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Dataset Card for The Winograd Schema Challenge
Dataset Summary
A Winograd schema is a pair of sentences that differ in only one or two words and that contain an ambiguity that is resolved in opposite ways in the two sentences and requires the use of world knowledge and reasoning for its resolution. The schema takes its name from a well-known example by Terry Winograd:
The city councilmen refused the demonstrators a permit because they [feared/advocated] violence.
If the word is feared'', then
they'' presumably refers to the city council; if it is advocated'' then
they''
presumably refers to the demonstrators.
Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
From the official webpage:
A contest, entitled the Winograd Schema Challenge was run once, in 2016. At that time, there was a cash prize offered for achieving human-level performance in the contest. Since then, the sponsor has withdrawn; therefore NO CASH PRIZES CAN BE OFFERED OR WILL BE AWARDED FOR ANY KIND OF PERFORMANCE OR ACHIEVEMENT ON THIS CHALLENGE.
Languages
The dataset is in English.
Translation of 12 WSs into Chinese (translated by Wei Xu).
Translations into Japanese, by Soichiro Tanaka, Rafal Rzepka, and Shiho Katajima
**Translation changing English names to Japanese **PDF HTML
Translation preserving English names PDF HTML
Translation into French, by Pascal Amsili and Olga Seminck
Winograd Schemas in Portuguese by Gabriela Melo, Vinicius Imaizumi, and Fábio Cozman.
Mandarinograd: A Chinese Collection of Winograd Schemas by Timothée Bernard and Ting Han, LREC-2020.
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
Each instance contains a text passage with a designated pronoun and two possible answers indicating which entity in the passage the pronoun represents. An example instance looks like the following:
{
'label': 0,
'options': ['The city councilmen', 'The demonstrators'],
'pronoun': 'they',
'pronoun_loc': 63,
'quote': 'they feared violence',
'quote_loc': 63,
'source': '(Winograd 1972)',
'text': 'The city councilmen refused the demonstrators a permit because they feared violence.'
}
Data Fields
text
(str): The text sequenceoptions
(list[str]): The two entity options that the pronoun may be referring tolabel
(int): The index of the correct option in theoptions
fieldpronoun
(str): The pronoun in the sequence to be resolvedpronoun_loc
(int): The starting position of the pronoun in the sequencequote
(str): The substr with the key action or context surrounding the pronounquote_loc
(int): The starting position of the quote in the sequencesource
(str): A description of the source who contributed the example
Data Splits
Only a test split is included.
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
The Winograd Schema Challenge was proposed as an automated evaluation of an AI system's commonsense linguistic understanding. From the webpage:
The strengths of the challenge are that it is clear-cut, in that the answer to each schema is a binary choice; vivid, in that it is obvious to non-experts that a program that fails to get the right answers clearly has serious gaps in its understanding; and difficult, in that it is far beyond the current state of the art.
Source Data
Initial Data Collection and Normalization
This data was manually written by experts such that the schemas are:
easily disambiguated by the human reader (ideally, so easily that the reader does not even notice that there is an ambiguity);
not solvable by simple techniques such as selectional restrictions;
Google-proof; that is, there is no obvious statistical test over text corpora that will reliably disambiguate these correctly.
Who are the source language producers?
This dataset has grown over time, and so was produced by a variety of lingustic and AI researchers. See the source
field for the source of each instance.
Annotations
Annotation process
Annotations are produced by the experts who construct the examples.
Who are the annotators?
See above.
Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
Additional Information
Dataset Curators
This dataset has grown over time, and so was produced by a variety of lingustic and AI researchers. See the source
field for the source of each instance.
Licensing Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Citation Information
The Winograd Schema Challenge including many of the examples here was proposed by Levesque et al 2012:
@inproceedings{levesque2012winograd,
title={The winograd schema challenge},
author={Levesque, Hector and Davis, Ernest and Morgenstern, Leora},
booktitle={Thirteenth International Conference on the Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning},
year={2012},
organization={Citeseer}
}
Contributions
Thanks to @joeddav for adding this dataset.
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