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When trained on man-made data, machine learning is likely to pick up the same constitutional and unconscious biases already present in society. | English |
[90] Language models learned from data have been shown to contain human-like biases. | English |
[91][92] Machine learning systems used for criminal risk assessment have been found to be biased against black people. | English |
[93][94] In 2015, Google photos would often tag black people as gorillas,[95] and in 2018 this still was not well resolved, but Google reportedly was still using the workaround to remove all gorillas from the training data, and thus was not able to recognize real gorillas at all. | English |
[96] Similar issues with recognizing non-white people have been found in many other systems. | English |
[97] In 2016, Microsoft tested a chatbot that learned from Twitter, and it quickly picked up racist and sexist language. | English |
[98] Because of such challenges, the effective use of machine learning may take longer to be adopted in other domains. | English |
[99] Concern for fairness in machine learning, that is, reducing bias in machine learning and propelling its use for human good is increasingly expressed by artificial intelligence scientists, including Fei-Fei Li, who reminds engineers that "There’s nothing artificial about AI...It’s inspired by people, it’s created by people, and—most importantly—it impacts people. | English |
It is a powerful tool we are only just beginning to understand, and that is a profound responsibility.”[100] Classification of machine learning models can be validated by accuracy estimation techniques like the holdout method, which splits the data in a training and test set (conventionally 2/3 training set and 1/3 test set designation) and evaluates the performance of the training model on the test set. | English |
In comparison, the K-fold-cross-validation method randomly partitions the data into K subsets and then K experiments are performed each respectively considering 1 subset for evaluation and the remaining K-1 subsets for training the model. | English |
In addition to the holdout and cross-validation methods, bootstrap, which samples n instances with replacement from the dataset, can be used to assess model accuracy. | English |
[101] In addition to overall accuracy, investigators frequently report sensitivity and specificity meaning True Positive Rate (TPR) and True Negative Rate (TNR) respectively. | English |
Similarly, investigators sometimes report the false positive rate (FPR) as well as the false negative rate (FNR). | English |
However, these rates are ratios that fail to reveal their numerators and denominators. | English |
The total operating characteristic (TOC) is an effective method to express a model's diagnostic ability. | English |
TOC shows the numerators and denominators of the previously mentioned rates, thus TOC provides more information than the commonly used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and ROC's associated area under the curve (AUC). | English |
[102] Machine learning poses a host of ethical questions. | English |
Systems which are trained on datasets collected with biases may exhibit these biases upon use (algorithmic bias), thus digitizing cultural prejudices. | English |
[103] For example, using job hiring data from a firm with racist hiring policies may lead to a machine learning system duplicating the bias by scoring job applicants against similarity to previous successful applicants. | English |
[104][105] Responsible collection of data and documentation of algorithmic rules used by a system thus is a critical part of machine learning. | English |
The evolvement of AI systems raises a lot questions in the realm of ethics and morality. | English |
AI can be well equipped in making decisions in certain fields such technical and scientific which rely
heavily on data and historical information. | English |
These decisions rely on objectivity and logical reasoning. | English |
[106] Because human languages contain biases, machines trained on language corpora will necessarily also learn these biases. | English |
[107][108] Other forms of ethical challenges, not related to personal biases, are more seen in health care. | English |
There are concerns among health care professionals that these systems might not be designed in the public's interest but as income-generating machines. | English |
This is especially true in the United States where there is a long-standing ethical dilemma of improving health care, but also increasing profits. | English |
For example, the algorithms could be designed to provide patients with unnecessary tests or medication in which the algorithm's proprietary owners hold stakes. | English |
There is huge potential for machine learning in health care to provide professionals a great tool to diagnose, medicate, and even plan recovery paths for patients, but this will not happen until the personal biases mentioned previously, and these "greed" biases are addressed. | English |
[109] Since the 2010s, advances in both machine learning algorithms and computer hardware have led to more efficient methods for training deep neural networks (a particular narrow subdomain of machine learning) that contain many layers of non-linear hidden units. | English |
[110] By 2019, graphic processing units (GPUs), often with AI-specific enhancements, had displaced CPUs as the dominant method of training large-scale commercial cloud AI. | English |
[111] OpenAI estimated the hardware compute used in the largest deep learning projects from AlexNet (2012) to AlphaZero (2017), and found a 300,000-fold increase in the amount of compute required, with a doubling-time trendline of 3.4 months. | English |
