union Formation.",
"title": "Hell Creek Formation"
},
{
"docid": "648405#9",
"text": "The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time, approximately (Ma). It is widely known as the \"K–T extinction event\" and is associated with a geological signature, usually a thin band dated to that time and found in various parts of the world, known as the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (K–T boundary). \"K\" is the traditional abbreviation for the Cretaceous Period derived from the German name \"Kreidezeit\", and \"T\" is the abbreviation for the Tertiary Period (a historical term for the period of time now covered by the Paleogene and Neogene periods). The event marks the end of the Mesozoic Era and the beginning of the Cenozoic Era. \"Tertiary\" being no longer recognized as a formal time or rock unit by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, the K-T event is now called the Cretaceous—Paleogene (or K-Pg) extinction event by many researchers.",
"title": "Late Cretaceous"
}
] |
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] |
3466
|
Who discovered Halley's Comet?
|
[
{
"docid": "46083#6",
"text": "Ultimately, it was Newton's friend, editor and publisher, Edmond Halley, who, in his 1705 \"Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets\", used Newton's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits. Having compiled a list of 24 comet observations, he calculated that the orbital elements of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 (observed by Petrus Apianus) and 1607 (observed by Johannes Kepler). Halley thus concluded that all three comets were, in fact, the same object returning about every 76 years, a period that has since been found to vary between 74–79 years. After a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets, he predicted its return for 1758. While he had personally observed the comet around perihelion in September 1682, Halley died in 1742 before he could observe its predicted return.",
"title": "Halley's Comet"
},
{
"docid": "538083#46",
"text": "The names given to comets have followed several different conventions over the past two centuries. Before any systematic naming convention was adopted, comets were named in a variety of ways. The first one to be named was \"Halley's Comet\" (now officially known as Comet Halley), named after Edmond Halley, who had calculated its orbit. Similarly, the second known periodic comet, Comet Encke (formally designated 2P/Encke), was named after the astronomer, Johann Franz Encke, who had calculated its orbit rather than the original discoverer of the comet, Pierre Méchain. Other comets that bore the possessive include \"Biela's Comet\" (3D/Biela) and \"Miss Herschel's Comet\" (35P/Herschel–Rigollet, or Comet Herschel–Rigollet). Most bright (non-periodic) comets were referred to as 'The Great Comet Of...' the year in which they appeared.",
"title": "Astronomical naming conventions"
},
{
"docid": "46083#1",
"text": "Halley's returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers since at least 240 BC. Clear records of the comet's appearances were made by Chinese, Babylonian, and medieval European chroniclers, but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object at the time. The comet's periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley, after whom it is now named.",
"title": "Halley's Comet"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "46083#12",
"text": "The orbits of the Halley-type comets suggest that they were originally long-period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner Solar System. If Halley was once a long-period comet, it is likely to have originated in the Oort cloud, a sphere of cometary bodies that has an inner edge of 20,000–50,000 AU. Conversely the Jupiter-family comets are generally believed to originate in the Kuiper belt, a flat disc of icy debris between 30 AU (Neptune's orbit) and 50 AU from the Sun (in the scattered disc). Another point of origin for the Halley-type comets was proposed in 2008, when a trans-Neptunian object with a retrograde orbit similar to Halley's was discovered, , whose orbit takes it from just outside that of Uranus to twice the distance of Pluto. It may be a member of a new population of small Solar System bodies that serves as the source of Halley-type comets.",
"title": "Halley's Comet"
},
{
"docid": "583762#7",
"text": "Wolf started his career as a comet hunter and continued to discover them throughout his life. He discovered or co-discovered several comets, including 14P/Wolf and 43P/Wolf-Harrington. Wolf won a competition with E. E. Barnard on who would be the first to observe the return of Halley's Comet (P1/Halley) in April 1910.",
"title": "Max Wolf"
},
{
"docid": "480311#1",
"text": "As its official designation implies, Encke's Comet was the first periodic comet discovered after Halley's Comet (designated 1P/Halley). It was independently observed by several astronomers, the second being Caroline Herschel in 1795 and the third Jean-Louis Pons in 1818. Its orbit was calculated by Johann Franz Encke, who through laborious calculations was able to link observations of comets in 1786 (designated 2P/1786 B1), 1795 (2P/1795 V1), 1805 (2P/1805 U1) and 1818 (2P/1818 W1) to the same object. In 1819 he published his conclusions in the journal \"Correspondance astronomique\", and predicted correctly its return in 1822 (2P/1822 L1). It was recovered by Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker at Parramatta Observatory on 2 June 1822.",
"title": "Comet Encke"
},
{
"docid": "36947917#4",
"text": "He also developed a method of eliminating systematic errors in positioning brighter comets that resulted in a more accurate prediction of the Halley's Comet. A recalculation of the path of Halley's comet to 2317 BC confirmed that the Greeks had already seen the comet on 466 B.C.\nHe discovered seven minor planets including 3683 Baumann, 4378 Voigt (named after Hans-Heinrich Voigt), 9938 Kretlow and 4349 Tibúrcio at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile.",
"title": "Werner Landgraf"
},
{
"docid": "205514#3",
"text": "Following a suggestion by Jean-Louis Pons, who suspected one of the three comets discovered in 1818 to be the same one already discovered by him in 1805, Encke began to calculate the orbital elements of this comet. At this time, all the known comets had an orbital period of seventy years and more, with an aphelion far beyond the orbit of Uranus. The most famous comet of this family was Comet Halley with its period of seventy-six years. So the orbit of the comet discovered by Pons was a sensation, because his orbit was found to have a period of 3.3 years, so that the aphelion had to be within the orbit of Jupiter. Encke predicted its return for 1822, but this return was observable only from the southern hemisphere and was seen by Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker in Australia. The comet was also identified with the one seen by Pierre Méchain in 1786 and by Caroline Herschel in 1795.",
"title": "Johann Franz Encke"
},
{
"docid": "40313359#8",
"text": "Among the comets with short enough periods to have been observed several times in the historical record, Halley's Comet is unique in that it is consistently bright enough to be visible to the naked eye while passing through the inner Solar System. Since the confirmation of the periodicity of Halley's Comet, other [periodic comet]]s have been discovered through the use of the telescope. The second comet found to have a periodic orbit was Encke's Comet (with the official designation of 2P/Encke). During the period 1819–21 the German mathematician and physicist Johann Franz Encke computed the orbits for a series of comets that had been observed in 1786, 1795, 1805, and 1818, and he concluded that they were same comet, and successfully predicted its return in 1822. By 1900, seventeen comets had been observed through more than one passage through their perihelions, and then recognized as being periodic comets. , 305 comets have achieved this distinction, although several of these have disintegrated or been lost.",
"title": "Observational history of comets"
},
{
"docid": "13190861#0",
"text": "Halley's Comet, named after English astronomer Edmund Halley who first demonstrated its periodicity, returns to the vicinity of the Sun and Earth approximately every 76 years. Since comets are believed to be the most primordial objects in the solar system, their study is of great importance to planetary science. At the time of the 1986 return (technically, \"apparition\") of the comet, astronomical telescopes and related instrumentation were vastly more sensitive than for any previous apparition. Consequently, the International Halley Watch (IHW) was organized to stimulate, standardize, collect, and archive observations of the comet.",
"title": "International Halley Watch"
},
{
"docid": "46509984#0",
"text": "The following is a list of Halley-type comets (HTCs), which are periodic comets with an orbital period between 20 and 200 years, often appearing only once or twice within one's lifetime. The majority come from between the orbits of Saturn and Neptune; Due to the nature of their orbits, their orbits can be perturbed by the giant planets and sent into orbits too far from the Sun to outgas, and vice versa. Minor planets in comet-like orbits similar to HTCs that never come close enough to the Sun to outgas are called centaurs. HTCs are named after the first discovered member, and the first discovered periodic comet, Halley's Comet, which orbits the Sun in about 75 years, and passing as far as the orbit of Neptune.",
"title": "List of Halley-type comets"
}
] |
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] |
3469
|
Who is the current head of NASA?
|
[
{
"docid": "35887878#0",
"text": "James Frederick Bridenstine (born June 15, 1975) is an American politician and the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Bridenstine served as the United States Representative for Oklahoma's 1st congressional district, based in Tulsa from January 3, 2013 to April 23, 2018. He is a member of the Republican Party.",
"title": "Jim Bridenstine"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "30156261#4",
"text": "The Chief of the Astronaut Office is the most senior leadership position for active astronauts in the Corps. The Chief Astronaut serves as head of the Corps and is the principal adviser to the NASA Administrator on astronaut training and operations. The first Chief Astronaut was Deke Slayton, appointed in 1962. The current Chief Astronaut is Patrick Forrester.",
"title": "NASA Astronaut Corps"
},
{
"docid": "35887878#11",
"text": "On September 1, 2017, the White House announced that Bridenstine was President Donald Trump's preferred pick to head NASA. The choice was quickly criticized by both Republican and Democratic politicians, saying that NASA should be headed by a \"space professional\", not a politician or a Trump ally. Critics drew attention to Bridenstine's lack of formal qualifications in science or engineering (unlike previous appointees to that post). Florida Republican senator Marco Rubio said that Bridenstine's political history could prove controversial and delay the confirmation process, saying \"I just think it could be devastating for the space program\", while Democratic Senator Bill Nelson, also of Florida and a former Payload Specialist for NASA who flew on STS-61-C, said \"The head of NASA ought to be a space professional, not a politician.\" \"CNN\" found that Bridenstine's Facebook, YouTube and Twitter accounts were entirely deleted, while most of the interviews on his Soundcloud were deleted, at a time when Congress would be examining his record for his confirmation hearing.",
"title": "Jim Bridenstine"
},
{
"docid": "4525293#3",
"text": "The current Administrator is Jim Bridenstine, who was nominated by President Donald Trump on September 1, 2017. Bridenstine was confirmed on April 19, 2018, and was sworn in four days later on April 23, 2018.The line of succession for the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration is as follows:\n\"In the event of there being no Deputy Administrator of NASA, and the Associate Administrator serving as Acting Administrator, then the Deputy Associate Administrator assumes the role of Acting Deputy Administrator.\"",
"title": "List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA"
},
{
"docid": "13125977#0",
"text": "Lesa B. Roe is an American aerospace engineer who currently serves as the Chancellor of the University of North Texas System. Prior to becoming chancellor, Roe served as the Acting Deputy Administrator of NASA from January 20, 2017 to September 30, 2017, and was the Deputy Associate Administrator from May 1, 2014 to September 30, 2017. Roe has also served as the Director of NASA Langley Research Center from 2005 to 2014, the first woman to hold that position. She previously served as the center's Deputy Director from June 2004 until being named Director in October 2005. Roe in totality served 32 years at NASA, managed the employment of over 17,000 employees with a budget of 19.6 billion.",
"title": "Lesa Roe"
},
{
"docid": "37384483#0",
"text": "Ellen Renee Stofan (born February 24, 1961) is the former Chief Scientist of NASA and served as principal advisor to NASA Administrator Charles Bolden on the agency’s science programs, planning and investments. She resigned from NASA in December 2016. Previously, she served as vice president of Proxemy Research in Laytonsville, Maryland, and as an honorary professor in the Earth sciences department at the University College London. She is currently the Director of the National Air and Space Museum.",
"title": "Ellen Stofan"
},
{
"docid": "4525293#0",
"text": "The Administrator and Deputy Administrator of NASA are the highest-ranked officials of NASA, the space agency of the United States Federal Government. The Administrator serves as the senior space science advisor to the President of the United States. According to NASA, the role of the Administrator is to \"lead the NASA team and manage its resources to advance the Vision for Space Exploration.\" The Deputy Administrator of NASA \"serves as the agency’s second in command and is responsible to the administrator for providing overall leadership, planning, and policy direction for the agency. They represent NASA to the Executive Office of the President, Congress, heads of federal and other appropriate government agencies, international organizations, and external organizations and communities. They also oversee the day to day work of NASA’s functional offices, such as the Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Office of General Counsel and Strategic Communications\", according to NASA (referring to Shana Dale).",
"title": "List of Administrators and Deputy Administrators of NASA"
},
{
"docid": "54465810#14",
"text": "The current proposal is supported by current NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine, who has stated that it is critical to defending the United States' energy grid and GPS network. Other supporters include former Air Force Colonel and astronaut Buzz Aldrin, former Air Force Colonel and astronaut Terry Virts, former Marine Corps Colonel and astronaut Jack R. Lousma, former astronaut David Wolf, former astronaut Clayton Anderson, space mogul Elon Musk, and astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson.",
"title": "United States Space Force"
},
{
"docid": "42628164#0",
"text": "Dr. Colleen Hartman was the deputy center director for Science, Operations and Performance of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and currently is the Director of the Science and Exploration Directorate (Code 600). Previously she was a presidential management intern, served as a senior policy analyst at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and served as deputy division director for technology at NASA Headquarters.",
"title": "Colleen Hartman"
},
{
"docid": "489179#8",
"text": "O'Keefe became NASA administrator on December 21, 2001 after the United States Senate confirmed his nomination. He came to NASA without formal training in science or engineering (as was the case with James E. Webb who was NASA administrator from 1961 to 1968). O'Keefe's tenure at NASA can be divided into roughly three equal periods, each marked by a single problem or event of overriding importance:; in the period December 2001 through January 2003, O'Keefe eliminated a $5 billion cost overrun in the construction of the International Space Station. In 2003 the Space Shuttle \"Columbia\" accident and its aftermath. From January 2004 through February 2005, O'Keefe re-organized NASA to start working on President George W. Bush's newly announced Vision for Space Exploration to send humans to the Moon and Mars.",
"title": "Sean O'Keefe"
},
{
"docid": "55398573#3",
"text": "The chief author of NASA's budget proposal is John Culberson, the head of the science subcommittee in the House of Representatives. In Spring 2015 he presented a budget request, creating the possibility of an all-new NASA mission program. The House Appropriations Committee approved its version of the FY2016 House Appropriations Commerce-Justice-Science (CJS) bill on May 20, 2015. Therefore, the Committee directed NASA to create an Ocean Worlds Exploration Program whose primary goal is to discover extant life on another world using a mix of Discovery, New Frontiers and Flagship class missions consistent with the recommendations of current and future Planetary Science Decadal Surveys.",
"title": "Ocean Worlds Exploration Program"
}
] |
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] |
3470
|
When was penicillin discovered?
