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๋™ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณธ ๊ณ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Because this analysis has already been addressed in previous studies, it is omitted in this paper.
์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด KBํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ฃผํƒ๊ธˆ์œต๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋“ค ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ณ„์—ด์ด ์งง๊ณ  ํ‘œ๋ณธํŽธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ถ„์„์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Although KB statistics and Korea Housing Finance Corporation data was verified to consider income level, the time series of that data was short, raising the possibility of sample bias, so it was deemed unsuitable for analysis.
๋˜ํ•œ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ 1์กฐ์› ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ ๋ณ€๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Œ€์ถœ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Furthermore, the size of savings banks was classified on the basis of KRW 1 trillion, and the differential effect of changes in the BIS capital adequacy ratio was empirically analyzed according to the size of savings banks on the total loan size and corporate loan proportion.
ํ™•๋ฅ ํšจ๊ณผ GLS๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 79๊ฐœ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The random effect GLS model was used to conduct an empirical analysis on 79 savings banks.
์ผ๋ฐ˜์€ํ–‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž๋ณธํ™•์ถฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ์„ ํ™•์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
This suggests that, in order to increase their BIS capital adequacy ratio, savings banksโ€”which have a more difficult time recapitalizing than commercial banksโ€”may adjust their loan size rather than increase their equity capital.
๋Œ€ํ˜•์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์€ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ ํ™•์ถฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์  ๋Œ€์ถœํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Large savings banks may actively lend to increase corporate loans in response to the expansion of their BIS capital ratio.
์„œ๋ก  ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์€ ์„œ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํŽธ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ์„œ๋ฏผ๊ธˆ์œต๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋‹ค.
A savings bank is a microfinance institution that was established to help ordinary people and small and medium-sized enterprises.
2020๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ 79๊ฐœ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์ด ์˜์—…ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
There are 79 savings banks in operation in Korea as of 2020.
์˜ˆ๊ธˆ๋ณด ํ—˜๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์ค‘๋‹จ ์—†์ด ๋ถ€์‹ค์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ • ํŠน๋ณ„๊ณ„์ •์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ 31๊ฐœ ๋ถ€์‹ค์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์„ ์›ํ™œํžˆ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation established a system to clean up insolvent savings banks without disrupting financial transactions and established a special account for mutual savings bank restructuring in order to clean up 31 insolvent savings banks smoothly.
2014 ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์ด ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž๋ณธ์ ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Following the completion of the de facto restructuring in 2014, the savings bank industry is working hard to inform customers about the stability of savings banks and to strengthen capital adequacy.
๊ธˆ์œตํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ ์ •์„ฑ ๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ์—…์ข…๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค.
Different standards apply to financial companies' capital adequacy due to different business scopes and industry characteristics.
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์•…ํ™” ๋“ฑ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ €์‹ ์šฉ ์ฐจ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์€ BIS ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๋‚ฎ์•„์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
The effects of the economic downturn may cause the BIS capital adequacy ratio of savings banks with a relatively large number of low-credit borrowers to fall.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ์—…๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ • ์ดํ›„ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ œ๊ณ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ„๊ธฐ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ๋‹ค.
In order to increase the BIS capital adequacy ratio after restructuring, it is necessary to investigate what kind of improvement means the savings bank industry is employing to respond to the crisis situation.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ • ์ดํ›„ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๊ทœ์ œ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด ๋Œ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The goal of this research is to determine whether the proportion of total loans and corporate loans is adjusted to comply with prudential regulations following savings bank restructuring.
๋˜ํ•œ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€์ถœ์˜ ํŽธ์ค‘ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ BIS ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ ์ด ์ด๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Because loan concentration varies depending on the size of a savings bank, it is necessary to investigate whether the BIS capital adequacy ratio adjusts total loan size, and the proportion of corporate loans based on the size of a savings bank.
BIS ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์ด๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ์ž์‚ฐ์šด์šฉ ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ •์ฑ…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The findings of a systematic examination of the relationship between the BIS capital adequacy ratio, total loan size, and corporate loan share will have significant policy implications for asset management and the financial soundness of savings banks.
