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A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient? | Nitrofurantoin | {
"A": "Ampicillin",
"B": "Ceftriaxone",
"C": "Doxycycline",
"D": "Nitrofurantoin"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"23 year old pregnant woman",
"weeks presents",
"burning",
"urination",
"states",
"started 1 day",
"worsening",
"drinking",
"water",
"taking cranberry extract",
"feels well",
"followed by",
"doctor",
"pregnancy",
"temperature",
"97",
"36",
"blood pressure",
"mmHg",
"pulse",
"80 min",
"respirations",
"min",
"oxygen saturation",
"98",
"room air",
"Physical exam",
"notable",
"absence",
"costovertebral angle tenderness",
"gravid uterus",
"following",
"best treatment",
"patient"
] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A 23-year-old pregnant woman at 22 weeks gestation presents with burning upon urination. She states it started 1 day ago and has been worsening despite drinking more water and taking cranberry extract. She otherwise feels well and is followed by a doctor for her pregnancy. Her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 122/77 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an absence of costovertebral angle tenderness and a gravid uterus. Which of the following is the best treatment for this patient?
Choose one of the following::
A. Ampicillin
B. Ceftriaxone
C. Doxycycline
D. Nitrofurantoin | [
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A 3-month-old baby died suddenly at night while asleep. His mother noticed that he had died only after she awoke in the morning. No cause of death was determined based on the autopsy. Which of the following precautions could have prevented the death of the baby? | Placing the infant in a supine position on a firm mattress while sleeping | {
"A": "Placing the infant in a supine position on a firm mattress while sleeping",
"B": "Keeping the infant covered and maintaining a high room temperature",
"C": "Application of a device to maintain the sleeping position",
"D": "Avoiding pacifier use during sleep"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"3 month old baby died",
"night",
"asleep",
"mother",
"died only",
"awoke in",
"morning",
"cause of death",
"based",
"autopsy",
"following precautions",
"prevented",
"death",
"baby"
] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A 3-month-old baby died suddenly at night while asleep. His mother noticed that he had died only after she awoke in the morning. No cause of death was determined based on the autopsy. Which of the following precautions could have prevented the death of the baby?
Choose one of the following::
A. Placing the infant in a supine position on a firm mattress while sleeping
B. Keeping the infant covered and maintaining a high room temperature
C. Application of a device to maintain the sleeping position
D. Avoiding pacifier use during sleep | [
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A mother brings her 3-week-old infant to the pediatrician's office because she is concerned about his feeding habits. He was born without complications and has not had any medical problems up until this time. However, for the past 4 days, he has been fussy, is regurgitating all of his feeds, and his vomit is yellow in color. On physical exam, the child's abdomen is minimally distended but no other abnormalities are appreciated. Which of the following embryologic errors could account for this presentation? | Abnormal migration of ventral pancreatic bud | {
"A": "Abnormal migration of ventral pancreatic bud",
"B": "Complete failure of proximal duodenum to recanalize",
"C": "Abnormal hypertrophy of the pylorus",
"D": "Failure of lateral body folds to move ventrally and fuse in the midline"
} | step1 | A | [
"mother",
"week old infant",
"pediatrician's office",
"concerned",
"feeding habits",
"born",
"complications",
"not",
"medical problems",
"time",
"past",
"days",
"fussy",
"regurgitating",
"feeds",
"vomit",
"yellow",
"color",
"physical exam",
"child's abdomen",
"distended",
"abnormalities",
"following embryologic errors",
"account",
"presentation"
] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A mother brings her 3-week-old infant to the pediatrician's office because she is concerned about his feeding habits. He was born without complications and has not had any medical problems up until this time. However, for the past 4 days, he has been fussy, is regurgitating all of his feeds, and his vomit is yellow in color. On physical exam, the child's abdomen is minimally distended but no other abnormalities are appreciated. Which of the following embryologic errors could account for this presentation?
