Gustav0-Freind/100m · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 1 5.12k
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" Schmidt is in a small group of number theorists who have been invited to address the International Congress of Mathematicians three times. The others are Iwaniec, Shimura, and Tate.
"
" In 1986, Schmidt received the Humboldt Research Award and in 2003, he received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. Schmidt holds honorary doctorates from the University of Ulm, the Sorbonne, the University of Waterloo, the University of Marburg and the University of York. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
"
"
"
"= = = Lesotho Girl Guides Association = = =
"
"
"
" The Lesotho Girl Guides Association (LGGA) is the national Guiding organization of Lesotho. It serves 1,783 members (as of 2008). Founded in 1925, the girls-only organization became a full member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1978.
"
" The Girl Guide emblem features a crocodile, the symbol of the dynasty of Lesotho's largest ethnicity, the Sotho.
"
"
"
"= = = Castleford Chase = = =
"
"
"
" The Castleford Chase is a National Hunt handicap steeplechase (horse racing) in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older.. It is run over a distance of about 1 mile and 7 furlongs (1 mile 7 furlongs and 36 yards, or 3,050 metres) at Wetherby Racecourse in late December. There are thirteen fences to be jumped in the race.
"
" The Castleford Chase's recent history has seen a number of changes in conditions and status. Until 1989 it was run as a limited handicap. In 1990 it was upgraded to a Grade 1 race and run as a conditions chase for the first time. From 1998 it reverted to a limited handicap and was downgraded to Grade 2 status. In 2006 it was replaced as a Grade 2 chase in the calendar by Kempton Park's newly inaugurated Desert Orchid Chase and became a handicap chase for horses rated between 0 and 145.
"
"
"
"= = = Silent Interviews = = =
"
"
"
" Silent Interviews: On Language, Race, Sex, Science Fiction, and Some Comics is a 1995 non-fiction collection of interviews with author, professor, and critic Samuel R. Delany.
"
" The book was a finalist for the 1995 Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book.
"
"
"
"= = = Who's the Ass? = = =
"
"
"
" Who's the Ass? is a trick-taking card game for 3-12 players. The game is played with a deck consisting of 104 cards numbered from 1-13 (8 cards of each rank), five jokers, and one ass card. The ass card is printed the same front and back, so all players know who has it in their hand. It is a commercially produced game, not a folk game, and uses a special deck with a unique card.
"
" Each player is dealt a number of cards—usually 13, but fewer if there is a large number of players. The player who is dealt the ass leads the first trick.
"
" A player may lead one or more cards. If leading multiple cards, all must be the same rank. The other players, in turn, have an opportunity to play to the trick. Players must play the same number of cards led, and must play higher than the highest card played so far. For example, if a pair of eights is led, the next player may only play a pair of nines or higher. A player who cannot play, or who does not wish to play, may pass. After each player has played or passed once, the trick ends, and the player who played the highest cards leads the next trick. Cards played to the trick are taken out of the game.
"
" A player may lead the ass card, in which case the trick will be an ""ass round"". Unlike a normal trick, players are not allowed to pass, and must play exactly one card from their hand. There are no restrictions on which card may be played. After every player has played a card, the player who played the ""highest"" card takes all cards played, including the ass, and puts them into their hand. In the case of a tie, the last card played is considered highest. This player then leads the next trick, but may not lead the ass immediately after an ass round.
"
" A joker may substitute for any other card; for example two sevens and a joker can play as three sevens. If played as a single card, it has a value of 14. If played during an ass round, the player may choose any value from 1 to 14 for the joker.
"
" If, at the end of a trick, one or more players is out of cards, the round ends. Points are scored according to the cards left in a player's hand. Numbered cards are worth their value in points, between 1 and 13. Jokers are worth 14 points. The ass is worth 20 points.
"
" The game is normally played to a certain number of points, such as 200. The player with the lowest score wins.
"
"
"
"= = = 75th Group Army = = =
"
"
"
" The 75th Group Army, formerly the 41st Group Army was one of two Group Armies assigned to the Southern Theatre Command (formerly the Guangzhou Military Region).
"
" Before 2017 reform, its units consist of:
"
" Current units consist of:
"
"
"
"= = = Valencian pilota = = =
"
"
"
" Valencian pilota ( ""Valencian ball"") is a traditional handball sport played in the Valencian Community. Its origins are not known.
"
" Rules variations within the generic ""Pilota Valenciana"" category are frequent from area to area but the common trait is that the ball is struck with a bare, or almost bare, hand (only minimal protection is applied in some versions of the sport). The general rule involves two teams made from two up to five players each (the numbers depend on the particular version played). Exceptionally, individual matches are also played (mostly in Escala i corda and Raspall) between the most renowned players.
"
" The second characteristic is that it is not played against a wall. Instead, similar to modern tennis, two individuals or teams are placed face to face separated either by a line on the ground or a net in all of modern modalities except for the frontó.
"
" A distinctive trait of Valencian pilota is that the spectators are often seated or standing very close to the court which means that they may be hit by the ball and thus become an (unwilling) part of the game.
"
" The origins of Valencian pilota are not known with certainty, but it is commonly supposed to have been derived from the medieval Jeu de paume along with several other European handball sports (for example the Basque ""laxoa"", French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.
"
" ""Jeu de paume"" is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many ""tripots"" (courtfields); it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the ""Valencian pilota"" sport that, in the 16th century, the humanist Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his ""Dialogues"" and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.
"
" Being played by low-class people and high-class nobles, ""Valencian pilota"" was very popular: On June 14, 1391 the Valencia City ""Council"" fruitlessly forbade it to be played on the streets, but this caused the expansion of trinquets (courtfields); there were as many as 13 in that city alone in the 16th century. Later on, nobles abandoned the handball game in favour of '""'cleaner"""" sports and so ""pilota"" became the property of the middle and lower classes, which led to the appearance of the first professional players and the rise of gambling and challenge matches.
"
" The break between indoor and outdoor forms caused many variants to diverge from the original Llargues version. Thus ""Perxa"" evolved into Galotxa, and which in turn gave rise to Escala i corda, while Raspall was still played in both courtfields. ""llargues"" is the only variant that uses the original """"ratlles"""" rule, the others using a net to separate two sides on the playing area (as ""galotxa"", and ""escala i corda""), or with no court division at all (""raspall""). Another case is the Frontó variety, which was first documented in the late 19th century, influenced by the popularity of the main Basque pelota variant, which involves players throwing the ball against a wall.
"
" Nowadays, ""Valencian pilota"" is played in the whole Valencian Community, but every area has its preferred variety. Professional players of Escala i corda and Raspall are hired to play at the trinquets or in streets during the towns' festivals. The popularity of this sport is rising again with the building of new cortifields at schools, weekly broadcasts on Valencian public TV, the management of a professional company (ValNet) and the Handball International Championships with countries where these sports with a common origin are played.
"
" There are two basic versions of the sport depending whether it is played outdoors in a designated street or indoors.
"
" With the basic set of rules for either street or indoor ""pilota"", there are many different variations, some of them are played only locally, but most of them are played in wider areas. The only modalities with professional players are Escala i corda and Raspall.
"
" Another way to categorize variations is whether they are ""direct"" or ""indirect"". The direct games are those whose players are opposed face-to-face in different sides of the court, which is sometimes divided by a net; the indirect games are those with a wall where both teams throw the ball from a shared court. The traditional variations of ""Pilota Valenciana"" are direct, even though recently some indirect games (""Frontó"" and ""Frares"") have been introduced based on the Basque Pelota.
"
" The only Valencian pilota variety played outside the Valencian community is Llargues. Every year a European championship is held by the International Ball game Confederation with players from Valencia, Belgium, France, Italy, and the Netherlands. There is also a world championship with those teams plus Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.
"
" The Handball International Championships combine local handball variations from all over Europe to create the ""international game"" using the shared traits from all the sports related or derived from the ""jeu de paume"". Valencian professional players do not need much adaptation, since ""Llargues"" is very close to the international rules.

"

" Schmidt is in a small group of number theorists who have been invited to address the International Congress of Mathematicians three times. The others are Iwaniec, Shimura, and Tate.

"

" In 1986, Schmidt received the Humboldt Research Award and in 2003, he received the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art. Schmidt holds honorary doctorates from the University of Ulm, the Sorbonne, the University of Waterloo, the University of Marburg and the University of York. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

"

"= = = Lesotho Girl Guides Association = = =

"

" The Lesotho Girl Guides Association (LGGA) is the national Guiding organization of Lesotho. It serves 1,783 members (as of 2008). Founded in 1925, the girls-only organization became a full member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1978.

"

" The Girl Guide emblem features a crocodile, the symbol of the dynasty of Lesotho's largest ethnicity, the Sotho.

"

"= = = Castleford Chase = = =

"

" The Castleford Chase is a National Hunt handicap steeplechase (horse racing) in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older.. It is run over a distance of about 1 mile and 7 furlongs (1 mile 7 furlongs and 36 yards, or 3,050 metres) at Wetherby Racecourse in late December. There are thirteen fences to be jumped in the race.

"

" The Castleford Chase's recent history has seen a number of changes in conditions and status. Until 1989 it was run as a limited handicap. In 1990 it was upgraded to a Grade 1 race and run as a conditions chase for the first time. From 1998 it reverted to a limited handicap and was downgraded to Grade 2 status. In 2006 it was replaced as a Grade 2 chase in the calendar by Kempton Park's newly inaugurated Desert Orchid Chase and became a handicap chase for horses rated between 0 and 145.

"

"= = = Silent Interviews = = =

"

" Silent Interviews: On Language, Race, Sex, Science Fiction, and Some Comics is a 1995 non-fiction collection of interviews with author, professor, and critic Samuel R. Delany.

"

" The book was a finalist for the 1995 Hugo Award for Best Non-Fiction Book.

"

"= = = Who's the Ass? = = =

"

" Who's the Ass? is a trick-taking card game for 3-12 players. The game is played with a deck consisting of 104 cards numbered from 1-13 (8 cards of each rank), five jokers, and one ass card. The ass card is printed the same front and back, so all players know who has it in their hand. It is a commercially produced game, not a folk game, and uses a special deck with a unique card.

"

" Each player is dealt a number of cards—usually 13, but fewer if there is a large number of players. The player who is dealt the ass leads the first trick.

"

" A player may lead one or more cards. If leading multiple cards, all must be the same rank. The other players, in turn, have an opportunity to play to the trick. Players must play the same number of cards led, and must play higher than the highest card played so far. For example, if a pair of eights is led, the next player may only play a pair of nines or higher. A player who cannot play, or who does not wish to play, may pass. After each player has played or passed once, the trick ends, and the player who played the highest cards leads the next trick. Cards played to the trick are taken out of the game.

"

" A player may lead the ass card, in which case the trick will be an ""ass round"". Unlike a normal trick, players are not allowed to pass, and must play exactly one card from their hand. There are no restrictions on which card may be played. After every player has played a card, the player who played the ""highest"" card takes all cards played, including the ass, and puts them into their hand. In the case of a tie, the last card played is considered highest. This player then leads the next trick, but may not lead the ass immediately after an ass round.

"

" A joker may substitute for any other card; for example two sevens and a joker can play as three sevens. If played as a single card, it has a value of 14. If played during an ass round, the player may choose any value from 1 to 14 for the joker.

"

" If, at the end of a trick, one or more players is out of cards, the round ends. Points are scored according to the cards left in a player's hand. Numbered cards are worth their value in points, between 1 and 13. Jokers are worth 14 points. The ass is worth 20 points.

"

" The game is normally played to a certain number of points, such as 200. The player with the lowest score wins.

"

"= = = 75th Group Army = = =

"

" The 75th Group Army, formerly the 41st Group Army was one of two Group Armies assigned to the Southern Theatre Command (formerly the Guangzhou Military Region).

"

" Before 2017 reform, its units consist of:

"

" Current units consist of:

"

"= = = Valencian pilota = = =

"

" Valencian pilota ( ""Valencian ball"") is a traditional handball sport played in the Valencian Community. Its origins are not known.

"

" Rules variations within the generic ""Pilota Valenciana"" category are frequent from area to area but the common trait is that the ball is struck with a bare, or almost bare, hand (only minimal protection is applied in some versions of the sport). The general rule involves two teams made from two up to five players each (the numbers depend on the particular version played). Exceptionally, individual matches are also played (mostly in Escala i corda and Raspall) between the most renowned players.

"

" The second characteristic is that it is not played against a wall. Instead, similar to modern tennis, two individuals or teams are placed face to face separated either by a line on the ground or a net in all of modern modalities except for the frontó.

"

" A distinctive trait of Valencian pilota is that the spectators are often seated or standing very close to the court which means that they may be hit by the ball and thus become an (unwilling) part of the game.

"

" The origins of Valencian pilota are not known with certainty, but it is commonly supposed to have been derived from the medieval Jeu de paume along with several other European handball sports (for example the Basque ""laxoa"", French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.

"

" ""Jeu de paume"" is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many ""tripots"" (courtfields); it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the ""Valencian pilota"" sport that, in the 16th century, the humanist Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his ""Dialogues"" and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.

"

" Being played by low-class people and high-class nobles, ""Valencian pilota"" was very popular: On June 14, 1391 the Valencia City ""Council"" fruitlessly forbade it to be played on the streets, but this caused the expansion of trinquets (courtfields); there were as many as 13 in that city alone in the 16th century. Later on, nobles abandoned the handball game in favour of '""'cleaner"""" sports and so ""pilota"" became the property of the middle and lower classes, which led to the appearance of the first professional players and the rise of gambling and challenge matches.

"

" The break between indoor and outdoor forms caused many variants to diverge from the original Llargues version. Thus ""Perxa"" evolved into Galotxa, and which in turn gave rise to Escala i corda, while Raspall was still played in both courtfields. ""llargues"" is the only variant that uses the original """"ratlles"""" rule, the others using a net to separate two sides on the playing area (as ""galotxa"", and ""escala i corda""), or with no court division at all (""raspall""). Another case is the Frontó variety, which was first documented in the late 19th century, influenced by the popularity of the main Basque pelota variant, which involves players throwing the ball against a wall.

"

" Nowadays, ""Valencian pilota"" is played in the whole Valencian Community, but every area has its preferred variety. Professional players of Escala i corda and Raspall are hired to play at the trinquets or in streets during the towns' festivals. The popularity of this sport is rising again with the building of new cortifields at schools, weekly broadcasts on Valencian public TV, the management of a professional company (ValNet) and the Handball International Championships with countries where these sports with a common origin are played.

"

" There are two basic versions of the sport depending whether it is played outdoors in a designated street or indoors.

"

" With the basic set of rules for either street or indoor ""pilota"", there are many different variations, some of them are played only locally, but most of them are played in wider areas. The only modalities with professional players are Escala i corda and Raspall.

"

" Another way to categorize variations is whether they are ""direct"" or ""indirect"". The direct games are those whose players are opposed face-to-face in different sides of the court, which is sometimes divided by a net; the indirect games are those with a wall where both teams throw the ball from a shared court. The traditional variations of ""Pilota Valenciana"" are direct, even though recently some indirect games (""Frontó"" and ""Frares"") have been introduced based on the Basque Pelota.

"

" The only Valencian pilota variety played outside the Valencian community is Llargues. Every year a European championship is held by the International Ball game Confederation with players from Valencia, Belgium, France, Italy, and the Netherlands. There is also a world championship with those teams plus Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.

"

" The Handball International Championships combine local handball variations from all over Europe to create the ""international game"" using the shared traits from all the sports related or derived from the ""jeu de paume"". Valencian professional players do not need much adaptation, since ""Llargues"" is very close to the international rules.