|
[
{
"docid": "587780#2",
"text": "Alexander Fleming had first discovered penicillin by accident in 1928, but at that time believed it had little application. When Florey and his team recognised the potential of the discovery for combating bacterial infection, they faced the problem of how to manufacture penicillin in sufficient quantities to be of use. Heatley, although the junior member of the team, possessed a natural gift for ingenuity and invention. It was he who suggested transferring the active ingredient of penicillin back into water by changing its acidity, thus purifying the penicillin.",
"title": "Norman Heatley"
},
{
"docid": "44870708#3",
"text": "During World War II, Bushnell Hospital treated approximately 13,000 military patients with various illnesses and injuries, and in 1944, it housed 3,286 GI–patients. The U.S. Army designated Bushnell Hospital as the military’s first center for the study of penicillin’s possible use. On April 1, 1943, the first shipment of penicillin arrived at Bushnell, and during the War, it administered penicillin more than any other institution in the United States. In addition to administering some of the first doses of penicillin, Ingram promoted its use to the surrounding Brigham community. In speech by then-Captain Alvin Ingram to the Rotary Club of Brigham City, he explained how penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, and extolled recent successes of administering the drug at nearby Bushnell Hospital. According to historian Richard Polenberg, “[w]artime advances in medicine, particularly in the production of penicillin (which first became generally available for civilian use in the spring of 1944) saved countless [military and civilian] lives.",
"title": "Alvin Ingram"
},
{
"docid": "369155#20",
"text": "For decades biologists had been at work on the medicine that became penicillin. In 1928, Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming discovered a substance that killed a number of disease-causing bacteria. In 1929, he named the new substance \"penicillin\". His publications were largely ignored at first, but it became a significant antibiotic in the 1930s. In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at Sheffield Royal Infirmary, used penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, but failed to cure a fifth.",
"title": "Roaring Twenties"
},
{
"docid": "23312#0",
"text": "Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use). Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.\nAbout 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin; however, up to 90% of this group may not actually be allergic. Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%. All penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics.\nPenicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming. People began using it to treat infections in 1942. There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins, aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins. They are derived from \"Penicillium\" fungi.",
"title": "Penicillin"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "1937#15",
"text": "Fleming also discovered very early that bacteria developed antibiotic resistance whenever too little penicillin was used or when it was used for too short a period. Almroth Wright had predicted antibiotic resistance even before it was noticed during experiments. Fleming cautioned about the use of penicillin in his many speeches around the world. On 26 June 1945, he made the following cautionary statements: \"the microbes are educated to resist penicillin and a host of penicillin-fast organisms is bred out ... In such cases the thoughtless person playing with penicillin is morally responsible for the death of the man who finally succumbs to infection with the penicillin-resistant organism. I hope this evil can be averted.\" He cautioned not to use penicillin unless there was a properly diagnosed reason for it to be used, and that if it were used, never to use too little, or for too short a period, since these are the circumstances under which bacterial resistance to antibiotics develops.",
"title": "Alexander Fleming"
},
{
"docid": "21115942#1",
"text": "Recognition of antibiotic tolerance dates back to 1944 when Joseph Bigger, an Irish physician working in England, was experimenting with the recently discovered penicillin. Bigger used penicillin to lyse a suspension of bacteria and then inoculated culture medium with the penicillin-treated liquid. Colonies of bacteria were able to grow after antibiotic killing. The important observation that Bigger made was that this new population could again be killed by penicillin except for a small residual population. Hence the residual organisms were not antibiotic resistant mutants but rather a subpopulation of what he called ‘persisters’. The formation of persisters is now known to be a common phenomenon that can occur by the formation of persister cells prior to the antibiotic treatment or in response to a variety of antibiotics.",
"title": "Multidrug tolerance"
},
{
"docid": "11120809#5",
"text": "In 1959, Brockham Park became famous when Beecham scientists there discovered the penicillin nucleus, 6-APA (6-aminopenicillanic acid); This discovery allowed Beecham, working in tandem with Bristol-Myers, to synthesize of a number of new semisynthetic penicillins. Beecham marketed Broxil (phenethicillin), followed shortly by the more potent Celbenin (methicillin), which was active against \"Staphylococcus aureus\". The group continued to focus on pharmaceutical development, producing further semi-synthetic penicillins. However, when Penbritin (ampicillin) came on the market in 1961, Beecham's facilities were soon inadequate for the worldwide demand the drug generated. A complex at Worthing came on line in the early 1960s to produce phenethicillin, followed by the ability to produce 6-APA, the base for semisynthetic penicillins.",
"title": "Beecham Group"
},
{
"docid": "1805#42",
"text": "Ernst Chain, Howard Florey and Edward Abraham succeeded in purifying the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942, but it did not become widely available outside the Allied military before 1945. Later, Norman Heatley developed the back extraction technique for efficiently purifying penicillin in bulk. The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Abraham in 1942 and then later confirmed by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin in 1945. Purified penicillin displayed potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of bacteria and had low toxicity in humans. Furthermore, its activity was not inhibited by biological constituents such as pus, unlike the synthetic sulfonamides. (see below) The development of penicillin led to renewed interest in the search for antibiotic compounds with similar efficacy and safety. For their successful development of penicillin, which Fleming had accidentally discovered but could not develop himself, as a therapeutic drug, Chain and Florey shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming.",
"title": "Antibiotic"
},
{
"docid": "38642855#5",
"text": "Hobby is recognized for her work in creating a form of penicillin that was effective on human hosts. In 1940, Hobby and her colleagues, Dr. Karl Meyer and Dr. Martin Henry Dawson, wrote to Howard Florey and Ernst Chain to procure a sample of penicillin. They naively decided to make some penicillin and soon became experts in the fermentation process, and began refining it into a drug. Hobby, Meyer, and Dawson performed the first tests of penicillin on humans in 1940 and 1941, before presenting at the American Society for Clinical Investigation. They discovered that penicillin was a powerful germ-killer that reduced the severity of infectious diseases and made procedures such as organ transplantation and open-heart surgery possible. Their findings received media coverage, which helped attract funding from the United States Government to mass-produce penicillin during World War II, saving the lives of many soldiers.",
"title": "Gladys Lounsbury Hobby"
},
{
"docid": "23312#18",
"text": "Despite the lack of interest of his fellow scientists, he did conduct several experiments on the antibiotic substance he discovered. The most important result proved it was nontoxic in humans by first performing toxicity tests in animals and then on humans. His subsequent experiments on penicillin's response to heat and pH allowed Fleming to increase the stability of the compound. The one test that modern scientists would find missing from his work was the test of penicillin on an infected animal, the results of which would likely have sparked great interest in penicillin and sped its development by almost a decade.\nThe importance of his work has been recognized by the placement of an International Historic Chemical Landmark at the Alexander Fleming Laboratory Museum in London on November 19, 1999.",
"title": "Penicillin"
},
{
"docid": "15947535#2",
"text": "In 1958, Beecham scientists in the UK discovered the penicillin nucleus, 6-APA. From that starting material, a large number of new semisynthetic penicillins could be designed, whose activity was directed against problem infections.",
"title": "6-APA"
}
] |
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] |
3471
|
What's the biggest union in Germany?
|
[
{
"docid": "17626#37",
"text": "Trade unions in Germany have a history reaching back to the German revolution in 1848, and still play an important role in the German economy and society. In 1875 the SPD, the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which is one of the biggest political parties in Germany, supported the forming of unions in Germany. The most important labour organisation is the German Confederation of Trade Unions \"(Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund – DGB)\", which represents more than 6 million people (31 December 2011) and is the umbrella association of several single trade unions for special economic sectors. The DBG is not the only Union Organization that represents the working trade. There are smaller organizations, such as the CGB, which is a Christian-based confederation, that represent over 1.5 million people.",
"title": "Trade union"
},
{
"docid": "7017697#2",
"text": "The German Federation of Trade Unions (\"Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund\" (DGB)) is the largest umbrella organization of unions in Germany. The eight different unions that belong to it cover many sectors of German industry, public services such as police, and higher and professional education. In 2001, DGB united 84% of all union members in Germany. While the number of members was over eleven million in 1991, it has reduced to 6.19 million in 2010. Of these members, about two thirds were actively employed. The following list shows the unions belonging to DGB:",
"title": "Trade unions in Germany"
},
{
"docid": "7017697#1",
"text": "The most important labor organization is the German Confederation of Trade Unions (\"\", or \"DGB\"), which is the umbrella association of eight single trade unions for individual economic sectors, representing more than 6 million people . The largest single trade union is the IG Metall, which organizes about 2.3 million members in metal (including automobile and machine building), electronics, steel, textile, wood and synthetics industries.",
"title": "Trade unions in Germany"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "26759046#2",
"text": "Since 2002, the association has extended to cover the whole of Germany, including camp communities of former prisoners of the concentration camps as incorporated associations. The VVN-BdA claims to be the biggest antifascist organisation in the Federal Republic of Germany.",
"title": "Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime"
},
{
"docid": "21655083#0",
"text": "In modern Germany with its parliamentary system of government on federal and on state level, grand coalition () describes a governing coalition of the two biggest parties in one parliament. In most cases (but not necessarily) this means a coalition of the Union (consisting of the sister parties CDU and CSU) and the Social Democrats (SPD).",
"title": "Grand coalition (Germany)"
},
{
"docid": "36717731#6",
"text": "The EMA has more about 120 members, both individuals and businesses, making it one of the biggest country-specific associations in Hamburg. The majority of the businesses are small and medium enterprises from sectors such as waste and water management, finance, and investment as well as logistics and infrastructure. Moreover, the EMA has a number of cooperation agreements with institutions in the EMA region and Germany, such as the Chamber of Commerce of Annaba (Algeria), the Chamber of Commerce of Casablanca (Morocco) as well as the Union des Jeunes Euro-Maghrébins (UJEM).",
"title": "Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development"
},
{
"docid": "149349#67",
"text": "Companies with big logistic hubs for Germany and Europe in Dortmund include:Dortmund is home to Germany's twelve biggest exhibition centre, Halls of Westphalia which lies near the city center next to Dortmund Airport. With around 77.000 visitors each year, Jagd & Hund is by far the largest event held there. Other important fairs open to consumers include \"Intermodelbau\", the world's biggest consumer fair for model making, and one of the leading fairs for youth culture \"YOU\". Important fairs restricted to professionals include \"D.I.M\" (Deutsche Immobilienmesse, German property fair), Creativa (Hobby) and InterTabac (Tabaco).",
"title": "Dortmund"
},
{
"docid": "336986#8",
"text": "In March 1990, the CDU became the main element of the Alliance for Germany, a centre-right coalition. It won the first (and as it turned out, only) free general elections and became the biggest party in the People's Chamber. In April de Maizière became Prime Minister of the GDR, heading a grand coalition that immediately set about reuniting the country with the West.",
"title": "Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)"
},
{
"docid": "60584#0",
"text": "The Christian Democratic Union of Germany ( or CDU; ) is a Christian democratic and liberal-conservative political party in Germany. It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right in German politics. The CDU forms the CDU/CSU grouping, also known as the Union, in the Bundestag with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). The party is widely considered an effective successor of the Centre Party, although it has a broader base.",
"title": "Christian Democratic Union of Germany"
},
{
"docid": "2555739#8",
"text": "In terms of total TV viewing market share Germany's market leaders in 2018 were again the two biggest public-service broadcasters (ZDF with 13.9% and Das Erste with 11.5%) and the two leading commercial channels (RTL with 8.3% and SAT.1 with 6.2%). The leading pay TV provider was Sky Deutschland (see below). The biggest teleshopping providers in Germany are QVC and HSE24.",
"title": "Television in Germany"
},
{
"docid": "11867#58",
"text": "Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad and maintains relations with more than 190 countries. , Germany is the largest contributor to the budget of the European Union (providing 20%) and the third largest contributor to the UN (providing 8%). Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus.",
"title": "Germany"
}
] |
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] |
3473
|
Who invented pinball?
|
[
{
"docid": "60508#5",
"text": "In 1869, British inventor Montague Redgrave settled in the United States and manufactured bagatelle tables in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1871 Redgrave was granted U.S. Patent #115,357 for his \"Improvements in Bagatelle\", another name for the spring launcher that was first introduced in \"\". The game also shrank in size to fit atop a bar or counter. The balls became marbles and the wickets became small metal pins. Redgrave's popularization of the spring launcher and innovations in game design are acknowledged as the birth of pinball in its modern form.",
"title": "Pinball"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "60508#88",
"text": "Pinball games have frequently been featured in popular culture, often as a symbol of rebellion or toughness. Perhaps the most famous instance is the rock opera album \"Tommy\" (1969) by The Who, which centers on the title character, a \"deaf, dumb, and blind kid\", who becomes a \"Pinball Wizard\" and who later uses pinball as a symbol and tool for his messianic mission. (The album was subsequently made into a movie and stage musical.) \"Wizard\" has since moved into popular usage as a term for an expert pinball player. Things came full circle in 1975 when Bally created the \"Wizard!\" pinball game featuring Ann-Margret and The Who's Roger Daltrey on the backglass. In the movie version, Tommy plays a Gottlieb \"Kings and Queens\" machine, while The Champ plays a Gottlieb \"Buckaroo\" machine. In 1976, Bally released \"Capt.Fantastic\", which had an image of Elton John on the backglass, playing pinball in a similar costume as used in the movie \"Tommy\". Data East produced \"The Who's Tommy Pinball Wizard\" in 1994, based on the rock musical \"The Who's Tommy\". This game is notable in its use of The Who's iconic songs, including \"Pinball Wizard\", sung by original Broadway cast members.",
"title": "Pinball"
},
{
"docid": "2758270#2",
"text": "The development of \"Galactic Pinball\" was managed by Gunpei Yokoi, who also created the Virtual Boy. It was directed by Kenji Yamamoto, who composed the sound alongside Masaru Tajima. It was shown during the Virtual Boy's Las Vegas debut alongside \"Teleroboxer\". It has been known at varying points as \"Space Pinball\", \"Virtual Pinball\", and \"Pinball VB\". It was one of the launch games for the Virtual Boy, and was released on July 21, 1995 in Japan and on August 14, 1995 in the United States. Like all Virtual Boy games, \"Galactic Pinball\" uses a red-and-black color scheme and parallax visuals to simulate three-dimensional depth.",
"title": "Galactic Pinball"
},
{
"docid": "9532725#6",
"text": "Scott Corley, main programmer and one of the designers of \"Ruiner Pinball\" at High Voltage Software, recounted about the game's development process in a thread at the 3DO Zone forums. The company pitched the idea of a pinball project for the Jaguar to Atari Corporation by showcasing a working demo that was written in a few days by Scott, who got free rein to create it from High Voltage Software CEO Kerry J. Ganofsky, since many of the members within the company were fans of pinball and liked the idea of developing one, with Scott citing both \"Night Mission Pinball\" and \"Raster Blaster\" as his childhood favorites.",
"title": "Ruiner Pinball"
},
{
"docid": "1949326#1",
"text": "The company was founded in 2002 by Adrian Barritt and Richard Horrocks, makers of the award winning \"Pro Pinball\" series of computer games. As an idea to show what they were capable of, they developed a Mario pinball demo and pitched the idea to Nintendo, who then hired the company to make \"Super Mario Ball\" for the Game Boy Advance. The whole game was made by just five people. Later, Fuse Games developed Nintendo DS games, the most notable being \"Metroid Prime Pinball\", a pinball adaptation of the Nintendo GameCube game \"Metroid Prime\". The studio also became the only developer outside Japan to create a Touch! Generations game, with \"Active Health with Carol Vorderman\". In 2009, the company nearly went bankrupt after completing \"Pinball Pulse: The Ancients Beckon\" for DSiWare, but reformed as Silverball Studios. The company attempted to revive the \"Pro Pinball\" series through Kickstarter in 2012. The project's goal was unsuccessful, and the company eventually merged with developer and publisher Barnstorm Games. Afterwards, the Kickstarter was revived in 2013, but was limited to the single table Timeshock!. This campaign reached its goal and the Ultra Edition of Pro-Pinball: Timeshock! was released for several platforms.",
"title": "Silverball Studios"
},
{
"docid": "8842633#0",
"text": "The Pinballs is a 1976 young adult novel by American author Betsy Byars. The story is about three foster children, Carlie, Harvey and Thomas J., who have been taken in by the Masons, a couple who have cared for many other foster children in the past and also have some personal problems. Carlie compares the children to pinballs, controlled by external forces and at the mercy of fate. It won the 1977 Josette Frank Award, the 1980 William Allen White Children's Book Award, and the 1980 California Young Reader Medal.",
"title": "The Pinballs"
},
{
"docid": "60508#16",
"text": "The video game boom of the 1980s signaled the end of the boom for pinball. Arcades replaced rows of pinball machines with video games like 1978's \"Space Invaders\", 1979's \"Asteroids\", 1980's \"Pac-Man\", and 1981's \"Galaga\". These earned significantly greater profits than the pinball machines of the day, while simultaneously requiring less maintenance. Bally, Williams, and Gottlieb continued to make pinball machines, while they also manufactured video games in much higher numbers. Many of the larger companies were acquired by, or merged with, other companies. Chicago Coin was purchased by the Stern family, who brought the company into the digital era as Stern Enterprises, which closed its doors in the mid-1980s. Bally exited the pinball business in 1988 and sold their assets to Williams, who subsequently used the Bally trademark from then on for about half of their pinball releases.",
"title": "Pinball"
},
{
"docid": "3483028#3",
"text": "Tim Sweeney saw some impressive 3D demos done by a group of Finnish developers that formed the company Future Crew and sent Mark Rein to Finland to recruit them. They declined except for Misko Iho who travelled to the USA with Mark, bringing back an unfinished version of a pinball game. Unable to convince them to allow Epic Megagames to finish the game, Tim showed the unfinished game to James Schmalz in Canada. James developed Epic Pinball (with six pinball tables) from scratch in nine months while he was in college. Tim and Mark kept in touch with James to ensure he was on the right track. The graphics were created using Deluxe Paint II and the music was composed using Scream Tracker.",
"title": "Epic Pinball"
},
{
"docid": "55306973#1",
"text": "Founded in 1985, Pinball Expo is the longest-running event dedicated to pinball. It was conceived in 1984 by Robert \"Rob\" Berk of Warren, Ohio, with the purpose of honoring his heroes of the pinball industry; the artists and designers. With the assistance of Bill Kurtz of Cleveland, Ohio, and later Mike Pacak of Canfield, Ohio, the trio held their first event over the weekend of November 22–24, 1985 at the Holiday Inn O'Hare/Kennedy in Rosemont, Illinois. The inaugural event attracted around 100 attendees from all parts of the world and a dozen vendors. The expo offers seminars, a tour of a pinball factory, an autograph session, tournaments, an exhibit hall of pinball machines, parts, and related paraphernalia, and much more. On October 26, 1991, the Pinball Expo launched the Pinball Expo Hall of Fame and inducted its first class of pinball luminaries: David Gottlieb, Ray Moloney, Sam Stern, and Harry E. Williams. The event is open to the general public.",
"title": "The Pinball Expo"
},
{
"docid": "3772175#0",
"text": "Humpty Dumpty is a historically important pinball machine released by Gottlieb on October 25, 1947. Named after Humpty Dumpty, the nursery rhyme character, it is the first pinball machine to include flippers — invented by Harry Mabs — distinguishing it from earlier bagatelle game machines.",
"title": "Humpty Dumpty (pinball)"
},
{
"docid": "53079717#1",
"text": "Project Pinball Charity was founded on August 19, 2013 by Daniel Spolar. Spolar noticed an inoperable 2007 Spider-Man Pinball Machine in Golisano Children's Hospital, and offered to fix it. After repairing the machine and discovering it had been played over 21,000 times in two years, Spolar went on to found Project Pinball Charity to assist other children's hospitals in their patient rehabilitation. Since then they have been assisted by pinball manufacturers such as Stern, Jersey Jack Pinball, and Visual Pinball to donate machines to 28 different hospitals in 18 states.",
"title": "Project Pinball Charity"
}
] |
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] |
3474
|
Who won the Survivor Series in 1993?
