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The meeting, which will take place between Wednesday and Friday in Alexandria, Virginia, comes in response to growing public concern about the long-term effects of consuming soy.
Genistein, a naturally occurring plant estrogen- or phytoestrogen- in soybeans can mimic the effects of estrogen in the body. It is found in certain foods containing soy such as soy-based infant formulas, tofu, soy milk, soy flour, textured soy protein, tempeh, and miso.
Fourteen scientists will take part in the discussions, which are organized by the Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR) of the National Institute of Environmental Health Services (NIEHS) and National Toxicology Program. The meetings will be open to the public.
"Soy products are often promoted as a natural, safe way to achieve at least some of the benefits of hormone replacement therapy in adults," said the NIEHS, adding that it is, however, necessary to "look at available evidence from reproductive and developmental animal and human toxicity studies, as well as exposure data from infants and women of reproductive age, to determine if phytoestrogens in soy infant formulas adversely affect human growth, development, or reproduction."
Indeed, soy infant formulas are growing in popularity, forming part of the diet of an estimated 10-20 percent of infants in the US. And, on the back of a number of health benefits linked to soy, sales of soy products in general have also been on the rise, after reaching around $4bn in 2003.
But a growing body of science has recently cast shadows over the widely accepted positive health effects of soy.
In January, the NIEHS released a study linking genistein to the disruption of the normal development of ovaries in female mice. This followed previous research by the NIEHS that showed that mice given genistein immediately after birth had irregular menstrual cycles, problems with ovulation, and problems with fertility as they reached adulthood.
And last year a team of UK scientists, headed by Dr Lynn Fraser, professor of reproductive biology at King's College London, revealed that genistein could damage human sperm.
Animal studies on genistein have previously raised other concerns. A 2004 study on newborn piglets found that the compound inhibited intestinal cell growth.
And in 2003, research on rats showed that males whose mothers were fed genistein did not achieve full sexual development as adults.
But the majority of scientific studies so far have focused on the health benefits of soy, and there is a growing awareness amongst consumers that the product is high in fiber, protein and minerals yet low in saturated fat and free of cholesterol.
In 1999 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an unqualified health claim linking consumption of soy foods to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. According to a 2000 report in FDA Consumer, consumption of soy foods increased 20 percent per year since 1995 and the approval of this claim led to surging interest.
The link between soy and heart health was also recently reinforced when a study published in November revealed that soy protein containing isoflavones could help reduce two strong indicators for coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women.
Other studies have also indicated that components found in soy could help reduce cholesterol, prevent high blood pressure, alleviate menopause symptoms and maintain bone density. | <urn:uuid:e512885f-f593-4d2b-bc36-9413da7b7a20> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/R-D/Scientists-to-evaluate-potential-dangers-of-soy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00142-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94109 | 686 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The favorite of the us presidential race, Democratic candidate Joe Biden has promised to press China on the issue of Tibet if he wins the election. This is reported by The Times of India.
Biden noted that his foreign policy will be based on humanitarian values. “I will work with our allies to put pressure on Beijing and bring it back to direct dialogue with representatives of Tibet,” he said. The politician also promised to impose new sanctions against China, personally meet with the Dalai Lama, and expand Voice of America’s broadcast in Tibetan.
Earlier it was reported that the United States will impose new sanctions against China because of human rights violations in Tibet. Secretary of state Mike Pompeo clarified that this will happen because the Chinese authorities refuse to allow American diplomats, politicians and journalists to enter the region. At the same time, in his opinion, “access to the Tibetan territories is becoming increasingly important for the stability of the region, given the violations of human rights by the Communist party of China (CPC).”
Tibet was forcibly annexed to China in the middle of the last century. Since XI Jinping came to power in 2012, the CPC has strengthened its policy of cultural assimilation of ethnic minorities, which has mostly affected the Tibetan and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous regions. | <urn:uuid:cd46d28c-4687-4c5a-99da-9eb581788414> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dankvapescart.com/uncategorized/biden-promised-to-press-china-on-the-issue-of-tibet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.966712 | 266 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Cory Booker says there are no hard feelings from President Barack Obama after the Newark mayor put his foot in his mouth last month when he slammed the Obama campaign for attacking Mitt Romney’s work at Bain Capital.
“Barack… was my friend before he was my president. I met him in 2005 and began a relationship with him,” said Booker during an appearance on “The Tonight Show” with host Jay Leno on Monday. “He was incredibly gracious with the things he said about me, I’ve seen him since, and we continue to be friends.”
Story Continued Below
“Enough is enough. Stop attacking private equity. Stop attacking Jeremiah Wright,” the Newark mayor said at the time.
The New Jersey mayor told Leno he “didn’t defend Romney at all” on “Meet the Press” but was instead making a point about political attacks.
Reflecting on the incident now nearly month later, Booker said the furor over his remarks illustrates his point about the polarization of politics in the United States.
“The truth of the matter is, what I was trying to express, the reaction to it all, really made my point - that we are now in America in this combustible, polarized, political environment which distracts us,” said Booker, criticizing the “sound-bite media” for distracting Americans from the issues that matter. | <urn:uuid:ade74976-d9be-4689-b9d6-7d2f462fe163> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.politico.com/story/2012/06/booker-still-friends-with-obama-077568 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00539-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97967 | 299 | 1.5625 | 2 |
A short story by Toni Cade Bambara
01 May 2007
On Action and Change
Toni Cade Bambara’s "The Lesson" revolves around a young black girl’s struggle to come to terms with the role that economic injustice, and the larger social injustice that it constitutes, plays in her life. Sylvia, the story’s protagonist, initially is reluctant to acknowledge that she is a victim of poverty. Far from being oblivious of the disparity between the rich and the poor, however, one might say that on some subconscious level, she is in fact aware of the inequity that permeates society and which contributes to her inexorably disadvantaged economic situation. That she relates poverty to shame—"But I feel funny, shame. But what I got to be shamed about? Got as much right to go in as anybody" (Bambara 604)—offers an indication as to why she is so hard-pressed to concede her substandard socioeconomic standing in the larger scheme of things. Sylvia is forced to finally address the true state of her place in society, however, when she observes firsthand the stark contrast between the rich and the poor at a fancy toy store in Manhattan. Initially furious about the blinding disparity, her emotionally charged reaction ultimately culminates in her acceptance of the real state of things, and this acceptance in turn cultivates her resolve to take action against the socioeconomic inequality that verily afflicts her, ensuring that "ain’t nobody gonna beat me at nuthin" (606). "The Lesson" posits that far from being insurmountable, economic and social injustice can be risen above, but it is necessary that we first acknowledge the role that it plays in our lives, and then determine to take action against it; indifference, and the inaction that it breeds, can only serve to perpetuate such injustices. Sylvia’s languid regard for Miss Moore, whom she refers to as "this nappy-head bitch and her goddamn college degree" (601), is a reflection of her initial disregard for the role that social injustice plays in her life. Miss Moore, with her "proper speech" (601) and desire to "take responsibility for the young ones’ education" (601), is a foil to Sylvia: educated, discerning, analytical. Her informed and realistic perception of the society in which they live qualifies her as an embodiment of truth within the story, and Sylvia’s rejection of her is thus symbolic of her overarching rejection of the truth. More than just refusing to acknowledge the verity of her poverty—"And then she gets to the part about we all poor and live in the slums, which I don’t feature" (601)—Syvlia even subconsciously runs away from it. "Don’t nobody want to go for my plan," Sylvia says, "which is to jump out at the next light and run off to the first bar-b-que we can find" (601). Her compulsion to stray from Miss Moore suggests that on some subliminal level, she seeks to avoid confronting the truth that the lesson conveys about her indigent state. Upon arriving at the toy store, Sylvia notes: "‘This is the place,’ Miss Moore say, presenting it to us in the voice she uses at the museum. ‘Let’s look in the windows before we go in’" (602). That Miss Moore introduces the children to the store in her "museum" voice is indicative of her desire for the children to thoroughly analyze their new environment and synthesize what it might suggest about social stratification; Miss Moore means to show them that, like a historically significant painting in a museum, the society in which they live is worth studying intently. Although the explicit differences between the ghetto and Manhattan are immediately apparent, Sylvia initially fails to make the implicit connections between these external differences and larger social inequity. She boggles at the concept of a woman in a fur coat—"Then we check out that we on Fifth Avenue and everybody dressed up in stockings. One lady in a fur coat, hot as it is. White folks crazy" (602)—but fails to interpret what she sees in relation to the... | <urn:uuid:66e0958d-a4d9-4af7-a88f-ae16bb4b31e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/Essay-On-The-Lesson-By-Toni-1776864.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00163-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958012 | 870 | 3.03125 | 3 |
HTTP/2 is the new standard transfer protocol online. It can make websites faster, more secure, and use fewer network resources.
But should you make the switch to HTTP/2? What are the considerations? Or if you’ve already switched, why aren’t you seeing speed improvements?
What is HTTP?
The Internet has its name because it is a network at heart. Computer networks preceded the Internet, but it was only when the network became standardized and computers were able to communicate with each other in a consistent way that the Internet as we know it came to be.
That communication is where HTTP comes in. HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol. HTTP allows the transfer of information online by creating a set of rules that are followed by browsers and websites for communicating that information reliably every time. HTTP is the backbone of the Internet. HTTP/2 is the newest version of that backbone, replacing HTTP1.x.
It’s important to note that HTTP/2 is backwards-compatible with HTTP1.x, so most configurations on a site do not need to change when upgrading to HTTP/2, including methods, status codes, and more.
What’s new with HTTP/2
HTTP/2 introduced new protocols that make the transfer of information online more efficient, including:
- Header compression
- Resource prioritization
- Server push
In HTTP1.x, when a browser establishes a TCP connection to a website’s server, only one resource can download per connection. Multiplexing solved this problem in HTTP/2. Multiplexing allows multiple resource threads to be established per TCP connection, meaning that multiple resource can download concurrently with fewer calls to the server. Reducing the number of calls speeds up the total Round-Trip Time (RTT) per webpage download.
When requests to the server are made, header compression requires less data to transfer the same information in a request, further decreasing download times.
Resource prioritization doesn’t exist in HTTP1.x. A browser might request files in an order that doesn’t make sense in the context of building a webpage. With HTTP/2, the browser can send information about which resources are most needed on the page. Additionally, if requests are out of order, the server can respond and send back the files in an order that makes sense.
Finally, server push allows the server to identify critical files and send them along the wire before a browser even requests them. For instance, as soon as the base file for a webpage is requested, the server could identify critical styling files and send them before the browser realizes it needs them. In HTTP1.x, the server had to wait for the browser to request each resource.
HTTP/2 also has a couple of new properties over HTTP1.x that give it an advantage. Its binary layer reduces the data size of each transfer. And because most browsers require sites to have a TLS certificate in place for HTTP/2 to work, it is more secure than HTTP1.x.
What to do if you don’t see results
It’s necessary to understand how HTTP/2 fits into the context of your current site configuration.
Your site may be using a couple of workarounds that existed in HTTP1.x to speed up pages, particularly concatenation and domain sharding. You probably also have some third party content loading on your pages with scripts, which is commonplace on the modern Web.
Concatenation, domain sharding, and third party scripts can all affect your site’s efficiency.
Concatenated files contain multiple pieces of content you might need on a site. The multiple requests that would occur to call each of these pieces of content are collapsed into just one. An example would be a sprite file containing a set of icons used on multiple pages.
In HTTP1.x, reducing the number of requests can speed up the page, but due to multiplexing in HTTP/2, concatenated files are not usually needed – this is good news since concatenated files are difficult to maintain.
While sprites might still be useful in the right context, they can also slow download times if the file changes frequently due to the content not being cached, or if the file contains unnecessary information that makes it larger.
Domain sharding is a method used to get around the maximum number of requests from a domain on HTTP1.x – typically two. As you might have guessed, many sites still request a large amount of content from an origin domain. Domain sharding splits that origin using alternate domains or subdomains, tricking the browser into establishing more than two connections at a time in order to request content faster.
In HTTP/2, the maximum number of requests from a domain at any given time is larger, and multiplexing allows more content to download simultaneously, largely reducing the need for domain sharding. While domain sharding can still be used successfully in HTTP/2 depending on the amount of content coming from a single source, splitting content across multiple domains or subdomains eliminates the benefits of resource prioritization.
Third-party scripts and external endpoints
On many websites today, third party scripts are placed into webpages to call external content. These scripts are powerful – they can do almost anything, from rendering the page based on the end-user’s browser and device type to loading in search engines, to tracking performance of your site.
However, each of these scripts that provide external services use their own network configurations. That means that even if your site switches to HTTP/2, your third-party services may not have made the switch. Aside from other considerations surrounding third-party content on your site, service providers that still use HTTP1.x can affect download times, block your content from loading on a page, and overall reduce the benefit of switching to HTTP/2.
Should you switch to HTTP/2? Absolutely. But try to think about what it means in the context of your current site configuration, and also in the broader context of third-party services you may be using.
If your site uses concatenation or domain sharding, the performance benefits might be reduced. Also, depending on the number of external scripts on your pages, a good portion of your content is outside of your control and may be loading via HTTP1.x. However, if your site is configured in a way that makes sense with HTTP/2, the new protocol can make the experience significantly faster for your end-users. | <urn:uuid:6a3c5e22-8532-42f1-92e7-d40f2e4cd4fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.bluetriangle.com/switching-to-http2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.917448 | 1,375 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The springs here have been used for centuries by native populations. Harbin Hot Springs and Harbin Mountain got their names from James M. Harbin, believed to have settled on this land around 1856.
By 1870, Richard Williams had built the Harbin Springs Health and Pleasure Resort on this location, featuring a hotel building built in the hillside below the springs. This hotel would burn to the ground and be replaced by two new hotels (both also burned) as the land changed hands and changed character over the next 100 years.
Whether operated as a Victorian resort, hunting lodge, boxing camp or free-form university, the hot springs have always remained at Harbin’s heart. Most of the buildings standing in 2015 were built in the early 1900s, including the remains of the Stuparich Resort that recently served as residential housing and maintenance areas.
In 1972, Harbin Hot Springs was acquired by Robert Hartley (Ishvara), and was in turn sold to Heart Consciousness Church, which now operates Harbin as a nonprofit retreat and workshop center. The property lines encompass over 5000 acres of land, and are surrounded by undeveloped private and government land.
On September 12, 2015, a devastating fire swept through the valley, destroying the majority of Harbin’s historic structures. Harbin management and residents are now in the planning process for a phased reopening and rebuilding.
A number of area residents and friends have published books about Harbin, their experiences here, or on related subjects. Here are just a few of the gems that have emerged from these mountains…
Harbin Hot Springs: Healing Waters, Sacred Land
There are many other Harbins lying just beyond the veil of the present. If you’d like to travel back in time, these words, maps and photographs will help guide you on your journey. ISBN: 0-944202-01-02
Oneness in Living: Kundalini Yoga, the Spiritual Path, and Intentional Community
Harbin founder’s unified vision of Harbin, the new age, life and spirituality. ISBN:1-55643-413-8.
The Big Bang and the Harbin Experience
Sajjad Wyne’s book provides “snapshots of an alternative way of living” at the Lake County resort Harbin Hot Springs. Wyne chronicles the religious, philosophical and psychological trends that took place in the Harbin community over the last 15 years. ISBN: 0-944202-10-1 | <urn:uuid:194f45d8-b877-49b7-81de-e779c399ea50> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://harbin.org/community/history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721387.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00448-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945108 | 522 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Hainan as an International Tourist Destination
By Dezan Shira & Associates
Posted: 29th October 2012 08:47Hainan Island, China’s smallest and southernmost province has lagged far behind others in the region in terms of economic development. In 2011, the region’s GDP reached RMB252.26 billion, making it the fourth smallest economy in the entire country. However, the province boasts enormous economic potential.
Labeled as the “Oriental Hawaii” and representing China’s only tropical province, Hainan has already developed into a popular travel destination for both domestic and foreign tourists, and still has room to grow in this regard. The island’s natural geographic advantages and tropical scenery have endowed the province with a regional and international edge in tourism development. Furthermore, in order to fully tap the region’s tourism potential, the Chinese central government ambitiously set up a comprehensive plan to develop the province into an international tourist destination by 2020.
Tax–free policy to boost tourism: Attracting tourists from all over the world
The tax-free policy for tourists departing from Hainan Island is the most valuable and influential part of the government’s preferential policies to boost the province as an international tourist destination. From April 20, 2011, tourists who purchase tax-free commodities at tax-free stores in the province and leave the island by air can take advantage of the policy.
So far, the policy has greatly facilitated tourism and shopping consumption in the province, as well as increased the tourist flow. Through October this year, the two tax-free stores in Sanya and Haikou have sold a total of 4.08 million tax-free commodities worth RMB2.67 billion to tourists coming from different parts of the world, with daily sales reaching approximately RMB5 million. Additionally, the tourism flows saw a 16 percent year-on-year increase to 30 million in 2011.
Having recognized the tremendous benefits brought into the economy by the policy, the Chinese central government recently made a positive move. The minimum age threshold for purchasing tax-free commodities under the policy has been lowered to age 16, with the upper value limit of tax-free commodities increasing from RMB5,000 to RMB8,000. Moreover, three additional categories of commodities have been added to the tax-free list, including beauty and health care equipment, tableware and kitchen appliances, and toys; expanding the scope of tax free commodities to 21 categories. All these adjustments are to promote high-end consumption and the position of Hainan as an international tourist destination.
Construction of a tax-free shopping center:
In an effort to bring the huge potential of the tax-free policy into full play, construction of the world’s largest duty-free shopping center has begun in Sanya. The Haitang Bay International Shopping Center, in which RMB3.45 billion was invested, is set to attract a vast number of top-end and flagship stores to its 125,000 square meters complex after being completed in 2014. The new shopping center will take tax-free shopping as its main focus and is looking to attract high-end consumption on a global scale.
Bringing overseas shopping flow back to the mainland
In recent years, Chinese tourists have grown used to making luxury purchases overseas rather than in Hainan. For example, during the “National Day Golden Week” this year, Chinese tourists spent at least RMB2.55 billion in Paris and RMB1.1billion in South Korea, while this number only stood at RMB0.63 billion for Hainan.
Given the amazing purchasing power of the domestic market, it will certainly be economically beneficial to guide overseas tourism flows back to China. In 2011, overseas spending on luxury goods by Chinese tourists reached US$60 billion, accounting for 1 percent of the national GDP. Insiders believe that the tax-free shopping policy will play a vital role in attracting this overseas shopping flow to return back to the country, however it remains to be seen if lifting the consumption threshold from RMB5,000 to RMB8,000 will have the desired impact.
Visa-free entry policy:
The visa-free policy is also part of the Chinese central government’s plan to turn the island into an international tourist destination.
In October 2000, China’s State Council allowed visitors from 21 countries to travel to Hainan visa-free, and in December 2009, the State Council added five additional countries to the visa-free list. Tourists from these 26 countries are able to join tour groups to the province and register with authorities just one day ahead of their scheduled departure date, saving both time and money.
So far, the policy has proven a great success, with a large number of foreign tourists visiting the island through the visa-free policy. In 2011, about 90 percent of the province’s overseas tourists used the visa-free access, with overall numbers increasing by 21 percent from 660,000 in 2010 to more than 800,000 in 2011, according to the sources within the provincial tourism commission.
Thanks to these tax-free and visa-free policies, the province’s tourism industry has grown tremendously over the past decade. The road ahead for Hainan to become an international tourist destination is both promising and challenging, and with joint-efforts between the central and local government, it is not hard to see the region as a world-class tourism spot by 2020.
Dezan Shira & Associates is a specialist foreign direct investment practice, providing corporate establishment, business advisory, tax advisory and compliance, accounting, payroll, due diligence and financial review services to multinationals investing in emerging Asia. Since its establishment in 1992, the firm has grown into one of Asia’s most versatile full-service consultancies with operational offices across China, Hong Kong, India, Singapore and Vietnam as well as liaison offices in Italy and the United States.
For further details or to contact the firm, please email [email protected] or visit www.dezshira.com | <urn:uuid:b82a77a0-20ac-42bd-b9d0-97fdcff0211e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://corporatelivewire.com/top-story.html?id=hainan-as-an-international-tourist-destination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.942239 | 1,260 | 1.585938 | 2 |
This is the Vermont bird report for Friday, September 24, 2004 covering the
period September 17 - September 24, 2004.
Grand Isle was the place to see COMMON LOONS this week. Five
were spotted there on the 17th of September, and nine on the 20th. They were
also sighted further south, near the DAR State Park on Lake Champlain near
Dead Creek WMA.
Both adult and young PIED-BILLED GREBES were seen at Dead Creek
this week. A RED-NECKED GREBE was sighted off Grand Isle on the 17th of
Four GREAT BLUE HERONS, 4 GREAT EGRETS, 1 GREEN HERON and 3
immature BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERONS were observed at East Pond in Orwell on
Numbers of SNOW GEESE are building. One SNOW GOOSE was spotted at the end
of a skein of about 40 CANADA GEESE in Addison on September 6th. On the
18th, a flock was seen between Dead Creek and the DAR State Park, and on the
19th there were approximately 100 SNOW GEESE in the cornfields west of the
Viewing Area at Dead Creek. Waterfowl seen between Dead Creek and the DAR
State Park on September 18th include WOOD DUCK, AMERICAN WIGEON and
GREEN-WINGED TEAL. A GREATER SCAUP was observed off Grand Isle on the 20th
of September, and on Lake Champlain 3 SURF SCOTERS and a COMMON MERGANSER
were spotted on the 18th. A WOOD DUCK was seen in West Rutland Marsh on the
23rd of September.
OSPREYS were sighted over Lake Champlain near the DAR State Park
as well as at East Pond in Orwell. An immature BALD EAGLE and a NORTHERN
HARRIER were seen at Dead Creek on the 18th. A SHARP-SHINNED HAWK was
spotted on Grand Isle on the 18th of September, on Gile Mountain on the 21st
and in West Rutland Marsh on the 23rd of September. A COOPER'S HAWK was
sighted on September 20th in Grand Isle, and on the 3rd in West Rutland
Marsh. A NORTHERN GOSHAWK was seen on Grand Isle on the 18th of September.
RED-TAILED HAWKS were spotted at West Rutland Marsh and Dead Creek this
week. An AMERICAN KESTREL was seen at West Rutland Marsh on the 18th of
September. Over a parking lot in Williston a MERLIN hunted for the entire
afternoon of September 23rd.
A COMMON MOORHEN was seen at Dead Creek on the 18th of
Two GREATER YELLOWLEGS were also at Dead Creek on the 18th, and
one was sighted in Charlotte on September 20th. A rare sighting of three
young SABINE'S GULLS occurred on the morning of September 23rd. The gulls
were spotted mid-lake off the Charlotte Town Beach, feeding on the lake
Sixty BLUE JAYS were seen at the West Rutland Marsh on September
23rd. Birders observed several HORNED LARKS at Dead Creek on September 18th.
An impressive 28 EASTERN BLUEBIRDS were seen at the West Rutland Marsh on
A BROWN THRASHER was sighted in Woodstock, at the VINS Bragdon Preserve, on
AMERICAN PIPITS are starting to come through. One was spotted
on top of Mt. Hunger in Worcester on September 18th, and a flock of about 50
were seen just south of the Vermont Teddy Bear parking lot in Shelburne on
With just a few weeks of warbler watching left, birders found
the following birds on Ward Hill in Duxbury September 20th: 2 MAGNOLIA, 1
NASHVILLE, 1 BLACK-THROATED BLUE, 1YELLOW-RUMPED, 4 BLACK-THROATED GREEN,
6 CHESTNUT-SIDED, 1 OVENBIRD and 2 COMMON YELLOWTHROATS.
Thanks to the following contributors whose observations were cited above:
Dennis Abbot, Michael Cosgrove, Ann and Fred Curran, Susan Elliott, Nancy
Goodrich, David Hoag, Ted Levin, Bruce MacPherson, Matt Medler, Ted Murin
and Carl Runge.
We encourage you to contribute all your sightings to Vermont eBird, an
on-line database for tracking birds across Vermont and North America. Visit
Vermont eBird-http://www.ebird.org/vins/ for more Information. If you're
already a Vermont eBirder- thank you for your contributions to the database.
The Vermont Institute of Natural Science offers natural history trips,
lectures and programs. To receive a copy of our program calendar, stop at
one of our centers, call the office during business hours at 802-457-2779 or
visit the VINS' web site at http://www.vinsweb.org <http://www.vinsweb.org/>
This Vermont birding report is a service of the Vermont Institute of Natural
Science. VINS is a non-profit, membership organization located in Woodstock
with regional centers in Montpelier and Manchester. Founded in 1972, VINS'
mission is to protect our natural heritage through education and research.
Your membership supports these goals and this reporting service. Updates
are typically made on Fridays. Please report your sightings of rare or
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Vermont Institute of Natural Science
Conservation Biology Department
27023 Church Hill Road
Woodstock, VT 05091 | <urn:uuid:9dd9b58b-54b7-4635-afb3-529b1bcf6e68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://list.uvm.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0409&L=VTBIRD&D=0&P=52359 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.921257 | 1,456 | 1.507813 | 2 |
In the wake of two bleak years, the results of the 2013 Packaging Observatory blow a breath of fresh air into a sector that knows how to draw lessons from macro-economic trends.
The production outlook for packaged products, packaging and packaging machinery ismore optimisticthan last year as regards the medium term outlook, and investment forecasts more upward. For example, manufacturers’ operating margins are increasingly stable and exports are rising in value.
Cost reduction is essential to drive innovation.This is underpinned by the recyclability of materials, utilisation of recycled materials, and packaging convenience and features. Regulation is a major innovation driver for the health sector as is the pace of putting products on the market for the beauty channels. However, the reduction of packaging at source and elimination of overpackaging seem to have reached their limits as drivers of innovation right across the sector spectrum.
Efforts to reduce sales packaging have been replaced by a new project: packaging optimisation for intralogistics. Clearly seeking to achieve zero waste by optimising raw materials and energy throughout the life cycle and maintaining control over all circuits as far as possible, packaging is more than ever committed to the circular economy!
Created in 2005 by EMBALLAGE, the Packaging Observatory provides a snapshot of manufacturers’ appraisals of the principal issues faced by the domestic sector. Administered online in October 2013, this survey produced 732 responses from packaging user and purchaser industries (48%), packaging manufacturers (36%) and packaging machinery and equipment manufacturers and distributors.
- View the full version of the press release
- View the online version of the press release | <urn:uuid:002cb6d3-0b9e-4cef-8f3a-e5a265f33680> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.all4pack.com/observatoire-all4pack/Previous-observatories/2013-Observatoire-de-l-Emballage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00289-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937626 | 328 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Compliant vertical access risers (CVARs) are considered as efficient and robust alternative options to achieve cost efficiency and safety. Design uncertainties emerge owing to the limited understanding of the effects of various parameters related to the structural properties and marine loads. In this paper, a reasonable three-dimensional (3D) numerical model of CVAR with internal flow is presented based on the slender rod theory. Accordingly, the finite element method combined with a Newton-Raphson scheme is employed to discretize and solve the equations. A sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the influence of the structural and external load parameters on the static behavior of the CVAR. The effects of the weight and length of the respective functional segments with unchanged wet weight are analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the lengths of the buoyancy and weight segments affect not only the bending moment extremums and effective tension of the CVAR but also the extremum locations of the bending moment. Moreover, an increase in the weight per unit length of these segments leads to an increase in the bending moment extremums of the CVAR. The overall deformation of the CVAR is sensitive to current velocity along the y-direction. However, large tension and bending moment responses are easily provoked by the current velocity along the x-direction. This is also true for the tension and bending moment in the riser induced by the vessel motion along the x-direction.
Li, Fuheng; Guo, Haiyan; Li, Xiaomin; and Gu, Honglu
"Sensitive Analysis of the Static Response of Compliant Vertical Access Risers,"
Journal of Marine Science and Technology: Vol. 30:
2, Article 4.
Available at: https://jmstt.ntou.edu.tw/journal/vol30/iss2/4 | <urn:uuid:53ca26ee-9ced-4797-9c4e-e830f61c0f1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jmstt.ntou.edu.tw/journal/vol30/iss2/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.892625 | 397 | 1.523438 | 2 |
First Screen• In 1929, we were introduced to the “First Screen” o Still today, Television advertising is a tremendously effective way to market
Second Screen• In 1992 the world was introduced to the “browser” featuring 26 live web pages.• Second Screen was born.• This has been the fastest growing and in most cases, most cost effective form of marketing for businesses ... until now ...