Choose one of the following::
A. Abnormal migration of ventral pancreatic bud
B. Complete failure of proximal duodenum to recanalize
C. Abnormal hypertrophy of the pylorus
D. Failure of lateral body folds to move ventrally and fuse in the midline | [
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A pulmonary autopsy specimen from a 58-year-old woman who died of acute hypoxic respiratory failure was examined. She had recently undergone surgery for a fractured femur 3 months ago. Initial hospital course was uncomplicated, and she was discharged to a rehab facility in good health. Shortly after discharge home from rehab, she developed sudden shortness of breath and had cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. On histological examination of lung tissue, fibrous connective tissue around the lumen of the pulmonary artery is observed. Which of the following is the most likely pathogenesis for the present findings? | Thromboembolism | {
"A": "Thromboembolism",
"B": "Pulmonary ischemia",
"C": "Pulmonary hypertension",
"D": "Pulmonary passive congestion"
} | step1 | A | [
"pulmonary autopsy specimen",
"58 year old woman",
"died",
"acute hypoxic respiratory failure",
"examined",
"recently",
"surgery",
"fractured femur 3 months",
"Initial hospital course",
"uncomplicated",
"discharged",
"rehab facility",
"good health",
"discharge home",
"rehab",
"sudden shortness of breath",
"cardiac",
"Resuscitation",
"unsuccessful",
"histological examination",
"lung tissue",
"fibrous connective tissue",
"lumen of",
"pulmonary artery",
"observed",
"following",
"most likely pathogenesis",
"present findings"
] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A pulmonary autopsy specimen from a 58-year-old woman who died of acute hypoxic respiratory failure was examined. She had recently undergone surgery for a fractured femur 3 months ago. Initial hospital course was uncomplicated, and she was discharged to a rehab facility in good health. Shortly after discharge home from rehab, she developed sudden shortness of breath and had cardiac arrest. Resuscitation was unsuccessful. On histological examination of lung tissue, fibrous connective tissue around the lumen of the pulmonary artery is observed. Which of the following is the most likely pathogenesis for the present findings?
Choose one of the following::
A. Thromboembolism
B. Pulmonary ischemia
C. Pulmonary hypertension
D. Pulmonary passive congestion | [
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A 20-year-old woman presents with menorrhagia for the past several years. She says that her menses “have always been heavy”, and she has experienced easy bruising for as long as she can remember. Family history is significant for her mother, who had similar problems with bruising easily. The patient's vital signs include: heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 14/min, temperature 36.1°C (96.9°F), and blood pressure 110/87 mm Hg. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory tests show the following: platelet count 200,000/mm3, PT 12 seconds, and PTT 43 seconds. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms? | Von Willebrand disease | {
"A": "Hemophilia A",
"B": "Lupus anticoagulant",
"C": "Protein C deficiency",
"D": "Von Willebrand disease"
} | step1 | D | [
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"easy bruising",
"long",
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] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A 20-year-old woman presents with menorrhagia for the past several years. She says that her menses “have always been heavy”, and she has experienced easy bruising for as long as she can remember. Family history is significant for her mother, who had similar problems with bruising easily. The patient's vital signs include: heart rate 98/min, respiratory rate 14/min, temperature 36.1°C (96.9°F), and blood pressure 110/87 mm Hg. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory tests show the following: platelet count 200,000/mm3, PT 12 seconds, and PTT 43 seconds. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s symptoms?