|
[
{
"docid": "5943125#1",
"text": "The event consisted of four tag-team elimination matches and a bout for the Smoky Mountain Wrestling Tag Team Championship. The main event match saw the All-Americans, a team of face wrestlers from the United States, competing against the Foreign Fanatics, a team of heels that represented other countries. The All-Americans won the match when Lex Luger was the last man remaining. In an undercard match, four members of the Hart family competed against Shawn Michaels and a group of masked men. The original plan was for the Harts to face Jerry Lawler, with whom they were feuding, but Lawler was not able to appear at the event having been fired after being indicted for raping a 13 year old girl. The Harts won the match, but a confrontation between Bret Hart and Owen Hart after the match led to Owen turning against the family the following year.",
"title": "Survivor Series (1993)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5943125#4",
"text": "Jerry Lawler spent much of 1993 building a feud with the Hart family. Lawler had been using the nickname \"The King\" since defeating Jackie Fargo for the AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship in 1974. After Bret Hart won the WWF's 1993 King of the Ring tournament, Lawler confronted him and claimed to be the only king in the WWF. Lawler then attacked Hart from behind, hitting Hart with the scepter and throne that had been set up for the coronation ceremony. The feud escalated when Lawler involved Helen and Stu Hart, Bret's parents, by insulting them while serving as commentator for WWF television programs. In what was billed as a \"Family Feud\" match, Bret Hart was joined by his brother Owen, who also worked for the WWF at the time, as well as his brothers Bruce and Keith, both of whom had also wrestled professionally. Lawler's partners were three masked wrestlers known only as the Blue Knight, the Red Knight, and the Black Knight. Lawler was unable to appear at the event, however, as he was indicted after being accused of raping and sodomizing a teenage girl. Shawn Michaels, who replaced Lawler in the match, also had a rivalry with Bret Hart dating back to the previous year. Hart, who held the Intercontinental Championship for much of 1992, defended the belt against Michaels many times, including in the WWF's first ladder match. They had also wrestled each other in the main event of Survivor Series 1992, when Hart defended his newly-won WWF World Heavyweight Championship against Michaels.\nThe Smoky Mountain Wrestling Tag Team Championship was defended at Survivor Series as part of a working agreement between WWF owner Vince McMahon and Smoky Mountain Wrestling (SMW) owner Jim Cornette. The Rock 'n' Roll Express, who held the belts going into the event, had been feuding with The Heavenly Bodies over the title for over a year. The rivalry had been violent at times, including a barbed wire cage match and a Texas deathmatch.",
"title": "Survivor Series (1993)"
},
{
"docid": "5943125#10",
"text": "Razor Ramon continued with two of his feuds after Survivor Series. Irwin R. Schyster stole Ramon's gold chains, which set up a match for the Intercontinental Championship at Royal Rumble 1994. Despite interference from Shawn Michaels, Ramon pinned Schyster to retain the title. Michaels and Ramon then faced each other at WrestleMania X. Diesel got involved, but Ramon won the match. Ramon then defended his title against Diesel on April 13, 1994. Diesel won the match and became the new WWF Intercontinental Champion. Ramon regained the belt in a rematch at SummerSlam 1994, however. Meanwhile, the 1–2–3 Kid and Marty Jannetty continued with their push from the promotion and won the WWF Tag Team Championship on January 10, 1994.",
"title": "Survivor Series (1993)"
},
{
"docid": "272874#22",
"text": "In late 1993, Luger began a feud with Ludvig Borga, another anti-American foreigner. At Survivor Series 1993, Luger captained a team dubbed \"All-Americans\" (Luger, The Undertaker, and The Steiner Brothers) against Yokozuna's team \"Foreign Fanatics\" (Crush, Yokozuna, Ludvig Borga, and Quebecer Jacques) in a 4-on-4 Survivor Series match. Luger's team won the match after he pinned Borga. At the Royal Rumble, Luger participated in the Royal Rumble match where he and Bret Hart were declared \"co-winners\" after both men went over the top rope and had their feet hit the ground simultaneously. As such, both received shots at the WWF World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania X. Luger was disqualified in his title match against Yokozuna, and later that night Hart won the title from Yokozuna. After WrestleMania X, Luger was to start another feud with Mr. Perfect, but Hennig was injured, so Luger instead feuded with Crush.",
"title": "Lex Luger"
},
{
"docid": "5943230#18",
"text": "That reward came in the ring moments later, as McMahon was about to announce the stripping of the WWF Championship from Steve Austin, who had not yet appeared on the show. McMahon's intent was to award it to Kurt Angle as a token of his appreciation for Angle's actions at Survivor Series. However, before he could do so he was interrupted by Ric Flair, who returned to a WWF ring for the first time since January 1993. Flair then happily told McMahon that he \"had bet on a winner last night,\" and said to a surprised McMahon that when Shane and Stephanie sold their stock in the WWF to purchase WCW and ECW, he was the consortium who had bought the stock, and as such, he was co-owner of the WWF and he and McMahon were now partners.",
"title": "Survivor Series (2001)"
},
{
"docid": "5828339#3",
"text": "At Survivor Series 1993, Owen Hart was eliminated during a elimination match when he crashed into his brother Bret Hart, who was walking along the ring apron, causing Owen to lose his focus and be pinned by Michaels. After the match, Owen interrupted his brothers’ victory celebration to verbally attack Bret. He demanded a match with Bret to settle the dispute. Bret refused, and the brothers reunited over the Christmas holidays. They decided to focus their energy on taking the tag team title from the Quebecers. Their plan was temporarily put on hold when Marty Jannetty and the 1-2-3 Kid won the belts, but the Quebecers won a rematch the following week, guaranteeing that the Harts would get their title shot.",
"title": "Royal Rumble (1994)"
},
{
"docid": "542835#1",
"text": "Hart won the WWF World Heavyweight Championship at SummerSlam in August 1997. A week prior to Survivor Series, Hart, who had performed for the WWF since 1984, signed a contract to perform with WCW beginning in December 1997. McMahon sought to prevent Hart from leaving the company as the champion, but Hart was unwilling to lose the title to Michaels – with whom he had a long feud both on-screen and off – at Survivor Series in his home country. Hart, Michaels, and McMahon came to an agreement where the Survivor Series match would end with a disqualification, which under normal rules would result in Hart retaining the title. Hart would then lose or forfeit the title at a later date. However, McMahon decided without Hart's knowledge that Michaels would win the title at Survivor Series. Accounts differ as to who exactly was involved in the plan and the extent of their involvement. The plan was executed when match referee Earl Hebner, on direct order from McMahon, ended the match as Michaels held Hart in the Sharpshooter submission hold, Hart's signature finishing move, even though Hart had not submitted. Michaels was declared the victor by submission and crowned as the new WWF World Heavyweight Champion.",
"title": "Montreal Screwjob"
},
{
"docid": "5943125#13",
"text": "The Steiner Brothers continued to challenge The Quebecers, but they were unable to regain the Tag Team Championship. As a result of their confrontation at Survivor Series, The Undertaker and Yokozuna faced each other at Royal Rumble 1994 in a casket match for Yokozuna's WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Mr. Fuji, Yokozuna's manager, recruited several heel wrestlers to help Yokozuna win the match. The Undertaker supposedly died and disappeared from the WWF for several months, although, in reality, he was simply recovering from injuries. He resumed the feud with Yokozuna upon his return, however, and defeated Yokozuna in a casket match at Survivor Series 1994. Luger also continued his rivalry with Yokozuna. As a co-winner of the 1994 Royal Rumble match, Luger was granted a shot at Yokozuna's WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Mr. Perfect, who had returned to the WWF, was the referee for the match and turned heel by disqualifying Luger during the match.",
"title": "Survivor Series (1993)"
},
{
"docid": "5943125#3",
"text": "Several feuds surrounded the opening match, which saw the team of Razor Ramon, Marty Jannetty, the 1–2–3 Kid and Mr. Perfect face the team of Irwin R. Schyster (I.R.S.), Diesel, Rick Martel, and Adam Bomb. Diesel made his WWF debut on June 6, 1993 as a bodyguard for Shawn Michaels in a match between Michaels and Jannetty. Diesel's interference in the match helped Michaels to defeat Jannetty and win the WWF Intercontinental Championship. Diesel was also at ringside to help Michaels when Michaels faced Mr. Perfect for the title belt at SummerSlam 1993. Diesel attacked Perfect on multiple occasions during the match and ultimately caused Perfect to lose the match via countout. In September 1993, Michaels was stripped of the Intercontinental Championship by WWF President Jack Tunney. A battle royal was scheduled to determine the top two contenders for the championship. Ramon and Martel were the last two wrestlers in the ring, and they faced each other in a title match on the September 27 episode of \"Monday Night Raw\". Ramon won the match and was awarded the championship belt. Schyster had initiated a feud with Ramon in May 1993 after Ramon lost a match to The Kid (later the 1–2–3 Kid), who was competing as a jobber at the time. Schyster and his tag team partner Ted DiBiase made fun of Ramon for the loss and offered him a job as a servant. In response, Ramon teamed with the 1–2–3 Kid for a series of matches against Schyster and DiBiase, and he also distracted Schyster during a match and caused him to lose to jobber P.J. Walker. Adam Bomb was not involved in any feuds with his opponents at Survivor Series, but there was animosity between Bomb and his teammate Rick Martel. Bomb's manager, Harvey Wippleman, was at ringside to help Martel in a match against Ramon. Wippleman was standing in the way of the match, and Martel ran in to him. While Martel was distracted, Ramon pinned him to win the match. Martel then yelled at Wippleman and pushed him. Bomb came to the ring to defend his manager, and an argument ensued until Diesel and Schyster came to the ring to calm their teammates.",
"title": "Survivor Series (1993)"
},
{
"docid": "19598049#16",
"text": "Jerry Lawler feuded with Bret Hart for more than two years after King of the Ring. They faced each other at SummerSlam 1993 to determine the true king of the WWF. Lawler won the match and the title after Hart was disqualified. They were supposed to wrestle against each other at Survivor Series 1993 in an elimination match, but Lawler was unable to appear because he had been charged with rape and sodomy in real life. The accuser later admitted that she had falsified the charges. Hart feuded with his brother Owen throughout 1994, so the feud with Lawler lay dormant. Lawler accused Bret Hart of being a racist in 1995 in order to create problems between Hart and Japanese wrestler Hakushi. This re-ignited the feud between Hart and Lawler, and they faced each other at In Your House 1. Hakushi interfered in the match, which enabled Lawler to pin Hart. This set up a \"Kiss my Foot\" match between Hart and Lawler at King of the Ring 1995. According to the stipulation, the loser would be forced to kiss the winner's feet. Lawler lost and brought in his dentist, Isaac Yankem, who soon debuted in the WWF. Yankem wrestled Hart at SummerSlam 1995; Hart won the match by disqualification after Yankem and Lawler choked Hart with the ring ropes.",
"title": "King of the Ring (1993)"
},
{
"docid": "5943125#17",
"text": "The event has been rated by several sources. Adam Gutschmidt, writing for \"Online Onslaught\", stated that \"many of the substitutions hurt the matches\" and that \"the main event was bland\". \"The Other Arena\" opined that the Four Doinks match was the worst on the card and that the confrontation between Lex Luger and Ludvig Borga was boring. Scott Criscuolo and Justin Rozzero reviewed the event for \"The History of WWE\". Both writers gave Survivor Series 1993 a \"C\" rating and viewed the Family Feud match as the worst on the card. Matt Peddycord, writing for \"411mania.com\", gave the event a 5.5 out of 10 rating. He pointed to the crowd's chant of \"We want Doink!\" as evidence that fans were upset by the Four Doinks match.",
"title": "Survivor Series (1993)"
}
] |
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3475
|
When was the first nuclear weapon created?
