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rhetoric_function
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Acknowledging limitation(s) whilst stating a finding or contribution
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Advising cautious interpretation of the findings
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Commenting on the findings
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Commenting on the strengths of the current study
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Comparing the result: contradicting previous findings
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Comparing the result: supporting previous findings
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Contrasting sources with ‘however’ for emphasis
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Describing previously used methods
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Describing questionnaire design
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Describing the characteristics of the participants
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Describing the limitations of the current study
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Describing the process: adverbs of manner
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Describing the process: expressing purpose with for
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Describing the process: infinitive of purpose
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Describing the process: sequence words
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Describing the process: statistical procedures
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Describing the process: typical verbs in the passive form
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Describing the process: using + instrument
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Describing the research design and the methods used
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Describing what other writers do in their published work
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Detailing specific limitations
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Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline
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Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline: time frame given
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Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society
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Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society: time frame given
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Establising the importance of the topic as a problem to be addressed
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Explaining keywords (also refer to Defining Terms)
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Explaining the provenance of articles for review
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Explaining the provenance of the participants
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Explaining the significance of the current study
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Explaining the significance of the findings or contribution of the study
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General comments on the relevant literature
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General reference to previous research or scholarship: highlighting negative outcomes
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Giving reasons for personal interest in the research (sometimes found in the humanities, and the applied human sciences)
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Giving reasons why a particular method was adopted
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Giving reasons why a particular method was rejected
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Highlighting inadequacies or weaknesses of previous studies (also refer to Being Critical)
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Highlighting interesting or surprising results
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Highlighting significant data in a table or chart
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Identifying a controversy within the field of study
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Identifying a knowledge gap in the field of study
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Implications and/or recommendations for practice or policy
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Indicating an expected outcome
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Indicating an unexpected outcome
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Indicating criteria for selection or inclusion in the study
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Indicating methodological problems or limitations
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Indicating missing, weak, or contradictory evidence
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Indicating the methodology for the current research
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Indicating the use of an established method
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Introducing the limitations of the current study
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Making recommendations for further research work
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Noting implications of the findings
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Noting the lack of or paucity of previous research
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Offering an explanation for the findings
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Outlining the structure of a short paper
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Outlining the structure of a thesis or dissertation
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Pointing out interesting or important findings
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Previewing a chapter
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Previous research: A historic perspective
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Previous research: Approaches taken
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Previous research: What has been established or proposed
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Previous research: area investigated as the sentence object
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Previous research: area investigated as the sentence subject
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Previous research: highlighting negative outcomes
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Providing background information: reference to the literature
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Providing background information: reference to the purpose of the study
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Reference to previous research: important studies
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Referring back to the purpose of the paper or study
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Referring back to the research aims or procedures
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Referring to a single investigation in the past: investigation prominent
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Referring to a single investigation in the past: researcher prominent
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Referring to another writer’s idea(s) or position
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Referring to data in a table or chart
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Referring to important texts in the area of interest
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Referring to previous work to establish what is already known
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Referring to secondary sources
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Referring to the literature to justify a method or approach
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Reporting positive and negative reactions
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Restating a result or one of several results
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Setting out the research questions or hypotheses
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Some ways of introducing quotations
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Stating a negative result
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Stating a positive result
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Stating purpose of the current research with reference to gaps or issues in the literature
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Stating the aims of the current research (note frequent use of past tense)
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Stating the focus, aim, or argument of a short paper
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Stating the purpose of the thesis, dissertation, or research article (note use of present tense)
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Stating what is currently known about the topic
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Suggesting general hypotheses
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Suggesting implications for what is already known
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Suggestions for future work
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Summarising the literature review
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Summarising the main research findings
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Summarising the results section
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Summarising the studies reviewed
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Surveys and interviews: Introducing excerpts from interview data
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Surveys and interviews: Reporting participants’ views
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Surveys and interviews: Reporting proportions
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Surveys and interviews: Reporting response rates
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Surveys and interviews: Reporting themes
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