์„œ๋ก ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ์ž์‚ฐ์šด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ •๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.
The introduction presents the research background and purpose, Chapter II examines previous studies related to BIS capital adequacy ratio and asset management of savings banks, and Chapter III presents operational definitions of variables, hypotheses establishment, and research models.
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด์ž์‚ฐ์ฆ ๊ฐ€์œจ์ด ๋‘”ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ทœ๋ชจํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์€ํ–‰์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์œ„ํ—˜๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ž์‚ฐ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
It was shown that as the real capital adequacy ratio decreases, the growth rate of total assets slows, and the lower the capital ratio, the greater the asset building effect increases the assets with low risk weight.
๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ธ 1990๋…„์—์„œ 1996๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธˆ์œต๋‹น๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทœ์ œ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
During the analysis period of 1990 to 1996, most banks exceeded their capital adequacy ratios, implying that there was relatively little regulatory pressure from financial authorities to increase their capital adequacy ratios.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์€ํ–‰๋“ค์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž๋ณธ๊ธˆ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ œํ•œํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In this case, if commercial banks' risk level rises, there is a private incentive to limit total risk by increasing capital.
์ฆ‰ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ทœ์ œ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์€ํ–‰ ๋Œ€์ถœ์ž์‚ฐ๋น„์œจ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
In other words, the higher the existing equity capital adequacy ratio exceeds the regulatory level, the higher the bank loan asset ratio.
๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ›„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Significant changes in the relationship between banks' SME loans and equity capital adequacy ratios before and after the financial crisis have been suggested.
๊ตญ์ œ ๊ฒฐ์ œ์€ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์ธ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์†Œ์œ  ๋ฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The impact of changes in the components of capital adequacy ratios based on international settlement banks on the proportion of SME loans was studied, with a focus on ownership type and size.
๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์€ํ–‰๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ ์ฆ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 129 ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋Œ€์ถœํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Based on the impact of changes in the BIS capital adequacy ratio on savings bank corporate loans, domestic banks exhibit a lending behavior of increasing loans to SMEs.
๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ฑ… ์€ํ–‰์ผ ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์ถœํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์€ํ–‰์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ ํ™•์ถฉ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Furthermore, government-owned banks exhibited lending behavior that increased SME loans as basic equity capital increased, and it was estimated that SME loans increased as larger banks increased their equity capital.
๋ฐ”์ ค โ…ข์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์˜ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜์ž์‚ฐ์ธ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ถœ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In the context of the implementation of Basel III, banks' SME loan behavior explains that they are actively lending to increase SME loans, which are risky assets, in order to secure basic equity capital.
์ฆ‰ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณ„๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
In other words, financial regulation has been suggested to have a crowding effect by reducing household loans while increasing corporate loans.
์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ ํ•˜๋ฝ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์€ํ–‰์ด ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ ํ•˜๋ฝ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Small banks tend to reduce SME loans in response to a decrease in their capital adequacy ratio, as small banks are sensitive to a decrease in their capital adequacy ratio. .
์ด๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ์‹œ์ ์— ์ž๋ณธ๊ธˆ ํ™•์ถฉ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋Œ€์ถœํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
This suggests that banks are lending to reduce risky assets such as SME loans rather than increasing capital at the time.
๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ˆœ์‘์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋†’์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ถœ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ถ•์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ์ž๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์€ํ–‰ ์ž์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
The analysis results argue that the economic recession is the cause of commercial banks' procyclicality, which can reduce lending assets by increasing bank risk, and that banks themselves adjust loan size to maintain regulatory capital levels.
์ฆ‰ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์€ํ–‰ ์ค‘์†Œ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Put simply, there is a relationship between changes in the capital adequacy ratio and bank SME loans.
๊ฐ€์„ค์„ค์ • 2011๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋†’์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ž์‚ฐ์šด์šฉ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค๋„ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค.
[Hypothesis construction] Since 2011, prudential regulation has been strengthened as part of an intensive restructuring process, and loan sizes have been reduced in terms of asset management, while portfolios have also undergone significant changes.
๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ • ์ดํ›„ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ BIS ์ž๊ธฐ์ž ๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์€ํ–‰๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Prior research has confirmed the results of empirical analysis that banks can adjust their loan size if the BIS capital adequacy ratio fluctuates as savings banks' capital adequacy becomes more important after restructuring.
BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์ด ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Savings banks will adjust the size of their loans to their advantage, taking the BIS capital adequacy ratio and economic conditions into consideration.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋ณ€๋™ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ์ด๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„ค1๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์„ค2๋ฅผ ์„ค์ • ํ•œ๋‹ค.
As a result, if the BIS capital adequacy ratio fluctuates, the total amount of savings bank loans and the proportion of corporate loans can be adjusted, so hypotheses 1 and 2 can be established.
๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์ • ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ๋ถ€์‹ค์‚ฌํƒœ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ดํ›„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์ด ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ดํ›„ 2014๋…„ 6์›”๋ถ€ ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 79๊ฐœ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
[Variable definition and sample selection] This study examined 79 savings banks from June 2014 to June 2018 after restructuring was completed following savings bank insolvency.
์ž๋ณธ์ž ์‹ ๋œ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Savings banks with capital erosion were excluded from the sample, and financial data from the previous two years was used.
์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์€ํ–‰ ์›”๋ณ„ ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋™ํ–ฅ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ฐ๋…์›์˜ ๊ธˆ์œตํ†ต๊ณ„์ •๋ณด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The data for the empirical analysis came from Kookmin Bank's monthly house price trend survey and the Financial Supervisory Service's financial statistics information system.
๋จผ์ € ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
First, the higher the BIS equity capital adequacy ratio, which is a key variable, the greater the soundness and stability of the savings bank.
์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ณด์™„์ž๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ์— ๊ณต์ œํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ์ฐจ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ’์„ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ฐ€์ค‘์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ธก์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Equity capital is made up of primary and supplementary capital, and is calculated by dividing the value obtained by deducting equity capital deductions by risk-weighted assets.
๋Œ€์ถœ์ž์‚ฐ ํฌํŠธํด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ์ด ์ž๋ณธ์ ์ •์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
It has a significant impact on the profitability of savings banks depending on the loan asset portfolio, and the profitability of savings banks affects the BIS capital adequacy ratio, which is a capital adequacy indicator.
๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์กฐ์ •์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
This, it was included as a control variable to limit the impact on loan size adjustment.
ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ 2014๋…„ 6์›” ๊ตฌ์กฐ์กฐ์ •์ด ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์ดํ›„์‹œ์ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2018๋…„ 6์›”๊นŒ์ง€ 79๊ฐœ ์ „์ฒด ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๋‹ค.
[Characteristics of sample savings banks, both descriptive and statistical] This study uses data from all 79 savings banks between June 2014, when the Financial Services Commission announced the completion of restructuring, to June 2018.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„์€ ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ข€ ๋” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™•๋ฅ ํšจ๊ณผ GLS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.
This correlation analysis demonstrates a simple correlation without taking the control variable into account, and we want to estimate it using the random effect GLS for a clearer picture.
์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด์ž์‚ฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์œจ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทน์  ๋Œ€์ถœํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
The higher a savings bank's BIS equity capital adequacy ratio, the more passive loans it makes, lowering the loan-to-total-asset ratio.
์ด๋Ÿฌ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์€ํ–‰์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž๋ณธํ™•์ถฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ณธ์ ์ •์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ์— ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ์„ ํ™•์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ์šฉ์ดํ•œ ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.
These findings imply that savings banks, which have a more difficult time raising capital than commercial banks, are more likely to adjust their loan size rather than increase equity capital to meet the capital adequacy index.
์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋ถ€์‹ค์—ฌ์‹ ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋Œ€์ถœ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
It was discovered that the greater the number of non-performing loans a savings bank has, the smaller the loan size.
์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์€ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
The proportion of corporate loans made by savings banks was found to have a negative impact on the BIS capital adequacy ratio.
์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์„ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ ๋‹ค.
For savings banks, the lower the proportion of corporate loans with a relatively high risk weight, the higher the BIS capital adequacy ratio.
์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋Œ€์ถœ์ž์‚ฐ ์ค‘ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ถ€์‹ค์—ฌ์‹ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
The non-performing loan ratio rises as the proportion of corporate loans in savings banks' loan assets rises.
๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์€ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
According to the findings, there was no significant difference in the share of savings bank corporate loans based on size.
์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด์ž์‚ฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทน์  ๋Œ€์ถœํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
The higher the BIS equity capital adequacy ratio of savings banks, the lower the loan-to-total-asset ratio and the lower the corporate loan ratio.
BIS ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜•์€ํ–‰๋“ค์ด ๋†’์€ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Large banks with sufficient BIS equity capital were found to take on high risks and increase their proportion of corporate loans.
์ฆ‰ ์ €์ถ•์€ ํ–‰๋“ค์€ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ„ํ—˜์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ถ•์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทน์  ๋Œ€์ถœํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In other words, this implies that savings banks may engage in passive lending in order to reduce risky assets in response to the BIS capital adequacy ratio.
ํ•œํŽธ ๋Œ€ํ˜•์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์€ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ ํ™•์ถฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์  ๋Œ€์ถœํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
This study, on the other hand, has confirmed that there is a possibility that large savings banks will actively increase their corporate loans based on the expansion of their BIS capital adequacy ratio.
๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ ๋ณ€๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €์ถ•์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋Œ€์ถœ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ BIS์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ธฐ์—…๋Œ€์ถœ๋น„์ค‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ—Œ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This study makes a contribution in that it uses microscopic data to reveal the relationship between the loan size of savings banks and changes in the BIS capital adequacy ratio, and it specifically verifies the differential effect of the BIS capital adequacy ratio on the corporate loan ratio depending on size.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฌธ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์กฐ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์Ÿ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๊ธด์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค.
Korea does not yet have an explicit regulation recognizing the property of virtual assets, but given the rapid growth of virtual assets, it is critical to examine the issues in tax law.
๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ์ž๊ธˆ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์–‘๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์–‘๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ ๋ฐ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Virtual assets have characteristics as a means of money settlement as well as transferable assets, and virtual assets as transferable assets have property rights, property rights, and bond properties.
์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญํšŒ๊ณ„ํ•™ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ ์˜์—…ํ™œ๋™์—์„œ ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ๊ณ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๋ฅผ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ž๊ธˆ๊ฒฐ์ œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์„ธํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In terms of legislative theory, the Korean Accounting Association announced that it is necessary to amend the value-added tax on inventories held for sale in normal business activities, as well as the value-added tax exemption when virtual assets are used as a means of payment.
์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ์—ด๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ทœ์ •์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผ์„ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
It is necessary to clarify the basis for taxation by adding relevant provisions to Korea's Income Tax Act, which adopts the enumeration principle that enumerates the types of income.
๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํˆฌ์ž ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งค๋งค์ฐจ์ต์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์–‘๋„์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Capital gains tax may be imposed if you temporarily trade virtual assets for simple investment purposes and generate trading profits.
๋‹ค๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์—…์†Œ๋“์€ ์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐœ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
However, because business income is exhaustively specified in the Income Tax Act, it can be taxed without modifying relevant provisions.
ํ˜„ํ–‰ ์ƒ์†์„ธ ๋ฐ ์ฆ์—ฌ์„ธ๋ฒ•์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Because there is no regulation on the valuation of virtual assets in current inheritance and gift tax laws, it is necessary to prepare the basis for valuation of virtual assets.
์„œ๋ก  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์ถœํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Discussions about virtual assets are heating up as new virtual assets emerge.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆํ•˜๋‹ค.
Korea has no laws recognizing the ownership of virtual assets.
๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์ง€๊ธ‰์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์กฐ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์Ÿ์ ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
It is impossible to discuss tax law issues without acknowledging virtual assets' function and property as a means of payment.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด ์กฐ์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์Ÿ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค.
However, given the rate of growth of virtual assets, it is unavoidable to examine tax law issues.
๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ค‘์ธ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ณผ์„ธ์ธํ”„๋ผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋งŽ์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.
Many conditions are expected to have matured for the main content of the proposed bill to create tax infrastructure.
ํŠนํžˆ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋Œ€์ƒ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ œ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค.