Third Screen• 2008 saw the evolution of the “Third Screen”• Immediately, 87% of American homes had at least one mobile web capable device in them including: o Mobile phones, iPads, iPods, Nintendo DS, Mini Notebooks, etc
Mobile Marketing Techniques • Mobile Search • Location Based Services • QR/2D Barcodes• SMS Text Message Marketing• 3D/Augmented Reality• Mobile Applications• Mobile Gaming• Mobile Web Sites• Bluetooth Proximity and Wifi• Mobile Video
Mobile Marketing is for your 20 percenters(the 20% of your customers that spend 80%of the money) • Mobile is an OPT IN ONLY channel o Subscriber based opt in database marketing o Best practices provided by mobile marketing association (mmaglobal.com) o (Governed by the FCC)
Text MessageMarketing Meathods • URL/Link Delivery • Application Download• Text to Vote • Mobile Coupons• Text to Win • Mobile Donation• Text to Screen • Mobile Business Cards• Mobile Alerts• Reminders
QR Codes• Every business has the ability to use a QR Code in some fashion QR Codes can send customer to: • Mobile landing page • Video • Your social media sites • Map to your business • Exclusive coupons, discounts, or giveaways • Customer feedback form or email
Is your business mobile friendly?• Can your consumers connect with you anytime anywhere?• By 2013, more people will access the internet via a mobile device than through a PC (Forrester Research)• Today,1 in 7 Google searches originate from a mobile device o Google estimates 1 in 4 searches will originate from a mobile device in 2012• 43% of Americans own a smart phone o (82.5 million users)
Currently Less than 1% of web sites are mobile friendly• If you have a Web site, you’re already in the mobile world — and the chances are you’re making a terrible impression on• your audience.• Traditional web sites have WAY TOO MUCH content!• Smart Phones have different browsers and screen sizes• Mobile users need quick answers and bite-sized content in easy-to-digest formats (e.g. video/audio vs. text)
First Develop a Mobile Strategy• What do your customers or potential customers need from you when mobile?• You must strive to make their work related activities BETTER, FASTER & EASIER.• B2B Mobile differs from B2C Mobile because it is driven by efficiency rather than entertainment
Once you have created a plan to take your web sitemobile, decide how:You can opt to create a simple mobile version of yoursite in HTML or you can get more advanced andcreate a mobile web app using advanced languageslike HTML5 or JQuery
Either way, you MUST include browserdetection and redirect as part of your mobileweb strategy.That means that when a user visits yourMAIN WEB SITE with a mobile device, themobile browser will be detected andautomatically redirected to the mobile webexperience.
Hospitality• Ideal for business travelers• Location based travelers can receive location- specific offers at their destinations• many want to use their mobile devices to find and book hotels/cars/event tickets etc.
• Number crunch o 72% of business travelers are intered in the ability to view hotels on a map using their mobile devices an increase of 26% from 2009• 47% of business travelers use their Smartphone daily to view or receive advertisements, a 95 percent increase from 2009• 66% of respondents reported interest in the ability to add a hotel reservation to an existing itinerary using their mobile devices
Case Study • Campaign: o Hotel Casa del Mar text-to-short code MMS video promotion o 5 week duration • Objective: o To build an opted-in list of mobile consumers and engage campaign particpants
Case Study • Action: o promoted by the hotel through traditional and social advertising methods, including in-hotel brunch posters, email blasts, Facebook, Twitter and the Casa del Mar Web site • Tactics: o The hotel’s locally targeted mobile video marketing campaign enticed consumers to join into the hotel’s mobile loyalty club, in return for a special offer (in this case, free unlimited Bloody Mary’s or champagne during Sunday Brunch)
Case Study • Result: o After 10 days, the campaign generated a substantial opt-in user base, a delivery rate of 100% and an engagement rate of 75% o Campaign resulted in a 27% redemption rate and Hotel Casa del Mar reported generating substantial revenue from the program o ROI was over 450%
“The results of this campaign clearly shows howmobile can be incredibly valuable for advertiserstrying to reach local consumers.” In a fraction of the time, the business built a mobile database nearly as big as their Facebook and Twitter presence, which resulted in real revenue.This outreach, combined with the novelty and effectiveness of an [SMS] message, made for athoroughly successful campaign, at a time when email marketing is dying.”
Case Study • Hilton Hotels o Travelers have the ability to book reservations from their phones o Users can access/change bookings, view hotel images and search amenities o Integration with the Hilton HHonors customer loyalty program for the benefit of club members
Case Study • Application gives users three ways to search for a hotel: text search, country or city, or by current location showing a list of nearby Hilton hotels • Hotel chains including Hyatt, Wyndam and Marriot all use similar technology
Your pitch and pricing here• A=$• B=$• C=$• D=$ | <urn:uuid:4407b9fa-eed5-42f0-8f69-6e22d1542289> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.slideshare.net/TJKirgin/mobile-marketinghospitalitypowerpoint | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00329-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.887024 | 1,247 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Transcript for Dictionary Hackers Update Meaning of Marriage
-- low tech hackers are trying to change the definition of marriage by -- writing at or ice covering it up a group called hack marriage has been going around bookstores and libraries. Literally covering up the formal definition of marriage with a sticker of an amended one. Anonymous artists have been covering the usual dictionary definitions that define marriage as a union between a man and a woman with one that says it's a union between two people. Can be seen walking to stores and libraries and going through each dictionary on the shelves. Activists say that by changing the definition they hope they can influence legal arguments in the future.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate. | <urn:uuid:133be58a-ab0d-4d9e-b8fb-66c6dd0e6b6b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://abcnews.go.com/US/video/dictionary-hackers-update-meaning-marriage-19690754 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962579 | 146 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Today is the time to share the recipe for one of the most comforting beverages ever: Indian chai. I see all kinds of chai drinks around and it’s become quite a fashionable drink… so much so that it’s often not the original Indian chai any more and it can get quite confusing. So, what is Indian chai? It’s tea, but it’s not JUST tea. It is a mixture of milk and water (often in equal proportions), tea leaves, sugar and spices that is boiled, strained and served hot. Boiling the milk with the water (instead of adding a dash of it at the end), makes a huge difference, as it makes the chai thick and creamy. Also, it is a sweet and spicy drink… so do not skip the sugar (though you can reduce it slightly if you like)! This is one of those recipes that each family makes slightly differently… some people boil all the ingredients together, some add the tea later, others use more or less spices (click here for my home-made chai masala mix recipe). You get the point. I don’t think there is even a set time for how long to boil the chai for. To give you an idea… some of the best chai is sold by street vendors. You can find chai stalls practically everywhere in India, even in the smallest villages. And their pots of chai are always on the fire… they just keep topping them up! There is something really comforting in sipping a hot cup of spiced chai and munching on some savoury Indian snacks (recipe on the blog very soon!), especially on a cold rainy day. Give it a try and you will be hooked… you won’t buy ready made “chai” anymore – unless you are in India ;-)!
- 1 ½ cup water
- 1 ½ cup milk
- 4 to 5 tsp sugar
- ¼ to ½ tsp chai masala
- 2 tsp tea leaves
- Put the water, milk, chai masala and sugar in a pot, stir and bring to a boil.
- Then add the tea leaves and stir. Let it simmer on a low fire for a couple of minutes.
- Turn the fire off, cover and let it steep for a couple of minutes.
- Strain and serve hot. | <urn:uuid:cae59e8c-29ab-45e2-bbf7-bbf69acfd888> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.manusmenu.com/chai | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00408-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943337 | 494 | 1.609375 | 2 |
In today’s day and age, students can practice almost anything they need to improve their English online.
They can read authentic material, listen to real audio, complete a dictation online and even speak into a microphone to practice pronunciation. There have been quizzes for ESL learners available online right from the start. But not everything that is available online is appropriate for your students. Are online quizzes your best ESL allies or a complete waste of time? Let’s take a closer look.
The Advantages of Online Quizzes
Most ESL students know how to, at the very least, navigate the Internet and have basic computers skills. Most feel absolutely comfortable in an online environment and will not only enjoy completing quizzes online, they will work through them quickly and efficiently.
Most online quizzes either show the correct answer after each question or correct them all at the end. Most also give students a “result” usually as a percentage of correct answers. This means that students don’t have to wait for the teacher to correct the quiz. They get their feedback while their doubts are still fresh on their minds.
Students are able to progress at their own pace. They may take as long as they need for particularly difficult questions; there’s no pressure from the teacher or peers to respond quickly, as there might be in an oral Q & A. This creates a very safe, non threatening environment that is ideal for classes where you have students who process information at different speeds.
At this point in time, the Internet probably has hundreds of online quizzes for us to choose from, in a wide range of topics from grammar to specific vocabulary, listening to reading quizzes. If you are teaching something, there is most likely an online quiz somewhere that your students can take for further practice.
Instead of making the entire class do the same quiz, you may choose to give each student a different one to target specific needs.
Online quizzes may be accessed by students any day, any time. They may in fact, choose to take the same one again and again to improve their score.
Online quizzes are great for developing learner autonomy and helping them take control of their learning.
The one obvious disadvantage is that not every ESL classroom has a computer, let alone access to a computer lab with one computer for each student. There may be classes in which you may ask students to bring laptops, tablets or other mobile devices with Internet access. You may also assign online quizzes for students to do at home if they have the technology there.
The other main disadvantage is something that has to do with the Internet itself and the astounding variety of materials available – not all of them are good quality. Some may have mistakes, others may not be challenging enough. You must take the time to conduct a proper screening to make sure the quizzes and links work properly, and that there are no distracting ads or banners with content that is inappropriate.
How to Make Online Quizzes Your Allies
Choose online quizzes that are not only appropriate for your students’ level, but also challenging enough so that they may learn something from them. Don’t just look at the website and list of quizzes, try completing an entire quiz yourself. If possible, choose quizzes from well-known, established sites like:
Keep a Record
Have an Excel file where you can add the URL to the quiz, the date in which your class completed it and your students’ scores. Even better than this is to provide one file for each student (shared via GoogleDocs) so that each student may access and see the progress they’ve made, as well as specific areas of difficulty (maybe they get lower scores on the grammar quizzes than on the vocabulary quizzes, or vice versa). This is a great way to make them active participants in their language learning.
Find the Right Balance
Once you start using online quizzes in class, you’ll see your students will really enjoy them. But you should never replace regular written quizzes with online quizzes. Online quizzes usually require students to choose the right answer from a drop-down menu or click on the right choice. They rarely require them to type the answer. You’ll still have to give them regular pen and paper quizzes so they have a chance to practice their writing.
Conclusion: Just like you’d do with most other things available online, to make sure online quizzes are not a waste of time, you have to take the time to pick the right ones for your class. Like any online tool, it is not the tool itself that is either good or bad, it is the use you give it. Choose the right one, and you’ll have a trusty ally to help you in your English-teaching efforts. | <urn:uuid:a3aed7df-51b1-476b-8de4-a9606d1ef23d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://busyteacher.org/15550-online-quizzes-esl-allies-or-waste-of-time.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00477-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953955 | 989 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Classify each of the complying with diatomic species as ionic, polar covalent or nonpolar covalent.
You are watching: Classify each of the following diatomic species as ionic, polar covalent or nonpolar covalent.
Chemical Bonding :
The compounds are formed from the combicountry of one or even more than one molecules and these molecules are written by atoms bonded together. The kinds of compound are chose on atoms bonded together to each various other.
Answer and also Explanation:1
The diatomic species intend the species in which only 2 atoms are current. The 2 atoms are bonded to each other either by an ionic or covalent bond....
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You know that body fat you job-related so difficult to burn off? And those proteins that keep your body functioning properly? They both contain cycloalkanes. In this lesson, we"ll use real-life examples to check out the chemical life of cycloalkanes. | <urn:uuid:02431afc-9d8f-4862-a61a-c91aad972e85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nlinux.org/classify-each-of-the-following-diatomic-species-as-ionic-polar-covalent-or-nonpolar-covalent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.926113 | 1,228 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Humans are not alone in making full use of the ever-growing popularity of CBDs. Your fluffy little pet might need it more than you. Responsible for managing a wide variety of medical conditions ranging from joint pains to anxiety, CBD could be fed t dogs to boost their well-being standards.
The most popular pet across the globe is dogs. People are not only emotionally attached to them but also are concerned about their health. However, ailments, illness, and a variety of disabilities can upset you and your furry friend. All you need is CBD, an affordable and reliable solution to boost your health standards and improve your quality of life.
It is prescribed by veterinarians on a large-scale to calm your adorable little friend. Also, there is no proof of any side effects to date that makes it safer to use.
CBD: Uncovering your most thought questions
Cannabidiol, referred to as CBD, is a compound extracted from the hemp plant. Another component extracted from the hemp plant is THC.
THC, being a psychoactive drug, produces an opposite result like hallucinations, trippy feelings. On the contrary, CBD is a non-psychoactive drug that offers abundant benefits to humans and animals.
Top things to consider before starting CBD for your pup
Here is how you can choose the best, trusted, and reliable CBD options. The CBD is sold and consumed in many ways like tablets, oils, capsules, powder, and many more.
Many brands and firms are capitalizing in the same domain because of increased popularity. However, before choosing a specific brand for your favorite furry friend, you need to consider few factors to double assure the safety and product standards. Substantial factors to keep in mind before buying any CBD product is
- The concentration of CBD – The type of extracts matter. For instance – Isolate contains 0%THC, Broadspectrum, and Full Spectrum contains less than 0.3% THC. Full-spectrum has all-natural plant ingredients and is least processed.
- Source – Best CBD originates from a US hemp source. Consider the one with hemp source mentioned of the US and originated from farming process.
- Third-party certifications- Ensure that the brand involves efficient third-party testing results from reputable firms.
- Dog-friendly flavors – The variety of options in added flavors available in the industry might not be suitable for your pup. So, always check the label for pup-approved flavors.
- Potency – Measuring the potency of CBD products is generally done in mg. Stronger the dosage- Stronger the strength and effects of the product. For your dogs, considering weight for determining the dosage is preferred. Consult your vet before starting on CBD for your dog.
The brand that tells you the transparent aspect by providing lab results proves that farming practices and a reputable online presence generally create the best CBD treats for dogs. Plus, the affordable aspect of providing your dog with CBD regularly makes it even better. So, give your dog better life and improve standards for log run. | <urn:uuid:e2319279-bbac-4599-8973-3f18a794693f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scottandrewstudio.com/top-5-things-to-consider-before-buying-cbd-treats-for-dogs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.947427 | 626 | 1.828125 | 2 |
To create forms means: to live. Are not children more creative in drawing directly from the secret of their sensations than the imitator of Greek forms? Are not savages artists who have forms of their own powerful as the form of thunder?
August Macke QuotesShowing all quotes
|Birth:||3rd January, 1887|
|Death:||26th September, 1914|
August Macke was one of the leading members of the German Expressionist group Der Blaue Reiter. He lived during a particularly innovative time for German art: he saw the development of the main German Expressionist movements as well as the arrival of the successive avant-garde movements which were forming in the rest of Europe.
Quote of the day
Our mission is to motivate, boost self confiedence and inspire people to Love life, live life and surf life with words. | <urn:uuid:697f675c-a542-40a4-b0e0-4ba664153f32> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.quoteswave.com/authors/august-macke | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.954108 | 211 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Urdu speaking participants understood and replied to the questions related to socio-demographic questions. The researcher, for the purpose of analysis, derived the variables which were related to cultural differences in the interpretation. The questions related to “socio-demographic” in the questionnaire are presented in Table 1.
Patients’ demographic and characteristics
The characteristics of the patients related to diabetes and demographic are presented in Table 2 and used further for statistical analysis. In relation to age, 41.5% participants were aged between 40–49 years, 44.5% participants were aged between 50–59 years and 14% participants were aged between 60–65 years. For statistical purposes, only two categories of age were considered (40 - 59 years, ˂ 60) and (60–65 years, ≥ 60). The table 2 presents equal number of participants in each group (males and females). Table 2 shows that 33% of participants had no formal education and 70% had a yearly income of less than 120,000 Pakistani Rupees (< US$1200). Sixty-one percent (61%) of the recruited sample had been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes for more than eight years. The blood glucose testing records indicated that only 9% of the participants had blood glucose level (HbA1c) in range recommended by the American Diabetes Association (19).
In order to explore the self-management practices of the participants, the self-management activities were divided into two categories: satisfactory practice and the unsatisfactory practice. The Table 3 shows that the two activities were least practiced namely the testing of blood glucose levels (n = 178, 89% _4 days/week) and the foot care (n = 145, 73% _ 2 days/week). The other activities such as medication (n = 130, 65% = 7 days/week), diet (n = 148, 74% _ 3 days/week), and exercise (n = 127, 63% _ 3 days/week) found to be using self-management activities adequately.
Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (U-SDSCA)
The table 2 above presents patients’ characteristics and using these variables in table 2, descriptive statistics was calculated for the independent and dependent variables including the frequencies for binary and categorical exposure variables of interest. It was also decided to include in the analysis the medication sub-scale extension of the U-SDSCA as medication self-care plays an important role in the self-management outcome.
The Urdu-version of SDSCA
The Table 4 shows the descriptive outcomes of Urdu-version of SDSCA items, the patients showed low to medium levels of self-management activities which are below the guidelines of ADB (19). The activities refer to the sub-scale of the instrument to record how many days patients performed the specified self-care activity, based on a seven-day interval. The minimum number of days is “0” while the maximum is “7”. It may be seen from the Table 4, that the items 1 ad 2, which represents healthy eating plan and eating plan over the past month, the means were in the middle of the scale between 1–7 (mean = 3.36, σ = 2.08; mean = 3.33, σ = 1.71).
The results for Items 3 and 4 on the exercise sub-scale give mixed information—for 20 minutes exercise, the mean was 2.97 with σ = 1.43 as compared to the mean value of 2.59, σ = 0.80 for specific exercise. The items 5 and 6 represents blood glucose testing which showed overall low means results (mean = 1.95, σ = 0.76; mean = 1.66, σ = 0.56). This indicates that patients did not adhere to blood glucose testing plans and recommendations. The main reason may be that the blood glucose testing strips are very expensive and patients are not in a position to buy these.
The items 7 and 8 of Table 4 represents the means for foot-care which also indicate low responses (mean = 1.87, σ = 1.63; mean = 1.84, σ = 0.86). The patients’ smoking status, recorded as Yes or No, women in this sub-sample (n = 100) informed that they don’t smoke and only 5 male participants out of 100 male participants (5 %) indicated at the time of data collection that they were smokers but not smoking regularly. Therefore, smoking variable has been removed from any further analysis due its non-significance.
The Table 5 presents the means for the instrument U-SDSCA sub-scales. The self-management activities are displayed from the least activity to the most practiced activity: blood glucose testing (mean: 2.25 ± σ = 1.11); foot-care activities (mean: 2.28± σ = 0.45); exercise activities (mean: 2.94 ± σ = 0.82); diet activities (mean: 3.40 ± σ = 1.06); and medication (mean: 6.17 ± σ = 1.18).
Table 6 provides the Urdu-version of SDSCA sub-scale categories for the participants whose practices were within the recommended guidelines of ADA (19) were coded as “1”, and those who were not were coded as “2”.
The association between the patients’ characteristics and the self-management activities in relation to the sub-scales means was investigated using independent t-test with two tailed significance level. Information from Table 2 were utilized to see the differences of the different exposure (independent) variables such as Age, Sex, formal education, income, diabetes Time and blood glucose (HbA1c) with the participants self-management activities such as medication adherence, diet, exercise, foot care and blood glucose monitoring as displayed in Table 5.
In previous analysis (table 5), the high mean value of the medication subscale (Mean: 6.17 ± 1.18 SD) suggested that people with diabetes in the rural area of Pakistan rely on medications to control their blood glucose level. A close review of independent sample t-test results in Table 7 on medication sub-scales for exposure variables age and sex revealed that adherence to medication was most evident among older participants (age ≥ 60 years) with (diff = -.306, p = 0.20) as compared to the participants with age group < 60 years. In addition, female participants have shown better outcome in relation to medication adherence (diff =.15, p =.370) as compared to male participants. The overall results of independent t-test on medication sub-scales are shown in Table 7.
It may be observed from the independent sample t test outcomes in Table 8 that there is a difference in dietary practices between the genders and blood glucose control. The table 8 shows that females are more likely to adhere to an appropriate diet than males (Diff.09; p =.548) and participants whose blood glucose was controlled also scored higher in dietary practice compared to those whose blood glucose was uncontrolled (Diff.29; p =.253). The overall results of independent sample t-test on diet sub-scales are shown in table 8. These differences are not statistically significant as p-vales >0.05.
It may be observed from the independent sample t test outcome in Table 9 that there is a difference on exercise practices between the genders and blood glucose control. The table 9 shows that younger participants (< 60 years of age) are more likely to exercise than older participants (mean 3.28 vs mean 2.89). The means difference is almost statistically significant at p<0.05 (p = 0.056). The participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for less than eight years seem to undertake regular exercise than those who diagnosed for a longer time period (diff.241; p =.328). The overall results of independent sample t-test on exercise sub-scales are shown in Table 9.
Blood Glucose Monitoring Sub-scale
Table 10 shows that male participants are less inclined to do blood glucose monitoring than female participants (Diff =.22; p =.160). The participants who had a lower income tested blood glucose less often than participants who had a higher income (Diff = -.598; p =.003) which is statistically significant (p ˂ 0.05). The overall results of independent sample t-test on blood glucose monitoring sub-scales are shown in Table 10.
Multivariate Regression Analysis
The multivariate regression analysis was carried out between the independent variables or predictor variables using participants’ characteristics and their total self-management score and the results are given in Table 11. The participants’ characteristics accounted for 21% of the variability in the total self-management score (R² = 0.211). In addition, women were more inclined to undertake appropriate diabetes self-management activities (β.302; p =.000).
The other statistically significant associations were between income and the level of glucose control (HbA1c). The participants with higher income (> 120,000 Pak Rs) were more likely to undertake appropriate diabetes self-care activities (β =.118; p =.050) than those with lower income. This was also reflected on blood glucose monitoring as participants with uncontrolled glucose level (HbA1c >7%) were unlikely to undertake appropriate diabetes care activities than those with controlled glucose levels (β = -.119; p =.051).
As mentioned previously, the main reason may be the high cost of glucose testing strips which is beyond the reach of participants with low income. The other independent variables related to patients’ characteristics did not have much impact on the total self-management activities. | <urn:uuid:6ed19f36-06a6-45ec-881c-7a1142e9d7b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-5282/v1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.95208 | 2,077 | 2.671875 | 3 |
It is interesting how different parts of my life intersect with one another. I am thinking of my working life in embedded software and an aspect of my personal life: my lifelong interest in photography. Years ago, they were very separate activities, but the move from film to digital has brought them closer together.
A particular incident occurred last week that raised interesting questions about the value of software …
Everyone has heard of Photoshop, which is the definitive software tool used by digital photographers. This product, along with a bunch of other similar tools, is quite expensive – many hundreds of dollars, which, for an amateur photographer, is quite steep. Although there is a very low cost, “amateur” version available [which is amazing value for money IMHO], many people yearn to have the “real thing”. Most of them dig deep and spend the money. However, there are always some who try to cut corners.
I belong to a local camera club and a new member advertised the availability of a range of pro quality software at a very reasonable price. I expressed interest – I always like a bargain – but said that I was only happy if it was legal, licensed and shrink-wrapped. He got back to me and was quite up-front about the fact that it was not legal – it was a “cracked” pirate copy and that many others did not have my “high standards”. When I said that I [and the club] could not support or condone such an illegal activity, he told me that all he was doing was helping people, who could not afford this fancy software, to get the tools they needed. I pointed out that this was equivalent to stealing cars for people who could only afford to take the bus.
This incident has sparked much discussion among club members about the value and cost of software. On the negative side, there were comments about Adobe “ripping off” customers. This in unfair, as Photoshop is aimed at pros, who are actually getting a good deal. From a positive perspective, club members are now much more aware of the low cost and free options available to them. They now have a clear choice: spend little/nothing, spend a lot, or break the law.
This discussion is almost directly parallel to that had among engineers and managers of embedded software projects. Why should they pay high prices for tools, when there are free options available? Can they “make do” with fewer licenses? There are lots of options and I discussed some interesting possibilities here a few weeks ago. But the bottom line for embedded software developers is the same as it is for photographers: if you have the right tools, you will get the best results. For embedded software engineers, that means that they would introduce fewer bugs and finds other bugs more quickly; the saved time quickly pays for the tools.
I have always wondered why our products need to have sophisticated license management. Surely “real” companies would not pirate software, when they consider the legal implications [= costs] of being caught doing so? Certainly, at Mentor Graphics the rules are clear: using illegal software can be a just cause for dismissal. However, we frequently encounter customers who infringe the license terms for both tools and runtime software. It is clear that the value of software really is not clear to everyone. | <urn:uuid:af377879-66c5-4c3c-b17d-4398280ac363> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.sw.siemens.com/embedded-software/2011/10/17/the-value-of-software/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.978435 | 683 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Do Christians really randomly pick and choose what commandments to keep? Sometimes it seems so. A Lutheran pastor here illustrates a method to the sometimes apparent madness (or Biblical wisdom) of knowing which Word of God to apply first or in which circumstance when God’s commandments appear to contradict in a “rock-and-a-hard place” kind of way—Like a pandemic!
Wisely or not, my fellow pastors in the region elected and entrusted me to serve as their local ‘bishop’ over the clergy and congregations in this area a couple years back—diminishing my time to write as I once did. (In the LCMS, we call them ‘Circuit Visitors.’) With a pandemic going on and our state restricting many facets of ministry, I now must find time and occasion to do the work I’m given by other means.
Not long ago a pastor and friend wrote and asked about what to do in a pandemic circumstance with regards to communion. We Lutherans have a very high regard for the celebration of our Lord’s Supper. If you’ve read my stuff or listened to even a few of my sermons, you will have figured that out.
Regardless, I offered him my thinking on the matter, and with his permission decided to share those here below—both as a resource for my fellow clergy who drop by now and then, but also because it illustrates a deliberate and sincere effort we make in our church to take all of Scripture seriously.
Missouri Synod Lutherans (among several other smaller American Lutheran church bodies) do still believe “All Scripture is God-breathed and useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness.” (2 Tim. 3:16). Likewise, that “Man does not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.” (Matthew 4:4) I hope your church does, too!
But even if you have no denomination or local congregation at all, you’ve no doubt noticed sometimes it’s tough to figure out what to do in certain circumstances. At times, God’s Word seems to be pointing us in two or more different directions at once!
Is there a method to your madness of ‘picking and choosing’ beyond tossing a prayer in the air and going with your gut? Prayer and our gut must play a role—but shouldn’t be the only tool in the box! “You shall love the Lord your God with all of your heart, all your soul and all of your strength…,” yet there is a place for loving Him with “all of your mind,” too! (Matthew 22:37-38) “This is the first and greatest commandment!” Jesus said. So, we look before we leap off of some devilish pinnacle.
Here’s the perplexing problem we face: Jesus tells us repeatedly “this do in remembrance of Me” and tomorrow is Holy Thursday of Holy Week. Sunday is Easter, the celebration of the Resurrection of our Lord. This week marks the most ancient high feast of the Church year—even older than Christmas.
But the state is telling us all to stay home, don’t gather unless absolutely necessary. The health department tells us not to distribute the Eucharist (or holy communion) even from pastor to car after car in procession. God tells us to obey Governmental authority. (Romans 13) We understand his commandment “You shall not murder” anyone to include carelessly endangering their physical wellbeing, as well as deliberately ending someone’s life. And then there’s those pesky verses commanding us to worship, to take and eat and drink, and reminding us occasionally to obey God rather than men.
Some churches, it seems, could care less about such things and feel free to more or less revise and make it all up as they go along, so long as it seems either “reasonable” enough or “spirit led” enough. Those on the “spirit led” end openly defy government orders to refrain from assembling for a limited time, embracing a (foolishly?) heroic faith that God will just keep ‘em all safe.
