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" According to tradition, Jīng is stored in the kidneys and is the most dense physical matter within the body (as opposed to shén which is the most volatile). It is said to be the material basis for the physical body and is ""yīn"" in nature, which means it nourishes, fuels, and cools the body. As such it is an important concept in the internal martial arts. Jīng is also believed by some to be the carrier of our heritage (similar to DNA). Production of semen, in the man, and menstrual blood (or pregnancy), in the woman, are believed to place the biggest strains on jīng. Because of this, some even equate jīng with semen, but this is inaccurate; the jīng circulates through the eight extraordinary vessels and creates marrow and semen, among other functions.
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" Jīng (; essence) should not be confused with the related concept of jìn (; power), nor with jīng (; classic/warp), which appears in many early Chinese book titles, such as the Nèi Jīng, yì jīng and Chá Jīng, the fundamental text on all the knowledge associated with tea.
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" The characteristics which constitute signs of good Jing (e.g. facial structure, teeth, hair, strength of adrenals or kidneys) share the embryological origin of neural crest cells. These cells undergo immense and challenging cellular migrations requiring great organisation. As such, Jing may simply represent the strength of embryological self-organisation in the organism. This will be manifestated most strongly in those cells which require most organisation; that is, the neural crest cells.
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" One is said to be born with a fixed amount of ""jīng"" (prenatal ""jīng"" is sometimes called ""yuanqi"") and also can acquire ""jīng"" from food and various forms of stimulation (exercise, study, meditation.)
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" Theoretically, ""jīng"" is consumed continuously in life; by everyday stress, illness, substance abuse, sexual intemperance, etc.
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" Prenatal ""jīng"" is very difficult to be renewed, and it is said it is completely consumed upon dying.
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" Jīng is therefore considered quite important for longevity in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM); many disciplines related to qìgōng are devoted to the replenishment of ""lost"" jīng by restoration of the post-natal jīng. In particular, the internal martial arts (esp. T'ai chi ch'uan) and the Circle Walking of Baguazhang may be used to preserve pre-natal jīng and build post-natal jīng, if performed correctly. Ginseng, particularly Korean and Chinese, is said to bolster the jīng.
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" An early mention of the term in this sense is in a 4th-century BCE chapter called ""Neiye"" ""Inner Training"" () of a larger text compiled during the Han dynasty, the Guǎnzi ().
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"= = = Richard Hodges (archaeologist) = = =
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" Richard Hodges OBE, FSA (born 29 September 1952) is a British archaeologist and president of The American University of Rome. A former professor and director of the Institute of World Archaeology at the University of East Anglia (1996–2007), Hodges is also the former Williams Director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in Philadelphia (October 2007- 2012). His published research primarily concerns trade and economics during the early part of the Middle Ages in Europe. His earlier works include ""Dark Age Economics"" (1982), ""Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe"" (1983) and ""Light in the Dark Ages: The Rise and Fall of San Vincenzo Al Volturno"" (1997).
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" Hodges’s academic career has focussed upon the archaeology of the later Roman world and the early Middle Ages in western Europe. Many of his excavations and publications have highlighted the transformation of classical antiquity and the birth of Europe. Beginning with Dark Age Economics (1982), he reviewed the changing regional patterns of urban phenomena – especially emporia – in the making of north-west Europe. Following this, with David Whitehouse, in Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe (1983), he reappraised Henri Pirenne’s celebrated historical thesis about the collapse of antiquity and the rise of Europe in the Carolingian age. Perhaps his most significant contribution to this theme was the 18-year (1980-98) excavations at San Vincenzo al Volturno, an Italian Benedictine monastery of the Carolingian renaissance, where together with the art historian, John Mitchell, the history and culture was unearthed and set within a European context. In the many reports on these excavations the architectural history and the art history, including well preserved cycles of paintings in the crypt of San Vincenzo Maggiore, were situated within the changing social and economic circumstances of 9th-century Italy.
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" Hodges pursued a similar approach at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Butrint, the Graeco-Roman town in southern Albania, where over 20 years (1993-2012) representing the Butrint Foundation (Lords Rothschild and Sainsbury), and partnering with the Packard Humanities Institute, he developed a large-scale research programme (with many publications) and a concurrent cultural heritage programme. The project examined all archaeological periods at this site, including the formerly unknown Middle Byzantine periods.
