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United Nations News Centre - Interview with Yukiya Amano ... | tc_1316 | Where was the UN Atomic Energy Agency based when it was set up in 1957? | {
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522
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"text": [
"vienna"
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} | United Nations News Centre - Interview with Yukiya Amano , Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA )
United Nations News Centre
Interview with Yukiya Amano , Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA )
Yukiya Amano , Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) . UN Photo/Mark Garten
1 May 2015 Yukiya Amano , a former Japanese diplomat , has served as Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) since 2009 . The Vienna-based UN body was set up in 1957 as the world ’ s centre for cooperation in the nuclear field . It works with its member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe , secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies , as well as to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons .
Mr. Amano served as Japan ’ s representative at the IAEA for several years before his appointment as Director General and gained a great deal of experience in disarmament and non-proliferation diplomacy , as well as nuclear energy issues .
While in New York this week for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ) , the head of the UN nuclear watchdog spoke to the UN News Centre about the Conference and the work of the IAEA to strengthen the Treaty ’ s three pillars – disarmament , non-proliferation , and the peaceful uses of nuclear technology.When I became the Director General , I said that as I come from a country with the experience of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , I will stay firm against the proliferation of nuclear weapons . The interview has been edited for content and clarity .
News Centre : As the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT ) review conference gets underway , what is the IAEA ’ s main message at the forum ?
Yukiya Amano : The NPT treaty has three pillars and I think it is very important for the NPT that progress would be made in all of the three pillars .
News Centre : Could you tell me a little bit more about those three pillars ?
Yukiya Amano : One is nuclear disarmament ; another is non-proliferation ; and the other is the peaceful use of nuclear technology . These are said to be the three pillars of the NPT .
Excerpts from interview with IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano . Credit : United Nations
News Centre : What do you see as the major concerns today in the area of proliferation ?
Yukiya Amano : In the area of proliferation , one of the important areas of concern is the Iranian nuclear issue . The IAEA is implementing safeguards in Iran and we can say that nuclear materials and facilities under safeguards are for peaceful purposes . But we can not say that all the nuclear materials and facilities are for peaceful purpose .
There have been very good developments since autumn 2013 . The IAEA and Iran agreed on a so-called Framework for Cooperation to resolve issues through cooperation . The six Powers – six countries – and Iran agreed on another agreement for interim purposes and now the six countries and Iran are negotiating to reach agreement on the comprehensive agreement . The IAEA will play an essential role in the implementation of the agreement once agreement is reached .
The IAEA mission team studies a water purification system that removes radioactive elements from water during a February 2015 visit to the Fukushima power plant in Japan that was damaged in the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami . Photo : Susanna Loof/IAEA
News Centre : What do you hope is going to be the outcome of this NPT conference ?
Yukiya Amano : It is for the Member States of the NPT to decide but I hope a good agreement will be reached to promote progress on all three pillars of the NPT .
News Centre : Can you give me some examples of how the Agency is assisting countries with the peaceful uses of nuclear technology to promote development ?
Yukiya Amano : The IAEA is very active in transferring technology – nuclear technology – for peaceful applications . Nuclear technology is very effective in promoting causes like the protection of health and the environment , controlling water , fighting against cancer , and some applications for industry and agriculture . The IAEA is contributing to attainment of the Millennium Development Goals and , upon agreement , to the post-2015 development agenda .
News Centre : Can I ask you a |
Oran Es Senia Airport, Oran, Algeria Tourist Information | tc_1317 | Oran international airport is in which country? | {
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31
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"algeria"
]
} | Oran Es Senia Airport , Oran , Algeria Tourist Information
Locals and travelers to connect with
About
Oran , Algeria
35.6969-0.6331
Oran Es Senia Airport is an international airport serving Oran City near Es Senia in the North African nation of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Algeria . Oran is the second largest major city in the country spread along the north-western Mediterranean coast of Algeria . Located at a distance of 8.7 kilometers to the south of the city centre , this public airport was first used by the French Air Force as a military airfield in the 1940s during World War II . Situated at an elevation of 295 feet above mean sea level , the Oran Es Senia Airport is owned and operated by EGSA Alger , which is an airport management services establishment of the government of Algeria operating a total number of 18 airports within this country .
There are a couple of concrete surfaced runways at this airport measuring 10,039 feet and 9,843 feet catering to all types of flight movements including many charter services . Apart from a separate cargo terminal , there is a well equipped single passenger terminal serving all domestic as well as international flights to/from the Oran Es Senia Airport . Moreover , there is a brand new terminal building under construction which along with modernization of the existing facilities is expected to raise the standards and quality of services of this airport to international levels .
This project will be able to re-dimension and gradually refurbish the facilities at this airport in order to significantly accommodate traffic increases over the next 15 years . Private taxis and car rental services are also available at this airport along with most other passenger convenience facilities . Moreover , many hotels are offering complementary hotel shuttle services to/from the Oran Es Senia Airport for guests seeking comfortable hotel-stays around Oran .
Map |
The night Johnny Ace died in the City Auditorium - Bayou ... | tc_1318 | Where did Johnny Ace die in 1954? | {
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"houston"
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} | The night Johnny Ace died in the City Auditorium - Bayou City History
Bayou City History
The night Johnny Ace died in the City Auditorium
By J.R. Gonzales on December 25 , 2013 at 12:05 AM
Old City Auditorium , site of Jones Hall today .
Dry your eyes , no tears , no sorrow .
Cling to me with all your might ,
And never let me go .
— “ Never Let Me Go ” by Johnny Ace
More than 2,000 people had gathered at the old City Auditorium on Dec. 25 , 1954 , for the dance . It being Christmas night and all , it was probably a pretty festive occasion .
On the bill that evening was one John Marshall Alexander Jr. , better known as R & B crooner Johnny Ace .
The Memphis-based pianist cut his teeth in a band with B.B . King in the early days . As King ’ s star rose and provided new opportunities , Johnny took over the band and soon amassed a string of R & B hits in the early 1950s .
Johnny was a familiar sight in Houston ’ s R & B scene back then . In 1952 , Don Robey , founder of Houston-based Peacock Records , acquired Memphis ’ Duke Records , which had signed Johnny .
In Down in Houston : Bayou City Blues , Roger Wood noted : “ The synthesis achieved via this commercially triggered dialectic of performers from the Delta and the Lone Star state resulted in some of the most potent blues , and especially rhythm and blues , of the fifties and sixties — including the first major R & B ‘ crossover ’ star , Johnny Ace . ”
According to the Houston Post , Johnny had finished his set with Yes , Baby and retired to the City Auditorium dressing room . Some drinking ensued and , according to newspaper accounts , Johnny started playing a game of Russian roulette with a .22 caliber revolver . ( Some say Johnny used a different caliber weapon that night . )
Willie Mae “ Big Mama ” Thornton wasn ’ t having any of it , the Houston Chronicle reported . She took the gun and removed the bullet .
Johnny demanded she put the bullet back in the gun and give it back . Thornton relented but told him to put the gun away .
Nothing will happen , Johnny said . To prove it , he cocked the gun , put it to the temple of 22-year-old Olivia Gibbs , and pulled the trigger , the Chronicle reported .
Click .
He spun the cylinder again , put it to his temple and pulled the trigger .
The ensuing blast instantly killed the 25-year-old . Even though the local papers blamed his death on a game of Russian roulette , other accounts — on Wikipedia for example — say Johnny believed the weapon wasn ’ t loaded .
Nonetheless , though his life was cut short that night , Johnny ’ s music legacy continued through posthumous releases . That music would inspire a class of musicians who would shape rock ‘ n ’ roll in the 1960s and 1970s .
One was Paul Simon , who referenced Johnny ’ s story in the 1983 recording , The Late Great Johnny Ace .
More recently , Dave Alvin kept the story alive in 2011 ’ s Johnny Ace is Dead .
If you ’ re having trouble placing any of his music , one posthumous hit , Pledging My Love , can be heard in the film Christine . You can hear it in this playlist here .
The incident garnered a brief mention on the front page of the next day ’ s Houston Post . The Chronicle had a longer story inside its editions . Both accounts can be found via this link . The Houston Press didn ’ t appear to mention it in its final editions in the days after the shooting .
J.R. Gonzales |
How Thatcher The Chemist Helped Make ... - Popular Science | tc_1319 | Who was the first chemist to be Britain's Prime Minister? | {
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} | Margaret Thatcher
Publicity photo for the 1951 election campaign .
Margaret Thatcher died today at 87 . She 'll be remembered as the first ( and only ) woman to be prime minister of Britain , but what 's often missed or only glanced over in her biographies , and now her obituaries , is her career as a chemist .
Thatcher graduated from Oxford in 1947 with an undergraduate degree in chemistry . Her fourth-year dissertation was on X-ray crystallography of the antibiotic cocktail gramicidin , and her supervisor , Dorothy Hodgkin , was working at the time on the structure of penicillin . In the years after , Thatcher worked as an industrial chemist at British Xylonite Plastics and at Lyons , with a probably apocryphal story circulating that she helped produce a form of soft-scoop ice cream .
It 's seldom discussed how much her degree might 've affected her politics . A paper by science and technology professor Jon Agar , written for Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London and published in 2010 , took a look at that connection , first by examining her as a student :
All of her biographers agree that the future Mrs Thatcher devoted her free time to politics rather than science , and even regretted her choice of undergraduate study . One repeated anecdote has her walking with a friend at graduation in 1947 saying , 'You know , I ought n't to have read chemistry . I should have read law . That 's what I need for politics . I shall have to go and read law now . ' Another repeatedly recalled incident , at an unspecified date , but presumably during her undergraduate years , was a conversation between the young scientist and Norman Winning , the Recorder , or municipal clerk , of her hometown , who had a Cambridge natural sciences degree . Winning advised her to continue with chemistry as a means to getting into law as a patent lawyer . All these anecdotes serve to prepare the narrative for the next stage in Thatcher 's career , her training and employment as a lawyer in the later 1950s .
But instead Thatcher took a position at British Xylonite ( BX ) Plastics in 1947 , Agar writes . It 's not clear exactly what her work entailed , but she , perhaps unexpectedly , joined a union there . In 1949 , after gaining an opportunity as a parliamentary candidate , Thatcher became a food research chemist at `` the cakes and teashop business J. Lyons & Co. '' She likely researched the chemical process saponification , but not much else can be confirmed about her work there .
By 1951 , Thactcher resigned from Lyons and switched career paths , studying tax law and passing the Bar in 1953 . In 1959 , she won a seat in Parliament .
The popular theory , then , is that Thatcher studying chemistry was `` incidental , '' Agar writes . It kept the lights on while she pursued politics . He quotes journalist Hugo Young 's summary :
These two jobs , lasting barely three years in all , constitute the totality of Margaret Thatcher 's first-hand contact with the world of commerce and industry . . . . In any case , prime minister Thatcher never tried to make political capital out of these fugitive involvements . They were incidental to her political ambition and she has never pretended otherwise . They made her a living , while she devoted most of her psychic energy to the greater and more glamorous task .
But that does n't mean her career as a chemist and politician never intertwined , Agar argues . In 1971 , Lord Victor Rothschild proposed laws to make government funding of science closer to a business proposition : policy would be shaped by market forces . `` Basic '' research science ( or just `` cheap '' science ) would n't be affected , but other research would . Thatcher , then Education Secretary , strangely seemed to shift positions in a decisive meeting on the subject , ultimately agreeing that the market should play a role in government funding of science .
It was a controversial decision -- 121 scientists and doctors signed letters of protest to _The Times_ -- but Agar marks this as a defining moment , when Thatcher 's hard-line conservative policies first took shape . It was n't a coincidence that the battle was fought over science , either , Agar writes : `` it was precisely because Thatcher knew what scientific research was like that made her |
Taekwondo - Summer Olympic Sport | tc_1320 | In which Olympics was taekwondo a demonstration sport? | {
"answer_start": [
1179
],
"text": [
"1988 seoul games"
]
} | Taekwondo - Summer Olympic Sport
Taekwondo
Taekwondo is a traditional Korean martial art practised in 206 countries .
What is Taekwondo ?
Taekwondo is a traditional Korean martial art , which means `` the way of kicking and punching '' . In taekwondo , hands and feet can be used to overcome an opponent , but the trademark of the sport is its combination of kick movements .
A Long History
The origin of taekwondo dates back to Korea 's Three-Kingdom era ( c.50 BC ) when Silla Dynasty warriors , the Hwarang , began to develop a martial art - Taekkyon ( `` foot-hand '' ) .
Go Global
During the early 20th century , taekwondo became the dominant form of martial arts practised in Korea . Subsequently taekwondo was designated as the Korean national martial art to be promoted internationally . In 1973 , the World Taekwondo Federation ( WTF ) was founded as the worldwide legitimate governing body of the sport , and the first World Championships were held in Seoul , Korea that year .
Recent Olympic history
Taekwondo is one of the two Asian martial arts included on the Olympic programme . Taekwondo made its debut as a demonstration Olympic sport at the 1988 Seoul Games , and became an official medal sport at the 2000 Sydney Games . |
Jimi Hendrix - Biography - IMDb | tc_1322 | What was Jimi Hendrix's middle name? | {
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700
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"text": [
"marshall"
]
} | Jimi Hendrix - Biography - IMDb
Jimi Hendrix
Jump to : Overview ( 5 ) | Mini Bio ( 1 ) | Trade Mark ( 7 ) | Trivia ( 51 ) | Personal Quotes ( 5 )
Overview ( 5 )
5' 11 '' ( 1.8 m )
Mini Bio ( 1 )
Jimi Hendrix was born on November 27 , 1942 in Seattle , Washington , to African-American parents Lucille ( Jeter ) and James Allen Hendrix . His mother named him John Allen Hendrix and raised him alone while his father , Al Hendrix , was off fighting in World War II . When his mother became sick from alcoholism , Hendrix was sent to live with relatives in Berkeley , California . When his father returned from Europe in 1945 he took back Hendrix , divorced his wife , and renamed him James Marshall Hendrix . When Jimi was 13 his father taught him to play an acoustic guitar . In 1959 Jimi dropped out of high school and enlisted in the U.S. Army , but soon became disenchanted with military service . After he broke his ankle during a training parachute jump , he was honorably discharged . He then went to work as a sideman on the rhythm-and-blues circuit , honing his craft but making little or no money . Jimi got restless being a sideman and moved to New York City hoping to get a break in the music business . Through his friend Curtis Knight , Jimi discovered the music scene in Greenwich Village , which left indelible impressions on him . It was here that he began taking drugs , among them marijuana , pep pills and cocaine . In 1966 , while Jimi was performing with his own band called James & the Blue Flames at Cafe Wha ? , John Hammond Jr. approached Jimi about the Flames playing backup for him at Cafe Au Go Go . Jimi agreed and during the show 's finale , Hammond let Jimi cut loose on Bo Diddley 's `` I 'm the Man . '' Linda Keith , girlfriend of The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards , was one of Jimi 's biggest fans and it was she who told friend Chas Chandler , a band manager , about Jimi . When Chandler heard Jimi play , he asked him to come to London to form his own band , and while there Chandler made the simple change in Jimi 's name by formally dropping James and replacing it with Jimi . Having settled in England with a new band called the Jimi Hendrix Experience , which consisted of Jimi as guitarist and lead singer , bass player Noel Redding and drummer Mitch Mitchell , Jimi took the country by storm with the release of his first single `` Hey , Joe . '' In the summer of 1967 Jimi performed back in the USA at the Monterey Pop Festival , a mix-up backstage forced Jimi to follow The Who onstage , where after a superb performance Jimi tore up the house by trashing his guitar in a wild frenzy . Afterwards , Jimi 's career skyrocketed with the release of the Experience 's first two albums , `` Are You Experienced ? '' and `` Axis : Bold as Love , '' which catapulted him to the top of the charts . However , tensions , possibly connected with Jimi 's drug use and the constant presence of hangers-on in the studio and elsewhere , began to fracture some of his relationships , including Chas Chandler , who quit as manager in February 1968 . In September 1968 the Experience released their most successful album , `` Electric Ladyland . '' However , in early 1969 bassist Redding left the Experience and was replaced by Billy Cox , an old army buddy who Jimi had jammed with . Jimi began experimenting with different musicians . For the Woodstock music festival Jimi put together an outfit called the Gypsies , Sun and Rainbows , with Mitchell and Cox as well as a second guitarist and two percussionists . Their one and only performance in August 1969 at Woodstock took place near Bethel , New York , where Hendrix and his band were to be the closing headline act . Because of the delay getting there and the logistical problems , Jimi performed on the morning of the fourth and final day . Only 25,000 people of the original 400,000 stayed to watch Jimi and his band as the closing music number , where Jimi 's searing rendering of `` The Star-Spangled Banner '' became the anthem for counterculture . After Woodstock , Jimi formed a new |
Digging Up the Dead: History’s Most Famous Exhumations ... | tc_1325 | Who was buried in Milan under the name of Maria Maggi to discourage grave robbers? | {
"answer_start": [
2031
],
"text": [
"maria maggi"
]
} | Digging Up the Dead : History ’ s Most Famous Exhumations - History in the Headlines
Digging Up the Dead : History ’ s Most Famous Exhumations
November 14 , 2013 By Christopher Klein
Lee Harvey Oswald arrives at the Dallas police department after his arrest on November 22 , 1963 . ( Credit : Archive Photos/Getty Images )
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Digging Up the Dead : History ’ s Most Famous Exhumations
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Authorities yesterday exhumed the remains of former Brazilian president Joao Goulart , deposed in a 1964 coup , to investigate claims that Uruguayan agents acting at the behest of Brazil ’ s military government poisoned the exiled leader in 1976 . As toxicology tests on Goulart ’ s body begin , explore 10 of history ’ s most famous exhumations .
1 . Jesse James
The infamous Wild West outlaw may have died in 1882 , but his legend lived on—as did persistent rumors that James faked his own death . Although it was widely accepted that fellow gang member Bob Ford shot and killed James to collect the bounty on his head , some speculated that Ford had actually murdered another man to assist James in his ruse , a claim boosted when a 100-year-old man named J. Frank Dalton came forward in 1948 saying he was the real Jesse James . In 1995 , the James family requested the exhumation of their ancestor ’ s corpse from a Kearney , Missouri , cemetery , and DNA tests confirmed the remains were indeed those of the outlaw .
2 . Eva Peron
After the death of Argentina ’ s beloved first lady in 1952 , Peron ’ s embalmed body was put on display inside a Buenos Aires trade union headquarters until an enormous mausoleum could be constructed . The Argentine military leaders who seized power from Juan Peron in 1955 feared the symbolic power of his wife ’ s corpse , so they hid it in locations around the city that included a movie theater and water works . In 1957 , Peron was secretly buried in Milan , Italy under the assumed name “ Maria Maggi. ” Fourteen years later , Evita ’ s body was exhumed and moved to Madrid , where her husband lived in exile . Finally in 1974 , her remains were returned to Buenos Aires and buried in a fortified crypt in La Recoleta Cemetery .
3 . Abraham Lincoln
In 1876 a gang of Chicago counterfeiters hatched a scheme to snatch the slain president ’ s body from his tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield , Illinois , and hold the corpse for a ransom of $ 200,000 and the release of their best engraver from prison . After law enforcement officials thwarted the grave robbers in the middle of the crime , Lincoln ’ s body was quickly moved to various unmarked graves until it was eventually encased in a steel cage and entombed under 10 feet of concrete in the same Springfield cemetery in 1901 .
4 . John Wilkes Booth
The man who murdered Lincoln also had his final resting place disturbed . After the Union Army killed Booth during the manhunt for the presidential assassin , his body was buried inside the Washington Arsenal in the national capital . In 1869 , the Booth family disinterred the assassin and buried him in a family plot in Baltimore ’ s Green Mount Cemetery . ( To answer persistent rumors that Booth actually escaped the manhunt , family members are split on whether to exhume the body of his brother Edwin to obtain DNA samples to compare with vertebrae purported to be the assassin ’ s stored at the National Museum of Health and Medicine . )
5 . Zachary Taylor
While America was engaged in a fierce debate about extending slavery to Western territories , the robust twelfth president died suddenly on July 9 , 1850 . His passing was attributed to natural causes such as cholera or even a fatal case of gastroenteritis brought on by overindulging in cherries and milk . Some historians , however , believed the true cause to be arsenic poisoning perpetrated by his political enemies . In 1991 , Taylor became the first president to have his remains exhumed , and tests conclusively showed that he was not assassinated by poison .
6 . Christopher Columbus
Death did little to slow the explorer ’ s global travels . Following his passing in 1506 , Columbus was buried in Valladolid , Spain , |
White Christmas by Bing Crosby Songfacts | tc_1326 | In which month of the year did Bing Crosby record White Christmas? | {
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707
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"may"
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} | White Christmas by Bing Crosby Songfacts
White Christmas by Bing Crosby Songfacts
Songfacts
This 8-line song that paints a picture of holiday nostalgia was written by Irving Berlin for the 1942 movie Holiday Inn , where Bing Crosby sings it from the perspective of a New Yorker stranded in sunny California during Christmas . In the film , the song begins with this verse :
The sun is shining , the grass is green
The orange and palm trees sway
There 's never been such a day
In Beverly Hills , LA
But it 's December the 24th
And I 'm longing to be up north
Crosby recorded a version of the song for release as a single with the Kim Darby Singers and the John Scott Trotter Orchestra on May 29 , 1942 - a few months before the movie hit theaters . At the advice of Bing 's record producer Jack Kapp , this original first verse was excised as it made no sense outside of the context of the film . Now starting with the familiar , `` I 'm dreaming of a white Christmas , '' the song became a huge hit , going to # 1 on the Billboard chart ( measuring sales ) in October , and staying in the top spot for 11 weeks , taking it through the first two weeks of 1943 .
Irving Berlin wrote another holiday song that Crosby also sang in the film : `` Let 's Start the New Year Right . '' This was released as the B-side of the `` White Christmas '' single .
The song enjoyed a sales resurgence every Christmas after it was first released in 1942 . It went to # 1 that year in America , and again reached the top spot in 1945 and 1947 . The song appeared on various Billboard charts every year until 1963 when it finally dropped off the Hot 100 .
A perennial seller for an entire generation , the song is by far the biggest-selling Christmas song of all time . It was the biggest-selling song of all time , going back and forth with Bill Haley 's `` Rock Around The Clock , '' until Elton John released his tribute to Princess Diana - `` Candle In The Wind . ''
Bing re-recorded the song on March 19 , 1947 , again with the John Scott Trotter Orchestra because the original masters had been worn out from all the pressings . It is this version that is most often heard today .
The original Drifters with Clyde McPhatter as their lead vocalist recorded their Doo-Wop version in November 1953 . It hit # 2 on the R & B charts in 1954 , and made the Pop charts in 1955 . The deep bass-tenor voice you hear on this version was Bill Pinkney , who was an early member of the group .
The Drifters version made the Hot 100 ( the chart was introduced in 1958 ) twice alongside Crosby 's version : in 1960 ( Bing # 26 , Drifters # 96 ) and in 1962 ( Bing # 38 , Drifters , # 88 ) . > >
Suggestion credit :
Jeff - Boston , MA
By 1954 , this song was a holiday favorite , and that year Paramount Pictures released a movie called White Christmas to tie in with it . Crosby starred in the film along with Danny Kaye , and of course performed his famous song .
This won the Academy Award for Best Song of 1942 .
Elvis Presley recorded this song in 1957 along with other holiday standards for his Elvis ' Christmas Album . Most songwriters dream of having Elvis record their songs , but Irving Berlin spoke out against the King 's cover , calling it a `` profane parody of his cherished yuletide standard '' and claiming that his staff was ordered to call radio stations and ask them not to play it . There 's a chance that Berlin was simply drumming up publicity for his song , as there was nothing all that offensive about the Elvis version , and The Drifters had already done an R & B version .
Elvis doing Christmas songs did rub some people the wrong way , but much of the controversy was manufactured , helping Elvis ' Christmas Album stay at # 1 for an amazing five weeks in late 1957 and early 1958 . The best publicity stunt may have been the one pulled off by the Portland , Oregon radio station KEX , which refused to play |
About the University - University of North Carolina at ... | tc_1332 | In the 1940s, the University of North Carolina was founded at Charlotte and where else? | {
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} | About the University - University of North Carolina at Charlotte - Acalog ACMS™
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Undergraduate Catalog | 2015-2016 [ ARCHIVED CATALOG ]
About the University
The University of North Carolina
History
In North Carolina , all the public educational institutions that grant baccalaureate degrees are part of the University of North Carolina . The multi-campus state university encompasses 16 such institutions , as well as the NC School of Science and Mathematics , the nation 's first public residential high school for gifted students . Chartered by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1789 , the University of North Carolina was the first public university in the United States to open its doors and the only one to graduate students in the eighteenth century . The first class was admitted in Chapel Hill in 1795 . For the next 136 years , the only campus of the University of North Carolina was at Chapel Hill .
Additional institutions of higher education , diverse in origin and purpose , began to win sponsorship from the General Assembly beginning as early as 1877 . Five were historically black institutions , and another was founded to educate American Indians . Some began as high schools . Several were created to prepare teachers for the public schools . Others had a technological emphasis . One is a training school for performing artists .
The 1931 session of the General Assembly redefined the University of North Carolina to include three state-supported institutions : the campus at Chapel Hill ( now the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ) , North Carolina State College ( now North Carolina State University at Raleigh ) , and Woman 's College ( now the University of North Carolina at Greensboro ) . The new multi-campus University operated with one board of trustees and one president . By 1969 , three additional campuses had joined the University through legislative action : the University of North Carolina at Charlotte , the University of North Carolina at Asheville , and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington .
In 1971 , legislation was passed bringing into the University of North Carolina the state 's ten remaining public senior institutions , each of which had until then been legally separate : Appalachian State University , East Carolina University , Elizabeth City State University , Fayetteville State University , North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Central University , the North Carolina School of the Arts ( now the University of North Carolina School of the Arts ) , Pembroke State University ( now the University of North Carolina at Pembroke ) , Western Carolina University , and Winston-Salem State University . In 1985 , the NC School of Science and Mathematics was declared an affiliated school of the University ; in July 2007 , NCSSM by legislative action became a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina . All the schools and universities welcome students of both sexes and all races .
Board of Governors
The UNC Board of Governors is the policy-making body legally charged with `` the general determination , control , supervision , management , and governance of all affairs of the constituent institutions . '' The 32 voting members of the Board of Governors are elected by the General Assembly for four-year terms . Former board chairmen and board members who are former governors of North Carolina may continue to serve for limited periods as non-voting members emeriti . The president of the UNC Association of Student Governments or that student 's designee is also a nonvoting member .
President & General Administration
The chief executive officer of the University is the president . The president is elected by and reports to the Board of Governors . The President 's office is the operations level between the constituent institutions and the Board of Governors . The President has complete authority to manage the affairs and execute the policies of the University of North Carolina and its constituent institutions , subject to the direction and control of the Board of Governors .
Chancellors
Each of the UNC campuses is headed by a chancellor who is chosen by the Board of Governors on the president 's nomination and is responsible to the president .
Board of Trustees
Each university has a board of trustees consisting of eight members elected by the Board of Governors , four appointed by the governor , and the president of the student body , who serves ex officio . ( The UNC School of the Arts has two additional ex officio members ; and the NC School of |
Catalytic Converters | Tenneco Inc. | tc_1334 | Which country was the first to make catalytic converters compulsory? | {
"answer_start": [
900
],
"text": [
"switzerland"
]
} | Catalytic Converters | Tenneco Inc .
Tenneco Automotive Inc. ( ticker : TEN , exchange : New York Stock Exchange ) News Release
September 1 , 2000
CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
Walker - a pioneer of catalytic converters
Walker , founded in 1888 in Racine , WI. , USA , began making exhausts in the early 1930s . It soon established a reputation for innovation , patenting the first louvered tube silencer . In 1963 Walker continued breaking new technological ground , working on the development of a device to convert the harmful gases produced by a vehicle 's engine into less harmful emissions - a catalytic converter
Although catalytic converters soon began to be introduced in American cars , it took almost 15 years before 'cats ' were generally regarded as an acceptable emission treatment , and concerns about safety , capability and costs had to be overcome . Cars in Germany , Sweden and Switzerland were first fitted with catalytic converters in 1985 , the year in which Walker became one of the very first companies selling catalytic converters in Europe
Today , Walker makes 220 catalytic converters for some 1300 applications , and this number is growing all the time
Vehicle Pollution
Catalytic converters were developed in response to growing concern about environmental pollution . As early as 1947 , vehicle pollution was deemed to be a serious health hazard in California , USA , where smog had increased dramatically as the population and number of cars on that state 's roads rose
Vehicle pollution is primarily caused by the dangerous by-products produced as petrol or diesel is burnt in an engine to provide the energy necessary to power the car . Among the main culprits are hydrocarbons ( HC ) , carbon monoxide ( CO ) and nitrous oxides ( NOx )
Concentrations of hydrocarbons and nitrous oxides react with oxygen in the presence of sunlight to form smog , which causes irritation of the mucous membranes , difficulties in breathing , and can aggravate such conditions as bronchitis and asthma . Smog also interferes with plant growth and can damage buildings . Carbon monoxide is highly toxic , and 90 % of it comes from road vehicles . It affects the central nervous system , impairs vision , slows reflexes and causes headaches . It is also a factor in global warming . Nitrous oxides are a component of low-level ozone , another respiratory irritant , and are also a major contributor to acid rain
Since the widespread introduction almost a decade ago of catalytic converters , which reduce harmful emissions from petrol cars by an average of 75 % , vehicle pollution has decreased dramatically . The effectiveness of 'cats ' , combined with vast improvements in the quality of fuels , means that today it would take up to 100 new cars to produce the same emissions as just one made 20 years ago
However , the number of vehicles on our roads continues to grow , and 70 % of Europeans now cite air pollution as their main environmental concern ( source : the European Commission Eurobarometer ) . The automotive industry is investing heavily in response .
A large part of the estimated £2 billion the industry spends on research and development across Europe every year is committed to researching technology to further reduce vehicle emissions
In heavy traffic , the air quality inside a car can be three times as polluted as the air outside ( source : Environmental Transport Association )
Legislation
In 1968 the USA introduced the first restriction on vehicle emissions , followed , in 1971 , by emission limits in Europe . Legislation has continued to be passed by governments around the world , setting stricter and stricter limits
In 1992 catalytic converters became compulsory on all new cars sold in Europe . The impact has been dramatic - in the UK alone , harmful road transport emissions have fallen by 45 % . This figure is set to fall yet further as older cars are gradually replaced with newer ones which meet the higher EU emissions standards
1992 also saw the formation of the Auto Oil Programme , a cooperative project of the European Commission and the oil and auto industries . This led to the most stringent emissions laws to date in Europe , which began with the introduction of a new , mandatory European vehicle emission standard , Euro I , in which an emission level for carbon monoxide was set at 2.72g/km and the combined level for hydrocarbons and nitrous oxides was set at 0.97g/km
Euro I was followed by even tougher legislation - |
Challenger: Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA - Space.com | tc_1335 | Christa McAuliffe died in an accident in what type of vehicle in 1986? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"space shuttle"
]
} | Challenger : Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA
Challenger : Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA
By Elizabeth Howell , Space.com Contributor |
October 16 , 2012 01:21pm ET
MORE
The space shuttle Challenger was one of NASA 's greatest triumphs . It was the second shuttle to reach space , in April 1983 . It successfully completed nine milestone missions .
But Challenger was also NASA 's darkest tragedy . On its 10th launch , on Jan. 28 , 1986 , the shuttle exploded 73 seconds after liftoff , killing the seven crewmembers . The accident changed the space program forever .
This full view of Challenger in space was taken by a satellite . A heavily cloud-covered portion of the Earth forms the backdrop for this scene of Challenger in orbit . This image was taken during Challenger 's STS-7 mission , which launched on June 18 , 1983 .
Credit : NASA
From test vehicle to space vehicle
NASA originally intended Challenger to be a test vehicle . Rockwell began building the shuttle in November 1975 and then sent it to Lockheed for structural testing starting on April 2 , 1978 . According to NASA , computer models at the time were not sophisticated enough to calculate the stresses on the shuttle during different phases of flight .
The shuttle , then known as STA-099 , went through 11 months of vibration testing in a specially formulated rig . This custom-designed machine could bring the shuttle through a simulation of all phases of flight , from liftoff to landing . Three hydraulic cylinders , each with one million pounds of force , were used as substitute space shuttle main engines .
In 1979 , NASA awarded Rockwell a supplemental contract to convert the test vehicle to a spacecraft . This would expand the shuttle fleet to two spacecraft , the first one being Columbia .
It took two more years for Rockwell to perform the conversion . Among other things , workers had to strengthen the wings , put in a real crew cabin instead of a simulated one , and install heads-up displays for the astronauts working inside . Work completed on Oct. 23 , 1981 .
Delays for the first flight
Challenger was expected to go into space on Jan. 20 , 1983 , to release the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite , which later became part of a series of satellites that astronauts used to stay in touch with controllers back home . Several technical malfunctions pushed the launch back , though .
First , NASA discovered a hydrogen leak in the No . 1 main engine aft compartment during a flight readiness test in December . In a second test on Jan. 25 , 1983 , NASA discovered cracks in the engine that were causing the leak .
The agency then took several months to remove the engines and test them . While engines two and three were deemed healthy , NASA replaced Engine No . 1 .
A view of the shuttle Challenger 's maiden STS-6 launch on April 4 , 1983 . In this view , Challenger is just clearing the launch pad in a cloud of smoke .
Credit : NASA
After another delay due to a problem with TDRS , Challenger launched successfully on April 4 , 1983 , on mission STS-6 . Crew members set the satellite free ; astronauts Story Musgrave and Donald Peterson also did the first spacewalk of the shuttle program .
Cultural and technical firsts
Besides the milestones in space technology , Challenger also was the vehicle by which several cultural firsts happened in the space shuttle program . The first American female astronaut , Sally Ride , rode up on Challenger on STS-7 in June 1983 . The first African-American , Guion Bluford , reached space on STS-8 .
On STS-41G in 1984 , two women — Ride and Kathryn Sullivan — flew on one mission for the first time – as well as the first Canadian , Marc Garneau .
Other milestones Challenger marked included the first night launch and landing ( STS-8 ) and the first operational Spacelab flight ( STS-51B ) . Spacelab was a European space laboratory that fit into a shuttle 's cargo bay and included several experiments designed for tests in microgravity . It flew on Columbia on STS-9 for the first time , but Challenger 's mission is considered the first working one .
The flying repairman
Some of Challenger 's most memorable moments took place in April 1984 , on STS-41C . That mission featured the very first astronaut repair |
Benazir Bhutto elected leader of Pakistan - Nov 16, 1988 ... | tc_1336 | Who was Benazir Bhutto's Father who was executed in 1988? | {
"answer_start": [
456
],
"text": [
"ali bhutto"
]
} | Benazir Bhutto elected leader of Pakistan - Nov 16 , 1988 - HISTORY.com
Benazir Bhutto elected leader of Pakistan
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Benazir Bhutto elected leader of Pakistan
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Benazir Bhutto elected leader of Pakistan
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In Pakistan , citizens vote in their first open election in more than a decade , choosing as prime minister the populist candidate Benazir Bhutto , daughter of former Pakistani leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . She was the first woman leader of a Muslim country in modern history .
After General Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq seized power in Pakistan in a military coup in 1977 , Zulfikar Bhutto was tried and executed on the charge of having ordered an assassination in 1974 . Benazir Bhutto endured frequent house arrests during the next seven years . In 1984 , she fled to England , where she became head of her father ’ s former party , the Pakistan People ’ s Party ( PPP ) .
In 1988 , President Zia died along with the American ambassador to Pakistan in a mysterious plane crash , leaving a power vacuum . Bhutto returned to Pakistan and launched a nationwide campaign for open elections . In elections on November 16 , Bhutto ’ s PPP won a majority in the National Assembly , and on December 1 Bhutto took office as prime minister of Pakistan . Her government fell in 1990 , but from 1993 to 1996 she again served as Pakistani leader .
More on This Topic |
Abolition: One Man's Battle Against the Death Penalty ... | tc_1339 | Which form of death penalty was abolished by Francois Mitterrand? | {
"answer_start": [
1525
],
"text": [
"guillotine"
]
} | Abolition : One Man 's Battle Against the Death Penalty , featuring Robert Badinter in conversation with Neal Katyal | The New York Public Library
The New York Public Library
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Robert Badinter , the French Minister of Justice between 1981 and 1986 , led the battle to abolish the death penalty in France . He became a militant abolitionist after watching one of his clients unjustly guillotined in 1972 . Over the next decade , he fought the death penalty in the courts and saved six men from the guillotine . After the election of François Mitterrand in 1981 , Badinter was named Minister of Justice and pushed through the legislation that abolished the death penalty .
Badinter 's book , Abolition : One Man 's Battle Against the Death Penalty , serves as a guidebook on the various legal and political strategies that can be used in the quest for abolition . With U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer , Badinter recently co-authored a book on the role of judges .
In a discussion about the death penalty , Badinter will be joined by Neal Katyal who recently won Hamdan v. Rumsfeld in the United States Supreme Court and who in July of this year agreed to serve as lead counsel for the State of Louisiana in asking the United States Supreme Court to reconsider its June decision abolishing the use of the death penalty for child rapists . Kenneth Roth , executive director of Human Rights Watch , will introduce the evening . He has written the forward for Badinter 's book , Abolition .
About Robert Badinter
Robert Badinter is the author of over a dozen books including work on Oscar Wilde and Condorcet . He also co-authored a recent book on the role of judges with U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer . Badinter is married to the prominent feminist Elisabeth Badinter . Together , they form one of France ? s most influential couples . He is currently a member of the French Senate and celebrated his 80th birthday in March 2008 .
About Neal Katyal
Georgetown University Law Professor , Neal Katyal , named one of the leading `` 40 lawyers under 40 '' by the National Law Journal , recently won Hamdan v. Rumsfeld in the United States Supreme Court , a case that challenged the policy of military trials at Guantanamo Bay Naval Station , Cuba . Katyal served as co-counsel for Vice President Al Gore in the U.S. Supreme Court election case Bush v. Palm Beach Canvassing Board , which challenged the Florida voting system . He has clerked for Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer as well as Judge Guido Calabresi of the U.S. Court of Appeals .
Katyal has appeared on every major American nightly news program including the Colbert Report .