Others reason that they don’t need to heed Christ’s own command “This do” in such a way that no Passover elements are used, nor a smaller subgroup of general crowds of Jesus followers be admitted. For these reason dictates even the very acts of giving and taking themselves are unnecessary to their eating and drinking “in remembrance of Me.” Some kind of remembering part is what really matters to their communion, just not what Jesus showed and told them to do. I’ll let them explain those approaches to you and their Lord. It’s enough I take care with the people and things for which I must give account. (Hebrews 13:17, James 3:1)
So anyhow, here’s how Lutherans who strive to “hear the Word of God and keep it” (Luke 11:28, John 12:47-49) go at such a quandary…one part of the method (or wisdom?) to our ‘madness’ in apparently ‘picking and choosing’ what commands to apply in what way given a particular time and circumstance. You judge for yourself.
One pastor asked:
“I’m seriously looking for some guidance here, brothers. Am I in violation of one of the commandments? I’m really struggling with this. I’m second guessing myself now, considering potential for violation of the 4th and the 5th… and maybe the 1st. Am I sinning against the body and blood of Christ? Trivializing this precious gift. I want to say I have zeal for the sacrament. Maybe that’s the Pharisee in me coming out.”
My Approach and Response to the Question of Communion Practice and the Pandemic
Dear Brothers in Christ,
With regard to the 4th Commandment issues, the Governor of Nebraska included these Directed Health Measures applied specifically to Faith-based organizations. This now applies for all Nebraska Counties:
Gov. Ricketts: Guidance for Faith-Based Communities
- The State has released new guidance today allowing churches to host drive-in services.
- Nothing should be handed out to car passengers—or transferred between vehicles—before, during, or after the service.
- For example, do not circulate an offering plate or the Eucharist or communion.
- Email out your program, bulletin, and song lyrics to participants ahead of time.
- The guidance is available by clicking here.
(Available from April 3 news release on the governor’s site at:https://governor.nebraska.gov/press/gov-ricketts-reiterates-importance-social-distancing-overviews-programs-aid-businesses ). I attached the full Department of Health & Human Services PDF updated 4/2/2020 linked from my google drive for any to read in case that copy/paste above that says “clicking here” doesn’t include the link:
**Theologically,** in thinking through the matter of coping with apparent conflicts between commandments, I might consider the approach Luther takes when addressing the question of war and capitol punishment in the Large Catechism treatment of the 5th Commandment prohibition against murder.
Luther finds that the order of the commandments is given deliberately by God to help us and show their order of importance.
Thus, the Fifth Commandment does not prohibit the Fourth Commandment government authorities from fulfilling their office and duties toward their subjects by the necessary means of force. So they have the power to punish criminals or enemies of the nation with the sword, to protect and defend the general citizenry. This is not reckoned murder before God, but an exercise of the very charge entrusted to them.
Similarly, the Fourth Commandment does not apply ***before God*** when it appears to conflict with the First, Second or Third Commandments. “We must obey God, rather than men” (Acts 5:29). Note that such obedience to God does not remove one from subjection to the temporal authorities: arrest, imprisonment and other consequence often followed for the patriarchs (Joseph), prophets (Daniel), apostles and saints through the ages. Such consequences are highly preferred by these holy men of generations before ours to the alternative of violating the First Table of the law.
With regard to the First three commandments, we should:
- Fear, love and trust God above all things.
- Fear and love God so that we do not curse, swear, use satanic arts, lie or deceive by His Name, but call upon it in every trouble, pray, praise and give thanks.
- Fear and love God so that we do not despise preaching and His Word, but hold it sacred and gladly hear and learn it.
So, where does communion fall under those three? Thinking aloud and catechetically:
What is the Sacrament of the Altar?…
What is the benefit of this eating and drinking?…
How can bodily eating and drinking do such great things?
Certainly not just eating and drinking DO these things, but THE WORDS written here “given and shed for you for the forgiveness of sins.” THESE WORDS along with the eating and drinking ARE THE MAIN THING in the Sacrament. WHOEVER BELIEVES THESE WORDS HAS EXACTLY WHAT THEY SAY: forgiveness of sins.
On account of this, I suppose, we have not recognized such a thing as “emergency communion” similarly to the way we treat and acknowledge emergency baptism.
Baptism is generally never repeated, but is administered exactly once for all in the name of Christ, whether child or adult convert. That application of the word ought not wait in an emergency (say, for example, a pandemic).
On the other hand, the Word given and applied in the Lord’s Supper is ours as often as we eat and drink it. We desire to increase the regularity and frequency of communion, because we never wish to go hungry or thirst, but enjoy again and again this foretaste of the eternal feast to come! We receive there the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world!
Yet communion need not be taken every hour on the hour, nor thrice a day. I’d love to partake daily, but seldom have opportunity since we must wait for one another and eat this together. We don’t have weekly communion in the sanctuary, though I should love to see that happen very much eventually. But, at least we’re not just communing quarterly or monthly…many of our American congregations did so as recently two generations ago.
In my opinion, communion can wait in an emergency, though baptism ought not. Were I forbidden from baptizing someone whose life was in jeopardy (whether a fragile premie in hospital whose parents desired God’s gracious gifts for their kid, or even a dying elderly person desiring to be baptized), I should find myself more unsettled. But I would strive to locate one parent, grandparent, janitor, doctor or nurse to assure that baptism happened according to Christ’s command and the caregiver’s request were the baptism urgently requested of me. I might even instruct a cooperative agnostic or atheist nurse in the proper form and ask it be done according to the simplest rite, urging them maybe to FaceTime me while it happened, that I might at least witness it. There is such a thing as baptismal emergency, we believe. We must obey God rather than men with regard to that sacrament.
Communion is a different gift with different parameters. We not only **allow** our members to abstain from it for years, sometimes a dozen years or more, sometimes we insist on this longer wait in order that the other means of grace can be liberally and effectively applied (baptism, the Word taught in catechesis, the Gospel preached and those given into our pastoral care and discipline be first examined and absolved).
As I think about this all along with you, ‘aloud’ as I write this, it’s my inclination to land closer to the fasting end of the communion spectrum, rather than on the opposite extreme of insistence that it must happen immediately—even by ridiculous and blasphemous means or streaming the service and self-administration at home or elsewhere, by anyone and everyone who ever tunes in to the feed.
So, Good Pastor, you are most certainly not on the ridiculous or blasphemous end. You’re not on the fasting end. With the rest of us, we’re together trying to find the good middle ground of administering faithful Word and Sacrament spiritual care.
Rightly should we hesitate to ignore our Lord’s “do this” with regard to the pastoral giving in the stead and by the command of Christ, along with member’s own physically receiving or taking to eat and to drink as Christ has ordained it. The department of health now has forbidden certain modes of physical giving, taking and receiving. Our Catholic governor has dutifully made us aware of that fact.
What decision any of you will reach with regard to these matters, or what practice I will settle upon for the sake of my members—or find necessary to adjust and adapt to, none can say with finality, for things keep changing day to day.
But hopefully as you do, keep in mind these two things:
***The ordering of the commandments can help resolve apparent conflicts between them. We may never despise preaching or the Word…. The Governor has NOT forbidden any or all means of grace, rather, he openly encouraged us to make use of the Word of God and prayer at home—and to stay connected to our clergy watching online worship services like he does! These are things we are glad to hear him exhort us to do! Gladly do them.
***We recognize the absolute necessity of the Word of God and urgency and higher priority of baptism in the sacramental ordering of things. Communion can wait, in fact sometimes we ourselves insist on it!
Hope that is helpful to you brothers, in some verbose but nonetheless small way, | <urn:uuid:851f8169-6e8b-4c77-8de7-de0f3bba3a5d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://isaiah504blues.com/2020/04/08/thou-shalt-but-this-do/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.952738 | 3,019 | 1.523438 | 2 |
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The position of the left upper corner of the graphic item on the screen relative to the X-axis. Hence X=0 means that the item touches the left edge of the screen by its left side.
ScreenX As Integer
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Property access for read only
. In as much as positions of windows are defined in screen coordinates, this property can be useful for the determination of the windows position.
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Delivered by Dr David Butler
(Duration: 1 day)
11th & 25th August
Book now via [email protected]
This free course is aimed at those who:
3D printing has become very popular for both industrial and personal usage.
Parts are built up layer-by-layer from a range of materials including plastics, rubber, and metals. Applications include producing models, prototyping parts and flyable aerospace components.
This one-day course will be mainly hands-on with participants being guided through designing parts using TinkerCADTM – a free easy-to-use software – followed by the opportunity to 3D print parts on a range of printers.
The course is for one full day, beginning at 9.30am.
Knowledge of 3D printing is becoming very useful, as the number of companies investing in the technology has dramatically increased over the past five years.
At the end of the day, you’ll receive a certificate confirming you’ve completed the course.
Training is delivered by industry expert Stephen McNab.
The course has been established through a training partnership with the Skypath Aero Training Centre, at Prestwick Aerospace Campus.
The course is delivered at the Skypath Aero Training Centre, Unit 2B, Bravo Freight Centre, 1 McNee Road, Glasgow Prestwick Airport, KA9 2PB.
The course is funded through the National Transition Training Fund by the Scottish Funding Council and is provided free of charge to all eligible participants.
Please send your CV to [email protected] along with confirmation of meeting the criteria.
Places are limited and allocated on a first come first served basis, so don’t delay!
Skypath Aero Training Centre has been established through a training partnership between Ayrshire College, the University of Strathclyde and Chevron Aircraft Maintenance. Other partners include South Ayrshire Council and National Manufacturing Institute Scotland. | <urn:uuid:77919730-0956-42f0-8389-a9479e706261> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sky-path.org/introduction-to-3d-printing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571246.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811073058-20220811103058-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.941046 | 403 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Tailoring HRT to Your Patients: An Expert Roundtable Discussion on the Issue
Tailoring HRT to Your Patients: An Expert Roundtable Discussion on the Issue
Kaunitz: The topic of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) continues to emerge as a central theme that we, as clinicians to female patients, address every day. We recognize that the public is much more aware of and interested in HRT now than was the case a decade ago. But we also see a big discrepancy between the number of prescriptions we might write as we initiate appropriate candidates on HRT and the number of women who actually adhere to our therapeutic advice 6 months later. Dr Hillard, what are your thoughts on ways to improve HRT compliance and continuation?
Hillard: When I'm seeing a menopausal or perimenopausal patient, I ask her what she has read and heard about HRT. That tells me whether she's read a lot and feels that it's a reasonable idea to take HRT, or whether she's read a lot--and some of the sources are questionable, as far as I'm concerned--and has misinformation about it.
Williams: I take that a step further. I ask them, 'What's the worst thing you've heard about taking hormones?' I think that zeros in on the level of concern.
Burkman: I would second that--it's a matter of asking patients about their concerns. I think HRT probably has more issues--particularly when you relate it to some of the neoplasia. Unless you understand where the patient is coming from, the first episode of spotting may be interpreted as a major neoplastic concern. In your initial counseling session, you are going to have to guide the patient to overcome this particular barrier. About 50% of women who start HRT quit as early as the first year, and that is not usually just because of problems with the progestin or another hormone.1,2 It's often related to their understanding of the risks and benefits of the medication.
Carson: I consider patients who are menopausal and have hot flashes lucky because that usually brings them to their doctor. And I always think their hot flash is what leads to a news flash. It gives us an opportunity to educate them. It always worries me that once those hot flashes go away, they feel better--but they don't really realize why, and how important it is for them to stay on HRT for reasons that they can't feel (e.g., protection against osteoporosis and heart disease [see Editor's Note]). In that first meeting with patients, besides helping them with what they really came for (relief of their hot flashes), I also try to educate them about why they need to continue HRT.
Hillard: The number of women who never get their prescriptions filled is also high, and it's something that I acknowledge and discuss up front. I say to the woman, 'You have to understand and participate in this decision. And unless you feel that this has benefits for you, then you vote by not taking your medication.' Then she understands how much control she has.
Kaunitz: I think each of you is acknowledging the importance of patient education: It will lead to increased comfort level, compliance, and adherence with HRT use. Moving on, what are the panelists' routines: When would you see a new HRT patient for a recheck? For an annual exam?
Hillard: I'll plan to see her after a reasonable trial period--usually 2 to 3 months--and address how she is doing.
Kaunitz: When we talk about HRT, we're not only talking about treating symptoms, as Dr Carson mentioned, for those women with hot flashes (or 'power surges,' as some of my patients now call them). We're really talking about what may be a potential lifelong commitment. Helping women understand this commitment may run the course of not only one visit, but perhaps last throughout all of their monitoring visits.
Burkman: It's important to see these women early, catch them when they have side effects--especially those who were asymptomatic prior to therapy but experience side effects with HRT, because they are prime candidates for discontinuation. We need to reassure them and reinforce the benefits of therapy. If you don't schedule a follow-up visit for 6 to 12 months, you may never get the patient back, and you've lost that opportunity for therapy. Ask why the patient didn't get the initial prescription filled and discuss any problems she has. Most important, physicians need to dispel the myths about HRT.
Kaunitz: As for pre-HRT issues, when is endometrial assessment appropriate prior to initiating HRT in a woman with an intact uterus?
Carson: I don't routinely perform endometrial assessment prior to starting HRT. I need an indication to do an endometrial biopsy at that point, just like I need an indication at any other time in a woman's life. If she's having irregular periods or prolonged times without a menstrual period and I'm worried about endometrial hyperplasia, then I will do an endometrial biopsy.
Kaunitz: I perform an office endometrial sampling or biopsy procedure--selectively--in women who are at higher risk for endometrial neoplasia. We're starting to see more large HRT trials--both industry and federally funded--where the baseline incidence of endometrial neoplasia (including adenocarcinoma and hyperplasia) is extremely low in asymptomatic women who have not had abnormal bleeding, who have not been on unopposed estrogen. In many populations, it may be below 1%.3 Perhaps a woman has been cared for by a physician who has prescribed estrogen without progestins, or is at risk (including morbid obesity or hepatic disease) for endometrial neoplasia. Such patients warrant endometrial screening before starting HRT. So we agree that routine pre-HRT endometrial screening is not necessary and that selective screening is appropriate. Let's now turn to one of the biggest challenges that we and our menopausal patients face--prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Dr Williams, when do you order bone density testing?
Williams: Women understand that osteoporosis is a problem. Still, some women will say to me, 'Prove to me that I need to take estrogen.' Others voice their preference not to take estrogen. I think bone density assessments may be appropriate at the initiation of estrogen therapy.
Carson: The same consideration applies to menopausal women with contraindications to HRT.
Kaunitz: I think we've all seen examples where a DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) showing low bone density at the hip or spine can be a powerful motivator to the otherwise reluctant patient to initiate HRT.
Burkman: I think physicians should monitor the patients with medical conditions that set them up for osteopenia because estrogen may not be enough. It's a small percentage of patients, but I think if patients are already at risk for osteopenia because of Cushing's or primary hyperparathyroidism, it's worth monitoring them.
Kaunitz: What about more common risk factors for osteopenia that we see every day in our office practice?
Hillard: Thiazide diuretics, for one. Long-term smoking is also a common and high-grade risk factor.
Carson: More and more women are now taking thyroid supplementation, and excess thyroid hormone is another risk factor.
Burkman: Sometimes we forget to notice, but as these women age, they actually decrease in height. I think that's a strong indication for a bone density test.
Kaunitz: A lot of patients who are referred to me to initiate HRT or for amenorrhea evaluations have had a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) drawn by their primary care physician. When do you order an FSH in this setting?
Williams: I think that among clinicians, there is the belief that you must order an FSH to evaluate whether a woman is menopausal. I don't find it necessary to order an FSH or an estradiol level except in unusual situations.
Carson: I order FSH levels when a patient is on low-dose oral contraceptives (OCs) during the perimenopause: She's 50 years old, still sexually active, and worried about getting pregnant if she stops the OCs. In those cases, I get it on day 6 or 7 of the hormone-free days. If it is over 30 mlU/mL, then I switch to HRT; if it's under 30, I continue her on the OC. The reason for that is because HRT has a lower risk profile than do OCs, and she is much safer taking the lower dose of estrogen.
Williams: My only concern is that we've probably all seen women whose FSH was 32 one month and 18 the next, so even that one reading may not tell us everything.
Kaunitz: That's an important caveat: In perimenopausal women, the gonadotropin one month may not predict next month's level. With the small but growing number of OC patients in their late 40s in my practice, if they do well on OCs, I continue them into their early 50s and then assess their contraceptive needs and how they feel. Then I individually switch them to HRT in their early- or even mid-50s, depending on their symptoms and contraceptive needs. The patients for whom I most commonly order gonadotropins--and I feel in this setting you really only need an FSH, which will go up more dramatically than luteinizing hormone at the time of menopause or ovarian failure--are women whose menstrual history is not a guide to their menopausal status. These are women without a uterus. We're seeing increasing data that the ovarian failure occurs earlier in these patients than in gynecologically intact women.4,5 For this reason, I've become more proactive in screening FSH in hysterectomized patients in their 40s as well as late 30s. Likewise, I've become more proactive about empirically supplementing these women with estrogen replacement therapy. Finally, I'm finding a number of women who are heavy smokers suffering from earlier menopause or ovarian failure. In my general GYN practice, the most common cause of menopause prior to age 48 is heavy smoking.
Williams: Is there general acceptance that heavy smoking increases estrogen catabolism?
Kaunitz: Endogenous estrogen levels6 and bone density7 are both lower in women who smoke heavily. It's also been well documented that the age of actual menopause is lower in women who smoke heavily.8
Williams: I believe all heavy smokers should be considered relatively hypoestrogenic.
Kaunitz: Let's get into the nuts and bolts of therapeutic options available to our menopausal patients. In the last 5 years, we've seen an explosive growth of new products, various formulations, and routes of administration of estrogens and progestins. Can I ask for your input on cyclical versus continuous HRT?
Williams: The initial approach would be different with women in their late 40s or early 50s who come to us having irregular periods and hot flashes, than with those who are truly postmenopausal. I am concerned that irregular bleeding is going to drive women away from taking HRT. I think there are tremendous advantages of continuous combination HRT in women whom you do not expect to bleed. But, I think the women who we do expect to bleed--those who are perimenopausal--do better on a cyclic regimen.
Burkman: The biggest problem I see with continuous therapy is with the early menopausal woman. I don't get the results that you see in many of the studies--that is, amenorrhea after several months' use.
Kaunitz: Your rate of amenorrhea is lower than what you see in the studies?
Burkman: Right. If you had a 58-year-old woman who has been menopausal for several years who wants to go on HRT, I think the continuous regimen seems to work reasonably well. Again, you really have to warn her of some erratic bleeding and get her back early for another visit to see if she tolerates the bleeding. But in someone who is just menopausal, with a recent onset of hot flashes and amenorrhea, I think the cyclical approach works better.
Hillard: I see patients who have been prescribed the fixed combination without much discussion. These women are perimenopausal, are prescribed Premproª, and aren't told a thing about what to expect in terms of bleeding. To me, that's a setup for failure.
Carson: A very interesting retrospective study comparing records of postmenopausal women on both continuous and sequential HRT showed that in the first year of therapy, about 34% of those on cyclic HRT had unexpected bleeding compared to about 37% of those on continuous HRT.9 But after taking the drugs for 2 years, the rates of unexpected bleeding were equal. In general, 1 in 3 HRT patients had unexpected bleeding. Overall, 1 in 3 women on combined and 1 in 6 on cyclic HRT had unexplained bleeding in the first year. Also, first-time users were more likely to discontinue, no matter what regimen they started, than those who stopped once before and then initiated therapy once again.
Kaunitz: It's also important for women to recognize that when they choose--and we should present this as a choice--between a continuous and a cyclical combination HRT regimen, it is not an irrevocable decision. It's important from the outset to let your HRT candidates know there is plenty of room to titrate, to adjust, and to switch approaches. In fact, it's normal and very easy to do that, and there are very few downsides to such changing. I ask my patient, 'You're likely to start bleeding with either the cyclical or continuous approach. Do you feel more comfortable with cyclical, predictable menses similar to what you may have experienced in your reproductive years, or would you feel more comfortable with perhaps lighter bleeding or spotting that's totally unpredictable?'
Hillard: There are certain women who I tend to start on continuous, even if they're close to menopause: those who have migraine headaches, particularly menstrual migraines. I want them on a regimen where their hormonal status will be more constant. They may, however, be a more difficult group to agree to take it, because perhaps they've heard that their headaches are going to go away with menopause. It's a longer discussion with that group, talking about risks versus benefits. But I do say, 'For you, I am recommending more strongly the combined continuous regimen.'
Kaunitz: In which patients would you choose a transdermal approach?
Burkman: Patients who have had nausea while taking oral estrogens--perhaps OCs--may do better on the transdermal HRT.
Williams: There is a small group of women with familial hypertriglyceridemia with a fasting triglyceride level of 300 or 500 mg/dL or greater who are at risk for massive increases in triglycerides if they take oral estrogens--putting them at risk for pancreatitis. There is some evidence they can avoid this complication if they are given estrogen transdermally.10
Burkman: There are also patients who have had past deep-vein thrombosis (DVT). I will present to them that the latest research in the British literature points to a potential risk for DVT and pulmonary embolus with the oral medications.11-14 Perhaps the transdermal might reduce that risk.
Kaunitz: Two other groups of candidates are women with chronic liver disease or those with biliary tract disease who have not yet been treated with a cholecystectomy.
Carson: Even transdermal estrogen can have many of these complications, though, if the dose is high enough. So once you start putting on more than one patch or even using the larger patch, you're getting close to some of these risks as well. And for anyone still using parenteral estrogen, it has many of these risks, especially those of DVT, even though it has the same route as the transdermal.
Kaunitz: Because IM estrogen represents such a high-dose approach?
Carson: That's correct. Again, most of the side effects are dose-related, rather than first-pass effect. Remember, after the first pass, it all goes to the liver. So it's really only the first pass that you're avoiding. Now that's definitely a higher dose to the liver in that first pass, but once that 5-minute circulation time passed, it's back to the liver. So we have to be very careful about doses when we're comparing estrogens.
Kaunitz: Let's now address issues related to calcium intake and the prevention of osteoporotic fractures. What are your observations and practical recommendations regarding calcium and its role in menopausal health?
Hillard: I'm concerned that many women have not been told or read anything about the need for sufficient calcium. I get questions from patients very concerned about taking the right kind of calcium: calcium lactate, calcium carbonate, calcium gluconate, or whatever. I tell them I'm more concerned that they find something they can tolerate, and take enough of it consistently, than I am with the differences in metabolism and absorption between the different types of calcium.
Burkman: I agree. But I think you also have to make the case that most women need supplementation. And you have to deal with some of the misconceptions--for instance, that skim milk doesn't have enough calcium, and so forth.
Carson: I also talk about what foods are high in calcium, such as calcium-enriched orange juice, and either skim or whole milk. All have the same amount of calcium. It's important for women to know that they can get almost all calcium as they need from foods and can cut down the constipation-producing supplement.
Kaunitz: I'm told that calcium citrate is associated with fewer GI symptoms such as eructation or flatulence than calcium carbonate.
Hillard: I tell patients to buy the small bottle initially--not a bottle of 500--and give it a try since there are individual variations.
Kaunitz: I encourage my patients to buy their calcium supplements from their pharmacists because I think they can get the best quality at lower prices there. Another myth I hear is that women get sufficient calcium from their multivitamin--when in fact, the amount of calcium in a multivitamin may represent just a small fraction of their daily requirement. At what age should a woman start taking calcium supplementation?
Hillard: Age 14--and I'm not kidding.
Kaunitz: Your answer, Dr Hillard, is ironic because the age at which our patients become interested in calcium supplementation tends to be mid-40s and beyond. But the age at which calcium supplementation might have the biggest impact on a woman's lifespan, in terms of reducing fractures, is before she reaches peak bone mass--meaning her teen-age years.
Carson: In menopausal women, calcium supplementation without estrogen does not maintain or increase bone mass.
Kaunitz: Let's focus on the woman with identified osteoporosis. She may be in her 60s or 70s or 80s and have had a clinical fracture. Perhaps more and more common might be the woman who recently had a bone density assessment and was found to be osteopenic or osteoporotic and comes for counseling and therapy. What are relevant approaches here?
Burkman: First make sure that this patient gets a DEXA, or whatever you're going to use for your density screening. If you can't convince her to take HRT, then you need to go to one of the other alternatives, because this is a patient who actually has symptoms. It's a different story when your patient is developing fractures, as opposed to someone who is 50 and has a potential for developing the disorder. Now you're treating an illness, as opposed to preventing one. So you have to be more aggressive about therapy.
Kaunitz: What are the practical considerations in initiating or adjusting therapy for a woman with documented osteoporosis?
Carson: It's important to remember some of the things that might be aggravating her condition. For instance, if she's on thyroid medicine, make sure the dose is not too high.
Kaunitz: Practically, how would you screen a patient on thyroid replacement to make sure her dose isn't too high?
Carson: Her levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine, and T3 and T4 should be measured. The T3 and the T4 should be within the normal ranges, and a sensitive TSH should also be within the normal range. If the TSH level is below the lower limit of normal, her thyroid medicine should be decreased. She should be on calcium and be encouraged to exercise. And if she's on a corticosteroid, it should be discontinued if possible. Sometimes, of course, it's not possible to discontinue some of the drugs that she's taking. If she's on less than 0.625 mg of conjugated estrogen, you can consider incrementally increasing the dose. If she's taking transdermal estrogen, she should be on at least the 0.1-mg dose. About 20% of patients who are on 0.3 mg or equivalent of conjugated estrogen will not be protected against osteoporosis and will benefit by an increase in their dose. After checking these issues, the bisphosphonates should be considered.
Burkman: What you just mentioned is important. If she is already on HRT and has suffered a fracture, I think it's a signal that you're probably going to have to go to the next line of therapy. But again, we are now treating a clearly pathologic condition; it's no longer prevention of fracture. She will have worse problems if you're not careful.
Kaunitz: In which patients should we be prescribing bisphosphonates, and what are practical guidelines for doing so?
Burkman: Patients with diagnosed osteoporosis, particularly those who have been on HRT. However, alendronate is not an easy medication to take.
Hillard: The requirements of taking it on an empty stomach, having to sit upright, and not even being able to have your cup of coffee first thing in the morning make it very difficult for some patients to take.
Kaunitz: In the menopausal woman taking HRT who is identified as having substantial osteopenia or overt osteoporosis--if you decide to begin alendronate or a bisphosphonate, would you continue her HRT?
Kaunitz: The dose of alendronate approved for treatment of osteoporosis is 10 mg daily, whereas the dose for prevention of osteoporosis in the osteopenic woman would be 5 mg daily. In practice, if a 10-mg tablet is available, it's okay to break it in two. But I think all of us agree that, just as long-term HRT has its own challenges, alendronate does too--in terms of our patients' morning lifestyles and of taking it without GI toxicity.
What about some of the newer agents on the market? In terms of osteoporosis, we've heard that the second-generation SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulator) raloxifene can improve bone density. Have any of the panelists prescribed raloxifene? If so, in which patients and how?
Williams: Let me say something first, without answering your question: I think it's important to bury the term designer estrogen. Selective estrogen receptor modulators are not estrogen; they're not meant to be. They have estrogen-like effects with some receptors, but not with others. I think the same thing is true with phytoestrogens, which, of course, are not estrogen either.
Carson: I would prescribe raloxifene for the woman who is afraid to take estrogen. Raloxifene doesn't prevent hot flashes, and so it worries me about whether it has any effect on treating Alzheimer's disease. It has a beneficial effect in lipids, but in primates and mice it doesn't have any beneficial effect on the blood vessels around the heart. So I don't know whether we'll see the same cardiovascular protection that we see with estrogen. It seems to protect the bones, although not as well as estrogen.15
Hillard: That's a point patients don't really understand. In their mind, they think this is so much better than estrogen in terms of the effect on the breast. But they do not understand that it's not as good for bone as estrogen.
Burkman: The recommended daily dose of raloxifene (60 mg) appears similar to 0.3-mg conjugated estrogen in terms of bone impact. So it's less effective. But it is an alternative for the breast cancer patient.
Williams: That's the point: It's really meant for the woman who can't take estrogen because of some neoplastic process. It will also help in women who won't take estrogen. It's certainly very important that these women understand that it is not going to alleviate the hot flashes or correct the problem of atrophic vaginitis.
Carson: I think it's also important for them to understand that the early data are very promising, but we don't yet know whether it will really protect the breast against subsequent cancer.
