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" Those students undertaking the European Baccalaureate are required to study at least 8 and up to a maximum of 11 academic subjects, in addition to physical education and moral/religion, with different weightings according to the course choices made when commencing the Baccaluareate. The final mark is calculated as a percentage, where 60% is the minimum for a pass.
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" The European Baccalaureate is administered and directly supervised by an external examining board appointed annually by the Board of Governors. The examining board consists of up to three representatives of each member state, who must satisfy the conditions governing the appointment of equivalent examining boards in their respective countries. It is presided over by a senior university educator appointed by each member state in turn, assisted by a member of the Board of Inspectors of the Schools.
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" Article 5 (2) of the Statute provides that holders of the Baccalaureate shall:
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" The first awards of the European Baccalaureate were made in 1959.
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" Sports teams of the European Schools compete in the biennial Eurosport event, with the Schools alternating as hosts. In addition, students of the Schools have the opportunity to take part in the annual European Schools Science Composium, the winners of which represent the European Schools in the European Union Contest for Young Scientists.
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" The European Schools also cooperate to take advantage of their unique relationship to EU institutions, to provide students on an annual basis with the opportunity to take part in political simulations of EU meetings, held on the premises of the institutions themselves. Students get the opportunity to role-play as delegates of EU member state governments in a Model European Council, MEPs in a Model European Parliament, or international journalists covering the meetings.
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" The federation of student representatives of the Schools, CoSup, organises a ""Europarty"", held in a different European city each academic year, and open to any student of the European Schools over 16 years of age to attend.
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" The Board of Governors is the common executive body of the European Schools, determining educational, administrative and financial matters. When it is not in session, its powers are exercised by its officially appointed Secretary-General.
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" The governing board is composed of the ministers of education of each of the EU member states, normally represented by senior civil servants from the ministries of education or foreign affairs, together with the representative of the European Commission, representing the EU and Euratom, and the representative of the European Patent Office. A representative designated by the Staff Committee and a representative of the parents designated by the Parents’ Associations are also members of the Board of Governors.
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" Matters to be discussed by the Board of Governors first make their way through a range of preparatory committees, the most important of which are the Joint Teaching Committee and the Budgetary Committee. The Joint Teaching Committee gathers Inspectors and directors, together with representatives of teachers, parents and pupils and a representative of the European Commission and the European Patent Office. It examines proposals concerning the organisation and curricula of the schools. The Budgetary Committee, likewise, gathers finance officials from the EU member states, together with representatives of the European Commission and European Patent Office to examine the financial implications of educational proposals and the budgets of individual schools and of the General Secretariat in Brussels.
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" Supervision of the education provided by the European Schools is conducted by two Boards of Inspectors, one for the primary and nursery sections and one for the secondary section. One Inspector from each of the 28 EU member states sits on each Board.
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" Each European School has an Administrative Board responsible for the day-to-day administration and functioning of the each respective School. Chaired by the Secretary-General of the European Schools. Its other members are the director of the School, a representative of the European Commission, two elected representatives of the teachers, two representatives of the Parents’ Association, a representative of the administrative and socially staff and, at the European School of Munich, a representative of the European Patent Office. Bodies which have signed an agreement with a school and have at least 20 pupils on roll also have the right to be represented on the Administrative Board.
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" Each head teacher is appointed by the Board of Governors for nine years. There are generally two deputy-head teachers, one for the secondary section and one for the primary and nursery sections. They are also appointed for nine years. Head and deputy-head teachers are appointed directly by the Board of Governors. While some full-time teachers are seconded by their national governments for a period up to nine years, others are hired locally within the member states in which the schools reside. Due to recruitment issues within the member states, these teachers are increasingly used as the primary category of teachers within the schools.
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" Each European School elects, annually, two representatives of the teaching staff (one primary, one secondary) to form a European School Staff Committee which is represented on the Board of Governors, in the Preparatory Committees and on the Administrative Board of each School. In 2016, these roles were enlarged to include Locally Recruited Teachers (LRT) and two further representatives are elected annually. These representatives do not have voting rights, however they are able to attend meetings and represent the interests of LRTs vis-a-vis the School.
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" In the European Schools system, the Complaints Board, an independent administrative court, represents the judiciary, owing to the Schools' unique intergovernmental legal basis.
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" Common to each European School, the respective Parents' Associations are responsible for overseeing the provision of school transportation, the running of canteen services and extra-curricula activities. Each Parents' Association is open to any parent or legal guardian who has a child enrolled in the Schools, and possesses a place on the Administrative Board of their respective European School. Via a body which federates all the Parents' Associations of the European Schools, InterParents, they participate in meetings of the Board of Governors of the European Schools, enabling them a voice in intergovernmental meetings which set the future direction of the organisation as a whole. Each Parents' Association is also a member of the ""Groupe Unitaire pour la Défense des Ecoles Européennes"" (GUDEE), which groups Parents’Associations, Trades-Unions and other organisations possessing an interest in the future of the European Schools together.