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" As of 2015-20 Hodges is the principal investigator of a European Research Council project known as nEU-Med (no. 670792) with the University of Siena entitled ‘The creation of economic and monetary union (7th to 12th centuries): mining, landscapes and political strategies in a Mediterranean region’. This project involves excavations at Vetricella, a complex 9th- to 11th- century elite site near Scarlino, a study of Portus Scabris on the Tyrrhenian Sea, environmental and archaeological studies of the Pegora valley corridor, and a major analysis of Italian early Medieval silver coinage with a view to identifying silver extracted from the Colline Metallifere.
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" Throughout his career Hodges has written articles for public audiences. Foremost amongst these are his bi-monthly column for ""Current World Archaeology"", a collection of which has been published as ""Travels with an Archaeologist"" (2017).
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" As a lecturer at Sheffield University (1976–88) Hodges created the Roystone Grange Archaeological Trail (1988-87). This teaching exercise, with the Peak District National Park, was intended as an innovative heritage feature in the National Park. A second teaching project focussed upon the Montarrenti project (1982–87), with Siena University and the Province of Siena. This was designed as a programme to make a park using the castle with its Romanesque to Renaissance tower-houses as well as the associated lost village.
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" As Director of the British School at Rome (1988–95) Hodges was faced with running an institution as government policy on higher education was being radically changed. He oversaw reforms of the institutional structures (charter, committees, staffing, programmes etc.) with a prominent emphasis upon activity-led projects aimed at raising the School’s profile and winning support for refurbishing the it building (originally constructed by Sir Edwin Lutyens). Among the initiatives during his administration were the creation of an art gallery and an active archaeological unit. He also oversaw the refurbishment of the School’s celebrated neo-classical façade with funds from the British government. During this period Hodges also wrote Visions of Rome (2000), a biography of the School’s third director, the archaeologist, Thomas Ashby.
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" As Director at the Prince of Wales’s Institute (1996–98) Hodges was charged with its re-positioning because it was attracting academic and journalistic criticism. He worked with two chairmen to reduce the trustees to a small working group, and then tackled the academic programme with reviews, and concurrently began the process of re-establishing the Institute within the Prince’s group of trusts devoted to sustainability and the built environment.
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" As a professor in the School of World Art Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich (1995- 2007) Hodges set up a research institute, the Institute of World Archaeology (1996-2007). This was conceived as a research constellation with an emphasis upon cultural heritage activity. The main projects were in Albania and involved the making of a sustainable archaeological park at Butrint, as well as creating a post-communist archaeological community in serving a transition economy.
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" During this period, Hodges was supported by the Open Foundation to be international adviser in Tirana to the Albanian Minister of Culture, Edi Rama. Hodges also advised the Packard Humanities Institute on archaeological and other projects, notably the rescue excavations of the Roman city of Zeugma, Turkey, the conservation of Herculaneum, and the research and conservation of Chersonesos in the Crimea (Ukraine).
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" As Williams Director of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (2007–12) Hodges, at the request of the university’s Provost, embarked upon a programme to create a modern museum accessible to Penn students and to K-12 schoolchildren and Philadelphians. Restructuring the museum involved re-positioning the research staff, modernizing the curatorial and exhibition programmes, as well as changing the education, catering, marketing and gallery programmes. This led to a successful campaign to refurbish the Museum’s West Wing, to install new teaching facilities, to install new travelling exhibition galleries, and to implement a digital programme to put the museum's international collections online.
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" As President of the American University of Rome (2012–present) Hodges has established a new mission for the university, promoting it as primarily a 4-year international university in the liberal arts, business administration and international relations. Giving it a new identity of working with international academics, and, in effect, beginning an overhaul of every aspect of the university, the university is on course to become a major accredited American university in the Mediterranean region.
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" Hodges has also served as a specialist archaeological consultant to the York Archaeological Trust for the Roşia Montană gold mines in Romania (2014), and to the Norwegian power company, Statkraft in the Devoll valley dams, Albania (2016).
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"= = = Benesh Movement Notation = = =
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" Benesh Movement Notation (BMN), also known as Benesh notation or choreology, is a dance notation system used to document dance and other types of human movement. Invented by Joan and Rudolf Benesh in the late 1940s, the system uses abstract symbols based on figurative representations of the human body. It is used in choreography and physical therapy, and by the Royal Academy of Dance to teach ballet.
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" Benesh notation is recorded on a five line staff from left to right, with vertical bar lines to mark the passage of time. Because of its similarity to modern staff music notation, Benesh notation can be displayed alongside (typically below) and in synchronization with musical accompaniment.
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" In 1955, Rudolf Benesh publicly introduced Benesh notation as an ""aesthetic and scientific study of all forms of human movement by movement notation"". In 1997, the Benesh Institute (an organisation focused on Benesh notation) merged with the Royal Academy of Dance.