Kaunitz: Likewise, because it is such a recent drug, we only know that raloxifene has a beneficial impact on laboratory assessment of bone density, but we don't have fracture data to date. We know that estrogen and bisphosphonates prevent fractures. Now let's discuss how you would manage a menopausal woman on conventional doses of HRT who's complaining of persistent hot flashes, or vasomotor symptoms.
Carson: Hot flashes are the only symptom that I actually will 'chase' with increasing estrogen doses. When I get to a dose that I think is fairly high, then I may do serum estrogen measurements to make sure that her blood levels of estrogen aren't too high to put her at risk for venous thrombosis. If I am getting to very high doses, then I add an androgen.
Burkman: There are probably a few of those patients who don't absorb estrogen well orally, so you may try the transdermal route. And occasionally you're going to have to evaluate patients for thyroid problems because sometimes the hot flashes aren't menopausal hot flashes.
Kaunitz: Women who smoke heavily experience persistent vasomotor symptoms despite conventional HRT doses. I find that as I add doses of estrogen to these women who are already at higher risk for cardiovascular disease, my own apprehension increases at the same time. In these patients, I add progestins.
Menopausal patients have a broad array of oral, transdermal, and other estrogens available to them, and yet there are very few ways to provide progestin therapy. However, most complaints in patients taking HRT relate not to the estrogen but to the progestin. What are some of the apparent progestin-related side effects you see in your patients? How should we approach those?
Hillard: The most common one I see is mood changes, and I think that's the one that is most problematic for most women. It's a difficult thing to measure.
Burkman: I agree. It's much more common than suggested. The reason that I find most women are intolerant of HRT has nothing to do with the estrogen; it has much more to do with the progestin.
Kaunitz: I think there are subgroups of women, hysterectomized women, where on an individualized basis it may be appropriate to use progestins with estrogen. This would include the heavy smoker I just mentioned. Also, there's the woman who had a total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-ophorectomy for severe endometriosis, where residual endometriotic implants were left behind, placing her at increased risk for reactivation of residual endometriosis implants or even endometrioid adenocarcinoma.
Dr Carson, what are alternate approaches to progestin therapy in women intolerant of medroxypro-gesterone acetate (MPA)?
Carson: If a woman is on cyclic therapy, going to a continuous dose of a lower progestin sometimes helps--say 2.5 mg a day--switching the progestin to a daily dose of 100 mg of oral micronized progesterone instead of Provera¨.
Kaunitz: And I think that's a particularly timely observation, in that this approach was validated by the NIH-sponsored PEPI trial.16 And a standardized, micronized 100-mg progesterone (Prometrium¨) has recently become available.
Carson: Or switching to norethindrone, another progestin, which is available in a progesterone-only birth control pill. However, this dose is rather low and usually you do have to switch to a continuous regimen, giving the progestin-only pill with daily estrogens.
Kaunitz: So that would be norethindrone 0.35 mg (Micronor¨) daily.
Carson: And also occasionally, if the patient still can't tolerate that, then the next choice is going to megestrol (Megace¨) at a dose of 20 or 40 mg daily in the cyclic regimen.
Hillard: I also mention the progesterone IUD (intrauterine device) as another option.
Burkman: There is the option of giving pro-gestin less frequently. I think you would try some of these other options if you can, but it may be that every 2 or 3 months you withdraw them as opposed to every month.
Williams: There are still some women out there who just will not take any of these progestins. Will you prescribe unopposed estrogen for those women who not take progestin?
Burkman: I think you can, but roughly 15% to 20% of women taking unopposed estrogen will develop hyperplasia.17 But I think in those patients, you have to come up with a regimen of regular endometrial biopsies. But what is that regimen? I think as a minimum it's annually.
Kaunitz: Also, unscheduled bleeding is very common with unopposed estrogen. I recommend that whenever you use less than conventional progestin opposition to estrogen in menopausal women, you need to perform more frequent endometrial surveillance.
Burkman: I think you should also clearly document in the patient's chart that you're doing this and that you've explained these risks to her. There is some liability risk going against the general prescribing practices. But I think that it's appropriate as long as it's clear the patient understands, and it's well documented on the chart.
Kaunitz: Is there ever a role for hysterectomy in women benefiting from their estrogen replacement therapy, who are intolerant of pro-gestins despite the individualization approaches we've just reviewed?
Burkman: Or for endometrial ablation? There very well may be a role, particularly with some of the new tools.
Kaunitz: Ablation would minimize progestin-induced endometrial bleeding in women taking combined HRT. But it would not eliminate the need for progestins, because of the potential risk of endometrial neoplasia--albeit undefined but real--in women on unopposed estrogen post-ablation.
Carson: I think as a generalization, this is not an indication for hysterectomy.
Kaunitz: What about providing routine doses of HRT to menopausal patients with fibroids?
Hillard: I'm unaware of any evidence that fibroids will increase in size with our conventional doses. There are isolated reports of fibroids increasing in response to estrogen. One study found an increase with transdermal ethinyl estradiol 50 mcg plus 5 mg MPA but not with conjugated estrogen 0.625 mg and 2.5 mg MPA.18 An Austrian study suggested an increase but used a formulation of HRT not available in this country.19 Overall, there are few reports, suggesting that this is not a clinically significant problem.
Kaunitz: Having said this, we recognize that among the subgroup of HRT users with persistent bleeding abnormalities, some of those women will ultimately be found to have submucous or other fibroids, or endometrial polyps. All right. Let's revisit the DVT issue.
Williams: Years ago, I think we were all convinced we were overstating the role of HRT in DVT. Then the three Lancet articles, all in same edition in 1996, came to the conclusion that there was some risk.20-22 But if you analyze the three articles, there are lots of biases, lots of questions, lots of concerns, and so I don't think that there's great evidence--even today--that standard doses of estrogen replacement therapy or HRT increases the risk of DVT in normal women.
Burkman: I would take a different tack and say it would make sense that there would be some increase. Assuming the studies are valid, the absolute risk that you're talking about, however, would be about 30 events per 100,000 women-years. So the reality is that the risk would still be there. But from the practical standpoint, except for patients who might be found to have some unusual problems that would put them at increased risk, I don't think it's a concern--other than that you pay attention to leg symptoms, which I think is prudent anyway.
Kaunitz: In the woman with the previous history of documented DVT, what's your approach to HRT?
Hillard: This would be the patient that I would consider getting a screen for the inherited thrombophilias protein S, protein C, antithrombin III deficiencies, and factor Leiden mutation.
Kaunitz: Another subgroup of HRT candidates are surgically castrated women complaining of decreased libido.
Burkman: Should you add androgen to the regimen? Unfortunately, the data are not tremendous because the focus again was on parenteral administration of androgen. Although there is a suggestion that the oral-administrated androgens may help this group of women, I think that we have to say that the evidence-based research isn't there. But I think if you're going to find an indication for adding the androgen, this would be probably a group of women that I would consider.
Kaunitz: One small placebo-controlled study found that 5 mg of oral methyltestosterone daily will positively impact libido.23 But even this dose represents a dose two to four times greater than US physicians would conventionally prescribe.24
Hillard: In terms of the doses of androgens now available, there is some thought that they are perhaps too high in terms of effect on lipids.
Kaunitz: Right. I think that the physician who does prescribe combination estrogen-androgen formulations needs to be aware of the downside of prescribing androgens. And one that Dr Hillard just mentioned is lipoprotein--changes where androgens very predictably will decrease high-density lipoprotein levels. I perform lipid subfractions prior to initiating combination estrogen-androgen HRT. There are skin (acne) and hair (hirsutism) side effects, as well, that are quite common at the doses available to us. With prolonged use of higher dose androgens, we'll also see clitoromegaly.
Burkman: On the cardiovascular side, though, there's some animal evidence that suggests there may be some favorable direct effects with androgens when used in combination with HRT.25 The problem, of course, is that it's fine to look at animals, but we don't have direct clinical data with humans.
Kaunitz: Nonetheless, I think we can agree that concerns about sexuality, including libido, are real, common, legitimate concerns.
Hillard: I think there's a lot to be learned. I would completely agree that these are real and legitimate concerns. I think we're hearing them more now because we're dealing with patients who are willing to verbalize them. In the past, patients have not been.
Kaunitz: The last topic also relates to sexuality: addressing menopausal women already on conventional doses of HRT where vaginal atrophy continues to be a problem. I've often said to both professional and lay groups that if men lost a good proportion of their external genitalia, they would have done something years ago about menopause. And yet, we continue to see--particularly in our untreated menopausal women--that vaginal atrophy is common and sometimes can be severe, even notwithstanding the use of conventional HRT doses. How do we address this?
Burkman: Sometimes the systemic estrogen may not be enough to deal particularly with some of the vaginal atrophic changes. I think adding vaginal estrogen sometimes makes a big difference. You have to monitor these patients. If over time you're not paying attention and you're seeing loss of rugae and thinning of the epithelium, yet you're continuing to give 0.625 mg, that means you're not paying attention during your exam. If you do see the changes, the time to initiate therapy is early rather than late.
Kaunitz: Would you increase systemic estrogen in that patient or give it locally?
Burkman: I'd give it locally. Years ago, I'd have said, 'Oh, you know, it all gets to the same place.' But I think there's some evidence now, probably mostly anecdotal, that says direct delivery to the vagina does make a difference.
Williams: In fact, I believe that is the role for vaginal estrogen.
Kaunitz: In other words, conventional doses of HRT are addressing her hot flashes, hopefully there is a favorable impact on bone metabolism, and yet symptomatic vaginal atrophy progresses.
Williams: Because we don't really know how much or how little is metabolized. I think it's very difficult to use the vaginal route as a primary method of estrogen replacement.
Kaunitz: A new therapeutic for vaginal atrophy is available on the market--the 3-month estrogen-releasing silastic ring (Estring¨). What has been your clinical experience with this?
Burkman: I think this is an option to consider. The suspicion is it would work somewhat similar to the creams, but I think it's too early in its evolution to see whether you get the same effect.
Hillard: I do have some concern about the person who is quite atrophic and puts in a ring, that the vagina may erode or bleed.
Kaunitz: Almost all of my limited experience with Estring has been in breast cancer patients--many of whom suffer from debilitating vaginal atrophy but who may not be appropriate candidates for systemic estrogen replacement therapy. An approach to estogenizing the vaginal mucosa in these women, without providing systemic doses of estrogen, is very appealing. And in consultation not only with the woman but also with her oncologist, I am increasingly making Estring available to breast cancer survivors. I can tell you that this challenging subgroup of menopausal patients is delighted that this option is now available.
I'd like to thank all of the panelists for a very practical overview of approaches and insights that will allow us to better tailor hormonal replacement to individual patients. Thanks again for your excellent comments and enthusiasm.
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7. Daniell HW. Osteoporosis of the slender smoker: vertebral compression fractures and loss of metacarpal cortex in relation to postmenopausal cigarette smoking and lack of obesity. Arch Intern Med. 1976; 136:298-304.
8. McKinlay SM, Bifano NL, McKinlay JB. Smoking and age at menopause in women. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103: 350-356.
9. Ettinger B, et al. Unexpected vaginal bleeding and associated gynecologic care in postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy: comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Fertil Steril. 1998;69:865.
10. Glueck CJ, Lang J, Hamer T, Tracy T. Severe hypertrigylceridemia and pancreatitis when estrogen replacement therapy is given to hypertriglyceridemic women. J Lab Clin Med. 1994;123:18-19.
11. Daly E VMP, Hawkins MM, Carson JL, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet. 1996;348:977-980.
12. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women. Lancet. 1996;348:983-987.
13. Jick H, Derby LE, Myers MW, et al. Risk of hospital admission for ideopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens. Lancet. 1996; 348:981-983.
14. Varas-Lorenzo C, Garcia-Rodriquez LA, Cattaruzzi C, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of hospitalization for venous thromboembolism: a population-based study of southern Europe. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;147:387-390.
15. Heaney RP, Draper MW. Raloxifene and estrogen: comparative bone-remodeling kinetics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3425-3429.
16. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA. 1996;275:370-375.
17. Woodruff JD, Pickar JH, Group at MS. Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal women taking conjugated estrogens (Premarin) with medroxyprogesterone acetate or conjugated estrogen alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170: 1213-1223.
18. Sener AB, Seckin NC, Ozmen S, et al. The effects of hormone replacement therapy on uterine fibroids in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 1996;65(2):354-357.
19. Frigo P, Eppel W, Asseryanis E, Sator M, et al. The effects of hormone substitution in depot form on the uterus in a group of 50 perimenopausal women--a vaginosonographic study. Maturitas. 1995;21 (3):221-225.
20. Daly E, Vessey MP, Hawkins MM, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet. 1996;348:977-980.
21. Jick H, Derby LE, Myers MW, et al. Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous thromboembolism among users of postmenopausal oestrogens. Lancet. 1996;348:981-983.
22. Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women. Lancet. 1996;348:983-987.
23. Myers I, Dixen J, Morrissette D, et al. Effects of estrogen, androgen, and pro-gestin on sexual psychophysiology and behavior in postmenopausal women: a 10-week double-blind study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70:1124.
24. Kaunitz, A. The role of androgens in menopausal hormonal replacement. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1997; 26:391-397.
25. Rosenberg MJ, King TD, Timmons MC. Estrogen-androgen for hormone replacement. a review. J Reprod Med. 1997;42:394-404.
Andrew M. Kaunitz, MD, is Professor and Assistant Chair of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Florida Health Sciences Center, Jacksonville, FL. He is a member of the editorial advisory board of The Female Patient¨.
Ronald T. Burkman, MD, is the Chairman of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Baystate Medical Center in Springfield, MA. He is a member of the editorial advisory board of The Female Patient¨.
Sandra Ann Carson, MD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, TX.
Paula J. Hillard, MD, is Professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, and Director of Women's Health, all at the University of Cincinnati School of Medicine in Cincinnati, OH.
J. Kell Williams, MD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Director of the Division of Gynecology at the University of South Florida College of Medicine in Tampa.
*This is one of four roundtable discussions conducted at the annual meeting of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Look for these topics in upcoming issues of The Female Patient¨: "Treating Depression in the OB/GYN Setting," "Advances in Screening for Infections During Pregnancy," and "Ectopic Pregnancies: The Latest in Treatments."
Originally published in The Female Patient -- November, 1998
© Copyright, 1998 Quadrant Publishing, All Rights Reserved
Reprints are not allowed without the expressed written consent of Quadrant Publishing. | <urn:uuid:7ca51d2a-069d-447a-b1e1-bc667ab89abe> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.patientcareonline.com/menopause/tailoring-hrt-your-patients-expert-roundtable-discussion-issue | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00055-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946473 | 10,058 | 1.65625 | 2 |
This is a simple to use infra-read sensor switch. Power it up with 5V and it can detects object within 3 to 50cm. It is widely used in mobile robot for obstacle detection, interactive media, industrial assembly line and many other applications.
The detection distance can be adjusted from 3- 50cm. It comes with a LED to show the sensing status.
The output pin is an open collector meaning you will need a pull up resistor on the output pin. The open drain setup allows multiple sensors to be connected on a single input pin. If any of the motion sensors go off, the input pin will be pulled low.
- Red - 5V
- Yellow - Open collector Output
- White - GND
- Adjustable detection distance
- Low power consumption
- Compact size
- Power supply: 5V
- Working current: <100mA
- Detection distance: 3 - 50cm
- Response time: <2ms
- Digital output
Dimensions: 30mm(L) x 20mm(W) x 13mm(H) | <urn:uuid:58c7eb18-cc88-42a6-ad1a-f41111d9b134> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sgbotic.com/index.php?dispatch=products.view&product_id=1552 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.774902 | 229 | 2.0625 | 2 |
I had a little repetitive task to automate in my
creating a pdf from a series of Literate Haskell files
Looking for something like make or rake, but written in Haskell, I found Shake.
I used it and I was well pleased with the result.
A little task to automate
A few months ago I decided to solve some of the Project Euler problems using Haskell language.
Since I wanted to write Haskell code and explanation together, I chose to write in Literate Haskell with LaTeX style.
I structured the project with a main file
hs-euler.lhs, that contains the LaTeX
preamble and the document structure, and a series of problem specific
included in the main file:
So I could easily create a nicely formatted pdf file using a sequence of
xelatex commands (I use XeTeX). But invoking those command repeatedly and
in the right sequence is a tedious and error-prone process. This task was
a perfect candidate for some sort of automation.
I was looking for something like make or rake, but written in Haskell, and I found Shake.
Using Shake library
Shake library is well described by its creator Neil Mitchell:
Shake is a Haskell library for writing build systems - designed as a replacement for make. To use Shake the user writes a Haskell program that imports the Shake library, defines some build rules, and calls shake. Thanks to do notation and infix operators, a simple Shake program is not too dissimilar from a simple Makefile. However, as build systems get more complex, Shake is able to take advantage of the excellent abstraction facilities offered by Haskell and easily support much larger projects.
After reading the documentation, looking at the source code and searching on the web, I came out with the following build file.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Here are some notes:
hs-euler.pdfas the target file
- the two
*>rules specify how to create pdf and tex files using
- the dependencies are specified using the
The chain of dependencies could be visualized like this:
want hs-euler.pdf → need hs-euler.tex → need [hs-euler.lhs, hs-euler-001.lhs, ...]
When you first execute the build program with
hs-euler.pdf and create the
.shake.database file where
it saves dependencies information.
In the subsequent executions, Shake uses the information in this file
to check if some of the dependencies are changed, and eventually
it triggers a new build.
I was well pleased to use Shake for my automation problem. The resulting build file is short and clear, and it makes its jobs well.
But there are some caveats.
I had only a little task to automate and so I haven’t used the advanced capabilities of Shake.
I used Shake to build documentation, not executables. If you have to build Haskell libraries or executables, please take note of what Neil Mitchell has to say:
If ghc –make or cabal is capable of building your project, use that instead. Custom build systems are necessary for many complex projects, but many projects are not complex.
So if think that Haskell’s standard build tools are not enough for your project, or if you have to automate some other kind of task, I think you should give Shake a try. | <urn:uuid:45e7bc35-767f-4a36-a386-b775722233db> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.maurotaraborelli.com/blog/2012/05/18/trying-out-shake-library/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00482-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903889 | 719 | 2.234375 | 2 |
This piece is cross-posted from Eretz Acheret where it was published today.
[see our advancd notification of the series at Peter Kosminsky’s “The Promise”, from Sunday 6th Feb at 9.00pm on Channel 4]
British television viewers are currently being treated to a 4-part dramatised lesson in the history of the Israel-Palestine conflict. And so far, there has been virtually none of the knee-jerk complaints of anti-Israeli and even anti-Jewish bias usually levelled at such programmes by over-sensitive elements in the Jewish community. After the first two almost two-hour long episodes of Channel 4’s ‘The Promise’, which has two interlinked story lines—a British soldier’s experience in Mandate Palestine between 1945 and 1948 and his granddaughter’s exploration of that experience when she visits Israel in 2005—television critics have largely been impressed. And this is a series that tackles head-on the most controversial aspects of the conflict.
No one could say that resentment against Israel and Jews because of the actions of the Jewish terrorist groups in the last years of the Mandate is a live issue in Britain today. In Israel—although I haven’t tested this recently—I suspect the reverse isn’t quite true. There are many close ties between the UK and Israel, many things that Israelis admire about British politics, culture and society, but scratch the surface and lingering anger and bitterness at what older Israelis in particular regard as Britain’s perfidy in preventing Jewish immigration into Palestine and reneging on its commitment to facilitate the building of a ‘national home for the Jews’ can soon surface.
Where anger, or at least very mixed emotions, may still prevail is among the dwindling number of British soldiers who served in Palestine. And it was one such soldier who wrote to the acclaimed television film director Peter Kosminsky telling him that no one remembers or talks about the 100,000 military personnel who were based in Palestine between 1945 and 1948. Kosminsky, whose grandfather was Jewish, has made films about British soldiers in Bosnia, the Falklands War and the conflict in Northern Ireland, so it was no surprise that he was prompted to investigate further and come up with a treatment that would draw parallels between those post-war years and modern times.
Erin, the granddaughter, travels to Israel with her best friend, a British-Israeli girl who is returning to undertake her army service. Pretty much an ingénue when it comes to the Middle East conflict, Erin takes her hospitalized grandfather Len’s Palestine diary with her, which she recently discovered among his papers. Her friend’s parents are wealthy Israeli liberals, but the son, who spent much of his army service in Hebron, has become a severe critic of Zionism and is a member of Combatants for Peace. Witnessing the family arguing over how to resolve the conflict, Erin gets a crash course in the rights and wrongs of Israeli and Palestinian nationalism. This leads her to look more closely at Len’s diary in which she discovers that his initial strong sympathy for the aspirations of the Jews gradually dissipates as a result of the terrorist attacks on his fellow soldiers and his growing awareness of the feelings of the Arab population. Len’s army career ends in ignominy and as Erin sets out to discover why, she comes face to face with the fact that the past still lives in the present. She learns about the realities of Palestinian dispossession and Jewish resolve to have a secure home after the Holocaust.
Kosminsky cuts between past and present, sometimes implying equivalences with which not everyone would be happy. For example, the bombing of the King David Hotel is juxtaposed with a suicide bombing in an Israeli café. Yet Kosminsky has endeavoured to be as objective as possible and he presents the Jewish-Israeli and Arab-Palestinian narratives very fairly, while also seeking to show the complexity of the problems.
The action is rather clunky at times. Since most viewers will be as ignorant as Erin, Kosminsky has to impart a great deal of information and is sometimes reduced to having certain characters talk as if they are reading passages from a school history textbook. But this is a minor price to pay for what is undoubtedly a sensitive and gripping portrayal of a situation where, as Kosminsky says, there is ‘right and wrong on both sides’.
That such a major and challenging series—in which the Israeli characters are drawn sympathetically and realistically, with not a hint of demonization—appears on one of the country’s mass audience television channels and is positively received throws an interesting light on what I believe are grossly exaggerated claims that London is the hub of international efforts to delegitimize Israel and that British Jews are subject to a constant barrage of media-driven anti-Zionist propaganda that borders on, or overlaps with, antisemitism. The film shows that major figures in the arts, often seen (but not necessarily correctly) as very left-wing, can present the Israel-Palestine conflict in a balanced way; and that when this is done audiences respond in a fair-minded fashion. The fact is that a substantial majority of people in the UK know very little about the conflict, past or present, and Kosminsky accurately reflects this in the central character, Erin.
Sadly, it’s the propagandists and shrill voices on all sides who grab most public attention, and it’s in their interests to oversimplify the arguments, even while disingenuously paying lip-service to the complexity of the issues. But in the last year or so, partly influenced by the significant emergence of much more even-handed attitudes among some pro-Israel leaders of the Jewish community, a more nuanced tone has perhaps crept into the public debate about Israel-Palestine. Kosminsky’s series is a contribution to that more reflective atmosphere and this is something Britain’s Jews should warmly welcome. | <urn:uuid:703544cc-00e7-4520-a902-e6c5df622e1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://jfjfp.com/?p=21309 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00016-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970015 | 1,242 | 2.0625 | 2 |
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Risks and Benefits of Organ-Sparing Surgery for Testicular Cancer
Orchiectomy is still the gold standard, but some men can retain part of their affected testicle.
By Jessica Firger
Say That Again, Please: They're Going to Put Radiation Where?
Brachytherapy uses radioactive pellets implanted in the tumor to treat prostate cancer.
Understanding Men's Fertility
Go Gluten-Free and You May Improve Fertility
If you have celiac disease and are having trouble conceiving, a new diet might help your odds. | <urn:uuid:6ae845f4-f2e6-4992-b5ed-218c1c3f7c2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://getmegiddy.com/our-authors/Jessica_Firger | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572192.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815145459-20220815175459-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.902643 | 187 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Information for home, EU, and non-EU students.
Learn stage management, and specialist knowledge and skills in all aspects of theatre production. Through close working with students and practitioners of other theatre disciplines, students on this course develop an overall understanding of how each contributes to live performance, making them highly employable upon graduation.
This course aims to produce stage managers who are able to adapt to any production setting ranging from West End theatre to large-scale outdoor events. Stage managers are a conduit between the director and the production team throughout the rehearsal process and the management of the performance itself, including the acquisition of furniture and props.
Stage Managers must have excellent people, communication and negotiation skills to ensure they properly communicate developments through rehearsals and find solutions to production challenges. Students develop practical management skills through working in production teams on a number of realised productions, collaborating with other students and visiting professionals.
Students develop the basic skills necessary for creating live performance, through a series of workshops and realised projects. They undertake classes and workshops, including managing rehearsals and performance, blocking and working with the cast and director, marking-up, show calling, props sourcing and adapting, costume supervision and sewing, lighting, sound, and staging technology. There are workshops focusing on text analysis, group dynamics, communication and current legislation, including health and safety. Students undertake the role of Assistant Stage Manager on a realised production, working with students from the undergraduate Acting and other courses.
Taught sessions including score-reading, company management, pyrotechnics, firearms, blood effects and event management. Students take on the roles of Assistant and Deputy Stage Managers on a range of realised production projects from main-house, proscenium theatre shows to site responsive fringe work, or on projects outside Central, including community theatre, immersive theatre and event management. Students may also be required to operate sound and lighting on small-scale productions. Students are assigned a professional mentor who will advise and guide them through their second and final years.
Students undertake at least one role with significant management responsibilities and/or a role on a larger-scale or more challenging production. They will research and organise a suitable placement with a professional company of their choosing in order to broaden their knowledge and understanding of the areas of work they wish to enter upon graduation.
Students are actively encouraged to build on contacts made during the course in order to set up professional placements for their final year.
Stage Management students regularly undertake placements with a range of companies, which have included the National Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company, Royal Opera House, English National Opera, Donmar Warehouse, Almeida Theatre, Royal Court Theatre, Chickenshed Theatre, Bush Theatre, Complicite, Young Vic, Walk the Plank and Hampstead Theatre, and a range of West End productions.
Central has extensive links with the live performance industry on all scales in London and beyond, including the National Theatre, English National Opera (via an annual graduate internship), Donmar Warehouse and the Royal Court Theatre.
Through project work, formal visits to theatres and regular close contact with professionals – including recent graduates – students are well prepared to enter the live performance industry. They will work with professional Stage Managers, undertaking their role within Central, or as project supervisors and team mentors. All students are assigned a personal graduate mentor.
The course works with companies such as dreamthinkspeak, Shunt, Goat and Monkey and the Old Vic Tunnels on more unconventional immersive work and in non-traditional theatre making areas, such as with Block 9 at Glastonbury Festival and Secret Cinema. It also provides links with street arts and outdoor theatre, working with festivals, such as The London Pleasure Gardens, as well as highly acclaimed companies, for example Walk the Plank, The World Famous, Emergency Exit Arts and Kinetika, providing a range of potential opportunities for students.
Stage Managers: Charlotte Padgham, Joanna MacDonnell, Ian Hawkins, Libby Spencer, Angela Riddell, Jo Miles; Just FX, Rc-Annie, Sophie Acreman (Orange Tree Theatre), Andrew Killian (Company Management) and Jo Holmes (Royal Opera House).
Professionals from Other Disciplines: Simon Byford (Event Management), Lisa Westerhout (Score Reading) and John Blunden (Prop Making).
3 A Levels at BBC, BTEC ND: DDM.
Offers may vary from this, depending upon expected grades and performance at interview. Exceptional applicants who do not meet this requirement but demonstrate appropriate potential at interview and via their portfolio may be accepted. All candidates invited to interview are asked to bring a portfolio.
For information on alternative entry requirements please see www.ucas.com.
We particularly encourage applications from groups currently under-represented in higher education, such as students with disabilities and members of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic groups. Find out more information on Central’s commitment to equality and diversity.
Find out more about the interview process for this course.
Each year Central hosts a number of interviews outside of the UK, with a team of tutors from Central traveling to meet applicants. The international interviews are designed to replicate the London-based interview experience in every aspect (other than a tour of our site!). See our Event Finder for listings of upcoming interview locations and dates.
Matt Watkins (2006) Stage Manager on the musical Once. Senior Stage Manager on the opening and closing ceremonies of the London 2012 Olympics.
View profiles of the academic staff who teach on this course. Click on each staff member to see their CV.
View profiles of the Class of 2017 for this course. Click on each student to see to their CV.