Chat with a librarian now |
Reykjavik Summit, Perestroika, and Glasnost Homework ... | tc_1342 | Which capital city was the scene of a major summit between Reagan and Gorbachev in 1986? | {
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0
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"reykjavik"
]
} | Reykjavik Summit , Perestroika , and Glasnost Homework - Reykjavik Summit ,
Reykjavik Summit , Perestroika , and Glasnost Homework
Reykjavik Summit , Perestroika , and Glasnost Homework - ...
SCHOOL
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Reykjavik Summit , Perestroika , and Glasnost Homework Reykjavik Summit The Reykjavík Summit was a summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev , held in Reykjavík , the capital city of Iceland , on October 11–12 , 1986 . The talks collapsed at the last minute , but the progress that had been achieved eventually resulted in the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union . At Reykjavík , Reagan sought to include discussion of human rights , emigration of Soviet Jews and dissidents , and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . However , Gorbachev sought to limit the talks solely to arms control . The Soviets also proposed to eliminate 50 % of all strategic arms , including ICBMs , and agreed not to include British or French weapons in the count . All this was proposed in exchange for an American pledge not to implement strategic defenses for the next ten years , in accordance with SALT I . The Americans countered with a proposal to eliminate all ballistic missiles within ten years , but required the right to deploy strategic defenses against remaining threats afterwards .
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Joseph Stalin Notes The Czar is toppled by the Bolsheviks Lenin didnt really know who
Stalin Notes |
The Extraordinary Story of How ... - The Coca-Cola Company | tc_1343 | Which drink did the Coca Cola Company launch in 1982? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"diet coke"
]
} | The Extraordinary Story of How Diet Coke Came to Be : The Coca-Cola Company
Until that point , extending the
Coca-Cola
Trademark to another brand had been a no-no . But times had changed . Soft drink consumers were gravitating to low- or no-calorie brands , and the company ’ s business in the U.S. was struggling following years of inflation and rising costs , resulting in inefficiencies .
Members of the Diet Coke team beneath the Radio City Music Hall marquee before the filming of the brand ’ s debut TV commercial .
“ We needed a big idea to come out of one of the toughest decades we ’ d ever seen , ” Carew explains .
Diet Coke was pegged a top priority . The project was strictly top secret ; only a handful of senior executives knew about it , and team members had to agree to the assignment before getting the details .
“ It was an entrepreneurial , cloak-and-dagger operation in the purest sense , ” said Jerry Bell , who worked with Carew in the Planning Department . “ I remember getting this weird phone call from Jack ... and I couldn ’ t say no . ”
Within a few weeks , they presented a draft study to
Coca-Cola
USA President Brian Dyson , followed by Roberto Goizueta , who had been elected Chairman and CEO just months earlier , President Don Keough and Chief Marketing Officer Ike Herbert .
No Risk , No Reward
Goizueta green-lighted the Diet Coke project , which shifted quickly from planning to implementation . “ This was a difficult decision because there were two big risks , ” Carew said . “ TaB was the moneymaker at the time , so if Diet Coke turned out to be a disappointment , the company would seriously complicate its future . Second , if senior leadership said no to Diet Coke , then we likely would have lost cola position . ”
Despite concern that Diet Coke would cannibalize TaB – which was the No . 1 diet soft drink brand in the U.S. at the time – and erode the long-term health of the
Coca-Cola
Trademark , the team ’ s research concluded just the opposite .
Colas accounted for 60 percent of all soft drink sales in the U.S. back then , but diets were growing three times faster than the rest of the category . Diet Coke was seen as the right product for the right time .
“ We said Diet Coke would be more accretive to
Coca-Cola
brand value , because we would source volume from the competition versus the Coke franchise , ” said Pat Garner , who joined the Diet Coke team with 10 years of bottler and field marketing experience . “ And we were right . ”
What ’ s in a Name ?
The team debated over whether to adopt the “ diet ” prefix – the label Nielsen had given to the relatively new category because the term was used in the names of two of its top three brands . “ Sugar Free ” was one alternative , but many saw it as a slur on
Coca-Cola
’ s main ingredient . And “ Light ” was already taken by a competitor brand .
Diet Coke was the most straightforward articulation of the promise of the brand . “ It just seemed like the logical answer , ” said John Farrell , who joined the team from Corporate Finance . “ The equity of the
Coca-Cola
name promised the delivery of taste , and ‘ diet ’ told you it didn ’ t have sugar or calories . ”
For many years , the brand name was written and marketed as diet Coke – with a lowercase “ d ” – to reinforce the positioning of the product . Coke ’ s trademark lawyers wouldn ’ t allow the uppercase “ D . ”
Their reasoning : Diet with an uppercase “ D ” was a noun , and the use of a noun changed the name of the trademark . Use of the lowercase “ d ” was an adjective and , therefore , did not alter the legal basis of the trademark .
A Plan that Pays
As the positioning began to come together , Farrell built a financial model to demonstrate the link between the brand ’ s marketing activities and bottler revenue . The plan motivated the system and turned bottlers into full-fledged Diet Coke enthusiasts .
“ John ’ s |
1990: Hubble telescope takes off for space - BBC News | tc_1344 | Which telescope was launched into space on board a space shuttle in 1990? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"hubble telescope"
]
} | BBC ON THIS DAY | 24 | 1990 : Hubble telescope takes off for space
About This Site | Text Only
1990 : Hubble telescope takes off for space
The American space agency Nasa has successfully launched the space shuttle Discovery from Cape Canaveral in Florida on its historic mission to carry the Hubble space telescope into orbit 380 miles ( 611.5 km ) above the Earth .
The telescope will operate from high above the atmosphere , thus avoiding the interference which limits ground-based telescopes .
It will be able to see up to the edge of the known universe , taking images of objects and events which happened up to 14 billion years ago .
The telescope , the size of a railway carriage , has taken 20 years to build , at a cost of $ 1.55 billion .
It has been dogged by technical hitches , huge budget over-runs and other delays .
Seven years late
Its launch is seven years overdue , held up by problems in the space shuttle program , including the explosion of the Challenger shuttle in 1986 .
The problems continued even once it was safely in space , as the British-made solar panel arrays which provide power for the six separate instruments on board malfunctioned .
However , scientists said they were expecting it to be difficult .
`` Deploying the solar panels is technically more challenging than the launch of a shuttle one more time , '' said Nasa scientist Stephen Maran .
The fault was resolved , and now the telescope faces six months of testing before becoming fully operational .
Test image
Nasa hopes to release the first test image - of an open star cluster known as NGC 3532 - in about a week .
Hubble 's main instrument is a finely-polished mirror 94 inches ( 240 cm ) across .
There are also two cameras - one which can achieve image resolutions 10 times greater than that of even the largest Earth-based telescope , and a second which can detect an object 50 times fainter than anything visible from Earth .
`` We are going to have the ability to observe the most distant objects , among the earliest in the universe , and thus probe the secrets of creation , '' said Nasa 's chief scientist , Leonard Fisk .
The telescope will be controlled by the specially-created Space Telescope Science Institute at Baltimore .
It 's thought Hubble 's images will provoke a drastic revision of the shapes , sizes and content of galaxies already identified by ground-based telescopes .
It is also likely to find new stars and phenomena , and astronomers suggest the telescope provides the best chance yet of working out the true age of the universe . |
Jonas Salk Biography -- Academy of Achievement | tc_1345 | Jonas Salk developed the Salk vaccine against which disease? | {
"answer_start": [
745
],
"text": [
"poliomyelitis"
]
} | Jonas Salk , M.D . - Academy of Achievement
Jonas Salk , M.D .
Listen to this achiever on What It Takes
What It Takes is an audio podcast on iTunes produced by the American Academy of Achievement featuring intimate , revealing conversations with influential leaders in the diverse fields of endeavor : music , science and exploration , sports , film , technology , literature , the military and social justice .
Risks , I like to say , always pay off . You learn what to do or what not to do .
Congressional Gold Medal
Date of Death
June 23 , 1995
In America in the 1950s , summertime was a time of fear and anxiety for many parents ; this was the season when children by the thousands became infected with the crippling disease poliomyelitis , or polio . This burden of fear was lifted forever when it was announced that Dr. Jonas Salk had developed a vaccine against the disease . Salk became world-famous overnight , but his discovery was the result of many years of painstaking research .
Jonas Salk was born in New York City . His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants who , although they themselves lacked formal education , were determined to see their children succeed , and encouraged them to study hard . Jonas Salk was the first member of his family to go to college . He entered the City College of New York intending to study law , but soon became intrigued by medical science .
Dr. Jonas Salk ( 1914-1995 ) , developer of the polio vaccine , holding a bottle in the laboratory , mid-20th century .
While attending medical school at New York University , Salk was invited to spend a year researching influenza . The virus that causes flu had only recently been discovered , and the young Salk was eager to learn if the virus could be deprived of its ability to infect , while still giving immunity to the illness . Salk succeeded in this attempt , which became the basis of his later work on polio .
After completing medical school and his internship , Salk returned to the study of influenza , the flu virus . World War II had begun , and public health experts feared a replay of the flu epidemic that had killed millions in the wake of the First World War . The development of vaccines controlled the spread of flu after the war , and the epidemic of 1919 did not recur .
In 1947 , Salk accepted an appointment to the University of Pittsburgh Medical School . While working there , with the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis , Salk saw an opportunity to develop a vaccine against polio , and devoted himself to this work for the next eight years .
April 23 , 1955 : Dr. Jonas Salk , who developed the vaccine that is believed to have struck the death knell of polio , as he received a special citation from President Dwight David Eisenhower in the White House Rose Garden . The President praised the young doctor as a “ benefactor of mankind ” and said that his work was in the “ highest tradition of selfless and dedicated research. ” At right is Mrs. Oveta Culp Hobby , Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare . Meanwhile , government officials and medical representatives were conferring on distributing the vaccine .
In 1955 , Salk ’ s years of research paid off . Human trials of the polio vaccine effectively protected the subject from the polio virus . When news of the discovery was made public on April 12 , 1955 , Salk was hailed as a miracle worker . He further endeared himself to the public by refusing to patent the vaccine . He had no desire to profit personally from the discovery , but merely wished to see the vaccine disseminated as widely as possible .
1973 : Jonas Salk , and his wife , French painter Françoise Gilot . “ In 1969 , during an exhibition in Los Angeles , Françoise traveled to La Jolla and was introduced to Dr. Jonas Salk . Their mutual admiration of architecture prompted Dr. Salk to offer Françoise a tour of The Salk Institute. ” They married in 1970 in Paris and were together for twenty-five years until Salk ’ s death in 1995 . ( Photo Credit : Albane Navizet/Kipa/Sygma viaGetty Images )
Salk ’ s vaccine was composed of “ killed ” polio virus , which retained the ability to immunize without running the risk of infecting the patient . A few |
The first laser - The University of Chicago Press | tc_1349 | Who constructed the world's first laser? | {
"answer_start": [
646
],
"text": [
"theodore maiman"
]
} | The first laser
The first laser
from A Century of Nature : Twenty-One Discoveries that Changed Science and the World
Laura Garwin and Tim Lincoln , editors
When the first working laser was reported in 1960 , it was described as `` a solution looking for a problem . '' But before long the laser 's distinctive qualities—its ability to generate an intense , very narrow beam of light of a single wavelength—were being harnessed for science , technology and medicine . Today , lasers are everywhere : from research laboratories at the cutting edge of quantum physics to medical clinics , supermarket checkouts and the telephone network .
Theodore Maiman made the first laser operate on 16 May 1960 at the Hughes Research Laboratory in California , by shining a high-power flash lamp on a ruby rod with silver-coated surfaces . He promptly submitted a short report of the work to the journal Physical Review Letters , but the editors turned it down . Some have thought this was because the Physical Review had announced that it was receiving too many papers on masers—the longer-wavelength predecessors of the laser—and had announced that any further papers would be turned down . But Simon Pasternack , who was an editor of Physical Review Letters at the time , has said that he turned down this historic paper because Maiman had just published , in June 1960 , an article on the excitation of ruby with light , with an examination of the relaxation times between quantum states , and that the new work seemed to be simply more of the same . Pasternack 's reaction perhaps reflects the limited understanding at the time of the nature of lasers and their significance . Eager to get his work quickly into publication , Maiman then turned to Nature , usually even more selective than Physical Review Letters , where the paper was better received and published on 6 August .
With official publication of Maiman 's first laser under way , the Hughes Research Laboratory made the first public announcement to the news media on 7 July 1960 . This created quite a stir , with front-page newspaper discussions of possible death rays , but also some skepticism among scientists , who were not yet able to see the careful and logically complete Nature paper . Another source of doubt came from the fact that Maiman did not report having seen a bright beam of light , which was the expected characteristic of a laser . I myself asked several of the Hughes group whether they had seen a bright beam , which surprisingly they had not . Maiman 's experiment was not set up to allow a simple beam to come out of it , but he analyzed the spectrum of light emitted and found a marked narrowing of the range of frequencies that it contained . This was just what had been predicted by the theoretical paper on optical masers ( or lasers ) by Art Schawlow and myself , and had been seen in the masers that produced the longer-wavelength microwave radiation . This evidence , presented in figure 2 of Maiman 's Nature paper , was definite proof of laser action . Shortly afterward , both in Maiman 's laboratory at Hughes and in Schawlow 's at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey , bright red spots from ruby laser beams hitting the laboratory wall were seen and admired .
Maiman 's laser had several aspects not considered in our theoretical paper , nor discussed by others before the ruby demonstration . First , Maiman used a pulsed light source , lasting only a few milliseconds , to excite ( or `` pump '' ) the ruby . The laser thus produced only a short flash of light rather than a continuous wave , but because substantial energy was released during a short time , it provided much more power than had been envisaged in most of the earlier discussions . Before long , a technique known as `` Q switching '' was introduced at the Hughes Laboratory , shortening the pulse of laser light still further and increasing the instantaneous power to millions of watts and beyond . Lasers now have powers as high as a million billion ( 10
15
) watts ! The high intensity of pulsed laser light allowed a wide range of new types of experiment , and launched the now-burgeoning field of nonlinear optics . Nonlinear interactions between light and matter allow the frequency of light to be doubled or tripled , so for example an intense red laser can be used to produce green light .
I had a busy job in Washington |
Gaston County Museum | tc_1350 | Which Wisconsin salesman developed a safety razor in 1901? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"king camp gillette"
]
} | Gaston County Museum
Gaston County Museum
Object of the Week
On December 3rd 1901 the Safety Blade was first patented . The first safety razor was actually designed towards the end of the 1700 ’ s by Jean-Jacques Perret , a Frenchman . Throughout the 1800 ’ s razors were continually being developed , particularly in England and Germany .
However , in 1901 , King Camp Gillette , a salesman from Wisconsin , patented the first razor with disposable blades . Before this , men had to shave with a straight edge razor , which was kept sharp by using a leather strap . Nicks to the skin were a lot more common ! This innovation came at a great time , as by the turn of the century the clean- shaven look was coming back into fashion , particularly for the younger generations . The new razors had a guard that prevented the blade from cutting the skin and could be disposed of afterwards .
During the First World War , Gillette provided safety razors to every man who had enlisted , as part of their standard- issue belongings . So by 1918 3.5 million razors were being used by the military .
This particular razor in our collection is from the early 1900 ’ s . There is the reusable razor handle and the packet of disposable blades . |
GM Daewoo - AutoZine | tc_1351 | In which country were Daewoo cars originally produced? | {
"answer_start": [
653
],
"text": [
"korea"
]
} | GM Daewoo
GM Daewoo
Headquarters and R & D center : Bupyung
Main plants : Bupyung ( Gentra , Tosca , Windstorm ) , Gunsan ( Lacetti ) , Changwon ( Matiz ) .
Sales figures
2010 : 1,842,374 units * ( domestic sale : 125,730 units )
2007 : 1,886,632 units *
2004 : 900,000 units
2003 : 580,000 units
* A large number of cars produced were badged as Chevrolet , Pontiac , Holden and Buick for export .
Introduction
GM Daewoo is increasingly important to the fortune of GM . Previously it was seen as a cheap source of small cars feeding North America and Europe . Now with increased investment upping its R & D and design capability , Korea has become the leading engineering center for developing its global small car platform , Delta . GM Korea 's designs are extensively used in overseas market - as Chevrolet in America , as Chevrolet / Opel / Vauxhall in Europe , as Holden in Australia and Chevrolet / Buick in China .
Previously , Suzuki also sold rebadged Leganza in the US market in order to fill its vacancy in mid-size cars . As a result , it acquired minority stakes in GM Daewoo .
Note : since Jan 2011 , GM Daewoo becomes GM Korea and the Daewoo brand gives way to Chevrolet . Following its full integration into GM , it would be meaningless to continue updating this page . From now on related information will be reported on the GM page instead .
Brief History
The story of Daewoo began with General Motors . In order to enter the Korea market , GM established GM Korea in 1972 as a joint-venture with Shinjin ( a small Korean car maker previously partnered with Toyota ) . 6 years later , majority stakes were sold to local industrial giant Daewoo group , thus the company was rename to Daewoo .
However , GM still controlled the development of its cars . Daewoo did not really involve much its new car development because GM could always find some outdated designs from its backyard - for example , Opel Kadett became Daewoo Le Mans / Racer . This car was also rebadged as Pontiac for sale in North America as GM wanted to make use of its cost advantage to fight against Japanese cars . The project gave Daewoo the first taste of large volume export as well as a modern assembly plant with annual capacity of 170,000 units .
GM quit in 1992 as it sold the remaining stakes to Daewoo group . As the US influence withdrew , Daewoo started developing its own cars . That called for hunting ex-Porsche engineer Ulrich Bez to head its engineering operation , setting up R & D centers in Europe and subcontracting development jobs to overseas consultants . Besides , Italian design houses were employed to style its new cars . The result was a trio of new models , Lanos , Nubira and Leganza , all launched in 1997 . Next year arrived its smallest car , Matiz , designed by Giugiaro based on a proposal abandoned by FIAT Punto . Daewoo also established a joint-venture in Poland with FSO to produce Matiz for European market .
Matiz ( 1998 )
The Asian financial crisis in 1997/98 hit South Korea hard . Many companies went burst because of their high debt level resulted from over-expansion in the last few years . Daewoo received the SUV maker Ssangyong in 1998 , but this ownership lasted for less than two years , because Daewoo itself also went into bankruptcy in 2000 .
It was n't too bad indeed . Operated under creditor banks , Daewoo kept production as usual and even introduced some decent new models - Kalos , new generation Lanos , Nubira and Lacetti .
In 2002 , GM came back and bought the majority assets of Daewoo . The company was renamed to GM Daewoo . GM also invested to upgrade its R & D and quality control , improving its product lineup . As Daewoo had poor quality image overseas , its cars were rebadged as Chevrolet for the American and European market and sold as Holden in Australia . In the latter half of 2000s , GM built its Korean subsidiary into a leading development center for its global small car platform ( Delta ) , not merely a production base . The first fruit was the 2008 Lacetti , which was derived into Chevrolet Cruze .
In early 2011 , the name Daewoo finally came to the end . GM Daewoo |
Elliot Handler Remembered - Mattel | tc_1352 | Which toy company did Ruth and Elliot Handler found? | {
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"mattel"
]
} | Elliot Handler Remembered
Elliot Handler
( April 1916 — July 2011 )
Elliot Handler , founder of Mattel , Inc. , the world 's largest toy company and well-known as the creator of the Hot Wheels® mega-brand , died at the age of 95 .
With his wife Ruth Handler , Elliot transformed what began as a home-based business into the largest global toy company , with a rich portfolio of popular brands beloved by generations of children around the world , including Hot Wheels® , Barbie® , Fisher-Price® , and American Girl® .
The Handlers started Mattel Creations in 1945 with Harold `` Matt '' Matson , whose name was fused with Elliot 's to form `` Mattel . '' Originally a small business enterprise headquartered in the Handlers ' garage in suburban Los Angeles , Calif. , the company launched with three pieces of shop equipment purchased on installment from Sears .
The first Mattel products produced from that location were picture frames , and Elliot soon developed a side business in dollhouse furniture made from picture frame scraps .
Elliot 's product development talents were complemented by Ruth 's marketing savvy , and the company turned a profit in its very first year . The Uke-A-Doodle® , a child-size ukelele , was the first in a line of musical toys that gave Mattel its first 'staple ' business . After the Uke-A-Doodle introduction in 1947 , Matson sold his share of the business .
Encouraged by their success , the Handlers soon shifted the company 's emphasis to toys . A popular jack-in-the-box followed the Uke-A-Doodle , and by 1955 , the company was valued at $ 500,000 and well on its way to becoming the world 's number-one selling toy brand .
In 1955 , a new television series produced by The Walt Disney Company called the `` Mickey Mouse Club '' was set to debut , and Disney and ABC Television asked if Mattel would consider sponsoring a 15-minute segment of the show . The drawback was that Mattel would be obligated to sponsor the program for one entire 52-week season , which would cost Mattel $ 500,000 - nearly its entire net worth . The campaign was an unabashed success , and Mattel instantly revolutionized the toy industry by turning a 'mom-and-pop ' business with a seasonal focus on Christmas into a large-scale business enterprise that garnered impressive sales year-round . In fact , annual sales grew from $ 5 million to $ 14 million in just three years .
Advertising on television was one of two key decisions that the Handlers made during the 1950s , which transformed Mattel from a profitable business into an industry leader . The other key turning point was the invention and marketing of a three-dimensional doll through which little girls could act out their dreams of growing up . An instant sensation upon its introduction in 1959 , Barbie® has since grown into a multi-billion dollar brand .
In the late 1960s , Mattel eagerly was in search of a toy hit that would capture boys ’ imaginations the way that Barbie® did for girls . Elliot had an idea for miniature die-cast vehicles that would incorporate speed , power and performance , as well as cool car designs . Introduced in 1968 , Hot Wheels® were distinguished with customized designs and outrageous paint jobs , and also became a number-one selling toy brand .
Known as the `` whiz kids of the toy industry , '' the Handlers were renowned for inventing some of the world ’ s best-known toy brands . In 1973 , Elliot was named Mattel ’ s Chairman of the Board , a position he would share with Ruth until 1975 when , after having helped nurture Mattel from a dollhouse furniture shop into a leading manufacturer , the Handlers left the company after more than 30 years . Elliot and Ruth became the first living inductees to the Toy Industry Hall of Fame in 1989 .
Employees also held the Handlers in high esteem , due to their thoughtfulness and ability to make every employee feel that his or her contribution to the organization was valuable . In fact , the Handlers insisted that all of their employees call them by their first names at a time when such informality was unprecedented .
Elliot , the second of four brothers , grew up in Denver , Colorado and met Ruth Mosko at a charity dance in 1932 . Five years later , the couple married and moved to Los Angeles , where Ruth found a job at Paramount Studios as a stenographer and Elliot worked part-time at |
History of Driving and the introduction of the UK driving ... | tc_1353 | Which country was the first in the world to introduce a driving test? | {
"answer_start": [
2101
],
"text": [
"france"
]
} | History of Driving and the introduction of the UK driving licence .
A Potted History of Driving , and the UK Driving Licence .
The History of Driving and the UK Driving Licence .
We 've started with the invention of motorised road vehicles . At that time there was no such thing as a driving licence . The development of the motor car , and the rapid increase over the years in the volume of vehicles on Britain 's roads , resulted in the necessity for some means by which the government could ensure that safety prevailed . This 'History of Driving ' starts before the driving licence was devised and follows the development of roads , cars and licences over the last 120 years or so . Read on to get an idea of how it all happened .
A History of Driving :
1860 - 1900
The invention of the motor car really began in the mid-late 18th century with the invention of small , passenger-carrying steam-powered road vehicles . Due to the size and power of these vehicles a 'Red Flag Act ' was introduced in 1865 , whereby it was compulsory for two people to operate and power the vehicle , while a third walked in front waving a red flag to warn other road users of its presence .
Germany 's Karl Benz has , for the most part , been credited as the inventor of the first real , 'proper ' , motor car that was specifically designed to be operated by a sole driver on public highways . His car , invented in 1885-86 , was a three-wheeled vehicle , with no windows , that ran on petrol .
The mid-1880 's to the mid-1890 's witnessed the development of numerous four-wheeled , petrol-powered road cars , and in 1896 'The Red Flag Act ' was abolished and 'The Light Locomotives on the Highways Act ' ( The Emancipation Act ) was introduced , stipulating an upper speed limit of 12mph for motorised road vehicles . Cars were on Britain 's roads !
The first motor car race took place in 1895 .
Front wheel drive appeared in 1897 , the honeycombed radiator in 1898 , and front suspension in 1899 .
A History of Driving :
1901 - 1920
The Grand Prix was established in 1901 and was held in France , ( although the first actual built-for-purpose race track was located at Brooklands in Surrey , built in 1907 ) .
In 1903 the 'Motor Car Act ' was introduced in the UK . The Act required all motor car owners to register their vehicles with their local county borough council and to display their registration at all times . It also made the driving licence compulsory . The licence was fabric-bound and similar in style to today 's passports . It could be bought at local council office for 5 shillings ; no test of driving competency was required . However , the 1903 Motor Act also introduced a penalty for reckless driving .
The car continued to develop rapidly over the next ten years and began to look more like the modern car , with headlights , windscreens , rubber tyres with pressure gauges , number plates and coil ignition , all by about 1908 .
Henry Ford 's 'Model T ' was developed in America in 1909 , and by 1913 he was manufacturing factory produced cars . Between 1909 and 1913 four-wheel brakes , the electric starter and four-wheel steering for off-road vehicles had been introduced , with mechanical wipers being developed in 1916 .
A History of Driving :
1921 - 1940
Hydraulic wheel brakes appeared in 1921 and by 1922 Henry Ford had built one million cars . General Motors came to Britain in 1925 .
The first British Grand Prix was held at Brooklands in 1926 and the first Monaco Grand Prix was raced in the street in 1929 . Between 1922 and 1929 world land speed records increased from 133mph to 231mph .
It is estimated that , by the mid-1890 's , there were approximately 15 motor cars on the Britain 's roads . By 1900 there were about 800 cars . By 1930 , this had dramatically increased to approximately one million cars on the roads of Britain , and by 1934 there were 1.5 million .
In 1930 age restrictions were applied to driving , and a driving test for disabled drivers was introduced . Compulsory motor vehicle insurance was also introduced .
In 1931 the first edition of 'The Highway Code ' was introduced , |
Sir Freddie Laker - Telegraph | tc_1354 | Who launched the short-lived Skytrain air service? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"freddie laker"
]
} | Sir Freddie Laker - Telegraph
Sir Freddie Laker
12:05AM GMT 11 Feb 2006
Sir Freddie Laker , who died on Thursday aged 83 , pioneered the idea of cheap air travel with his Skytrain to America in 1977 ; his entrepreneurial spirit brought him immense public affection and the wrath of rivals who conspired successfully to break his business .
Before Skytrain , international flights were largely the preserve of the rich . After the Second World War it was thought that competition between airlines might prejudice passenger safety , and hence the market was strictly regulated by the International Air Transport Association .
IATA allowed state airlines to maintain an inefficient monopoly offering identical services at high prices . By 1971 the only exception was charter airlines catering for the growing package holiday trade . Under a bizarre IATA rule intended to preserve the monopoly , charter passengers needed six months ' membership of an `` affinity group '' whose main purpose was not travel , groups such as the Dahlia Society or the Left Hand Club . Backdated membership soon became openly obtainable at airports .
Laker , whose airline was being regularly fined for carrying large numbers of bogus Rose Growers to America , proposed an easier system . Passengers who wanted a cheap flight could queue for a ticket at the airport , just as they would at a railway station before taking a train . It took six years of strenuous argument to persuade the British and American governments to see the idea 's merits .
The first Skytrain took off for New York in September 1977 . Although Laker offered no frills ( such as meals ) , at £59 it cost a third of any other ticket . He made £1 million profit in the first year , and by 1980 was carrying one in seven transatlantic passengers .
Laker took a boyish delight in his success ; he was memorably photographed zooming around the Gatwick runway pretending to be a Spitfire . Yet his concern for the consumer 's interest endeared him to the public . He was voted `` Man of the Year '' and in 1978 knighted by the Callaghan government .
Then , in February 1982 , Laker Airways abruptly went into receivership with debts of £264 million . The collapse was so sudden that its flights were turned round in mid-air . At first it appeared that Laker had overreached himself , borrowing heavily to finance 15 new planes just as the pound plunged against the dollar . The major airlines had also taken concerted action , offering cheap fares for the first time ; and when Pan Am cut the price of its regular service by two-thirds in October 1981 , Laker 's passengers deserted him .
In 1983 the liquidators Touche Ross began an anti-trust action in America , claiming a billion dollars from 10 major airlines . The allegations went beyond predatory pricing ; British Airways , Pan Am , TWA and Lufthansa were said to have met to plot Laker 's downfall . In particular , several airlines had threatened the manufacturer McDonnell Douglas that they would buy elsewhere if it rescheduled Laker 's debt . The Justice Department found the evidence in a school project by the daughter of a McDonnell Douglas director .
The action threatened BA 's privatisation , and in 1985 the defendants settled out of court the £35 million owed to Laker 's creditors , staff and passengers . Laker himself reluctantly accepted £6 million in compensation and retreated to the Bahamas . The lessons have since been absorbed by Sir Richard Branson .
Frederick Alfred Laker was born at Canterbury on August 6 1922 . His father , a merchant seaman , deserted the family when Freddie was five , and his mother then worked as a cleaner . At the local Simon Langton School Freddie did not shine academically , amusing friends by saying he was going to be a millionaire . His first job was delivering coal for an uncle .
At 16 he joined the flying-boat builders Short Brothers of Rochester as a teaboy and apprentice engineer , and studied maths and economics at night school . In the Second World War he worked for the Air Transport Auxiliary where he excelled at improvising repairs . He became flight engineer to Jim Mollison , Amy Johnson 's husband , before qualifying as a ferry pilot himself .
By 1946 Laker knew every airfield in Europe , together with every type of aircraft and its payload . With a loan from a friend he set up Aviation Traders , dealing in war-surplus |
Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions - Space.com | tc_1356 | Which city was the HQ of the European Space program? | {
"answer_start": [
2035
],
"text": [
"paris"
]
} | Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions
Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions
By SPACE.com Staff |
March 14 , 2013 06:00pm ET
MORE
Artist 's concept of the ExoMars 2016 spacecraft , which consists of the Trace Gas Orbiter and the Entry , descent and landing Demonstrator Module ( EDM ) .
Credit : ESA-AOES Medialab
Russia and the European Space Agency have officially teamed up to send a series of spacecraft to search for signs of life on Mars .
European space officials and Russia 's Federal Space Agency ( Roscosmos ) signed a deal Thursday ( March 14 ) to launch a Mars orbiter mission in 2016 and a rover in 2018 as part of what is now a joint ExoMars program .
The Mars exploration agreement outlines the two agencies ' responsibilities for the upcoming unmanned missions . In 2016 , ESA will provide the Trace Gas Orbiter to study the atmosphere of Mars to measure its chemical composition , as well as an entry , descent and landing demonstrator module .
For the 2018 mission , ESA will provide the carrier and the ExoMars rover , which will search for signs that life on Mars existed in the past or present , collecting samples from as deep as 6.5 feet ( 2 meters ) beneath the surface of the Red Planet .
`` It will be the first Mars rover able to drill to depths of 2 m , collecting samples that have been shielded from the harsh conditions of the surface , where radiation and oxidants can destroy organic materials , '' ESA officials said in a statement .
ExoMars rover
Credit : ESA
Roscosmos , meanwhile , will supply the rockets to launch both Mars missions , as well as the 2018 descent module and surface platform . Both space agencies will provide scientific instruments and will work together on the scientific goals of the missions , according to ESA officials .
ESA director-general Jean-Jacques Dordain called Thursday 's agreement a `` momentous occasion '' for the ExoMars program after meeting with the head of Roscosmos , Vladimir Popovkin , at the ESA headquarters in Paris . Dordain said in a statement that the agreement `` will demonstrate the competitiveness of European industry , be important for preparing a solid participation of ESA in future international exploration missions and address the key question of whether life ever arose on Mars . ''
NASA pulled out of the ExoMars program last year due to budget cuts in its planetary science program , but ESA officials said the U.S. space agency will still contribute some communications and engineering support for the new Mars missions .
Follow SPACE.com on Twitter @ Spacedotcom . We 're also on Facebook and Google+ . Original story on SPACE.com .
No planet is more steeped in myth and misconception than Mars . This quiz will reveal how much you really know about some of the goofiest claims about the red planet . |
John Dunlop, Charles Goodyear and the History of Tires | tc_1357 | Which Andre built the first factory to mass-produce rubber tires? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"michelin"
]
} | John Dunlop , Charles Goodyear and the History of Tires
John Dunlop , Charles Goodyear and the History of Tires
John Boyd Dunlop with the first bicycle to have pneumatic tires . Hulton Archive/Getty Images
By Mary Bellis
Updated August 10 , 2016 .
The rubber pneumatic tires seen on millions of cars across the world are the result of multiple inventors working across several decades . And those inventors have names that should be recognizable to anyone who 's ever bought tires for their car : Michelin , Goodyear , Dunlop .
Of these , none had so great an impact on the invention of the tire than John Dunlop and Charles Goodyear .
Charles Goodyear and the Invention of Vulcanized Rubber
None of it would have been possible without Charles Goodyear , who in 1844 -- more than 50 years before the first rubber tires would appear on cars -- patented a process known as vulcanization . This process involved heating and removing the sulphur from rubber , thus making the rubber water-proof and winter-proof and allowing it to retain its elasticity . While Goodyear 's claim to have invented vulcanization was challenged , he prevailed in court and is today remembered as the sole inventor of vulcanized rubber .
And that became hugely important once people realized it would be perfect for making tires .
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John Dunlop and the Pneumatic Tire
Robert William Thomson ( 1822 - 1873 ) invented the actual first vulcanized rubber pneumatic tire . Thomson patented his pneumatic tire in 1845 , and his invention worked well , but it was too costly to catch on .
That changed with John Boyd Dunlop ( 1840-1921 ) , a Scottish veterinarian and the recognized inventor of the first practical pneumatic ( inflatable ) tire . His patent , granted in 1888 , was n't for automobile tires , however : it was intended for use on bicycles ( see picture ) .
Later Developments
In 1895 , André Michelin and his brother Edouard , who had previously patented a removable bike tire , were the first to use pneumatic tires on an automobile .
In 1911 , Philip Strauss invented the first successful tire , which was a combination tire and air filled inner tube . Strauss ' company the Hardman Tire & Rubber Company marketed the tires .
In 1903 , P.W . Litchfield of the Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tire , however , it was never commercially exploited until the 1954 Packard .
In 1904 , mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats . In 1908 , Frank Seiberling invented grooved tires with improved road traction .
In 1910 , B.F. Goodrich Company invented longer life tires by adding carbon to the rubber .
Goodrich also invented the first synthetic rubber tires in 1937 made of a patented substance called Chemigum . |
15 Famous Actors Turned Politicians | Backstage | tc_1358 | Which film actor became mayor of Carmel, California in 1986? | {
"answer_start": [
3481
],
"text": [
"clint eastwood"
]
} | 15 Famous Actors Turned Politicians | Backstage
15 Famous Actors Turned Politicians
By KC Wright | Posted Sept. 22 , 2015 , 1 p.m .
Share :
Shirley Temple
Photo Source : Olga Zelenkova/Shutterstock.com
The U.S. political climate is heating up as we draw closer to the 2016 elections , and it ’ s time to honor some fellow actors who made a name for themselves in Hollywood and in Washington . Is a career in politics in your future ? Draw inspiration from these 15 performers who served our country in various political seats .
Ronald Reagan
Certainly the most famous performer-turned-politician in history , actor Reagan became the POTUS in 1981 after serving as the governor of California . Prior to his political career , Reagan had a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers Studios where he worked on numerous films ; he also served in the U.S. Army Air Force ’ s Motion Picture Unit , and was president of the Screen Actors Guild for seven terms between 1947 and 1960 !
John Davis Lodge
A star of stage and screen from the 1930s to the 1940s ( “ Little Women , ” “ The Scarlet Empress ” ) , Lodge made a new name for himself when he was elected into the U.S. House of Representatives in 1947 . He later became the Governor of Connecticut from 1951 to 1955 , and was a U.S . Ambassador to Spain , Argentina , and Switzerland throughout the next three decades .
George Murphy
Predating Reagan and Lodge was Murphy , a star of numerous musical movies during the earliest days of talking pictures . Murphy was awarded an honorary Oscar in 1950 for “ services in interpreting the film industry to the country at large , ” and was SAG President from 1944 to 1946 . Murphy became a Republican senator from California in 1964 , and is the only senator to date with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .
Helen Gahagan Douglas
This 1920s Broadway actor ( and star of the 1935 film “ She ” ) made history as the first Democratic woman to be elected to Congress from the state of California . She served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1945 to 1951 , and worked to support women ’ s and civil rights . She ran for U.S. Senate in 1950 and lost the election to Richard Nixon , but not before gifting him with the enduring nickname “ Tricky Dick . ”
Fred Grandy
A popular sitcom actor throughout the 1970s and ’ 80s—he recurred on “ Maude ” and played Gopher on “ The Love Boat ” — Grandy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1986 , where he remained for four terms . He ran for Governor of Iowa in 1994 , but lost the election by a small margin . As an actor , Grandy was recently seen on Season 3 of “ The Mindy Project . ”
Ben Jones
Once known as Cooter on long running tv show “ The Dukes of Hazzard , ” Jones had a second career as a Democrat representing Georgia in the U.S. House of Representatives . Jones served from 1989 to 1993 , and returned to acting , writing , and other pursuits after losing his seat in 1994 .
Shirley Temple Black
No one could have guessed that this iconic child actor would one day have a reach far beyond her dozens of family films . The great ringlet and tap-shoe-donning star of 1930s and ’ 40s took a step back from show business around 1950 , and began a career in foreign service with the UN General Assembly in 1969 . She became a U.S . Ambassador to Ghana in 1974 , and was later named the 18th Chief of Protocol of the United States and the U.S . Ambassador to Czechoslovakia .
Clint Eastwood
A screen legend for decades , this four-time Oscar winner ( two for directing ) is also a respected politician . Eastwood became mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea in 1986 , and was appointed to the California State Park and Recreation Commission in 2001 and the California Film Commission in 2004 .
Fred Thompson
A long-time politician and actor , Thompson ’ s dual careers worked in tandem in 2002 when he played District Attorney Arthur Branch on “ Law & Order ” while still serving as a U.S . Senator from Tennessee . He took a break from show business in 2007 to try for the Republican nomination for president , but left the race |
The day artist Andy Warhol died at 58 in 1987 - NY Daily News | tc_1359 | Which pop artist died in New York in1987? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"andy warhol"
]
} | The day artist Andy Warhol died at 58 in 1987 - NY Daily News
The day Andy Warhol , pop art icon , died at 58 of a heart attack in 1987
The day artist Andy Warhol died at 58 in 1987
NEW YORK DAILY NEWS
Pop artist Andy Warhol is shown in this 1987 photo .