[112][113] Software suites containing a variety of machine learning algorithms include the following:
.we're all looking for quick ways to become more fluent in english i know i understand what happens is that there are just a few words circling our brain and we need to make this entire conversation using just awesome amazing cool or epic so how about we learn some smart new english words that you can use in your daily life and elevate your vocabulary in minutes. | English |
so today we're going to learn 10 new smart words their meanings root words and example sentences so let's get going hey everyone this is and you're watching. | English |
and in this video i'm gonna give you 10 smart words for daily use and at the end of this video. | English |
i'm also going to give you a smart tip to sound really fluent smart word number. | English |
one is swamped swamped means drowning or flooding but swamped is often used in the context of work like i'm swamped with work i have too much work to do i've been swamped with work this entire week i've barely had time to breathe now let's look at the root of this word. | English |
swamp is a piece of wetland and if somebody steps in the wrong place on a swamp they could easily drown and the verb form of swamp means to sink so here's how you can use this word. | English |
let's say you have a lot of assignments and you have a test coming up and your friends come to you and they say. | English |
hey why don't you hang out with us you can say to them i'm so sorry but i'm swamped with work or i'm swamped some other words that you can use in place of swamped are i've got too much to do. | English |
there's too much on my plate i'm drowning in work. | English |
i'm deluged with assignments smart word number two is catch-22 now i'm sure you've heard this word before catch-22 means an impossible situation in which you can't do one thing unless you've done the other and you can't do the other because you haven't done the first have. | English |
i confused you so let me give you some examples a catch-22 situation is when you don't get a job without having work experience. | English |
but you can't get experience until you get a job catch-22 was coined by joseph heller in his famous book of the same name catch-22 when he was describing some contradictory rules that were applicable to soldiers during world war two. | English |
another example of catch-22 is you need a bank loan because you don't have enough. | English |
money but you wouldn't get that bank loan unless you prove to the bank that you have enough money so next time you're stuck in a tricky situation remember. | English |
to use the word catch-22. | English |
and get these admiring looks from your friends other words that you can use in place of catch-22 are paradox or dilemma smart word. | English |
number three is suave suave suave means to be sophisticated to be polite poised cool and. | English |
well-mannered the word suave has several different origins but one very interesting origin of the word is which means pleasant or sweet tasting example. | English |
he is so poised and suave especially in front of the ladies or barack obama is so suave and polished now remember when you're at a party next time and you see this person who's so. | English |
well-mannered and cultured and sophisticated. | English |
don't forget to say hey who's that suave guy right out there in the corner using this word will instantly make your vocabulary. | English |
very suave so smart word number four is atrocious atrocious the word atrocious means something really bad horrible terrible cruel appalling offensive atrocious has a latin root called .which means fear cruel or terrible some examples of the word atrocious are the recent rape incidents in delhi were atrocious or prisoners are treated. | English |
in an atrocious manner sometimes in prisons atrocious is also used in day to day life to talk about some common wrong doing and you want to exaggerate it. | English |
for example his table manners were atrocious or her dress sense is so atrocious or his grammar is atrocious. | English |
so the next time you hear of a horrific act on the news remember to. | English |
remark and say that this is an atrocious act smart word number 5 is stupendous, stupendous, stupendous, means amazing astonishing. | English |
now we often use the word awesome here's another word that you can use in place of awesome stupendous for example today i got a stupendous score on my test which means i got an a very high score or. | English |
i got a near-perfect score the word stupendous has classical latin roots from the word which means. | English |
to be stunned so stupendous is used to describe something that is stunningly good for example she looks stupendous in that dress or what a stupendous view from this balcony or i'm reading this stupendous book that i can't put down how about you go and tell. | English |
your friends that is this stupendous channel for students and some other words that you can use instead of stupendous are incredible fantastic or exceptionally good ok so before we continue with the balanced five words on this video remember to put a comment under this video. | English |
to tell me which of these ten words was your favorite smart word number six is in a fix in a fix means to be in a troublesome situation for example boy i'm in a fix because i've made plans with two different friends for this evening. | English |
i've lost my phone and i'm in a fix or our bus broke down this morning and i'm in a fix my friend always turns to me for help when he's in a fix and when the going is good he forgets about. | English |