Graduated 2012, Assistant Stage Manager on The Hard Problem, Dorfman Theatre at the National Theatre.
I came to Central with little Stage Management experience, but with a real passion for theatre. A combination of the course’s career driven focus, and the encouragement of my tutors inspired me to pursue the companies I’d always admired. Since graduating, I’ve toured with the RSC and I now work for the National Theatre. I’ve worked on productions which have been broadcast live to cinemas worldwide. My time at Central gave me so many contacts and a huge step towards the job I love. | <urn:uuid:b043f859-c71f-4d44-a3e8-9ea409694147> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cssd.ac.uk/course/stage-management-ba | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00462-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939122 | 1,290 | 2.3125 | 2 |
What to Search for When Considering
Dental Care Oral treatment entails routine check ups at a dental expert office. Regular dental care is necessary for overall dental health and wellness as it stops tooth cavities and preserves your teeth, enabling them to remain healthy and also function appropriately. It is therefore vital that dental treatment is done on a routine basis to allow avoidance of oral diseases as well as bad breath. Below are several of the most effective ways to take care of your teeth: Dental professionals – dental care is often executed in the dentist offices. It is recommended to have an examination with your dental professional as well as figure out what services they offer. They will certainly be able to advise you on various procedures such as tooth extraction, filling up and origin canal therapy. If you do not check out a dentist frequently, it is most likely that you will not follow excellent dental hygiene routines and therefore, may suffer from dental caries or even worse, dental health troubles. Pediatric dental experts – these dental professionals mainly deal with children suffering from abnormality. Additionally, they additionally identify and also treat dental treatment troubles connecting to growth and also advancement. They are specially educated to discover problems at an onset as well as refer their patients to pediatric dental experts or orthodontists. For children that are suffering from genetic abnormalities, orthodontic treatment is required for them to avoid any kind of loss of teeth. Therefore, it is recommended to seek assistance from a seasoned pediatric dentist. First Steps – if you do not follow proper dental care, it may not be feasible to save a tooth and even avoid any type of loss of teeth in the future. This is especially real in situations where treatment is needed for initial tooth or more. First off, it is necessary to see your dental professional quickly if you see any tooth pain or dental infections after eating sweet food or substance. This is because particular foods and drinks can create extreme damage to your teeth when chewed. It is likewise advised to clean your teeth twice daily and floss once day-to-day. Oral Hygiene – even when there is no proof of any type of oral illness, it is still extremely essential to maintain excellent oral hygiene in order to protect your teeth as well as gum tissues. Dental experts usually suggest their patients to comb with a fluoride toothpaste or switch to a fluoride tooth paste to lower formation of dental caries and plaque. It is likewise recommended to routinely check out the dental expert for professional cleaning as well as check-up. Some dental care solutions also use free exam as well as cleaning in specific scenarios. Cavities and also Periodontal Condition – the very best way to avoid tooth cavities or to get rid of existing ones is to brush consistently. Nonetheless, if the problem does not enhance with normal brushing and also flossing, one need to see a dentist asap. The dentist can examine your teeth and also gum tissues as well as recommend therapy options consisting of scaling as well as origin planing. These methods eliminate tartar and also plaque deposits from the mouth that can be harmful to the periodontals. Routine dental sees can help prevent gum tissue condition or dental caries in the future. | <urn:uuid:1bc2817e-ca58-4cb1-ba49-f03481373184> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aoltimewarnerfoundation.org/valuable-lessons-ive-learned-about-8.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.969245 | 639 | 1.90625 | 2 |
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The Bible of Art History: Gardner's "Art Through the Ages"
Studies in Art Education
Vol. 41, No. 2 (Winter, 2000), pp. 164-177
Published by: National Art Education Association
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1320661
Page Count: 14
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Art Through the Ages by Helen Gardner chronicles the art of the world. The first edition of this book was published in 1926, and the tenth edition became available in 1996. In the intervening 70 years, the book has undergone many structural and editorial changes. The longevity of the book and the "missionary zeal" with which Gardner set out to write it provide my rationale for calling this article the "Bible of Art History." This article examines three issues: (a) What is the influence of Art Through the Ages within the historical context of art education; (b) How have the contents of the book helped to keep it in print continuously for seven decades; and (c) How has Gardner, an art educator, contributed to the success of her book? In the 1920s there were many art history books, but few authors could match Gardner's ability to write in a single volume, in concise and clear English, about the art history of the world. Thus Gardner's words and ideas live on through the first three editions of her book. The subsequent editions by multiple contributors have retained Gardner's vision of an art history text that goes beyond "Outlines."
Studies in Art Education © 2000 National Art Education Association | <urn:uuid:88efb23d-abb1-41ab-9cf4-86c0b73a84b2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jstor.org/stable/1320661 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00242-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920214 | 433 | 2.75 | 3 |
Depending on your vantage point, Manhattan seems either very big or very small. On complete map of the New York City area, Manhattan is dwarfed in size by the other four boroughs and surrounding megopolis. But for someone on the ground in Manhattan, the population density, the height of the buildings, the endless number of things to do, and the fact that many people don't often leave their neighborhoods, much less the island, for weeks/months on end makes it seem a very large place indeed. This divergence sense of scales can cause quite a bit of cognitive dissonance for residents and visitors alike.
A few months ago, I found an image online (
which I cannot for the life of me relocate...any ideas? aha! it's from Bill Rankin's project, The Errant Isle of Manhattan) that worked to alleviate some of that dissonance. The image depicted downtown Chicago with Manhattan placed alongside it in Lake Michigan. I'd been to Chicago a few times and the image immediately gave me a better idea of Manhattan's true size.
A few weeks ago, I started to wonder how large Manhattan was compared to some other places I am familiar with. Hence, Manhattan Elsewhere. In the maps below, I've inserted Manhattan into places (at the same scale) that, through either habitation and visitation, I have come to know well. If you've been to Manhattan and some of these other places, I hope you'll find it as interesting to visualize these strange positionings as I have. Enjoy.
Chicago + Manhattan
This is my version of the image that inspired this project. As with the other maps, Chicago is presented its original orientation and Manhattan has been rotated to match its profile. I didn't bother to connect any of the roads, but you can imagine the Lincoln Tunnel running under Soldier Field and hooking into the Dan Ryan somehow. Or further up and off the map, traffic heading over the George Washington Bridge to catch the Cubs at Wrigley or brokers commuting home, not to Westchester but to Winnetka or Highland Park.
Chicago + Manhattan, 3-D
A three dimensional representation (courtesy of Google Earth) of the above map, looking over downtown Chicago and into Midtown/Lower Manhattan. The tall building just to the right of center in Chicago is the Sears Tower and you can see the Empire State Building in Manhattan breaking the curve of the horizon.
San Francisco + Manhattan
Here, Manhattan parks itself right in the middle of the Bay Bridge, taking the place of Treasure Island. You can see Alcatraz from Columbia. The view of Central Park from the Coit Tower would be lovely. Compare the sizes of the two cities' big parks; they look about the same.
San Francisco + Manhattan, 3-D
As before, a 3-D representation of the above map. The view is approximately from a seat in the upper deck of AT&T Park (formerly Pac Bell Park) behind home plate, looking east toward Midtown.
Boston + Manhattan
Manhattan clogs up Boston Harbor, displacing some small islands. That approach into Logan over Midtown looks a little scary and noisy for Chelsea residents. The downtowns are quite far from each other...I wanted to avoid modifying Boston's layout too much and not remove the airport.
Minneapolis + Manhattan
This is the most unsatisfying map of the bunch. That pesky Manhattan just wouldn't fit cleanly into the Mississippi without a ton of modification, so I just made a sixth Great Lake out of the area including Northeast Minneapolis and St. Paul. Sorry, St. Paul. Also, the Twin Cities metro area is quite large for its population, which is a polite way of saying "urban sprawl".
Barron, WI + Manhattan
This one's primarily for me and my folks. I lived in Barron, WI in my middle/high school years. Barron is located in northwestern Wisconsin and has a population of around 3,000 people. I made a lake of the area just to the west of town and plopped Manhattan in it. I'm surprised to see how wide Barron is compared to Manhattan...it seemed so much smaller as a kid.
Published on June 1, 2006. Last modified on June 1, 2006. Map imagery by Google Maps and Google Earth. Inspired by Bill Rankin's project, The Errant Isle of Manhattan, part of his excellent Radical Cartography site. | <urn:uuid:d7876e33-8f74-462c-8de9-5ae5762ee781> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.kottke.org/plus/manhattan-elsewhere/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00324-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951204 | 901 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Pitra paksh-The Shradhas
We all are indebted to our parents, grandparents, and all the ancestors, to have brought us in this world, for giving us this life.
An opportunity to perform, to do some karmas, what everyone aspires to do. Even gods in heaven aspire to have this human life.
Now when the ancestors have given us this opportunity, we are obviously indebted to them. No one would like to remain indebted in this life or to carry forward this debt in the next life. While no one can pay the debt, one can at least lighten the burden to some extent.
When we are not aware of whom to repay, how to repay, there is an opportunity in the kind of sharadhas. We do have shardha (respect) for our elders of course, and this shardha is also there for the dear ones who have departed.
The opportunity comes every year during this period called "Pitra Paksh"- the fortnight this year is falling between 30th September and 15th October.
It is believed that after death, the soul is destined to stay without a body for certain period of reformation. The period during which it is given to do repentance. It is said that the souls stay in a place called pitra-lok. The good souls get the opportunity to be reborn instantly, but many others, have to remain without a body for the given time. The good souls in
The ancestors in the prison called "pitra-lok" wish to connect with their dear ones in the previous lives. The opportunity is given to them during this period of "pitra-paksh" or "shardhas". It is believed that after the immersion of Ganapati in water every year, the period begins after the full moon.
When the pitras come down to be near to their dear ones, they wish to know if their descendants still have any respect for them, do they remember them, or do something for their good. These pitras, waiting for an opportunity to get back to human life are in a state when they are made to toil without any reward. Only the living ones can do something to better their plight. And they look for the energies they can get from such activities performed by their descendants.
It is also believed that, the brahmins have the powers to receive energies on behalf of the pitras and transmit it to them. That is why it is customary to feed the brahmins, good foods. It is also believed that the poor can also be fed for the benefit of the pitras. The pitras can draw the given energies from the poor, and certain animals like cows, dogs, crows, etc. That is why is the custom to feed the brahmins, the poor and the animals and birds.
Now imagine that some one dear to us is lodged in the prison. All the relatives of the prisoners are given an opportunity to meet them once a year, for certain specified days. The prisoner is on the look out for his dear ones to come and meet him. He also hopes that these dear ones will take the services of a good lawyer to help them reduce their period of sentence. And when the dear ones dont have time to do something like this, they get annoyed.
When the dear ones languishing in the pitralok expect to get some relief from their dear ones and these dear ones dont do anything like that, these pitras curse them. And this curse is known as "pitra-dosh". A curse which many of us face in this life and wish to get rid of through the brahmins, but are not able to lighten it.
When to perform the "shradha". Normally it is believed that the day of death of the dear ones or the "tithi" falling during this period of fifteen days, should be observed as the day of shradh. But if we do not remember that day or tithi, one should perform on the first or the last day of sharadhas. Moreover, when we do not remember all those for whom we have to perform the sharadha, we may tryto do it on each day of the pitra-paksh.
Pray for the relief of all the near and dear ones whom you do not know, who have departed in the past.They are the spirits who are not just expecting help from you, but are also ready to help you in distress. We do seek help from them and we do receive it.
During this period it is believed that we must shun all types of tamsik food. We must try to keep our selves clean from within. Believe that if you are doing it for someone today, there would be someone also doing for you tomorrow. It is a tribute in the memory of all those who are not there with us, they may have been our elders, may be related or not.
In Bhagwad Gita, Krishana tells Arjuna "there was no time when I was not there, or you were not there". If not in this life someone, somewhere may have been related to us. Then why not to consider this enlarged humanity, as our own family and preach to lesson of Universal Brotherhood.
Pranaam.......Go- d bless us all | <urn:uuid:3567ef60-4b0a-4a44-b5e8-ec34aca913cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/pitrapakshthe-shradhas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00030-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971062 | 1,097 | 2.40625 | 2 |
In June, president Vladimir Putin signed a law making it illegal to give under-18s information about homosexuality.
It is a move that has been widely condemned, varying from figures like United States President Barack Obama to broadcaster Stephen Fry.
As a result, the latter called for next year's Winter Olympics to be taken away from Russia in a strongly-worded open letter to International Olympic Committee president Jacques Rogge, the Prime Minister and Coe.
Rogge said his organisation is awaiting further clarification over the translation of part of the law, and on Saturday Cameron seemingly ruled out a British boycott.
"Thank you for your note @stephenfry," he posted on Twitter. "I share your deep concern about the abuse of gay people in Russia.
"I believe we can better challenge prejudice as we attend, rather than boycotting the Winter Olympics."
Fry compared the situation in Russia to the decision to hold the 1936 games in Nazi Germany, and the issue was a major talking point as the World Championships in Moscow got under way.
Despite the widespread condemnation, British Olympic Association chairman Coe was quick to play down talk of a boycott.
Returning to the Luzhniki, scene of his famous 1,500 metres Olympic win in 1980, the vice-present of international athletics' governing body, the IAAF, said he did not want athletes pulling out of Sochi.
"I am against boycotts," Coe said. "I don't think they achieve what they set out to do. They only damage one group of people and that is the athletes.
"I am a profound believer that international sports and relationships developed through international sport are often in the infancy of social change.
"I believe that coming to Moscow in 1980 was the right thing to do and 10 years later we see those changes.
"International sport is not an inhibitor of social change, it actually has quite strong catalytic effects.
"It is an issue that needs to be addressed but not an issue that is one of a boycott."
IAAF president Lamine Diack said on Thursday he had "no problem whatsoever" with Russia's laws, while Russia's sports minister Vitaly Mutko said people needed to "calm down" about the issue.
"The question was answered fully by my federation president and Jacques Rogge from the IOC," Coe added.
"We will wait for the full interpretation through the International Olympic Committee before, as chairman of the British National Olympic Committee, any judgements will be made."Reuse content | <urn:uuid:edb5c1f1-2b56-4e99-b801-2b35bc3ee073> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.standard.co.uk/pasportsfeeds/pm-and-coe-against-sochi-boycott-8755612.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97087 | 519 | 2.328125 | 2 |
[Tutor] text editor and debugger for python
bhaaluu at gmail.com
Tue Mar 24 17:41:23 CET 2009
On Tue, Mar 24, 2009 at 5:08 AM, Bala subramanian
<bala.biophysics at gmail.com> wrote:
> I do the scripting in Linux. I use vi editor to code. It is not very
> convenient for me. Kindly suggest me a best free text editor ( i can code
> and debug the code simultaneously ) for python based on your experience.
I use the vim text editor to program in Python. Vim is very similar to vi.
I use the following to make vim easier for programming (save as .vimrc)
" Created by Jeff Elkner 23 January 2006
" Last modified 2 February 2006
" Turn on syntax highlighting and autoindenting
filetype indent on
" set autoindent width to 4 spaces (see
" set line number (added by bhaaluu)
" Bind <f2> key to running the python interpreter on the currently active
" file. (courtesy of Steve Howell from email dated 1 Feb 2006).
map <f2> :w\|!python %<cr>
After saving the above file as .vimrc (dot vimrc) in your home directory
(/home/bala/.vimrc <- for example) you can fire up vim and start
programming in Python.
Press the F2 function key to run your Python code.
When the code completes its run, you are returned to vim for more coding.
For debugging, I use print and raw_input().
I use print to watch variables. I use raw_input() to set breakpoints.
b h a a l u u at g m a i l dot c o m
Kid on Bus: What are you gonna do today, Napoleon?
Napoleon Dynamite: Whatever I feel like I wanna do. Gosh!
More information about the Tutor | <urn:uuid:c6fefda9-2bd6-4e7c-a495-bdbe48da50f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mail.python.org/pipermail/tutor/2009-March/068155.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00427-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.767087 | 427 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Issue No. 01 - January/February (1972 vol. 5)
Results of a major national attitude survey of the general public indicate a majority of Americans believe computers are making life better. However, there is major public concern in several important areas.
"Public Believes Computers Make Life Better But Expresses Major Concerns", Computer, vol. 5, no. , pp. 15-16, January/February 1972, doi:10.1109/C-M.1972.216859 | <urn:uuid:1c25308d-c4a9-463d-b799-8c041233dc42> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/co/1972/01/01641493-abs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00028-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.823948 | 103 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Carcoar School of Arts facts for kids
Quick facts for kidsCarcoar School of Arts
|Location||Icely Street, Carcoar, Blayney Shire, New South Wales, Australia|
|Owner||School of Arts Trustees|
|Official name: Carcoar School of Arts; Municipal Council Chambers|
|Type||state heritage (built)|
|Designated||2 April 1999|
|Type||School of Arts|
|Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 420: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|
Carcoar School of Arts is a heritage-listed former municipal chambers and library and now community centre and museum at Icely Street, Carcoar, Blayney Shire, New South Wales, Australia. It is also known as the Municipal Council Chambers. The property is owned by the School of Arts Community Hall Carcoar Inc. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
The School of Arts is the most recent of the public buildings built in Carcoar which reflect its former status as the second most populous town west of the Blue Mountains. In the past the building was used as the Municipal Council Chambers before being used as a community centre for functions and meetings.
The School of Arts building opened in July 1901. It was designed by a Bathurst architect, Mr. Copeman, and built by local builders Messrs. Watson and Darrington at a cost of £1011. The building was designed in the Victorian classical style with a Federation period influence.
In 1983, the building underwent a works program consisting of external wall sealing, provision of damp coursing, plaster work to damaged walls, external drainage extension and painting.
In December 2017, the building's new trustees announced that they were seeking funding for urgent repairs.
In addition to serving as a community centre, the building also houses the Carmenhurst Military Museum on the second floor.
The Carcoar School of Arts is part of an Urban Conservation Area classified by the National Trust of Australia . It is a T-shaped building constructed from locally made muddy-grey bricks. It is in the Victorian Classical style of earlier buildings in Carcoar - the courthouse, railway station, hospital and C.B.C. Bank - but also displays a strong Federation period influence, particularly in its roof construction and use of multi-coloured windows. However, the dominant classical style is evidenced by its symmetry, central pediment, banded string courses and plastered bays.
The front two-storey section of the building contains a supper room, kitchen, dressing rooms, toilets and upstairs meeting room. The main body of the building, a single storey hall with stage, reflects the classical style of the exterior in its plastered detailing.
The larger scale of buildings, common building line and a number of street trees in front of these buildings, create a group of significant importance.
Carcoar School of Arts was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
Whilst the most recent (public) building in Carcoar, the building achieves harmony with other buildings of similar scale through detail and form. it is a significant feature of the historic buildings comprising the focal centre of the village.
The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The previous uses of the building as Municipal Chambers and School of Arts endorses its community importance to the residents of Carcoar. This importance continues as it is the main community facility for functions, dances and social events.
Carcoar School of Arts Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:9850765c-e033-4cc3-8210-e2714465aa1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Carcoar_School_of_Arts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.953336 | 825 | 2.484375 | 2 |
With the government expected to halt subsidies and incentives for the clean energy sector, the ambitious Scottish renewable energy industry fears a stop in future development and investment in hydro and wind energy.
Scottish Renewables – which held a conference on hydro energy in June to discuss progress of the industry – has warned that despite the growth of the clean energy sector, further development might cease if the UK’s government decides to cut subsidies to renewables.
Small-scale hydro installed in the UK since 2010 provided enough electricity to power more than 44,000 homes. However, there is growing concern around the Conservative party’s plea to cut support to renewable energy and shut down the Renewable Obligation Certificate (ROC) subsidy system.
Joss Blamire, senior policy manager at Scottish Renewables, said, “Hydro in Scotland is currently booming, but recent cuts, along with more set to come by the end of this year, have the potential to make further development unlikely.
“Instead of gradual, considered and measured reductions to support, we are facing a horrendously steep drop-off. Feedback directly from our industry partners suggests many projects may not survive.”
He added, “We’re currently in the boom period of an entirely predictable boom-and-bust scenario, and unless something is done soon that bust could end Scotland’s hydro ambitions before they’ve had a chance to deliver their full clean energy, jobs and investment potential.”
Scotland has ambitious plans for the clean energy sector, aiming at sourcing 100% of its electricity from renewables by 2020. Wind, hydro and sun are already the largest power sources in the country and last year, the government approved Europe’s largest tidal project in Pentland Firth, expected to meet 43% of Scotland’s electricity demand.
Photo: Pete + Lynne via flickr
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Reduce Industry Footprints with Sustainable Material Swaps | <urn:uuid:02563cc2-6b43-42d1-ba62-36ecdbae4945> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blueandgreentomorrow.com/energy/scottish-renewables-threatened-by-government-cuts-industry-body-warns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.880348 | 773 | 2.265625 | 2 |
For this assignment you will compose a proposal outlining the details surrounding your upcoming User Guide Project. The Process Instruction Proposal calls for you to choose a process and compose a detailed set of instructions for this process. There are many options available and will largely be dependent upon what you know and would like to write. I am very flexible in your choices as long as the process provides you with enough substance to effectively compose a substantial project.
Use the format found on the sample Instructional Proposal provided in the Week 6 module. Please use the following headings for your composition:
What is the purpose of the document you are submitting? Not the purpose of your instructions, but rather the purpose of the proposal.
Overview of Project
This is where you should provide the details of what process you would like to use for your instructions, why you feel this choice will allow you to successfully complete the assignment, what specific portions of the process you intend to use for the project, and how you plan to compose this. You should also work to provide an overview of who your intended audience is and what their familiarity with the topic is.
Task List (Note: the sample provides a place for collaborative writing here, if you are composing this project alone, you may omit the group roles.)
This section should detail what tasks are necessary in order for you to complete the instructions project. What do you need to do in order to complete this project?
This is where you will provide a detailed schedule of when you will be completing the tasks for the task list. Think of your schedule and when you have time to work on this project and plan on when you will be completing each task. Keep this in mind and plan accordingly.
Please provide a few (2-3) references that you can use as a source of information for your project. Think of where you can get information that you may not have or when you need more details for the project. a url for the sources is adequate. | <urn:uuid:a15756e7-65a7-4509-84d1-abafe16a049f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://buyqualityessays.com/buyqualityessays-com-process-instruction-proposal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.934191 | 412 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Strong and durable, the rubber used to make tires has many uses long after the tires are no longer fit for the road. Unfortunately, more than 290 million tires are dumped or tossed into landfills each year in North America alone. If only more people completed brilliant recycling projects like these 25 examples – including jewelry, flooring, shoes and entire houses – we could slash that figure significantly.
(images via: recaptured charm, lattices)
Stack tires and fill them with earth to make simple raised planters that cost next to nothing; the heat absorbed by the black rubber helps plants like potatoes and tomatoes thrive. Another idea hangs tires on a vertical surface, filling just the bottom portion with soil, to create unusual wall planters.
Rugs & Floor Mats
(images via: we upcycle, retiredmats)
Both vehicle tires and bicycle inner tubes can be transformed into durable, waterproof, non-slip surfaces for indoor and outdoor applications. Etsy seller ReTIRED Mats weaves strips of reclaimed tire rubber around metal frames. Bicycle inner tubes, as demonstrated above, is even flexible enough to crochet.
Says crafter Michaela, “After several attempts I found out that it’s the easiest way to use a tent peg. I cut out the valves and then slit the tubes lengthwise. Washing the tubes has to be done thoroughly because the valves are covered in a thick layer of powdered talc from the inside. Then you have to cut the tubes in stripes and either tack (like I did it) or sew them together. The result is a long “thread” which you just crochet and then you’re done.”
Jewelry & Belts
(images via: trilliumartisans, julienjaborska, madeforfun, craesnyderindustries, andrewdietch)
Earrings, bracelets and belts get a tough urban look from recycled tires, even when used to create delicate leaf shapes and folded layers of ribbon. As belts, bicycle tires are still recognizable, perfect for cyclists who want to display their love for riding to the world.
(image via: recyclart)
Tires were half-buried in the ground to make this clever and convenient recycled bike stand. With this simple solution, the bicycle’s tire could be locked to the tire in the ground to secure it.
(image via: apokalupsabotek.se)
Who would have thought that recycled tire flooring could be so stylish? Swedish company Apokalyps Labotek takes some of the 4 million tires that are disposed of in that country each year and grinds them into a powder, which is then mixed with recycled plastic and formed into flooring.
Bags & Wallets
(images via: trigo, blowuponlinevintage, rubberpieces)
It would take an awful lot of abuse to break or puncture a purse or wallet made out of reclaimed tire rubber, so these bags should last virtually forever. Etsy sellers Trigo, BlowUp Online Vintage and RubberPieces show just how versatile this material can be.
(images via: inhabitots)
Of course, tire swings are nothing new, but they’re no longer just as simple as screwing on some bolts and chain. Check out these incredible creature-shaped tire swings that practically double as garden art. Wildlife Creations cuts and bolts tires into dragons, sharks, horses, dogs, elephants, dinosaurs and more.
(images via: maryland environmental service, inhabitat)
Animal-shaped tire swings are awesome, but what happens when you decide to make an entire playground out of reclaimed tires? With some creative thinking, the possibilities are practically endless. Two examples include a fun scrap tire dragon in Maryland, and a ‘Rubber Tree’ design by AnneMarie van Splunter installed in Thailand for refugee children.
(images via: simpleshoes.com, instructables)
All of the qualities that make rubber tread ideal for tires also make this material perfect for the soles of shoes. The shoe company Simple Shoes includes reclaimed tires in many of their eco-friendly designs. You can also make your own hand-crafted recycled sandals from a bicycle inner tube and a scrap of used tire, as explained at Instructables.
(images via: wallacegardens, bikefurnituredesigns)
Furniture made from reclaimed tires and bicycle wheels ranges from elegant and modern to funny and kitschy. The Tired Lounge chair by Leo Kempf weaves strips of tire rubber into upholstery for a rocker, while Bike Furniture Design comes up with crafty uses for practically every part of the bike – including, of course, the tires.
(images via: useitagain.soup.io)
You can now purchase commercially fabricated roof shingles made from recycled rubber – or you could go DIY like this ambitious homeowner, who cut strips of tires and arranged them into interesting patterns on his roof.
(images via: duncankinney, greendiary)
Tires are a central component of earthships, which are sustainable, self-sufficient homes made of recycled materials. Packed with dirt, the tires often form the foundation and walls of these free-form houses. Reclaimed tires can also be used as extremely inexpensive building materials . Argentine architect Carlos Levinton designed dome houses for Haitians displaced by the 2010 earthquake that devastated the Caribbean nation.
Sculptures by Yong Ho Ji
(images via: scrappedcraps)
Korean artist Yong Ho Ji has gone above and beyond all of these innovative re-uses for old tires with a sculptural series that binds strips of used tires together with synthetic resins. His complex works, depicting humans and animals, makes a statement about humanity’s responsibility for nature. | <urn:uuid:3bad0cb0-9395-497a-a6a0-f1a6389b1ee4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://webecoist.momtastic.com/2011/11/14/25-items-made-from-reclaimed-recycled-tires/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.927003 | 1,247 | 3.109375 | 3 |
c/o Largo Library
120 Central Park Drive
Largo, FL 33771-2110
Friday, October 25, 2013
Cathy Salustri Makes Presentation at October PGS Meeting
Cathy Salustri (left) presented a program at the PGS October meeting based on a 1930's WPA Writer's Project travelogue of Florida. She recounted her own travels following the 1930's book, concentrating mostly on US 19 from the northern border to its termination in that day at what is the Bay Pines VA Hospital. Vice President Harriet Thompkins (right) holds a copy of the original WPA Guide to Florida.
Cathy's preparation for her adventures and her insights during her trip hold lesson for all of us who make similar history-based trips to visit ancestral homes. | <urn:uuid:f54b1883-ad51-4e9e-9206-85acfdf7ce33> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://flpgs.blogspot.com/2013/10/cathy-salustri-makes-presentation-at.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720153.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00324-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951114 | 164 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Life's too short to live in New York City.
That should be a tagline for Cleveland as it promotes its under-appreciated assets in expensive, over-hyped coastal cities, trying to attract new blood to its region.
But Greater Cleveland also has to change. It has to become more welcoming of newcomers, including new immigrants, and even more focused on bolstering its assets in education, high-tech incubation, walkable neighborhoods, bikeability and cultural diversity.