( AP )
NEW YORK DAILY NEWS
Monday , February 22 , 2016 , 10:58 AM
( Originally published by the Daily News on Feb. 23 , 1987 . This story was written by Don Gentile and Mike Santangelo . )
Andy Warhol , 58 , the pop culture prince who turned images of Campbell ’ s soup cans and Brillo pads into art , died yesterday of a heart attack at New York Hospital .
Warhol was pronounced dead at 6:31 a.m. after a team of doctors tried in vain for an hour to revive him .
The death came a day after the artist underwent gallbladder surgery .
“ We don ’ t know if the heart attack was related to the operation , ” said Diana Goldin , a hospital spokeswoman . “ He came through the operation ( on Saturday ) fine and was in stable condition . ”
A private nurse was with Warhol in his hospital room when the heart attack occurred about 5:30 a.m. as he slept . She quickly summoned a cardiac-arrest team but its efforts failed .
Goldin said an autopsy would be done to determine the exact cause of death .
Glitterati shocked
Warhol ’ s death shocked the art community , his friends and the glitterati who surrounded the slender , pallid and soft-spoken celebrity , alway recognizable in his blond wig .
“ He was a man of genius , ” said Mayor Koch . “ Any time a man of greatness leaves this world leaving a positive impression , it is something to mourn . ”
Long-time friend , dance company duenna Martha Graham , 93 , was especially saddened .
Today , at an 8 p.m. auction in Christie ’ s art gallery , three recently completed Warhol paintings of Graham as a young dancer will be auctioned off to benefit the Martha Graham Dance Company .
Upon hearing of the death , Graham tried to stop the auction but could not .
“ When Andy first saw me dance , he said it touched him deeply , ” said Graham in a statement . “ He touched me deeply as well . He was a gifted , strange maverick . It is difficult for me to realize he is gone . ”
Richard Oldenburg , director of the Museum of Modern Art , said Warhol “ was one of the first people to really become a star as an artist . ”
Born Andrew Warhola , one of three sons of Czech immigrants , Warhol grew up in the industrial city of McKeesport , Pa. , near Pittsburgh . A delicate youth , he suffered three nervous breakdowns as a child .
His father died when he was 14 , but he pulled together the money to attend the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh , graduating in 1949 with a bachelor ’ s degree in pictorial design . He moved to New York City , cut the final vowel from his name and quickly found success as a commercial artist .
Filmmaker Andy Warhol checks lighting for picture featuring underground movie star Edie Sedgwick .
( John Peodincuk )
But Warhol grew restless in the constraints of the work . He began showing drawings in 1956 , and began to paint in earnest four years later .
Success came quickly to the man who once said , “ In the future , everyone will be famous for 15 minutes . ”
In 1961 , a Manhattan department store placed his giant likeness of Dick Tracy in its front window . The next year came “ Campbell Soup Cans , ” the work that placed him at the head of the Pop movement , and sold for $ 60,000 .
At first dismissed by some as a fraud , Warhol attracted fans through representation of commercial items , celebrities and common circumstance as art .
Artist Andy Warhol and underground star Ultra Violet .
His early subjects - Marilyn Monroe , Elvis Presley , car wrecks , criminals , Brillo boxes - extended society ’ s view of what it would accept as art .
In 1969 , he founded Interview magazine , a compendium |
Jean-Claude Duvalier - The New York Times | tc_1361 | How was Jean Claude Duvalier known before he ws exiled in 1986? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"baby doc"
]
} | Jean-Claude Duvalier - The New York Times
The New York Times
Supported by
Jean-Claude Duvalier
News about Jean-Claude Duvalier , including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times . More
Jean-Claude Duvalier , known as Baby Doc , is a former dictator of Haiti . Mr. Duvalier ruled with brutality and corruption for nearly 15 years before being overthrown in 1986 .
He is the son of François Duvalier , known as Papa Doc , a much feared dictator of Haiti from 1957 to 1971 . The younger Mr. Duvalier took power , when he was just 19 , following the death of his father . In all , the Duvalier dynasty lasted about three decades and was marked by the family ’ s harsh repression of its opponents , with the help of a special police unit called the Tontons Macoute .
Mr. Duvalier went into exile in France in 1986 . In the wake of his ouster , the country turned on his security forces , slaughtering them by the dozens and even desecrating François Duvalier ’ s mausoleum . His departure ushered in a period of halting democracy that has continued with tumultuous elections .
Mr. Duvalier long flirted with returning , telling reporters over the years that he would like to go home . In 2007 , René Préval , the former president of Haiti , said Mr. Duvalier could return but would face justice for the money the government said he had looted from the treasury , as well as for the deaths and torture of political opponents at the hands of the secret police .
In January 2011 , Mr. Duvalier returned to Haiti , saying he had come only to help his country , not to get involved in politics .
Angry reactions poured in from around the world , with human rights groups demanding that the Haitian government charge Mr. Duvalier with crimes against humanity — including the kidnapping , torture and murder of thousands of his opponents — and with stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the nation , the poorest in the hemisphere .
On the streets , there were signs that Mr. Duvalier ’ s arrival had started a new cycle of polarization that has crippled the country for decades . Some decried Mr. Duvalier as a vestige of one of the darkest chapters in the country ’ s history , while others waxed nostalgic about him as the only hope for change in Haiti .
On Jan. 18 , Haitian prosecutors charged Mr. Duvalier with corruption and embezzlement , and he was taken into police custody . He was released hours later , but was ordered to remain in Haiti while a judge considered whether there was sufficient evidence to send Mr. Duvalier to trial .
He has faced threats of prosecution in the past for the many human rights abuses committed during his rule , and for the hundreds of millions of dollars government officials have said he looted from the country .
Financial Motive ?
Mr. Duvalier ’ s risky return home from France may have been driven by another motivation : money .
Though Mr. Duvalier has long been accused of looting $ 300 million before fleeing , his lawyers and friends have said that much of his money was squandered on a lavish lifestyle of jewelry , chateaus , fancy cars and a very expensive divorce from his ex-wife .
But about $ 4 million still sits frozen in an account in Switzerland , and Mr. Duvalier has publicly vowed to make every effort to get it . Haitian officials , human rights advocates and political analysts believe that Mr. Duvalier came back to the country for the sole purpose of making an end run around a new law that will make it harder for him to do that . |
The Problem with Alliances: Britain and the Falklands ... | tc_1364 | Great Briton fought which country over the Falkland Islands? | {
"answer_start": [
4573
],
"text": [
"argentinia"
]
} | The Problem with Alliances : Britain and the Falklands | Cato Institute
The Problem with Alliances : Britain and the Falklands
By Doug Bandow
This article appeared in the Daily Caller on April 2 , 2010 .
Washington collects alliances like people collect Facebook “ friends. ” As the Falklands Islands dispute heats up again , the U.S. finds itself being pressed to take sides . It turns out that collecting allies can be expensive .
Nearly 30 years ago Argentina and Great Britain fought an improbable war over the lightly populated British colonial outpost ( called the Malvinas by Buenos Aires ) . The islands likely had been visited by Patagonian Indians but were uninhabited when first discovered by Europeans , probably either the Portuguese or Spanish .
France established the first known settlement , followed by Great Britain . The Spanish took over the French claim and demolished the British community . The two countries settled their dispute in 1771 and Britain eventually withdrew . Revolution caused Argentina to supplant Spain . The former established a settlement in 1828 , which was attacked by U.S. warships after a seal-hunting dispute . The British returned in 1833 in force and re-established control .
So who “ owns ” the island ?
The proper answer is : who cares ? Alas , fishing rights and possible oil deposits are involved , as well as national pride . Buenos Aires began pressing its claim in 1945 when it signed the United Nations Charter . The two countries negotiated in the 1960s , but no settlement emerged since the Falklands residents wanted to remain British . In 1982 the Argentine military junta invaded the islands , apparently hoping that London would accept the loss . Instead , Britain responded with force , winning a short but sharp war .
The junta was swept from power ; Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher won a landslide re-election . The two nations renewed diplomatic ties in 1992 but the issue languished , until a British oil company recently began exploratory drilling in island waters . Argentine President Christina Kirchner accused London of violating her nation ’ s sovereignty . In early February her government blocked departure of a ship with supplies for the drilling operation .
Argentina ’ s foreign minister recently met with United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon , who offered to mediate . Moreover , 32 Latin American governments expressed their support for “ the legitimate rights of the republic of Argentina in the sovereignty dispute with Great Britain . ”
The appropriate question for Washington is : what does this have to do with the U.S. ? Alas , both Argentina and Britain want America ’ s support . And out of London has come the plaintive plea : aren ’ t we allies ?
The U.S. has no discernible interest in the controversy . England controls the islands , but that doesn ’ t mean its control is legitimate : Washington ’ s position has been to support British administration , not sovereignty . Obviously , the dispute should be handled peacefully . But President Barack Obama , whose Kenyan grandfather apparently was tortured by British colonial overlords during the 1950 ’ s “ Mau Mau ” revolt , has no reason to defend this vestige of Britain ’ s colonial past .
On her recent visit to Buenos Aires Secretary of State Hillary Clinton suggested that the dispute be handled by the UN . Of course , no Western industrialized nation should want its affairs decided by the denizens of Turtle Bay . The secretary was on firmer ground in offering Washington ’ s “ help in facilitating ” negotiations .
Alas , in London anything other than full-throated support is being treated as disloyalty of the most monstrous character . Officially , the British government expressed its thanks to Secretary Clinton but denied any need for mediation . The private reaction was less restrained . Con Coughlin of the Daily Telegraph wrote that “ British officials are angry at what they regard as a cavalier disregard for Britain ’ s interests at a time when Britain is the only major European power committed significant numbers of combat troops to fight in Afghanistan . ”
British analyst Nile Gardiner , of the Washington-based Heritage Foundation , argued in late February : “ If the Obama administration does not take a clear position in support of London , the Anglo-American Special Relationship will be significantly damaged . It is imperative that in the coming days the White House issues an unequivocal statement backing UK sovereignty over the Falklands in the face of Argentinian bullying . ” |
The Undercurrents Of A Tanker Disaster - tribunedigital ... | tc_1367 | Which oil tanker disastrously ran aground off 'Brittany in 1987? | {
"answer_start": [
302
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"text": [
"amoco cadiz"
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} | The Undercurrents Of A Tanker Disaster - tribunedigital-chicagotribune
The Undercurrents Of A Tanker Disaster
August 10 , 1987|By Reviewed by Michael Arndt , A Tribune financial reporter .
Superwreck
By Rudolph Chelminski
William Morrow & Co. , 242 pages , $ 17.95
On March 16 , 1978 , the Amoco Cadiz , a supertanker weighted with 58 million gallons of crude oil , encountered a late winter gale off the rocky coast of Brittany . Lesser ships weather heavier seas , but the Cadiz was fatally injured .
At 9:45 a.m. , the ship ` s steering mechanism broke . By the end of the day , the foundering ship had run aground and was splitting apart .
Oil gushing from its holds coated about 250 miles of coast rich with shellfish and caused an ecological disaster that the French say cost them as much as $ 1.2 billion -- a sum they are still trying to collect in court from Amoco Corp. , the ship ` s owner . It was history ` s worst oil tanker spill .
Author Rudolph Chelminski concludes that events needn ` t have turned out this way . Despite his book ` s subtitle , `` Amoco Cadiz : The Shipwreck That Had to Happen , `` Chelminski makes a case that the spill could have been prevented had Amoco not been so greedy .
Amoco executives , Chelminski writes , knew the Cadiz had problems with hydraulic cylinders that controlled its rudder even before it set sail in 1974 . Yet repairs were postponed to keep the ship at sea . The reason : The Cadiz earned $ 28,000 in rental fees every day it ferried oil between the Persian Gulf and Europe .
Once the ship lost its rudder , Chelminski argues , more could have been done to avert the grounding . The Cadiz ` s captain , Pasquale Bardari , apparently fearful of what bosses in Chicago would say , did not summon help for 1 1/2 hours after losing control of the ship . After a tugboat arrived , he haggled for hours over terms of the tow to save money .
Bardari radioed Chicago several times to speak with Amoco superiors but never issued an SOS call until the ship was speared by coastal rocks , the author says .
The French were not entirely innocent bystanders , either . Chelminski points out that several French maritime offices carefully monitored the Cadiz as it loomed toward shore but did nothing .
Chelminski , a European correspondent for Reader ` s Digest , has documented his arguments from court proceedings in Chicago and London , press accounts and his own notes from his coverage of the spill .
Descriptions of the tanker , which he compares to a `` bloated and underpowered oilpot , `` and of life in its comfortable cabin , are vivid .
At times his writing is grandiloquent , however . Chelminski writes that of the six engineering officers , `` no fewer than four held chief engineer ` s licenses. `` Better to say simply that four had engineer ` s licenses , if that indeed was the number . There are also a few errors . The initial French claim for damages was 1.9 billion francs , not $ 1.9 billion , and the pollution headed east along Brittany , not west , which would have been to the open sea .
But on the whole , `` Superwreck `` is a solid , in-depth look into the miserable life and infamous death of the Amoco Cadiz .
MORE : |
BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985: Live Aid makes millions for ... | tc_1368 | Where did the US side of the Band Aid concert take place? | {
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"text": [
"philadelphia"
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} | BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985 : Live Aid makes millions for Africa
1985 : Live Aid makes millions for Africa
The Live Aid concert for the starving in Africa has raised triple the �10m expected .
And as the London event draws to a close at Wembley Stadium , Britain had contributed �1,100,000 to the global total of �30m .
Described as the Woodstock of the eighties , the world 's biggest rock festival was organised by Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof to raise money for famine relief in Africa .
Wembley was packed with a crowd of 72,000 , andTV pictures , co-ordinated at BBC Television Centre , have been beamed to over 1.5 bn people in 160 countries in the biggest broadcast ever known .
The transatlantic concert began in London 's midday sunshine with a fanfare for Prince Charles and Princess Diana and Status Quo performing Rocking All over the World .
Stars were flown in by helicopter into the arena in a line-up that included David Bowie , Wham and royal favourites Dire Straits .
Do n't go to the pub tonight - please stay in and give us your money
Bob Geldof
Frequent appeals by Bob Geldof reminded viewers of the motive for the occasion : `` Do n't go to the pub tonight . Please stay in and give us your money . There are people dying now . ''
He himself took the call from the ruling family in Dubai who made the biggest single donation of �1m .
Across the UK eight appeal centres were set up with 200 phone lines to handle - mainly credit card - donations of up to �2,000 .
In the US 22,000 pledges were received within five minutes of the Beach Boys taking to the stage in the simultaneous concert at JFK Stadium , Philadelphia .
The 16-hour music marathon is being completed there tonight with acts including Bob Dylan , Duran Duran and Paul Simon .
Nine months after the droughts , disease and famine in north eastern Africa were brought to the media 's attention the UN has warned that 160m people are still affected .
Governments have begun a global relief operation but there are still problems of distribution in the worst hit areas - mainly Sudan and Ethiopia . |
Natan Sharansky - YouTube | tc_1369 | Natan Sharansky was released from prison in the USSR to begin a new life where? | {
"answer_start": [
604
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"text": [
"israel"
]
} | Natan Sharansky - YouTube
Natan Sharansky
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Published on Apr 30 , 2013
Natan Sharansky
A little background : Sharansky was a Soviet refusenik . He became an advocate for human rights in the Soviet Union in the 1970s after he was refused a visa to travel to Israel . He endured 13 years of hard labor and solitary confinement before becoming the first political prisoner released by Gorbachev . He says he kept his sanity in prison by playing blind chess by himself . Sharansky also defeated World Chess champion , Garry Kasparov , in a game during a simultaneous chess exhibition event .
Category |
1988: The Bicentenary & Australia Day | tc_1371 | Which country celebrated its bicentenary in 1988? | {
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1628
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"text": [
"federal australia"
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} | 1988 : The Bicentenary – Australia Day
2016 Australia Day Message
On Australia Day 1988 Sydney Harbour , that 'chief amphitheatre of Australian life ' , was again the centre of attention . This time the extraordinary spectacle attracting some two million people to its shores was the arrival of Tall Ships from around the world and the First Fleet re-enactment . By contrast , the tent city of the Bicentennial Exhibition travelled the country visiting thirty-four cities and towns to involve Australians in the celebration . That year 's journey and the Exhibition 's scope showed how far planners of the 1988 event had come from those organising the March to Nationhood pageant in Sydney in 1938 and the three months ' celebrations there . The federal government , by taking responsibility for the Bicentenary with the setting up of the Australian Bicentennial Authority ( ABA ) in 1980 , signalled a different approach to the NSW government 's two-year preparations for the Sesquicentenary .
Even before this event , the federal government had become involved in promoting Australia Day , by taking up the mantle worn by the ANA since the 1880s , especially in Victoria . In 1946 the ANA in Melbourne had begun the transition by prompting the formation of an Australia Day Committee ( later known as Australia Day Council ) , drawn from representatives of many community organisations . Its purpose was to educate the public about the significance of Australia Day . In 1960 it introduced the Australian of the Year award . Similar groups formed in the other states took turns with the Victorian group in acting as the Federal Australia Day Council ( FADC ) . In 1980 the federal government 's newly-created National Australia Day Committee , based in the national capital , Canberra , took over that role with the FADC 's agreement .
The new Committee , set up to help interested groups make future celebrations 'truly national and Australia-wide ' , adopted a fresh approach to Australia Day . Its forum for state representatives in 1980 agreed that 26 January 1788 'should be seen as a day of contact , not of conquest…the day which began the fusion of Australians ' . The theme , 'ONE LAND , ONE PEOPLE ' , would best reflect 'the spirit of Australia Day ' . The Committee and the federal government were struggling with what respected Committee member , Sir Asher Joel , termed 'the crisis of identity…of establishing an Australian identity which will unite each and every one of us , surmounting all the borders , imaginary or real , of race , creed or class status ' . Another member , Graham Allan , chairman of the National Youth Advisory Group , argued that the challenge was convincing the young that Australia Day had meaning , especially when 'we are not precisely sure , ourselves what meaning ought to be attributed to it ' .
FIGURE 18 : View of the crowd at new Parliament House , Canberra for the Canberra leg of the Caltex Bicentennial Bike Ride , ca 1988 — a contrast to the Australian Natives ' Association 's wheel race in 1897 . Source : nla.pic-an24526897 , National Library of Australia
At the 1981 forum with the theme , 'ONE NATION — ONE FUTURE ' , speakers looked for ways Australians could find unity in diversity . The composition of Australia 's population had changed dramatically since the end of World War II with fewer British people wanting to migrate and increasing numbers of immigrants coming from Europe and later other parts of the world . For a country which had taken pride in being British and white , the change was remarkable . Between 1970 and 1990 the percentage of immigrants in Australia born in the British Isles dropped from 47.3 to 19.4 . At the same time Aborigines were pressing ahead in their campaign for citizens ' rights , encouraged by the passing of the referendum in 1967 which gave the federal government power to legislate on Aboriginal matters . Radical Aborigines , angered by the federal government 's rejection of their land rights , set up a tent embassy in front of Parliament House on the evening of Australia Day 1972 to protest against being treated as outcasts in their own country . The Aboriginal flag designed by Harold Thomas the previous year became a powerful symbol , not just for the embassy but other Aboriginal organisations and Aboriginal people generally .
National symbols were preoccupying the Prime Minister , Malcolm Fraser . He acknowledged at the 1981 forum that 'we can not expect new symbols of our national awareness to take a grip overnight |
Bette Nesmith Graham Invented Liquid Paper | tc_1372 | The mother of which Monkee invented typewriter correction fluid? | {
"answer_start": [
1791
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"text": [
"michael nesmith"
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} | Bette Nesmith Graham Invented Liquid Paper
Share
By Mary Bellis
It was originally called `` mistake out '' , the invention of Bette Nesmith Graham , a Dallas secretary and a single mother raising a son * on her own . Graham used her own kitchen blender to mix up her first batch of liquid paper or white out , a substance used to cover up mistakes made on paper .
Background - Bette Nesmith Graham
Bette Nesmith Graham never intended to be an inventor ; she wanted to be an artist . However , shortly after World War II ended , she found herself divorced with a small child to support . She learned shorthand and typing and found employment as an executive secretary . An efficient employee who took pride in her work , Graham sought a better way to correct typing errors . She remembered that artists painted over their mistakes on canvas , so why couldnt typists paint over their mistakes ?
Invention of Liquid Paper
Bette Nesmith Graham put some tempera waterbased paint , colored to match the stationery she used , in a bottle and took her watercolor brush to the office .
continue reading below our video
Should I Roll Over my 401K to an IRA ?
She used this to correct her typing mistakes her boss never noticed . Soon another secretary saw the new invention and asked for some of the correcting fluid . Graham found a green bottle at home , wrote `` Mistake Out '' on a label , and gave it to her friend . Soon all the secretaries in the building were asking for some , too .
Bette Nesmith Graham - The Mistake Out Company
In 1956 , Bette Nesmith Graham started the Mistake Out Company ( later renamed Liquid Paper ) from her North Dallas home . She turned her kitchen into a laboratory , mixing up an improved product with her electric mixer . Grahams son , Michael Nesmith ( later of The Monkees fame ) , and his friends filled bottles for her customers . Nevertheless , she made little money despite working nights and weekends to fill orders . One day an opportunity came in disguise . Graham made a mistake at work that she couldnt correct , and her boss fired her . She now had time to devote to selling Liquid Paper , and business boomed .
Bette Nesmith Graham and Liquid Paper 's Success
By 1967 , it had grown into a million dollar business . In 1968 , she moved into her own plant and corporate headquarters , automated operations , and had 19 employees . That year Bette Nesmith Graham sold one million bottles . In 1975 , Liquid Paper moved into a 35,000-sq . ft. , international headquarters building in Dallas . The plant had equipment that could produce 500 bottles a minute . In 1976 , the Liquid Paper Corporation turned out 25 million bottles . Its net earnings were $ 1.5 million . The company spent $ 1 million a year on advertising , alone .
Bette Nesmith Graham believed money to be a tool , not a solution to a problem . She set up two foundations to help women find new ways to earn a living . Graham died in 1980 , six months after selling her corporation for $ 47.5 million . |
Hawker Siddeley Harrier - Military Wiki - Wikia | tc_1374 | What type of aircraft is the Hawker Siddley Harrier? | {
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166
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"text": [
"jump jet"
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British Aerospace Harrier II
The Hawker Siddeley Harrier , known colloquially as the `` Harrier Jump Jet '' , was developed in the 1960s and formed the first generation of the Harrier series of aircraft . It was the first operational close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing ( V/STOL ) capabilities and the only truly successful V/STOL design of the many that arose in that era . The Harrier was produced directly from the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel prototypes following the cancellation of a more advanced supersonic aircraft , the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 . The British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) ordered the Harrier GR.1 and GR.3 variants in the late 1960s . It was exported to the United States as the AV-8A , for use by the US Marine Corps ( USMC ) , in the 1970s .
The RAF positioned the bulk of their Harriers in West Germany to defend against a potential invasion of Western Europe by the Soviet Union ; the unique abilities of the Harrier allowed the RAF to disperse their forces away from vulnerable airbases . The USMC used their Harriers primarily for close air support , operating from amphibious assault ships , and , if needed , forward operating bases . Harrier squadrons saw several deployments overseas . The Harrier 's ability to operate with minimal ground facilities and very short runways allowed it to be used at locations unavailable to other fixed-wing aircraft . The Harrier received criticism for having a high accident rate and for a time-consuming maintenance process .
In the 1970s the British Aerospace Sea Harrier was developed from the Harrier for use by the Royal Navy ( RN ) on Invincible-class aircraft carriers . The Sea Harrier and the Harrier fought in the 1982 Falklands War , in which the aircraft proved to be crucial and versatile . The RN Sea Harriers provided fixed-wing air defence while the RAF Harriers focused on ground-attack missions in support of the advancing British land force . The Harrier was also extensively redesigned as the AV-8B Harrier II and British Aerospace Harrier II by the team of McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace . The innovative Harrier family and its Rolls-Royce Pegasus engines with thrust vectoring nozzles have generated long-term interest in V/STOL aircraft . Similar V/STOL operational aircraft include the contemporary Soviet Yakovlev Yak-38 . A V/STOL variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is currently under development .
Contents
Main article : Hawker Siddeley P.1127
The Harrier 's design was derived from the Hawker P.1127 . Prior to developing the P.1127 Hawker Aircraft had been working on a replacement for the Hawker Hunter , the Hawker P.1121 . [ 2 ] The P.1121 was cancelled after the release of the British Government 's 1957 Defence White Paper , which advocated a policy shift away from manned aircraft and towards missiles . This policy resulted in the termination of the majority of aircraft development projects then underway for the British military . [ 3 ] Hawker sought to quickly move on to a new project and became interested in Vertical Take Off/Landing ( VTOL ) aircraft , which did not need runways . [ N 1 ] According to Air Chief Marshal Sir Patrick Hine this interest may have been stimulated by the presence of Air Staff Requirement 345 , which sought a V/STOL ground attack fighter for the Royal Air Force . [ 5 ]
Design work on the P.1127 was formally started in 1957 by Sir Sydney Camm , Ralph Hooper of Hawker Aircraft and Stanley Hooker ( later Sir Stanley Hooker ) of the Bristol Engine Company . [ 6 ] The close cooperation between Hawker , the airframe company , and Bristol , the engine company , was viewed by project engineer Gordon Lewis as one of the key factors that allowed the development of the Harrier to continue in spite of technical obstacles and political setbacks . [ 7 ] Rather than using rotors or a direct jet thrust , the P.1127 had an innovative vectored thrust turbofan engine , the Pegasus . The Pegasus I was rated at 9,000 pounds ( [ convert : unit mismatch ] ) of thrust and first ran in September 1959 . [ 8 ] A contract for two development prototypes was signed in June 1960 and the first flight followed in October 1960 . [ 8 ] Of the six prototypes built three crashed—including one during an air display at the 1963 Paris Air Show . [ 9 ]
Tripartite evaluation
Edit
Hawker Siddeley XV-6A Kestrel in later USAF markings
In 1961 |
Trans-Alaska Pipeline - Earthly Issues Site Map | tc_1376 | What does the Transalaska Pipeline System transport? | {
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
"oil"
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} | 13 billionth barrel reaches VMT
The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System was designed and constructed to move oil from the North Slope of Alaska to the northern most ice- free port- Valdez , Alaska .
Length : 800 miles .
Crosses three mountain ranges and over 800 rivers and streams .
Cost to build : $ 8 billion in 1977 , largest privately funded construction project at that time .
Construction began on March 27 , 1975 and was completed on May 31 , 1977 .
First oil moved through the pipeline on June 20 , 1977 .
Over 14 billion barrels have moved through the Trans Alaska Pipeline System .
First tanker to carry crude oil from Valdez : ARCO Juneau , August 1 , 1977 .
Tankers loaded at Valdez : 16,781 through March 2001 .
Storage tanks in Valdez- 18 with total storage capacity of 9.1 million barrels total .
Gulkana River tiered-arch bridge
The consortium of companies that own TAPS today includes :
BP Pipelines ( Alaska ) Inc. 46.93 %
ConocoPhillips Transportation Alaska , Inc. 28.29 %
ExxonMobil Pipeline Company , 20.34 %
Koch Alaska Pipeline Company , L.L.C. , 3.08 %
Pipeline Operations
Operators at the Valdez Operations Control Center monitor the performance of pipeline operations
Maximum daily throughput — 2.136 million bbl. , avg .
( With 11 pump stations operating ) . Rates exceeding 1,440,000 bbl./day assume drag reduction agent ( DRA ) injection .
Maximum daily throughput — 2000 ( with 7 pump stations operating ) — .99 million bbl. , avg . Rates exceeding 1,000,000 bbl./day assume DRA injection
Fuel required for all operations ( fuel oil equivalent ) — 210,000 gal/day ( also see fuel requirements under Pump Stations , and Marine Terminal ) .
Pressure —
Operating , maximum — 1,180 psi
Pump Station facilities in original design — 12 pump stations with 4 pumps each .
Pump Stations operating , Nov. 1 , 1998 — 7 : PS 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 12 . PS 5 is a relief station only . PS 11 is a security site . PS 8 placed in standby June 30 , 1996 . PS 10 placed in standby July 1 , 1996 . PS 2 placed in standby July 1 , 1997 . PS 6 placed in standby August 8 , 1997 .
Pipeline Engineering
Cost
Approximately $ 8 billion for construction of entire system , including Terminal and pump stations , at conclusion of initial construction period in 1977 . Does not include interest on capital investment , or capital construction after 1977 .
Concrete weights
Pipe coating , river crossings — 75,000 lbs . per 40-ft. section
Saddles , flood plains — 18,500 lbs . each
Mainline crossings
Road crossings , refrigerated — Glenn Highway at Glennallen
Design modes
Selection — Soil sampling and other means were used to determine soil types along the route . Where thaw-stable soils were found , the pipeline was buried in the conventional manner . In areas of thaw-unstable soils , and where heat from the oil in the pipeline might cause thawing and consequent loss of soil foundation stability , the pipeline was insulated and elevated above ground by means of a unique support system .
Basic types and miles of each —
Above-ground — 420 mi .
Refrigerated below-ground — 4 mi .
Description —
Above-ground — Specially designed vertical supports were placed in drilled holes or driven into the ground . In warm permafrost and other areas where heat might cause undesirable thawing , the supports contain two each , 2-inch pipes called `` heat pipes , '' containing anhydrous ammonia , which vaporizes below ground , rises and condenses above-ground , removing ground heat whenever the ground temperature exceeds the temperature of the air . Heat is transferred through the walls of the heat pipes to aluminum radiators atop the pipes .
Conventional below-ground — The pipe is underlain with a layer of fine bedding material and covered with prepared gravel padding and soil fill material , in a ditch from 8 ft. to 16 ft. deep in most locations , but up to 49 ft. deep at one location . Zinc ribbons , which serve as sacrificial anodes to inhibit corrosion of the pipe , are buried alongside the pipeline . The Atigun pipe replacement section , 8.5 miles in length , has four magnesium ribbon sacrificial anodes installed . Electrical currents in the earth 's surface , |
History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571) | tc_1378 | What was the name of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine? | {
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15
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"nautilus"
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History of USS NAUTILUS ( SSN 571 )
Current OIC Biography
Construction of NAUTILUS was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission , under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover , USN .
In July of 1951 , Congress authorized construction of the world 's first nuclear powered submarine . On December 12th of that year , the Navy Department announced that she would be the sixth ship of the fleet to bear the name NAUTILUS . Her keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman at the Electric Boat Shipyard in Groton , Connecticut on June 14 , 1952 .
After nearly 18 months of construction , NAUTILUS was launched on January 21 , 1954 with First Lady Mamie Eisenhower breaking the traditional bottle of champagne across NAUTILUS ' bow as she slid down the ways into the Thames River . Eight months later , on September 30 , 1954 , NAUTILUS became the first commissioned nuclear powered ship in the United States Navy .
On the morning of January 17 , 1955 , at 11 am EST , NAUTILUS ' first Commanding Officer , Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson , ordered all lines cast off and signaled the memorable and historic message , `` Underway On Nuclear Power . '' Over the next several years , NAUTILUS shattered all submerged speed and distance records .
On July 23 , 1958 , NAUTILUS departed Pearl Harbor , Hawaii under top secret orders to conduct `` Operation Sunshine '' , the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship . At 11:15 pm on August 3 , 1958 , NAUTILUS ' second Commanding Officer , Commander William R. Anderson , announced to his crew , `` For the world , our country , and the Navy - the North Pole . '' With 116 men aboard , NAUTILUS had accomplished the `` impossible '' , reaching the geographic North Pole - 90 degrees North .
In May 1959 , NAUTILUS entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard , Kittery , Maine for her first complete overhaul - the first of any nuclear powered ship - and the replacement of her second fuel core . Upon completion of her overhaul in August 1960 , NAUTILUS departed for a period of refresher training , then deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to become the first nuclear powered submarine assigned to the U.S. Sixth Fleet .
Over the next six years , NAUTILUS participated in several fleet exercises while steaming over 200,000 miles . In the spring of 1966 , she again entered the record books when she logged her 300,000th mile underway . During the following 12 years , NAUTILUS was involved in a variety of developmental testing programs while continuing to serve alongside many of the more modern nuclear powered submarines she had preceded .
In the spring of 1979 , NAUTILUS set out from Groton , Connecticut on her final voyage . She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard , Vallejo , California on May 26 , 1979 - her last day underway . She was decommissioned on March 3 , 1980 after a career spanning 25 years and over half a million miles steamed .
In recognition of her pioneering role in the practical use of nuclear power , NAUTILUS was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior on May 20 , 1982 . Following an extensive historic ship conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard , NAUTILUS was towed to Groton , Connecticut arriving on July 6 , 1985 .
On April 11 , 1986 , eighty-six years to the day after the birth of the Submarine Force , Historic Ship NAUTILUS , joined by the Submarine Force Museum , opened to the public as the first and finest exhibit of its kind in the world , providing an exciting , visible link between yesterday 's Submarine Force and the Submarine Force of tomorrow . |
Automobile Ignition System History - Motor Era | tc_1380 | Which American company pioneered electric ignition in motor cars? | {
"answer_start": [
152
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"text": [
"cadillac"
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} | Automobile Ignition System History
Automobile History
IGNITION SYSTEM
Early one September morning in 1908 , Ernest Sweet , chief engineer for the Cadillac Motor Car Co. , stepped off a train in Dayton , Ohio . He was met by an engineer who worked for National Cash Register .
In the five years he had spent at NCR , the younger man -- he was 32 -- had invented an electrically operated cash register that did away with hand cranking . He had also developed OK Charge Phone , the nation 's first `` automated '' credit checking system . This magnetic device , placed in a cash register , allowed a sales person to press register keys and transmit information about a charge customer 's purchase to a central office . Approval or disapproval was then telephoned back to the counter . The young man 's contemporaries thought him a genius .
However , Sweet was not in Dayton to discuss cash registers . At the urging of his boss , Henry M. Leland , he was there to test-drive a Cadillac Roadster owned by the NCR engineer . Leland had received a letter from the Dayton resident describing a `` flawless '' battery ignition system for motor vehicles . Magneto ignition was the standard in those days because battery ignition just did not work . Sparkplugs fouled , vibrators failed , and batteries often gave out after 500 miles . Brief encounters with battery ignition by other carmakers -- Duryea in 1893 , for example -- caused them to return to the reliable magneto .
For the next eight hours , Sweet drove the Cadillac over the hills surrounding Dayton , putting the Roadster through every rigorous test he knew . As the young engineer had promised , the ignition system performed flawlessly . As a result of this test , Leland met the NCR engineer several weeks later at Cadillac headquarters in Detroit to personally hand him a contract calling for 8,000 of his battery ignition units -- enough for every Cadillac that would be produced in 1910 . The young engineer was Charles Franklin Kettering . In the years ahead , his influence on General Motors would rival even that of Leland .
What had Kettering done that allowed a battery ignition to perform reliably ? To start with , he combined the standard four induction coils ( one for each sparkplug ) into one by placing them in a heat-resistant , solidly anchored , armored-steel box and connecting them in series . This did away with the nagging problem of rapid coil failure caused by vibration and heat , and also allowed conservation of power . Battery life was therefore extended .
Kettering also eliminated the individual vibrators ( also called `` tremblers '' ) - - one for each coil -- that made and broke the circuit . He replaced them with a single master set of contact points connected to a condenser . The condenser drew excess current away from the points , contributing to their longevity .
Tremblers ( steel springs ) were susceptible to loosening by vibration . This required motorists to make frequent adjustments . The devices also quickly burned themselves to death as a result of electrical arcing . Kettering 's ignition produced a much hotter spark than ever before , using less battery current , which extended component life .
The contract Leland handed Kettering enabled him to quit NCR and begin his own business , which he called Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co. -- Delco for short . More important , the contract put Kettering 's mind solely on perfecting what was to be the standard auto ignition system -- one that 's still with us today -- and on development of the self-starter .
Yet , when the 1910 Cadillac Model 30 hit the showrooms , customers found that it possessed two independent ignition systems -- the much-heralded Delco and the standard magneto , installed just in case .
Although it was only another two years before dry cells were replaced by storage batteries , it was quite a while longer before storage batteries attained any degree of reliability .
As late as 1935 , some manufacturers were still placing magnetos into cars . But , for all intents and purposes , the end of the magneto came with the end of the Model T Ford in 1927 . Ford refused to trust battery ignition for the Model T , even after the development of more reliable storage batteries . So , every Model T came with a self-starter and battery for `` modern starting , '' and a hand crank that sprung the |
History of the Photocopier Machine - Photocopier & Print News | tc_1381 | Who invented the world's first photocopier? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"chester carlson"
]
} | History of the Photocopier Machine
Articles Photocopier guides History of the Photocopier Machine
History of the Photocopier Machine
Posted on November 22nd , 2012 · Posted in Photocopier guides
In October 1937 Chester Carlson , a patent attorney in New York , invented a process called electro photography . In 1938 , this was renamed Xerography and the first known photocopy was the `` 10-22-38 Astoria '' . The Xerography copying process went on to become one of the most well known inventions of the 20th century . Carlson received world acclaim and became extremely wealthy as his invention created a billion-dollar industry . It is estimated that Carlson gave away almost $ 100 million to charity and foundations before his death in 1968 .
Development of Xerography
But Xerography was not , at least at first , a popular invention . In fact , it was ten years before Carlson found a company to develop Xerography . A New York-based photo-paper manufacturer called The Haloid Company took up the challenge . The Haloid Company later went on to become Xerox Corporation .
The First Office Copier
In 1955 , Haloid - by then Haloid Xerox - produced Copyflo , the first automated xerographic machine . However , it was n't until 22 years after electro photography had first been conceived that the first true office copier was produced . 1958 saw the introduction of the first-ever commercial push button photocopier machine the 914 .
Good Times For Xerox
The 914 was a phenomenal success . In just three years , Haloid Xerox 's income went from $ 2 million in 1960 - when the first 914 was sold - to over $ 22 million by 1963.In 1961 , Haloid Xerox shortened its name to Xerox and its stock was listed on the New York Stock Exchange . Their phenomenal success continued as Xerox introduced 24 new products over the next 20 years .