|
[
{
"docid": "21785#52",
"text": "Even before the first nuclear weapons had been developed, scientists involved with the Manhattan Project were divided over the use of the weapon. The role of the two atomic bombings of the country in Japan's surrender and the U.S.'s ethical justification for them has been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades. The question of whether nations should have nuclear weapons, or test them, has been continually and nearly universally controversial.Over 500 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were conducted at various sites around the world from 1945 to 1980. Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing was first drawn to public attention in 1954 when the Castle Bravo hydrogen bomb test at the Pacific Proving Grounds contaminated the crew and catch of the Japanese fishing boat \"Lucky Dragon\". One of the fishermen died in Japan seven months later, and the fear of contaminated tuna led to a temporary boycotting of the popular staple in Japan. The incident caused widespread concern around the world, especially regarding the effects of nuclear fallout and atmospheric nuclear testing, and \"provided a decisive impetus for the emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement in many countries\".",
"title": "Nuclear weapon"
},
{
"docid": "242883#3",
"text": "In January 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany and it quickly became unsafe for Jewish scientists to remain in the country. Leó Szilárd fled to London where he proposed, and in 1934 patented, the idea of a nuclear chain reaction via neutrons. The patent also introduced the term critical mass to describe the minimum amount of material required to sustain the chain reaction and its potential to cause an explosion. (British patent 630,726.) He subsequently assigned the patent to the British Admiralty so that it could be covered by the Official Secrets Act. In a very real sense, Szilárd was the father of the atomic bomb academically.\nAlso in 1934, Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie discovered that artificial radioactivity could be induced in stable elements by bombarding them with alpha particles; Enrico Fermi reported similar results when bombarding uranium with neutrons.",
"title": "History of nuclear weapons"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42195952#3",
"text": "The novel then goes back in time to 1898, when the Marie Curie and her husband discover radioactivity. The story presents a brief timeline that continues up into the 1930s, when James Chadwick discovers neutrons and the discovery of nuclear fission. The novel takes a shift, and begins to discuss the political environment. Leo Szilard becomes troubled as he sees the dangers that these nuclear weapons could produce, and travels with Eugene Wigner to talk with Albert Einstein about the possibility of Nazi scientists creating a bomb. News soon reaches the United States president, who authorizes the precursor to the Manhattan Project. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the United States founds covertly Los Alamos National Laboratory and other cities to create nuclear weapons. The scientists and their families are sworn to secrecy. Soon, the scientists at Los Alamos discover how to create a nuclear chain reaction, leading to the development of the first atomic weapons: Little Boy and Fat Man.",
"title": "Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb"
},
{
"docid": "22158#2",
"text": "Research into the development of nuclear weapons was initially undertaken during World War II by the United States (in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada), Germany, Japan, and the USSR. The United States was the first and is the only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war, when it used two bombs against Japan in August 1945. After surrendering to end the war, Germany and Japan ceased to be involved in any nuclear weapon research. In August 1949, the USSR tested a nuclear weapon, becoming the second country to detonate a nuclear bomb. The United Kingdom first tested a nuclear weapon in October 1952. France first tested a nuclear weapon in 1960. The People's Republic of China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964. India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974, which prompted Pakistan to develop its own nuclear program and, when India conducted a second series of nuclear tests in 1998, Pakistan followed with a series of tests of its own. In 2006, North Korea conducted its first nuclear test.",
"title": "Nuclear proliferation"
},
{
"docid": "38404161#4",
"text": "The United Kingdom became a nuclear power in 1952, and their nuclear arsenal peaked at just under 500 nuclear weapons in 1981. France became a nuclear power in 1960, and French nuclear stockpiles peaked at just over 500 nuclear weapons in 1992. China developed its first nuclear weapon in 1964; its nuclear stockpile increased until the early 1980s, when it stabilized at between 200 and 260. India became a nuclear power in 1974, while Pakistan developed its first nuclear weapon in the 1980s. India and Pakistan currently have around one hundred nuclear weapons each. Pakistan's nuclear stockpile has increased rapidly, and it is speculated that Pakistan might have more nuclear weapons than the United Kingdom within a decade.",
"title": "Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country"
},
{
"docid": "41468251#39",
"text": "Some other types of weapons outlined and developed during the 1950—60s were designed as carriers for nuclear weapons – among them, the Saab A36, a strategic bomber, Bandkanon 1, a 155 mm artillery piece, and Robot 08, an anti-ship missile. These claims have been circulating since the times when the defense studies were still classified. There were certainly first drafts concerning the physical shape of Swedish nuclear weapon when the Saab A36 was under development, but the project A36 was soon abandoned in favor of the Saab AJ 37 Viggen when the first detailed military (rather than merely physical or technical) studies were conducted in 1961–62. Thus, even if the A36 was not designed to be an integral part of the nuclear weapons program itself, it was constructed specifically as a nuclear weapons carrier. A36 pilots were to specialize in this task.",
"title": "Swedish nuclear weapons program"
},
{
"docid": "1917497#0",
"text": "The nuclear weapons debate refers to the controversies surrounding the threat, use and stockpiling of nuclear weapons. Even before the first nuclear weapons had been developed, scientists involved with the Manhattan Project were divided over the use of the weapon. The only time nuclear weapons have been used in warfare was during the final stages of World War II when United States Army Air Forces B-29 Superfortress bombers dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945. The role of the bombings in Japan's surrender and the U.S.'s ethical justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades.\nNuclear disarmament refers both to the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world. Proponents of disarmament typically condemn a priori the threat or use of nuclear weapons as immoral and argue that only total disarmament can eliminate the possibility of nuclear war. Critics of nuclear disarmament say that it would undermine deterrence and make conventional wars more likely, more destructive, or both. The debate becomes considerably complex when considering various scenarios for example, total vs partial or unilateral vs multilateral disarmament.",
"title": "Nuclear weapons debate"
},
{
"docid": "40463147#12",
"text": "North Korea replied in regard to the nuclear issue in order to draw attention to the “unique security environment” that is threatened and blackmailed by the largest nuclear state. It sought to draw attention to certain points: In 1957 the United States introduced the first nuclear weapon into South Korea and thus began a presence of nuclear weapon in the land; in the 1970s the number of nuclear weapons reached over 1,000 on the Korean Peninsula alone and thereby made the Korean peninsula the most densely populated nuclear weapons zone; in 2002 the U.S. administration named the D.P.R.K. as part of the axis of evil and gave a “strong message” to the entire international community that the country is to be eliminated; and the “same administration” listed the D.P.R.K. onto its list of nuclear pre-emptive strikes and that, compounded with all these nuclear weapons, the U.S. and South Korea “every year take part in military drills as mentioned several times in the current session. In March 2013 when the situation was almost on the brink of war and it was the time when the international community realised how dangerous the situation was, [which] means [an] outbreak of nuclear war.” This also occurred with a massive arms build-up of nuclear weapons carried by the aircraft carrier , submarines and the B52 across the ocean. These events were viewed as blackmail and culminated in threatening the survival of the Korean nation as a whole (north and south). As a result of the unique security environment, the D.P.R.K. has no option but to go nuclear to defend its people and not allow “nuclear weapons to drop over the hills of the people. The nuclear deterrent made a great contribution to lasting peace in the Korean Peninsula and the world.” In addition, in accord with “the last speaker,” North Korea made a few more points: Israel has no justification to talk of another country as a full-fledged nuclear state; it is a “cancer in middle east;” it is “disturbing peace and security and shifting blame on all other regional countries;” and Israel and the U.S. are “making noise” about the D.P.RK. but are “mum and quiet and silent over the nuclear weapon of Israel.",
"title": "General debate of the sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly"
},
{
"docid": "22153#9",
"text": "In the United States, where Fermi and Szilárd had both emigrated, the discovery of the nuclear chain reaction led to the creation of the first man-made reactor, the research reactor known as Chicago Pile-1, which achieved self-sustaining power/criticality on December 2, 1942. The reactor's development was part of the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to create atomic bombs during World War II. It led to the building of larger single-purpose production reactors, such as the X-10 Pile, for the production of weapons-grade plutonium for use in the first nuclear weapons. The United States tested the first nuclear weapon in July 1945, the Trinity test, with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki taking place one month later.",
"title": "Nuclear power"
},
{
"docid": "7639155#74",
"text": "In August 1939, Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein sent the Einstein–Szilárd letter to Roosevelt, warning of the possibility of a German project to develop nuclear weapons. Szilard realized that the recently discovered process of nuclear fission could be used to create a nuclear chain reaction that could be used as a weapon of mass destruction. Roosevelt feared the consequences of allowing Germany to have sole possession of the technology, and authorized preliminary research into nuclear weapons. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Roosevelt administration secured the funds needed to continue research and selected General Leslie Groves to oversee the Manhattan Project, which was charged with developing the first nuclear weapons. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to jointly pursue the project with the Quebec Agreement, and Roosevelt helped ensure that American scientists cooperated with their British counterparts.",
"title": "Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt"
},
{
"docid": "10979#73",
"text": "In August 1939, Leo Szilard and Albert Einstein sent the Einstein–Szilárd letter to Roosevelt, warning of the possibility of a German project to develop nuclear weapons. Szilard realized that the recently discovered process of nuclear fission could be used to create a nuclear chain reaction that could be used as a weapon of mass destruction. Roosevelt feared the consequences of allowing Germany to have sole possession of the technology, and authorized preliminary research into nuclear weapons. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Roosevelt administration secured the funds needed to continue research and selected General Leslie Groves to oversee the Manhattan Project, which was charged with developing the first nuclear weapons. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to jointly pursue the project, and Roosevelt helped ensure that American scientists cooperated with their British counterparts.",
"title": "Franklin D. Roosevelt"
}
] |
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] |
3476
|
How big is Liberia?
|
[
{
"docid": "17791#0",
"text": "Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean to its south-southwest. It covers an area of and has a population of around 4,700,000 people. English is the official language and over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous ethnic groups who make up more than 95% of the population. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.",
"title": "Liberia"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "35324576#7",
"text": "HIV/AIDS is one of the biggest diseases that has affected and is affecting Liberia to date. At any given time 33,000 people are living with HIV in Liberia of whom nearly 60% are female. Due to Liberia's incapability to treat this disease only about 1.2% of those affected survives the disease. The youth in Liberia is one of the biggest contributors to the extensive post-conflict HIV/AIDS problem. This is due to risky unprotected sex among adolescents without any form of contraception. A new social marketing condom program is being introduced to adolescents in vulnerable areas of the country in order to stop the spread of the disease and to minimize many preventable deaths throughout the country. In a 2012 study conducted by the African Health Sciences organisation over 20,400 condoms were provided to males and 316 to females in over 87 sites throughout Liberia. Communities were informed how to provide awareness of the dangers of HIV AIDS and how easily it can be prevented through the method of safe sex. Through the help of Population Services International in 2012 alone, the provision of contraception is estimated to have prevented 4.7 million unintended pregnancies and 13,600 maternal deaths, and to have provided 19 million couples with protection.",
"title": "Health in Liberia"
},
{
"docid": "35324576#8",
"text": "Liberia is one of the most poverty-stricken countries in the world. The national human development organisation has stated that 75% of Liberia's people live of less than a dollar a day. Malnutrition is widespread: 40% of children have unnatural stunted growth and 7% of Liberia's population have highly acute malnutrition. This high level of starvation and malnutrition is linked to a major lack of food and the high level of early teenager mothers who have little knowledge of how to look after or treat their babies. The teenage mothers are usually single, sometimes due to rape. These unprivileged teenage mothers are too embarrassed to even breastfeed their babies to supply the nutrients they need to survive. They feel completely robbed of their freedom. One of the most major contributors to a dire lack of food in Liberia is Ebola. Ebola is heavily attacking Liberia's food supply leaving 4.1 million people to try and survive the epidemic on their own accord, with many families or even kids on their own having to travel long distances to try access clean water or bags of wheat or flour for their families in order to even try survive. 85% of families in Liberia have been forced to eat fewer meals, even as low as just one meal a day.",
"title": "Health in Liberia"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
},
{
"docid": "49691472#0",
"text": "ㅚ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅚ is U+315A.",
"title": "ㅚ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "37367512#0",
"text": "ㅎ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅎ is U+314E.",
"title": "ㅎ"
},
{
"docid": "26508854#0",
"text": "ㅍ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅍ is U+314D.",
"title": "ㅍ"
}
] |
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] |
3477
|
How many awards has Fullmetal Alchemist won?
|
[
{
"docid": "41453097#14",
"text": "The first \"Fullmetal Alchemist\" won in several categories in the American Anime Awards, including \"Long Series\", \"Best Cast\", \"Best DVD Package Design\", \"Best Anime Theme Song\" (\"Rewrite,\" by Asian Kung-Fu Generation), and \"Best Actor\" (Vic Mignognawho played Edward Elric in the English version). It was also nominated in the category of \"Best Anime Feature\" for \"Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa\". The series also won most of the twenty-sixth Annual \"Animage\" Readers' Polls. The series was the winner in the \"Favorite Anime Series\", \"Favorite Episode\" (episode seven), \"Favorite Male Character\" (Edward Elric), \"Favorite Female Character\" (Riza Hawkeye), \"Favorite Theme Song\" (\"Melissa\", by Porno Graffitti), and \"Favorite Voice Actor\" (Romi Parkwho played Edward in the Japanese version). In the \"Tokyo Anime Fair\", the series won in the categories \"Animation Of The Year\" (\"Fullmetal Alchemist: The Conqueror of Shambala\"), \"Best original story\" (Hiromu Arakawa) and \"Best music\" (Michiru Ōshima). In the About.com 2006 American Awards, \"Fullmetal Alchemist\" won in the categories \"Best New Anime Series\" and \"Best Animation\".",
"title": "Fullmetal Alchemist (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "424547#1",
"text": "The manga has sold over 70 million volumes worldwide, making it one of the best-selling manga series. The English release of the manga's first volume was the top-selling graphic novel during 2005. In two TV Asahi web polls, the anime was voted the most popular anime of all time in Japan. At the American Anime Awards in February 2007, it was eligible for eight awards, nominated for six, and won five. Reviewers from several media conglomerations had positive comments on the series, particularly for its character development, action scenes, symbolism and philosophical references.",
"title": "Fullmetal Alchemist"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "424547#33",
"text": "Along with \"Yakitate!! Japan\", the series won the forty-ninth Shogakukan Manga Award for \"shōnen\" in 2004. It won the public voting for Eagle Award's \"Favourite Manga\" in 2010 and 2011. The manga also received the Seiun Award for best science fiction comic in 2011.",
"title": "Fullmetal Alchemist"
},
{
"docid": "14174576#33",
"text": "Both Namiya and Fullmetal Alchemist debuted at number 1 in Japan Box Office for its opening weekend. Yamada's performance as Atsuya in Namiya and Edward Elric in Fullmetal Alchemist earn him the Newcomer Actor Award at the 91st Kinema Junpo Award, making him the second Johnny's talent to achieve this award after Ikuta Toma.",
"title": "Ryosuke Yamada"
},
{
"docid": "26224497#3",
"text": "In 2007, the American Anime Awards presented Mignogna with an award for Best Actor for his work on \"Fullmetal Alchemist\". He often gains attention for his role in \"Fullmetal Alchemist\", and he attends between 15 and 25 conventions each year. One of Mignogna's career goals was \"to record at all of the major places where dubbing is done.\" He said he was \"the first ADV voice actor to record at Funimation in Dallas and then I was the first to go to New York\". He has also recorded in Los Angeles; he tried out for \"Bleach\" and received the part of Ikkaku Madarame. In non-anime productions, he voiced Qrow Branwen in the American web series \"RWBY\".",
"title": "Vic Mignogna"
},
{
"docid": "424547#24",
"text": "Square Enix has published a series of six \"Fullmetal Alchemist\" Japanese light novels, written by Makoto Inoue. The novels were licensed for an English-language release by Viz Media in North America, with translations by Alexander O. Smith and illustrationsincluding covers and frontispiecesby Arakawa. The novels are spin-offs of the manga series and follow the Elric brothers on their continued quest for the philosopher's stone. The first novel, \"Fullmetal Alchemist: The Land of Sand\", was animated as the episodes eleven and twelve of the first anime series. The fourth novel contains an extra story about the military called \"Roy's Holiday\". Novelizations of the PlayStation 2 games \"Fullmetal Alchemist and the Broken Angel\", \"\", and \"\" have also been written, the first by Makoto Inoue and the rest by Jun Eishima.",
"title": "Fullmetal Alchemist"
},
{
"docid": "424547#29",
"text": "The \"Fullmetal Alchemist\" has received several artbooks. Three artbooks called were released by Square Enix; two of those were released in the US by Viz Media. The first artbook contains illustrations made between May 2001 to April 2003, spanning the first six manga volumes, while the second has illustrations from September 2003 to October 2005, spanning the next six volumes. The last one includes illustrations from the remaining volumes.",
"title": "Fullmetal Alchemist"
},
{
"docid": "424547#34",
"text": "In a survey from Oricon in 2009, \"Fullmetal Alchemist\" ranked ninth as the manga that fans wanted to be turned into a live-action film. The series is also popular with amateur writers who produce \"dōjinshi\" (fan fiction) that borrows characters from the series. In the Japanese market Super Comic City, there have been over 1,100 \"dōjinshi\" based on \"Fullmetal Alchemist\", some of which focused on romantic interactions between Edward Elric and Roy Mustang. Anime News Network said the series had the same impact in Comiket 2004 as several female fans were seen there writing \"dōjinshi\".",
"title": "Fullmetal Alchemist"
},
{
"docid": "424547#37",
"text": "\"Fullmetal Alchemist\" has generally been well received by critics. Though the first volumes were thought to be formulaic, critics said that the series grows in complexity as it progresses. Jason Thompson called Arakawa one of the best at creating action scenes and praised the series for having great female characters despite being a boys' manga. He also noted how the story gets dark by including real-world issues such as government corruption, war and genocide. Thompson finished by stating that \"Fullmetal Alchemist\" \"will be remembered as one of the classic shonen manga series of the 2000s.\" Melissa Harper of Anime News Network praised Arakawa for keeping all of her character designs unique and distinguishable, despite many of them wearing the same basic uniforms. IGN's Hilary Goldstein wrote that the characterization of the protagonist Edward balances between being a \"typical clever kid\" and a \"stubborn kid\", allowing him to float between the comical moments and the underlying drama without seeming false. Holly Ellingwood for Active Anime praised the development of the characters in the manga and their beliefs changing during the story, forcing them to mature. Mania Entertainment's Jarred Pine said that the manga can be enjoyed by anybody who has watched the first anime, despite the similarities in the first chapters. Like other reviewers, Pine praised the dark mood of the series and the way it balances the humor and action scenes. Pine also praised the development of characters who have few appearances in the first anime. In a review of volume 14, Sakura Eriesalso of Mania Entertainmentliked the revelations, despite the need to resolve several story arcs. She also praised the development of the homunculi, such as the return of Greed, as well as their fights.",
"title": "Fullmetal Alchemist"
},
{
"docid": "30241628#12",
"text": "The film debuted in North America at the 2011 anime convention Otakon held at the Baltimore Convention Center on July 30. Funimation in coordination with Aniplex were credited with subtitling the movie and premiering it the United States only four weeks after its theatrical release in Japan. The former kicked holding the license for the movie, which saw a limited theatrical release dubbed in English in early 2012, and is slated for a DVD and Blu-ray release in the spring. The film won three awards at the Burbank International Film Festival, which hosted the West Coast premiere of the film. It won awards for each of the three categories it was nominated in.",
"title": "Fullmetal Alchemist: The Sacred Star of Milos"
}
] |
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] |
3480
|
How old is Marlboro Township in New Jersey?