The possibility of taxation becomes an issue, in particular, in relation to whether or not it is subject to taxation under the Value Added Tax Act, because virtual assets have the nature of both a payment method and an asset.
์†Œ๋“์„ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์†Œ๋“ ๊ธฐํƒ€์†Œ๋“ ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘๋„์†Œ๋“์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
It is being discussed whether business income, other income, or capital gains will be taxed under the Income Tax Act.
ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ์ฒซ์งธ ์ง€๊ธ‰์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‘˜์งธ ๋ณ€๋™์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋ฉฐ ์…‹์งธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”ํ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜„์‹œ์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™”ํ ๋˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ™”๋กœ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Virtual assets, on the other hand, are evaluated as not meeting the function of currency due to payment restrictions, high volatility, and value uncertainty, and it is difficult to see them as currency at this point.
์ฆ‰ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์›์žฅ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
To put it another way, it was intended to implement virtual assets based on blockchain, a distributed ledger technology that is unaffected by government regulations.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด์—ญ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ„์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค.
In this context, blockchain refers to a decentralized system that prevents counterfeiting by allowing all users involved in a transaction to share transaction details, which can then be compared whenever a transaction takes place.
๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ˜„๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์™ธ์— ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ธˆ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‹ ์šฉ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋“ฑ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Spot trading via virtual asset trading, as well as margin trading, credit transaction, and futures trading, are all examples of virtual asset trading.
์ฐจ์ž…์„ ์ง€๋ ›๋Œ€๋กœ ํˆฌ์ž ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜ธํ™ฉ์ผ ๋•Œ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค.
When the economy is booming, leverage, which maximizes the return on investment by leveraging borrowing, is an effective investment method.
๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”ํ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
In other words, real control over virtual currency is viewed as a possibility.
๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ท€์†์ด๋‚˜ ์ด์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ž๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์น˜ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In the case of virtual asset attribution or transfer, the person recorded in the ledger is primarily regarded as the right holder; however, if the recorded person is not the original right holder, it includes a value judgment that it is desirable to revert to the original right holder.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ด์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋ฌดํ˜•์ž์‚ฐ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„œ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณต์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
It was also revealed that the standard for intangible assets was used.
๊ณต์‹œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”ํ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ ์˜์—…ํ™œ๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ผ๋ฉด ํ˜„์‹ค์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
According to the disclosure's contents, if virtual currency is held for normal business activities, real control can be recognized, implying that it has property rights.
์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฐฐํƒ€์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๊ทธ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์†์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When a subject has the possibility of having exclusive control over a specific object, the status is regarded as the legal attribution of property rights.
๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ธ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ท€์† ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ ์ด์ „ ๊ทœ์ •์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ถŒ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค.
By confirming the property rights of virtual assets, it becomes possible to apply transfer of ownership regulations to changes in property rights ownership and to apply the right to return claims based on ownership to infringement of property rights.
ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ„์— ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋  ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ์ „์›์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•ฉ์˜ํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ฒ” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
An agreement is not a relative contract between individual parties, but rather a standard that all participants agree to follow.
์ž๊ธˆ๊ฒฐ์ œ ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ทœ์ • ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ๋Š” 2016๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ •๋น„๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ 2017๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œํ–‰์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
[Regulations implementing the Funds Settlement Act] In Japan, virtual asset legislation was amended in 2016 and went into effect in April 2017.
๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ 7๋…„ ์ „์— ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋‚˜์™”์ง€๋งŒ ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•ด์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ •๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทœ์ œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
Although Bitcoin has been around for seven years, it took a long time for the government to recognize its impact and the need for the government to overhaul and regulate the system.
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”๊ฑด์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํŠน์ • ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ธ์„ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ์ œ2ํ˜ธ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜ ์˜€๋‹ค.
The first virtual asset that meets these three criteria is defined as the second virtual asset that can be exchanged for the first virtual asset with an unspecified number of people.
๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์†Œ๋“์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•œ๋‹ค.
However, if the virtual asset transaction is treated as a business, it is taxed as business income.