Changing Market
But Xerox domination was about to change . New manufacturers were appearing on the sidelines , gearing up to challenge Xerox and re-brand what the world knew as a Xerox machine to a photocopy machine or photocopier . One of the greatest marketing battles of the 20th century was about to begin .
Xerox vs the Copier
Ricoh was emerging as a potential competitor to Xerox as early as 1955 when they developed the RiCopy 101 Diazo copier . By 1975 they had developed the prize-winning RiCopy DT 1200 and were starting to challenge Xerox 's hold over the market . The next decade would see a surprising change as companies traditionally known for photography began to break into the office equipment market . Brands such as Minolta , Panasonic , Toshiba , Sharp , Konica and Canon started to produce small office copiers that were to challenge Xerox 's domination of the business copier market .
Meanwhile , even Xerox 's domination of the high-volume photocopier market was coming under threat from Kodak and Oce .
New Brands Not Trusted
Manufacturers quickly found that Xerox held enormous customer loyalty . To break this down , copier dealerships were founded . In each country , small local dealerships emerged that offered a `` local service '' , sold by local people . This classic guerrilla marketing move attacked Xerox in a way they had n't anticipated . Since Xerox was a global corporation , the one thing they could n't offer was the intimacy of a small , local business .
Canon was probably the most successful copier company to employ this tactic . By 1985 , they had become the world 's leading photocopier company . Canon invested heavily in development and went on to produce the first colour copier .
Re-branding the Xerox Machine as the Photocopier
The Xerox rivals encouraged their dealers to correct customers whenever they referred to their brand of photocopier as a `` Xerox machine '' . Terms such as `` Xeroxing '' were corrected to `` copying '' and the `` Xerox Machine '' became the `` photocopier machine '' . All of this worked at dissolving the impact and hold of the Xerox brand .
Copiers Today
Today , Xerox continues to be one of the world leaders and a hugely influential and trusted brand name . Despite this , they are no longer the copier market leaders . Whilst the main battle in the photocopier market was being fought between 1975 and 1985 Xerox neglected development in their core business and instead invested millions into the computer market . The line extension for them was difficult despite developing revolutionary technology such as an |
2002 Winter Olympics | Utah.com | tc_1383 | Where were the 2002 Winter Olympic Games held? | {
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92
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"text": [
"salt lake city"
]
} | 2002 Winter Olympics | Utah.com
2002 Winter Olympics
The 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City were an astounding success . Now , Utah residents and visitors alike can enjoy Olympic legacy facilities — Utah Olympic Park , Soldier Hollow and Utah Olympic Oval — which offer an array of activities for people of all ages , abilities and aspirations . Whether you are a recreational enthusiast , developing athlete , spectator or tourist , we encourage you to `` Get Up & Go ! '' for a unique Olympic experience . Read more ...
Discover
Snowbasin
Additional Information
Each venue has been transformed into a community facility , open year-round to the public for post-Games usage . There are introductory Olympic winter sports programs , public skating on `` The Fastest Ice On Earth , '' tours of the Olympic facilities , tubing , cross-country skiing , public bobsled rides , ski jumping and freestyle aerial shows , 2002 Games exhibit and the Joe Quinney Winter Sports Center/Alf Engen Ski Museum .
Get Up & Go !
Games Overview
The XIX Olympic Games took place February 8th through February 24 , 2002 ; afterwards , the VIII Paralympics Winter Games began March 7th , and concluded on March 16 , 2002 .
Salt Lake Olympic Committee 's volunteer program had three phases with approximately 8,000 volunteers for pre-Game activities , 18,000 core volunteers for the Olympic Winter Games , and 6,000 volunteers for the Paralympic Winter Games .
SLOC accredited approximately 70,000 individuals for the Salt Lake Games . An estimated 2,345 athletes and 1,200 officials came from 80 National Olympic Committees ( NOC 's ) . More than 1,100 athletes and officials from 40 regions competed in the Paralympic Olympic Games .
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Do not go gentle into that good night | Academy of ... | tc_1384 | "Who wrote the line, ""Do not go gentle into that good night?" | {
"answer_start": [
875
],
"text": [
"dylan marlais thomas"
]
} | Do not go gentle into that good night - Poems | Academy of American Poets
Academy of American Poets
The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets . For over three generations , the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month , the largest literary celebration in the world ; Poets.org , the Academy ’ s popular website ; American Poets , a biannual literary journal ; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events . Since its founding , the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization .
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His Morning Meditations by Jay Parini
poetic forms
read this poet 's poems
Dylan Marlais Thomas was born on October 27 , 1914 , in Swansea , South Wales . His father was an English Literature professor at the local grammar school and would often recite Shakespeare to Thomas before he could read . He loved the sounds of nursery rhymes , foreshadowing his love for the rhythmic ballads of Gerard Manley Hopkins , W. B. Yeats , and Edgar Allan Poe . Although both of his parents spoke fluent Welsh , Thomas and his older sister never learned the language , and Thomas wrote exclusively in English .
Thomas was a neurotic , sickly child who shied away from school and preferred reading on his own . He read all of D. H. Lawrence 's poetry , impressed by vivid descriptions of the natural world . Fascinated by language , he excelled in English and reading but neglected other subjects . He dropped out of school at sixteen to become a junior reporter for the South Wales Daily Post .
By December of 1932 , he left his job at the Post and decided to concentrate on his poetry full-time . It was during this time , in his late teens , that Thomas wrote more than half of his collected poems .
In 1934 , when Thomas was twenty , he moved to London , won the Poet 's Corner book prize , and published his first book , 18 Poems ( The Fortune press ) , to great acclaim . The book drew from a collection of poetry notebooks that Thomas had written years earlier , as would many of his most popular books . During this period of success , Thomas also began a habit of alcohol abuse .
Unlike his contemporaries , T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden , Thomas was not concerned with exhibiting themes of social and intellectual issues , and his writing , with its intense lyricism and highly charged emotion , has more in common with the Romantic tradition .
Thomas describes his technique in a letter : `` I make one image—though 'make ' is not the right word ; I let , perhaps , an image be 'made ' emotionally in me and then apply to it what intellectual & critical forces I possess—let it breed another , let that image contradict the first , make , of the third image bred out of the other two together , a fourth contradictory image , and let them all , within my imposed formal limits , conflict . ''
Two years after the publication of 18 Poems , Thomas met the dancer Caitlin Macnamara at a pub in London . At the time , she was the mistress of painter Augustus John . Macnamara and Thomas engaged in an affair and married in 1937 . Despite the passionate love letters Thomas would write to her , the marriage was turbulent , with rumors of both having multiple affairs .
About Thomas 's work , Michael Schmidt writes : `` There is a kind of authority to the word magic of the early poems ; in the famous and popular later poems , the magic is all show . If they have a secret it is the one we all share , partly erotic , partly elegiac . The later poems arise out of personality . ''
In 1940 , Thomas and his wife moved to London . He had served as an anti-aircraft gunner but was rejected for more active combat due to illness . To avoid the air raids , the couple left London in 1944 . They eventually settled at Laugharne , in the Boat House where Thomas would write many of his later poems .
Thomas recorded radio shows and worked as a scriptwriter for |
Jennifer Jason Leigh files for divorce just seven months ... | tc_1385 | What is Jennifer Jason Leigh's real name? | {
"answer_start": [
388
],
"text": [
"jennifer morrow"
]
} | Jennifer Jason Leigh files for divorce just seven months after giving birth | Daily Mail Online
comments
It has been just seven months since she gave birth to her son , but Single White Female actress Jennifer Jason Leigh has filed for divorce .
She was married to director Noah Baumbach for five years and it is not yet clear why the couple split .
Jennifer , whose real name is Jennifer Morrow , produced her only child , Rohmer , late in life at the age of 48 .
Happier times : Jennifer and her husband Noah Baumbach pictured holding hands in 2007
New mother : The actress , pictured here in 2007 , gave birth to a son seven months ago
She 's seeking alimony and primary custody of their son with visitation rights for Noah .
The couple first met in 2001 , while working on a production of the Broadway play Proof .
Noah certainly seemed to think the marriage was forever .
Soon after their wedding , he told People magazine : ' I expect to be with [ Leigh ] for the rest of my life ' .
Most recently , the pair co-wrote the Ben Stiller film Greenburg and Jennifer had a supporting role in the film .
While Noah is best-known for writing and directing the films Margot at the Wedding and The Squid and the Whale .
Jennifer has had her share of tragedy .
In 1982 , Jennifer 's father was accidentally killed during a helicopter stunt on the set of Twilight Zone : The Movie .
Following a lawsuit for wrongful death against Warner Brothers and Steven Spielberg , they settled out of court for an undisclosed sum .
Named as one of 'America 's 10 Most Beautiful Women ' by Harper 's Bazaar Magazine in 1989 , she once dated Eric Stoltz and was romantically linked to Robert Downey Jr .
Jennifer became a household name following her role in the 1992 thriller Single White Female .
She played the terrifying part of Hedy , a woman who creepily modelled herself on her room mate , Bridget Fonda 's dynamic character Allie .
The term 'single white female' became synonymous with the act of copying and emulating a female friend as a result of the film .
Jennifer 's most recent role was a guest spot on US hit TV show Weeds , starring opposite Mary Louise Parker .
Jennifer Jason Leigh in Single White Female |
Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde "Death Car" | tc_1388 | Which musical instrument was found in Bonnie & Clyde's car after they were shot? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"saxophone"
]
} | Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde `` Death Car ''
C Melody Soprano , Contralto & Tenor
Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde `` Death Car ''
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0 Thread ( s )
Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde `` Death Car ''
Legendary outlaw Clyde Barrow is remembered for his love of the Ford V-8 , peach ice cream , and a certain female firearms enthusiast . Now , some 7 decades after they met their end in a fusillade of police bullets , their famous Death Car is revealed to have contained a C-melody saxophone among its arsenal .
http : //cgi.ebay.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll ... tem=3621102166
The silver-plated Buescher-stencil Supertone is heavily tarnished , but miraculously free of bullet holes . Includes a contour shaped case , ideal for those who double on `` Chicago fiddle . ''
Opening bid is $ 12,250 . $ 14,000 takes it away . For that much money you could probably get a restorable '34 Ford V-8 ...
Tagged
0 Thread ( s )
Hmmm , I think I 'd rather buy an undocumented beater and hang it on the wall with a certificate that states `` Similar to the Buescher TrueTone owned by ... '' and save myself $ 13,850 .
Go for The Tone ,
Tagged
0 Thread ( s )
C melodies were known to be bullet proof . Now the F saxophone , well that 's a different story . : A-Run :
maybe the c melody oughta have a couple bullet holes in it for 'documentary evidence ' ...
little BLOOD on it would n't hurt , either
Re : Saxophone found in Bonnie & Clyde `` Death Car & am
Originally Posted by paulwl
their famous Death Car is revealed to have contained a C-melody saxophone among its arsenal .
They used a C-melody as a weapon ? Wow , imagine being bludgeoned to death by one of those
I wish I could have heard some of the conversations between Bonnie and Clyde in deciding what weapon to use ? `` Honey , shall I use the machine gun or play them a few bars of St. Louis Blues ? '' !
Billy The Fish
0 Thread ( s )
C melodies were once classified by the League of Nations as `` weapons of mass distraction '' ...
Apparently Clyde really did play while on the lam . A quick web search reveals he was `` obsessed '' with the horn and carried `` reams of music '' around with him .
Some dedicated model maker has even created a diorama of the ambushed Ford , right down to the bloodstained corpses AND the sax case .
Tagged
0 Thread ( s )
If this piece is real ( and I 'm not convinced - when I was a kid , there were no fewer than hundreds of 'Bonnie and Clyde death cars ' touring small midwestern towns - just old jalopies that someone shot full of holes to make money from ) , I would worry about the legality .
According to the website , it comes from the estate of a police officer - but it belonged to the Barrow estate . A smart lawyer would realize that such a piece is not free of legal claims from other , as yet unspecified , people .
Tagged
0 Thread ( s )
SaxDuck ... a smart lawyer would n't take the case ... maybe the horn ... but not the case . And the retainer ? 80 year old cork grease ? And watch those smart lawyers , they will `` pad '' their bills .
I wonder which reeds he used ?
Probably hollow tips . We 'll have to wait for ballistics .
Tagged
0 Thread ( s )
You have to wonder if he only played hits . Anyone heard the rare recording of Clyde doing `` Killing Me Softly '' ?
0 Thread ( s )
Saxduck wrote
According to the website , it comes from the estate of a police officer - but it belonged to the Barrow estate . A smart lawyer would realize that |
1977 - Everything Fleetwood Mac | tc_1390 | What was the only Fleetwood Mac track to top the singles charts in the 70s? | {
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2808
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"text": [
"dreams"
]
} | 1977 - Everything Fleetwood Mac
1977
Apr 09 , 2008 at 06:33 PM
1977
Yesterday 's Gone
The first output from 1976 's recording sessions hit the stores at the end of December and immediately began charging up the charts . `` Go Your Own Way '' and its flip side `` Silver Springs '' were but a taste of what was to come , and a fine taste they are . `` Go Your Own Way '' is certainly the strongest rocker the band produced since 1970 's `` Green Manalishi '' , featuring Lindsey Buckingham flawless playing which builds to a fever-pitch as the song progresses -- and one of the coolest air-guitar songs for many a teenager of that era ( including the author ) ! It 's B-side , the beautiful `` Silver Springs '' , is one of Stevie Nicks ' finest efforts , with her unerring sense of melody and word-imagery featured throughout . The theme of the lyrics for both songs is one of relationships on the rocks , a fitting theme since that is exactly what the two composers were going through . And they were n't alone .
The new album , Rumours , which finally came out in February , followed this theme . Not only was Nicks ' and Buckingham 's relationship ( they were never married ) at an end , but also the McVies were splitting up and Mick Fleetwood , who had reunited with his wife Jenny after the Bob Weston debacle , was also on the verge of divorce . To complicate matters further , the actual recording of the album was plagued with technical difficulties throughout . For example , one of the tape machines at one point chewed up a significant amount of material , earning it the nickname `` Jaws '' and necessitating rerecording the destroyed tape . Situations like this , plus the continued success of the previous album , pushed the release date for Rumours further and further back . It was the first Mac album released on the Warner Bros. label , perhaps indicating the band had been long overdue for a promotion .
It debuted in the Billboard charts at number 10 , and very quickly made it to Number One where it stayed for six months ( May through all of November , a record at the time ) , and was either Number One or Two for a total of ten months ( March 1977 to January 1978 ) . Eventually the album would sell over 25 million copies , becoming one of the top four or five sellers in the whole history of recorded music !
There were four Top Ten singles spawned from Rumours . `` Silver Springs '' was also originally intended for the album , but was dropped at the last minute , ostensibly because there was n't enough room on the disc . But that explanation sounded alot like a cop-out to its composer , and this issue remained a sore-spot for Stevie Nicks ( who was justifiably proud of the song ) for a long time to come .
The second single , Stevie 's ethereal ballad `` Dreams '' , may have eased whatever anxiety she felt , however . It was , after all , the first ( and , as of this writing , the only ) Fleetwood Mac single to top the Billboard US Hot 100 charts ! It was backed by Christine 's excellent `` Songbird '' , a piano- solo ode to her breakup with John . `` Songbird '' was not actually recorded in the studio , but rather it was recorded in the cavernlike emptiness of Zellerback Auditorium ( University of California , Berkeley ) , which very much enhanced the emotionality of the track .
The third single was Christine McVie 's `` Do n't Stop '' , a bouncy song full of hope for the future . So hopeful , in fact , that fifteen years later , in 1992 , Bill Clinton chose this song as the theme song for his successful presidential campaign ! The U.S. single came dressed in a nice picture sleeve -- the first US single so honored -- that was essentially a reprint of the album cover photo .
The final Rumours single was Christine 's `` You Make Loving Fun '' , itself a sort of postscript to 1975 's `` Say You Love Me '' . The British and American releases of the `` Do n't Stop '' and `` You Make Loving Fun '' singles switched B-sides `` Gold Dust Woman '' and `` Never Going Back Again '' . |
The Most Shocking Upsets in Wimbledon History | Bleacher ... | tc_1394 | Who was the defending champion when Billie Jean King first won Wimbledon singles? | {
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745
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"text": [
"margaret smith"
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} | The Most Shocking Upsets in Wimbledon History | Bleacher Report
The Most Shocking Upsets in Wimbledon History
By Jake Curtis , Featured Columnist
Jun 26 , 2013
Use your ← → ( arrow ) keys to browse the slideshow
Mike Hewitt/Getty Images
45
Comments
Rafael Nadal 's stunning straight-sets loss to Steve Darcis in the first round on Monday raises an obvious question : Was that the biggest upset in Wimbledon history ? And what about the second-round losses by Roger Federer and Maria Sharapova ?
All three are certainly in the discussion .
Gauging the magnitude of an upset is a subjective exercise , of course .
Even time can affect the status of an upset . When unseeded 18-year-old Billie Jean Moffitt stunned top-seeded Margaret Smith in Smith 's opening match of the 1962 Wimbledon tournament , it seemed like a major upset . In retrospect , the result does n't seem as surprising because Moffitt , who became Billie Jean King , went on to win six Wimbledon singles titles .
The bottom line in the determination is this : How shocked were tennis fans by the result ?
This proposed list of 15 shocking Wimbledon results was quickly expanded by two with the losses by Federer and Sharapova . So here 's a countdown of the 17 most stunning upsets in Wimbledon history .
17 . Charlie Pasarell over Manuel Santana , 1st Round , 1967
Getty Images/Getty Images
Manuel Santana
Charlie Pasarell 's 10-8 , 6-3 , 2-6 , 8-6 victory over Manuel Santana made the list for one important reason : It was the first time that a defending champion and No . 1 seed had lost in the first round at Wimbledon .
Pasarell was no slouch . He was the top-ranked American and had beaten Santana once out of their only two previous meetings before their 1967 Wimbledon matchup , according to an Associated Press report .
However , he had not had much success at Wimbledon , never getting past the third round in his four previous attempts . It left him unseeded in 1967 .
But this attempt was different .
`` This is the first time I 've had an opportunity to come in advance of Wimbledon and practice on grass , '' Pasarell said after beating Santana , according to Canadian Press .
16 . Arthur Ashe over Jimmy Connors , Finals , 1975
Getty Images/Getty Images
Arthur Ashe
Although Arthur Ashe 's 6-1 , 6-1 , 5-7 , 6-4 victory over Jimmy Connors in the 1975 finals may not have been as surprising as other upsets on this list , it deserves a spot because of the significance of the match and the attention it received .
Connors was an overwhelming 3-to-20 betting favorite against Ashe , according to an ESPN article . In fact , he was a 9-to-10 favorite to win in straight sets .
Ashe , then 31 , was in the Wimbledon final for the first time , making it as the No . 6 seed following a five-set victory over Tony Roche in the semifinals . The top-seeded 22-year-old Connors had not lost a set en route to the final and had lost only six games while beating Ken Rosewall in the 1974 Wimbledon final .
But against Connors , Ashe took the pace off his shots , relying on angles and finesse to frustrate Connors ' powerful groundstrokes .
The shock value of the victory and the way it was achieved resonated for weeks .
15 . Michelle Larcher de Brito over Maria Sharapova , 2nd Round , 2013
Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images
Maria Sharapova had issues with her hip .
Maria Sharapova was having an outstanding 2013 season before her surprising 6-3 , 6-4 second-round loss to Michelle Larcher de Brito , the world 's No . 131 player .
Since her loss in the Australian Open semifinals , Sharapova had lost to only one player on the court , Serena Williams . Sharapova had reached the finals of the last five tournaments she had completed and won two of them . Williams beat her in all three of the others .
Sharapova has not had great success on the grass at Wimbledon , but she won the event in 2004 and was a finalist in 2011 .
Sharapova certainly figured to beat de Brito , who had won only two tournament matches all year , both against players ranked outside the top 200 . De Brito had lost in qualifying to a player ranked |
Charlie Chaplin : The Great Dictator's Speech | tc_1398 | In Chaplin's The Great Dictator, which country did the dictator rule? | {
"answer_start": [
44
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"great dictator"
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} | Charlie Chaplin : The Final Speech from The Great Dictator
The Final Speech from The Great Dictator
Transcript of Charlie Chaplin ’ s Final Speech in The Great Dictator
I ’ m sorry , but I don ’ t want to be an emperor . That ’ s not my business . I don ’ t want to rule or conquer anyone . I should like to help everyone - if possible - Jew , Gentile - black man - white . We all want to help one another . Human beings are like that . We want to live by each other ’ s happiness - not by each other ’ s misery . We don ’ t want to hate and despise one another . In this world there is room for everyone . And the good earth is rich and can provide for everyone . The way of life can be free and beautiful , but we have lost the way .
Greed has poisoned men ’ s souls , has barricaded the world with hate , has goose-stepped us into misery and bloodshed . We have developed speed , but we have shut ourselves in . Machinery that gives abundance has left us in want . Our knowledge has made us cynical . Our cleverness , hard and unkind . We think too much and feel too little . More than machinery we need humanity . More than cleverness we need kindness and gentleness . Without these qualities , life will be violent and all will be lost… .
The aeroplane and the radio have brought us closer together . The very nature of these inventions cries out for the goodness in men - cries out for universal brotherhood - for the unity of us all . Even now my voice is reaching millions throughout the world - millions of despairing men , women , and little children - victims of a system that makes men torture and imprison innocent people .
To those who can hear me , I say - do not despair . The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed - the bitterness of men who fear the way of human progress . The hate of men will pass , and dictators die , and the power they took from the people will return to the people . And so long as men die , liberty will never perish . … ..
Soldiers ! don ’ t give yourselves to brutes - men who despise you - enslave you - who regiment your lives - tell you what to do - what to think and what to feel ! Who drill you - diet you - treat you like cattle , use you as cannon fodder . Don ’ t give yourselves to these unnatural men - machine men with machine minds and machine hearts ! You are not machines ! You are not cattle ! You are men ! You have the love of humanity in your hearts ! You don ’ t hate ! Only the unloved hate - the unloved and the unnatural ! Soldiers ! Don ’ t fight for slavery ! Fight for liberty !
In the 17th Chapter of St Luke it is written : “ the Kingdom of God is within man ” - not one man nor a group of men , but in all men ! In you ! You , the people have the power - the power to create machines . The power to create happiness ! You , the people , have the power to make this life free and beautiful , to make this life a wonderful adventure .
Then - in the name of democracy - let us use that power - let us all unite . Let us fight for a new world - a decent world that will give men a chance to work - that will give youth a future and old age a security . By the promise of these things , brutes have risen to power . But they lie ! They do not fulfil that promise . They never will !
Dictators free themselves but they enslave the people ! Now let us fight to fulfil that promise ! Let us fight to free the world - to do away with national barriers - to do away with greed , with hate and intolerance . Let us fight for a world of reason , a world where science and progress will lead to all men ’ s happiness . Soldiers ! in the name of democracy , let us all unite !
Final speech from The |
The Aristocrat Label - Clemson University | tc_1400 | What was the Aristocrat record label renamed? | {
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1574
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"chess"
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} | The Aristocrat Label
The Aristocrat Label
© Robert L. Campbell , Robert Pruter , George R. White , Tom Kelly , and George Paulus
Last Revised : November 8 , 2016
What Was Aristocrat ?
Revision note.We have adjusted the release schedule for the early months of 1950 , to reflect the company 's decision to rush out Aristocrat 412 by Muddy Waters and the second Aristocrat 410 by Penny Smith , both of which came out in March 1950 . Also Aristocrat 407 by the Blues Rockers was first advertised in December 1949 . We have updated our entry on pop bandleader Sherman Hayes . We have updated our entries on the Blues Bockers , and slightly updated our entry on Country guitarist and singer Dick Hiorns . We have also added more information on Forrest Sykes , the boogie-woogie pianist from Kansas City whom no other label recorded . We have added details on the Four-A Melody Men , the gospel group from Saint Louis that recorded for Aristocrat as the Seven Melody Men . We now have a bio for the singer then known as Penny Smith , who had a much longer and more complex career than we 'd realized : Penny Smith was her third stage name , and in 2016 she is known to most who know her at all by her fifth name , Debbie Dean . We have also added a bio on Bill Walker , whose combo accompanied her on the second Aristocrat 410 . Walker gained his lasting fame as a composer of music for commercials . We have also added some details about Lee Monti 's activities after he finished recording for Aristocrat in December 1947 .
The Aristocrat label was the forerunner to Chess Records , the mighty Chicago independent . But it was different from the label it evolved into , and should not be assimilated to it .
A test pressing from Aristocrat 's first recording session . From the collection of Robert L. Campbell
Aristocrat was officially formed on April 10 , 1947 by Charles Aron ( who was born in Romania in 1907 , and died in Miami , Florida in 1974 ) and his wife Evelyn ( formerly Evelyn Marks , she was born in Chicago in 1919 and died in Boulder , Colorado in 1997 ) . Initially , their partners were Fred and Mildred Brount and Art Spiegel , none of whom took a leadership role in the business . In June , the company became more interested in signing rhythm and blues artists , and took the crucial step of hiring talent scout Sammy Goldberg .
By September 1947 , Leonard Chess , the proprietor of a neighborhood bar and after-hours joint called the Macomba Lounge ( 3905 South Cottage Grove ) , had invested in the company and become involved in the sales end of Aristocrat 's operations . Leonard Chess 's name was first associated with the company in an item that appeared in Billboard on October 11 , 1947 ; he was identified as a new addition to `` the sales staff . '' By then he was already wholesaling Aristocrat product out of the trunk of his Buick . Aristocrat had first drawn Leonard Chess 's attention in June when Sammy Goldberg recruited Tom Archia , the tenor saxophonist who was working in the house trio at the Macomba , for a session led by drummer Jump Jackson . The company liked Archia 's work and promptly brought him back for two more sessions as a leader . In late August or early September , Goldberg was responsible for signing Andrew Tibbs , who sang around the corner from the Macomba at Jimmy 's Palm Garden , and became accustomed to dropping into the Macomba at intermission . Leonard Chess was also interested in recording an artist he believed would be a big success . As it turned out , Sunnyland Slim , who had been recruited by Sammy Goldberg , and Muddy Waters , who had gotten a call from Sunnyland Slim , were recording the same day .
Andrew Tibbs . From the collection of Billy Vera .
Sammy Goldberg 's tenure at the company lasted only a few months ; he moved on after the flurry of recording in the final quarter of 1947 . Over time , Leonard Chess increased his share in the firm by buying the Brounts out . As he became more involved in the record business , he increasingly left the day-to-day operation of the Macomba to his brother Phil . After the Arons separated in 1948 , Leonard Chess and Evelyn Aron ran the firm . |
Why England Slept by Kennedy, John F - Biblio.com | tc_1401 | Which President wrote Why England Slept about the rise of Fascism? | {
"answer_start": [
1476
],
"text": [
"president kennedy"
]
} | Why England Slept by Kennedy , John F
Why England Slept
Kennedy , John F .
New York : Wilfred Funk , Inc , 1940 . First edition . xx , 252 pp . 8vo . Publisher 's rose cloth . Spine faded , light wear to spine ends . First edition . xx , 252 pp . 8vo . JFK 's First Book , Inscribed to Newsman Arthur Krock . The first edition of John F. Kennedy 's first book , inscribed to Arthur Krock : `` To Mr. Krock . Who Baptized , Christened , and was Best Man for this book - with my sincere thanks , Jack Kennedy . '' Arthur Krock ( 1886-1974 ) , the `` Dean of Washington Newsmen , '' was Washington correspondent and bureau chief for the New York Times and wrote the `` In the Nation '' column . He was a close friend and political ally of Joe Kennedy and his children . He advised John F. Kennedy with the revisions of his 1939 senior honors paper , `` Appeasement in Munich , '' in preparation for its publication the following year . It was Krock who suggested the new title , Why England Slept , a response to Churchill 's While England Slept . Krock would continue to advise the young Kennedy , who thanked him In the Preface to Profiles in Courage . Ted Kennedy wrote admiringly of Krock in his tribute volume to his father : `` Mr. Krock has long been one of the most respected newsmen and columnists in Washington . He was won two Pulitzer Prizes for his work . He met Dad [ Joseph Kennedy ] during the New Deal years and won his deep admiration . Mr. Krock advised President Kennedy in the writing of his first book , Why England Slept , and has been a source of valued help to my brothers and myself '' ( Edward Kennedy , The Fruitful Bough : A Tribute to Joseph P. Kennedy , p. 112 ) . [ With : ] As We Remember Joe . Edited by John F. Kennedy . Privately Printed : Cambridge , Mass , 1945 . First edition , second issue . Original burgundy cloth . Fine copy . Inscribed , `` For Martha and Arthur Krock , Bob Kennedy . Christmas 1965 . '' Krock contributed a short reminiscence of Joe Kennedy from the 1940 Democratic National Convention , pp . 39-41 . KENNEDY , Robert F. The Enemy Within . Harper & Brothers : New York , 1960 . First edition . Publisher 's cloth . Spine faded . Inscribed , `` To Arthur Krock , With the thanks and admiration of his friend , Bob Kennedy . '' Krock wrote the foreword to The Enemy Within . The Fruitful Bough : A Tribute to Joseph P. Kennedy . Collected by Edward M. Kennedy . Privately Printed , 1965 . Original blue cloth . Some scuffing to front cover . Inscribed , `` To Arthur Krock , Who helped make The Fruitful Bough possible . With appreciation . Ted Kennedy . Sept 6 1965 . '' With carbon of typescript of Krock 's contribution to the volume as submitted for editing .
Condition : Publisher 's rose cloth . Spine faded , light wear to spine ends
Edition : First edition
Why England Slept .
Kennedy , John F .
New York : Wilfred Funk , Inc , 1940 . First edition . Octavo , bound in full blue leather , all edges gilt . The dedication copy of John F. Kennedy 's first book , Why England Slept , with Rose Kennedy 's embossed name on the front panel . This copy was specially bound for the author 's mother , Rose Kennedy and presented to her . This copy brought $ 52,900 at the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis sale at Sotheby 's in May 1996 . Housed in a full dark blue morocco clamshell box . Unique . Published the year Kennedy graduated from Harvard , Why England Slept was an expansion of his senior thesis . The title is a variation on the title of Winston Churchill 's work , While England Slept , published about two years before Kennedy 's . It was dedicated to John 's parents , Rose and Joe Kennedy . In this work he attempts to explain why England was so poorly prepared for World War II and why England 's leaders settled upon the disastrous policies of appeasement . The book served as a warning to those in our country who felt that appeasing Hitler and staying out of the war was a viable option . It became a |
United States tests first hydrogen bomb - Nov 01, 1952 ... | tc_1402 | Where was the first H bomb exploded in 1952? | {
"answer_start": [
349
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"text": [
"eniwetok"
]
} | United States tests first hydrogen bomb - Nov 01 , 1952 - HISTORY.com
United States tests first hydrogen bomb
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United States tests first hydrogen bomb
Author
United States tests first hydrogen bomb
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Publisher
A+E Networks
The United States detonates the world ’ s first thermonuclear weapon , the hydrogen bomb , on Eniwetok atoll in the Pacific . The test gave the United States a short-lived advantage in the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union . Following the successful Soviet detonation of an atomic device in September 1949 , the United States accelerated its program to develop the next stage in atomic weaponry , a thermonuclear bomb . Popularly known as the hydrogen bomb , this new weapon was approximately 1,000 times more powerful than conventional nuclear devices . Opponents of development of the hydrogen bomb included J. Robert Oppenheimer , one of the fathers of the atomic bomb . He and others argued that little would be accomplished except the speeding up of the arms race , since it was assumed that the Soviets would quickly follow suit.The opponents were correct in their assumptions . The Soviet Union exploded a thermonuclear device the following year and by the late 1970s , seven nations had constructed hydrogen bombs . The nuclear arms race had taken a fearful step forward .
Related Videos |
Amman Queen Alia International Airport - QAIA Airport | tc_1403 | Queen Alia international airport is in which country? | {
"answer_start": [
769
],
"text": [
"jordan"
]
} | Amman Queen Alia International Airport - QAIA Airport
Amman Queen Alia International Airport
Travel Guide
Welcome to Amman Queen Alia International Airport - Amman Airport ( AMM )
Use this website to quickly find the most important information about Amman Queen Alia International Airport : Flights ( Departures , Arrivals ) , Parking , Car Rentals , Hotels near the airport and other information about QAIA airport . Plan your travel to Amman Airport with the information provided in this site . Check Amman Travel Guide at Bautrip for more information about Amman .
Amman Queen Alia International Airport ( IATA : AMM , ICAO : OJAI ) ( Matar al-Malikah 'Alya ' Ad-Dowaly ) is located in Zizya area , 20 miles ( 30km ) south of Amman , the capital city of Jordan . It is the home hub of Royal Jordanian Airlines , the national flag carrier , and Jordan Aviation , Royal Falcon and Royal Wings as well .
In March of 2013 the old terminal closed and the new terminal opened . It was awarded by Airport Council international as the best airport in Middle East in 2014 .
Queen Alia International Airport
( IATA : AMM ) is the biggest airport in Jordan
The airport is located 30 kilometres south of Amman
Amman Airport served 7 Million passengers in 2015
There is only one terminal , which was opened in March 2013
Amman airport is the largest one in Jordan and is being used for approximately 40 airlines from around the world being Royal Jordanian airline the busiest one with over 45 destinations worldwide .
In 2015 , 7,095,685 passengers used the Airport . The number of passengers is growing each year , and the traffic has doubled in the last ten years .
Terminal
QAIA Airport or Amman Airport has one unique terminal , serving the 7 million passengers per year , and being able to handle up to 12 million passengers .
The terminal was opened in March 2013 in order to give a better experience to passengers and giving a capacity of 9 million passengers . From 2014 to 2016 an expansion was made , increasing the capacity up to 12 million passengers .
The terminal is divided in three levels .
- Prayer Rooms
Terminal Levels
- Arrival Level 1 : It holds the arrivals area and the baggage claim area and a duty free shop .
There is also the public area with retail shops , services ( such as Banks , Prayer Room ) and restaurants .
- Departure Level 2 : Divides travelers between Jordanian passengers ( E gates ) and International passengers . There are not many facilities in this level .
- Departure Level 3 : It has the passport control , access to departures gates and a lot of different services . It has the duty free area , several restaurants and bars , some retail shops , a pharmacy , a kids play area , a prayer area or departure gates among others .
QAIA Airport in numbers
- One terminal expanded in 2016 with a total capacity of 12 million passengers .
- Hub for 4 airlines : Royal Jordanian Airlines , Royal Wings , Jordan Aviation and Royal Falcon .
- 2 runways
- More than 40 airlines ( passenger , charter and cargo )
- 6,000 square metres of retail space .
- Estimated investment of USD 750 million in the construction of the new terminal ( 2013 ) . Currently expansion with estimated cost of USD 100 million .
Transportation
There are currently three options :
- Taxi : With fixed and public rates .
- Bus Express : Called Sariyah Airport Express Bus , it runs to Amman every 30-60 ' during 24 hours/day .
- Local buses : to three main stations : Tabarbour , Abdali and JEET .
- Car Hire / Car Rental : Check prices and options here
There is a project in study to connect QAIA Airport with Amman by rail . |
The Dictionary Is the Only Place Where Success Comes ... | tc_1404 | "Which hairdresser said, """"The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary?""" | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"vidal sassoon"
]
} | The Dictionary Is the Only Place Where Success Comes Before Work | Quote Investigator
The Dictionary Is the Only Place Where Success Comes Before Work
Vince Lombardi ? Mark Twain ? Arthur Brisbane ? Vidal Sassoon ? Stubby Currence ? Anonymous ?
Dear Quote Investigator : There is an astute saying about gaining achievements through effort that deftly refers to the alphabetical order of a dictionary . Here are two versions :
1 ) Success comes before work only in the dictionary .
2 ) The dictionary is the only place where success comes before work .
This expression has been attributed to football coach Vince Lombardi , humorist Mark Twain , newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane , hair stylist Vidal Sassoon , and others . Would you please explore its origin ?
Quote Investigator : QI has found no substantive evidence that Mark Twain made this statement . It is not listed on Barbara Schmidt ’ s TwainQuotes.com website , an important reference tool for checking expressions ascribed to the luminary . Also , it does not appear in the large compilation “ Mark Twain at Your Fingertips ” .
The earliest strong match for this saying located by QI was published in 1935 by a newspaper columnist named Stubby Currence . The details are given further below .
QI conjectures that the expression emerged from a precursor statement that was in circulation by the 1920s . The following was printed in a New Castle , Pennsylvania newspaper in 1925 , and the same statement with the words “ for it ” deleted was printed in a Humboldt , Iowa newspaper in 1926 : 1
One way to find success without working for it is to look it up in the dictionary .
Three key vocabulary items were shared with the saying under investigation : “ success ” , “ working ” , and “ dictionary ” . But the meaning here was somewhat different . The reader might find the word “ success ” simply by looking it up in a dictionary , but this action was distinct from actually obtaining worldly success . The wordplay and joke structure here were distinguishable , but there were multiple points of similarity with the phrase being traced .
In 1932 “ The News-Herald ” newspaper of Franklin , Pennsylvania printed another version of the precursor quip . This instance semantically matched the 1925 citation , but syntactically it was closer to the next citation in 1935 : 2
In a dictionary is the only place one can find success without working for it .
In 1935 an expression solidly matching the one given by the questioner was published in the “ Bluefield Daily Telegraph ” of Bluefield , West Virginia . The words appeared in a column called “ The Press Box ” by Stubby Currence who covered sports for the paper . QI does not know whether Currence was the crafter of the jape or simply the transmitter : 3
BUFF SAYS : “ The dictionary is the only place where you come to SUCCESS before you get to WORK . ”
Here are additional selected citations in chronological order .
In 1941 “ The Pampa News ” of Pampa , Texas printed a column titled “ Just between Us Girls ” containing an unattributed instance of the saying that used dialectical spelling : 4
Dictionary am de only place where you come to success befor ’ you git to work .
In 1953 “ The Echo ” newspaper of Richardson , Texas published an unattributed instance together with a miscellaneous set of unrelated items under the title “ Moments ” : 5
Only in the dictionary will you find success coming before work .
In 1954 the saying was incorporated in a classified advertisement in a Syracuse , New York paper : 6
“ THE DICTIONARY IS THE ONLY place where success comes before work . ”
SEE US FOR THE BEST JOBS
National Vocational Ser .
In 1957 the energetic quotation collector and widely-syndicated columnist Bennett Cerf ascribed the saying to Arthur Brisbane who was a famous newspaper editor based in New York who died in 1936 . QI has not found any earlier support for this interesting attribution ; hence , its status remains uncertain : 7
Arthur Brisbane liked to point out that the dictionary is the only place where success comes before work .
In 1980 “ The Penguin Dictionary of Modern Quotations ” included an entry for the saying with a linkage to hairdresser and businessman Vidal Sassoon who credited an unnamed teacher : 8
The |
NASA - What Is a Space Probe? | tc_1406 | Which space probe sent pictures from Mars in 1965? | {
"answer_start": [
1199
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"text": [
"mariner 4"
]
} | NASA - What Is a Space Probe ?
What Is a Space Probe ?
02.25.10
Artist 's concept of Mariner 9 , the first probe to orbit Mars . Image credit : NASA We received this question from fourth-grade students in Fresno , California . JPL 's Homework Help page provides basic information and suggestions for further research .
A probe is a spacecraft that travels through space to collect science information . Probes do not have astronauts . Probes send data back to Earth for scientists to study .
The First Probes
Sputnik 1 was the first probe to go into space . It was launched on Oct. 4 , 1957 , by the former Soviet Union . On Jan. 31 , 1958 , the United States sent a probe called Explorer 1 into space . These first probes studied Earth from space . They also learned what it 's like to be in space . This was the beginning of the Space Race between the United States and Soviet Union .
Once probes could reach space , the two countries started sending probes to fly past the moon and other planets . Mariner 2 was the first probe to study another planet . On Dec. 14 , 1962 , Mariner 2 flew past the planet Venus . It confirmed that Venus is very hot .
A different probe , called Mariner 4 , was the first probe to snap a picture of a planet . On July 14 , 1965 , Mariner 4 flew past Mars . Its images of Mars showed a cold , cratered , moon-like surface .
In 1971 , Mariner 9 arrived at Mars and became the first probe to orbit , or circle , another planet . Mariner 9 took a picture of Mars that showed the largest volcano in the solar system .
Probes Over Time
Many probes study Earth or measure properties of space . Other probes use telescopes or other instruments to study planets , stars , and galaxies that are far away . Probes that travel to other planets have changed from simple machines that could study a few features of a planet to sophisticated probes that travel great distances to study a wide range of features on planets , moons , asteroids and comets . We tend to call these more sophisticated probes spacecraft , orbiters , landers and rovers .
One of the most famous probes is Voyager 1 . It has traveled further in space than any human-made object . It launched into space in 1977 . Voyager 1 flew past Jupiter and Saturn and then headed for the edge of our solar system . As of Feb. 1 , 2010 , the spacecraft was 16.8 billion kilometers ( about 10.4 billion miles ) from Earth .
For more information about JPL probes and missions go to http : //www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/index.cfm .
For a timeline of robotic exploration , go to http : //sse.jpl.nasa.gov/history/index.cfm .
More research topics : |
A Visual Guide to All 37 Villains in the ' Batman ' TV Series | tc_1407 | Which villain was played by Burgess Meredith in the 1960s Batman TV series? | {
"answer_start": [
884
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"text": [
"penguin"
]
} | A Visual Guide to All 37 Villains in the 'Batman ' TV Series | Mental Floss
A Visual Guide to All 37 Villains in the 'Batman ' TV Series
Here they all are with a little extra Bam ! Pow ! Zap ! for good measure .
1 . THE RIDDLER ( FRANK GORSHIN )
SEASON 1 ( EPISODES 1 , 2 , 11 , 12 , 23 , 24 , 31 , 32 ) , SEASON 3 ( EPISODE 2 )
The quintessential ( and first ) Batman villain to star in the ’ 66 series , Frank Gorshin would end up playing The Riddler in all of the character ’ s appearances in the series except for a two episode span during season two when John Astin stepped into the green tights .
2 . THE RIDDLER ( JOHN ASTIN )
SEASON 2 ( EPISODES 45 , 46 )
Perhaps best known for playing Gomez Addams in ABC ’ s 1964 TV series The Addams Family , John Astin donned The Riddler ’ s costume for a short two-episode arc during Batman ’ s second season .
3 . THE PENGUIN ( BURGESS MEREDITH )
SEASON 1 ( EPISODES 3 , 4 , 21 , 22 , 33 , 34 ) , SEASON 2 ( EPISODES 17 , 18 , 27 , 28 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 ) , SEASON 3 ( EPISODES 1 , 4 , 5 , 20 )
Burgess Meredith ’ s portrayal of The Penguin may be the most iconic ( at least in appearance ) of the entire series . With his purple top hat , monocle , and long cigarette , Meredith ’ s Penguin would appear in more Batman episodes ( 20 ) than any other villain .
4 . THE JOKER ( CESAR ROMERO )
SEASON 1 ( EPISODES 5 , 6 , 15 , 16 , 25 , 26 ) , SEASON 2 ( EPISODES 21 , 22 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 47 , 48 , 57 , 58 ) , SEASON 3 ( EPISODES 10 , 16 , 17 , 24 )
Second only to Burgess Meredith as The Penguin , Cesar Romero appears in Batman as The Joker in 19 episodes in total . Known for his bright green hair , stark white makeup , and wide smile , Romero ’ s Joker would become one of the show ’ s most memorable villains . The actor famously refused to shave his signature mustache and you can see it under the white face paint particularly well on the high-definition transfers included on this Blu-ray box set .
5 . MR . FREEZE ( GEORGE SANDERS )
SEASON 1 ( EPISODES 7 , 8 )
Appearing as Mr . Freeze for only two episodes during the show ’ s first season , George Sander ’ s Mr . Freeze is quite low tech compared to the getups that Otto Preminger and Eli Wallach would wear during season two . When he does eventually don his signature suit , Sanders looks more like an astronaut than a villain with super freezy powers .
6 . MR . FREEZE ( OTTO PREMINGER )
SEASON 2 ( EPISODES 19 , 20 )
Legendary , groundbreaking director Otto Preminger ( Laura ) took over the role of Mr . Freeze for two episodes during Batman ’ s second season and gives perhaps the most bizarre ( and cool ) performance of the three actors that would play the character .
7 . MR . FREEZE ( ELI WALLACH )
SEASON 2 ( EPISODES 59 , 60 )
Eli Wallach ( who passed away in June 2014 at the age of 98 ) played the frigid villain for the final two episodes of season two . His Mr . Freeze , who discovers an instant ice formula , is easily the most mustache-twirlingly and villainous of the three versions . It is also likely to be the most memorable .
8 . ZELDA THE GREAT ( ANNE BAXTER )
SEASON 1 ( EPISODES 9 , 10 )
The great Anne Baxter ( All About Eve , The Razor ’ s Edge , The Ten Commandments ) plays Zelda the Great in a two-episode arc that includes the kidnapping of poor Aunt Harriet . This isn ’ t , however , the last time fans would see Baxter on the series ...
9 . MAD HATTER ( DAVID WAYNE )
SEASON 1 ( EPISODES 13 , 14 ) , SEASON 2 ( EPISODES 35 , |
1929’s record-setting endurance flights — General Aviation ... | tc_1408 | What was the name of the US army airplane which flew a record 150 hours non-stop in 1929? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"question mark"
]
} | 1929 ’ s record-setting endurance flights — General Aviation News
1929 ’ s record-setting endurance flights
May 10 , 2015
by Dennis Parks
The 1920s saw many records set for altitude , speed , endurance and range , but they were destined to be only fleeting . The records fell quickly due to the development of better aircraft and engines .
January 1929 began the year with an achievement that many thought would never be exceeded anytime in the near future — the epic six day flight of the Question Mark .
The Question Mark was a modified Fokker transport aircraft that was flown to a refueled endurance record by US Army aviators . The flight established new world records for sustained flight , refueled flight , and distance .
The US Army Fokker transport Question Mark set an endurance refueling record in January 1929 , only to have it shattered numerous times during the year . Photo courtesy Dennis Parks
Taking off from Los Angeles Metropolitan Field on Jan. 1 , 1929 , the Question Mark stayed aloft for 150 hours and 40 minutes , landing back at Los Angeles nearly a week later .
Aero Digest reported that “ in view of present design and construction of aircraft and power plants that the record represented the maximum number of hours a plane could remain in continuous flight . ”
But the Question Mark record was not the end-all . There would be nearly 40 civilian attempts to set a new endurance record with refueling during the remainder of the year . Four of these attempts set new world ’ s records .
FORT WORTH
The flight of the Question Mark fired up fliers with enthusiasm for duration flights . In May two Texas pilots , James Kelly and Reginald Robbins , reconditioned a Ryan B-1 Brougham cabin monoplane named Fort Worth . This was an aircraft that had already flown 50,000 miles and had a second-hand Wright Whirlwind engine that had run 500 hours .
Both pilots were hardly more than amateurs , Kelly being a former cowboy and Robbins a former railroad mechanic . It was considered at the time a rather brash attempt to exceed the world ’ s record of the Question Mark , which had been piloted by experienced fliers backed by the resources of the US Army .
On May 19 the pilots departed Meacham Field in Fort Worth just before noon . They took off with 250 gallons of gas , planning to be refueled twice a day from another Brougham . Twice a day Kelley crawled out on an 8-inch catwalk to grease the rocker arms of the engine . During one of these times the buckle of his safety belt nicked the wooden propeller . This nick developed into a crack that enlarged during a rain storm .
After exceeding the Question Mark ’ s record , it was thought the pilots would land , but they kept at it until the vibration of the engine became so violent they decided to land rather than risk a crash .
On the morning of May 26 they had flown exactly for a week . The flight was concluded after establishing what was a remarkable world ’ s refueled record of 172 hours , 32 minutes , and one second . However , their record had but a short life — it was beaten the following month .
CITY OF CLEVELAND
In Cleveland at the end of June two pilots , Bryon Newcomb and Roy Mitchell , mounted an attempt to top the Fort Worth ’ s record . For their effort they used a Wright Whirlwind-powered Stinson Detroiter monoplane named City of Cleveland . They took off from the Cleveland airport on June 28 , with their eyes set on the 172-hour record of the Texas fliers .
Few thought they would surpass the Fort Worth record , but as they continued in the air , day by day , public interest grew . At first they had discouraging weather conditions , but by July 2 the weather was clearing as they passed the half-way mark .
They had another problem as the refueling plane , called the “ Flying Milk Wagon , ” crashed , but a new plane was rigged up in time to fly more gasoline to the City of Cleveland .
On midnight of the eighth day , nerves frayed and bodies exhausted , Mitchell and Newcomb landed their Stinson at Cleveland Airport , bathed in brilliant floodlights , amid the acclaim of 75,000 spectators . The pilots , the newest conquerors of the air , |
Air Transportation: The Opening of the Commercial Jet Era | tc_1409 | In what year did regular Boeing 707 flights begin across he Atlantic? | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"1958"
]
} | Air Transportation : The Opening of the Commercial Jet Era
The De Havilland Comet was the world�s first jet airliner .
Pan Am inaugurated its New York-London route with a Boeing 707 on October 26 , 1958 .
America 's first ever non-stop transcontinental service began with flights by American Airlines using DC-7 aircraft .
Aeroflot began the world 's first sustained jet airline service using Tupolev Tu-104 'Camel ' jets on an extensive internal route network from the summer of 1955 . The Tu-104 saw service until the mid-1970s .
The Opening of the Commercial Jet Era
Like perhaps no other single technology , the jet engine revolutionized air travel around the world . Unlike the old propeller-driven planes that were powered by piston engines , jet planes could fly at tremendous speeds , thus cutting down travel time . Jet-equipped airplanes also could climb faster and fly higher . Both the U.S. Air Force and civil aircraft builders found these capabilities attractive in the years after World War II when international contacts stretched across the globe . There were , however , major concerns about transferring jet engine technology to the commercial aviation sector . Airline executives in the postwar era were aware that , although jet engines were simpler than the old piston engines , they also had high operating temperatures that required very expensive metal alloy components that ultimately would affect an aircraft 's longevity and reliability . Moreover , jet engines used far greater amounts of fuel . The initially low takeoff speed would also require longer runways . All of this added up to increased costs . As a result , U.S. passenger air carriers did not support the building of jet airliners in the immediate postwar years , and adopted a �wait-and-see� approach before embarking on this risky path .
The British Overseas Aircraft Corporation ( BOAC ) , the national British carrier , first introduced a commercial jet airliner into service . The 36-seat Comet 1 , built by De Havilland , flew for the first time on July 27 , 1949 . BOAC inaugurated the world 's first commercial jet service on May 2 , 1952 . Initial flights took passengers from London to Johannesburg in South Africa , with stops in Rome , Beirut , Khartoum ( in Sudan ) , Entebbe ( in Kenya ) , and Livingstone , near Victoria Falls . At the time , the top cruising speed of the most well known piston-engine aircraft , the DC-3 , was about 180 miles per hour ( 290 kilometers per hour ) . With the Comet , passengers could travel comfortably at 480 miles per hour ( 772 kilometers per hour ) , making it a revolutionary leap in air travel . The Comet also provided conditions that contrasted sharply to piston-engine planes : the planes were vibration-free and relatively quiet .
Unfortunately , the Comet was the victim of a number of tragic accidents , and BOAC suspended flights within two years . Engineers found that the planes suffered from metal fatigue , especially around rivet holes , due to the need to repeatedly pressurize and depressurize the aircraft . In 1952 , Pan American Airways had already put in an order for the new 76-seat Comet 3 , but the crashes of the earlier Comet put the contract into doubt . By this time , domestic U.S. companies had begun their own programs to build jet airliners . Several factors , such as improved jet engines , now convinced these companies to reconsider their initial reluctance to build commercial jet planes .
Of all the airlines in the United States , Pan American , which the U.S. government considered its �chosen instrument� to represent the American commercial air fleet abroad , was undoubtedly a pioneer in embracing jet aviation . Juan Trippe , the airlines ' legendary chief executive officer , had early on expressed a keen interest in operating a passenger jet service capable of flying nonstop across the North Atlantic . Having seen the bright promise of the British Comet fade , Trippe played off two of the biggest domestic airplane builders , Boeing and Douglas . Both companies vied to appeal to Pan American 's needs and offered the Boeing 707 and DC-8 , respectively . In October 1955 , Trippe signed contracts with both companies to buy 45 of these jets ( 20 707s and 25 DC-8s ) . Exactly two years later , Boeing rolled out the first operational 707 , a Boeing 707-120 , and on October 26 , 1958 , amid much fanfare , Pan American inaugurated its New York-London route , ushering in a new era in the |
Ringo Starr's Top 10 Billboard Hot 100 Hits | Billboard | tc_1413 | How many Billboard solo NO 1's did ex-Beatle Ringo Starr have? | {
"answer_start": [
917
],
"text": [
"2"
]
} | Ringo Starr 's Top 10 Billboard Hot 100 Hits | Billboard
Ringo Starr 's Top 10 Billboard Hot 100 Hits
Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images
Ringo Starr circa 1970
Ringo Starr rose to international fame as a member of the Beatles , but he 's always been more than just a drummer . As this special look at his biggest Billboard Hot 100 songs illustrates , once Starr got a chance to step into the spotlight solo in the '70s , he showed he was a hitmaker in his own right . In honor of his 75th birthday ( he was born July 7 , 1940 ) , it 's a perfect time to honor Starr 's work as a solo ... well , star . So turn up your speakers and scroll down as we roll through Ringo 's top 10 Billboard Hot 100 hits .
The Beatles ' 50 Biggest Billboard Hits
This chart of Ringo Starr 's 10 Biggest Billboard Hot 100 Hits is based on actual performance on the weekly Billboard Hot 100 , through the chart dated July 11 , 2015 . Songs are ranked using an inverse point system , with weeks at No . 1 earning the greatest value and weeks at No . 100 earning the least .
1
`` You ’ re Sixteen '' Hot 100 Peak : 1 ( 1 week ) , Peak Date : 1/26/74
2
`` Photograph '' Hot 100 Peak : 1 ( 1 week ) , Peak Date : 11/24/73
3
`` No No Song/Snookeroo '' Hot 100 Peak : 3 , Peak Date : 4/5/75
4
`` It Don ’ t Come Easy '' Hot 100 Peak : 4 , Peak Date : 6/5/71
5
`` Oh My My '' Hot 100 Peak : 5 , Peak Date : 4/27/74
6
`` Only You '' Hot 100 Peak : 6 , Peak Date : 1/11/75
7
`` Back Off Boogaloo '' Hot 100 Peak : 9 , Peak Date : 5/13/72
8
`` A Dose Of Rock ‘ N ’ Roll '' Hot 100 Peak : 26 , Peak Date : 11/6/76
9
`` Wrack My Brain '' Hot 100 Peak : 38 , Peak Date : 12/12/81
10 |
Niki Lauda quits his airline to focus on F1 ... - anna.aero | tc_1415 | Which country does the airline Aero Lloyd come from? | {
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Tweet
9 Jan 2013 // Take-offs & Landings // Comments OFF
Niki Lauda quits his airline to focus on F1 again ; NIKI dumps Central European routes for Greece and Scandinavia
Niki Lauda , the three-time Formula 1 World Champion ( 1975/77/84 ) , and founder of airberlin ’ s Austrian subsidiary NIKI , has announced that he is standing down from the airline 's board to concentrate on his new role as chairman of the Mercedes Formula 1 team , which in 2013 will see the arrival of former McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton , replacing seven-times World Champion Michael Schumacher . NIKI was the second airline he has named after himself , having founded Lauda Air in 1979 , which he later sold to his former rivals , Austrian Airlines , in 2000 . In 2003 NIKI emerged from the failed carrier Aero Lloyd Austria , and almost immediately forged a very close co-operation with airberlin , whose influence and control gradually increased until NIKI became a wholly-owned subsidiary in November 2011 . Recently a new livery was introduced to bring NIKI ’ s look much more in-line with that of its parent , and Vienna has become one of the airberlin group 's four major hubs ( the others are Berlin Tegel , Düsseldorf and Palma de Mallorca ) .
5 million passengers in 2012 ; E190s being phased out
The airline currently operates a fleet of 26 aircraft ; 19 Airbus A320-series aircraft and seven Embraer E190s . This has enabled NIKI to transport some five million passengers in 2012 , up from 4.5 million in 2011 and 3.4 million in 2010 . In 2011 it generated revenues of around €450 million , indicating an average revenue per passenger of around €100 . During the early part of 2013 the Embraer E190s will be phased out ( although they will be retained within the airberlin group ) while four additional Airbus aircraft will be added to the fleet , including three factory-fresh A320s . As a result the airline 's fleet this summer will be rationalised on four A321s , 13 A320s , and six A319s .
Central European cuts ; Greece and Scandinavia set to grow
NIKI is the second busiest carrier at Vienna where it is much more of a nuisance to Austrian Airlines than Lauda Air ever was . But later this month NIKI will drop non-stop services from Vienna to three Central European destinations : Belgrade ( Serbia ) , Bucharest ( Romania ) and Sofia ( Bulgaria ) . All three of these routes were launched on the same day , 10 February 2010 with the soon-to-be phased-out E190s , and all will apparently end on the same day ( 27 January 2013 ) , almost exactly three years later . Instead , with the all-Airbus fleet this summer , NIKI is launching several new seasonal `` summer sun '' routes to Greek destinations , including Kalamata , Karpathos , Kavala , Mytilene and Volos – most of these destinations will be served with just a single weekly flight . As a result NIKI 's capacity to Greece from Vienna this summer will grow by around 35 % . The other market to see significant capacity growth this summer is Scandinavia . Although weekly frequencies will remain virtually unchanged on both the Copenhagen and Stockholm routes , the number of available seats will grow as NIKI replaces the E190s currently operating the route with larger A320s .
Source : OAG Max Online for w/c 6 August 2012 and w/c 5 August 2013 . DATCH countries are Germany ( D ) , Austria ( AT ) and Switzerland ( CH ) .
Capacity to German-speaking markets will fall some 16 % . Zurich , Palma and Frankfurt will remain NIKI 's three biggest routes in terms of weekly seat capacity , but this summer Copenhagen and Milan Malpensa will replace Paris CDG and Rome Fiumicino in the airline 's top five destinations . According to OAG data a total of 48 destinations will be served by NIKI non-stop from Vienna this summer , up from 46 in summer 2012 .
Several airline bosses have got involved in Formula 1 : Kingfisher 's Vijay Mallya at Force India , AirAsia 's Tony Fernandes at Caterham , and Sir Richard Branson at ( surprise ) Virgin Racing . But Niki Lauda is by far the most successful F1 driver in airline management with Lauda Air ( bought by Austrian Airlines in 2000 ) and NIKI , ( bought by airberlin in 2011 |
BOP: Alcatraz | tc_1417 | How many prisoners were left in Alcatraz just before it closed? | {
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Alcatraz
Alcatraz Origins
Soldier with artillery canon atop Alcatraz island
The name Alcatraz is derived from the Spanish `` Alcatraces . '' In 1775 , the Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala was the first to sail into what is now known as San Francisco Bay - his expedition mapped the bay and named one of the three islands Alcatraces . Over time , the name was Anglicized to Alcatraz . While the exact meaning is still debated , Alcatraz is usually defined as meaning `` pelican '' or `` strange bird . ''
In 1850 , a presidential order set aside the island for possible use as a United States military reservation . The California Gold Rush , the resulting boom in the growth of San Francisco , and the need to protect San Francisco Bay led the U.S. Army to build a Citadel , or fortress , at the top of the island in the early 1850s . The Army also made plans to install more than 100 cannons on the island , making Alcatraz the most heavily fortified military site on the West Coast . Together with Fort Point and Lime Point , Alcatraz formed a `` triangle of defense '' designed to protect the entrance to the bay . The island was also the site of the first operational lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States .
By the late 1850s , the first military prisoners were being housed on the island . While the defensive necessity of Alcatraz diminished over time ( the island never fired its guns in battle ) , its role as a prison would continue for more than 100 years . In 1909 , the Army tore down the Citadel , leaving its basement level to serve as the foundation for a new military prison . From 1909 through 1911 , the military prisoners on Alcatraz built the new prison , which was designated the Pacific Branch , U.S. Disciplinary Barracks for the U.S. Army . It was this prison building that later became famous as `` The Rock . ''
The U.S. Army used the island for more than 80 years -- from 1850 until 1933 , when the island was transferred to the U.S. Department of Justice for use by the Federal Bureau of Prisons . The Federal Government had decided to open a maximum-security , minimum-privilege penitentiary to deal with the most incorrigible inmates in Federal prisons , and to show the law-abiding public that the Federal Government was serious about stopping the rampant crime of the 1920s and 1930s .
Life at the prison
Correctional officers patrol `` broadway ''
While several well-known criminals , such as Al Capone , George `` Machine-Gun '' Kelly , Alvin Karpis ( the first `` Public Enemy # 1 '' ) , and Arthur `` Doc '' Barker did time on Alcatraz , most of the prisoners incarcerated there were not well-known gangsters , but prisoners who refused to conform to the rules and regulations at other Federal institutions , who were considered violent and dangerous , or who were considered escape risks .
The average population was only about 260-275 ( the prison never once reached its capacity of 336 - at any given time , Alcatraz held less than 1 percent of the total Federal prison population ) . Many prisoners actually considered the living conditions ( for instance , always one man to a cell ) at Alcatraz to be better than other Federal prisons , and several inmates actually requested a transfer to Alcatraz . But while USP Alcatraz was not the `` America 's Devil 's Island '' that books and movies often portrayed , it was designed to be a prison system 's prison .
If a man did not behave at another institution , he could be sent to Alcatraz , where the highly structured , monotonous daily routine was designed to teach an inmate to follow rules and regulations . At Alcatraz , a prisoner had four rights : food , clothing , shelter , and medical care . Everything else was a privilege that had to be earned . Some privileges a prisoner could earn included : working , corresponding with and having visits from family members , access to the prison library , and recreational activities such as painting and music . Once prison officials felt a man no longer posed a threat and could follow the rules ( usually after an average of five years on Alcatraz ) , he could then be transferred back to another Federal prison to finish his sentence and be released .
Bird Man
Photos |
NOAASIS - NOAA Satellite Information System for NOAA ... | tc_1418 | What was the name of the first weather satellite? | {
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April 1 , 1960 -- TIROS I is Launched
The launch of TIROS I ( Television and InfraRed Observation Satellite ) on April 1 , 1960 marked the first day it became possible to observe the Earth 's weather conditions on a regular basis , over most of the world from the vantage point of outer space
.
The satellite designed to obtain cloud pictures was rocketed into space aboard a Thor-Able launch vehicle , in the early hours of April 1 , 1960 , from Cape Canaveral , Florida . The satellite was basically a cylinder with 18 flattened sides to mount solar power cells . The satellite was approximately 42 inches ( 1.07m ) in diameter , 22 inches ( 0.56m ) high ( including the projecting television camera lense ) , and had a launch weight of approximately 283 pounds ( 128.4kg ) including fuel for small solid rockets to control the satellite 's spin over time . For comparison , the latest generation NOAA-15 satellite is 74 inches ( 1.88m ) in diameter , and 165 inches ( 4.2m ) high in its `` folded '' launch configuration , and weighs 4,920 pounds ( 2231.7kg ) at liftoff .
The main sensors that provided the cloud pictures were television cameras . The TIROS cameras were slow-scan devices that take snapshots of the scene below ; one `` snapshot '' was taken every ten seconds . These were rugged , lightweight devices weighing only about 4.5 pounds ( 2 kg ) including the camera lense . TIROS I was equipped with two cameras . One had a wide angle lense providing views that were approximately 750 miles ( 1207 km ) on a side ( with the satellite looking straight down ) , and a narrow angle camera with a view that was about 80 miles ( 129 km ) on a side .
When the satellite was within range of a ground station , the cameras could be commanded to take a picture every 10 , or every 30 seconds . But each camera was also connected to a clock controlled tape recorder to record images when the satellite was beyond the range of a ground station . Each recorder contained 400 feet ( 122 m ) of tape , and could record up to 32 pictures for playback the next time the satellite was in range .
There were two Command and Data Acquisition ( CDA ) stations used for TIROS I . These were located at the Army Signal Corps laboratory in Belmar , New Jersey and the U.S. Air Force facility a Kaena Point , Hawaii . A third station , used for engineering and back-up was located the the RCA plant where the TIROS was built , in Hightstown , New Jersey
.
.
When the satellite data was read out at either of the CDA stations , it was recorded on 35-mm film for making prints and large projections . From these , a hand-drawn cloud analysis ( nephanalysis ) was made then transmitted by facsimile to the U.S . Weather Bureau National Meteorological Center ( NMC ) near Washington , D.C . It was not until 1962 ( TIROS IV , TIROS V ) that some of the actual gridded satellite pictures were sent via facsimile to NMC and some other large Weather Bureau offices
TIROS I ceased operating in mid-June 1960 due to an electrical failure . During the 77 days it operated , the satellite sent back 19,389 usable pictures that were used in weather operations . TIROS II was launched on November 23 , 1960 . |
John Landis - Biography - IMDb | tc_1419 | Who directed the movie Trading Places? | {
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John Landis
Biography
Showing all 51 items
Jump to : Overview ( 2 ) | Mini Bio ( 1 ) | Spouse ( 1 ) | Trade Mark ( 12 ) | Trivia ( 18 ) | Personal Quotes ( 17 )
Overview ( 2 )
5' 10 '' ( 1.78 m )
Mini Bio ( 1 )
John Landis began his career in the mail room of 20th Century-Fox . A high-school dropout , 18-year-old Landis made his way to Yugoslavia to work as a production assistant on Kelly 's Heroes ( 1970 ) . Remaining in Europe , Landis found work as an actor , extra and stuntman in many of the Spanish/Italian `` spaghetti '' westerns . Returning to the US , he made his feature debut as a writer-director at age 21 with Schlock ( 1973 ) , an affectionate tribute to monster movies . Clad in a Rick Baker -designed gorilla suit , Landis starred as `` Schlockthropus '' , the missing link . After working as a writer , actor and production assistant , Landis made his second film , The Kentucky Fried Movie ( 1977 ) , in collaboration with the Zucker brothers and Jim Abrahams . Landis rose to international recognition as director of the wildly successful Animal House ( 1978 ) . With blockbusters such as The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) , Trading Places ( 1983 ) , Spies Like Us ( 1985 ) , ¡Three Amigos ! ( 1986 ) and Coming to America ( 1988 ) , Landis has directed some of the most popular film comedies of all time . Other feature credits include Into the Night ( 1985 ) , Innocent Blood ( 1992 ) and the comedy/horror genre classic An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) , which he also wrote . In 1986 Landis and four others , were acquitted of responsibility for the tragic accident that occurred in Landis ' segment of Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) in which actor Vic Morrow and two child actors were killed . The film also included segments directed by Joe Dante , George Miller and Steven Spielberg . In 1983 Landis wrote and directed the groundbreaking music video of Michael Jackson 's Michael Jackson : Thriller ( 1983 ) , created originally to play as a theatrical short . `` Thriller '' forever changed MTV and the concept of music videos , garnering multiple accolades including the MTV Video Music Awards for Best Overall Video , Viewer 's Choice , and the Video Vanguard Award - The Greatest Video in the History of the World . In 1991 `` Thriller '' was inducted into the MVPA 's Hall of Fame . In 1991 , Landis collaborated again with Jackson ( I ) on Michael Jackson : Black or White ( 1991 ) , which premiered simultaneously in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million . Although it was not the first motion picture or music video to do so , `` Black or White '' popularized the use of `` digital morphing '' , where one object appears to seamlessly metamorphoses into another ; the project raised the standard for state-of-the-art special effects in music videos . Landis has also been active in television as the executive producer ( and often director ) of the Ace- and Emmy Award-winning HBO series Dream On ( 1990 ) . Other TV shows produced by his company , St. Clare Entertainment ( St. Clare is the patron saint of television ) , include Weird Science ( 1994 ) , Sliders ( 1995 ) , Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : The TV Show ( 1997 ) , Campus Cops ( 1995 ) and The Lost World ( 1998 ) . In 2004 the Independent Film Channel broadcast his feature-length documentary about a used-car salesman , Slasher ( 2004 ) . Deer Woman , an original one-hour episode written by Landis and his son Max Landis , inaugurated the Masters of Horror ( 2005 ) series in the fall of 2005 on Showtime . `` Masters of Horror '' also features one-hour episodes by John Carpenter , Roger Corman , Tobe Hooper , Don Coscarelli , Mick Garris , Dario Argento and Larry Cohen .
A sought-after commercial director , Landis has worked for a variety of companies including Direct TV , Taco Bell , Coca Cola , Pepsi , Kellogg 's and Disney . He was made a Chevalier dans l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government in 1985 , awarded the Federico Fellini Prize by Rimini Cinema Festival in Italy and was named |
flynn-errol-leslie-6364 - Australian Dictionary of Biography | tc_1423 | Where in Australia was swashbuckling Errol Flynn born? | {
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Australian Dictionary of Biography
Tip : searches only the name field
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This is a shared entry with Theodore Thomson Flynn
Errol Leslie Flynn ( 1909-1959 ) , by unknown photographer , 1940s
National Library of Australia , nla.pic-an13384126
Theodore Thomson Flynn ( 1883-1968 ) , zoologist , and Errol Leslie Flynn ( 1909-1959 ) , film actor , were father and son . Theodore was born on 11 October 1883 at Coraki , New South Wales , son of John Thompson Flynn , cordial manufacturer , and his wife Jessie , née Thomson . He received his education at Fort Street High School , Sydney , the Sydney Training College for Teachers and the University of Sydney ( B.Sc. , 1907 ) where he gained the university medal and the Johns Coutts scholarship in biology . His first teaching post was as science master at Newcastle and Maitland High schools in 1907 ; later he was appointed to the Newcastle and West Maitland Technical colleges , lecturing in chemistry and physics . His main interest remained in the natural sciences and in 1909 he became lecturer in biology at the University of Tasmania . On 23 January of that year at St John 's Church of England , Balmain North , Sydney , he married Lily Mary ( Marelle ) Young , a descendant of one of the Bounty mutineers .
Flynn 's lectureship was initially temporary , but he soon showed his worth , and in 1911 withdrew from an appointment as Macleay research fellow of the Linnean Society of New South Wales to accept the first chair of biology in Hobart as the Ralston professor . The terms of his appointment included liberal provision for research and he pursued a vigorous study of the marsupials of Tasmania and also did original work on megapodes . The Australian Antarctic Expedition of 1912 attracted his interest and he took charge of some research during the Aurora 's summer cruise . He also devoted considerable time to fishery research and in 1915 was appointed royal commissioner to enquire into Tasmanian fisheries . He was a fellow of the Royal Society of Tasmania ( 1909 ) and in 1913-19 a trustee of the Tasmanian Museum and Botanical Gardens . He gained his D.Sc . at the University of Sydney in 1921 for work on marsupial embryology .
In September 1930 Flynn left Hobart for London to continue his research on marsupial embryology , and also to seek funds on behalf of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science for scientific and economic exploration of the south-west coast of Tasmania . Next January he was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation grant to carry out research with his former mentor , Professor J. P. Hill , on the development of monotreme ovum . In June he took up the chair of zoology at Queen 's University , Belfast , Northern Ireland ; he also became director of the marine station at Portaferry .
Flynn , who held attention during his lectures by a theatrical manner as well as by his subject matter , liked to take part in community affairs—debating , theatre and adult education . He was appointed M.B.E . in 1945 . A fellow of the Linnean and Zoological societies , London , he was also a fellow of the International Institute of Embryology , Utrecht , and a member of the Royal Irish Academy . After his retirement in 1948 , as emeritus professor , he resided in Surrey , England . He died in a nursing home at Liss , Hampshire , on 23 October 1968 , survived by a daughter . His estate was valued for probate at £519 .
Errol was born on 20 June 1909 in Hobart . During a rebellious childhood he attended several Hobart schools , in none of which he lasted long , as well as South Western London College , while in London with his father , and Sydney Church of England Grammar School ( Shore ) , from which he was expelled . In 1927 , after a short period of office work with a Sydney shipping company , he began training as a district officer in New Guinea , but moved on to become in rapid succession copra plantation overseer , partner in a charter schooner business and gold prospector . He purchased the cutter Sirocco in Sydney in 1930 ; his seven-month journey back to New Guinea , where as manager of a tobacco plantation at Laloki he wrote columns on New Guinea life for the Sydney Bulletin , |
International Car Shipping from USA | Overseas Auto Transport | tc_1424 | Vehicles from which country use the international registration letters KWT? | {
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"kuwait"
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} | Get Your Free Quote !
International Car Shipping
Whether you are moving overseas and bringing your vehicle or just bought a new car at auction and want to send it back home , our team of international car shipping specialists will get your vehicle to its final destination safely and at a great rate .
We make it easy regardless of your vehicle 's location and final destination by offering multiple services including shared containers , sole use 20ft and 40ft containers and air freight .
* * Make sure to understand the differences when it comes to selecting an overseas car shipping method . For example , consider roll on roll off vs container car shipping .
Why Ship Your Car With Schumacher Cargo ?
As a fully licensed and bonded international NVOCC freight forwarder with over 38 years of experience sending cars worldwide , we have distinguished ourselves as the premier independent international car shipper in the USA .
If it has wheels , we can move it . We 've been shipping cars internationally for over three decades . It 's our passion and why we offer highly competitive international car shipping rates , continue to grow our network , and find ways to ship more efficiently and cost effectively for clients .
So whether you are looking for online quotations , researching or just have some common questions , you can find everything you need in later sections .
Secure Vehicle Transport and Major Destinations
Whether it is a car , truck , motorcycle , ATV or moped , one of the most important stages of international vehicle shipping is securing the vehicle for transit .
Our warehouse crews are professionally trained and have years of experience . Additionally , our team only uses specialized equipment when shipping vehicles .
Once it arrives at one of our warehouses , a full and complete dock receipt is issued . We also take pictures of your automobile , which you can view online and use our 24/7 online tracking .
Where do you need to transport your automobile ? High volume destinations include :
Europe
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
For a full list of destinations , call us or use our quote form to select a final destination .
* * For information on bringing a car back with you or importing , visit our resource on importing a car to USA .
Our Auto Shipping Service Offers
Inland transport to warehouse closest to departure port
Storage while awaiting consolidation
Inspection report and full dock receipt
U.S customs clearance and paperwork
24/7 online tracking
How much does it cost to ship a car overseas ?
Your international car shipping cost will vary based on three main factors:1 ) Location of vehicle 2 ) Size/Dimensions 3 ) Final destination requirements .
So as you can imagine , each shipment varies . It depends on where , when , how , how much , and a lot of other variables .
As an example , it might cost $ 950 to ship a car to Europe in a shared container from the east coast , but shipping a car overseas in its own 20 foot container can cost twice that amount .
But you wo n't get an accurate rate without submitting the details listed above and it is is highly likely that it will change if you come across a price that looks to good to be true .
To find out more about the various service levels available and your car shipping price , call us and speak with one of our auto transport specialists or complete our quick quote form to get your custom rate .
Shipping a Car Overseas Requirements
Your Keys - We require that clients leave their keys with us when the vehicle is ready for transport and based on experience , we recommend making a spare set of keys to the ignition , trunk , gas cap and other compartment that locks if they require different ones .
Registration and Title - Have your documents ready . They 'll be needed to get your car in and out of the ports . We need the originals .
You can make copies and we will send the originals to the destination agent who will give them back to you upon handover of your vehicle .
Creditor/Lessor notarized statement - If the automobile is currently financed or under a lease , a notarized statement is required stating that the creditor/lessor is aware of the vehicle shipment and they give you permission |
Chris Eubank vs Reginaldo Dos Santos 22.9.1990 - YouTube | tc_1425 | At what weight did boxer Chris Eubank win the WBO title in 1990? | {
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Chris Eubank vs Reginaldo Dos Santos 22.9.1990
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Published on Dec 29 , 2015
WBC International Middleweight champion , Chris Eubank , takes on the Brazilian Super Middleweight champion , Reginaldo Dos Santos , in a warm up bout before his world title fight with Nigel Benn . More info below ...
Chris Eubank at this point in his career was 23-0 . He was the current WBC International Middleweight champion and although he had fought a few experienced fighters he had not fought anybody of note . He had earned himself however a WBO World Title shot against Nigel Benn for November 1990 .
Reginaldo was 11-3 and was the reigning Brazilian Super Middleweight Champion . Since the beginning of his career , Reginaldo had boxed as various weights , anywhere from 159lbs all the way up to 175lbs . He had challenged for the Brazilian Middleweight title in 1987 and even the Brazilian Light Heavyweight title in 1988 but failed to win either , losing both on points .
The fight as you can see was over almost as quick as it began . With one counter overhand right , Reginaldo went down and could n't get up . A very unexpected knock out from a boxer not known for his KO power .