|
[
{
"docid": "52432462#17",
"text": "Discovered in 1997 and located near one of the Big Brook tributaries, The Marlboro Tree, a massive black willow tree has been certified by the New Jersey Forest Service as a \"State Champion\" tree, signifying that it is the largest known tree of its species in the State of New Jersey, and the largest tree of any kind in Marlboro Township. It is about 152 years old and measures high and 19' 8\" in circumference. Five grown people must hold hands to fully encircle the tree.",
"title": "Historic sites in Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "5006326#5",
"text": "The Marlboro Tree, located in Marlboro Township, New Jersey is certified by the State of New Jersey as the largest known example of this tree in the state. It is about 152 years old and measures in height and in circumference. Five grown people must hold hands to fully encircle the tree.",
"title": "Salix nigra"
},
{
"docid": "125484#12",
"text": "Under the direction and influence of John W. Herbert, Marlboro was established as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 17, 1848, formed from portions of Freehold Township. The township's name was originally \"Marlborough,\" but was subsequently changed to \"Marlboro.\" It is unknown when the name was officially changed, with maps and other documents in the decades after the township's establishment referring variously to \"Marlboro\" or \"Marlborough\". The first elected freeholder was John W. Herbert.",
"title": "Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "125484#1",
"text": "Marlboro Township was formed by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 17, 1848, from portions of Freehold Township. The township was named for the marl beds found in the area.",
"title": "Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "125484#38",
"text": "As part of its obligation under the Mount Laurel doctrine, the Council on Affordable Housing requires Marlboro Township to provide 1,673 low / moderate income housing units. The first two rounds of New Jersey's affordable housing regulations ran from 1987 to 1999. Under a Regional Contribution Agreement (RCA), Marlboro Township signed an agreement in June 2008 that would have Trenton build or rehabilitate 332 housing units, with Marlboro Township paying $25,000 per unit, a total of $8.3 million to Trenton for taking on the responsibility for these units. Under proposed legislation, municipalities may lose the ability to use these RCAs to pay other communities to accept their New Jersey COAH fair housing obligations, which would mean that Marlboro Township is now required to build the balance of housing. When the New Jersey Council on Affordable Housing requested plans to complete this obligation, Marlboro generated the largest number of objectors to an affordable housing plan in the history of New Jersey. Numerous appeals followed and in October 2010, the Appellate Division struck down portions of the 2007 regulations, invalidated the growth share methodology and directed COAH to develop new regulations. The NJ supreme court granted all petitions for certification in October 2010 and is set to hear the appeals. In June 2011, the Governor issued a reorganization plan which eliminated the 12-member COAH, though state courts overturned the governor's plan.",
"title": "Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "125484#83",
"text": "Located off Tyler Lane and Spring Valley Road on the Old Bridge Township border, the area of Burnt Fly Bog in Marlboro Township is listed as a Superfund clean-up site. It is a rural area covering approximately , most of it in Marlboro Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. During the 1950s and early 1960s, many unlined lagoons were used for storage of waste oil. As a result, at least of the bog have been contaminated. In addition to the current contaminated area, the site still consists of: four lagoons; an approximately 13,000-cubic-yard mound of sludge; and an undetermined number of exposed and buried drums. The site is a ground water discharge area for the Englishtown Aquifer. In this bog, ground water, surface water, and air are contaminated by oil and various organic chemicals. Contaminants known to be present include ethylbenzene, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, base neutral acids, metals, PAHs, PCBs, unknown liquid waste, and VOCs.",
"title": "Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "125484#67",
"text": "Marlboro Township has a public high school, Marlboro High School (opened 1968 and expanded in the early 1980s), home of the Mustangs, which is part of the Freehold Regional High School District serving ninth through twelfth grades, with some Marlboro students attending Colts Neck High School. The district also serves students from Colts Neck Township, Englishtown, Farmingdale, Freehold Borough, Freehold Township, Howell Township and Manalapan Township. Many Marlboro students attend the various Learning Centers and Academies available at other district high schools and students from other municipalities in the district attend Marlboro High School's Business Learning Center.",
"title": "Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "125484#62",
"text": "Marlboro Township is located in the 6th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 13th state legislative district. Prior to the 2011 reapportionment following the 2010 Census, Marlboro Township had been in the 12th state legislative district. Prior to the 2010 Census, Marlboro Township had been split between the 6th Congressional District and the , a change made by the New Jersey Redistricting Commission that took effect in January 2013, based on the results of the November 2012 general elections.",
"title": "Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "125484#19",
"text": "In June 2009, Marlboro Township Municipal Utilities Authority (MTMUA) deployed a 900 kW solar power array from Sharp that will enable the MTMUA to meet nearly 40% of its electricity needs with emissions-free solar-generated power. This is considered one of the largest of its kind in the East. This solar energy system will reduce New Jersey CO2 emissions by more than annually; SO2 emissions by ; and NO2 emissions by ., as well as eliminating significant amounts of mercury. Additionally, Marlboro has been recognized as a \"Cool City\" by the Sierra Club. Marlboro is the 10th Monmouth County municipality to be named a Cool City.",
"title": "Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "125484#0",
"text": "Marlboro Township is a township in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township had a population of 40,191, reflecting an increase of 5,449 (+16.3%) from the 33,423 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 6,707 (+25.1%) from the 26,716 counted in the 1990 Census.",
"title": "Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
},
{
"docid": "52432462#5",
"text": "Main house destroyed by fire in 1991. House was built c. 1840 with 1893 alterations. Was 2 1/2 story and main doorway had Greek Revival elements. A second large old house (c. 1850?) and an elaborate barn complex remain on the property. It has the New Jersey Historic Sites Inventory number 1328-03.",
"title": "Historic sites in Marlboro Township, New Jersey"
}
] |
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] |
3482
|
What are screws most commonly made of?
|
[
{
"docid": "20691673#0",
"text": "A screw is a type of fastener, in some ways similar to a bolt (see \"Differentiation between bolt and screw\" below), typically made of metal, and characterized by a helical ridge, known as a \"male thread\" (external thread). Screws are used to fasten materials by digging in and wedging into a material when turned, while the thread cuts grooves in the fastened material that may help pull fastened materials together and prevent pull-out. There are many screws for a variety of materials; those commonly fastened by screws include wood, sheet metal, and plastic.",
"title": "Screw"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "34132621#2",
"text": "The most commonly known screw press of this design is said to have been invented by famous Greek mathematician Archimedes and is known as the screw conveyor. The screw conveyor consists of a shaft, which is surrounded by a spiral steel plate, similar in design and appearance to a corkscrew. This design is used in a multitude of screw presses. There are some machines of this and also of similar design that are not screw presses at all - they do not separate solids from liquids but are instead used to fuse them together. An example of this is a mold-filling machine. Plastic pellets are inserted at one end and heat is applied, melting the pellets and discharging them into a mold. Another example is known as a cooker-extruder and is used in the production of snack foods such as pretzels and more.",
"title": "Dewatering screw press"
},
{
"docid": "37386289#3",
"text": "The material of choice for producing these screws is stainless steel typically 18-8 (303). At the tip of the screw most commonly a stainless steel ball is either pressed or glued into place to provide a single point contact for the surface being moved. Common usage has shown the glue method of attaching the ball to be troublesome in many applications as some commonly used glues (Super Glue) tend to outgas and degrade over time in this application.",
"title": "Fine adjustment screw"
},
{
"docid": "15885469#21",
"text": "Sheet assembly of light aircraft is accomplished predominantly with rivets of alloys 2017-T4, 2117-T4, or 2024-T4. Self-tapping sheet metal screws are available in aluminum alloys, but cadmium-plated steel screws are employed more commonly to obtain higher shear strength and driveability. Alloy 2024-T4 with an anodic coating is standard for aluminum screws, bolts, and nuts made to military specifications. Alloy 6262-T9, however, is superior for nuts, because of its virtual immunity to stress-corrosion cracking.",
"title": "Skin (aeronautics)"
},
{
"docid": "20691673#56",
"text": "There are three steps in manufacturing a screw: \"heading\", \"thread rolling\", and \"coating\". Screws are normally made from wire, which is supplied in large coils, or round bar stock for larger screws. The wire or rod is then cut to the proper length for the type of screw being made; this workpiece is known as a \"blank\". It is then cold headed, which is a cold working process. Heading produces the \"head\" of the screw. The shape of the die in the machine dictates what features are pressed into the screw head; for example a flat head screw uses a flat die. For more complicated shapes two heading processes are required to get all of the features into the screw head. This production method is used because heading has a very high production rate, and produces virtually no waste material. Slotted head screws require an extra step to cut the slot in the head; this is done on a \"slotting machine\". These machines are essentially stripped down milling machines designed to process as many blanks as possible.\nThe blanks are then polished again prior to threading. The threads are usually produced via thread rolling; however, some are cut. The workpiece is then tumble finished with wood and leather media to do final cleaning and polishing. For most screws, a coating, such as electroplating with zinc (galvanizing) or applying black oxide, is applied to prevent corrosion.",
"title": "Screw"
},
{
"docid": "24596535#4",
"text": "The most known brand of wine screw caps is Stelvin, which is commonly used in the wine industry as generic trademark for any brand of screwcap. The caps have a long outside skirt, intended to resemble the traditional wine capsule (\"foil\"), and use plastic PVDC (Polyvinylidene chloride) as a neutral liner on the inside wadding.",
"title": "Screw cap (wine)"
},
{
"docid": "32410#23",
"text": "Propellers (as well as screws, fans and rotors) are used to move through a fluid. Propellers have been used as toys since ancient times, however it was Leonardo da Vinci who devised what was one of the earliest propeller driven vehicles, the \"aerial-screw\". In 1661, Toogood & Hays adopted the screw for use as a ship propeller. Since then, the propeller has been tested on many terrestrial vehicles, including the Schienenzeppelin train and numerous cars. In modern times, propellers are most prevalent on watercraft and aircraft, as well as some amphibious vehicles such as hovercraft and ground effect vehicles. Intuitively, propellers cannot work in space as there is no working fluid, however some sources have suggested that since space is never empty, a propeller could be made to work in space.",
"title": "Vehicle"
},
{
"docid": "20691673#55",
"text": "The Unified Thread Standard (UTS) is most commonly used in the United States, but is also extensively used in Canada and occasionally in other countries. The size of a UTS screw is described using the following format: X-Y, where X is the nominal size (the hole or slot size in standard manufacturing practice through which the shank of the screw can easily be pushed) and Y is the threads per inch (TPI). For sizes inch and larger the size is given as a fraction; for sizes less than this an integer is used, ranging from 0 to 16. The integer sizes can be converted to the actual diameter by using the formula 0.060 + (0.013 × number). For example, a #4 screw is 0.060 + (0.013 × 4) = 0.060 + 0.052 = 0.112 inches in diameter. There are also screw sizes smaller than \"0\" (zero or ought). The sizes are 00, 000, 0000 which are usually referred to as two ought, three ought, and four ought. Most eyeglasses have the bows screwed to the frame with 00-72 (pronounced double ought – seventy two) size screws. To calculate the major diameter of \"ought\" size screws count the number of 0's and multiply this number by 0.013 and subtract from 0.060. For example, the major diameter of a 000-72 screw thread is .060 – (3 x .013) = 0.060 - 0.039 = .021 inches. For most size screws there are multiple TPI available, with the most common being designated a Unified Coarse Thread (UNC or UN) and Unified Fine Thread (UNF or UF). Note: In countries other than the United States and Canada, the ISO Metric Screw Thread System is primarily used today. Unlike most other countries the United States and Canada still use the Unified (Inch) Thread System. However, both are moving over to the ISO Metric System. It is estimated that approximately 60% of screw threads in use in the United States are still inch based.[67]",
"title": "Screw"
},
{
"docid": "13349441#3",
"text": "The #6-32 UNC is a UTS screw specifying a major thread diameter of which is defined as ; and (threads per inch) which equates to a thread pitch of . The optional UNC specification indicates the standard coarse thread is used which is defined for #6 screws as 32 tpi rendering 'UNC' redundant, however it may be seen when other specifications such as plating or other treatments are also specified. It is by far the most common screw found inside computer cases. It commonly appears in lengths of () and () or less often (). Non-standard metricized lengths such as are also sometimes encountered. Nearly every brand new computer case comes with a bag of these. They are commonly used for the following purposes, however there are many exceptions:",
"title": "Computer case screws"
},
{
"docid": "20691673#9",
"text": "Once screw turning machines were in common use, most commercially available wood screws were produced with this method. These cut wood screws are almost invariably tapered, and even when the tapered shank is not obvious, they can be discerned because the threads do not extend past the diameter of the shank. Such screws are best installed after drilling a pilot hole with a tapered drill bit. The majority of modern wood screws, except for those made of brass, are formed on thread rolling machines. These screws have a constant diameter, threads with a larger diameter than the shank, and are stronger because the rolling process does not cut the grain of the metal.",
"title": "Screw"
}
] |
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] |
3483
|
What triggers transcription in DNA?
|
[
{
"docid": "497747#0",
"text": "In genetics, a transcription terminator is a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in genomic DNA during transcription. This sequence mediates transcriptional termination by providing signals in the newly synthesized transcript RNA that trigger processes which release the transcript RNA from the transcriptional complex. These processes include the direct interaction of the mRNA secondary structure with the complex and/or the indirect activities of recruited termination factors. Release of the transcriptional complex frees RNA polymerase and related transcriptional machinery to begin transcription of new mRNAs.",
"title": "Terminator (genetics)"
},
{
"docid": "1226356#3",
"text": "The steps contributing to the production of primary transcripts involve a series of molecular interactions that initiate transcription of DNA within a cell's nucleus. Based on the needs of a given cell, certain DNA sequences are transcribed to produce a variety of RNA products to be translated into functional proteins for cellular use. To initiate the transcription process in a cell's nucleus, DNA double helices are unwound and hydrogen bonds connecting compatible nucleic acids of DNA are broken to produce two unconnected single DNA strands. One strand of the DNA template is used for transcription of the single-stranded primary transcript mRNA. This DNA strand is bound by an RNA polymerase at the promoter region of the DNA.",
"title": "Primary transcript"
},
{
"docid": "167544#20",
"text": "One strand of the DNA, the \"template strand\" (or noncoding strand), is used as a template for RNA synthesis. As transcription proceeds, RNA polymerase traverses the template strand and uses base pairing complementarity with the DNA template to create an RNA copy (which elongates during the traversal). Although RNA polymerase traverses the template strand from 3' → 5', the coding (non-template) strand and newly formed RNA can also be used as reference points, so transcription can be described as occurring 5' → 3'. This produces an RNA molecule from 5' → 3', an exact copy of the coding strand (except that thymines are replaced with uracils, and the nucleotides are composed of a ribose (5-carbon) sugar where DNA has deoxyribose (one fewer oxygen atom) in its sugar-phosphate backbone).",
"title": "Transcription (biology)"
},
{
"docid": "167544#6",
"text": "Only one of the two DNA strands serve as a template for transcription. The antisense strand of DNA is read by RNA polymerase from the 3' end to the 5' end during transcription (3' → 5'). The complementary RNA is created in the opposite direction, in the 5' → 3' direction, matching the sequence of the sense strand with the exception of switching uracil for thymine. This directionality is because RNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing mRNA chain. This use of only the 3' → 5' DNA strand eliminates the need for the Okazaki fragments that are seen in DNA replication. This also removes the need for an RNA primer to initiate RNA synthesis, as is the case in DNA replication.",
"title": "Transcription (biology)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "5097443#12",
"text": "Simply twisting DNA can expose internal bases to the outside, without the aid of any proteins. Also, transcription itself contorts DNA in living human cells, tightening some parts of the coil and loosening it in others. That stress triggers changes in shape, most notably opening up the helix to be read. Unfortunately, these interactions are very difficult to study because biological molecules morph shapes so easily. In 2008 it was noted that transcription twists DNA, leaving a trail of undercoiled (or negatively supercoiled) DNA in its wake. Moreover, they discovered that the DNA sequence itself effects how the molecule responds to supercoiling. For example, the researchers identified a specific sequence of DNA that regulates transcription speed; as the amount of supercoil rises and falls, it slows or speeds the pace at which molecular machinery reads DNA. It is hypothesized that these structural changes might trigger stress elsewhere along its length, which in turn might provide trigger points for replication or gene expression. This implies that it is a very dynamic process in which both DNA and proteins each influences how the other acts and reacts.",
"title": "DNA supercoil"
},
{
"docid": "47190749#2",
"text": "The innate immune system relies on germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon recognition of a PAMP, PRRs generate signal cascades leading to transcription of genes associated with the immune response. Because all pathogens utilize nucleic acid to propagate, DNA and RNA can be recognized by PRRs to trigger immune activation. In normal cells, DNA is confined to the nucleus or mitochondria. The presence of DNA in the cytosol is indicative of cellular damage or infection and leads to activation of genes associated with the immune response. One way cytosolic DNA is sensed is via the cGAS/STING pathway, specifically by the cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Upon DNA recognition, cGAS dimerizes and stimulates the formation of cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP). cGAMP then binds directly to stimulator of interferon genes (STING) which triggers phosphorylation/activation of the transcription factor IRF3 via TBK1. IRF3 is able to enter the nucleus to promote transcription of inflammatory genes, such as IFN-β.",
"title": "CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway"
},
{
"docid": "47190749#1",
"text": "Upon binding DNA, the protein cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) triggers reaction of GTP and ATP to form cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). cGAMP binds to Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) which triggers phosphorylation of IRF3 via TBK1. IRF3 can then go to the nucleus to trigger transcription of inflammatory genes. This pathway plays a critical role in mediating immune defense against double-stranded DNA viruses.",
"title": "CGAS–STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway"
},
{
"docid": "14723679#1",
"text": "The activation of gene transcription is a multistep process that is triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA. These factors work with co-activators to direct transcriptional initiation by the RNA polymerase II apparatus. The mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1 protein is a subunit of the CRSP (cofactor required for SP1 activation) complex, which, along with TFIID, is required for efficient activation by SP1. This protein is also a component of other multisubunit complexes [e.g., thyroid hormone receptor-(TR-) associated proteins that interact with TR and facilitate TR function on DNA templates in conjunction with initiation factors and cofactors]. It also regulates p53-dependent apoptosis and it is essential for adipogenesis. This protein is known to have the ability to self-oligomerize.",
"title": "MED1"
},
{
"docid": "14775396#1",
"text": "The activation of gene transcription is a multistep process that is triggered by factors that recognize transcriptional enhancer sites in DNA. These factors work with co-activators to direct transcriptional initiation by the RNA polymerase II apparatus. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the CRSP (cofactor required for SP1 activation) complex, which, along with TFIID, is required for efficient activation by SP1. This protein is also a component of other multisubunit complexes e.g. thyroid hormone receptor-(TR-) associated proteins which interact with TR and facilitate TR function on DNA templates in conjunction with initiation factors and cofactors. This protein also acts as a metastasis suppressor. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.",
"title": "CRSP3"
},
{
"docid": "1581134#13",
"text": "In the absence of hormone, estrogen receptors are largely located in the cytosol. Hormone binding to the receptor triggers a number of events starting with migration of the receptor from the cytosol into the nucleus, dimerization of the receptor, and subsequent binding of the receptor dimer to specific sequences of DNA known as hormone response elements. The DNA/receptor complex then recruits other proteins that are responsible for the transcription of downstream DNA into mRNA and finally protein that results in a change in cell function. Estrogen receptors also occur within the cell nucleus, and both estrogen receptor subtypes have a DNA-binding domain and can function as transcription factors to regulate the production of proteins.",
"title": "Estrogen receptor"
},
{
"docid": "31474#19",
"text": "In eukaryotes, DNA is organized with the help of histones into compact particles called nucleosomes, where sequences of about 147 DNA base pairs make ~1.65 turns around histone protein octamers. DNA within nucleosomes is inaccessible to many transcription factors. Some transcription factors, so-called pioneering factors are still able to bind their DNA binding sites on the nucleosomal DNA. For most other transcription factors, the nucleosome should be actively unwound by molecular motors such as chromatin remodelers. Alternatively, the nucleosome can be partially unwrapped by thermal fluctuations, allowing temporary access to the transcription factor binding site. In many cases, a transcription factor needs to compete for binding to its DNA binding site with other transcription factors and histones or non-histone chromatin proteins. Pairs of transcription factors and other proteins can play antagonistic roles (activator versus repressor) in the regulation of the same gene.",
"title": "Transcription factor"
},
{
"docid": "1226356#7",
"text": "Activation of RNA polymerase activity to produce primary transcripts is often controlled by sequences of DNA called enhancers. Transcription factors, proteins that bind to DNA elements to either activate or repress transcription, bind to enhancers and recruit enzymes that alter nucleosome components, causing DNA to be either more or less accessible to RNA polymerase. The unique combinations of either activating or inhibiting transcription factors that bind to enhancer DNA regions determine whether or not the gene that enhancer interacts with is activated for transcription or not. Activation of transcription depends on whether or not the transcription elongation complex, itself consisting of a variety of transcription factors, can induce RNA polymerase to dissociate from the Mediator complex that connects an enhancer region to the promoter.",
"title": "Primary transcript"
}
] |
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] |
3484
|
What was the largest tank in history?