Choose one of the following::
A. Hemophilia A
B. Lupus anticoagulant
C. Protein C deficiency
D. Von Willebrand disease | [
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A 40-year-old zookeeper presents to the emergency department complaining of severe abdominal pain that radiates to her back, and nausea. The pain started 2 days ago and slowly increased until she could not tolerate it any longer. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and hypothyroidism. Additionally, she reports that she was recently stung by one of the zoo’s smaller scorpions, but did not seek medical treatment. She takes aspirin, levothyroxine, oral contraceptive pills, and a multivitamin daily. Family history is noncontributory. Today, her blood pressure is 108/58 mm Hg, heart rate is 99/min, respiratory rate is 21/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, she is a well-developed, obese female that looks unwell. Her heart has a regular rate and rhythm. Radial pulses are weak but symmetric. Her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Her lateral left ankle is swollen, erythematous, and painful to palpate. An abdominal CT is consistent with acute pancreatitis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology for this patient’s disease? | Scorpion sting | {
"A": "Aspirin",
"B": "Oral contraceptive pills",
"C": "Scorpion sting",
"D": "Hypothyroidism"
} | step1 | C | [
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] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A 40-year-old zookeeper presents to the emergency department complaining of severe abdominal pain that radiates to her back, and nausea. The pain started 2 days ago and slowly increased until she could not tolerate it any longer. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and hypothyroidism. Additionally, she reports that she was recently stung by one of the zoo’s smaller scorpions, but did not seek medical treatment. She takes aspirin, levothyroxine, oral contraceptive pills, and a multivitamin daily. Family history is noncontributory. Today, her blood pressure is 108/58 mm Hg, heart rate is 99/min, respiratory rate is 21/min, and temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F). On physical exam, she is a well-developed, obese female that looks unwell. Her heart has a regular rate and rhythm. Radial pulses are weak but symmetric. Her lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. Her lateral left ankle is swollen, erythematous, and painful to palpate. An abdominal CT is consistent with acute pancreatitis. Which of the following is the most likely etiology for this patient’s disease?
Choose one of the following::
A. Aspirin
B. Oral contraceptive pills
C. Scorpion sting
D. Hypothyroidism | [
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} |
A 25-year-old primigravida presents to her physician for a routine prenatal visit. She is at 34 weeks gestation, as confirmed by an ultrasound examination. She has no complaints, but notes that the new shoes she bought 2 weeks ago do not fit anymore. The course of her pregnancy has been uneventful and she has been compliant with the recommended prenatal care. Her medical history is unremarkable. She has a 15-pound weight gain since the last visit 3 weeks ago. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 148/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 88/min; respiratory rate, 16/min; and temperature, 36.6℃ (97.9℉). The blood pressure on repeat assessment 4 hours later is 151/90 mm Hg. The fetal heart rate is 151/min. The physical examination is significant for 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremity. Which of the following tests o should confirm the probable condition of this patient? | 24-hour urine protein | {
"A": "Bilirubin assessment",
"B": "Coagulation studies",
"C": "Leukocyte count with differential",
"D": "24-hour urine protein"
} | step2&3 | D | [
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"respiratory rate",
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"36",
"97",
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"hours later",
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"fetal heart rate",
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"physical examination",
"significant",
"pitting edema",
"lower extremity",
"following tests",
"confirm",
"probable condition",
"patient"
] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A 25-year-old primigravida presents to her physician for a routine prenatal visit. She is at 34 weeks gestation, as confirmed by an ultrasound examination. She has no complaints, but notes that the new shoes she bought 2 weeks ago do not fit anymore. The course of her pregnancy has been uneventful and she has been compliant with the recommended prenatal care. Her medical history is unremarkable. She has a 15-pound weight gain since the last visit 3 weeks ago. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 148/90 mm Hg; heart rate, 88/min; respiratory rate, 16/min; and temperature, 36.6℃ (97.9℉). The blood pressure on repeat assessment 4 hours later is 151/90 mm Hg. The fetal heart rate is 151/min. The physical examination is significant for 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremity. Which of the following tests o should confirm the probable condition of this patient?