Chris Eubank went on to beat Nigel Benn and win the WBO World Middleweight title , marking the beginning of a great era for British middleweights and super middleweights . In 1991 Eubank would win the vacant WBO World Super Middleweight title . He would remain undefeated until 1995 . In 1998 , Eubank twice challenged Carl Thompson for the WBO World Cruiserweight title but came up short on both occasions . He retired following these losses with a 45-5-2 record .
Reginaldo Dos Santos would lose his next 8 fights , 7 by way of KO . He lost his Brazilian Super Middleweight title in 1991 and unsuccessfully challenged for the Brazilian Cruiser Weight title in 1993 . He took a 2 year hiatus from boxing and returned in 1995 to win four fights in a row , albeit against opponents with very little skill or experience . He retired in 1996 with a 15-12 record .
Category |
Glenn Medeiros - She Aint Worth It lyrics | LyricsMode.com | tc_1426 | Who featured with Bobby Brown on the No 1 She Ain't Worth It? | {
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She Aint Worth It lyrics
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Glenn Medeiros – She Aint Worth It lyrics
With Bobby Brown
Better make tracks fast on the double
The girl 's jazzy but she 's nothin ' but trouble
Oh
You take her where she wants to go
And every day you let her know
She 's the one who 's always on your mind
But she just cops an attitude
Leads you on then leaves you blue
Ca n't you see she 's really just a waste of time
One day she 'll treat you nice
Then she turn as cold as ice
But you think your love will win her
In the end , think again
( Chorus : )
The girl ai n't worth it
All this grief that she 's been puttin ' you through , ooh
She ai n't worth it
The girl ai n't worth it
Believe me ( I know ) I know better than
( Better than ) better than , better than you
She gets you hot then leaves you cold
Keeps you waiting on the phone
'Cause she knows you 'll always give her one more try
You 're not the only boy in town
And she loves playin ' to the crowd
But tell me do you really like standin ' in line
You give her everything you have
And all she does is make you sad
What she really wants to do
Is tell her friends she did it again
[ Chorus : ]
I 'd like to say she used to be my girl
But that would be a lie ( that would be a lie )
'Cause there 's no one in this whole wide world
That could keep her satified
I know 'cause I tried
Jump in
One thing I hate is when a girl plays fake
And tries to make me late for another date
'Cause I 've tried to make you mine for the last time
So take this here as a this and a goodbye
She ai n't worth it even though she 's on the high tip
She better get a grip , and get a grip quick
Fast in a hurry 'cause I wo n't buckle
The girl 's jazzy but she 's nothin ' bur trouble
Give her everything you have
And all she does is make you sad
What she really wants to do
Is tell her friends she did it again
( Repeat chorus to fade ) |
1977 US Open Golf Tournament - Golf Compendium | tc_1431 | Where was golf's 1977 US Open held? | {
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The 1977 U.S. Open was the 77th time the tournament was played .
Winner : Hubert Green , 278
Where it was played : Southern Hills Country Club in Tulsa , Oklahoma
Tournament dates : June 16-19 , 1977
Leader after first round : Larry Nelson , Tom Purtzer , Grier Jones , Florentino Molina , Hubert Green , Rod Funseth and Terry Diehl , 69
Leader after second round : Hubert Green , 136
Leader after third round : Hubert Green , 208
Notable Notes : Hubert Green held a one-stroke lead entering the final round . But after making birdies on holes 12 and 14 , Green was informed that a death threat had been made against him by phone , the caller saying he was going to shoot Green on the course . Was it a serious threat ? It was taken seriously , anyway : police walked along with Green , and Green walked apart from his fellow competitors . How did Green react ? He birdied the two holes immediately after being informed of the threat and won by a stroke .
Final Scores |
1973 Amateur World Series (FIBA) - Baseball-Reference.com | tc_1432 | Who shared world amateur baseball championship with USA in1973? | {
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} | Jump to : navigation , search
The 1973 Amateur World Series run by FIBA is listed in the history books as `` Amateur World Series XXI '' or `` Baseball World Cup XXI '' even though the event numbered `` XXII '' actually had begun and finished earlier - the 1973 Amateur World Series run by rival group FEMBA . Once the two organizations reconciled later in the decade , the current numbering system was put into place . The FIBA 1973 Amateur World Series was held in Havana , Cuba from November 25 through December 9 , 1973 .
Cuba , as usual , won Gold , going 14-0 for manager Servio Borges . With the reduced field , they allowed only 5 runs in the tournament while scoring 119 . Agustín Marquetti took home MVP honors after leading the tourney in RBI ( 21 ) and hits ( 25 ) ; he batted .417 . Félix Isasi ( .327 ) led in runs ( 20 ) and tied for the most homers ( 3 ) , even with teammates Evelio Hernández ( .524 in 21 AB ) and Armando Capiró ( .368 ) . Wilfredo Sánchez ( .364 ) led in steals ( 9 ) . Luis Barreiro ( 3-0 , 0.00 ) led in strikeouts ( 34 ) and tied for the win lead . Julio Romero ( 3-0 , 0.00 ) led in ERA and tied for the most wins . Juan Pérez Pérez no-hit Venezuela , the first no-hitter for a Cuban in Amateur World Series history ; ironically , he allowed Cuba 's lone earned run ( s ) of the tournament with a 0.95 ERA .
Puerto Rico won Silver at 10-3 and only lost 3-2 to Cuba one game ( their other game against Cuba was a 10-0 defeat ) . Juan Fontánez led in average ( .432 ) . They were managed by Vic Power .
Venezuela claimed Bronze with a 10-4 record . Evelio Ovalles led in innings ( 27 ) and tied for the most wins ( 3-0 ) . Osvaldo Castellanos was their skipper . |
Gatorade - Heritage and History of Gatorade | tc_1433 | Who lost the first Super Bowl of the 70s? | {
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FREE SHIPPING ON ALL PURCHASES OVER $ 50
HERITAGE
Born in the lab
In early summer of 1965 , a University of Florida assistant coach sat down with a team of university physicians and asked them to determine why so many of his players were being affected by heat and heat related illnesses .
The researchers — Dr. Robert Cade , Dr. Dana Shires , Dr. H. James Free and Dr. Alejandro de Quesada — soon discovered two key factors that were causing the Gator players to 'wilt ' : the fluids and electrolytes the players lost through sweat were not being replaced , and the large amounts of carbohydrates the players ' bodies used for energy were not being replenished .
The researchers then took their findings into the lab , and scientifically formulated a new , precisely balanced carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage that would adequately replace the key components lost by Gator players through sweating and exercise . They called their concoction ‘ Gatorade ' .
Proven on the field
Soon after the researchers introduced their Gatorade formula to the team , the Gators began winning… outlasting a number of heavily favored opponents in the withering heat and finishing the season at 7–4 .
The team 's success progressed even more during the 1966 season , with the Gators finishing at 9–2 and winning the Orange Bowl for the first time ever in the history of the school . Word about Gatorade began to spread outside of the state of Florida , and both the University of Richmond and Miami of Ohio , began ordering batches of Gatorade for their football teams . Orders from other college football programs across the country soon followed , as playing without Gatorade on your sidelines began to be likened to playing with just ten men on the field .
Today , Gatorade can be found on the sidelines of more than 70 Division I colleges as the official sports drink of their men 's and women 's intercollegiate sports .
From the Orange Bowl to the Super Bowl
In the summer of 1969 , Coach Ray Graves of the Florida Gators suggested to the Kansas City Chiefs that they use Gatorade to combat the staggering effects of a blistering Missouri sun during training camp . The Chiefs were so impressed with the “ Gator coach 's aid ” that they kept it on their sidelines throughout the entire season… which concluded with a stunning victory over the heavily favored Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV .
In the years that followed , more and more NFL teams began placing Gatorade on the sidelines of their games and practices , and in 1983 , Gatorade became the official sports drink of the NFL—a title it holds to this day .
Furthering the science of victory
Two decades after Dr. Cade and his team worked diligently to develop the optimum hydration formula that would become Gatorade , the Gatorade Sports Science Institute was founded in Barrington , Illinois , to conduct scientific research in the areas of exercise science , hydration , and sport nutrition . Three years later , the lab would be expanded to provide advanced testing for athletes and new Gatorade products and flavors and develop education materials for sports health professionals around the world . Gatorade is now also the official sports drink of the NBA , AVP , and PGA , Major League Baseball , Major League Soccer , and numerous other elite and professional organizations and teams .
Hydration at 180 mph
In 2001 , after determining that professional race car drivers were not staying adequately hydrated throughout the course of their races , Gatorade and GSSI begin working with auto racing organizations to develop a hydration tool that could withstand 130-degree temperatures and keep drivers hydrated safely throughout the course of a race . The result of their research was the development of GIDS , the Gatorade In-Car Drinking System , which is now considered an essential piece of racing equipment .
Rising to new challenges
After years of careful research by the staff at GSSI into the needs of athletes engaged in high-demand training and competition , Gatorade launched the Gatorade Performance Series , an elite line of sports nutrition products , in 2001 . These products include Gatorade Energy Drink , Gatorade Energy Bar , and the Gatorade Nutrition Shake .
Four years later , after studying endurance athletes , GSSI developed the Gatorade Endurance Formula . Featuring a higher concentration of sodium—the key electrolyte found in Original Thirst Quencher—and four other electrolytes lost in sweat , Gatorade Endurance |
won the 2013 World Series - The New York Times | tc_1434 | How many times did the New York Yankees win the World Series in the 1970s? | {
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2147
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"twice"
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} | Red Sox Rout Cardinals to Win World Series - The New York Times
The New York Times
Baseball |Red Sox Rout Cardinals to Win World Series
Search
Baseball | World Series Game 6 : Red Sox 6 , Cardinals 1
Red Sox Rout Cardinals to Win World Series
By DAVID WALDSTEIN
Continue reading the main story
BOSTON — For much of the 20th century , the Boston Red Sox were a symbol of frustration and pain for an entire region . As popular as they were in their corner of the nation , either they were good enough to lose in agonizing fashion on baseball ’ s grandest stage , or they were just plain bad .
But that all changed in 2004 when the Red Sox ended an 86-year championship drought , and now their fortunes have shifted so dramatically that winning titles has become commonplace .
The latest victory came Wednesday night , when the Red Sox beat the St. Louis Cardinals , 6-1 , in Game 6 of the World Series and earned the third jewel in their championship crown over the last 10 years , their eighth over all .
The Red Sox also captured titles by beating the Cardinals in 2004 and the Colorado Rockies in 2007 . But for the first time since 1918 , Boston was able to celebrate the victory at home , winning in front of an announced crowd of 38,447 at Fenway Park . Many thousands more crammed the city ’ s streets and bars to proclaim those formerly scarce words that are now often repeated : The Boston Red Sox won the World Series .
“ Winning this World Series is special , ” David Ortiz said . “ I think it might be the most special out of all the World Series that I have been a part of . ”
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Ortiz , whose contributions to all three of the Red Sox ’ recent championships can not be overstated , was named the most valuable player of the series . He hit two home runs , knocked in six runs , scored seven more , batted .688 and had a staggering .760 on-base percentage .
The Cardinals finally wised up in Game 6 , walking him four times , three times intentionally : it was the only way to prevent him from doing damage . But Ortiz gladly accepted his walks , and he scored twice in the clinching game .
“ I ’ ve been around superstars in this game , ” Red Sox catcher David Ross said . “ I ’ ve never been around a superstar who cares more about winning than he does . If he goes 0 for 4 and we win , he ’ s happy . That says a lot about his character . ”
Although Ortiz carried the offense in the first five games of the series , two players with little success of late came through in Game 6 instead . Shane Victorino drove in four runs , with a bases-clearing double in the third inning and a run-scoring single his next time up . That inning , the fourth , began with a home run by Stephen Drew off Michael Wacha . Drew had batted .080 this postseason entering the game .
Photo
Stephen Drew homering in the fourth to give Boston a 4-0 lead . Drew entered the game batting .080 in the postseason . Credit Rhona Wise/European Pressphoto Agency
Wacha , a 22-year-old rookie , had not been beaten in the playoffs and had not even allowed a hit with runners in scoring position . But he was charged with six runs in only three and two-thirds innings Wednesday as the Red Sox finally found a way to hit against him .
“ It ’ s very disappointing , ” Wacha said . “ Everyone on this club wants that ring . I didn ’ t want to win it for myself . I wanted to win it for these guys in this clubhouse . They ’ ve been working their tails off all year . Whenever I have a poor outing like that , it hurts me even worse . I feel like I just let the team down . It ’ s not a very good feeling , that ’ s for sure . ”
Red Sox starter John Lackey , who missed all of last season after he had Tommy John surgery , scrapped and battled his way through six and two-thirds inning to earn the win . The victory was his second in |
Maurice Greene 100m WR 9.79 - Athens 1999 - YouTube | tc_1436 | Where did Maurice Green set his 9.79 seconds for the 100m in 1999? | {
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30
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Maurice Greene 100m WR 9.79 - Athens 1999
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Uploaded on Sep 15 , 2006
The quality is poor sorry , got ta find a better one
Athens , 1999 , June 16th
Maurice Greene lowers the world record by 0.05 seconds ! ! running in 9.79 ( +0.1 wind ) and beating Donovan Bailey 's former record of 9.84 set in Atlanta games .
This record would stay for 3 years until Montgomery 's 9.78 , but Montgomery 's record has been retroactively disqualified . So we have to wait 2005 and Asafa Powell to run in 9.77 in Athens .
Category |
Baseball History in 1903: The First World Series | tc_1437 | Who won baseball's first World Series of the 50s? | {
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4221
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1903 Leaders & Numbers 1902 1904 1900s
1903 The First World Series
Both the American and National Leagues finally agree to co-exist in peace , leading to an inaugural `` world 's championship '' between the two pennant winners .
On January 9 , 1903 , the hatchet was finally buried . It was on this day in Cincinnati that the powers that be for both the National and American Leagues began the process of co-existing harmoniously , ending two years of bitter fighting . Gone would be the player raids , the cutthroat crosstown rivalries and the clandestine undermining of each other .
Although nothing was said about the leagues playing one another—be it as regular season interleague play or postseason competition—the door was certainly propped open more widely than ever for the possibility .
Ironically , it was the National League—the established entity of big league baseball—that more or less waved the white flag to the relatively infant American League , singularly run by Ban Johnson . Talent and attendance had both swayed in favor of the AL , and there was still ongoing pilferage of NL rosters . Jack Chesbro , Jesse Tannehill , Willie Keeler and Sam Crawford had already defected to the junior circuit since the end of the 1902 season , and AL owners were closing in on signing Christy Mathewson , Tommy Leach , Vic Willis and Sam Mertes , among others . To stop the bleeding , the NL decided to put the emergency brakes on the feud and meet with Johnson .
Though the Cincinnati talks supposedly provided a level playing field between the leagues , there was no mistaking that Johnson and his AL owners were firmly in charge .
The NL magnates gave it the good ol ’ college try anyway .
Johnson was initially asked by NL executives , led by president Harry Pulliam , to merge the two leagues—eliminating the four AL franchises doing business in NL cities , while allowing the other four to continue as part of a 12-team National League . An incredulous Johnson quickly rejected the idea and walked out , only to return four days later with his own list of demands—many of which he ’ d get . Johnson demanded that all existing player contracts be honored , allowing AL teams to hold onto the players snapped up from the NL ; in return he would stop the player raids . Johnson also pledged not to follow through on his threat to move the Detroit Tigers to Pittsburgh—but only on the condition that he could move his tampered Baltimore franchise to New York . The NL reluctantly , though not unaminouslyJohn Brush , who helped scuttle the Baltimore Orioles and now owned the New York Giants—where most of the released Orioles wound up—vehemently decried the AL ’ s move to New York . , agreed to these key issues .
Out of the Cincinnati talks came the National Agreement , the bylines of which both leagues would be run ; and the National Commission , an executive group of three representatives from both leagues that would rule over the game . The three elected to the Commission were Johnson and two NL executives : Pulliam and Cincinnati Reds owner Garry Herrmann . On the surface , the AL appeared outnumbered 2-to-1 within the Commission , but it was a deceptive facade ; Herrmann , a long-time pal of Johnson , brought a more impartial voice to balance out the trio .
The negotiating power and dominating presence of Ban Johnson proved one thing as the new season proceeded in April : It was he who now ran the whole show .
The shortest end of the peace stick would not be reserved for the NL , but for the players . They once considered Ban Johnson their savior for thumbing his nose at the reserve clause and encouraging them to jump to his fledgling circuit . But the AL-NL peace treaty also brought agreement by both leagues to respect each other ’ s roster sovereignty and , therefore , the reserve clause . The players were once again perpetually chained and enslaved to the owners .
Of all the teams hit hard by the pre-peace player movement following the 1902 season , no one was hit harder than the Pittsburgh Pirates—ironically , the team that had been least touched by player raids the year before . Defecting to the New York Highlanders were starting pitchers Jack Chesbro and Jesse Tannehill , who combined for 48 of Pittsburgh ’ s stunning 103 wins in 1902 . The remaining starters—led by |
Jermaine O'Neal - Basketball Wiki - Wikia | tc_1440 | Who was Jermaine O'Neal playing against when he made his debut in 1996? | {
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Jermaine Lee O'Neal ( born October 13 , 1978 ) is an American former professional basketball player who played for the NBA .
Contents
[ show ]
Early life and high school career
Jermaine O'Neal was born on October 13 , 1978 , in Columbia , South Carolina . Raised single-handedly by his mother , Angela Ocean , O'Neal also had an elder brother , Clifford . [ 1 ] Ocean worked hard to support her sons , and left her children largely to their own devices . O'Neal found his love for athletics at a young age . Tall and quick , he enjoyed both football and basketball , but basketball was his favorite sport . Two of his basketball heroes were Hakeem Olajuwon and Bill Russell ; O'Neal often marveled at the former 's approach to the game , while he loved watching the latter 's video highlights of his duels with Wilt Chamberlain . [ 2 ]
O'Neal also played a lot of basketball . Each summer , he would play for an AAU team , and impressed onlookers with his athleticism and his ability to handle the ball with both hands . By the time he turned 14 , the 6 ' 4 '' O'Neal—now a confident guard who could drain three-pointers —entered Eau Claire High School of the Arts as a freshman in 1992 . On his first meeting with basketball coach George Glymph , he made the bold promise to become the best player in the school 's history . [ 1 ] While O'Neal 's first season was hardly noteworthy ( he even played as quarterback for the Eau Claire team ) [ 3 ] things changed when he grew five inches over the next year and a half , and he was inspired to develop into a defensive powerhouse like his idol Russell . Glymph built his team 's defense around O'Neal , and Eau Claire featured one of the most imposing frontcourts around . With O'Neal averaging 18 points , 12 rebounds and 9 blocks a game , Eau Claire captured its third straight 3A state title in 1995 . [ 2 ]
The following July , the 16-year-old was to raise his profile yet again . At an ABCD summer basketball camp , he outplayed Tim Thomas , a rising star at that time . Before long , recruiting letters from various top colleges came pouring in . O'Neal , however , also faced great pressure off the court . That same year , the District Attorney contemplated prosecuting him for rape after he and his 15-year-old girlfriend were found partially nude in bed together by her father . [ 1 ] The DA eventually did not prosecute O'Neal , but as the latter struggled to cope with the pressure on and off the court , Glymph stepped in , introducing discipline to his life and keeping his feet to the ground . At the same time , O'Neal 's mother had met a new man , Abraham Kennedy , who also guided O'Neal along . [ 2 ]
In his senior season at Eau Claire , O'Neal 's averages of 22.4 points , 12.4 rebounds and 5.2 blocks per game ensured that he was voted First Team All-State , South Carolina ’ s Player of the Year and `` Mr. Basketball '' . Named to USA Today ’ s All-USA Basketball Team , he earned a spot in the McDonald 's All-America Game as well . Despite being one of the nation ’ s top prospects , O'Neal 's future in college basketball was uncertain . He scored poorly on the SATs , and Glymph advised against him making the leap to the NBA . But it was only a year before that another South Carolinian—future NBA All-Star Kevin Garnett —had made a seamless transition from high school to the NBA , and O'Neal thought he could emulate Garnett . [ 2 ]
NBA career
Portland Trail Blazers
O'Neal was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers as the 17th pick in the 1996 NBA Draft . [ 4 ] The rookie was surrounded by veterans and emerging stars who could show him the ropes in Portland ; forming the frontcourt with him were Arvydas Sabonis , Rasheed Wallace and Clifford R. Robinson . After missing the first 17 games with a bone contusion in his knee , O'Neal made his debut against the Denver Nuggets in December . At 18 years , one month and 22 days , he became the youngest player to play in an NBA game ( a mark that has since been eclipsed by |
Indy 500 - Indianapolis Motor Speedway | tc_1444 | Who was the second American to win the Indianapolis 500 four times? | {
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In what year did the first Indianapolis 500 take place ?
1911 . Ray Harroun won in the Marmon `` Wasp . ''
Why was the distance of 500 miles selected ?
Having decided to dispense with multi-race programs and concentrate on one major race for 1911 , Speedway leader Carl Fisher and his partners envisioned an event that would appeal to the public by lasting approximately seven hours between mid-morning and late afternoon . A distance of 500 miles was settled upon , and Ray Harroun won the first Indianapolis 500 in 1911 in six hours , 42 minutes and eight seconds .
What is the distance of one lap around the oval ?
2.5 miles . The track has four distinct turns and straightaways , a layout unchanged since the facility opened in 1909 . The front and back straightaways are 5/8th of a mile each , with the `` short chute '' straightaways between Turns 1 and 2 and Turns 3 and 4 at 1/8th of a mile each . Each of the four turns is 1/4th of a mile long .
What is the degree of banking in the turns ?
Each of the four turns on the oval is banked at exactly 9 degrees , 12 minutes , the same dimensions as when the track opened in 1909 .
Which driver has won the Indianapolis 500 the most times ?
Three drivers have won the Indianapolis 500 four times each :
A.J . Foyt ( 1961 , 1964 , 1967 , 1977 )
Al Unser ( 1970 , 1971 , 1978 , 1987 )
Rick Mears ( 1979 , 1984 , 1988 , 1991 )
Who is the youngest winner of the Indianapolis 500 ?
Troy Ruttman was 22 years , 80 days old when he won the 36th Indianapolis 500 on May 30 , 1952 . Q . Who is the oldest winner of the Indianapolis 500 ? A. Al Unser was 47 years , 360 days old when he won the 71st Indianapolis 500 on May 24 , 1987 .
What is the name of the trophy presented to the winner of the race each year ?
The Borg-Warner Trophy , which was commissioned in 1935 by the Borg-Warner Automotive Company . In 1936 , Indianapolis 500 winner Louis Meyer was the first driver to receive the trophy .
Why does the winner of the Indianapolis 500 drink milk in Victory Lane ?
Three-time Indianapolis 500 winner Louis Meyer regularly drank buttermilk to refresh himself on a hot day and happened to drink some in Victory Lane as a matter of habit after winning the 1936 race . An executive with what was then the Milk Foundation was so elated when he saw the moment captured in a photograph in the sports section of his newspaper the following morning that he vowed to make sure it would be repeated in coming years . There was a period between 1947-55 when milk was apparently no longer offered , but the practice was revived in 1956 and has been a tradition ever since .
Have women competed in the Indianapolis 500 ?
Nine women have raced in the Indianapolis 500 :
Janet Guthrie ( 1977-79 )
Lyn St. James ( 1992-97 , 2000 )
Sarah Fisher ( 2000-04 , 2007-10 )
Helio Castroneves ( 2001 )
Have there always been 33 cars in the starting field of the Indianapolis 500 ?
No . After 40 cars started in the inaugural race in 1911 , the Contest Board of the American Automobile Association ( AAA ) , the sanctioning body at the time , mandated a formula for limiting the size of a starting field according to the size of the track . It was determined that the safe distance between each car spread equally around a course would be 400 feet , thereby limiting the 2.5-mile Indianapolis Motor Speedway to 33 cars . Speedway President Carl Fisher , however , placed a limit of only 30 cars for the `` 500 '' between 1912 and 1914 and did not adopt AAA 's 33 maximum until 1915 . Although there had been numerous occasions between 1912 and 1928 when the field was not filled , the allowed number was increased during the Depression years to 40 cars between 1930 and 1932 ( only 38 made it in 1930 ) and further to 42 in 1933 . The maximum has been at 33 ever since 1934 , although extenuating circumstances expanded the field to 35 starters in 1979 and 1997 .
What is the fastest official |
Super Bowl History 1980 - 1989 - Superbowl in the 1980's | tc_1445 | Who was the Super Bowl MVP in 1979 and 1980. | {
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Super Bowl History 1980 - 1989
Super Bowl XIV
Chuck Noll 's Pittsburgh Steelers would repeat to win Super Bowl 14 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California on January 20th , 1980 against Ray Malavasi 's LA Rams . Terry Bradshaw took home MVP for the second straight year as the Steelers won their 4th Super Bowl before any other team had won three . John Stallworth and Lynn Swan each caught touchdowns , while Franco Harris ran for two . Dave Elmendorf , Rod Perry , and Eddie Brown intercepted three Bradshaw passes , but it was n't enough . Lawrence McCutcheon connected with Ron Smith on a halfback pass but quarterback Vince Ferragamo could n't make the big throw for the Rams . Unsung hero , Larry Anderson , had 162 return yards setting up the Steeler win , 31-19 .
Super Bowl XV
Tom Flores ' Oakland Raiders beat Dick Vermeil 's Philadelphia Eagles , 27-10 , in Super Bowl 15 on January 25th , 1981 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans . Ron Jaworski had 291 yards , but was intercepted by linebacker Rod Martin three times . Jim Plunkett threw three touchdowns in Super Bowl Fifteen ; an 80 yard bomb to Kenny King , and two shorter scores to Cliff Branch . An Eagle defense led by John Bunting and Herman Edwards could n't slow Plunkett and Mark Van Eeghen ( 75 yards ) . Ted Hendricks , Matt Millen , Dave Browning , and Martin led the stout Raider defense .
Super Bowl XVI
On January 24 , 1982 Super Bowl 16 was played in Pontiac , Michigan at the Pontiac Sliverdome . Bill Walsh 's San Francisco 49ers faced Forrest Gregg 's Cincinnati Bengals . MVP , Joe Montana , inched his Forty-Niners into Super Bowl Sixteen by completing a last second touchdown to Dwight Clark in the NFC Title Game , known as `` The Catch '' . Montana took home MVP honors , throwing one touchdown to Earl Cooper , while running for another . Ray Wersching had a Super Bowl record 4 field goals . Ken Anderson brought the Bengals roaring back with a touchdown run and pass to Dan Ross . But early turnovers by Chris Collinsworth and Anderson were too much to overcome as Eric Wright , Lynn Thomas , Ronnie Lott , and Dwight Hicks led San Francisco 's defense to victory .
Super Bowl XVII
On January 30th , 1983 , Joe Gibbs ' Washington Redskins beat Don Shula 's Miami Dolphins 27-17 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California . Super Bowl 17 MVP , John Riggins , rushed for a record 166 yards , and Joe Theismann threw two touchdowns , to Alvin Garrett and Charlie Brown , leading the Redskin comeback in the second half . Miami 's 17 Super Bowl Seventeen points came in the first half ; a 76 yard touchdown pass from David Woodley to Jimmy Cefalo , a short field goal by Uwe Von Schamann , and a 98 yard kickoff return by Fulton Walker . Vernon Dean and Mark Murphy led the Washington defense that held Woodley and Don Strock to 4-17 passing .
Super Bowl XVIII
Joe Gibbs ' Washington Redskins were back as Defending Champs for Super Bowl 18 in Tampa , Florida on January 30th , 1983 . Super Bowl Eighteen was different for Joe , as Tom Flores ' Los Angeles Raiders blew-out Joe Theismann ( 2-ints ) , John Riggins ( 64-yds ) and the rest of the Redskins , 38-9 , in the Super Bowl 's most lopsided contest yet . Marcus Allen literally ran away with Super Bowl MVP , compiling over 200 total yards and two touchdowns , with a record 192 rushing . Derrick Jensen blocked a punt for a touchdown and linebacker Jack Squireck returned an interception for a score to end the half . Jim Plunkett tossed a TD to Cliff Branch adding fuel to the fire .
Super Bowl XIX
On January 20th , 1985 Don Shula 's Miami Dolphins played Bill Walsh 's San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl 19 at Stanford Stadium in Stanford , California . Two of the NFL 's greatest quarterbacks of all time , Dan Marino and Joe Montana , led their respective teams into what promised to be an offensive explosion . But Walsh 's Nickel Defense held Marino well below season averages while the Dolphins could n't coral Super Bowl Nineteen MVP Joe Montana ( 361 yards , 4 total touchdowns ) , Roger Craig ( 3 scores |
Competitions - iaaf.org | tc_1448 | Where were the first World Athletics Championships held? | {
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iaaf.org
IAAF Silver Label Road Races
Madrid , ESP
IAAF Silver Label Road Races
Houilles , FRA
IAAF Bronze Label Road Races
Guangzhou , CHN
IAAF Gold Label Road Races
Fukuoka , JPN
IAAF Gold Label Road Races
Singapore , SGP
IAAF Bronze Label Road Races
New Delhi , IND
IAAF Gold Label Road Races
Valencia , ESP
Home of World Athletics
The 2013-2016 IAAF Strategic Plan has six Core Values : universality , leadership , unity , excellence , integrity and solidarity , and a Vision Statement : “ To lead , govern and develop the sport of athletics in all its forms worldwide , uniting the Athletics Family in a spirit of excellence , integrity and solidarity . ”
The IAAF Registered Testing Pool
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IAAF Rules of Congress Procedure
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IAAF Vetting Rules - Approved by the IAAF Council on 6 January 2017
PDF
IAAF Code of Ethics , Amended Appendix 2 in force as from 1st August 2016
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IAAF Code of Ethics in force as from 26 November 2015
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Guidelines : Application for exceptional eligibility under Rule 22.1A
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Amendments to the IAAF Competition Rules , in force from 1st December 2016
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Amendments to the IAAF Competition Rules , in force from 17 June 2016
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Amendments to the IAAF Competition Rules , in force from 10 March 2016
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IAAF World Athletics Series Competitions – Technical Regulations – October 2016
PDF
04 AUG 2017 - 13 AUG 2017 London
GBR
The World Championships is the jewel in the crown of the IAAF ’ s global competition programme . It is the third-largest sporting event in the world , involving approximately 2000 athletes from more than 200 nations competing for 47 gold medals . The first World Championships in athletics was held in Helsinki in 1983 . Today , the competition is staged biennially , usually in the month August .
02 MAR 2018 - 04 MAR 2018 Birmingham
GBR
The IAAF World Indoor Championships is held every two years and provides three action-packed days of intense competition in an intimate arena where fans can see many of the world ’ s best athletes at close range . The event is generally held in March .
10 JUL 2018 Tampere
FIN
The IAAF World U20 Championships brings together the best junior athletes from around the world to compete against each other on the global stage . It gives 18 and 19-year-old competitors a valuable first experience of a world championships . Up to 2200 athletes and officials from 170 national federations can be expected to take part . The six-day event is generally staged in July , every even year .
12 JUL 2017 - 16 JUL 2017 Nairobi
KEN
The IAAF World U18 Championships bring together the best youth athletes from around the world to compete against each other on the global stage . It gives 16 and 17-year-old competitors a valuable first experience of a world championships . Up to 1600 athletes and officials from 165 national federations can be expected to take part . The five-day event is generally staged in July , every odd year .
08 SEP 2018 - 09 SEP 2018 Ostrava
CZE
Formerly known as the IAAF World Cup , this event changed format and name in 2010 to become the IAAF Continental Cup . This premier team competition of world athletics sees the greatest talents on earth compete , not for individual medals , but to accumulate points for their continental teams . The Continental Cup is contested by mixed teams representing Africa , the Americas , Asia-Pacific and Europe . The event takes place over two or three days and is held generally in September , every four years .
26 MAR 2017 Kampala
UGA
Natural land is the stage on which many of the world ’ s greatest distance runners learn their craft . The ‘ World Cross ’ is the oldest competition on the IAAF calendar , connecting the modern professional sport with its roots in the nineteenth century . Medals are awarded for both team and individual performances in senior and junior categories . The event is generally held in March , every odd year .
IAAF World Race Walking Team Championships
The IAAF Race Walking Team Championships is a two-day festival celebrating one of the sport ’ s most punishing disciplines . With five races ( men 's |
Super Bowl Winners and Results - Super Bowl History ... | tc_1449 | Which was the first team to win three Super Bowls? | {
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1301
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"steelers"
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} | Super Bowl Winners and Results - Super Bowl History - National Football League - ESPN
Super Bowl Winners and Results
NO .
Green Bay 35 , Kansas City 10
II
Green Bay 33 , Oakland 14
III
New York Jets 16 , Baltimore 7
IV
Kansas City 23 , Minnesota 7
V
Pittsburgh 31 , Los Angeles 19
XV
San Francisco 26 , Cincinnati 21
XVII
Los Angeles 38 , Washington 9
XIX
San Francisco 38 , Miami 16
XX
Chicago 46 , New England 10
XXI
New York Giants 39 , Denver 20
XXII
Jack Murphy Stadium ( San Diego )
Washington 42 , Denver 10
San Francisco 20 , Cincinnati 16
XXIV
San Francisco 55 , Denver 10
XXV
New York Giants 20 , Buffalo 19
XXVI
San Francisco 49 , San Diego 26
XXX
Sun Devil Stadium ( Tempe , Ariz . )
Dallas 27 , Pittsburgh 17
Green Bay 35 , New England 21
XXXII
Denver 31 , Green Bay 24
XXXIII
St. Louis 23 , Tennessee 16
XXXV
Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa , Fla . )
Baltimore 34 , New York Giants 7
XXXVI
New England 20 , St. Louis 17
XXXVII
Tampa Bay 48 , Oakland 21
XXXVIII
New England 32 , Carolina 29
XXXIX
New England 24 , Philadelphia 21
XL
University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , Ariz . )
New York Giants 17 , New England 14
XLIII
Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa , Fla . )
Pittsburgh Steelers 27 , Arizona Cardinals 23
XLIV
New Orleans Saints 31 , Indianapolis Colts 17
XLV
Green Bay Packers 31 , Pittsburgh Steelers 25
XLVI
New York Giants 21 , New England Patriots 17
XLVII
Baltimore Ravens 34 , San Francisco 49ers 31
XLVIII
MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford , N.J . )
Seattle Seahawks 43 , Denver Broncos 8
XLIX
University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , Ariz . )
New England Patriots 28 , Seattle Seahawks 24
50
Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara , Calif . )
Denver Broncos 24 , Carolina Panthers 10
SPONSORED HEADLINES |
Super Bowl V MVP: Chuck Howley - NFL.com | tc_1450 | Who was the first MVP in a Super Bowl to be on the losing side? | {
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Super Bowl V MVP : Chuck Howley
SuperBowl.com wire reports
Dallas linebacker Chuck Howley became the first defensive player to be named Most Valuable Player in a Super Bowl . But the honor had a hollow ring for Howley , who also became the first player from a losing team to be named MVP .
The Cowboys lost to the Colts 16-13 as rookie Jim O'Brien made a 32-yard field goal with five seconds remaining to win the game . Howley intercepted two passes and receovered a fumble to win the honor , although his effort was overshadowed by Baltimore 's eventual win .
Information |
Monica Seles - Players | WTA Tennis English | tc_1451 | Who won the Princess Cup in 1997 with Monica Seles? | {
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Career in Review
Monica Seles Biography
Was coached by father , Karolj , until his death in May 1998 ; holds especially dear the memory of first playing tennis with him in a parking lot ; mother 's name is Ester ; has Yorkshire terrier named Ariel ... Became a US citizen in Miami on March 16 , 1994 ... Other interests include modeling , horseback riding , basketball , guitar , reading autobiographies , hiking , swimming , working with Special Olympics athletes ... Collects stuffed animals ... Partner in the All-Star Cafe ( sports restaurant chain ) with Agassi , Woods , O'Neal , Montana , Gretzky and Griffey Jr ... Appeared in American Heart Association 's `` Got Milk ? '' ads with Evert and Fernandez ... Would like to attend college one day and work with children .
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- Holds nine Grand Slam singles titles ( four at Australian Open , three at Roland Garros , two at US Open ) ; last one was 1996 Australian Open ; last time reaching final was 1998 Roland Garros ( just three weeks after father 's death ; finished runner-up to Sánchez-Vicario ) ; last one played was 2003 Roland Garros ( lost first round to Nadia Petrova ; was last match played ) .
- Youngest winner of Roland Garros in history in 1990 ( 16 years , 6 months ) , beating then-No.1 Graf in straight sets in final .
- Youngest winner of Tour Championships in 1990 ( 16 years , 11 months ) , beating Sabatini 64 57 63 64 62 in first women 's match to go to five sets since 1901 US Nationals final .
- Holds 53 career Tour singles titles ( currently ninth-most all-time ) .
- Held No.1 for 178 non-consecutive weeks , fifth-most all-time ; rose to No.1 for first time on March 11 , 1991 , becoming youngest ever at the time ( now second-youngest , having been passed by Hingis ) ; year-end No.1 twice ( 1991 , 1992 ) .
- Career prize money ( $ 14,891,762 ) is currently ninth all-time .
- Member of winning American Fed Cup Teams in 1996 , 1999 and 2000 .
- Won seven of eight Grand Slams contested prior to 1993 stabbing ; only Graf bettered that with eight of nine between 1988-1990 ; during QF match in Hamburg on April 13 , 1993 , was stabbed in back ( just below left shoulder blade ) by 38-year-old Guenter Parche , a fanatical fan of Graf who wanted to see her return to No.1 ; Seles did not play again for two years , three months ; returned on August 15 , 1995 with co-No.1 ranking ( w/Graf ) , winning comeback event in Toronto and reaching US Open final in next event ( falling to Graf in 3s ) .
SINGLES
Winner ( 53 ) : 2002 - Doha , Madrid ; 2001 - Oklahoma City , Bahia , Tokyo [ Japan Open ] , Shanghai ; 2000 - Oklahoma City , Amelia Island , Rome ; 1999 - Amelia Island ; 1998 - Montréal , Tokyo [ Princess Cup ] ; 1997 - Los Angeles , Toronto , Tokyo [ Princess Cup ] ; 1996 - Australian Open , Tokyo [ Nichirei ] , Sydney , Eastbourne , Montréal ; 1995 - Toronto ; 1993 - Australian Open , Chicago ; 1992 - Australian Open , Roland Garros , US Open , Tour Championships , Essen , Indian Wells , Houston , Barcelona , Tokyo [ Nichirei ] , Oakland ; 1991 - Australian Open , Roland Garros , US Open , Tour Championships , Miami , Houston , Los Angeles , Tokyo [ Nichirei ] , Milan , Philadelphia ; 1990 - Roland Garros , Tour Championships , Miami , US Hardcourts , Tampa , Rome , Berlin , Los Angeles , Oakland ; 1989 - Houston .