me so the next time you get math homework from school for example and if you've left your math book in school then you can tell your friends that you're in a real fix now you may think that the word fix has something to do with repairing something. | English |
but no in a fix means to be in a troublesome situation other words that you can use instead of in a fix are i'm in a soup or i'm in a mess or i'm in a spot of bother or just i'm in a spot smart word number 7 is flummox flummox means to confuse someone. | English |
so much that they forget what to do now confused tends to be an overused word so instead of that why don't you use flummox for example the boy looked completely .flummoxed when the teacher asked him a question in class or the dog was flummoxed looking at his own reflection in the mirror or the tourist was flummoxed by the different customs that. | English |
he encountered during his travels or in an interview when she was asked why should we hire you she looked completely flummoxed so next time if you get confused on any questions for example in an examination then you. | English |
can always say that because i hadn't prepared very well for the exam i was flummoxed by some of the questions other words that you can use instead of flummoxed are bewildered puzzled or perplexed smart word number eight is rendezvous rendezvous rendezvous. | English |
is a very french way of saying meeting or date for example i have a rendezvous with my friends over lunch on saturday or i'm planning to rendezvous with my friends at the mall for movies rendezvous can be used both as a noun or as a verb for example. | English |
i have a rendezvous with my friends this evening or i'm going to rendezvous with my friends tomorrow. | English |
in france earlier rendezvous was used by the army to indicate a meeting place for the troops now there's something slightly exciting and secretive about the word rendezvous even now so while you can use rendezvous for any meeting. | English |
in general but it won't be very appropriate for an official meeting so if you have a date perhaps you can certainly call that a rendezvous smart word number 9 is obtuse obtuse obtuse is an insult you would use it when you're trying to call someone dumb or unintelligen.t or dim-witted now you've heard the word obtuse in geometry obtuse angle and acute angle so an obtuse angle is an angle greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees. | English |
and an acute angle is this sharp angle less than 90 degrees so acute as a word is used to denote sharp and therefore also mentally sharp and obtuse is denoting blunt and .therefore also a little slow in the mind so example sentences with obtuse are the man was so obtuse that he gave away his password to a fake caller or the obtuse child. | English |
wasn't able. | English |
to answer a single question on the test or the obtuse man had a hard time understanding even basic instructions now suppose in your situation in daily life your boyfriend or your girlfriend is angry with you and you don't know why so you can. | English |
say to them maybe i'm being obtuse but i don't know why you're so upset smart word number 10 is sluggish sluggish sluggish means to move in slow manner to be kind of slower paced. | English |
than usual to look a bit tired and lacking. | English |
in energy example a heavy lunch makes me very in the afternoon sluggish has roots from the word which means a slow person and a slug is an animal that moves around really very slowly like a snail examples. | English |
the economy has been very sluggish this year or the match picked up after a sluggish start. | English |
or business has been sluggish this quarter you can use it in your daily life if you're feeling very tired one day you can tell your mom or you can tell. | English |
your friends i'm feeling very sluggish. | English |
today i could do with a energy drink other words that you can use in place of sluggish could be lethargic or dragging my feet so those were the 10 smart words and before. | English |
i give you that secret tip to sound very fluent i want to remind you that in. | English |
case you're looking for smart words to use on a telephone call then i'm putting a link to a video. | English |
down in the description box for that and now the secret tip the secret tip to sound fluent is to use not more than one smart word or sentence i know sometimes. | English |
we get very excited because. | English |
we've learnt a whole lot of these smart words and we tend to stuff two three four of them in one sentence that doesn't sound natural. | English |
so one at a time be sure that you're pronouncing .the word in the right manner go on to google and type the word and in the search right on top you'll see a little speaker icon click on that speaker. | English |
and hear the pronunciation once or twice. | English |
and you're ready to go and if you've liked this video don't forget to give us a thumbs up with a comment. | English |
for me under it telling me which of these 10 words what's your favorite and also. | English |
if you haven't already press the subscribe button and the bell icon right next to it and happy watching. | English |
hey guys welcome to my channel in this video. | English |
i'm gonna give you top 50 english phrases that you can use in your everyday life. | English |
so if you are just about to embark on your journey. | English |
to an english-speaking country, you can totally use this. | English |
phrases if you have been learning english for a while and you want to resume learning. | English |
this is the best video to start with so let's go 50 phrases in english in hopefully 10 minutes. | English |
phrase number one this is another way to ask. | English |
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