To a certain extent, Clevelanders concerned about the city's shrinking population have embraced this realization. The nonprofit Global Cleveland will soon be going on the road with an eye-opening refutation of many things outsiders have wrongly come to assume about the "Mistake on the Lake."
Instead of lamenting Rust Belt challenges, a pro-Cleveland pitch can promote with all sincerity a burgeoning downtown, charming suburbs, available jobs and a lower cost of living.
And more than enough music, arts and professional sports to satisfy anyone's taste.
In June, Global Cleveland, a nonprofit devoted to boosting the city's population using actual metrics on where recent arrivals have come from, will host a Cleveland love fest at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. The event is designed to encourage expats from Northeast Ohio to reconsider their former home as a place to live.
They are the "low-hanging fruit" in a talent-attraction campaign that will also target ethnic minorities and other immigrants who have come to the United States. These folks may currently be living in other cities but looking for a better, more affordable life elsewhere, said Global Cleveland President Joy Roller.
Richey Piiparinen, of the Center for Population Dynamics at the Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs at Cleveland State University, believes it is absolutely essential for Cleveland to open itself up to the world if it wants to prosper as it once did.
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His research has determined that Cleveland's population declines are not so much a result of people leaving the area, but of not enough people coming in to replace them. And what will curtail progress faster than anything else is the nativist mentality that still exists among many local politicians, he said.
"Cleveland has not been very good at getting new people in," he said.
That must also mean a new attitude from City Hall, where Mayor Frank Jackson has appeared reticent to get on board with new policies specifically aimed at attracting immigrants.
Piiparinen, however, warns against the city trying to portray itself as something that it's not. He embraces Cleveland's Rust Belt heritage with pride while looking confidently to the future.
Piiparinen's right. There's nothing shameful about being a once-great industrial city. The residue of decline that still coats parts of the city will provide the soil for continued regeneration as long as the city continues to believe in its resilience.
Positively Cleveland set the tone earlier this year when it kicked off a branding campaign designed to appeal to tourists and conventioneers by projecting Cleveland as an authentic city with unique experiences and no pretense.
That should help the city's "consumption" economy, as Piiparinen calls it.
But for the city to truly succeed, it must develop its "tradable" economy, one that connects with the rest of the world. That means expanding its emerging industries steeped in manufacturing and in health care and the growing biomedical field.
Global Cleveland, which received a $750,000 infusion from JobsOhio, the state's quasi-private economic development arm, can help develop that "tradable" economy by convincing enough newcomers to seek their dreams here. After venturing to Washington, the likely next recruiting stop will be New York City.
At any given time, there are 50,000 to 70,000 available jobs in Northeast Ohio, according to Roller.
"We want to offer something to people," she said. "Something they may want to take part in if they only knew." | <urn:uuid:519c298d-a9a5-4613-9913-5e0fa26d4996> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2014/05/global_cleveland_wants_to_reve.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00179-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957682 | 927 | 1.640625 | 2 |
The examples listed here are created to assist within the comprehension of loan underwriting or processing tasks which is why a person is needed to have a S.A.F.E. Act-compliant home loan originator license. The examples in this appendix are not all-inclusive. They illustrate just the presssing issue described plus don’t illustrate any kind of conditions that may arise under component 1008. For purposes associated with examples below, the word “loan” relates to a mortgage that is residential as defined in В§ 1008.23 of the component.
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(3) Any individual that gathers, gets, distributes, or analyzes information regarding https://rapidloan.net/payday-loans-ca/ the the creating of the credit choice and who’s a separate specialist, as that term is defined in В§ 1008.23; and
(4) Any person that communicates having a customer to acquire information needed for creating a credit choice and that is a separate specialist, as that term is defined in В§ 1008.23.
(1) works only clerical or help duties (i.e., the mortgage processor’s or underwriter’s tasks usually do not consist of, e.g., providing or negotiating loan prices or terms, or guidance borrowers or potential borrowers about loan prices or terms), and whom carries out those clerical or help duties in the direction of and susceptible to the guidance and instruction of a person who either: Is certified and registered in conformity with В§ 1008.103(a) (state certification of loan originators); or perhaps is not necessary to be certified she is excluded from the licensing requirement pursuant to В§ 1008.103(e)(2 because he or) (time-share exclusion), ( ag e)(5)(federally registered loan originator), ( ag ag e)(6) ( federal government workers exclusion), or (e)(7) (nonprofit exclusion).
(2) Performs just clerical or help duties as a member of staff of a home loan loan provider or home loan brokerage company, and whom executes those duties during the direction of and susceptible to the guidance and instruction of somebody who is utilized because of the exact same company and who’s certified in conformity with В§ 1008.103(a) (state licensing of loan originators).
(3) Is a worker of that loan processing or underwriting business providing you with loan processing or underwriting services to at least one or maybe more mortgage brokers or home loan brokerage companies under a agreement between your loan processing or underwriting business plus the mortgage brokers or mortgage brokerage companies, offered the employee works only clerical or help duties and executes those duties just during the direction of and susceptible to the guidance and instruction of a loan that is licensed worker of the identical loan processing and underwriting business.
(4) Is a person who will not otherwise perform those activities of that loan originator and it is perhaps not active in the receipt, collection, distribution, or analysis of information typical for the processing or underwriting of the domestic home mortgage, nor is with in interaction aided by the customer to have such information.
(c) to be able to conclude that somebody who executes clerical or help duties does therefore in the direction of and susceptible to the direction and instruction of financing originator that is certified or registered in accordance with В§ 1008.103 (or, as relevant, a person who is excluded through the certification and enrollment needs under В§ 1008.103(e)(2), ( ag e)(6), or ( ag e)(7)), there should be a nexus that is actual the licensed or registered loan originator’s (or excluded person’s) way, direction, and instruction as well as the loan processor or underwriter’s tasks. This actual nexus should be significantly more than a nominal relationship for a chart that is organizational. For instance, there clearly was a genuine nexus whenever:
(1) The supervisory licensed or authorized loan originator assigns, authorizes, and monitors the mortgage processor or underwriter worker’s performance of clerical and help duties.
(2) The supervisory licensed or loan that is registered workouts conventional supervisory duties, including, although not limited by, working out, mentoring, and assessment regarding the loan processor or underwriter worker. | <urn:uuid:7ce1f2ca-ffc5-4fe8-8cc7-3ba74bd53c6c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pancarmotori.it/12-cfr-appendix-c-to-role-1008-separate-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.951063 | 979 | 1.859375 | 2 |
05 March 2009
Factors affecting the adherence to an antenatal screening programme: an experience with toxoplasmosis screening in France
Monthly serological testing is mandatory in France for pregnant women not immune to toxoplasmosis. We assessed for the first time the adherence to this national programme, using data from antenatal tests for Toxoplasma antibodies collected by the Union of Health Insurance Services in the French Rhone-Alpes region. Data from 34,290 pregnancies was analysed. The first test was done late in 25% of women (8,430). Women had on average 5.7 tests during pregnancy, only 40 percent (13,774) were tested seven or more times as recommended. Young women were more likely to have a late first test, but age did not significantly influence regularity and number of tests. Free medical coverage favoured a late first test, fewer tests and longer between-test intervals. An early first test did not affect test numbers or between-test intervals. A re-useable prescription for several tests was associated with better adherence. Prescription by general practitioners was associated with an earlier first test, but fewer tests and longer between-test intervals. When prescribing physician(s) included a gynaecologist, the first test was more likely to be behind schedule, but the overall number of tests was higher and between-test intervals shorter. Because data was collected through private laboratories, our conclusions apply to the majority of French patients who need to schedule a separate visit for blood testing after prescription.
Congenital Toxoplasma infection arises in 25% of acute maternal infections during pregnancy. The consequences for the foetus can be severe, most often ophthalmologic or affecting neurodevelopment [1,2], and are diagnosed immediately, at birth or later during childhood or adulthood . In an attempt to decrease the number of children with severe infections, several countries have implemented mandatory or recommended antenatal testing programmes in order to promptly recognise and treat acute maternal Toxoplasma infections. In France, a antenatal screening programme was implemented in 1978. It has included, since 1985, detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma before the end of the 12th week of gestation - the official deadline for registering a pregnancy - followed, since 1992, by a monthly testing until the time of delivery for patients who are not immune. There is a recommended minimum of seven tests. The preventive impact of this programme remains to be proven. Adherence to this programme is also relevant when debating its effectiveness, but has never been addressed. We present here an analysis of the adherence to the French screening programme for congenital toxoplasmosis. It is specifically targeted to women who are tested in private laboratories, which is common for outpatients in France. This feature of the French health care system requires an obligation on the patients’ part to schedule the different appointments for blood sampling. Patients need to pay for the tests, but will be reimbursed, provided that the tests were prescribed by a physician (general practitioner (GP) or any specialist doctor) or a registered midwife.
The goals of our study were to assess adherence to the programme and to identify reasons for poor adherence, in order to develop a communication strategy specifically targeted to pregnant women and their physicians.
Patients and methods
We used data collected for reimbursement purposes by the Regional Union of Health Insurance Services (URCAM) of the French Rhone-Alpes region. They record the biological analyses performed at private laboratories and reimbursed for the part of the population (86%) insured by the main health insurance system. The national coding system for biological analyses allows differentiation between the first antenatal test, intended to determine the patient’s immunity, and subsequent follow-up tests required to exclude later seroconversion. For each test, dates of issue of prescription and date of blood sampling were available, along with information on the professional who prescribed the test (GP, obstetrician-gynaecologist, other specialist or registered midwife, public or private practice). Patient data included age at delivery, dates of conception and delivery, whether she delivered in a private or public hospital, and whether she was fully covered by the national health service - free medical coverage (FMC) being attributed to low income.
We selected all women living in the Rhone-Alpes Region who delivered between 1 July 2002 and 30 June 2003 and for whom at least two tests for Toxoplasma infection were reimbursed, including one follow-up test. The aim was to select women who were not immune to toxoplasmosis and who were supposed to undergo the mandatory monthly testing schedule. Data was extracted anonymously by the URCAM statistics department and analysed by the biostatistics department of the Lyon teaching hospital.
The first studied criterion was whether or not the first test had been performed within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Factors included in the analysis were: age, FMC, delivery in a public or private hospital, profile and type of practice of prescribing physician.
Two additional follow-up criteria were the mean number of tests throughout pregnancy and the mean time interval (in days) between two consecutive tests.
Continuous variables were described with mean, median, standard deviation (SD), minimum and maximum. The mean between-test interval for each patient was calculated as the mean of the intervals between two consecutive tests uncorrected for potential correlation between intervals. Binary variables were described with number and percentage. Association between outcome and independent predictors was studied through different types of regression models: Logistic regression was used for the binary dependant variable “late first test”. All variables linked to the women (age, FMC, delivery in a public or private hospital) as well as the profile of the prescribing physician(s) during pregnancy were divided into four categories - GP(s) only, obstetrician-gynaecologist(s) only, GP(s) plus obstetrician-gynaecologist(s), other specialists (including registered midwives) - and entered into the model.
For the other two criteria, three further predictors linked to the first test were added to the previous set of variables: “tests done on schedule (yes/no)”, “time interval between prescription and testing” and “prescription for the initial test re-used on at least one follow-up test (yes/no)”. Poisson regression was used for the ordinal variable “number of tests”, with the number of weeks of pregnancy as offset. All independent covariates tested individually reached statistical significance (p<0.01). except the items related to the patients’ first test, which were nevertheless considered as important and retained in the final model.
A linear regression model was run for the continuous variable “time interval between two consecutive tests”. All variables were individually associated with a p value under 0.01 and kept in the final model, except for the re-use of prescription. Nevertheless, this factor was considered to be important and retained in the model. The effect of age was modelled as a linear relation after verifying several multivariable fractional polynomials models.
Statistical significance was accepted for p<0.05. Analyses were performed using STATA® release 9 (Stata Corporation 2005, College Station, Texas, United States).
There were 41,086 deliveries during the study period. For 38,450 women, two Toxoplasma antibody tests, including at least one follow-up test, were reimbursed. After exclusion of 4,160 women, 34,290 remained in the final sample. The reasons for exclusion and their number are given in the Figure.
Figure. Exclusions from the data file with justification, antenatal toxoplasmosis screening programme, France, 2002/03
The characteristics of patients, prescribing physicians and tests are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Characteristics of women, prescribing physicians and tests, antenatal toxoplasmosis screening programme, France, 2002/03
The mean age of the women was 29.5 years; 1,086 women (3.17%) were under 20 years-old and 467 (1.36%) over 40 years-old. Mean gestation was 37.6 weeks (SD 1.9). Most pregnancies lasted 37 weeks or more (24,882; 72.6%), very few lasted less than 34 weeks (1,164; 3.39%). A large proportion of women had one (15,068; 43.9%) or two (14,946; 43.6%) prescribing physician(s). The majority of women had all tests done in one (26,588; 77.4%) or two laboratories (6,599; 19.3%). Prescriptions for the first test were re-used for at least one more test by 2,832 (8.26%) patients. For 512 women (1.49%) there was a single prescription for the totality of the tests. The re-usable prescriptions were written by a GP for 707 (25.0%) of the 2,832 women, by a obstetrician-gynaecologist for 2,083 (73.6%), and by another specialist or a registered midwife for 37 (1.31%). Since almost all prescribing physicians (99.29%) were in private practices, this co-variable was disregarded in the following analyses.
The first test was prescribed on average at 8.3 weeks of gestation (median 7.1; SD 5.0; min 0, max 36.6), in 60% of cases by a gynaecologist (Table 1). The mean time interval between prescription and testing was 7.9 days (median 3; SD 12.3, min 0, max 178); it was longer in younger women (p<0.0001), in women with FMC (p<0.0001), and when the test was prescribed by an obstetrician-gynaecologist rather than by a GP (p<0.0001).
The first test was performed at 9.5 weeks of gestation on average (median 8.4; SD 5.4, min 0, max 37.6). It was performed within the recommended schedule (in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy) in 75.4% of cases (25,860).
Independent predictors for a delayed first test were: FMC (odds ratio (OR) 2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) [2.22-2.58]), age (OR 1.03 95% CI [1.02-1.04] per year younger) and prescription by a obstetrician-gynaecologist (OR 1.29 95% CI [1.22–1.36]) or another specialist (OR 1.68 95% CI [1.30-2.18]) rather than a GP.
Test number and frequency
Number of tests
Women were tested on average 5.7 times (median 6; SD 1.9, min 2, max 9), an average adherence rate of 81% (see Table 1). 40.2 percent (13,774 women) were tested seven or more times, as recommended.
Independent predictors for a lower number of tests are summarised in Table 2: FMC (p<0.0001) had the greatest impact (incidence-rate ratio (IRR)=0.84; 95% CI [0.83-0.85], followed by delivery in a public hospital (p<0.0001), GP(s) only as prescribing physician(s) (p<0.0001), a first test performed late (p<0.0001), a long time after prescription (p<0.0001), and a test done with a prescription that was not re-used (p<0.001).
Table 2. Effects of the characteristics of women, physicians and the first toxoplasmosis test on the number of tests and mean between-test interval, antenatal screening programme, France, 2002/03
The mean between-test interval was 37.6 days (median 32.7; SD17.9; min 0, max 229). Eighty percent (27,402) of women had at least one between-test interval exceeding 35 days, 22,954 women (66.9%) had two or fewer intervals exceeding 35 days. The intervals were significantly longer in women who had FMC (p<0.0001), delivered in a public hospital (p<0.0001), had only GPs as prescribing physicians, had a late first test (p<0.0001) or used multiple prescriptions (one per test) rather than a re-usable prescription (p<0.001) (Table 2).
The goals of our study were to determine compliance with the screening programme for toxoplasmosis in pregnant women tested in private laboratories and to identify predictors for non-compliance. Compliance was unsatisfactory, with a quarter of the participants doing the first test too late, 80% of participants having at least one between-test interval exceeding 35 days and 60% of participants completing fewer than the recommended seven tests.
These findings were based on a large dataset collected from the Rhone Alpes population which represented 9.7% of the total French population and 9.3 % of all births in 2003 . It did not include women covered by the health care systems for agricultural or independent workers (14% of the population), but we have no reason to assume that the testing behaviour should be different in that subset of the population. Women who were not tested at all were also disregarded in the study, but these patients, whose number are impossible to estimate, are likely to have such a different profile that they would require a specific study to understand the reasons why they are not included in standard care. We can not rule out the possibility of a small proportion of women having a test and forgetting to apply for reimbursement, but considering the large amount of data in our file, it is unlikely that they significantly modified our conclusions. The number of pregnancies in our study was indeed consistent with the 76,349 births registered for 2003 in the Rhone Alpes region and the estimated regional seroprevalence for Toxoplasma infection of 36.1% . Furthermore, our data was in line with national estimates concerning mean age of pregnant women, rates of free medical coverage and of deliveries in a public hospital .
As no other study has been conducted since the French screening programme was implemented, it is unknown whether adherence has always been insufficient. Prenatal programmes for toxoplasmosis only exist in several other countries , although there are differences in the testing schedule and in how the sampling is organised Data on compliance, however, have only been reported in one Brazilian study, which also found adherence to screening to be insufficient .
Compliance affects cost and effectiveness of screening , but the consequences of the substandard compliance observed in our study are difficult to measure. The earlier a patient at risk (i.e. a pregnant woman who has no immunity against toxoplasmosis) is identified, the more do they benefit from information on how to avoid infection. Consequently, late testing should be associated with a higher incidence of maternal infections. However, this cannot be measured in the absence of a notification system. There is also uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of health education . Having a late first test that is positive for anti-Toxoplasma IgG makes it more difficult for the biologist to determine whether the infection was acquired before or after the beginning of pregnancy. This uncertainty generates additional costs for complementary testing as well as anxiety for the future parents.
In the event of seroconversion, long intervals between tests prevent prompt treatment and should theoretically increase the number of infected children and severity of infection. A study done by the Systematic Review on Congenital Toxoplasmosis (SYROCOT) study group found weak evidence that treatment started within three weeks, compared to treatment started after eight weeks of seroconversion, reduces mother to child transmission, which indirectly suggests that compliance with monthly testing is important. However, the study failed to demonstrate the preventive effect of antenatal treatment on clinical manifestations of congenital infection . Compliance will have to be taken into account in any controlled studies conducted on the benefit of antenatal treatment, as well as in any “real life” applications of their findings.
Several studies will be necessary to understand the reasons for the insufficient testing observed in this study. They will have to take into account the use of other prenatal care programmes and additional socio-demographic and economic variables. The role of insufficient patient knowledge on Toxoplasma infection and on its consequences for the foetus should also be investigated. Previous data on primary prevention of toxoplasmosis suggested that French women at risk tend to neglect precautions regarding food and hygiene [11-12]. Linking the number and timing of Toxoplasma tests with the patients’ daily efforts to avoid infection could help us understand if, or how, both types of prevention interact.
Meanwhile, our study provides several possible directions for improving preventive programmes, particularly those that require patients to make appointments for repetitive examinations. These efforts should ideally be directed towards all actors involved.
Two factors were associated with patients. Receiving free medical coverage was independently associated with a late first test, and with fewer tests overall and longer between-test intervals, indicating continued insufficient access to the health care system or a persistent lack of awareness regarding screening, already widely reported for instance in the 2003 French National Perinatal Survey . Younger patients were also more likely to have a late first test which possibly reflects a lower awareness of standard care offered during pregnancy and a higher proportion of unwanted or belatedly recognised pregnancies. Interestingly, age did not affect the overall number of tests or their regularity, suggesting that factors responsible for the delayed first test were somehow overcome.
Efforts should be made to reach out towards patients who have the least access to information, in order to inform them of the measures to be taken in pregnancy in terms of hygiene and legal and administrative requirements. This information should ideally be given before conception [13-15]. Information on how to avoid Toxoplasma infection could be cost-effectively added to messages on other health issues related to young adults (i.e. use of alcohol and drugs, sexually transmitted diseases). Any message promoting an early first serological test would indirectly be a benefit for other areas of antenatal care. Subsequent reminders that testing for toxoplasmosis should be extended to the date of delivery could also be used to convey other information on second or third trimester issues, such as breastfeeding.
Secondly, actions need to be tailored to those who prescribe the tests. In our study, first tests were performed earlier when prescribed by a GP, but subsequent tests were more regular when prescribed by an obstetrician-gynaecologist. As these findings contrast with previous evidence [12-13], further studies are necessary and will need to take into account the adherence of physicians and midwives to recommendations for toxoplasmosis screening, as well as their sex, location and social context, which have been found to play a role in relation to health education and prevention [16-17]. Meanwhile, there is a need to remind GPs, obstetricians and registered midwifes of their complementary roles . The biologists performing the tests should also be encouraged to become involved and explain the importance of regular testing to professionals and patients.
The re-use of prescriptions had a positive impact on compliance. The principle of a single prescription covering the entire duration of pregnancy could be promoted as an easy measure. This could even be extended to other biological tests, appointments for medical visits or ultrasound examinations.
Interestingly, the French antenatal prevention programme for toxoplasmosis illustrates well the long-term natural limitations of a programme not supported by a specific campaign. Potential decisions to reinforce it will need to be associated with measures to monitor their effectiveness, and necessary corrections will need to be introduced promptly. However, before taking steps to increase compliance, it is necessary to address the uncertainty surrounding the impact of preventive measures for congenital toxoplasmosis.
We thank Derek Byrne for proofreading the manuscript.
- Remington JS, McLeod R, Thulliez P, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Remington JS, Klein J. Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant. 5th ed, Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2001. p. 205-346.
- Wallon M, Kodjikian L, Binquet C, Garweg J, Fleury J, Quantin C, et al. Long-term ocular prognosis in 327 children with congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatrics. 2004;113(6):1567-72.
- Institut National de la Statistique et des Données Economiques (INSEE). État civil - Naissances et décès par commune, département et région, mariages par département et région. [Civil status – births and deaths by municipality, Département and region, marriages by Département and region]. Paris, France: INSEE. [In French]. Available from: http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=etat-civil. [Accessed on February 4, 2009].
- Berger F, Goulet V, Le Strat Y, Desenclos JC. Toxoplasmose chez les femmes enceintes en France: évolution de la séroprévalence et de l’incidence et facteurs associés, 1995-2003. [Toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in France: trends in seroprevalence and incidence, and associated factors, 1995-2003]. Bull Epidemiol Hebd. 2008;14-15:117-21. [In French]. Available from: http://www.invs.sante.fr/beh/2008/14_15/index.htm#7_en
- Blondel B, Supernant K, du Mazaubrun C, Breart G, editors. Enquête nationale périnatale 2003: situation en 2003 et évolution depuis 1998. [National perinatal survey 2003: situation in 2003 and development since 1998]. Paris: Ministère des Solidarité, de la santé et de la famille, and Lyon: Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale; 2005 Feb. [In French]. Available from http://www.sante.gouv.fr/htm/dossiers/perinat03/enquete.pdf
- Leroy V, Raeber PA, Petersen E, Salmi LR, Kaminski M, Villena I, et al. National public health policies and routines programs to prevent congenital Toxoplasmosis, Europe, 2005. [Unpublished report]; Bordeaux, France: The Eurotoxo Group; 2005. Available from: http://eurotoxo.isped.u-bordeaux2.fr/WWW_PUBLIC/DOC/EUROTOXO_R1_P3_European_national_policies_Dec2005.pdf
- Carellos EV, Andrade GM, Aguiar RA. Avaliação da aplicação do protocolo de triagem pré-natal para toxoplasmose em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: estudo transversal em puérperas de duas maternidades. [Evaluation of prenatal screening for toxoplasmosis in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: a cross-sectional study of postpartum women in two maternity hospitals]. Cad Saude Publica. 2008;24(2):391-401. [In Portuguese].
- Eskild A, Oxman A, Magnus P, Bjørndal A, Bakketeig LS. Screening for toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: what is the evidence of reducing a health problem? J Med Screen. 1996;3(4):188-94.
- Gollub EL, Leroy V, Gilbert R, Chêne G, Wallon M; the European Toxoprevention Study Group (EUROTOXO). Effectiveness of health education on Toxoplasma-related knowledge, behaviour, and risk of seroconversion in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;136(2):137-45.
- SYROCOT (Systematic Review on Congenital Toxoplasmosis) study group; Thiébaut R, Leproust S, Chêne G, Gilbert R. Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients' data. Lancet. 2007;369(9556):115-22.
- Wallon M, Mallaret MR, Mojon M, Peyron F. Evaluation de la politique de prévention de la toxoplasmose congénitale. [Congenital toxoplasmosis, evaluation of the prevention policy]. Presse Med. 1994;23(32):1467-70. [In French].
- Wallon M, Nguyen Hoang Hanh DT, Peyron F, Chêne G. Impact of health education for the primary prevention of Toxoplasma infection in pregnancy: lessons from the ERIS study.16th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID); 2006 Apr 1-4; Nice (France). Abstract No.: p876.
- Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS). Comment mieux informer les femmes à risques. Des recommandations pour les professionnels de santé. [How to better inform the women at risk. Recommendations for health care professionals]. Saint-Denis La Plaine, France: HAS; 2005 Apr. [In French]. Available from: http://www.has-sante.fr/portail/upload/docs/application/pdf/femmes_enceintes_recos.pdf
- Johnson K, Posner SF, Biermann J, Cordero JF, Atrash HK, Parker CS, et al. Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care--United States. A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006;55(RR-6):1-23.
- Ministère de la Santé, de la Jeunesse et des Sports. Présentation du Plan “Santé des jeunes”. [Presentation of the plan ”Health of the young”]. Press release; 2008 Feb 27. [In French]. Available from http://www.sante.gouv.fr/accueil/plan_sante_jeunes.pdf
- Abdel-Malek N, Chiarelli AM, Sloan M, Stewart DE, Mai V, Howlett RI. Influence of physician and patient characteristics on adherence to breast cancer screening recommendations. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008;17(1):48-53
- Lurie N, Slater J, McGovern P, Ekstrum J, Quam L, Margolis K. Preventive care for women. Does the sex of the physician matter? N Engl J Med. 1993;329(7):478-82
- Henderson JT, Weisman CS, Grason H. Are two doctors better than one? Women's physician use and appropriate care. Womens Health Issues. 2002;12(3):138-49. | <urn:uuid:5939cfd5-05be-4331-adc5-b41e411bc975> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19137 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00558-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923196 | 5,799 | 1.9375 | 2 |
18 enero, 2017
This simple childrens craft is an original carnival costume. The children can also play at home letting the imagination fly.
- To develop imagination and creativity.
- To develop motor control
- Three cardboard dishes.
- Bronze or golden paint.
- Crepe paper.
- A paintbrush.
- A stapler.
Pasos a seguir
Staple the three dishes as in the photo to shape the helmet: 2 dishes in front and one dish back.
Paint the helmet bronze or golden, as you prefer.
Cut out stripes of crepe paper 12-15 cm long. Unroll them and bend them to obtain rectangles of about 6 cm width.
Cut out the feathers, as in the photo, and make fringes on their edge.
Staple the feathers to the top of the helmet. If you want you can make feathers of different colours and sizes.
- Edad: 6 years
- Tiempo: 45 minutes
- Dificultad: Low
¡Sé el primero en comentar! | <urn:uuid:66722b35-3716-4257-928e-a982c299ea9c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.conmishijos.com/ocio-en-casa/manualidades-para-ninos/manualidades-c/manualidades-conqueror-helmet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00145-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.733844 | 231 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In the Netherlands, the discovery of the large Groningen gas field which brought about a boom in that resource sector, with a lot of - highly profitable - investment concentrating in that sector. The reason that something which sounds like good news is called a disease is that the investment in that profitable sector tends to cause a drop in investment in other industrial sectors, because it is so much more profitable; at the same time, there is a lot of extra revenue from the export of the resource, which generates new demand which cannot be fulfilled by domestic production and gives rise to increased imports. The fact that resource exports grow strongly also tends to cause the domestic currency to get stronger, thus further penalising other sectors of activity on international markets. The result is a weakening of the rest of the economy, and increased reliance on the resource sector.
This then becomes a problem when the new sector is based on finite resources, and eventually goes into decline. At that point, exports dry up, but the rest of the economy, having become uncompetitive and fallen behind, can no longer pick up the slack and has become too small to carry the economy over. Thus the overall economy suffers.