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" Regulations agreed by the Board of Governors of the European Schools recognise the right of the students of each School to organise and represent themselves in the administration and functioning of the Schools via a Pupils' Committee. Each European Schools' Pupils' Committee is democratically elected at the start of each academic year, headed by a president.
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" The Pupils' Committees of the European Schools are federated via CoSup, an acronym formed from its French title, ""Conseil Supérieur des Elèves"". Each Pupils' Committee elects two representatives to send to meetings of CoSup. Accredited European Schools may also send representatives. As of 2006, CoSup is recognised by the Board of Governors of the European Schools as an official body. It is able to represent common student interests on the European Schools' Joint Teaching Committee and at the Board of Governors. CoSup possesses a common fund, able to financially support represented Pupils' Committees, when necessary. Amongst other duties, CoSup is responsible for organising the annual Europarty, held in a different European city each year, and open to any student of the European Schools over the age of 16 to attend.
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" CoSup meets four times per academic year and utilises a Qualified Majority Voting system, endowing each European School represented a number of votes proportional to its share of the total number of students enrolled across all European Schools. Each School receives an equal vote weighting for matters concerning the functioning of CoSup, such as its presidential elections, which occur at the last meeting of each academic year.
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" There are thirteen European Schools, (sometimes designated as ""Type 1"" European Schools in official documents) found in eight municipalities, across six EU countries, in close proximity to EU institutions, or in the case of the European School, Munich, the European Patent Organisation. There are currently five European Schools in Belgium (four in Brussels and one in Mol) and discussions are currently being held about building a fifth school in Brussels at an undetermined future date.
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" European School, Culham - United Kingdom - was opened in 1978 and closed on 31 August 2017.
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" Since 2005, the title of an ""Accredited European School"" has been available for schools under national jurisdiction, which have been approved, by the Board of Governors of the European Schools, to offer the European Schools' curriculum and the European Baccalaureate. This accredited status groups together, what were formerly known as ""Type II"" and ""Type III"" European Schools, with the only difference being that ""Type II"" European Schools give priority, for enrolment purposes, to children of staff of the EU institutions and are therefore entitled to receive funding from the European Commission in proportion to the number of such EU staff pupils enrolled. As of June 2019, there are eighteen Accredited European Schools located in thirteen EU countries, with a further three schools engaged in the accreditation process.
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" As part of the UK's withdrawal from the EU, better known as Brexit, the UK government stated its intention to withdraw from the Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools. Under the proposed Withdrawal Agreement, pending ratification by the UK, the UK will be bound by the Convention, as well as regulations adopted by the Board of Governors on Accredited European Schools until the end of the school year that is ongoing at the end of the transition period. The UK also commits itself in the Withdrawal Agreement to maintain the legal rights, as laid out in Article 5(2) of the Convention, of any former pupils, as well as those who are enrolled in a cycle of secondary studies in a European School before 31 August 2021 and acquire a European Baccalaureate after that date.
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" In the event of a failure of the UK to reach and ratify an agreement with the EU on a Withdrawal Agreement for exiting the EU, and the precipitation of a 'no-deal' Brexit, the UK would be bound by the Convention until the end of the 2019/2020 at the earliest, under the Convention's own rules laid down in Article 31(1) for a state wishing to leave the organisation.
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" Brexit poses substantial challenges for the Europa School UK - an Oxfordshire based Accredited European School formed by staff of the former European School of Culham. In an adjournment debate in the UK House of Commons on 10 January 2019, John Howell MP, and Nick Gibb MP noted that, under the present internationally agreed framework, only national schools that have received accredited status by the Board of Governors of the European Schools may offer the European Baccalaureate, and only national schools domiciled in EU member states qualify for accredited status. They further noted that though at present the proposed Withdrawal Agreement provides for the school's accredited status to be extended to 2021 to allow it to transition to a new curriculum, the school's accredited status is lost in the event of a 'no-deal' Brexit. Mr Gibb warned that though the Board of Governors of the European Schools were willing to allow, in the event of a 'no-deal' Brexit, the Europa School UK to offer the European Baccalaureate in partnership with the European School of Bergen for those sitting exams in 2020, this was unlikely to be replicated in the future.