Choose one of the following::
A. Bilirubin assessment
B. Coagulation studies
C. Leukocyte count with differential
D. 24-hour urine protein | [
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A 3900-g (8.6-lb) male infant is delivered at 39 weeks' gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated but a prenatal ultrasound at 20 weeks showed a defect in the pleuroperitoneal membrane. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings? | Gastric fundus in the thorax | {
"A": "Gastric fundus in the thorax",
"B": "Pancreatic ring around the duodenum",
"C": "Hypertrophy of the gastric pylorus",
"D": "Large bowel in the inguinal canal"
} | step1 | A | [
"male infant",
"delivered",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"spontaneous vaginal delivery",
"Pregnancy",
"delivery",
"uncomplicated",
"prenatal ultrasound",
"20 weeks showed",
"defect",
"pleuroperitoneal membrane",
"Further evaluation",
"patient",
"most likely to show",
"following findings"
] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A 3900-g (8.6-lb) male infant is delivered at 39 weeks' gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated but a prenatal ultrasound at 20 weeks showed a defect in the pleuroperitoneal membrane. Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?
Choose one of the following::
A. Gastric fundus in the thorax
B. Pancreatic ring around the duodenum
C. Hypertrophy of the gastric pylorus
D. Large bowel in the inguinal canal | [
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A 62-year-old woman presents for a regular check-up. She complains of lightheadedness and palpitations which occur episodically. Past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction 6 months ago and NYHA class II chronic heart failure. She also was diagnosed with grade I arterial hypertension 4 years ago. Current medications are aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 10 mg, enalapril 10 mg, and metoprolol 200 mg daily. Her vital signs are a blood pressure of 135/90 mm Hg, a heart rate of 125/min, a respiratory rate of 14/min, and a temperature of 36.5°C (97.7°F). Cardiopulmonary examination is significant for irregular heart rhythm and decreased S1 intensity. ECG is obtained and is shown in the picture (see image). Echocardiography shows a left ventricular ejection fraction of 39%. Which of the following drugs is the best choice for rate control in this patient? | Digoxin | {
"A": "Atenolol",
"B": "Diltiazem",
"C": "Propafenone",
"D": "Digoxin"
} | step1 | D | [
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] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A 62-year-old woman presents for a regular check-up. She complains of lightheadedness and palpitations which occur episodically. Past medical history is significant for a myocardial infarction 6 months ago and NYHA class II chronic heart failure. She also was diagnosed with grade I arterial hypertension 4 years ago. Current medications are aspirin 81 mg, atorvastatin 10 mg, enalapril 10 mg, and metoprolol 200 mg daily. Her vital signs are a blood pressure of 135/90 mm Hg, a heart rate of 125/min, a respiratory rate of 14/min, and a temperature of 36.5°C (97.7°F). Cardiopulmonary examination is significant for irregular heart rhythm and decreased S1 intensity. ECG is obtained and is shown in the picture (see image). Echocardiography shows a left ventricular ejection fraction of 39%. Which of the following drugs is the best choice for rate control in this patient?
Choose one of the following::
A. Atenolol
B. Diltiazem
C. Propafenone
D. Digoxin | [
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A 35-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of seasonal allergies. He has been using intranasal vasoconstrictors several times per day for several weeks. What is a likely sequela of the chronic use of topical nasal decongestants? | Persistent congestion | {
"A": "Epistaxis",
"B": "Permanent loss of smell",
"C": "Persistent nasal crusting",
"D": "Persistent congestion"
} | step1 | D | [
"35 year old male presents",
"primary care physician",
"complaints",
"seasonal allergies",
"using intranasal vasoconstrictors",
"times per day",
"several weeks",
"likely sequela of",
"chronic use",
"topical nasal decongestants"
] | You are a clinical decision-making assistant specialized in obstetric care. Your task is to read the provided clinical scenario carefully and choose the best treatment option from the provided choices.
Question: A 35-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of seasonal allergies. He has been using intranasal vasoconstrictors several times per day for several weeks. What is a likely sequela of the chronic use of topical nasal decongestants?
Choose one of the following::
A. Epistaxis
B. Permanent loss of smell
C. Persistent nasal crusting
D. Persistent congestion | [
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