In effect, the displacement of existing activity by the new sector is, to some extent, irreversible, and thus, when the resource dries up, the overall economy is permanently weakened. It's also part of the "resource curse", which usually includes additional symptoms like corruption and weakening of democratic rules as a lot of money gets concentrated in relatively few hands (those that own and those that regulate the resource industry). In the worst cases, it can include militarisation of society (weapons being an easy way to spend a lot of foreign currency and being occasionally useful against those that might want to take your sweet spot overseeing the cash cow).
I think that the above is increasingly relevant to describe the economy of the UK and, to a lesser extent, that of the US, which are increasingly dominated by the financial services industry.
That prevalence of the financial world is no longer a matter of dispute. In fact, it is celebrated with increasingly euphoric words in most business publications and current affairs books. There is an air of hegelian (or marxist) inevitability about the triumph of markets and Anglo-Saxon capitalism, led by the powerhouses (banks, hedge funds and assorted accomplices) in the City of London and on Wall Street.
But just as Britain led the world into industrialisation, so now Britain is leading it out. Today you can still find a few British engineers and scientists making jet engines and pharmaceuticals—and doing rather well at it. But many more are cooking up algorithms for hedge funds and investment banks—where in many cases they add more value. The economy has boomed these past 15 years, as manufacturing has been left behind and London has become the world's leading international financial centre. Britain's deficit in manufactured goods is hitting record highs. But so are the capital inflows.
The Economist (editorial, this week)
The collapse of the trade balance, linked to the long term (relative) decline of the manufacturing sector is indeed one of the most noteworthy commonalities between the US and UK economies, along with the reliance on the sale of services, in particular financial services:
(from this text, which deserves a diary of its own)
Unfettered finance is fast reshaping the global economy (by Martin Wolf, senior editor, Financial Times, 19 June 2007)
It is capitalism, not communism, that generates what the communist Leon Trotsky once called “permanent revolution”. It is the only economic system of which that is true. Joseph Schumpeter called it “creative destruction”. Now, after the fall of its adversary, has come another revolutionary period. Capitalism is mutating once again.
Much of the institutional scenery of two decades ago – distinct national business elites, stable managerial control over companies and long-term relationships with financial institutions – is disappearing into economic history. We have, instead the triumph of the global over the local, of the speculator over the manager and of the financier over the producer. We are witnessing the transformation of mid-20th century managerial capitalism into global financial capitalism.
Above all, the financial sector, which was placed in chains after the Depression of the 1930s, is once again unbound. Many of the new developments emanated from the US. But they are ever more global. With them come not just new economic activities and new wealth but also a new social and political landscape.
The ability of the financial world to generate high returns on capital has fuelled the massive financial boom we've been in for most of our lives and which has so transformed our economic landscape. By demonstrating regular high returns possible, it has generalised the requirement for such returns in all economic activities, and thus the need for constant restructuring of businesses, for cost-cutting, offshoring and, often, for the wholesale dismantlement of whole sectors of activity that could not generate the required profitability.
Sectors like manufacturing have seen their share of economic activity shrink , as many activities were outsourced, offshored or eliminated altogether. The trade balance has gone south, and jobs have disappeared under relentless pressure for higher competitivity.
This might not be so bad if the jobs created in the service sector, and in finance in particular, were as numerous and high paying - and durable as those in the industry. All statistics on median wages suggest that this is not the case: median wages have been stagnant over the past couple of decades, with a stark increase in inequality. Increased wealth (as measured by GDP or average income) has been captured by a small number of people at the top, something strikingly similar to the remuneration structure of big investment banks and the rest of the financial industry.
The inequality might be acceptable if there was a prospect of reversing it as increasing prosperity is created (this is essentially the argument of Martin Wolf and other proponents of globalisation), but is in fact a structural and necessary feature of the system. Globalisation has spawned a whole ideology about efficient allocation of resources, optimisation of investment decisions, and the invisible, but natural, and morally neutral hand that allow markets to reveal the best price at any given moment for any item. It brings along a vicious hate for taxation, and sees government, and its core functions, redistribution and regulation, as something to be avoided and eliminated as much as possible, being fundamentally anti-efficient. It also brings the core idea that only things that have a price have a value, that everything can be measured in dollars, and that what isn't so measured has no worth nor legitimacy. It fosters a culture of individualism ("freedom") and consumerism ("success"). Social policies (which require distribution), common goods (which need to be defined and managed) and non-economic measures of well-being are spurned and actively fought. Growth is paramount.
While I think that this is more than enough to disqualify neoliberalism (as I have mande abundantly clear in many earlier diaries), there is actually worse. and that's where the concept of the 'Dutch disease' comes in.
One of the core triggers of the Dutch disease is that the resource sector which has unbalanced the economy eventually shrinks as the underlying resource is depleted. In our case, the industry that causes activity-substitution (finance) can appear to be able to grow ad infinitum, without any limitation to actual resources. Just borrow more money to do bigger deals and enjoy the very real income taken along the way. Find another lender to refinance or another buyer to re-purchase, and you're home and dry. Or just do deals where the actual burden to repay is pushed back into the future (and you won't be around anymore if and when they falter). Thus the City and Wall Street can appear to generate more jobs than the industries they kill off destroy. In addition, with New York and (even moreso) London dominating finance worldwide and not just domestically, they can create jobs and capture wealth locally while imposing their requirements on companies and activities in other countries, thus creating little or no pain at home (see the graph below on how the UK as a whole can be defined as an offshore financial center, just like any Caribbean Island...)
So, while to some extent parasitic on other economies, it might at least make sense for the UK and the US - as nimbler, faster, smarter economies, they reap the benefits of globalisation and are understandably promoting their interests by defending globalisation. And hey, they are providing real services to investors around the world, who are "free to seek out the best returns around" and "voting with their feet/money."
But in fact, this is but a transitory phenomenon, underpinned by a single underlying factor: the long decline of inflation, and thus of interest rates, over the past 25 years.
We've been living in a long, massive bull market for bonds, born off the inflation of the 70s, and the grand ride which was made possible by the new financial tools offered by the IT revolution and by Reagan/Thatcher inspired deregulation is about to come to an end. The returns we've grown used to were just a long but temporary phase in a natural long term economic cycle, and, despite the final boost provided by 'Bubbles' Greenspan in the last few years, not something that can be sustained on a permanent basis. Put simply, it is not possible to generate 15% per annum returns on capital forever when the underlying economy is growing only by 3%.
As the interest rates go up again, and liquidity tightens again, the financial industry is going to run out of the underlying resource that sustained it - easy and plentiful access to money. As that constraint imposes its implacable discipline, and the financial industry finds out that it no longer has anything to offer to its clients (trading stuff, or trading imaginary products remotely backed by stuff, will no longer be so much more profitable than making stuff), it is going to shrink and withdraw. And the countries and cities that have bet on that industry for their prosperity will face the resource curse, as their core activity loses steam and alternative activities, having being neglected for so long, no longer exist or are too small or uncompetitive to make a difference, and cannot pick up the slack. This is what I propose should be called the Anglo Disease.
As this reversal has not yet taken place, and as this prediction threatens the livelihoods of many of my readers, I expect to be mocked and dismissed, but bear with me and help me work on the concept.
I hope to expand on the idea in further diaries, and I hope to get your feedback (including questions if you're not sure you understand what I wrote - maybe I am actually talking nonsense, for all my apparent trust in my assertions). The topic ties in neatly with the critique of neoliberalism I've been trying to write about in the past, to our unsustainable focus on growth as a sign of success, to worries about resource availability, and to the "inevitability" of the Western model - or rather of its financial brat, the Anglo-Saxon capitalist market economy, so there is a lot of matter to write about, and I hope you'll join in the fun. | <urn:uuid:476e78eb-b720-4f9d-bf1c-58118d50f2cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.eurotrib.com/story/2007/6/24/171939/548 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964238 | 2,321 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Foreign-based scam uses local telephone number
Published 2:27 pm, Saturday, June 16, 2012
Local peace officers have been receiving numerous reports of a foreign scam hitting the area and are warning residents to be cautious.
According to Constable Mark Mull, the scammers are identifying themselves as representatives of Publishers Clearing House, and offering an opportunity to win a new 2013 BMW or chance at $4 million.
The Better Business Bureau also is investigating the reports, and the calls reportedly are coming from area codes 876 and 809, which originate in Jamaica.
Mull said the callers attempt to get recipients to go to Walmart and buy two prepaid credit cards for $495. They are then told to send two cards to an address, which will be given to them after the cards are purchased.
According to the BBB, after the cards have been purchased, the victim is instructed to call a number that appears to be a local telephone number, but it is not.
In a press release, South Plains BBB President Greg Linder said the Plainview phone number was sold as part of a block of phone numbers that were, in turn, issued by “Magic Jack,” an Internet phone service that uses voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) to connect callers through a computer.
“These types of scams are fairly common, but technology has allowed the scammers to fool people into thinking they are dealing with someone close by,” Linder said.
The Federal Trade Commission and Immigration and Customs Enforcement have been working with international law enforcement agencies to crack down on this type of scam.
Mull said the best thing people can do is to hang up or gather as much information as they can, then contact the BBB at 763-0459 or local authorities. | <urn:uuid:b05a6400-86b5-473a-b675-e0d6cb921b82> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Foreign-based-scam-uses-local-telephone-number-8417565.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00490-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96322 | 368 | 1.539063 | 2 |
The history of slavery is filled with accounts of horror, injustice and misery meted out by humans upon their fellow humans. One forgotten piece of this history has now emerged from 400-year-old documents rediscovered in the dusty archives of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, now a region of Italy.
In 1610, a group of enslaved Jewish women from Morocco was gang-raped in the slave prison of the bustling Renaissance port city of Livorno, says Tamar Herzig, a professor of early modern history at Tel Aviv University. The perpetrators were local Christian convicts sentenced to forced labor and enslaved Muslims who were held in the same facility, Herzig reports in a study published Tuesday in American Historical Review.
Even more shockingly, the historian discovered that the crime was planned and organized by the doctor who was in charge of the slaves’ safety, a man who was also the first mayor of Livorno and is still celebrated today as one of the city’s founding fathers.
And why did he do it? For money. In the subsequent outcry and investigation, the good doctor successfully defended himself by explaining that the rape was intended as a “lesson” for the local Jewish community, who had been too slow in paying the high ransom demanded for the freedom of the captured Jews.
Herzig’s discovery sheds light on the phenomenon of slavery in Christian and Muslim countries around the Mediterranean during the Renaissance and the early modern era, and especially on the oft forgotten Jewish and female victims of this brutal practice.
It also reminds us that the economic, artistic and scientific revival of the Renaissance – which was very much centered on Tuscany and its capital, Florence – was also fueled in part by money and labor gleaned from capturing and trading in human beings.
Life expectancy: Five years
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During centuries of conflict between Christian and Muslim powers across Europe and the Mediterranean, corsairs from both sides would raid shipping and towns of the opposing side, enslaving any captured men, women and children, Herzig explains.
Scholars still debate how many people were caught up in the Mediterranean slave trade, which lasted roughly from 1500 to 1800. Estimates vary from a lower range of 3 million-5 million, to a ceiling of 6 million-7 million people, with a three-to-one ratio of Christian to Muslim slaves.
Mediterranean slavery differed radically from the transatlantic trade of enslaved Africans to the Americas, Herzig notes. Firstly, slaves in the Mediterranean did not go through the horrors of the Middle Passage, the long and often fatal crossing of the Atlantic that Africans were subjected to in their slavers’ ships. Christians and Muslims were also not as isolated from their countries of origin. Some, especially prominent captives, could be returned in prisoner exchanges or ransomed by relatives or a rich patron.
Finally, this kind of enslavement was usually predicated on religious, rather than racial, differences, meaning that slaves who converted to their captors’ religion could be freed, although owners were under no obligation to do so. Additionally, at least in central and northern Italy, the children born to slave women were baptized at birth, raised as free Catholics, and generally integrated into society, albeit sometimes as wards of the state.
“There was no multigenerational slavery of the kind we see in the Americas, which also means there were no ethno-religious communities that kept some kind of collective memory,” Herzig says. “That’s one of the reasons we know relatively little about these slaves.”
Despite the differences with the transatlantic trade and the brutalities of plantation labor in the Americas, Mediterranean slavery was no walk in the park. Fit men who were not ransomed or exchanged were used as forced laborers and rowers in the galleys that the two sides used in naval conflicts. Their life expectancy was usually between five and 10 years, Herzig says. Women and children were sold as domestic servants – an existence rife with abuse and sexual exploitation.
Records are spotty, and there are no broad estimates of how many Jews were enslaved, but there were certainly many thousands who fell in the hands of corsairs from either side, Herzig says. Jews who lived in Muslim lands were liberally enslaved by Christian forces, while those from Christendom were free game for the Barbary pirates of North Africa. Once taken, Jews were in a particularly vulnerable position. While Muslim and Christian powers could easily retaliate on their own enemy prisoners for any mistreatment of their people, Jews were at a higher risk of being abused or raped – since they had no political or military clout of their own, Herzig notes. Also, since most Christian and Muslim rulers were not particularly protective of their Jews, they were often excluded from prisoner exchange deals and their only chance at freedom was to be ransomed by relatives at home or by local the Jewish community.
This brings us to the events that occurred in Livorno (also called Leghorn in English).
A sadistic doctor
The story begins in the summer of 1610, when a ship of the Knights of St. Stephen brought to Livorno a group of 14 Jews they had captured between Tetouan, in Morocco, and Tunis. These knights were a religious military order founded by the powerful Medici family, which ruled over what was then the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The knights were ostensibly charged with protecting shipping from the threat of North African pirates, but also engaged in their privateering against defenseless Muslim vessels.
Once they were placed in Livorno’s slave pen, the Moroccan Jews were questioned by the prison doctor, one Bernardetto Buonromei, whose job it was to decide the amount of money for which they could be ransomed or sold. Buonromei was considered an upstanding citizen, who had served for years as a doctor on the Tuscan galleys and had been Livorno’s first mayor when the recently constructed port town was recognized as a city by the grand duke in 1606.
Buonromei soon learned that the Jews of Tetouan were fleeing famine and a civil war that were ravaging Morocco at the time. They were destitute refugees with no assets or relatives who could pay their ransom.
Buonromei, who stood to receive a percentage of the ransom and had gotten extremely rich off the slave trade, did not take the news well, according to a subsequent probe ordered by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II de’ Medici.
“Doctor Bernardetto kicked the men and the women in the chest with his feet,” says the report of the investigation, which was published by Herzig. “He ordered the head shaving of the Jews and the smearing of their heads and their faces with salted pork meat.”
Next, Buonromei (sometimes spelled Borromei), contacted the leaders of the local Jewish community to see if they were interested in ransoming their coreligionists. This was not unusual, both in Livorno and elsewhere. Just in the Tuscan port, the inflow of Jewish captives had been increasing over the previous years: from around 20 in the last decades of the 16th century to more than 70 between 1607 and 1611, Herzig found.
The local Jews were a fairly prosperous community of traders and bankers who had moved to Livorno, lured by the promise of religious freedom granted by the Medicis, who were eager to attract business to their new port city. Because of the increasing number of captives, in 1606 the community had introduced a self-tax to create the Hevrat Pidyon Shevuyim (Hebrew for Society for the Redemption of Prisoners) to help Jewish slaves for whom no ransom was forthcoming.
When the prison’s doctor came knocking, however, the Jews apparently didn’t pay up quickly enough. Possibly the fund had been depleted by earlier redemptions, or perhaps the community’s leaders were reluctant to pay the high ransom that Buonromei demanded, lest this make Jews an even more desirable target for Christian pirates, Herzig speculates.
In any case, Buonromei’s response was swift and ruthless. While females of all confessions were habitually kept in separate quarters in the slave prison, he ordered that the Jewish women be placed in the dormitories of the men, so that they would be raped by the Christian and Muslim rowers stationed there. It is possible that the Muslim captives were particularly eager to participate in the gang rape as revenge for the involvement of Jews, in Livorno and the Mediterranean in general, in trading in Muslim slaves. Of course, Herzig adds, Jews were pushed into this trade because it was one of the few professions they were allowed to pursue, along with moneylending.
‘One lost her mind’
Buonromei’s actions were considered unacceptable even in a society that deemed slavery legal. Enslaved females were generally protected from rape, at least until they were ransomed or sold to a private individual, if anything because, in the heavily patriarchal societies of the time, sexual assault diminished a woman’s value in the eyes of a potential buyer or her own family.
“If you are waiting for a ransom, you want to get the highest possible amount of money and not upset the family or the community. So even if a rape happened it would not have been publicized,” Herzig tells Haaretz. “This is what is unique about this case: everybody in the city knew about it, because it was done to purposely shame the Jews.”
Indeed, the Jews of Livorno took the rape as a personal affront and wrote repeatedly to Cosimo II de’ Medici, asking him to remove and punish Buonromei. It was the discovery of these and other documents in the archives of Livorno and Florence that first put the Israeli historian on the case.
In their letters, the Jews tell the grand duke that the 14 captives from Tetouan were being subjected to “tortures and torments to which slaves are not subject in any part of the world and especially not in the state of His Most Serene Highness.”
Being more concerned with their own “humiliation” than with the fate of the actual victims, the Jews of Livorno don’t offer us much detail about the slaves from Tetouan. We don’t know how many of the 14 were women, or their names, or how long they were kept at the mercy of the enslaved rowers.
One of the petitions does mention that, as a result of the assault, one woman “lost her mind, and overcome by desperation threw her daughter from the window, and the girl’s life is in danger, and she wanted to do the same to the baby who is nursing at her breast had she not been impeded.” The woman had her hands and feet bound and was committed to a hospital.
For his part, Cosimo ordered the abovementioned investigation by a local governor, which ascertained the truth of the events. In letters to the grand duke, Buonromei himself didn’t deny the accusations, but defended his conduct, saying that he was accused simply because he was considered “too severe in attaining the interest of Your Most Serene Highness.”
Buonromei presented the rape as something that in the future would ensure the payment of ransom by Livorno’s affluent Jews, Herzig says. The grand duke clearly agreed with this economic rationale, as he did not punish Buonromei – or the slaves who perpetrated the rape. Cosimo continued to support the doctor, even paying for the bust statue that still adorns his burial chapel in Livorno’s cathedral.
Buonromei, who died around 1616, was later also honored by having a city street named after him. He continues to be celebrated today, with actors playing him in pageants that commemorate Livorno’s founding, Herzig says.
The dark side of the Renaissance
Buonromei’s legacy is not the only reminder of Livorno’s and Tuscany’s past entanglement with slavery. Perhaps the best known memento is the city’s most famous landmark, sculptor Pietro Tacca’s Monument of the Four Moors.
Commissioned by Cosimo, it shows his father and predecessor, Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinand I de’ Medici, towering over four chained captured enemy pirates of African and Middle Eastern descent. (The statue has recently become a focal point for local protests in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.)
But while the acts of reciprocal enslavement by Christian and Muslim powers have been relatively well explored by scholars, the discovery of Buonromei’s actions sheds some light on the unique experience of Jewish captives, and in particular of women, whose stories are rarely preserved in the historical record, Herzig notes. It also paints a darker picture of Renaissance Tuscany and its Medici rulers, more often seen as enlightened sovereigns and patrons of the arts. Yet when it came to protecting their business interests, they quickly sided with someone who clearly viewed Jews as chattel.
Slavery was a “constant presence” in the lives of Jewish communities in the Mediterranean in that period, says Anna Foa, a retired professor of modern history at La Sapienza University in Rome and an expert on the history of Italian Jews. In fact, there are accounts of Jews landing at the port of Genoa, in northern Italy, after their expulsion from Spain in 1492 and selling some of their children into slavery to save the rest of the family from starvation, Foa notes.
Despite this long history, the state-sanctioned mass rape that Herzig uncovered is an “unusual” occurrence, not because of any moral qualms people may have felt at the time, but because it reduced the value of the female captives, says Foa, who did not take part in Herzig’s study.
“Because it is so anomalous, this extraordinary discovery tells us a lot about the story of Jews in Italy, about the power dynamics in their relationships with the various Italian states and about slavery in the Mediterranean in general,” she tells Haaretz.
As for the victims of Buonromei’s plot, their fate remains unknown to us. The women from Tetouan may have been part of a group of more than 30 Jewish slaves who were ransomed in Livorno in 1611. If they were indeed freed, they would likely still have faced scorn and possibly repudiation by their husbands and families over the rape, Herzig says.
If they were not redeemed, the women’s fate would have been likely worse. They would have been sold into a life of servitude, and any children resulting from the rape (or any subsequent assault) would have been baptized and separated from them if the mothers did not convert as well.
“Writing about the rape of female slaves, who could not leave behind testimonies of their abuse, is a tremendous responsibility,” Herzig concludes in her study. “Reconstructing the human suffering that Buonromei unleashed, and then strove to consign to oblivion, aims at providing a counter-narrative to the one he wished to create by silencing his victims.” | <urn:uuid:bc846816-ace0-42a9-8715-3c1034b20014> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2022-04-28/ty-article/gang-rape-of-jewish-slave-women-in-medieval-italy-exposed-by-archaeologists/00000180-66ec-d5b7-a3e3-f7fd6d950000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572215.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815235954-20220816025954-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.981407 | 3,275 | 3.375 | 3 |
PHOTOS: David Meyers and Andrea White
Two Jewish actors explore the meaning of tolerance in “The No Play,” set in the racially divided world of Halifax, NC, in 1949 during the apex of the Jim Crow era.
PassinArt: A Theatre Company presents this exploration of deep family bonds, profound love and cultural connections. The title is derived from the many “No” signs that dotted the southern landscape at that time. (See play information below)
Andrea White is Mattie Cheeks, an African-American woman struggling to raise her two daughters and protect her marriage – all while surviving the seemingly insurmountable effects of racism and bigotry. She finds an ally in Yaveni Aaronsohn, played by David Meyers. The Jewish scholar must endure and overcome the reality of racial intolerance of the era. Yaveni is researching a book on the similarities and differences between the prejudice and victimization experienced by blacks and Jews.
The topic resonates with Andrea in real life. Andrea shared stories of her dual heritage growing up Jewish and black in Oregon Jewish Life’s October 2015 cover story (https://orjewishlife.com/andrea-white-brings-dual-perspective-to-racially-tense-play/). “I have been straddling two worlds all my life,” said the Portland native. “I grew up here with my mom’s side of the family and was taught to walk into any situation with an open mind and the thought, the gift, that it could be changed. When I’d visit my dad, I tried to understand the way society saw me as a black or brown person.”
David is a veteran of many professional repertory theaters, having performed at the Cincinnati Playhouse, La Jolla Playhouse, The Old Globe Theater, San Diego Repertory, North Coast Repertory, Portland Repertory, Portland Center Stage, Portland Playhouse, Artists Repertory, Southwest Repertory, Perseverance Theater and many others.
“This play is looming large in my consciousness right now,” says David. “From the time I first read it last summer, it has gripped my heart and my mind. The racist themes examined here, playing out circa 1949, reflect us so accurately as peoples today. Yaveni Aaronsohn, whom I play, embodies so much in common with me as a Jew that I simply cannot disengage.”
Founded in 1982 as an African-American theater company, PassinArt’s mission is to entertain, educate, and inspire artists and diverse audiences while addressing critical issues facing our community and to celebrate our history and culture.
The play has certainly inspired David. He says that the differences between Black, Jew, Hispanic, Asian, Indigenous American and other peoples have faded away as he reflects on the play and the climate today.
“The drumbeat of hatred, sounding so strongly, creates a day-to-day reality in which all must dwell and find a way to cope and survive,” says David. “This shows me so clearly that hate is indeed color blind. And that past is indeed prologue.”
Written by John Henry Redwood III (1942-2003), “The No Play” opened in 2000 in Philadelphia and was nominated for a Barrymore Award for the best new play.
Ticket prices range from $18.50 to $28. Post-show discussions with the cast, director and community thought leaders are scheduled on Sundays, March 24 and April 7.
THE NO PLAY
WHEN: March 14-April 14, 3 pm Sundays; 7:30 pm Fridays and Saturdays
WHERE: Interstate Firehouse Cultural Center, 5340 N Interstate Ave., Portland
DIRECTED BY: William Earl Ray
PRESENTED BY: PassinArt: A Theatre Company | <urn:uuid:c5ad1047-b3d9-489e-8f1a-b59802a9aa33> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://orjewishlife.com/cultural-connections-explored-in-play-of-discrimination/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.94653 | 822 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Newcomb Art Gallery at Tulane University is partnering with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service to present the largest, most comprehensive collection of Newcomb arts and crafts to tour the country in nearly three decades.
The show, “Women, Art and Social Change: The Newcomb Pottery Enterprise,” will run from Oct. 3 to March 9, 2014, at Newcomb Art Gallery before launching a national tour.
Critically acclaimed and highly coveted, Newcomb ceramics are considered some of the most significant expressions of American art pottery of the 20th century. The exhibition will feature more than 130 objects — the iconic pottery as well as lesser known textiles, metalwork, jewelry, bookbinding and works on paper. Samples of ceramics from the Newcomb Guild (1942-1952) will also be on view.
“The exhibition brings together a variety of objects created during the lifespan of the Newcomb enterprise,” said Sally Main, show curator and senior curator of the Newcomb Art Gallery. “The finest examples of the pottery art form will be displayed alongside pieces that will come as a revelation to many — not only a rich variety of crafts but also photos and artifacts that breathe life into the Newcomb legacy."
The Newcomb Pottery enterprise, in existence from 1895 to 1940, was established as an educational experiment of H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College, Tulane University’s former women’s college. The quasi-commercial venture offered an opportunity for Southern women to support themselves financially during and after their training as artists. Inspired by the flora and fauna of the Gulf South, the pieces offer insight into the extraordinary women who made a lasting impression on American culture.
Representing 45 years of achievement in decorative arts, the exhibit is supported by grants from the Henry Luce Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts, Art Works, which were matched by supporters of Newcomb Art Gallery. From New Orleans, the exhibition will travel to the Georgia Museum of Art in Athens, Ga., before continuing on an eight-city tour through 2016. | <urn:uuid:fdca66c1-cc7b-4152-8669-45902586a15d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.neworleanscvb.com/includes/events/index.cfm?action=displayDetail&eventid=18476 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00404-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955654 | 431 | 2.0625 | 2 |
subName is its own
Resolveable Map. You could potentially string them to infinity, which is why I suggest we put a timeout limit on that.
Originally, I was intending a
Files Map to be a sub class of
Resolvable Map (being all but the same, but for the context of its use (which can be important for the resolver).
With this I’m intending to mean, the last MD of
Files Map type… and we then go on to resolve the
path of the url, with what we’ve found there.
I’ll clarify this in the RFC
I find myself wondering the same. While we’ve set up the
default construct to allow for now wanting a
Sub Name… Do we require a
Resolvable Map before a
Files Map. I don’t think so. I can’t see a reason to need it… thoughts? (@bochaco?)
Yeh, we actually spoke briefly about this being its own RFC, which I think might be worth doing as it is not strictly anything to do with the resolution (beyond the sha3 hash of name pointing to our first
Map. So I think that might be worth doing, to give that the space it needs to clarify such things (as I think it is confusing trying to shim it in here).
(Though in short: it would be RDF, so yes, talking about
keys is somewhat confusing. Though to clarify in our current setup of using MD, a sub graph will actually map to a key, such that we can have
safe://<yourPublicName> as a key in the MD (which would be the subject of the graph, and target
@id in jsonld terms).
This should actually be changed to talk about
resolvesTo, and is something I’ve missed after we did a refactor of the graphs last week (Though I agree on the use of base URI’s where it’s appropriate).
I honestly don’t find turtle any easier, and more often than not, more confusing. This comes down to personal preference IMO. (There are many w3c specs which choose JSON-LD over turtle in their examples).
But the representation becomes important when considering how it might map to our data structures (namely MD in this case, as that’s what we’re suggesting to use, and the mapping is important when considering performance on fetches/iterating over graphs etc).
I’m not really into adding in two formats for examples though, as it would make everything very long (given the limitations of github presentation… a tabbed setup for examples would be ideal). | <urn:uuid:35ce6891-4c1a-4e5e-9991-18a8074aacfd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forum.safedev.org/t/rfc-public-name-system-resolution-and-rdf/2185/46 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.952072 | 570 | 1.585938 | 2 |
FinCEN has hired Michele Korver, a former US Department of Justice staffer, as its first crypto advisor.