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" Benesh notation plots the position of a dancer as seen from behind, as if the dancer is superimposed on a staff that extends from the top of the head down to the feet. From top to bottom, the five lines of the staff coincide with the head, shoulders, waist, knees and feet. Additional symbols are used to notate the . A ""frame"" is one complete representation of the dancer.
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" A short horizontal line is used to represent the location of a hand or foot that passes through the Coronal plane which extends from the sides of the body. A short vertical line represents a hand or foot at a plane in front of the body, whereas a dot represents a hand or foot at a plane behind the body. The height of the hands and feet from the floor and their distance from the mid-line of the body are shown visually. A line drawn in the top space of the staff shows the position of the head when it changes position. A direction sign is placed below the staff when the direction changes.
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"= = = Rabin–Karp algorithm = = =
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" In computer science, the Rabin–Karp algorithm or Karp–Rabin algorithm is a string-searching algorithm created by that uses hashing to find an exact match of a pattern string in a text. It uses a rolling hash to quickly filter out positions of the text that cannot match the pattern, and then checks for a match at the remaining positions. Generalizations of the same idea can be used to find more than one match of a single pattern, or to find matches for more than one pattern.
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" To find a single match of a single pattern, the expected time of the algorithm is linear in the combined length of the pattern and text,
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" although its worst-case time complexity is the product of the two lengths. To find multiple matches, the expected time is linear in the input lengths, plus the combined length of all the matches, which could be greater than linear. In contrast, the Aho–Corasick algorithm can find all matches of multiple patterns in worst-case time and space linear in the input length and the number of matches (instead of the total length of the matches).
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" A practical application of the algorithm is detecting plagiarism. Given source material, the algorithm can rapidly search through a paper for instances of sentences from the source material, ignoring details such as case and punctuation. Because of the abundance of the sought strings, single-string searching algorithms are impractical.
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" A naive string matching algorithm compares the given pattern against all positions in the given text. Each comparison takes time proportional to the length of the pattern,
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" and the number of positions is proportional to the length of the text. Therefore, the worst-case time for such a method is proportional to the product of the two lengths.
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" In many practical cases, this time can be significantly reduced by cutting short the comparison at each position as soon as a mismatch is found, but this idea cannot guarantee any speedup.
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" Several string-matching algorithms, including the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm and the Boyer–Moore string-search algorithm, reduce the worst-case time for string matching by extracting more information from each mismatch, allowing them to skip over positions of the text that are guaranteed not to match the pattern. The Rabin–Karp algorithm instead achieves its speedup by using a hash function to quickly perform an approximate check for each position, and then only performing an exact comparison at the positions that pass this approximate check.
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" A hash function is a function which converts every string into a numeric value, called its ""hash value""; for example, we might have codice_1. If two strings are equal, their hash values are also equal. For a well-designed hash function, the opposite is true, in an approximate sense: strings that are unequal are very unlikely to have equal hash values. The Rabin–Karp algorithm proceeds by computing, at each position of the text, the hash value of a string starting at that position with the same length as the pattern. If this hash value equals the hash value of the pattern, it performs a full comparison at that position.
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" In order for this to work well, the hash function should be selected randomly from a family of hash functions that are unlikely to produce many false positives, positions of the text which have the same hash value as the pattern but do not actually match the pattern. These positions contribute to the running time of the algorithm unnecessarily, without producing a match. Additionally, the hash function used should be a rolling hash, a hash function whose value can be quickly updated from each position of the text to the next. Recomputing the hash function from scratch at each position would be too slow.
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" The algorithm is as shown:
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" function RabinKarp(string s[1..n], string pattern[1..m])
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" Lines 2, 4, and 6 each require O(""m"") time. However, line 2 is only executed once, and line 6 is only executed if the hash values match, which is unlikely to happen more than a few times. Line 5 is executed O(""n"") times, but each comparison only requires constant time, so its impact is O(""n""). The issue is line 4.
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" Naively computing the hash value for the substring codice_2 requires O(""m"") time because each character is examined. Since the hash computation is done on each loop, the algorithm with a naïve hash computation requires O(mn) time, the same complexity as a straightforward string matching algorithms. For speed, the hash must be computed in constant time. The trick is the variable codice_3 already contains the previous hash value of codice_4. If that value can be used to compute the next hash value in constant time, then computing successive hash values will be fast.
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" The trick can be exploited using a rolling hash. A rolling hash is a hash function specially designed to enable this operation. A trivial (but not very good) rolling hash function just adds the values of each character in the substring. This rolling hash formula can compute the next hash value from the previous value in constant time: