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" Zapata: El sueño del héroe (in English: ""Zapata: The dream of a hero""), also titled simply Zapata, is a 2004 Mexican motion picture. |
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" This fictionalized portrayal of Emiliano Zapata, played by Alejandro Fernández, as an Indigenous Mexican shaman, directed by Alfonso Arau, was reportedly the most expensive Mexican movie ever produced, with a massive ad campaign, and the largest ever opening in the nation's history. Unusual in the Mexican film industry, ""Zapata"" was financed independently. |
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" ""Zapata"" made its U.S. debut at the Santa Fe Film Festival on December 3, 2004 at the Center for Contemporary Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico. |
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" The film happens in the last quarter of the 19th century and the first nineteen years of the twentieth, during the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz, the presidency of Francisco I. Madero, the military revolt of Victoriano Huerta, the Convention of Generals and, finally, the death of Zapata, already in the constitutionalist stage of Venustiano Carranza. The film does not try to be a chair of history but a fable that obtains the identification of the spectators with the hero, through the successive confrontation of the protagonist with the power, represented in the antagonistic figure of Victoriano Huerta. In it, Emiliano Zapata appears like predestining, ""the signal"" in his chest, the mark or spot with the form of a little hand is the sign that identifies him as ""the one"" by the Huehuetlatolli (the heirs of the tradition) to be their guide. Thus, we see the birth of Emiliano, where he is recognized like the possible leader of his town. Zapata will have to break with his vision of the ""real reality"" and to enter in that other magical knowledge of the Mexican tradition and its inscrutable religious ""sincretismo"". |
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"= = = Jean Améry = = = |
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" Jean Améry (31 October 1912 – 17 October 1978), born Hanns Chaim Mayer, was an Austria-born essayist whose work was often informed by his experiences during World War II. His most celebrated work, ""At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities"" (1966), suggests that torture was ""the essence"" of the Third Reich. Other notable works included ""On Aging"" (1968) and ""On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death"" (1976). He first adopted the pseudonym Jean Améry in 1955. Améry took his own life in 1978. |
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" Formerly a philosophy and literature student in Vienna, Améry's participation in organized resistance against the Nazi occupation of Belgium resulted in his detainment and torture by the German Gestapo at Fort Breendonk, and several years of imprisonment in concentration camps. Améry survived internments in Auschwitz and Buchenwald, and was finally liberated at Bergen-Belsen in 1945. After the war he settled in Belgium. |
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" Jean Améry was born as Hanns Chaim Mayer in Vienna, Austria, in 1912, to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother. His father was killed in action in World War I in 1916. Améry was raised as a Roman Catholic by his mother. Eventually, Améry and his mother returned to Vienna, where he enrolled in university to study literature and philosophy, but economic necessity kept him from regular pursuit of studies there. |
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" While Améry's family was ""estranged from its Jewish origins, assimilated and intermarried"", this alienation itself, in the context of Nazi occupation, informed much of his thought: ""I wanted by all means to be an anti-Nazi, that most certainly, but of my own accord."" |
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" The Nuremberg Laws of 1935, the text of which he soon came to know by heart, convinced Améry that Germany had essentially passed a sentence of death on all Jews. His ""The Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew"" speaks to this inner conflict as to his identity. He suggests that while his personal identity, the identity of his own childhood past, is distinctly Christian, he feels himself nonetheless a Jew in another sense, the sense of a Jewishness ""without God, without history, without messianic-national hope"". |
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" In 1938, when the Nazis were welcomed into Austria and the country joined with Germany into a ""Greater Reich"", Améry fled to France, and then to Belgium with his Jewish wife, Regina, whom he had chosen in opposition to his mother's wishes. She later died of heart disease while hiding in Brussels. Ironically, he was initially deported back to France by the Belgians as a German alien and wound up interned in the south. |
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" After escaping from the camp at Gurs, he returned to Belgium where he joined the Resistance movement. |
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" Involved in the distribution of anti-military propaganda to the German occupying forces, Améry was captured by the Nazis in July 1943 and routinely tortured at the Belgian Gestapo center at Fort Breendonk. When it was established that there was no information to be extracted from him, he was ""demoted"" from political prisoner to Jew, and shipped to Auschwitz. |
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" Lacking any trade skills, he was assigned to the harshest physical labors, building the I.G. Farben factory at Auschwitz III, the Buna-Monowitz labor camp. In the face of the Soviet invasion in the following year, he was evacuated first to Buchenwald and then to Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated by the British army in April 1945. |
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" After the war, the former Hanns Mayer changed his name to Jean Améry (the surname being a French-sounding anagram of his family name) in order to symbolize his dissociation from German culture and his alliance with French culture. He lived in Brussels, working as a culture journalist for German language newspapers in Switzerland. He refused to publish in Germany or Austria for many years, publishing only in Switzerland. He did not write at all of his experiences in the death camps until 1964, when, at the urging of German poet Helmut Heißenbüttel, he wrote his book ""Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne"" (""Beyond Guilt and Atonement""). It was later translated into English by Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld as ""At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities"". |
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" He later married Marie Eschenauer, whom he was still married to at the time of his death. In 1976 Améry published the book ""On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death."" He took his own life by overdose of sleeping pills in 1978. |
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" The publication of ""At the Mind's Limits"", Améry's exploration of the Holocaust and the nature of the Third Reich, made him one of the most highly regarded of Holocaust writers. In comparing the Nazis to a government of sadism, Améry suggests that it is the sadist's nature to want ""to nullify the world"". For a Nazi torturer, |
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"[a] slight pressure by the tool-wielding hand is enough to turn the other – along with his head, in which are perhaps stored Kant and Hegel, and all nine symphonies, and ""The World as Will and Representation"" – into a shrill squealing piglet at slaughter. |
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" Améry's efforts to preserve the memory of the Holocaust focused on the terror and horror of the events in a phenomenological and philosophical way, with what he characterized as ""a scant inclination to be conciliatory"". His explorations of his experiences and the meaning and legacy of Nazi-era suffering were aimed not at resolving the events finally into ""the cold storage of history"", but rather keeping the subject alive so that it would not be lost to posterity, as an abstraction or mere text. As he wrote in his 1976 preface to ""Beyond Guilt and Atonement"": |
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" I do not have [clarity] today, and I hope that I never will. Clarification would amount to disposal, settlement of the case, which can then be placed in the files of history. My book is meant to prevent precisely this. For nothing is resolved, nothing is settled, no remembering has become mere memory. |
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" With the prize money that the Viennese writer Robert Menasse received for the Austrian State Prize (1999) he re-founded the “Jean Améry–Preis für Europäische Essayistik”, whose winners were Lothar Baier, Barbara Sichtermann (1985), Mathias Greffrath (1988), Reinhard Merkel (1991), Franz Schuh (2000), Doron Rabinovici (2002), Michael Jeismann (2004), Journalist, Drago Jančar (2007), Imre Kertész (2009), Dubravka Ugrešić (2012), Adam Zagajewski (2016) and Karl-Markus Gauß (2018). |
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"= = = Saramacca District = = = |
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" Saramacca is a district of Suriname, in the north. Saramacca's capital city is Groningen, with other towns and cities including Batavia, Kampong Baroe, Uitkijk, Maho and Boskamp |
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" Saramacca has a population of 17,480 and an area of 3,636 km². |
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" The district has traditionally been the site of dozens of small, family owned farming communities, and it has only been recently that large agricultural projects have begun to emerge, primarily geared to the production of bananas and rice. |
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" The district is known for its birds, with ornithologists and birdwatchers coming from all over the world to study and admire Saramacca's toucans, parrots and cocks-of-the-rock. |
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" Saramacca is also the name of a group of Maroons who established communities along the Saramacca River having fled slavery. |
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" Saramacca is divided into 6 resorts (""ressorten""): |
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"= = = Sipaliwini District = = = |
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" Sipaliwini is the largest district of Suriname, located in the south. Sipaliwini does not have a regional capital as it is directly administered by the national government in Paramaribo. The main villages in the district are Apetina, Apoera, Bakhuys, Bitagron, Pokigron, Kajana, Kamp 52, Pelelu Tepu, Cottica, Anapaike, Benzdorp, Kwamalasamutu, Nieuw Jacobkondre, Aurora, Botopasi, Goddo, Djumu and Pontoetoe. |
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" Sipaliwini has a population of 37,065 and an area of 130,567 km². The district is nearly 4 times as large as the other 9 districts of Suriname combined; however, most of the Sipaliwini is unused (it was specifically stated when the district was formed that it would encompass the unused land in Suriname's south) except for the north and the west. |
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" It is thought by archaeologists that hunter-gatherers lived in what is today Sipaliwini district during the Paleolithic period. |
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" The region was largely left alone during the colonial period, as the Dutch that controlled Suriname were fearful of the Portuguese in Brazil, and it was not until the 20th century that development projects began. |
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" Sipaliwini district has seen occasional fighting between Guyanese and Surinamese troops over border disputes in the south-west Tigri Area of the Coeroeni resort. |
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" Sipaliwini is divided into 6 resorts (""ressorten""): |
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"= = = Courtney Pine = = = |
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" Courtney Pine, (born 18 March 1964 in London) is a British jazz musician, who was the principal founder in the 1980s of the black British band the Jazz Warriors. Although known primarily for his saxophone playing, Pine is a multi-instrumentalist, also playing the flute, clarinet, bass clarinet and keyboards. On his 2011 album, ""Europa"", he plays almost exclusively bass clarinet. |
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" Born in London to Jamaican parents, Pine went to Kingsbury High School, where he studied classical clarinet, teaching himself the saxophone from the age of 14. He began his music career playing reggae, touring in 1981 with Clint Eastwood & General Saint. |
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" In 1986 Pine's debut album ""Journey to the Urge Within"" entered the UK Top 40. He is the principal founder of the seminal black British big band the Jazz Warriors, which he established in 1985 through the community organisation ""The Abibi Jazz Arts"" (TAJA). The Jazz Warriors developed out of the Abibi All-Stars community band that did a series of performances at London's Royal Festival Hall foyer during the summer of the International Youth Year 1985. The Jazz Warriors recorded two albums under Pine's leadership: ""Out of Many, One People"", which was released on the Antilles division of the Island Records label in 1987, and ""Afropeans"", which was released on Pine's own label, Destin-e Records, for their 20th anniversary in 2007. The Jazz Warriors ""Afropeans"" project was commissioned by the Arts Council of England to commemorate the bicentennary of the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act. Thirty years after Pine planted his idea to start the Jazz Warriors, he put together the ""Venus Warriors"" all-female jazz band for a charity performance to raise awareness of the Mary Seacole Memorial Statue Appeal, which was established to erect the first statue of a black heroine outside of London's St Thomas's Hospital. |
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" His recent music integrates modern British music like drum and bass and UK garage with contemporary jazz styles. He runs his own band and integrates many contemporary musicians in his performances. He also presents ""Jazz Crusade"" on BBC Radio 2, the seventh series of which was broadcast during spring 2007. |
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" In 1988 he appeared as himself in a jazz quartet in the Doctor Who serial ""Silver Nemesis"". |
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