|
[
{
"docid": "349115#0",
"text": "Panzerkampfwagen VIII Maus (\"Mouse\") was a German World War II super-heavy tank completed in late 1944. It is the heaviest fully enclosed armoured fighting vehicle ever built. Five were ordered, but only two hulls and one turret were completed before the testing grounds were captured by advancing Soviet military forces.",
"title": "Panzer VIII Maus"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "182000#72",
"text": "The ground campaign consisted of three or possibly four of the largest tank battles in American military history. The battles at 73 Easting, Norfolk, and Medina Ridge are well noted for their historic significance. Some consider the battle of Medina Ridge the largest tank battle of the war. The U.S. Marine Corps also fought the biggest tank battle in its history at Kuwait International Airport. The U.S. 3rd Armored Division also fought a significant battle at Objective Dorset not far from where the battle of Norfolk was taking place. The U.S. 3rd Armored Division destroyed approximately 300 enemy combat vehicles during this particular encounter with Iraqi forces. The Iraqis suffered the loss of over 3,000 tanks and over 2,000 other combat vehicles during these battles against the American-led coalition.",
"title": "Gulf War"
},
{
"docid": "2160793#0",
"text": "The Tank Museum (previously The Bovington Tank Museum) is a collection of armoured fighting vehicles at Bovington Camp in Dorset, South West England. It is about north of the village of Wool and west of the major port of Poole. The collection traces the history of the tank. With almost 300 vehicles on exhibition from 26 countries it is the largest collection of tanks and the third largest collection of armoured vehicles in the world. It includes Tiger 131, the only working example of a German Tiger I tank, and a British First World War Mark I, the world's oldest surviving combat tank. It is the museum of the Royal Tank Regiment and the Royal Armoured Corps and is a registered charity.",
"title": "The Tank Museum"
},
{
"docid": "25574328#0",
"text": "Nikolay Lebedenko () was a Russian military engineer, mostly known as the main developer of the Lebedenko Tank, or the Tsar Tank, which was the largest armored vehicle in history, constructed in 1916–1917. Lebedenko was employed in a private firm, that worked for the Russian War Department, designing artillery devices before and during World War I.",
"title": "Nikolay Lebedenko"
},
{
"docid": "212341#34",
"text": "Parallel to the British development, France designed its own tanks. The first two, the medium Schneider CA and heavy Saint-Chamond, were not well-conceived, though produced in large numbers and showing technical innovations, the latter using an electro-mechanical transmission and a long 75 mm gun. Both types saw action on numerous occasions but suffered consistently high losses. In 1918 the Renault FT light tank was the first tank in history with a \"modern\" configuration: a revolving turret on top and an engine compartment at the rear; it would be the most numerous tank of the war. A last development was the superheavy Char 2C, the largest tank ever to see service, be it some years after the armistice.",
"title": "History of the tank"
},
{
"docid": "2995889#12",
"text": "The French used a very wide range of tanks, including many unique types. France was the second largest tank producer in the world, behind the Soviet Union (see French armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II). Their cavalry tank class filled the role of what are now called MBTs. They also fielded a heavy tank design, and several lighter types for scouting and infantry support. In addition to these types, they were also working on super-heavy breakthrough tanks (FCM F1). The French didn't have an independent Tank Corps. All tanks belonged to either the Infantry or the Cavalry.The Renault FT-17 had a long life and saw use in World War II and even later in Indochina. It was utilised as far away as in China, during the Chinese Civil wars, and versions of the tank were used both against and by the Japanese during the invasion of China. A large number found their way into both Republican and Nationalist hands during the Spanish Civil War. They were used in the Russian Revolution by both the Bolsheviks and the White Russians, and later by the Finns against the Soviets. France exported the FT-17 right up to World War II. The design was also developed by the Italians as the Fiat 3000 and the USSR as the T-18.",
"title": "Tanks of the interwar period"
},
{
"docid": "1026479#8",
"text": "The Char 2C was one of the largest tanks ever produced. At the start of World War II, France and the Soviet Union were the only countries to have inventories of heavy tanks, such as the Char B1, T-35, and KV-1. The Matilda II was designed under the British infantry tank concept which is similar to the heavy tank having thick armor and weighing more than their other tanks. It’s usually separate because they have less firepower with their cruiser tanks (comparable to mediums) at the time having the same main armament but more machine guns. Later war examples were the German Tiger I and II, as well as the Soviet IS series. Note that \"heavy\" versus \"medium\" is more a question of tactical roles than weight; the Panther, for example, was a \"medium\" tank that outweighed most Allied \"heavy\" tanks.",
"title": "Heavy tank"
},
{
"docid": "8286923#34",
"text": "The largest single non-combat helicopter operation in history was the disaster management operation following the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster. Hundreds of pilots were involved in airdrop and observation missions, making dozens of sorties a day for several months.\n\"Helitack\" is the use of helicopters to combat wildland fires. The helicopters are used for aerial firefighting (water bombing) and may be fitted with tanks or carry helibuckets. Helibuckets, such as the Bambi bucket, are usually filled by submerging the bucket into lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. Tanks fitted onto helicopters are filled from a hose while the helicopter is on the ground or water is siphoned from lakes or reservoirs through a hanging snorkel as the helicopter hovers over the water source. Helitack helicopters are also used to deliver firefighters, who rappel down to inaccessible areas, and to resupply firefighters. Common firefighting helicopters include variants of the Bell 205 and the Erickson S-64 Aircrane helitanker.",
"title": "Helicopter"
},
{
"docid": "5301631#16",
"text": "The tallest and largest megalith, which lies isolated from others and has a unique Sultanate style, is believed to have been erected by the founder king of Dimapur, who after vanquishing the tribes all around made his triumpant tower to commemorate his victory and this became a tradition setter. In and around this old city, large number of tanks over fifty in number existed, although most of them have since either dried up or have been destroyed by reckless human encroachment without an iota of respect for the history. These tanks were believed to be either dug by the kings for providing water supply to their people or might have resulted due to brick making, as pieces of old bricks could still be found in and around these tanks and, as has been mentioned earlier, Dimapur was known for use of bricks. Most of large tanks are rectangular and have a hardwood seasoned poles planted deep at the centre of the tanks, which have lasted for hundreds of years. Others are of irregular shapes without any such wooden poles. Inference in that, the former ones might have been dug by the Dimasa kings for water supply and the later were habitation as Di-gojo> Dijuwa meaning cut off from main river or stream’ and this tradition is still in vogue, and this area covers Dimapur and Dimasa Kachari inhabited areas of Karbi Anglong District of Assam in the Dhansiri valley. The present Dimapur is the commercial capital of Nagaland and is one of the fastest growing townships in the entire North-east region. But irony is, in the name of the modernity and development, this ancient city of Dimapur, whose historical relics finds a place in the World. Heritage is being gradually destroyed of its rich history by reckless human greed, and total destruction of its rich heritage is only a question of time.",
"title": "Dimasa people"
},
{
"docid": "1026479#10",
"text": "The immediate post-war period saw the final fielding of heavy tanks, including the US M103 heavy tank, the British FV214 Conqueror, and the French ARL 44 (in very limited numbers for the ARL 44), all in response to the Soviet heavy tanks of the period. The largest tank guns were approaching maximum calibre whose shell could still be handled by the crew, even using awkward two-part ammunition (separate projectile and propellant case, similar to battleship guns), which greatly slowed their rate of fire. Thanks to improved shell designs and fire control technology improving accuracy, postwar medium tanks were catching up to heavy tanks in firepower. The tactical value of heavy tanks thus declined to the point that no new designs were fielded; the heavily armed mediums came to be known as the main battle tank (MBT). Doctrine held that less expensive self-propelled artillery could serve in the infantry support role. The weight of MBTs quickly increased during the Cold War, and most third generation MBTs including the M1 Abrams, Challenger 2, Leopard 2, Merkava, Arjun MBT, and Type 99 have weights similar to those of 1950s heavy tanks.",
"title": "Heavy tank"
},
{
"docid": "45568#9",
"text": "Two specially constructed tanks were used. The first one, based on the abandoned plant's primary reactor containment vessel, held of water, was 55 feet (18 m) deep and 209 feet (70 m) across. At the time, it was the largest fresh-water filtered tank in the world. Additional scenes were shot in the second tank, an unused turbine pit, which held of water. As the production crew rushed to finish painting the main tank, millions of gallons of water poured in and took five days to fill. The Deepcore rig was anchored to a 90-ton concrete column at the bottom of the large tank. It consisted of six partial and complete modules that took over half a year to plan and build from scratch.",
"title": "The Abyss"
}
] |
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] |
3488
|
When was Warsaw founded?
|
[
{
"docid": "260198#2",
"text": "The Town of Warsaw was founded in 1803 from the Town of Batavia (in Genesee County). In 1812, part of Warsaw was used to form the new town of Town of Middlebury. Again in 1814, Warsaw was reduced to form the Town of Gainesville.",
"title": "Warsaw, New York"
},
{
"docid": "15557473#4",
"text": "The first historical document attesting to the existence of a Warsaw castellan dates to 1313. Fuller information about the age of the city is contained in the court case against the Teutonic Knights, which took place in Warsaw cathedral in 1339. In the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the Dukes of Masovia, becoming the capital of Masovia in 1413 (Prince Janusz II). Warsaw's economy of the 14th century rested on crafts and trade. The townsmen, of uniform nationality at the time, were marked by a great disparity in their financial status. At the top were the rich patricians while the plebeians formed the lower strata.",
"title": "History of Warsaw"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "15557473#20",
"text": "Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of South Prussia. Liberated by Napoleon's army in 1806, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Following the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the center of the Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with Imperial Russia. During this period under the rule of the relatively liberal Russian Emperor Alexander I, Warsaw experienced much growth such as the founding of the Royal University of Warsaw was established (1816) and what is today's main street of the city—Aleje Jerozolimskie—was marked out. In 1818, the Town Hall on the Old Town Market was pulled down because it had become too small for the city, which had expanded after it incorporated the \"jurydykas\". The city's authorities moved to Jabłonowski's Palace (by the Great Theater), where it stayed until World War II.",
"title": "History of Warsaw"
},
{
"docid": "111265#1",
"text": "The city of Warsaw began in 1814, when young Major Zachary Taylor founded Fort Johnson on the eastern bank of the Mississippi River across from the mouth of the Des Moines River. Fort Johnson was occupied only for a few weeks before it was burned. In 1815 another military camp, Fort Edwards, was built nearby at a different location. Warsaw became an important fur trading post and one of the earliest American settlements in northern Illinois.",
"title": "Warsaw, Illinois"
},
{
"docid": "32908#78",
"text": "The University of Warsaw was established in 1816, when the partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential Polish academic center, in Kraków. Warsaw University of Technology is the second academic school of technology in the country, and one of the largest in East-Central Europe, employing 2,000 professors. Other institutions for higher education include the Medical University of Warsaw, the largest medical school in Poland and one of the most prestigious; the National Defence University, highest military academic institution in Poland; the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music, the oldest and largest music school in Poland and one of the largest in Europe; the Warsaw School of Economics, the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country; the Warsaw University of Life Sciences, the largest agricultural university, founded in 1818; and the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, the first private secular university in the country.\nWarsaw has numerous libraries, many of which contain vast collections of historic documents. The most important library in terms of historic document collections is the National Library of Poland. The library holds 8.2 million volumes in its collection. Formed in 1928, it sees itself as a successor to the Załuski Library, the biggest in Poland and one of the first and biggest libraries in the world.",
"title": "Warsaw"
},
{
"docid": "12703427#1",
"text": "The newspaper was founded as the Western World, with its first edition published on May 13, 1840. In its May 12, 1841 edition, noting that \"Western World\" was a title that was \"too extensive in its signification\", the paper, which had been purchased by Thomas C. Sharp, changed its name to \"Warsaw Signal\". On January 7, 1843, the name was changed to Warsaw Message after Sharp sold the newspaper, but on February 14, 1844 the name reverted to \"Warsaw Signal\" when it was repurchased by Sharp. In 1850, it was purchased by James McKee who renamed it Warsaw Commercial Journal. In 1855, McKee merged the \"Commercial Journal\" with the \"Journal of the People\" to create the Warsaw Express and Journal, which published until the late 1850s. In 1975, a new paper began publishing under the name \"Warsaw Signal\", but its existence was short-lived.",
"title": "Warsaw Signal"
},
{
"docid": "11157563#1",
"text": "It was founded as a Royal University on 19 November 1816, when the Partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the oldest and most influential University of Kraków. Alexander I granted permission for the establishment of five faculties – law and political science, medicine, philosophy, theology and the humanities. The university expanded rapidly, but was closed during November Uprising in 1830. It was reopened in 1857 as the Warsaw Academy of Medicine, which was now based in the nearby Staszic Palace with only medical and pharmaceutical faculties. All Polish-language campuses were closed in 1869 after the failed January Uprising, but the university managed to train 3,000 students, many of whom were important part of the Polish intelligentsia; meanwhile the Main Building was reopened for training military personnel. The university was resurrected during the First World War and the number of students reached 4,500 in 1918. After Poland's independence the new government focused on improving the university, and in the early 1930s it became the country's largest. New faculties were established and the curriculum was extended. Following the Second World War and the devastation of Warsaw, the University successfully reopened in 1945.",
"title": "University of Warsaw"
},
{
"docid": "19280048#0",
"text": "Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw () is a public university of visual arts and applied arts located in the Polish capital. The Academy traces its history back to the Department of Arts founded at the Warsaw University in 1812. As a separate institution it was founded in 1844 during the Partitions of Poland. In an upgrade in 1904 it was named the Warsaw School of Fine Arts; and in 1932 it received recognition as an Academy. At first the institute did not have its own building and classes were held in several locations around the city. Following an architectural competition a design by Alfons Gravier was chosen and construction began in 1911. The building was completed by the outbreak of the First World War.",
"title": "Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw"
},
{
"docid": "6508107#0",
"text": "Gazeta Warszawska (lit. \"Warsaw Gazette\") was the first newspaper published regularly in Warsaw for an extended period of time. Founded in 1774, it remained active under a variety of names until 1935. The names included the Gazeta Wolna Warszawska (\"Warsaw Independent Gazette\"; during the Warsaw Uprising (1794)) and Gazeta Poranna Warszawska (\"Warsaw Morning Gazette\"; after the merger with Gazeta Poranna 2 Grosze in 1925).",
"title": "Gazeta Warszawska"
},
{
"docid": "15557473#25",
"text": "Warsaw's development, however, was accompanied by an intensive assault on Polish national identity. Russian authorities closed Polish schools and built more and more Orthodox churches. These acts were strongly opposed. On 27 February 1861, Russian troops fired on a Warsaw crowd that was protesting Russian rule. Five people were killed. On 22 January 1863 a new uprising broke out. The Underground Polish National Government resided in Warsaw during January Uprising in 1863–4. However, this uprising was mainly in the character of guerilla, therefore Warsaw did not distinguish itself in it. But, as a penalty, President Kalikst Witkowski, the Russian general and predecessor of Sokrates Starynkiewicz, constantly imposed tributes on Warsaw. The last serious riots took place in 1905 (after the St. Petersburg's “bloody Sunday”), when the Cossacks and police fired to the people demonstrating in Warsaw.\nIn 1897 Warsaw was 56.5% Polish, 35.8% Jewish and 4.9% Russian.",
"title": "History of Warsaw"
},
{
"docid": "1902892#0",
"text": "The Collegium Nobilium was an elite boarding secondary school for sons of magnates and wealthy gentry (\"szlachta\"), founded in 1740 in Warsaw by Stanisław Konarski and run by Piarist monks. The school existed until 1832 and was one of the predecessors of Warsaw University. It was at first called Collegium Novum, but its name was changed in the autumn of 1741. It operated in a building on Warsaw’s Dluga Street. Later, it was moved to the district of Zoliborz.",
"title": "Collegium Nobilium (Warsaw)"
}
] |
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] |
3489
|
How old does something need to be to be heritage-listed?