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"= = = Bob Nieman = = =
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" Robert Charles Nieman (January 26, 1927 – March 10, 1985) was an American professional baseball player and scout. An outfielder, he spent all or parts of a dozen Major League Baseball seasons with the St. Louis Browns (1951–52), Detroit Tigers (1953–54), Chicago White Sox (1956), Baltimore Orioles (1956–59), St. Louis Cardinals (1960–61), Cleveland Indians (1961–62) and San Francisco Giants (1962). He also played one season in Japan for the Chunichi Dragons (1963). He threw and batted right-handed, stood tall and weighed .
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" Nieman was born in Cincinnati. After attending Kent State University, he was signed by his hometown Reds as an amateur free agent in 1948. He spent three full seasons and part of a fourth in the Cincinnati farm system, although he played only 38 games above the Class A level. In June 1951, he was acquired by the unaffiliated Oklahoma City Indians from the Reds' Tulsa Oilers farm team, and he played 109 games for the 1951 Indians and batted .328. (His combined average, his tenure with Tulsa included, of .324 won him the batting title of the Texas League.)
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" Nieman then was purchased by the Browns and was added to their active roster in September 1951, setting the stage for his dramatic big league debut. On September 14 of at Fenway Park, Nieman hit two home runs in his first two major league at-bats. The blows—a solo home run in the second inning and a two-run shot in the third—were hit off Red Sox left-hander Mickey McDermott. Nieman added a single and drove in three runs on the day, but Boston won the game, 9–6. Nieman became the first player in big league history to hit two homers in his first game. Bert Campaneris (1964), Mark Quinn (1999), J.P. Arencibia (2010) and Trevor Story (2016) are the only others to accomplish the feat. Also, Nieman is one of two players in MLB history to homer in each of his first two big league at bats. Keith McDonald, in 2000, is the other.
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" Nieman became an everyday outfielder for the Browns, later played regularly for the Tigers and Orioles, and overall he fashioned a 12-year career as a semi-regular outfielder and pinch hitter. In his 1,113-game career he batted .295, with 125 home runs, 544 RBI, 455 runs, 1,018 hits, 180 doubles, 32 triples and 10 stolen bases. He batted over .300 three times, twice as a regular outfielder with more than 400 at bats.
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" In his final MLB campaign, he collected eight pinch hits to help the Giants win the 1962 National League pennant. In the 1962 World Series, and in his only postseason opportunity and last big-league plate appearance, Nieman pinch hit for Ed Bailey in the seventh inning of Game 4 at Yankee Stadium. He drew a base on balls against left-hander Marshall Bridges and was removed for a pinch runner, Ernie Bowman. Bowman would soon score when Giants' second baseman Chuck Hiller hit the first grand slam home run ever struck by a National League player in World Series history. The Giants won that contest, 7–3, but dropped the series in seven games.
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" After retiring from the field, Nieman served as a scout for over two decades, working for the Indians, Dodgers, Athletics, White Sox and Yankees. He died from a heart attack in Corona, California, at 58 years of age.
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"= = = Keith McDonald (baseball) = = =
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" William Keith McDonald (born February 8, 1973 in Yokosuka, Japan) is a former Major League Baseball catcher and right-handed batter. He made his debut with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2000.
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" On July 4, 2000 McDonald became the third player in St. Louis history to hit a home run in his first major league at-bat. On July 6, he homered in his second at-bat, becoming only the second player in MLB history to hit home runs in each of his first two big league at bats. Bob Nieman, in 1951, is the other. McDonald hit a third home run that year, and is the only player in MLB history to have more than one home run in a career, but no other hits.
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" In his first season McDonald batted .429 (3-7), with three homers, five RBI and three runs in six games. He returned the following season as a September call-up, and was hitless in two at-bats.
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"= = = Simon Marks, 1st Baron Marks of Broughton = = =
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" Simon Marks, 1st Baron Marks of Broughton (9 July 1888 – 8 December 1964), was a British businessman.
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" Marks was born in the Leylands, Leeds, on 9 July 1888, son of Michael Marks and Hannah Cohen. and educated at Manchester Grammar School.
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" In 1907, he inherited a number of ""penny bazaars"" from his father, which had been established with Thomas Spencer. With the help of Israel Sieff, he built Marks & Spencer into an icon of British business.
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" He was knighted in 1944 and in 1961 was raised to the peerage as ""Baron Marks of Broughton, of Sunningdale in the Royal County of Berkshire"".
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" Marks died 8 December 1964, in London, and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. His ashes and memorial are housed within the internal columbarium (visible by arrangement). The ashes of his wife Miriam Marks (née Sieff, sister of Israel Sieff), and those of his business partner Israel Sieff, rest with his.
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" He was succeeded in the barony by his only son Michael.