DOUBLES
Winner ( 6 ) : 1998 - Tokyo [ Princess Cup ] ( w/Kournikova ) ; 1997 - Tokyo [ Princess Cup ] ( w/Sugiyama ) ; 1992 - Rome ( w/Sukova ) ; 1991 - US Hardcourts ( w/Fendick ) , Rome ( w/Capriati ) ; 1990 - Rome ( w/Kelesi ) .
ADDITIONAL |
Babe Ruth | Society for American Baseball Research | tc_1453 | Which team has not won a World Series since Babe Ruth stopped pitching for them? | {
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If you can help us improve this player 's biography , contact us .
Babe Ruth
This article was written by Allan Wood
During his five full seasons with the Boston Red Sox , Babe Ruth established himself as one of the premier left-handed pitchers in the game , began his historic transformation from moundsman to slugging outfielder , and was part of three World Series championship teams . After he was sold to the New York Yankees in December 1919 , his eye-popping batting performances over the next few seasons helped usher in a new era of long-distance hitting and high scoring , effectively bringing down the curtain on the Deadball Era .
George Herman Ruth was born to George Ruth and Catherine Schamberger on February 6 , 1895 , in his mother ’ s parents ’ house at 216 Emory Street , in Baltimore , Maryland . With his father working long hours in his saloon and his mother often in poor health , Little George ( as he was known ) spent his days unsupervised on the waterfront streets and docks , committing petty theft and vandalism . Hanging out in his father ’ s bar , he stole money from the till , drained the last drops from old beer glasses , and developed a taste for chewing tobacco . He was only six years old .
Shortly after his seventh birthday , the Ruths petitioned the Baltimore courts to declare Little George “ incorrigible ” and sent him to live at St. Mary ’ s Industrial School , on the outskirts of the city . The boy ’ s initial stay at St. Mary ’ s lasted only four weeks before his parents brought him home for the first of several attempted reconciliations ; his long-term residence at St. Mary ’ s actually began in 1904 . But it was during that first stay that George met Brother Matthias .
“ He taught me to read and write and he taught me the difference between right and wrong , ” Ruth said of the Canadian-born priest . “ He was the father I needed and the greatest man I ’ ve ever known. ” Brother Matthias also spent many afternoons tossing a worn-out baseball in the air and swatting it out to the boys . Little George watched , bug-eyed . “ I had never seen anything like that in my life , ” he recalled . “ I think I was born as a hitter the first day I ever saw him hit a baseball. ” The impressionable youngster imitated Matthias ’ s hitting style—gripping the bat tightly down at the knobbed end , taking a big swing at the ball—as well as his way of running with quick , tiny steps .
When asked in 1918 about playing baseball at St. Mary ’ s , Ruth said he had little difficulty anywhere on the field . “ Sometimes I pitched . Sometimes I caught , and frequently I played the outfield and infield . It was all the same to me . All I wanted was to play . I didn ’ t care much where. ” In one St. Mary ’ s game in 1913 , Ruth , then 18 years old , caught , played third base ( even though he threw left-handed ) , and pitched , striking out six men , and collecting a double , a triple , and a home run . That summer , he was allowed to pitch with local amateur and semipro teams on weekends . Impressed with his performances , Jack Dunn signed Ruth to his minor league Baltimore Orioles club the following February .
Although he was a bumpkin with minimal social skills , at camp in South Carolina Ruth quickly distinguished himself on the diamond . That spring , the Orioles played several major league teams . In two outings against the Phillies , Ruth faced 29 batters and allowed only six hits and two unearned runs . The next week , he threw a complete game victory over the Philadelphia Athletics , winners of three of the last four World Series . Short on cash that summer , Dunn sold Ruth to the Boston Red Sox .
On July 11 , 1914 , less than five months after leaving St. Mary ’ s , Babe made his debut at Fenway Park : he pitched seven innings against Cleveland and received credit for a 4-3 win . After being hit hard by Detroit in his second outing , Ruth rode the bench until he was demoted to the minor leagues in mid-August , |
Wimbledon legends: Martina Navratilova - BBC News | tc_1463 | Who did Martina Navratilova beat to win her ninth Wimbledon title? | {
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Wimbledon legends : Martina Navratilova
1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990
Runner up : 1988 , 1989 , 1994
Grand Slam titles : 18
Photos from her career
Martina Navratilova took her haul of Wimbledon titles to a record-equalling 20 in 2003 after victory in the mixed doubles with Leander Paes .
She shares that honour with Billie-Jean King , having already beaten many of her other landmarks , not least by playing a record 279 singles matches at SW19 .
In that time she totted up a toal of nine singles titles , six of which came in successive summers from 1982 .
Navratilova raised the women 's game to a new level with power and aggression .
The Czech-born left-hander , who became a naturalised American in 1975 , also set new standards with her astonishing fitness levels and commitment .
Amazingly , she had never even seen a grass court until a week before her first appearance there in 1973 .
Watching Wimbledon on television as a child , she had no idea how long the grass would be , imagining it would be a couple of inches long like a football pitch .
When she leant down to touch the court at Queen 's Club , where she was practicing before Wimbledon , she could not believe how short and tightly-woven it was .
She later declared : `` Wimbledon is like a drug . Once you win it for the first time you feel you 've just got to do it again and again and again . ''
And so it proved . Navratilova won her first title in 1978 against Chris Evert , who she beat again 12 months later .
Evert was on the receiving end again in 1982 when Navratilova started her six year domination of Wimbledon during which she beat Andrea Jaeger , Evert again , and again ( for the fifth time ) , Hana Mandlikova and Steffi Graf .
It was Graf who finally broke the spell becoming the first person to beat Navratilova in a Wimbledon singles final winning 6-1 in the third in both 1988 and 1989 .
But Navratilova was not finished yet . She reached her ninth successive final in 1990 and overwhelmed Zina Garrison .
`` If I ever reached the stage where winning Wimbledon was no big deal , I 'd know it was time for me to get out of the game , '' she once said .
She retired in 1994 , the year she lost her last final appearance against Conchita Martinez , although later returned to play doubles matches , teaming up with Paes in 2003 for that famous 20th title .
In 2004 , Navratilova returned to the scene of her great triumphs to compete again in the singles competition . |
1991 Ryder Cup Matches - Scores, Recap and Player Records | tc_1464 | Who captained the US Ryder Cup team in 1991? | {
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Score : USA 14.5 , Europe 13.5
Site : The Ocean Course at Kiawah Island Resort , Kiawah Island , South Carolina
Captains : Europe - Bernard Gallacher ; USA - Dave Stockton
The 1991 Ryder Cup lives in history with the nickname `` War By the Shore . '' Which tells you all you need to know about how contentious an affair this one was . The 1991 matches really set the more competitive , more contentious , more nervewracking tone that the modern Ryder Cup carries .
The Americans , led by fired-up captain Dave Stockton , set the mood by posing for a military-inspired photo/poster , and some Team USA players showed up wearing battle-fatigues-inspired golf caps for Day 1 of the matches . The `` war '' rhetoric fanned the flames for some unfortunate fan behavior , Team Europe players claimed . The Americans said they were simply honoring troops taking part in Operation Desert Storm in the Persian Gulf region ; the Europeans said some of the Americans ' actions crossed the line from patriotism to jingoism .
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Regardless , the tone was set . It continued with accusations of rules violations back-and-forth between Paul Azinger and Seve Ballesteros ; accusations of gamesmanship ; and again when Team USA withdrew an injured Steve Pate from singles ( resulting in an automatic half-point to both sides ) with an injury whose legitimacy was questioned by Team Europe .
But what happened during the actual matches ? USA jumped to a 3-1 lead after the opening foursomes and led 4.5 to 3.5 after Day 1 . The `` Spanish Armada '' - Ballesteros and Jose Maria Olazabal - prevented an early American runaway by winning both its Day 1 matches . ( That pairing was 3-0-1 for the week , and Ballesteros led both teams with a 4-0-1 individual mark . )
In the Day 2 foursomes , the USA again won the session 3-1 , building an overall 7.5 to 4.5 lead . Things appeared bleak for Europe , until the Europeans almost ran the table in the afternoon fourballs , taking the session 3.5 to 0.5 .
Which sent the 1991 Ryder Cup into the Sunday singles session tied 8-8 . As the holder of the Cup , Europe needed six out of 12 available singles points to retain it ; USA needed 6.5 of a possible 12 singles points to win the Cup back .
David Feherty and Nick Faldo got Europe off to a good start by winning their early matches . But the lead changed multiple times throughout the final day , a day whose tension is best described by the Mark Calcavecchia- Colin Montgomerie match .
Calcavecchia took the match dormie after the 14th hole , 4-up with four to play . But Monty , playing in his first Ryder Cup , fought back . In truth , both played poorly over those last four holes , but Calc appeared a mess ( some observers actually worried he might be having a nervous breakdown ) . Monty won the 15th and 16th hole , then gave Calcavecchia a chance to win it by hitting a ball into the water on the par-3 17th . Except that Calc then hit an even worse tee ball , very nearly a shank , that also went into the water only halfway to the green . Amazingly , Calcavecchia still had a chance to win the hole , but missed a 2-foot putt . Calc then bogied the 18th to lose another hole , giving Montgomerie the halve .
Afterward , Calcavecchia walked down to the beach next to The Ocean Course , sank into the sand and cried .
It all came down to the final match on the course , Hale Irwin vs. Bernhard Langer , and the match reached the final green all square . Langer needed to win the hole to win the match and retain the Ryder Cup for Europe . Irwin needed to halve the match to win back the Cup for USA .
Irwin struggled to get in the hole , Langer conceding him a short bogey putt . Which left Langer 45 feet from the cup with two putts to win . But Langer ran his first putt six feet past the hole , and then slid his par putt past the cup .
A half-point for Team USA , a half-point for Team Europe - and a 14.5-13.5 victory for the Americans .
Team Rosters |
Professional football is born - Aug 20, 1920 - HISTORY.com | tc_1475 | Who was the first president of the National Football League? | {
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Professional football is born
Publisher
A+E Networks
On this day in 1920 , seven men , including legendary all-around athlete and football star Jim Thorpe , meet to organize a professional football league at the Jordan and Hupmobile Auto Showroom in Canton , Ohio . The meeting led to the creation of the American Professional Football Conference ( APFC ) , the forerunner to the hugely successful National Football League .
Professional football developed in the 1890s in Pennsylvania , as local athletic clubs engaged in increasingly intense competition . Former Yale football star William “ Pudge ” Heffelfinger became the first-ever professional football player when he was hired by the Allegheny Athletic Association to play in a game against their rival the Pittsburgh Athletic Club in November 1892 . By 1896 , the Allegheny Athletic Association was made up entirely of paid players , making it the sport ’ s first-ever professional team . As football became more and more popular , local semi-pro and pro teams were organized across the country .
Professional football first proved itself a viable spectator sport in the 1910s with the establishment of The Ohio League . Canton , the premiere team in the league , featured legendary decathlete and football star Jim Thorpe . From his play with the Carlisle School to his gold medal in the decathlon in Stockholm in 1912 and his time in the outfield with John McGraw ’ s New York Giants , Thorpe was an international star who brought legitimacy to professional football . The crowds that Thorpe and the Canton team drew created a market for professional football in Ohio and beyond . Still , the league was struggling due to escalating player salaries , a reliance on college players who then had to forfeit their college eligibility and a general lack of organization .
On August 20 , 1920 , the owners of four Ohio League teams–the Akron Pros , Canton Bulldogs , Cleveland Indians and Dayton Triangles–met to form a new professional league . Jim Thorpe was nominated as president of the new league , as it was hoped Thorpe ’ s fame would help the league to be taken seriously . On September 17 , the league met again , changing its short-lived name to the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) and officially electing Jim Thorpe as the league ’ s first president .
The APFA began play on September 26 , with the Rock Island Independents of Illinois defeating a team from outside the league , the St. Paul Ideals , 48-0 . A week later , Dayton beat Columbus 14-0 in the first game between two teams from the APFA , the forerunner of the modern NFL .
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Affirmed jockey Cauthen watches American Pharoah from ... | tc_1476 | Who rode Affirmed for each race when he won the Triple Crown? | {
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Jockey Steve Cauthen , who rode Affirmed in 1978 , on hand to watch American Pharoah win Triple Crown
Affirmed jockey Cauthen watches American Pharoah from stands
Affirmed on the inside , Steve Cauthen up , wins the Belmont Stakes and the Triple Crown , ahead of Alydar , Jorge Velasquez up , on June 10 , 1978 . Affirmed is the last horse to sweep all three races .
( AP )
NEW YORK DAILY NEWS
Updated : Sunday , June 7 , 2015 , 1:31 AM
There were five horses in the Belmont Stakes field in the summer of ’ 78 , although the jockey aboard Affirmed that Saturday says “ really , it was only two , ” when the horn sounded and the gates popped open .
Steve Cauthen was all of 18 years old in 1978 , an age when most teenagers are headed to the prom . Cauthen ditched his tux in favor of racing tights , climbed aboard Affirmed and rode to Triple Crown glory after a scintillating , neck-and-neck battle with Alydar , the only other horse that mattered that day .
“ Yeah , I was nervous . Obviously you have a chance to do something special . You don ’ t want to , basically , mess it up , ” Cauthen , 55 , told the Daily News on Saturday at Belmont Park , hours before American Pharoah became the first Triple Crown winner since Affirmed . “ Considering all that , I think I kind of kept it all as best in perspective as I could and just focused on my horse , and how to ride him best , and my best chance at beating Alydar . ”
Thirty-seven years after Cauthen made history at the Belmont — waging an entertaining , tense battle with Alydar down the stretch and winning by a head , after the two battled neck-and-neck and nose-to-nose in all three Triple Crown races — the former jockey knew American Pharoah would be the horse that would take its place alongside Affirmed , Seattle Slew , Secretariat and the other eight Triple Crown titans .
Steve Cauthen is at Belmont Park on Saturday and witnesses the first Triple Crown winner since he rode Affirmed to the rare feat in 1978 .
( C.Neil DeCrescenzo/C.Neil DeCrescenzo HORSEGEMS )
“ Everybody wants to see something special , ” Cauthen said . “ He ’ s got Bob Baffert — there ’ s no better trainer around and certainly none with more experience than him that are trying to win this race . ”
Cauthen wasn ’ t the only link to Triple Crown history on hand Saturday . Penny Chenery , 93 , the owner of 1973 Triple Crown champion Secretariat , said simply : “ I ’ m thrilled . ”
FROSTED DOES N'T FLAKE
Wood Memorial winner Frosted was the lone runner to make a late move at American Pharoah , finishing second . “ My horse ran great , but the horse everybody expected to win won the race , ” jockey Joel Rosario said .
“ My horse ran really great and we got second place . It ’ s exciting because we have not seen this for so long and the winner really looked brilliant .
“ My horse showed that he is a really nice horse , and there will be lots of races down the road for my horse . ”
Rosario won the Belmont in 2014 aboard Tonalist , denying California Chrome ’ s Triple Crown bid .
American Pharoah is a Triple Crown winner after Belmont romp
EVEN STEVENS
Jockey Gary Stevens , who has ridden three Belmont Stakes winners , was also full of compliments . “ He ran a hell of a race , ” said Stevens , who finished seventh aboard Tale of Verve .
“ That ’ s a hell of a horse . The race was over in the third jump from the gate , it was over . It ’ s great to come back to a screaming crowd in a happy way instead of booing . It ’ s a pretty cool moment . ”
Stevens won the Belmont Stakes in 1995 aboard Thunder Gulch , in 1998 aboard Victory Gallop — ending Real Quiet ’ s Triple Crown bid — and on Point Given in 2001 , Baffert ’ s lone Belmont winner before American Pharoah .
CROWD CONTROL
With the attendance capped at 90,000 , the Belmont Stakes was |
NFL's greatest teams to not win the Super Bowl: 1-20 | FOX ... | tc_1478 | Which team lost the most Super Bowls in the 1970s? | {
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Jan 27 , 2014 at 4:12p ET
0
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Fox Sports South invokes a numbers-based look at the 40 Greatest Teams Not To Win The Super Bowl — a list that researches 48 NFL campaigns ( 1966-2013 ) and rewards overall record ( regular season ) , per-game point differential , turnover margin , strength of schedule , divisional superiority , blowout victories … and any other bits of extra credit that may vault teams into the countdown .
Simply put , we ’ re extracting the emotion from a countdown that will surely elicit a few choice responses on the `` comments '' section . But hey , you can ’ t please everyone .
The one significant caveat : We only considered clubs with 10 or more wins from 1966-77 ( the NFL had a 14-game schedule ) and 11 or more victories from 1978-2012 ( 16-game schedule ) .
Wins Of 10 Points Or More : 10
Losses to sub-.500 teams : 0
Record vs. playoff teams : 0-2
Strength of division ( minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5 ) : 3
Playoff Extra Credit : None
OVERVIEW
It ’ s not a stretch to draw eerie parallels between the 1999 Jaguars and 2007 Patriots , the kingpins of this countdown ( spoiler alert ) .
Both clubs proffered double-digit excellence in point differential and turnover margin , while winning at least nine games by 10 points or more . The two head coaches , Tom Coughlin ( Jags ) and Bill Belichick ( Patriots ) , are also direct descendants of the Bill Parcells coaching tree .
And both teams , excruciatingly , lost to only one franchise during their near-flawless campaigns .
Of course , New England ( 18-1 ) lost to the Giants in the waning moments of Super Bowl XLII … whereas Jacksonville went 0 for 3 against division rival Tennessee . In a nutshell , that explains why the Jags are sitting at only No . 20 .
20a . — 1999 Tennessee Titans
Wins Of 10 Points Or More : 6
Losses to sub-.500 teams : 1
Record vs. playoff teams : 3-1
Strength of division ( minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5 ) : 3
Playoff Extra Credit : Lost in Super Bowl ( Rams )
OVERVIEW
The 1999 Titans may have been omitted from this countdown if Frank Wycheck and Co. had never pulled off the Music City Miracle against the Bills ( wild-card round ) — a ridiculous-looking , but legal lateral that saved Tennessee ’ s season and helped propel the NFL into a new century .
But then again , it ’ s proper to celebrate the elite-level production of running back Eddie George ( 1,762 total yards , 13 TDs ) and the Titans ’ four crucial victories over the Jaguars ( three times — including the AFC title game ) and Rams ( regular season ) , the eventual Super Bowl champions .
19 — 1990 San Francisco 49ers
Regular Season Record : 14-2
Wins Of 10 Points Or More : 6
Losses to sub-.500 teams : 1
Record vs. playoff teams : 4-0
Strength of division ( minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5 ) : 1
Playoff Extra Credit : Lost to Super Bowl champs ( Giants )
OVERVIEW
The 1990 Niners were on path to becoming the first club in NFL history to win three consecutive Super Bowls — rolling for 10 straight wins to start the season , going undefeated on the road and riding high from perhaps Joe Montana ’ s best statistical season of a Hall of Fame career ( 3,944 yards passing , 26 TDs ) .
But alas , a Montana injury and subsequent fumble from Roger Craig in the NFC title game ( against the Giants ) thwarted San Francisco ’ s bid for three straight Lombardi trophies .
18 — 1975 Minnesota Vikings
Wins Of 10 Points Or More : 8
Losses to sub-.500 teams : 0
Record vs. playoff teams : 0-0
Strength of division ( minimum to maximum scale of 1 to 5 ) : 2
Playoff Extra Credit : None
OVERVIEW
At first blush , the 1975 Vikings got the short end of the stick here . Is a top-20 ranking really commensurate for a Minnesota squad that started the season 10-0 and allowed only 22-plus points once |
Trainers rising to the Challenge: Horse Racing - Telegraph | tc_1482 | What was the first British-trained horse to run in the Kentucky Derby? | {
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Horse Racing
Trainers rising to the Challenge
It is much easier to send a British-trained runner to Louisville for the Kentucky Derby than it was two decades ago .
Pride of Kentucky : Churchill Downs , the home of the famous Kentucky Derby Photo : AP
By HOTSPUR ( J A McGrath )
7:23PM GMT 17 Mar 2009
In fact , now with a tantalising bonus of $ 100,000 in place for the first time this year , it is a piece of cake .
The winner of the Kentucky Derby Challenge Stakes at Kempton Park is guaranteed a place in the Kentucky Derby field and will pick up the bonus simply for agreeing to make the trans-Atlantic crossing for the Run For The Roses at Churchill Downs , on May 2 .
He does n't even have to win in America , he just has to show up on the day . And , of course , the bonus will cover the cost of the trip . If he happens to win , or finish in the first five , there is huge prize money to be collected .
It is certainly a lot more tempting than when Newmarket trainer Clive Brittain saddled Tony Richards ' Bold Arrangement for a gallant second to Ferdinand in the 1986 Kentucky Derby . No gilt-edged carrot was dangled in front of the pioneering Brittain and his adventurous owner ; they did all the hard work themselves .
How times have changed . Owing to vigorous promotion by Churchill Downs and Kempton , the inaugural running of the Kentucky Derby Challenge , carrying £80,000 prize money , has attracted a capacity field of 14 . So popular was the race , they had to ballot for places .
Deposer , saddled by John Best , has already been to the States with his best effort there coming in the Lane 's End Breeders ' Futurity at Keeneland , in which he finished fourth to stablemate Square Eddie .
The latter went on to finish second , starting favourite , in the Breeders ' Cup Juvenile at Santa Anita , thus verifying Best 's sales pitch to a group of owners he had recruited . He told them he could buy a batch of horses relatively cheaply , race them and then sell them on for handsome gain . `` They made a massive profit and we 're hoping to do it again . We have 60 to race – 30 with American pedigrees and 30 with European bloodlines . We bought many of them as foals , '' he said .
Despite his experience , Deposer has quite a task tonight , according to Best . `` He has drawn badly , and they did such a good job promoting this race , it is going to be very competitive . There are many unexposed types , '' he pointed out .
John Gosden sends out two runners , the unbeaten Close Alliance , who looked promising in winning at Great Leighs , and Mafaaz , who is preferred by Hamdan Al-Maktoum 's jockey Richard Hills , though the owner 's Haashed , trained by Mark Johnston , has ability and also looks a decent prospect .
Watching Brief by Marlborough
Selling Point : This race represents an easier task for Mystic Art ( 4.45 Lingfield ) than the one he faced when a creditable third in a hot claimer over course and distance last time . He had previously run out a comfortable winner when dropped to selling company for the first time , so has what it takes to be effective at this level .
Quick Strike : No Supper ( 5.10 Warwick ) makes an early reappearance after registering a comfortable course and distance success . His trainer is establishing a reputation for running up sequences with his horses and this could be another example .
Flat Profit : Chepstow bumpers have proved a happy hunting ground for Paul Nicholls - 40 per cent strike rate in the past five seasons – and Aldertune ( 5.30 Chepstow ) looks another likely candidate for the yard .
Key Note : Key Regard ( 8.50 Kempton ) looked a horse with a future when producing an impressive turn of foot to win a Lingfield maiden and the form took on a solid appearance when the runner-up that day won a handicap here on Monday . |
WEG 1990 The Sport | FEI History Hub | tc_1483 | In which sport did Eric Navet of France become a 1990 world champion? | {
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A total of 37 countries participated in the 1990 FEI World Equestrian Games™ .
Jumping 75 Participants ( 26 Countries )
Dressage 68 Participants ( 22 countries )
Eventing 84 Participants ( 22 countries )
Driving 52 Participants ( 18 Countries )
Endurance 81 Participants ( 19 countries )
Vaulting 61 participants ( 15 countries )
Jumping
Dressage
Eventing
France dominated in the show jumping arena at these inaugural FEI World Equestrian Games™ in Stockholm , where Eric Navet claimed the individual honours and joined team-mates Hubert Bourdy , Roger-Yves Bost and Pierre Durand to take the team title .
Navet realised the dreams for many generations of his family when he was victorious with the stallion Quito de Baussy , bred by his father Alain at the Haras de Baussy in Calvados , Normandy . This was particularly significant given that the change-horse individual final included some of the greatest equine legends of all time including the duo of magnificent greys , Milton and Gem Twist . Silver medallists at the Seoul Olympic Games in 1988 , Best and Gem Twist , knocked a rail but Gem Twist earned the title of `` World 's Best Horse '' that afternoon when his only other mistake was with Bourdy .
It was Great Britain 's Whitaker who lined up in silver medal position ahead of Bourdy in bronze while Best finished individually fourth as did the US team which also included Joan Scharffenberger ( Victor ) , Anne Kursinski ( Starman ) and Joe Fargis ( Mill Pearl ) .
The course designer in Stockholm was Olaf Petersen , whose flair and innovation had already made a big impression in Seoul . The Stockholm track had a distinctly Swedish theme .
A total of 16 countries competed in the team competition . Despite a 16-fault result for Roger-Yves Bost ( Norton de Rhuys ) , the French were victorious in the team event , ahead of France and Germany .
The seventh FEI World Championships were held in the framework of the first FEI World Equestrian Games™ in the Olympic stadium of 1912 and 1956 . Nicole Uphoff and Rembrandt , who had burst onto the international scene with their 1988 Olympic gold medal , also claimed the world title . A record number of 68 starters from 22 countries took part . The Germans won their sixth world title , with the Soviet Union ( just before its break-up ) and Switzerland behind on the podium .
Eighty-four riders started in Stockholm and 60 finished the competition , held in the Royal parks of Gardet and Djurgarden . Blyth Tait on Messiah earned the first individual Eventing world title for New Zealand , and Andrew Nicholson , Andrew Scott and the double Olympic champion of 1984 and 1988 , Mark Todd of New Zealand , also won team gold , ahead of Great Britain and Germany .
Driving
Endurance
Vaulting
Fifty-two starters competed from 18 countries at the first FEI World Equestrian Games™ in Stockholm , a glorious event on the whole but in terms of the Driving , they unfortunately ended with the disqualification of the winner , Ad Aarts of the Netherlands , due to traces of prohibited substances found after testing . This cost Aarts not only his individual medal but also team gold for the Netherlands . Gold instead went to Sweden . The Netherlands , with only the two scores of Chardon and Weusthof , got silver , with Hungary taking bronze . Tomas Eriksson of Sweden became the new individual World champion .
The third endurance FEI World championships were held in the framework of the first FEI World Equestrian Games™ . Becky Hart of the United States with R.O . Grand Sultan won again . The surprise was the win of Great Britain in the team competition : four elderly ladies with their pet horses had the best aggregate time to take gold .
The Swiss were the winners of the first World Vaulting championship occurring as part of the FEI World Equestrian Games™ in 1990 . They had had a fierce rivalry with the then-Federal Republic of Germany for over 20 years but that year the vaulters from St. Gallen were victorious . Silke Bernhard of the FRG led the women ’ s medals table while her countryman Michael Lehner topped the men ’ s table . |
Baseball History in 1903: The First World Series | tc_1488 | Who won baseball's first World Series of the 70s? | {
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1903 Leaders & Numbers 1902 1904 1900s
1903 The First World Series
Both the American and National Leagues finally agree to co-exist in peace , leading to an inaugural `` world 's championship '' between the two pennant winners .
On January 9 , 1903 , the hatchet was finally buried . It was on this day in Cincinnati that the powers that be for both the National and American Leagues began the process of co-existing harmoniously , ending two years of bitter fighting . Gone would be the player raids , the cutthroat crosstown rivalries and the clandestine undermining of each other .
Although nothing was said about the leagues playing one another—be it as regular season interleague play or postseason competition—the door was certainly propped open more widely than ever for the possibility .
Ironically , it was the National League—the established entity of big league baseball—that more or less waved the white flag to the relatively infant American League , singularly run by Ban Johnson . Talent and attendance had both swayed in favor of the AL , and there was still ongoing pilferage of NL rosters . Jack Chesbro , Jesse Tannehill , Willie Keeler and Sam Crawford had already defected to the junior circuit since the end of the 1902 season , and AL owners were closing in on signing Christy Mathewson , Tommy Leach , Vic Willis and Sam Mertes , among others . To stop the bleeding , the NL decided to put the emergency brakes on the feud and meet with Johnson .
Though the Cincinnati talks supposedly provided a level playing field between the leagues , there was no mistaking that Johnson and his AL owners were firmly in charge .
The NL magnates gave it the good ol ’ college try anyway .
Johnson was initially asked by NL executives , led by president Harry Pulliam , to merge the two leagues—eliminating the four AL franchises doing business in NL cities , while allowing the other four to continue as part of a 12-team National League . An incredulous Johnson quickly rejected the idea and walked out , only to return four days later with his own list of demands—many of which he ’ d get . Johnson demanded that all existing player contracts be honored , allowing AL teams to hold onto the players snapped up from the NL ; in return he would stop the player raids . Johnson also pledged not to follow through on his threat to move the Detroit Tigers to Pittsburgh—but only on the condition that he could move his tampered Baltimore franchise to New York . The NL reluctantly , though not unaminouslyJohn Brush , who helped scuttle the Baltimore Orioles and now owned the New York Giants—where most of the released Orioles wound up—vehemently decried the AL ’ s move to New York . , agreed to these key issues .
Out of the Cincinnati talks came the National Agreement , the bylines of which both leagues would be run ; and the National Commission , an executive group of three representatives from both leagues that would rule over the game . The three elected to the Commission were Johnson and two NL executives : Pulliam and Cincinnati Reds owner Garry Herrmann . On the surface , the AL appeared outnumbered 2-to-1 within the Commission , but it was a deceptive facade ; Herrmann , a long-time pal of Johnson , brought a more impartial voice to balance out the trio .
The negotiating power and dominating presence of Ban Johnson proved one thing as the new season proceeded in April : It was he who now ran the whole show .
The shortest end of the peace stick would not be reserved for the NL , but for the players . They once considered Ban Johnson their savior for thumbing his nose at the reserve clause and encouraging them to jump to his fledgling circuit . But the AL-NL peace treaty also brought agreement by both leagues to respect each other ’ s roster sovereignty and , therefore , the reserve clause . The players were once again perpetually chained and enslaved to the owners .
Of all the teams hit hard by the pre-peace player movement following the 1902 season , no one was hit harder than the Pittsburgh Pirates—ironically , the team that had been least touched by player raids the year before . Defecting to the New York Highlanders were starting pitchers Jack Chesbro and Jesse Tannehill , who combined for 48 of Pittsburgh ’ s stunning 103 wins in 1902 . The remaining starters—led by |
Kansas City Chiefs (1963-Present) - Sports E-Cyclopedia | tc_1489 | What was the original name of the Kansas City Chiefs? | {
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Historical Moments :
1963 : After conceding Dallas to the Cowboys , the Dallas Texans became the Kansas City Chiefs . Ironically there once was a NFL team named the Kansas City Cowboys . The defending AFL Champions got ready for their first season in Kansas City with one of the strongest drafts ever . Buck Buchanan , Ed Budde and Bobby Bell , became starters right away and would play a combined 526 games with the Chiefs . However , another rookie Stone Johnson would never make it to his rookie season , after sustaining a serious spinal cord injury , which would lead to his untimely death . The Chiefs would go on to retire his number 33 in his honor . The heavy hearted Chiefs started their first season in Kansas City win with a 59-7 victory over the Broncos in Denver , but managed just one win and two ties in its next nine games on their way to a disappointing 5-7-2 record .
1964 : The Chiefs struggled to a 7-7 record as many of the team 's best players , including E.J . Holub , Fred Arbanas and Johnny Robinson , missed several games with injuries . An average of just 18,126 fans attended each home game , prompting discussion at the AFL owners ' meeting about the Chiefs future in Kansas City .
1965 : The Chiefs made Kansas star Gale Sayers their first-round draft pick , but lost him in a bidding war with the Chicago Bears . However , the Chiefs were able to nab wide receiver Otis Taylor from Prairie View . Tragedy also hit the Chiefs again when Running Back Mack Lee Hill died on the operating table after relatively routine knee surgery late in the season . The Chiefs would go on to finish with a 7-5-2 record losing three games by a Field Goal or less .
1966 : The Chiefs make another big improvement through the draft signing Running Back Mike Garrett even though he was also drafted by his hometown Los Angeles Rams . After starting the season 3-0 on the road , a crowd of 43,885 , the largest ever to witness a sports event in Kansas City , turned out for the home opener against the defending AFL champion Buffalo Bills , the home opener against the defending AFL champion Buffalo Bills . The Chiefs dropped a 29-14 decision to the Bills , but , after the contest , Chiefs coach Hank Stram and Buffalo head coach Joe Collier negotiated a trade in the middle of the field . Kansas City got kicker Mike Mercer for a fifth-round pick , solidifying one of the few weaknesses on the squad . The Chiefs would go on to finish with an 11-2-1 record , winning the Western Division by three games to set up rematch with Bills in Buffalo in the AFL Championship Game . Using a dazzling I-formation offense and a smothering defense , the Chiefs dominated the Bills in Buffalo , 31-7 , on New Year 's Day to win the franchise 's second AFL crown and earned a place in the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game .
Super Bowl I : Lamar Hunt who was the driving force behind the formation of AFL won a major victory when the NFL and AFL agreed to play a World Championship game after the season . So it was only appropriate that his Chiefs were the AFL 's reprehensive in the first of these games billed as the AFL-NFL Championship Game . Initially the game did not get much attention as everyone assumed that the Chiefs were no-match for the powerful Green Bay Packers who won the NFL Championship . The game was not even sold out as the Los Angeles Coliseum only was filled to 2/3 of capacity . The Chiefs would manage to stay close for a half only trailing 14-10 at halftime , but the Packers would turn on the after burners scoring 21 unanswered points in the second half for the 35-10 victory . However , the game would be the beginning of a tradition and within a few years would become the premier sporting event in America . The game would eventually be called the `` Super Bowl '' , a name that Lamar Hunt himself came up with after seeing his daughter playing with a Super Ball .
1967 : Coming off their berth in the First Super Bowl , interest in the team skyrocketed , forcing an increase in seating capacity at Kansas City Municipal Stadium from 40,000 to 47,000 . Later in the year , Jackson County voters approved a $ 43 million |
Photos of Super Bowl Most Valuable Players (MVPs ) - CNN | tc_1490 | Who was Super Bowl MVP the year after Joe Namath won it? | {
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Photos : Super Bowl MVPs
Super Bowl II ( 1968 ) – Starr repeated the feat one year later as the Packers won back-to-back titles . Starr had 202 yards passing and one touchdown as Green Bay blew out Oakland 33-14 .
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Super Bowl III ( 1969 ) – The New York Jets came into Super Bowl III as 18-point underdogs , but quarterback Joe Namath famously guaranteed that his team would upset the Baltimore Colts . After Namath led the way to a 16-7 victory , he was named the game 's Most Valuable Player .
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Super Bowl IV ( 1970 ) – The Kansas City Chiefs lost the first Super Bowl , but they made it count the second time around . Quarterback Len Dawson had 142 yards and a touchdown as the Chiefs beat the Minnesota Vikings 23-7 in New Orleans . It was the second straight year that the AFL champions had defeated the NFL champions , and by the next season the two leagues had merged .
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Super Bowl V ( 1971 ) – Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley , right , holds onto one of his two interceptions against the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V. Howley was named the game 's MVP , but the Colts won the notoriously sloppy game with a Jim O'Brien field goal as time expired . To date , Howley remains the only player from a losing team to be named Super Bowl MVP .
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Super Bowl VI ( 1972 ) – Dallas atoned for its loss the next season , shutting down the Miami Dolphins 24-3 . MVP quarterback Roger Staubach had two touchdown passes .
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Super Bowl VII ( 1973 ) – Miami safety Jake Scott intercepts a fourth-quarter pass in the end zone during the Dolphins ' 14-7 win over Washington in Super Bowl VII . Scott had two interceptions in the game as the Dolphins finished their season with a perfect 17-0 record . They are still the only NFL team ever to finish a season undefeated .
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Super Bowl VIII ( 1974 ) – Powerful running back Larry Csonka carries two Minnesota defenders near the end zone as Miami won its second Super Bowl in a row . Csonka became the first running back to win Super Bowl MVP , rushing for 145 yards and two touchdowns .
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Super Bowl IX ( 1975 ) – Pittsburgh Steelers running back Franco Harris fights off Minnesota defender Paul Krause during Pittsburgh 's 16-6 victory in Super Bowl IX . Harris ran for 158 yards and a touchdown on his way to winning MVP .
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Super Bowl X ( 1976 ) – This diving catch from Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann is one of the most iconic plays in Super Bowl history . Swann had a touchdown and 161 yards receiving as the Steelers defeated Dallas 21-17 to win their second straight Super Bowl . Swann was the first wide receiver to win MVP .
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Super Bowl XI ( 1977 ) – Oakland Raiders wide receiver Fred Biletnikoff caught four passes for 79 yards to win MVP honors in Super Bowl XI . The Raiders won 32-14 over Minnesota , knocking the Vikings to 0-4 in Super Bowls .
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Super Bowl XII ( 1978 ) – A dominating performance by Dallas ' `` Doomsday Defense '' led to the first and only time that two players would share the Super Bowl MVP award . Defensive linemen Randy White , left , and Harvey Martin helped the Cowboys force eight turnovers and defeat Denver 27-10 .
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Super Bowl XIII ( 1979 ) – The Steelers and the Cowboys met for a Super Bowl rematch in 1979 , and this game ended the same way as |
The Heavyweight Top Champions of All Time - Jeff's World ... | tc_1491 | In 1952 who was the then oldest boxer to become world champoion? | {
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THE HEAVYWEIGHT TOP CHAMPIONS OF ALL TIME
06/20/98
Disclaimer : The list below is based on each boxer 's last name .
1 . Muhammad Ali
Started his pro career 1960 until 1981 , Muhammad Ali - previously known as Cassius Clay , has booked professional fight record of 56-5 ( 57 KO ) . He was nicknamed as `` The Greatest '' as he always proved every words he said before afight was done . Ali was also known as the one who invented rope and dope technique in boxing . `` Dance like a butterfly and sting like a bee '' was always reflected in his fights . Ali was the first man in the world who succeeded to be a three times Heavyweight champion , before Evander Holyfield did it again in 1997 . Ali fist got the world title after defeating Sonny Liston by KO7 in Miami Beach , Fl , February 25 , 1964 .
2 . Ezzard Charles
He fought in 1940-1959 , and finally became a world champion in 1950-1951 after he defeated the legend Joe Louis on September 27 , 1950 in New York . After he lost his title defeated by Jersey Joe Walcott ( PA , July 18 , 1051 ) , Charles failed twice in his attempt to get back the title from Rocky Marciano in 1954 .
3 . Jack Dempsey
The 1919-1926 Heavyweight world champion , Jack Dempsey , fought in professional boxing in 1914-1940 . He first got his title from Jess Willard in Toledo , OH ( July 4 , 1919 ) . He then lost the title in September 1926 after defeated by Gene Tuney in Chicago , IL .
4 . George Foreman
`` Big George '' started his pro debut in 1969 and ended it nicely in 1997 . He is the oldest Heavyweight world champion in history , and he has become a legend for that . Collecting 76 wins ( 68 KO ) and only 5 losses , Foreman was really an amazing champion . He first got the title by defeating Smokin ' Joe Frazier in Jamaica by KO2 ( Jan. 22 , 1973 ) . Ali seized the title on October 30 , 1974 by KO4 in Kinsasha , Zaire . He decided to retire after Jimmy Young defeated him in 1997 , but then he made a spectacular moment when he knocked out Michael Moorer in Las Vegas when he was 45 ( January 23 , 1989 ) .
5 . Joe Frazier
He was world champion in 1970-1973 , the time of the toughest competition in heavyweight world . Frazier fought in 1965-1981 and collecting 32-4 ( 27 KO ) fight record . He got the Heavyweight title in February 16 , 1970 from Jimmy Ellis by KO5 in NY . He was forced to give the crown to Foreman after he was KO 'd in round 2 .
6 . Larry Holmes
This `` Easton Assassin '' almost got the 49 consecutive victories as Marciano did , but he failed after Michael Spinks defeated him in 1985 . Holmes ( 66-6 , 42 KO 's ) boxed from 1973-1997 . He was a consecutive champion for 7 years , 1978-1985 . Holmes got the world title on June 9 , 1978 from Ken Norton by points in Las Vegas . In his come back , Holmes has tried to get back his lost title several times , including Tyson ( 1988 ) , but he never made it .
Evander Holyfield
`` The Real Deal '' is a very religious boxer . Until today , he has gathered fight records of 35-3 ( 25 KO 's ) . He was Cruiserweight champion ( 1986-1990 ) , then to KO James Douglas in round 3 on October 25 , 1990 . He is the second man in history after Ali who could be the 3 times Heavyweight world champion . He is considered as a legend after his 2 consecutive spectacular victories against Tyson in 1997 .
8 . Jack Johnson
Johnson , 78-13-11 ( 49 KO 's ) , boxed in 1897-1945 . He was the world champion in 1908-1914 after defeating Tommy Burns in Sydney by KO14 ( December 26 , 1908 ) .
9 . Sonny Liston
Liston was the 1962-1964 's Heavyweight champion . He professionally boxed in 1953-1970 , owning fight records of 50-4 ( 39 KO 's ) . Liston got the title from Floyd Patterson by KO1 in Chicagi , IL . ( September 25 , 1962 ) .
10 |
tennis.com - 1988: Steffi Graf Wins the Golden Slam | tc_1493 | In 1988 who won the tennis Grand Slam and Olympic gold? | {
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1988 : Steffi Graf Wins the Golden Slam
Tags : 50th Anniversary Moments , Martina Navratilova , Steffi Graf
After winning all four Grand Slam tournaments , Olympic gold was the final tennis treasure left for Graf to claim—which she did convincingly . ( AP )
This year marks the 50th anniversary of TENNIS Magazine 's founding in 1965 . To commemorate the occasion , we 'll look back each Thursday at one of the 50 moments that have defined the last half-century in our sport .
Sports fans love to talk about records that will “ never be broken. ” Joe DiMaggio ’ s 56-game hitting streak , Norm Van Brocklin ’ s 550 passing yards in one game , Wilt Chamberlain ’ s 100 points in a game : These marks , all set 50 or more years ago , have indeed stood the test of time .
Theoretically , though , they all remain breakable . Once the tiebreaker was instituted at Wimbledon , most tennis fans thought that the 1969 marathon between Pancho Gonzalez and Charlie Pasarell would stand as the longest in the tournament ’ s history at 112 games . Then along came John Isner and Nicolas Mahut , who played more games , 138 , in their breaker-less fifth set alone in 2010 .
But if we ’ re talking about the record for the most dominant single season in tennis history , it ’ s hard to see how anyone will ever surpass the one that Steffi Graf put together in 1988 . Not only did she become the first player in 18 years to capture the Holy Grail of tennis , the calendar-year Grand Slam , she became the first and so far only player to go the Grail one better and add an Olympic gold medal in the same year . The Golden Slam , as it ’ s now known , stands alone .
Graf was just 18 when she started on her quest , but her run didn ’ t come out of nowhere ; the German had been building toward it since 1984 , when she reached the fourth round at Wimbledon at 15 and announced herself as a force to be reckoned with in the future . From the start , Graf played unprecedentedly fast and forceful tennis ; no player before her had ever moved with such predatory haste . Her forehand , which she clubbed from every part of the court , was quickly recognized as an evolutionary leap for the shot . Crosscourt , inside-out , inside-in , down the line : Fraulein Forehand hit them all . Once a junior practice partner of Boris Becker , Graf brought a mid-80s power revolution to the women ’ s game at the same time that her countryman was doing something similar on the men 's side . In the process , Graf dissolved the age-old division between net-rusher and baseliner that had defined the biggest rivalry of the previous era , Martina Navratilova vs. Chris Evert .
Still , going into 1988 , Graf had one major title under her belt ; she had broken through and beaten world No . 1 Navratilova 8-6 in the third set of the previous year ’ s French Open final . By August of '87 , she had taken Navratilova ’ s top ranking as well , a position she wouldn ’ t surrender for four years . But speedy Steffi hadn ’ t left Martina in the dust just yet . The Czech bounced back to beat her in the finals at Wimbledon and the U.S. Open in ’ 87 . The generational tug of war between the two legends was prolonged and ferocious .
But ’ 88 felt like the dawning of a new era in tennis . The season began with the debut of Flinders Park in Melbourne , and its slow , bouncy new surface , Rebound Ace . The courts helped Graf in two ways : They gave her time to set up and pound her forehand , and they may have aided Evert in her upset of the fast-court-loving Navratilova in the semifinals . Either way , Graf romped to the title without losing a set , and beat Evert in the final . Steffi even frightened a few of her opponents along the way . Janine Thompson , Graf ’ s second victim Down Under , spoke for many of her fellow players when she said , “ We had played only one game when I asked myself , ‘ What the hell am I going to do ? ’ |
mr. walker smith jr. -aka- “sugar ... - Sugar Ray Robinson | tc_1494 | How was Walker Smith Robinson better known? | {
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"sugar ray robinson"
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} | The Official Site of Sugar Ray Robinson
Although this charismatic boxer was born Walker Smith Jr. , he is best remembered as `` Sugar '' Ray Robinson . Born on May 3 , 1921 in Ailey , Georgia , his parents moved the family to New York when Sugar Ray was a teenager to escape the prevalent prejudice in the South . It was there , in a Harlem gym , that he was first introduced to boxing . Sugar Ray visited the gym frequently , using a borrowed Amateur Athletic Union boxing card of a friend . The friend 's name , incidentally , was Ray Robinson .
His natural talent in the ring began to draw attention , and soon crowds gathered to watch Sugar Ray perform . When future coach George Gainford watched him box for the first time , Gainford commented that the young boxer 's style and fluid motions were `` sweet as sugar . '' Others agreed , and the nickname stuck . After winning the New York Golden Gloves championship in 1940 , 19-year-old Sugar Ray turned pro and never looked back . By 1946 , Sugar Ray was the world welterweight champion . His reign included a 91 fight winning-streak . He held the title for five years , and then moved onto acquiring the world middleweight title , which he held five times between 1951-1960 . A dominant force in the boxing ring for two decades , Sugar Ray was 38 when he won his last middleweight title .
In the mid-1960s , Sugar Ray exited the ring gracefully . `` No beefs , George , '' he told his coach . `` Sometimes we got the best of it in the past . ''
Sugar Ray 's record was 128-1-2 with 84 knockouts at the pinnacle of his career . Amazingly , in over 200 fights , Sugar Ray was never physically knocked out ( though he did receive one technical KO ) . Altogether , he amassed 109 KOs , and finished with a record of 175-19-6 with two no-decisions . World champion Muhammad Ali called him `` the king , the master , my idol . '' In 1997 , The Ring magazine named Sugar Ray `` pound for pound , the best boxer of all time . '' More recently , in 1999 , the Associated Press named him both the greatest welterweight and middleweight boxer of the century . |
Going With The Mo, Decorated Sprint Great Maurice Greene ... | tc_1497 | What is the nickname of record-breaking sprinter Maurice Greene? | {
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"mo greene"
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} | Going With The Mo , Decorated Sprint Great Maurice Greene Does It His Way by Dave Hunter - RunBlogRun
RunBlogRun
By RBR Admin on September 4 , 2013 11:11 AM | 0 Comments
I have to admit , Mo Greene has always been one of my favorite athletes . In his day , Mo Greene was showman , great sprinter and hugely talented and focused athlete . Now , Mo Greene is media mogul , track coach and Olympic champion .
Dave Hunter interviewed Mo Greene for RunBlogRun , for which we have this superb read for today , September 4 , 2013 . Please enjoy !
Mo Greene , photo courtesy of PhotoRun/IAAF Communications
Going With The Mo
Decorated Sprint Great Maurice Greene Does It His Way
September 1 , 2013
Usain Bolt is n't the only sprinter who has dominated his era . Remember Maurice Greene ? As the 20th century was winding down and the 21st century was dawning , there was no sprinter on the planet who was more feared , more successful , or more decorated than Big Mo . During
a career which spanned a decade , Greene collected a substantial amount of championship hardware : 4 Olympic medals , including 2 golds [ 100m and 4x100 ] from Sydney '00 ; and 5 golds in world championship competition , including Bolt Slam golds [ 100m , 200m , and 4x100 ] in Seville '99 . The former world record holder at 100m [ 9.79 ] , Greene still holds the indoor WR 's for 50m [ 5.56 ] and 60m [ 6.39 ] . No doubt about it . When the chips were on the table , it was a safe bet that Maurice Greene would come up big .
Some years ago - and as is the case with all track & field performers - Maurice Greene had to face and deal with the approaching twilight of his career as an elite , world-class athlete . For many , this can be a time of quiet trauma . But - from all appearances - it would appear that Maurice Greene is facing and handling this inevitable life change with the poise and light-hearted good nature that marked his illustrious sprinting career , thank you very much .
In the afterglow of the 14th IAAF World Outdoor Track & Field championships , Maurice Greene was happy to spend some time offering insight on his current activities and his future plans .
`` I 've been working with Eurosport for the last two years - doing commentating and things like that , '' explains the sprint legend as he outlines his recent activities . `` The producers came to me and we kinda developed this show together . '' The emerging show - Greene Light - has been crafted to provide more in-depth insights into elite athletes and their real lives - athletes such as like Allyson Felix and Blanka Vlasic - than could be garnered from programs focused exclusively upon athletic performance . `` I told them earlier that I would rather make the people really get your motor up , rather than just reporting the same thing over and over . So it started that I would go around the country - wherever the athlete is - and visit them . They would show me around and tell me the things they do off the track . And then we get into a little bit of the track stuff . '' And with a smile he adds , `` Here at the world championships , I 'm just talking with athletes going over what happened during the day . '' Could a program like Greene Light work in the United States to provide much-needed increased television exposure to track & field ? `` I do n't know , '' Greene confesses . `` But we need to figure out a way . ''
As a world class athlete , Maurice Greene was never shy about voicing his opinion on a whole array of topics . And as he has made the transition from elite sprinter to one of the elder statesmen of the sport , none of that has changed . When asked how he responds to Ato Boldon 's theory that a better understanding of race technique - not superior athleticism - is the primary reason for faster sprinting times , the former 100m WR holder does n't hesitate . `` I agree with him [ Boldon ] . I would say our generation really started it . I come from the school of race pattern technique - it 's what makes you run fast . There |
Muhammad Ali | American boxer | Britannica.com | tc_1498 | Who was the first boxer to twice regain the world heavyweight title? | {
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American boxer
Alternative Title : Cassius Marcellus Clay , Jr .
Muhammad Ali
Learn more about this topic
1
What was Prince ’ s best-selling album ?
Muhammad Ali , original name Cassius Marcellus Clay , Jr. ( born January 17 , 1942 , Louisville , Kentucky , U.S.—died June 3 , 2016 , Scottsdale , Arizona ) , American professional boxer and social activist . Ali was the first fighter to win the world heavyweight championship on three separate occasions ; he successfully defended this title 19 times .
Muhammad Ali ( right ) fighting Ernie Terrell , 1967 .
UPI/Bettmann Archive
An overview of Muhammad Ali ’ s life and career .
© CCTV America ( A Britannica Publishing Partner )
Cassius Marcellus Clay , Jr. , grew up in the American South in a time of segregated public facilities . His father , Cassius Marcellus Clay , Sr. , supported a wife and two sons by painting billboards and signs . His mother , Odessa Grady Clay , worked as a household domestic .
When Clay was 12 years old , he took up boxing under the tutelage of Louisville policeman Joe Martin . After advancing through the amateur ranks , he won a gold medal in the 175-pound division at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome and began a professional career under the guidance of the Louisville Sponsoring Group , a syndicate composed of 11 wealthy white men .
In his early bouts as a professional , Clay was more highly regarded for his charm and personality than for his ring skills . He sought to raise public interest in his fights by reading childlike poetry and spouting self-descriptive phrases such as “ float like a butterfly , sting like a bee. ” He told the world that he was “ the Greatest , ” but the hard realities of boxing seemed to indicate otherwise . Clay infuriated devotees of the sport as much as he impressed them . He held his hands unconventionally low , backed away from punches rather than bobbing and weaving out of danger , and appeared to lack true knockout power . The opponents he was besting were a mixture of veterans who were long past their prime and fighters who had never been more than mediocre . Thus , purists cringed when Clay predicted the round in which he intended to knock out an opponent , and they grimaced when he did so and bragged about each new conquest .
Overview of Muhammad Ali ’ s life and career .
Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH , Mainz
On February 25 , 1964 , Clay challenged Sonny Liston for the heavyweight championship of the world . Liston was widely regarded as the most intimidating , powerful fighter of his era . Clay was a decided underdog . But in one of the most stunning upsets in sports history , Liston retired to his corner after six rounds , and Clay became the new champion . Two days later Clay shocked the boxing establishment again by announcing that he had accepted the teachings of the Nation of Islam . On March 6 , 1964 , he took the name Muhammad Ali , which was given to him by his spiritual mentor , Elijah Muhammad .
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For the next three years , Ali dominated boxing as thoroughly and magnificently as any fighter ever had . In a May 25 , 1965 , rematch against Liston , he emerged with a first-round knockout victory . Triumphs over Floyd Patterson , George Chuvalo , Henry Cooper , Brian London , and Karl Mildenberger followed . On November 14 , 1966 , Ali fought Cleveland Williams . Over the course of three rounds , Ali landed more than 100 punches , scored four knockdowns , and was hit a total of three times . Ali ’ s triumph over Williams was succeeded by victories over Ernie Terrell and Zora Folley .
Sonny Liston on the canvas while Cassius Clay ( later Muhammad Ali ) raises his arms in triumph after …
Bettmann/Corbis
The Olympic Games
Then , on April 28 , 1967 , citing his religious beliefs , Ali refused induction into the U.S. Army at the height of the war in Vietnam . This refusal followed a blunt statement voiced by Ali 14 months earlier : “ I ain ’ t got no quarrel with them Vietcong. ” Many Americans vehemently condemned Ali ’ s stand . It came at a time when most people in |
Name: Peter Nicol - Squash Player | tc_1500 | Peter Nichol became the first Brit in 25 years to win the British open in which sport? | {
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Peter Nicol
Date of Birth : 5 April 1973
Height : 5 ' 11 '' ( 180 cm )
Place of Birth : Inverurie , Scotland
Place of Residence : London
Current World Ranking ( Feb 05 ) : 4
Highest World Ranking ( Feb 98 ) : 1
National Ranking : 2
Peter Nicol on SquashPics.com
Peter Nicol has enjoyed an illustrious squash career , achieving three ambitions he set himself some years ago - winning the British Open , reaching world No1 , and becoming world champion .
In March 2001 , he made headline news around the world when he announced that he was �defecting� from his Scottish country of birth to become English !
Nicol�s rise through the world squash rankings was little short of meteoric : He made his debut at 266 in January 1992 . He raced to 52 by the following January , then rose to 14 twelve months later , moving into the top five by November of the same year , before hitting the No1 position in February 1998 .
Born in Inverurie , near Aberdeen in Scotland , the left-hander won his first PSA Tour title in 1992 . By September 1994 , he was competing in his first Super Series final - the Hong Kong Open , in which he lost to world No1 Jansher Khan .
It was in February 1998 that he became the first Briton ever to reach No1 in the PSA world rankings � thereby deposing his long-time rival Jansher Khan , who had held the position for an almost unbroken period of ten years .
As world No1 , Nicol was top seed for the 1998 British Open for the first time . He cruised through to the final without dropping a game , then triumphantly beat Jansher in the final . Nicol achieved this historic success on his 25th birthday , trouncing Pakistan�s six-times defending champion in straight games in front of a packed auditorium at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham to become the first Briton for 25 years to win the prestigious British Open title .
In the men 's final of the Commonwealth Games in Malaysia in September 1998 - squash 's triumphant debut in this prestigious multi-sport event - Nicol beat his long-time adversary Jonathon Power to take the first ever squash gold medal in a match screened live on TV in Britain and many countries around the world .
In September 1999 , Nicol fulfilled his last remaining key goal in squash : It was his third successive appearance in the final , but on the famous open-air court erected on the desert sands by the Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt , Nicol crushed local hero Ahmed Barada 15-9 15-13 15-11 to become World Open champion for the first time .
In the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester , England , in July , Peter was seeded to become the first athlete to retain his singles gold medal - for a different country . He reached the final without dropping a game , but fell Power in the final , in four games , in his fourth successive loss to the Canadian in the year .
Nicol went on to partner Lee Beachill to gold medal success in the Men�s Doubles � becoming the only person to win gold medals both in 1998 and 2002 , and one of only two ( with England�s Cassie Jackman ) to win two medals in each Games .
By his remarkable standards , 2003 was not Nicol�s best year on the PSA Tour . Despite winning the Tournament of Champions , US Open and Canadian Open , and reaching the final of the British Open , the former Scot ended his two-year unbroken reign as world No1 by appearing in the unlikely position of No3 in the PSA list on 1st January 2004 .
Quickly back to his best , Nicol lifted the Kuwait Open trophy in January 2004 . Two weeks later he suffered a setback when he was forced to withdraw from his semi-final match in the British National Championships , suffering from extreme exhaustion .
He staged a remarkable recovery and less than ten days later was back in action in the Tournament of Champions in New York . Seeded three , he reached the semi-finals without dropping a game , then beat Power 3/0 ( extending his life-time tally against his Canadian rival to 20-17 ) to make the final for the fourth successive year . Incredibly , he beat No2 seed John White � who would become world No1 for the |
Billy Crystal - Biography - IMDb | tc_1506 | Billy Crystal had a full college scholarship in which sport? | {
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Billy Crystal
Biography
Showing all 51 items
Jump to : Overview ( 4 ) | Mini Bio ( 1 ) | Spouse ( 1 ) | Trade Mark ( 1 ) | Trivia ( 38 ) | Personal Quotes ( 5 ) | Salary ( 1 )
Overview ( 4 )
5' 7 '' ( 1.7 m )
Mini Bio ( 1 )
Billy Crystal was born on March 14 , 1948 in Long Beach , Long Island , New York . He is the youngest of three sons born to Helen ( Gabler ) and Jack Crystal . His father was a well-known concert promoter who co-founded Commodore Records and his mother was a homemaker . His family were Jewish immigrants from Russia , Austria , and Lithuania . With his father in the music business , Billy was no stranger to some of the top performers of the time . Legends such as Billie Holiday , Pee Wee Russell , and Eddie Condon regularly stopped by the Crystal household . At age 15 , Billy faced a personal tragedy when his father died of a heart attack at the relatively young age of 54 . This gave Billy a real appreciation of what his dad was able to accomplish while alive and what his mother did to keep the family together . Despite this tragedy , Billy was very upbeat and likable as a kid . He had a unique talent for making people laugh . With television becoming a new medium , Billy got his influence from shows like The Honeymooners ( 1955 ) , and `` The Ed Sullivan Show '' and performers like Alan King , Ernie Kovacs and Jonathan Winters . He started doing stand-up comedy at the age of 16 . However , his real dream was to be a professional baseball player . His idol growing up was Yankees outfielder Mickey Mantle . He spent long hours in the summers playing softball in the middle of Park Avenue with his brothers and his father , a former pitcher at St. John 's University . At Long Beach High , Billy played second base and was varsity captain in his senior year . This earned him a baseball scholarship from Marshall University in West Virginia which he accepted . However , he would never end up playing a game as the baseball program was suspended during his freshman year . This would lead him to leave the university and move back to New York . He then enrolled at nearby Nassau Community College , majoring in theater . It was there that he met and fell in love with a dancer named Janice Goldfinger . They would get married in 1970 and have two daughters . Shortly after , Billy got accepted in New York University , where he majored in Film and TV Direction . While at NYU , he studied under legendary filmmaker Martin Scorsese . He also worked as house manager and usher on a production of `` You 're A Good Man , Charlie Brown '' . After receiving a Bachelor of Fine Arts from NYU in 1970 , Billy temporarily worked as a substitute teacher until he was able to get gigs as a stand-up comic . He formed his own improv group , 3 's Company , and opened for musicians like Barry Manilow . His impression of Howard Cosell interviewing Muhammad Ali became a huge hit with the audience . He left Long Beach for Hollywood in August of 1976 in the hopes of trying to land a role on a television series . It only took a year before he got his big break when he was chosen for the role of gay character Jodie Dallas on the controversial ABC sitcom Soap ( 1977 ) . This would be the first time that an American TV show would feature an openly gay character as a regular . The show ran successfully for four seasons and helped to jump-start Billy 's previously stagnant career . After Soap ( 1977 ) ended in 1981 , Billy continued to do his stand-up routine , which was now attracting a larger audience with his growing celebrity status . During this time , he made many TV guest appearances and even hosted his own short-lived variety show , The Billy Crystal Comedy Hour ( 1982 ) . He became a regular on Saturday Night Live ( 1975 ) in 1984 where his Fernando Lamas impression with the catchphrase `` You Look Mahvellous '' was a huge hit with viewers . This would lead to appearances in feature-length films such as Running Scared ( 1986 ) and |
Muhammad Ali Rumble in the Jungle Win: How He Beat George ... | tc_1508 | Who fought George Foreman in the Rumble In The Jungle? | {
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Illustration for TIME by Robert Handeville An illustration from TIME 's Sept. 23 , 1974 , fight preview
The historic fight took place 40 years ago , on Oct. 30 , 1974
When TIME sent Nairobi Bureau Chief Lee Griggs to Kinshasa in 1974 to preview the Oct. 30 boxing match that became known as “ The Rumble in the Jungle , ” it seemed clear that the winning money was not on the favorite . The bout between reigning champion George Foreman and Muhammad Ali , who had previously lost the title after refusing to be drafted into the military , came with the biggest purse in sports history . Both boxers were guaranteed at least $ 5 million but — though boxing fans worldwide , and especially in the country then called Zaire , were rooting hard for Ali — it seemed clear that Foreman would be the one going home with the title . He was younger and strong and on a winning streak . He would back Ali into the ropes , where the older boxer ’ s footwork would do no good . TIME ’ s sports editor Philip Taubman predicted that the result would be Foreman in six .
When the fight actually went down — 40 years ago Thursday , after a delay of about a month from its originally planned September date — that did not happen . Though Foreman went after Ali just as predicted , the results were far from what had been expected .
Here ’ s what did happen , as TIME reported in the Nov. 11 , 1974 , issue :
Then , in the second round , the bee unexpectedly threw away the tactics of his entire career . Off his toes and seemingly off his rocker , Ali stood along the ropes , exactly where Foreman wants an opponent to be . Indeed , with his customary authority , Foreman started pounding punches against Ali ’ s midsection . Some of Foreman ’ s blows glanced off Ali ’ s arms and gloves , and none hit Ali ’ s face , but it seemed to be only a matter of time before Ali ’ s belly would turn to pulp .
Astonishingly , Ali seemed hardly concerned . As the fiercest puncher since Sonny Liston whaled away , Ali shouted taunts at Foreman . “ You can ’ t hurt me ! ” Ali yelled . “ You punch like a sissy. ” Soon it became clear that Ali had constructed a trap . All summer and fall he had been developing granite abdominal muscles with a grueling regimen of calisthenics , spending an hour every morning hardening his gut by doing sit-ups with his legs held up at a 45 degree angle or while his limbs were pumping back and forth in a bicycle-pedaling motion . Now he was simply letting Foreman punch himself out against that iron flesh . “ I wanted to make him shoot his best shots , ” said Ali later .
That is precisely what Foreman did . In the sultry tropical night ( the temperature was 86° and the humidity about 90 % ) , Foreman ’ s punches soon lost power . Arm weary , he began to swing wildly , frequently missing entirely , spinning around on his own momentum like a worn-out drunk . Ali took advantage of Foreman ’ s slack defense by springing off the ropes time after time to jolt the bone-tired champ with lightning combinations to the head .
By giving up on the “ floating like a butterfly ” that had made his career , Muhammad Ali won the match in the eighth round .
Read TIME ’ s run-up to the ‘ Rumble in the Jungle ’ here , in the archives : Violent Coronation in Kinshasa |
Hank Aaron Biography - ESPN | tc_1509 | What was Hank Aaron's first Major League team? | {
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Hank Aaron Biography
Legacy
Henry Louis `` Hank '' Aaron is a former Major League Baseball player who retired as the all-time leader in career home runs after playing from 1954 to 1976 with the Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves and the Milwaukee Brewers . Over that period he collected more RBI and more extra base hits than anyone in history . For 21 straight years he was named an All-Star and for 20 consecutive years he slugged at least 20 home runs or more . Fourteen times he hit over .300 in a major league season and eight times he hit 40 home runs or more . On April 8 , 1974 , he conquered Babe Ruth and one of the most hallowed records in sports by knocking his 715th home run . He ended his career with a .305 batting average , 755 home runs , 3,771 hits , 2,297 RBI , three Gold Gloves , a World Series championship and an MVP award . Aaron 's home run record has since been broken by Barry Bonds , but he remains one of just three members of the 700-home run club .
Early Years
Henry Louis Aaron was born February 5 , 1934 , in Down the Bay ( a section of Mobile ) , Alabama . He was the third child of Estella and Herbert Aaron . When the family welcomed three more children into the family they were forced to relocate to a bigger home in Toulminville . While the home lacked electricity , windows and indoor plumbing , the rural area allowed the family to live off the land . Hank had jobs such as mowing lawns , picking potatoes and delivering ice . Hank 's love for the game came from watching his father 's local team , formed out of the tavern he opened next to the family home -- the Black Cat Inn . His uncle Bubba also taught him the intricacies of the game . Hank played with the local kids in the wide open fields of Toulminville , but , because baseballs were too expensive , Hank fashioned his own out of nylon panty hose wrapped around golf balls .
Throughout his grade school years Aaron did n't play in organized ball . Segregation was rampant and only white students had high school baseball teams , so Aaron played on a fast-pitch softball team . He did however , play for the school 's football team and was named to the all-city squad . Fearing he might hurt himself playing football and jeopardize his baseball dreams , he quit the team and sacrificed his chances at a college scholarship . After informing the school of his decision he was chased down the hallway by a cane-waving principal . In his junior year he was expelled after repeatedly skipping class to listen to the Dodgers games and the exploits of their young second baseman of Jackie Robinson . The following fall he enrolled at the Josephine Allen Institute .
Playing with locals at Carver Park , Aaron was noticed by Ed Scott , a manager of the Mobile Black Bears -- an all-black semipro team who promptly brought Aaron in . As a shortstop for the Black Bears , Aaron showed so much promise that Scott contacted his friend McKinley `` Bunny '' Downs of the Negro American League 's Indianapolis Clowns . After Aaron turned 18 he was given a contract by the Clowns . On the Clowns , Hank revealed himself as such a serious prospect that Clowns owner Syd Pollock contacted the minor league director of the Boston Braves , knowing that he could get serious money for such a talent .
On May 25 , Braves scout Dewey Griggs showed up to a doubleheader against the Memphis Red Sox in Buffalo , New York . In Griggs ' scouting report he wrote , `` This boy could be the answer . ''
Professional Career
Minor Leagues
Aaron finished the 1952 season with the Eau Claire Bears of the Northern League . Playing on his first integrated team , Aaron actually grew more confident . During that first season he was selected to the Northern League All-Star game and named Rookie of the Year after hitting .336 with nine home runs in 87 games . After the season 's end , he returned to help the Indianapolis Clowns win the Negro League World Series by hitting over .400 with five home runs .
The next season he was assigned to the Class A Jacksonville Tars and became one of the first players to integrate the South Atlantic League . Despite playing in a segregated |
Hideo Nomo Baseball Stats by Baseball Almanac | tc_1512 | Which was Hideo Nomo's first US baseball team? | {
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Support
Hideo Nomo Stats
Hideo Nomo was born on Saturday , August 31 , 1968 , in Minato-ku , Osaka , Japan . Nomo was 26 years old when he broke into the big leagues on May 2 , 1995 , with the Los Angeles Dodgers . His biographical data , year-by-year hitting stats , fielding stats , pitching stats ( where applicable ) , career totals , uniform numbers , salary data and miscellaneous items-of-interest are presented by Baseball Almanac on this comprehensive Hideo Nomo baseball stats page .
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Hideo Nomo
Useful Tools : Glossary | Print Friendly
Hideo Nomo was the fifth player from Japan to play Major League Baseball , joining , Masanori Murakami ( 1964 ) , Bobby Fenwick ( 1972 ) , Steve Chitren ( 1990 ) and Jim Bowie ( 1994 ) ; however , when The Tornado was sent to the 1995 All-Star Game , he became the first Japanese -born player to appear in a Midsummer Classic .
On September 17 , 1996 , Hideo Nomo threw his first of two career no-hitter , the first in Major League history by a twirler from Japan , and arguably more incredibly , the first in Coors Field ( and through today the only no-no in Denver ) - the most hitter-friendly park in Major League Baseball !
On April 4 , 2001 , Hideo Nomo threw his second no-hitter , this time in a Boston Red Sox uniform ( his first was with the Los Angeles Dodgers ) , making The Tornado the fourth pitcher to throw a no-hitter in both leagues , joining Ed McFarland , Jim Bunning , and Nolan Ryan .
If you find this type of `` free '' data useful please consider making a donation to Baseball Almanac : a privately run / non-commercial site in need of financial assistance . |
Athletics Weekly | Geoff Capes, the ultimate big shot ... | tc_1513 | With which track and field even was Geoff Capes particularly associated? | {
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Ruth Jones tracks down the shot put and strongman legend , Geoff Capes
For many people , the name Geoff Capes will always conjure up the image of an almost superhuman figure , putting a shot to ever greater distances on the global stage before transforming himself into a multi-award winning professional World ’ s Strongest Man .
The three-time Olympian , who went into the 1976 Montreal and 1980 Moscow Games the favourite for the gold with world-leading throws of 21.55m and 21.68m respectively , only to leave empty handed , dominated the sport for more than a decade .
His throwing success had humble beginnings , though , as he learnt how to lift when working on the Lincolnshire farming fens alongside his father and eight siblings where he grew up , before combining a police career with his athletics triumphs , followed by another decade of success as a professional strong man in the 1980s .
He was already familiar with success before he started dominating the shot put arena , as in 1977 he was awarded the Queen ’ s Jubilee medal for services to the community in his capacity as a policeman .
However , Capes feels he missed out on an even greater honour because of his strong principles .
“ I think I might possibly be the only athlete to win so many athletics awards , and be world champion in three different sports , not to be awarded an MBE , but I am sure it is due to the fact I took a stand against Margaret Thatcher in 1980 to enable athletes to compete in Moscow , in so sacrificing my police career . ”
The 66-year-old former UK shot put record-holder , who still stands at second on the all time rankings behind Carl Myerscough ’ s 21.92m , is now a successful shot put coach , guiding a number of young athletes to national and international glory .
Drawing on his vast international competition experience – Capes is the most capped GB athlete of all time , with 35 wins from 67 appearances – the six time Highland Games champion and former world record-holder has helped a stream of throwers to develop into major championship performers .
The man once voted Britain ’ s best ever field athlete is now based in Stoke Rochford , near Grantham , where he lives with his partner , Kashi , and scores of prize budgerigars . A passion for breeding the small birds has seen him crowned the society ’ s president , as well as winning the world showing title , during his 30 year-long fascination with the creatures .
When he ’ s not in his aviary , fishing , or spending time with his family , Capes can be found at Rhino ’ s Gym in Stamford guiding his athletes ’ strength and conditioning programmes , or at Stoke Rochfold Hall ’ s throwing facility , where he coaches a group of rising shot put stars , including the current under-15 record holder and English Schools champion , Nene Valley Harrier Hannah Molyneaux .
The 1986 UK truck pulling champion said of his young charges : “ I have many up and coming bright prospects , with Hannah one in particular to watch for the future , at national and international level . It ’ s a great coaching set up at Stoke Rochford , with one of the best settings in the UK , and was built by the athletes , for the athletes I coach . ”
Capes has also developed the Lincolnshire Throws Academy for shot and discus in Holbeach , and his coaching protege and assistant , Paul Wilson , has gone on to guide Scott Lincoln to the number one spot in the national senior ranks , along with numerous other successes .
Rebecca Peake ( pictured with Capes above , PB 16.76m ) , Rachel Wallader ( PB 17.42 and this year ’ s British senior champion ) and Sophie McKinna ( multiple GB vests with a PB of 17.12 , national under-23 champion this year ) were all coached to a high level by Capes before they moved on , and a number of his other athletes currently ranked in the top 10 in the UK are hoping for similar success , including Sebastian Dickens ( 5th U15 ) , Kionna McLennon ( 9th U17 ) , Danielle Opara ( 8th U23 ) , and Jamie Stevenson ( 7th in the senior rankings ) .
The former strongman , who twice held the global title along with a plethora of |
Marcelo Ríos (Tennis Player) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News | tc_1514 | Which country does tennis player Marcelo Rios come from? | {
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} | Marcelo RÃos ( Tennis Player ) - Pics , Videos , Dating , & News
Marcelo RÃos
Male
Born Dec 26 , 1975
Marcelo Andrés RÃos Mayorga is a former World No . 1 tennis player from Chile . Nicknamed El Chino ( `` The Chinese '' ) and El zurdo de Vitacura ( `` Vitacura 's Lefty '' ) , he became the first Latin American player to reach the top position on the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) singles rankings in 1998 . He held the World No . 1 ranking for six weeks . He has held the top ranking in both juniors and seniors.… Read More
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Murray Hungry To Keep On Improving , Says Gilbert
Yahoo News - Nov 05 , 2016
'By Martyn Herman LONDON ( Reuters ) - Only 26 men have scaled the top of the ATP world tennis rankings but for some of them it has been such a fleeting experience that their names have been reduced to obscure pub quiz questions . How many outside the tennis fraternity remember Chilean Marcelo Rios , Austria\ 's Thomas Muster or even Australian Pat Rafter , the former U.S. Open champion who achieved the feat for one week in 1999 ? Triple grand slam champion Andy Murray is the latest to add his name ...
Former No . 1 Rios Asks For Doping Check Of Korda From 1998
Yahoo News - Mar 05 , 2015
'SANTIAGO , Chile ( AP ) â Chile officials will back a request by former world No . 1 Marcelo Rios to have the International Tennis Federation investigate whether Petr Korda committed a doping violation in the 1998 Australian Open . '
Us Open : Fish D. Kamke Tennis Magazine ( Blog )
Google News - Aug 29 , 2011
'Kamke has a habit of leaping into his two-handed backhand , a move popularized by Marcelo Rios and Marat Safin , but the 25-year-oldâplaying his second main draw match in Flushing Meadowsâlacked the firepower to trouble Fish . After Fish held at love '
Getting To Know : Frank 'seldom ' Beaton The Hockey News
Google News - Aug 28 , 2011
'John Brophy . Fred Shero . Fred Creighton. & quot ; Mark & # 39 ; Scoop & # 39 ; Malinowski & # 39 ; s second book & quot ; Marcelo Rios : The Man We Barely Knew & quot ; will be available on www.amazon.com in September . Malinowski is the creator of two websites : www.thebiofile.com and www.tennis-prose.com '
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Marcelo RÃos .
CHILDHOOD
1975 Birth Born on December 26 , 1975 .
TEENAGE
1993 17 Years Old RÃos reached the semifinals of the junior French Open in 1993 without dropping a set , where he was defeated by Roberto Carretero-Diaz in straight sets , and won the junior US Open in 1993 while only dropping 1 set during the entire tournament . … Read More
He also won his first satellite tournament in Chile. < br / > < br / > This was RÃos ' first year being a professional player and he quickly began to acquire international fame after his participation at Roland Garros , where in the second round , at just 18 years of age , he confronted Pete Sampras , fighting a hard battle eventually to lose 6â7 ( 5â7 ) , 6â7 ( 4â7 ) , 4â6 . His great left-handed ability , plus his novel long hair and backwards visor , drew the attention of the media , marking his first step towards international stardom . The same year he won his first Challenger in Dresden , Germany . Read Less
1995 19 Years Old In May 1995 , aged 19 , RÃos won his first tournament title in Bologna defeating Marcelo Filippini of Uruguay 6â2 , 6â4 , and breaking into the world 's top fifty for the first time . … Read More
Then in June he won at Amsterdam in both singles ( against Jan Siemerink , 6â4 , 7â5 , 6â4 ) and doubles ( with Sjeng Schalken ) and won the tournament in Kuala Lumpur against Mark Philippoussis 7â6 , 6â2 . He also reached the final of his home country 's ATP tournament in Santiago . RÃos ended the year ranked No . 25 in the world. < br / > < br / > RÃos ' achievements this year included excellent performances in the Masters Series ( then called Super 9 ) tournaments . He reached the quarterfinals in Masters Series |
Subsets and Splits