|
[
{
"docid": "64065#36",
"text": "In American historic preservation, the fifty-year rule is the generally held belief that a property cannot be listed in the National Register of Historic Places unless it is at least fifty years old. Actually, this rule is not a hard rule at all; it is an exception to the National Register's criteria for evaluation. As stated by John H. Sprinkle, Jr., Deputy Director of the Federal Preservation Institute, \"this 'rule' is only an exception to the criteria that shape listings within the National Register of Historic Places. Of the eight 'exceptions' [or criteria considerations], Consideration G, for properties that have achieved significance within the past fifty years, is probably the best-known, yet also misunderstood preservation principle in America.\"",
"title": "National Register of Historic Places"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "31357586#8",
"text": "The University Unitarian Church, given both its age and architectural significance, may now be considered for historic preservation. The church, having been built in 1959, is now eligible to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places in respect to the ‘fifty-year rule.’ This rule is a commonly accepted principle that for a building to be listed on the National Register for Historic Places, it must be at least fifty years old, that is, unless they are of ‘significant importance.’ Aside from its age, there must be a case made for the building's historical significance and/or aesthetic significance to be considered for acceptance. In the case of the University Unitarian Church, it has clear architectural significance, with its ties to the roots of Northwest regionalism. The justification for acceptance of buildings on the National Register based on aesthetics came around the late 1880s, with the desire to preserve colonial revival style buildings. The National Register’s currant stance on determining significance of a property is association with events, activities, lives, or developments that were important in the past, have significant architectural history, landscape history, or engineering achievements, or if it has the potential to yield information through archeological investigation. The University Unitarian Church has the potential to argue for significance based on its connection to Paul Hayden Kirk as well as its connection to the origins to Pacific Northwest Regionalism, allowing it to be deemed significant in terms of architectural history.",
"title": "University Unitarian Church"
},
{
"docid": "24182344#2",
"text": "In 2013 four elements were inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, which helps States Parties mobilize international cooperation and assistance to ensure the transmission of this heritage with the participation of the concerned communities. The Urgent Safeguarding List now numbers 35 elements.\nThe Committee also inscribed 25 elements on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, which serves to raise awareness of intangible heritage and provide recognition to communities’ traditions and know-how that reflect their cultural diversity. The List does not attribute or recognize any standard of excellence or exclusivity. The list totaled 508 elements corresponding to 122 countries .",
"title": "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "42713#16",
"text": "To qualify for the special olympics, a person must be at least 8 years old and identified by an agency or professional as having one of the following conditions: intellectual disabilities, cognitive delays as measured by formal assessment, or significant learning or vocational problems due to cognitive delay that require or have required specially designed instruction. For young people with and without intellectual disabilities ages 2–7, Special Olympics has a Young Athletes program—an inclusive sport and play program with a focus on activities that are important to mental and physical growth. Children engage in games and activities that develop motor skills and hand-eye coordination. Parents say their children in Young Athletes also develop better social skills. The confidence boost makes it easier for them to play and talk with other children on the playground and elsewhere. A study by the Center for Social Development and Education (University of Massachusetts, Boston) found that the activities also had the effect of helping children with intellectual disabilities learn routines and approaches to learning, along with how to follow rules and directions.",
"title": "Special Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "25749059#37",
"text": "Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through \"Wheel of Fortune\"s audition process. Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show; and television stations that broadcast \"Wheel\" and/or \"Jeopardy!\", their sister radio stations, and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them. Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year, three other game shows within the past ten years, or on any version of \"Wheel of Fortune\" itself.",
"title": "Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)"
},
{
"docid": "23065493#2",
"text": "American standards of preservation generally require that a building, structure, or object be 50 years or older before it may be considered historic; however, resources that have earned cultural significance within the last 50 years may also be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.",
"title": "Heritage barn"
},
{
"docid": "25216449#6",
"text": "In order to be eligible for admission, visitors must be older than 18. Exhibitors on the other hand must comply with more complex criteria. Firstly, exhibitors that wish to participate at this fair must be legally registered companies/businesses carrying on business either in Hong Kong or in their country of origin in accordance with applicable laws. In order to prove so, exhibitors are likely to be asked for their latest registration certificate or other documents that can provide proof of a bona fide business. There is also a fee that must be paid by every exhibitor and which depends on the type of booth the exhibitor wants to use. The smallest fee is of $4,680 for a standard booth of 9 m2. Exhibitors who need wide spaces to display their products may get a raw space of at least 27 m2, for $455/m2.",
"title": "World of Pet Supplies"
},
{
"docid": "272903#11",
"text": "Regulations governing eligibility to take the GED vary by state. According to GED Testing Service policy, students at least 16 years old and not enrolled in high school are eligible for the program. However, many states require the candidate to be 17 years of age and a resident of the state. Some states which allow students under 17 years of age to take the test require a letter of parental consent and a letter of consent from the student's school district.",
"title": "General Educational Development"
},
{
"docid": "7834371#0",
"text": "Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) are programs within the United States that provide comprehensive health services for individuals age 55 and over who are sufficiently frail to be categorized as \"nursing home eligible\" by their state's Medicaid program. Eligibility for PACE requires that individuals be 55 years old or older, certified by the state to need nursing home-level care, reside near a PACE program, and able to live safely in the community. Services include primary and specialty medical care, nursing, social services, therapies (occupational, physical, speech, recreation, etc.), pharmaceuticals, day health center services, home care, health-related transportation, minor modification to the home to accommodate disabilities, and anything else the program determines is medically necessary to maximize a member's health.",
"title": "Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly"
}
] |
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] |
3491
|
What is the leader of a wolf pack called?
|
[
{
"docid": "48744348#16",
"text": "The wolf pack howls on average for 85 seconds. It is usually started by a single wolf, after which other wolves may join in. The pack leader, the alpha wolf, usually uses a lower-pitched howl and howls more frequently than wolves standing on the lower rungs of the pack's hierarchy. Although some functions of the howling are still unknown by scientists, they believe that wolves may howl to scare off other wolf packs from their territory and to gather their own pack, as wolves possess perfect hearing and their howling can be heard for up to in the forest and in open space. Researchers have found a relationship between the number of times a wolf howls and the strength of their relationship with other pack members. According to Friederike Range, co-director of the University of Vienna's Wolf Science Center, \"the strength of the relationship between wolves predicted how many times a wolf howled.\"",
"title": "Monts de Gueret Animal Park"
},
{
"docid": "2352562#6",
"text": "Animals which typically predominate over others are associated with the term \"alpha\". Among pack-living wolves, alpha wolves are the genetic parents of most cubs in the pack. Such access to mating females creates strong selective pressure for intra-sex competition.",
"title": "Pack (canine)"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "10406028#0",
"text": "Akela ( / \"Akelā\" also called The Lone Wolf or Big Wolf) is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling's stories, \"The Jungle Book\" and \"The Second Jungle Book\". He is the leader of the Seeonee pack of Indian wolves and presides over the pack's council meetings. It is at such a meeting that the pack adopts the lost child Mowgli and Akela becomes one of Mowgli's mentors.",
"title": "Akela (The Jungle Book)"
},
{
"docid": "45071006#0",
"text": "The Nevada Wolf Pack football statistical leaders are individual statistical leaders of the Nevada Wolf Pack football program in various categories, including passing, rushing, receiving, total offense, defensive stats, and kicking. Within those areas, the lists identify single-game, single-season, and career leaders. The Wolf Pack represent the University of Nevada, Reno in the NCAA's Mountain West Conference (MW).",
"title": "Nevada Wolf Pack football statistical leaders"
},
{
"docid": "14844856#56",
"text": "Colonel Jonathan Wolfe (Voiced by: Tom Wyner) is the Leader of a squadron dubbed The Wolf Pack, they were successful in annihilating many of the enemies encountered by Admiral Hunter's Robotech Defenders. When the Wolfe Pack is sent to Earth to do battle with the Robotech Masters, they survive the Invid attack. The Wolf Pack keeps the hope alive until Admiral Hunter returns.",
"title": "List of Robotech characters"
},
{
"docid": "6089728#2",
"text": "The Cub Scout Pack is usually composed of several adult leaders, and several \"sixes\" of approximately six children. The leader of a \"six\" is called a \"Sixer\", an older cub scout in the pack. Second in command of a six is a \"Second\". Each week the sixes take turns to be in charge of some of the packs activities, such as selecting some of the games to play, and taking charge of the parade. Each six wears a distinctive colour patch on their uniform based on the six Wolf Cubs from the Jungle Book: Tawney Fur, Black Plume, Grey Brother, Red Fang, White Claw, and Brown Tip.",
"title": "Cub Scouts (Australia)"
},
{
"docid": "43650667#9",
"text": "In the aftermath, Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack. Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use, having found his true home and calling with his wolf family, Baloo and Bagheera.Emjay Anthony, Max Favreau, Chloe Hechter, Asher Blinkoff, Knox Gagnon, Sasha Schrieber, and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves.",
"title": "The Jungle Book (2016 film)"
},
{
"docid": "58883855#10",
"text": "Representing Europe, Lupo is a natural team player who believes the entire team should call the shots but can easily become the leader of the pack if required. Speed and dexterity are both attributes of the wolf, but its real success lies in its social cooperation and its ability to make friends with members of other packs. Lupo has been spotted with his pack howling support for other teams.",
"title": "2018 Homeless World Cup"
},
{
"docid": "26984044#6",
"text": "Since the last episode, Deen's \"Wolf Pack\" name has stuck with everyone else, with the group challenges this season being nicknamed \"wolf pack challenges\". Even the golden hard hat is adorned with the label \"wolf pack leader\" (and the most improved being named as such), and the trophy for Canada's Worst Handyman adopting the \"wolf pack\" theme.In final inspections, Simon admits that nothing worked and that everything is disorganized. Angela is commended for following instructions, while Cory admits he has no excuse for opening up too much of his ceiling, while Deen is taken to task for modifying his lift, with a furious Geoff deeming it unsafe to use and ordering Deen to dismantle it. No serious criticisms were handed to Matt, but Angela is named the most improved over Matt since Matt had arguably done all of his tasks before. As for the worst, for the second episode in succession the nominees are Simon for once again failing every single challenge, and Deen for his mediocre overall standard of work and the dangerous modifications he made to his shelf. In a rare unanimous decision, Simon gets the worst for the second episode in a row. For homework, Simon must give himself a report card on his own progress.",
"title": "Canada's Worst Handyman 5"
},
{
"docid": "19743798#3",
"text": "The Scout Leader in charge of the Pack will be a Cubmaster, assisted by Assistant Cubmasters and Instructors. All the warranted leaders are given names from The Jungle Book - the CM is normally given the name Akela.",
"title": "Wolf Cubs (Baden-Powell Scouts' Association)"
},
{
"docid": "2503776#17",
"text": "Brownies units are called Packs. Packs are divided into Sixes, small groups of girls who work together. Sixes are traditionally named after fairies e.g. Gnomes, Leprechauns; however many Packs have adopted the new naming style, woodland animals. Each six has a leader called a 'Sixer' and a 'Second'. The adult leader in charge is usually called Brown Owl. Other leaders are often named after different owls. These two elements are taken from the Brownie Story, in which two children visit the Brown Owl in the wood to learn how they can help doing the housework. It is becoming more common for Leaders to be named after different animals.",
"title": "Girlguiding"
}
] |
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] |
3493
|
Is Fist of the North Star on going?