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ „์—…์œผ๋กœ ์˜์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์†Œ๋“์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์— ๋ถ€์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋“ ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์—…์†Œ๋“์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธํ•œ๋‹ค.
For example, if you trade virtual assets as a full-time business, the income generated is classified as business income, and income generated incidentally is also taxed as business income.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—…์†Œ๋“ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€์†Œ๋“์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
If, on the other hand, virtual asset trading is incidental to business income, it is classified as other income.
์Šค์œ„์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผ์„ธ์†Œ๋“๊ณ„์‚ฐ์€ ํšŒ๊ณ„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Except in cases specifically specified by tax law, taxable income in Switzerland is calculated using accounting principles.
๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ช… ๋Œ€๋ถ€์‹ ํƒ ํˆฌ์ž์‹ ํƒ์ด๋‚˜ ํŠน์ •์ˆ˜์ต์ฆ๊ถŒ๋ฐœํ–‰์‹ ํƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ต์ฆ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๋„๋ถ„์˜ ์ด์ž์†Œ๋“๊ธˆ์•ก ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๋‹น์†Œ๋“๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ธˆ์•ก์ธ ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ ์ œ 1 ํ•ญ์˜ ๊ทœ์ •์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์—ฐ๋„์— ์ง€๊ธ‰๋ฐ›์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The amount that is the income amount for calculating the interest income amount or dividend income amount for that year does not not withstand the provisions of paragraph 1, but paid to the amount that year for the distribution of profits related to beneficiary certificates of a bearer loan trust investment trust or a specific beneficiary certificate issuance trust.
์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ถฉ๋‹น๊ธˆ ์ œ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด์„œ ํšŒ๊ณ„์ƒ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Expenses incurred during the project's development phase are treated as expenses in accounting as a result of the elimination of provisions.
์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ์„ธ์ œ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
Singapore has a virtual asset tax. There is little information available in Singapore about the application of tax laws to virtual asset transactions.
์ง€๋ถˆ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 161 ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์šฉ์—ญ ์ œ๊ณต์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋‹นํ•ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์šฉ์—ญ ์ œ๊ณต์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํด ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€์•ก์„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋งค์ถœ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•œ๋‹ค.
[Virtual Assets as a Means of Payment: A Study on Taxation on Virtual Assets 161] In general, when virtual assets are received in exchange for goods or services, sales are recorded based on the transaction value of the goods or services provided in Singapore dollars.
์ƒํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์šฉ์—ญ ์ œ๊ณต์ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If goods or services are not traded solely in exchange for virtual assets, the market price of virtual assets at the time of transaction can be used.
๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ์ฑ„๊ตด๊ณผ ๋งค๋งค๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋“๋„ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Similarly, income from businesses that mine and trade virtual assets is taxed.
๊ณผ์„ธ ์—†๋Š” ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฐจ๊ธˆ๋งค๋งค๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Debt trading via tax-free Bitcoin can provide investors with a comparative advantage.
๋˜ํ•œ ์ฑ„๊ตด์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์—๋Š” ์–‘๋„์†Œ๋“์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์ฑ„๊ถŒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋œ ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์„ธํ•œ๋‹ค.
Mined bitcoins are exempt from capital gains tax, whereas bitcoins purchased for speculative purposes, like stocks and bonds, are taxed.
์ด๋ฏธ 2013๋…„ 8์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋…์ผ์€ ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์„ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์žฌํ™”๋‚˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ œ๊ณต ์ฆ‰ ์ƒ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๋“์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‹ค.
Germany has already recognized Bitcoin as a means of trading in the online market since August 2013, and their position is that the provision of goods or services via Bitcoin, that is, wealth gains from commercial transactions, can be taxed.
๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋“ฑ ์™ธ๊ตญํ†ตํ™”์™€ ๊ตํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋น„ํŠธ์ฝ”์ธ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€๊ฐ€์น˜์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
When bitcoins are exchanged for foreign currencies such as US dollars, no VAT is levied on the bitcoins.
ํ†ตํ™” ๊ฐ„ ๊ตํ™˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜์ต๊ณผ ์†์‹ค์€ ๊ณผ์„ธ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Profits and losses from currency exchange activities are taxable.