|
[
{
"docid": "519115#37",
"text": "\"Fist of the North Star\" was one of \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\"'s most popular titles during the 1980s. It is one of the best-selling manga series in history, having sold approximately 100 million copies. In a poll conducted by TV Asahi in 2005, the \"Fist of the North Star\" anime series ranked 26 in a list of Top 100 Anime series. In a second poll in 2006, it ranked 89. In a celebrity version of the poll, it ranked 15.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star"
},
{
"docid": "519115#21",
"text": "In 2001, Tetsuo Hara began working on a \"Fist of the North Star\" prequel titled \"Fist of the Blue Sky\", which was serialized in \"Weekly Comic Bunch\" until 2010. Set during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1935, the story stars Hokuto Shinken predecessor and Kenshiro's namesake, Kenshiro Kasumi. An English adaptation of \"Fist of the Blue Sky\" was published in North America by Gutsoon! Entertainment in the now-defunct manga anthology \"Raijin Comics\". Four collected volumes were published before the company went out of business.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "519115#22",
"text": "A series of \"Fist of the North Star\" spinoffs began to be published in \"Weekly Comic Bunch\" and \"Big Comics Superior\" later. This lineup of titles has been dubbed the \"Hokuto Gaiden\" series, as each title focuses on a particular supporting character from the original manga. The following titles had been published so far:In 2018, a dedicated e-reader was sold that shipped with 18 volumes of Fist of the North Star, without the option of loading anything else, it is a read-only device just for Fist of the North Star. It has two screens that fold out like a book and sold for ¥30,000 in Japan. The device is called an eOneBook and is powered by removable AAA batteries.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star"
},
{
"docid": "26158128#19",
"text": "IGN awarded the game five out of ten and said \"There are different stories to play through and plenty to unlock, but it's nothing special.\" \"Edge\" magazine awarded the PlayStation 3 version five out of ten and said \"It all adds up to an uneven brawler, a game with the resources and technology to break through the walls of the developer's lineage but one unprepared to fully let go and take a chance.\" \"GamesTM\" awarded the same version seven out of ten. PALGN likewise awarded the same version seven out of ten and said \"If you like beat 'em ups, you will appreciate this one, but ultimately \"Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage\" is a love letter to fans of the original series.\"",
"title": "Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage"
},
{
"docid": "26158128#0",
"text": "Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage, originally released in Japan as , is a 3D beat 'em up for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 developed by Omega Force and published by Tecmo Koei. It is a spin-off of the \"Dynasty Warriors\" series based on the manga franchise \"Fist of the North Star\" by Buronson and Tetsuo Hara. It was first released in Japan on March 25, 2010, and it was released in North America on November 2, 2010 and in Europe on November 5. A was announced with a surprise trailer at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in June 2012. New playable characters and story arcs are featured, and the game was released in Japan on December 2012.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star: Ken's Rage"
},
{
"docid": "57745522#0",
"text": "Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise is an action-adventure video game for the PlayStation 4, developed and published by Sega. It is based on the manga franchise \"Fist of the North Star\" by Buronson and Tetsuo Hara. It was released in Japan on March 8, 2018 and worldwide on October 2, 2018.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star: Lost Paradise"
},
{
"docid": "519115#0",
"text": "\"Fist of the North Star\" was adapted into two anime television series produced by Toei Animation, which together aired on Fuji TV and its affiliates from 1984 through 1988, comprising a combined total of 152 episodes. It has since expanded into a media franchise, including a number of films, OVAs, video games, and a series of spin-offs centering on other characters from the original story. It has also had a number of video games and pachinko machines produced by Sega Sammy. As of June 2018, \"Fist of the North Star\" is the 18th highest-grossing media franchise of all time, estimated to have generated more than in total revenue.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star"
},
{
"docid": "8003592#0",
"text": "The following is a list of video games based on the manga \"Fist of the North Star\". Since , many video games based on the \"Hokuto no Ken\" franchise have been released for the Japanese market, including coin-operated arcade games and computer software. The majority of these games were released only in Japan, with the exceptions of \"Fist of the North Star\" for the Nintendo Entertainment System by Taxan Soft in , \"Fist of the North Star: 10 Big Brawls for the King of Universe\" for the Game Boy by Electro Brain in , and the \"\" series by Koei Tecmo, which started in . The arcade games \"Fighting Mania\" by Konami and the \"Fist of the North Star\" fighting game by Sega, also received international distribution. Additionally, the Sega games \"Black Belt\" for the Master System and \"Last Battle\" for the Genesis, were originally released as \"Hokuto no Ken\" video games in Japan before they were stripped of the license and rebranded for the international market.",
"title": "List of Fist of the North Star video games"
},
{
"docid": "8438834#0",
"text": "Fist of the North Star is a manga series that was originally serialized from 1983 to 1988 in the Japanese \"Weekly Shonen Jump\".",
"title": "Fist of the North Star (disambiguation)"
},
{
"docid": "7531200#0",
"text": "Fist of the North Star is a side-scrolling action video game produced by Toei Animation and developed by Shouei System for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It was first released in Japan under the title on April 17, 1987, being the second \"Hokuto no Ken\" video game released for the Family Computer (Famicom) by the anime production company (which briefly entered the video game publishing business after their success with the original \"Hokuto no Ken\" game for the Famicom in 1986), while also serving as a tie-in to the \"Hokuto no Ken 2\" anime series which began airing on Fuji TV a few weeks earlier. Taxan published the localized NES version on April 1989, making it one of the earliest \"Fist of the North Star\" products released in the U.S. alongside Viz Communications' English adaptation of the manga.",
"title": "Fist of the North Star (NES video game)"
},
{
"docid": "519115#15",
"text": "Tetsuo Hara has stated that he came up with the idea of \"Hokuto no Ken\" from his editor Nobuhiko Horie. According to Hara, Horie suggested to him that he should draw a manga about \"a martial artist who destroys his opponents by striking their acupressure points\" based on Hara's aspiration to draw a manga about martial arts and his knowledge of pressure points. At the time, Hara was having trouble breaking into the market, as his first series, the \"Iron Don Quixote\", was cancelled ten weeks after its debut. A prototype version of \"Hokuto no Ken\" was published as a one shot story in the April 1983 issue of \"Fresh Jump\", which was followed by \"Hokuto no Ken II\", a second one-shot published in the June 1983 issue. Both stories are collected in the second \"tankōbon\" volume of \"Tetsu no Don Quixote\".",
"title": "Fist of the North Star"
}
] |
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] |
3495
|
What is the name for someone who practices judo?
|
[
{
"docid": "15601#38",
"text": "Kano Jigoro's Kodokan judo is the most popular and well-known style of judo, but is not the only one. The terms judo and jujutsu were quite interchangeable in the early years, so some of these forms of judo are still known as jujutsu or jiu-jitsu either for that reason, or simply to differentiate them from mainstream judo. From Kano's original style of judo, several related forms have evolved—some now widely considered to be distinct arts:Kano's vision for judo was one of a martial way that could be practiced realistically. Randori (free practice) was a central part of judo pedagogy and shiai (competition) a crucial test of a judoka's understanding of judo. Safety necessitated some basic innovations that shaped judo's development. Atemi waza (striking techniques) were entirely limited to kata (prearranged forms) early in judo's history. Kansetsu waza (joint manipulation techniques) were limited to techniques that focused on the elbow joint. Various throwing techniques that were judged to be too dangerous to practice safely were also prohibited in shiai. To maximise safety in nage waza (throwing techniques), judoka trained in ukemi (break falls) and practiced on tatami (rice straw mats).",
"title": "Judo"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "12622935#63",
"text": "Judo is practiced in many communities across the province. The formal name of the non-profit organization is the Saskatchewan Kodokan Black Belt Association, but is more commonly known as Judo Saskatchewan. Clubs in the province include:\nKa-newonaskasehtew Judo Club, PunnichyJu-No-Ri Judo Club, WatrousLaRonge Judo ClubLloydminster Judo ClubMelfort Judo ClubKenshukan Judo Club, Prince AlbertMeadow Lake Judo ClubPense Judo ClubRegina YMCA Judo ClubSaskatoon YMCA Judo ClubSenshudokan Judo Club, ReginaSouth Corman Park Judo Club, SaskatoonSt. Brieux Judo ClubStanley Mission Judo ClubSwift Current Judo ClubVibank Judo Club The organization holds several regional competitions each season, four provincial tournaments, a closed provincial championships and a one primary annual shiai (tournament) called the Sask Open. Saskatchewan has produced two olympic athletes, Nancy Jewitt-Filteau and Frazer Will and has had several other olympic athletes train and coach in the province, including Sandra Greaves and Ewan Beaton.",
"title": "Sport in Saskatchewan"
},
{
"docid": "28332375#2",
"text": "As judo in the early days was often popularized outside Japan by means of public demonstrations given by judo experts, many exercises were presented in demonstration form, several for which names were invented in Europe by residing Japanese, who often had some martial arts, but relatively little judo experience. Now that \"kaeshi-(no)-kata\" in reality has no basis as an existing kata, it is evident that it also is not and never has been an officially recognized Kodokan kata. However, in Britain, this \"kata\" exists in two forms with minor variations in order and techniques, but its practice is almost entirely limited to public demonstrations or judo rank promotion tests.Alternatively:",
"title": "Kaeshi-no-kata"
},
{
"docid": "46785809#2",
"text": "Takemori began practicing judo in 1937. He founded the Washington Judo Club with Don Draeger and taught there from the end of World War II. The club became the largest in the area and while there he would reach 9th dan in judo (one of the handful of Americans to reach that rank). James Takemori was one of the founders of the Judo Black Belt Federation which became the United States Judo Federation. By 1965, he was considered one of the top 15 judo black belts in America. He served as a coach for the 1964 US Olympic judo bronze medalist Jim Bregman and served as a coach for the US men's and women's national teams. He served on selection committees for the US men's and women's national and international teams. He served as a coach for other US Teams as well including the Southern US Team. Takemori utilized his influence in getting Allen Coage named to the US 1976 Olympic Team in the open weight class where he won a bronze medal. It was under Takemori's leadership that the US Women won three bronze medals in the first women's Worlds Championships in judo. He served as the USJF Juniors chairman. He also served as Chairman of the AAU Junior Judo Program.",
"title": "James Takemori"
},
{
"docid": "20316671#33",
"text": "Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) was developed after Mitsuyo Maeda brought judo to Brazil in 1914. Maeda agreed to teach the art to Luiz França and Carlos Gracie, son of his friend, businessman and politician Gastão Gracie. Luiz França went on to teach it to Oswaldo Fadda. After Carlos learned the art from Maeda, he passed his knowledge to his brothers Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., and George. Meanwhile, Hélio Gracie would peek in and practice the techniques, although he was told he was too young to practice. At the time, judo was still commonly called Kanō jiu-jitsu (from its founder Kanō Jigorō), which is why this derivative of judo is called \"Brazilian jiu-jitsu\" rather than \"Brazilian judo\". Its emphasis shifted to ground grappling because the Gracie family thought it was more efficient and much more practical. Carlos and Helio helped the development by promoting fights (mostly against practitioners of other martial arts), competitions and experimenting throughout decades of intense training. BJJ dominated the first large modern mixed martial arts competitions, causing the emerging field to adopt many of its practices. Less-practiced stand-up techniques in Gracie Jiu Jitsu remain from its judo and jujutsu heritage (knife defense, gun defense, throws, blocking, striking etc.).",
"title": "Jujutsu"
},
{
"docid": "6423584#7",
"text": "As a founding member of the Texas yudanshakai and the United States Judo Association, Karl Geis has remained a notable figure in Judo in the United States. Geis refers to his judo as reminiscent of the judo that was being practiced in the 1950s in the Kodokan by his instructors. He is also notable for having combined the off balancing strategies of Tomiki aikido with judo. Fugakukai by-laws also enable recreational players to participate for self-improvement and still be able to rank without having to accumulate competition and competition-service points. Geis is known in the judo world for his expertise in sweeping techniques and his groundwork.",
"title": "Fugakukai International Association"
},
{
"docid": "1206328#10",
"text": "The budokwai's membership has included a number of notable individuals. In March 1936 Sarah Mayer became the first non-Japanese woman to gain a Dan grade (black belt) in Judo. She had started practicing judo at the Budokwai in the 1920s before traveling independently to Japan in 1934 with a letter of introduction from the Budokwai to train in judo. As of 2013 Olympian judoka Raymond Stevens and Winston Gordon are active members, other Olympian members have included Neil Adams, Brian Jacks and Angelo Parisi. Celebrity members have included musicians Kylie Minogue, Simon Le Bon and Mick Jagger. Sportsmen from other areas who have trained in judo at the Budokwai include Brazilian jiu-jitsu champion Roger Gracie and Olympic runner Sebastian Coe. William Hague British politician and Foreign Secretary who regularly partnered Sebastian Coe for judo training at the Budokwai.",
"title": "Budokwai"
},
{
"docid": "39444664#1",
"text": "In 2002 the Norwegian Judo Federation started training Afghan judokas under an exchange program with the Afghan Judo Federation established that year with the federation slogan \"Judo for Peace\". What began as a modest effort took on a big scale as increasingly more Afghan children and teenagers enrolled in the training program, the demand rising further. The project's objective also included giving priority to the underprivileged girls and women of Afghanistan, who showed equal interest and enthusiasm to their male counterparts. The result was a historic first: Freba Razzey became the first ever Afghan female to participate in an Olympic competition (in 2004).",
"title": "Norwegian Judo Federation"
},
{
"docid": "28630329#0",
"text": ", born , was the earliest disciple of judo. His name appears in the first line of the enrollment book of the Kōdōkan. Tomita, together with Saigō Shirō, became the first in the history of judo to be awarded the rank of Shodan by the founder of judo, Kanō Jigorō, who established the ranking system that is now commonly used in various martial arts around the world. Tomita was known as one of the \"Four Kings\" of Kōdōkan judo for his victorious efforts in competing against jujitsu schools. He was awarded 7th dan upon his death on January 13, 1937.",
"title": "Tomita Tsunejirō"
},
{
"docid": "33439767#6",
"text": "He is the author of \"The Pyjama Game, A Journey Into Judo\", published in June 2007 by Aurum Press, for which he was named as Best New Writer in the 2008 British Sports Book Awards. The book was published in the US under the title \"Falling Hard: A Journey Into The World Of Judo\". Robert Twigger, author of Angry White Pyjamas, in The Sunday Times referred to The Pyjama Game as \"an excellent history of judo combining theory, story-telling and first-hand practice\". Taki, of The Spectator, also called \"Mark Law’s excellent The Pyjama Game\" \"the greatest judo book ever\".",
"title": "Mark Law"
}
] |
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] |
3496
|
What is the life expectancy of horses?
|
[
{
"docid": "13645#5",
"text": "Depending on breed, management and environment, the modern domestic horse has a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years. Uncommonly, a few animals live into their 40s and, occasionally, beyond. The oldest verifiable record was \"Old Billy\", a 19th-century horse that lived to the age of 62. In modern times, Sugar Puff, who had been listed in \"Guinness World Records\" as the world's oldest living pony, died in 2007 at age 56.",
"title": "Horse"
}
] |
[
{
"docid": "42720#107",
"text": "The number of horses killed in the war was at the time unprecedented in modern warfare. For example, in the Relief of Kimberley, French's cavalry rode 500 horses to their deaths in a single day. The wastage was particularly heavy among British forces for several reasons: overloading of horses with unnecessary equipment and saddlery, failure to rest and acclimatise horses after long sea voyages and, later in the war, poor management by inexperienced mounted troops and distant control by unsympathetic staffs. The average life expectancy of a British horse, from the time of its arrival in Port Elizabeth, was around six weeks.",
"title": "Second Boer War"
},
{
"docid": "54401862#12",
"text": "It is unknown as to why Prospect Point lived as long as he did. The average life expectancy for a Thoroughbred is between the ages of 25-28.",
"title": "Prospect Point (horse)"
},
{
"docid": "2296094#34",
"text": "Horses were required to pull the enormous weight of the cannon and ammunition; on average, each horse pulled about 700 pounds (317.5 kg). Each gun in a battery used two six-horse teams (for normal field artillery; heavier guns required much larger teams): one team pulled a limber that attached to the trail of the gun to form a four-wheeled wagon of sorts; the other pulled a limber that attached to a caisson. The large number of horses posed a logistical challenge for the artillery, because they had to be fed, maintained, and replaced when worn out or injured. Artillery horses were generally selected second from the pool of high quality animals; cavalry mounts were the best horses. The life expectancy of an artillery horse was under eight months. They suffered from disease, exhaustion from long marches—typically 16 miles (25.8 km) in 10 hours—and battle injuries.",
"title": "Field artillery in the American Civil War"
},
{
"docid": "43808777#4",
"text": "Each wooden carousel horse that is attached to the operational carousel required several hours of restoration labor. Upon arrival to the museum, many of these artifacts dated close to 100 years old, and had an original life expectancy of around five years. Due to wood rot, many of the horses had to be completely re-carved by hand. The process of re-carving utilized the same primitive tools that would have been used in the original making. It is estimated that thousands of hours of labor were volunteered to complete the projects. To keep with historical building styles, each horse contains wooden dowels instead of nails (Reinhardt,2014).",
"title": "C.W. Parker Carousel Museum"
},
{
"docid": "21866354#116",
"text": "The cavalry, obsessed with the charge with cold steel, had \"ceased to be in any useful sense mobile\". They used heavy chargers as mounts rather than lighter horses. The heavy mounts required acclimatisation and recovery after long sea voyages, and needed plenty of forage when grazing was sparse. They were also overloaded with unnecessary or over-decorated equipment and saddlery. The average life expectancy of a British horse from the time of its arrival in South Africa was around six weeks.",
"title": "British Army during the Victorian Era"
},
{
"docid": "13645#22",
"text": "Depending on maturity, breed, and work expected, horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four. Although Thoroughbred race horses are put on the track as young as the age of two in some countries, horses specifically bred for sports such as dressage are generally not put under saddle until they are three or four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed. For endurance riding competition, horses are not deemed mature enough to compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (five years) old.",
"title": "Horse"
},
{
"docid": "43063267#3",
"text": "He explained the album title, saying: \"If you listen to it, and look at some of the old cats who’ve used the title before, one of The Beatles [George Harrison] was actually called “the dark horse” before, because you didn’t know how much of his musical involvement had a hand in what Beatles material came out. The dark horse meaning, like, the least expected person to win the race, or the least expected person to win the Super Bowl. I look at the dark horse as the person that you don’t always expect to see coming out on top. I consider myself a dark horse in the industry.\"",
"title": "Dark Horse (Twista album)"
},
{
"docid": "8098261#8",
"text": "Tyrolean Hounds have an average life expectancy of about 12 to 14 years overall. These dogs are robust and generally healthy. They need to keep an active lifestyle and have high exercise requirements, though not hyperactive. As puppies, they should be given high-quality dry food until about 12 months when they can be transferred over to adult dry food. They can also take either active or working dog formulas, respectively with their lifestyle. When they are adults it can be necessary to keep them engaged with mental stimulation. Without such exercises or obedience training, they may lose passion in their work or other nuisance behaviors may appear. Also, with the harsh double coat that the Tyrolean Hound bares, they may need to be brushed once or two times a week along with other various health duties such as; teeth brushing, coat grooming, and a weekly ear cleaning.",
"title": "Tyrolean Hound"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
}
] |
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