Korver is no stranger to cryptocurrencies, as her prior employment required her to combat money laundering through the use of digital currencies.
FinCEN wants Korver to help boost the agency’s position in the “crypto arena” by developing new strategic ways for stopping illegal digital currency transactions in partnership with partners. Michael Mozier, a representative of FinCEN management, stated that they highly respect Korver’s experience in developing a code of judicatures on digital currency in the United States.
The administration said in early July that it would rigorously oversee cryptocurrencies, allocating a separate “sector” for this purpose. In addition, it will become a primary priority for FinCEN in the battle against terrorist financing and money laundering.
FinCEN’s leadership has displayed a long-standing interest in crypto experts. For example, Mozier, the director of FinCEN, previously worked as the CTO of the Chainalysis analytic team. | <urn:uuid:c1557093-07b5-4061-9d18-02a1bea320aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cryptowatchlists.com/fincen-employs-the-first-cryptocurrency-advisor-in-the-organizations-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.945093 | 233 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Peak District Millstones
Gritstone has been worked into tools to grind grain for at least 2,000 years. The earliest evidence are querns : simple blunt cones and cylinders worked entirely by muscle power can be found at Wharncliffe near Stocksbridge. Querns (that is hand powered stones) with a more familiar wheel design comes from an early medieval dig at Blackwell near Buxton. The millstones which attract the attention of the visitor most often, however, are the stones designed for use by water, wind and steam mills. There are probably 1,500 of these scattered throughout the Peak, although approx 80% are within 2 kilometers of a line drawn from Moscar (map ref.: SK2388) to Fox House (SK264803) and on to Dobb Edge (SK2687150) in the grounds of Chatsworth. A few more are on Stanton Moor or scattered around Ashover.
It is important to distinguish between:
millstones, used in pairs to shear grains fed into a narrow gap between their faces;
grindstones, used to sharpen metal cutting tools etc. pushed against their edges and
edge runners - cylindrical stones mounted on an axle and used to crush a variety of materials and even foodstuffs as they rolled around a pivot.
A special type of grindstone that was quarried in large numbers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were pulp stones. These were mostly exported to Canada and Scandinavia to be mounted in machines used to pulp timber for paper making. Grindstones were quarried from gritstone in Derbyshire, but such coarse grained material had limited uses; the main source for the grindstones used in the Sheffield cutlery and tool industries in the 18th and 19th centuries were quarries in the Rotherham area, which contained fine grained sandstones. Edge runners crushed materials such as lead ore, paint pigment, glass for recycling, cork (for linoleum) and apples for cider.
Gritstone millstones quarried for milling flour were termed "Peaks" by millers. Up to the 18th century, millers in England used millstones quarried from a single grit block. These were "Peaks", but finer grained stones were also imported from the Cologne (Koln) area in Germany, and these were termed "Cullen" stones. In the 18th century, composite stones, made up from blocks of chert in a cement matrix, were often used to grind the increasingly popular white flour. Composites needed re-cutting less often and were less prone to discolour the flour; they were termed "French" stones, although they were manufactured in England (there are records of the chert blocks being offered for sale in Derby), as well as France. Many popular books claim that "French" stones replaced Derbyshire "Greys" because they were cheaper; in fact chert composites were much more expensive, but produced whiter flour, lasted longer and needed less maintenance.
Although the final dressing of millstones is known in great detail (see web site listing ) the basic quarrying was carried out on a small scale and never fully documented. Masons were typically part-timers, (archaeologists call them "day workers") who farmed and quarried according to season. A man and boy could produce a pair of stones in a month. Many of what appear to be the oldest stones are domed on one side and are well away from the Edges - probably worked boulders. Quarrying of solid rock was carried out in "delphs" - embayments in the natural edge (cliff) 10 -20 metres across, best seen at Burbage (SK985810). Prior to the 19th century, when explosives started to be used, this would have involved hand drilling a hole, inserting long metal plates, and then driving a wedge between the plates to split the rock: the "plug and feathers" technique; the half holes created are still evident see
It is not clear how millstones were sold to millers. Some millers, or their agents, undoubtedly came to Derbyshire and bought stones on the spot. Through the 18th century, however, great numbers of millstones were bought and sold by the corporation of King Lynn, as a means of ensuring the trading position of the port.
How were millstones transported? Even today, getting a block of stone weighing well over a ton from a steep slope is no casual task. When only muscle power was available, it is hard for the modern mind to comprehend how this could be a routine, but clearly it was. Stones were joined in pairs with a short wooden axle (listed in the probate inventory of a Dronfield merchant) and hauled up to the moorland at the top of the Edge. There, they were put on sledges, and hauled to a dock at Bawtry (now built over) on the River Idle, a tributary of the Trent. This enabled stones to then be shipped by water to Hull, and from Hull to Kings Lynn or other ports. Some stones were taken downhill and must have been transported down the Derwent valley.
There is a Flickr group dedicated to millstones
Copyright @ 2006 Stephen N.Wood. All rights reserved.
This is a Web Counter
This page has been accessed times since reset. | <urn:uuid:f901ea72-cf8a-46ab-905f-c2995690737e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.peakscan.freeuk.com/geology.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00003-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978553 | 1,113 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Sumatra Gayo River
Surrounding the shores of Lake Tawar, in the mountains of northern Sumatra, the Gayo people have been cultivating coffee for nearly a century. This region has long been recognized for the unmistakable flavor of its coffee. This flavor profile is in part a result of the soil, climate, and varietal – but most contributing to cup character is the traditional style of processing, known as “Giling Basah”.
For years now, we have been working with a cooperative based in the lake-side town of Takengon, whose leader is said to have been born under a coffee tree. The 2148 members of his cooperative live in the districts of Bener Mariah, Bergendal, Jagong, and Atu Lintang, cultivating organic, shade grown coffee in harmony with a diverse array of fruits and vegetables.
Families and communities work together during harvest time, hand selecting ripe fruit. After picking, the cherries are pulped and fermented. Following a short fermentation, the cherries are transported to the cooperative in Takengon, where the parchment layer is removed. The green coffee is then sun-dried on patios, during which time it turns a deep emerald green.
Our supply comes from the farms of Jagong, a fertile valley south of Takengon, with elevations ranging from 1300 – 1600 meters. The latitude and climate of the Gayo Highlands produces multiple harvests each year, allowing us to maintain a consistent, fresh supply of this remarkable coffee. | <urn:uuid:0b6f98bf-b505-4413-94a4-4ce5bd5614ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.caffevita.com/coffee/single-origin/sumatra-gayo-river | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00159-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947149 | 318 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Death of Jesus
Top Bible Verses about Death of Jesus
Famous Christian Quotes About Death of Jesus, Cross, Crucifixion, Good Friday
The Humanity and Divinity of Jesus
He prays, but He hears prayer. He weeps, but He causes tears to cease. He asks where Lazarus was laid, for He was man; but He raises Lazarus, for He was God. He is sold, and very cheaply, for it is only for thirty pieces of silver; but He redeems the world, and that at a great price, for the price was His own blood. As a sheep He is led to the slaughter, but He is the Shepherd of Israel, and now of the whole world also. As a lamb He is silent, yet He is the Word, and is proclaimed by the voice of one crying in the wilderness. He is bruised and wounded, but He heals every disease and every infirmity. He is lifted up and nailed to the tree, but by the tree of life He restores us; indeed, He saves even the robber crucified with Him; indeed, He wrapped the visible world in darkness. He is given vinegar to drink mingled with gall. Who? He who turned the water into wine, who is the destroyer of the bitter taste, who is sweetness and altogether desire. He lays down His life, but He has power to take it again; and the veil is torn, for the mysterious doors of heaven are opened; the rocks are split, the dead arise. He dies, but He gives life, and by His death destroys death. He is buried, but He rises again; He goes down into hell, but He brings up the souls; He ascends to heaven, and will come again to judge the living and the dead.
Christ’s Steadfast Love for the Church
Before the first star was kindled, before the first living creature began to sing the praise of its Creator, he loved his Church with an everlasting love. He spied her in the glass of predestination, pictured her by his divine foreknowledge, and loved her with all his heart; and it was for this cause that he left his Father, and became one with her, that he might redeem her. It was for this cause that he went with her through all this vale of tears, discharged her debts, and bore her sins in his own body on the tree. For her sake he slept in the tomb, and with the same love that brought him down he has gone up again, and with the same heart beating true to the same blessed betrothment he has gone into the glory, waiting for the marriage day when he shall come again, to receive his perfected spouse, who shall have made herself ready by his grace. Never for a moment, whether as God over all, blessed forever, or as God and man in one divine person, or as dead and buried, or as risen and ascended, never has he changed in the love he bears to his chosen.
The Dream of the Holy Rood
’Twas many a year ago,
I yet remember it,
That I was hewn down
At the wood’s end.
Then men bare me upon their shoulders
Until they set me down upon a hill.
Then saw I tremble
The whole extent of earth.
He mounted me;
I trembled when He embraced me;
Yet dared I not to bow earthwards.
I raised the powerful King
The Lord of the Heavens.
They pierced me with dark nails.
They reviled us both together.
I was all stained with Blood,
Poured from His Side.
The shadow went forth
Pale under the welkin.
All creation wept,
They mourned the fall of their King. | <urn:uuid:a640ceca-502c-489c-85f4-8347205979fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://soundfaith.com/sermon-preaching-ideas/topics/death-of-jesus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00547-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980126 | 783 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Italy records two week low in COVID-19 deaths
Italy has recorded its lowest daily death toll from the coronavirus in more than two weeks, while the number of critical care patients declined for the second day.
The 525 fatalities reported by the civil protection service was the lowest number since the 427 deaths recorded on March 19.
Elizabeth: ‘we will succeed’ against coronavirus
Queen Elizabeth has expressed appreciation to healthcare workers on the frontline and urged a united effort to overcome the crisis, vowing “we will succeed”.
In what was only the fifth televised address of her 68-year reign, the 93-year-old monarch drew on her experience in World War II and called upon Britons to demonstrate they were as strong as past generations.
“Together we are tackling this disease, and I want to reassure you that if we remain united and resolute, then we will overcome it,” she said in the address from her Windsor Castle home.
Ethiopia records first two deaths
Ethiopia has reported the first two deaths of patients infected with coronavirus, as officials ramped up testing.
The first victim was a 60-year-old Ethiopian woman who had spent six days in intensive care, a health ministry statement said.
The second victim was a 56-year-old Ethiopian man diagnosed with COVID-19 last Thursday.
France reports lowest daily death toll in a week
France recorded 357 coronavirus deaths in hospital in 24 hours, the lowest daily increase in a week, bringing the total death toll to 8,078.
The tally included 5,889 patients who died in hospital, and 2,189 people in old age homes and other medical facilities, a government statement said.
There are now 28,891 people infected with coronavirus in hospital, an increase of 748 from the day before.
UK death figures rise by 621
The United Kingdom’s death toll from the coronavirus rose by 621 to 4,934 on April 4, the health ministry said.
A total of 195,524 people have been tested of which 47,806 tested positive, the ministry said.
Man shot dead in Philippines for flouting coronavirus rules
A 63-year-old man was shot dead in the Philippines after threatening village officials and police with a scythe at a coronavirus checkpoint, police said on Saturday.
The man is believed to have been drunk when he threatened village officials and police manning the checkpoint in the town of Nasipit in the southern province of Agusan del Norte on Thursday, a police report said. | <urn:uuid:555311e5-7154-4ac5-a0ce-16fbb56fb175> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://adirm.com.ng/latest-updates-on-covid-19-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.96969 | 546 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Maitland, Frederic William
Frederic William Maitland 1850-1906
English historian and lawyer.
Maitland was the preeminent English legal historian of the late nineteenth century. In such works as The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I (1895), which he coauthored with Sir Frederick Pollock, Maitland traced the development of common law, which comprises the body of law based on custom, precedent, and judicial decisions rather than on written statutes and which forms the basis of the modern English and American judicial systems. Maitland's prolific scholarship includes volumes on medieval property laws, public institutions, constitutional law, canon law, the history of malice aforethought, and judicial cases dating back to the thirteenth century. In addition, through his role as a founder and literary director of the Selden Society, Maitland was instrumental in publishing numerous primary sources to aid scholarship in the area of legal history.
Maitland was born in London in 1850. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, taking a B.A. in 1873 and a master's degree in 1876. He considered an academic career but, having failed to win a fellowship in history, began law studies at Lincoln's Inn, London, in 1872. Maitland was called to the bar in 1876 and entered a legal firm in London, where he specialized in conveyances, the drawing of deeds and leases for transferring ownership of real property. While working as a barrister in the late 1870s and early 1880s he began contributing articles on historical topics to the Westminster Review and the Law Magazine and Review. In 1884 he left legal practice to return to Cambridge as a reader in English law. During this period he was instrumental in founding the Selden Society, a group devoted to publishing primary materials for the study of English law, and in 1888 he was named Downing Professor of the Laws of England, a position he held for the remainder of his life. From 1899 onward Maitland spent winter months in the Canary Islands, where he died in December 1906.
During the twenty years of Maitland's publishing activity he completed a broad range of works, including numerous volumes of primary materials that he annotated and edited. Until the late-Victorian period, the source materials for the study of English legal history remained largely unknown although readily available in public records offices in England. Maitland is credited with initiating interest in these court records and other public documents through his early works, including Pleas of the Crown for the County of Gloucester in 1221 (1884) and other records of judicial cases from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. In his works Maitland traced ideas and general principles that by the nineteenth century had become seminal in English law back to their roots in particular events and court cases. His History of English Law before the Time of Edward I presents an exhaustive survey of Angevin law—law under the rule of the Plantagenet monarchs who reigned in England from 1154 to 1399—and focuses on technical aspects of such areas as matrimonial law, class distinctions, criminal law, and contract law, among other topics. Domesday Book and Beyond (1897) extends Maitland's earlier efforts to an examination of the English manorial system using as source material the "Domesday book," a survey of English life in 1086. Another area that Maitland had examined in History of English Law was the relationship between church and state in medieval England, and in Roman Canon Law in the Church of England (1898) he argued that, contrary to the position outlined by the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Courts in 1883, English ecclesiastical courts of the Middle Ages did uphold papal law. Among other works, Maitland's lectures were published in such volumes as Township and Borough (1898), English Law and the Renaissance (1901), and The Constitutional History of England (1908).
Both Maitland's original works and those he compiled were instrumental in uniting the study of law with the study of English history, which in the nineteenth century had largely been focused on the monarchy and struggles over governing power. Later historians have broadened scholarly inquiry into subjects that Maitland first brought to the fore, and the primary materials that were made available through his efforts continue to serve scholars in researching legal history. Assessing Maitland's influence, W. S. Holdsworth commented in the 1930s that "In an age of great historians I think that Maitland was the greatest, I think that he was the equal of the greatest lawyers of his day, and that, as a legal historian, English law from before the time of legal memory has never known his like."
Pleas of the Crown for the County of Gloucester in 1221 [editor] (law) 1884
Justice and Police (history) 1885
Bracton's Note Book 3 vols. [editor] (law) 1887
Select Pleas of the Crown, Vol. I: 1200-1225 [editor] (law) 1888
Why the History of English Law Is Not Written (lecture) 1888
Select Pleas in Manorial and Other Seignorial Courts, Vol. I: Reigns of Henry III and Edward I [editor] (law) 1889
The Court Baron [editor, with W. P. Baildon] (history) 1891
The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I 2 vols. [with Frederick Pollock] (history) 1895; revised edition, 1898
Select Passages from the Works of Bracton and Azo [editor] (law) 1895
Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England (history) 1897
Magistri Vacarii Summa de Matrimonio [editor] (law) 1898
Roman Canon Law in the Church of England (history) 1898
Township and Borough (lecture) 1898
Political Theories of the Middle Ages [translator] (history) 1900
The Charters of the Borough of Cambridge [editor, with Mary Bateson] (history) 1901
English Law and the Renaissance (lecture) 1901
* Year Books of Edward II 4 vols. [editor] (law) 1903-7
The Life and Letters of Leslie Stephen (biography and letters) 1906
The Constitutional History of England (lectures) 1908
Equity; also, The Forms of Action at Common Law (lectures) 1909
The Collected Papers of Frederic William Maitland. 3 vols. (lectures, essays, and history) 1911
A Sketch of English Legal History [with Francis C. Montague] (history) 1915
Selected Essays (essays) 1936
Selected Historical Essays (essays) 1957
Frederic William Maitland, Historian: Selections from His Writings (history and essays) 1960
Letters of Frederic William Maitland (letters) 1965
Letters to George Neilson (letters) 1976
* Volume IV of this work was completed by G. J. Turner.
P. Vinogradoff (essay date 1907)
SOURCE: "Frederic William Maitland," in The English Historical Review, Vol. XXII, No. 86, April, 1907, pp. 280-89.
[In the following obituary tribute, Vinogradoff provides a personal retrospective of Maitland's life and work.]
A Greek myth tells us of a king at whose touch all objects, however homely, were turned into gold. We do not see such transformations nowadays, but we know another king at whose touch every living being, however noble, is turned into dust. King Death has touched with his wand one of the most subtle and profound thinkers of our time, and stores of patiently accumulated knowledge, marvellous designs of a creative intellect have disappeared for ever from this world of ours. The best thing we have to do is to look for moral support to the example of the fallen champion, to his indomitable energy and absorbing devotion to his task through a life of pains and forebodings which might have crippled a less courageous nature. Of late years he was walking in the shadow of death in a more manifest sense than most of us, but he was too proud and strong to slacken in his efforts.
It is not my intention in the present notice to give anything like a complete account and estimate of Maitland's achievement; it is too early yet to condense its value in a short summary, and in one way or another all students of English law and history must realise constantly the importance of his bequests in the course of their own work. I should like merely to tell the readers of his Review of some impressions created by his personality and his writings in the mind of one who has had many opportunities to study both. It has been my privilege to stand very near Maitland in the early stage of his career, and since then our friendly intercourse has never been interrupted, in spite of the fact that I lived most of the time in another country and our personal interviews were not very frequent. I met him the first time at a friend's house in London in the beginning of 1884. It was at a dinner party, at which Sir Henry Maine was present. Maitland did not take much part in the talk, and listened modestly, but when we went home together we had some interesting conversation on the subject of our studies. He said, among other things—and he often repeated to me afterwards—that he would much rather devote his life to the historical study of English law than watch in his chambers in Lincoln's Inn for the footsteps of the client who never comes. Since that day we met often, and I always look with a peculiar feeling on the Gloucester Pleas of the Crown, the Note Book of Bracton, the Rolls of King's Ripton, and many pages of my own book on Villainage. They recall to my mind endless talks on remote problems of legal and social history; there are many personal traits about them which the duty of addressing a large audience of strangers has not entirely wiped out.
I am, perhaps, dwelling too long on these recollections, which concern chiefly myself. To his ever increasing public of readers and pupils the great scholar stood also in a kind of special, personal relation through his style, the literary presentment of his subject. The French saying, Le style c'est l'homme, seems true in more ways than one. A writer's style is not only a significant expression of his character and moods; it constitutes a sort of medium between him and his audience; it may attract and electrify, or, on the contrary, it may jar on them. It is not for me to speak of the idiomatic pith, the boldness, and picturesqueness of Maitland's style; but I may be allowed to dwell on a feature which has been often noticed by more competent judges: one of the qualities which contributed most to attract his readers and to dispose them towards admiration and persuasion was the wealth of humour that pervaded all his writings, in spite of their severe aims and their highly technical details. It is certainly not of smoothly polished classical patterns that one is reminded when reading brilliant pages on Anglo-Saxon hides, medieval modes of pleading, or German juridical theories. The poignant sense of the irony of life makes one rather think of Shakespeare, the continual shifting of colour and light of Sterne, the coruscating epigram of Meredith. One may take illustrations almost at random, and I do not try to select an especially happy one by quoting a passage from the introduction to Gierke's Political Theories of the Middle Age.
The Realist's cause would be described by those who are forwarding it as an endeavour to give scientific precision and legal operation to thoughts which are in all modern minds and which are always displaying themselves especially in the political field. We might be told to read the leading article in to-day's paper and observe the ideas with which the writer 'operates': the will of the nation, the mind of the legislature, the settled policy of one State, the ambitious designs of another: the praise and blame that are awarded to group-units of all sorts and kinds. We might be asked to count the lines that our journalist can write without talking of organisation. We might be asked to look at our age's criticism of the political theories and political projects of its immediate predecessor and to weight those charges of abstract individualism, atomism, and macadamisation that are currently made. We might be asked whether the British Empire has not yet revolted against a Sovereign that was merely Many (a Sovereign Number as Austin said) and in no sense really One, and whether 'the People' that sues and prosecutes in American courts is a collective name for some living men and a name whose meaning changes at every minute. We might be referred to modern philosophers: to the social tissue of one and the general will, which is the real will, of another. Then, perhaps, we might fairly be charged with entertaining a deep suspicion that all this is a metaphor: apt perhaps and useful, but essentially like the personification of the ocean and the ship, the storm and the stormy petrel.
One of the most marked peculiarities of such a style is its vividness, the power of closing abstract reasoning into forms taken from the living world of shapes and sounds. The wealth of concrete illustration was not suggested in this case merely by artistic taste. It corresponded to a constant striving of the mind to obtain a full and close grasp of the subject studied. Powerful though he was in abstract speculation and dialectic analysis, what Maitland wanted most was to trace ideas to their embodiment in facts, to sketch their ramifications and complications in practice. Therefore he never fell a prey to those scholastic formulae in which analytical jurists often delight. It is interesting to watch him in close proximity to prominent German jurists.
He much admired the work of Gierke, for instance, and fully appreciated the part played by the 'Germanists' in the remodelling of their country's private law. Of late years he had begun studying very attentively the German civil code, and even, I believe, to translate portions of it in his spare moments. But the reading of his preface to the Politcal Theories of the Middle Age suggests interesting comparisons with the main text of the German writer; the latter is, after all, a masterly exposition of formulae and principles, while the English introduction tries to reduce all theories to their practical consequences, and to sketch their evolution in all the complexity of their natural environment. Of Jellinek's dogmatic constructions and of his deductive 'Study of the State' Maitland never had occasion to speak; but in a recent production of one of Jellinek's pupils, Hatschek's Handbook of English Public Law, much is said about coincidences with Maitland's views in regard to English public bodies as representing 'passive unions' (passive Verbdnde) in contrast with 'active' ones. There is good reason to believe that this pitting of abstract categories against one another did not meet with Maitland's approval, and the latter's masterly analysis of the life of English townships and parishes, boroughs and counties, certainly does not lend itself to such scholastic distinctions. He laid stress on their responsibilities in regard to the State, but did not consider them as produced by outside pressure or void of active interests and life. In this case, as in the study on trusts, Maitland was chiefly concerned to show by what legally imperfect and clumsy means the need for corporate organisations is sometimes met in practice, and how slowly a clear conception of the principles of an institution ripens in the course of its historical life. A London club or an Inn of Court serves the purposes of a social or collegiate group, although the technical principle of the corporation is absent in this and in many other similar cases. Even so the vill and the county were certainly groups with independent cohesion and real interests; but it was important to show to what extent their self-government was determined, among other things, by the requirements of central government. It may perhaps be urged that Maitland's statements are somewhat eccentric in form and influenced by his desire to avoid commonplaces, but they do not fit into the pigeon-hole of the passiver Verband.
Even so the attention bestowed on the concrete, the interest for first-hand evidence, the disinclination to deal in other people's words made it impossible for our scholar to sympathise either with the old-fashioned doctrines of Austinian jurisprudence which he found to be 'nature-rightly'—that is, outside the frame of space and time—or with grandiloquent 'sociology,' piling up hollow terms and pretentious generalisations on very slight foundations of fact. He was emphatically an historian, a student of actual development in the past. Although his work never stuck in details for their own sake, it will always remain an example of what a thorough grasp of details and keen investigation of all the particulars of a case can mean in the research of scientific truth. For a teacher of this kind the drudgery of special disquisitions did not exist, because every minute observation connected itself with other observations on the lines of a profound insight into general processes. He shared the enthusiasm of the naturalist who is not repelled by the mean or the insignificant, for whom such terms have, in truth, no meaning; so he thoroughly realises that a microscopic study of...
(The entire section is 4311 words.)
Ernest Barker (essay date 1937)
SOURCE: "Maitland as a Sociologist," in Sociological Review, Vol. XXIX, No. 2, April, 1937, pp. 121-35.
[In the following essay, Barker discusses the sociological aspects of Maitland's historical writings.]
Frederic William Maitland, the grandson of Samuel Maitland, a historian of the Dark Ages who was famous a hundred years ago, was born in 1850 and died at the end of 1906. Educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge, he was called to the bar in 1876; but devoting himself to the study of law rather than its practice (as Jeremy Bentham had done before him), he came back to Cambridge in 1884 as Reader of English Law, and in 1888 he was elected Downing Professor...
(The entire section is 5278 words.)
G. M. Young (essay date 1937)
SOURCE: "Maitland," in Daylight and Champaign: Essays, revised edition, Rupert Hart-Davis, 1948, pp. 271-77.
[In the following essay, Young evaluates Maitland as a historian.]
Some years ago it was proposed in Cambridge to issue, with due comment and annotation, Maitland's Collected Papers. 'The Syndics of the University Press did not, however, see their way to a new edition on these lines, and another project was suggested. This was to select certain of the papers likely to be most useful to students in law, history, and politics, to edit them and publish them in one volume.… The editors venture to think that they (the students to wit) have here all that is of...
(The entire section is 1986 words.)
R. J. White (essay date 1951)
SOURCE: "F. W. Maitland: 1850-1950," in The Cambridge Journal, Vol. 4, October, 1950-September, 1951, pp. 134-43.
[In the following essay, White offers an appraisal of Maitland's work on the centenary of his birth.]
It is strange to think that Maitland should have joined the centenarians. His genius has always seemed to lie in just those qualities of mind and spirit that should protect a man from the centenary-mongers, Wisden-watchers, and monumental masons of the memory. Yet, so it is. Maitland was born a century ago, and the word has gone round, and the plums of Fisher's little Life of 1910 have been pulled out and offered to us as substitutes for thinking...
(The entire section is 6227 words.)
Robert Livingston Schuyler (essay date 1960)
SOURCE: Introduction to Frederic William Maitland: Historian, edited by Robert Livingston Schuyler, University of California Press, 1960, pp. 1-45.
[In the following excerpt, Schuyler provides an overview of Maitland's works.]
During Maitland's lifetime he came to be generally regarded by those best qualified to judge his work as the greatest historian English law had ever known, and in the half century that has passed since his death his stature as a legal historian has not diminished. His writing, however, was not confined to the field of legal history. Whatever its subject, it is permeated with a spirit that is the essence of the historical mind. He has a message...
(The entire section is 6596 words.)
James R. Cameron (essay date 1961)
SOURCE: "Maitland as Historian," in Frederick William Maitland and the History of English Law, 1961. Reprint by Greenwood Press, 1977, pp. 3-25.
[In the following excerpt from a study of Maitland that was first published in 1961, Cameron offers an analysis of Maitland's concept of history.]
[Maitland] came to history from the study of law, and the interrelationship of these two strains is evident throughout his writings. I do not mean to imply that Maitland was a narrow legal historian; this is far from the truth. Traditionally a lawyer is conservative in judgment and looks to the past only to find precedents for a case or evidence to sustain a preconceived opinion....
(The entire section is 5512 words.)
K. B. McFarlane (essay date 1965)
SOURCE: "Mount Maitland," in New Statesman, Vol. LXIX, No. 1786, June 4, 1965, pp. 882-83.
[In the following essay, McFarlane reviews The Letters of Frederic William Maitland.]
F. W. Maitland's posthumous reputation has run an oddly uneven course. When he died in 1906 his university received what was surely a letter with few if any precedents: an official address of condolence from the Chancellor and Masters of Oxford. Did her ancient sister perhaps feel that Cambridge, having already lost so much learning, wanted loyalty? Those seven lines of obituary in the Cambridge Review, when set beside the Oxford Magazine's two columns, were few enough to incite...
(The entire section is 2060 words.)
H. E. Bell (essay date 1965)
SOURCE: "The Characteristics of Maitland's Work," in Maitland: A Critical Examination and Assessment, Harvard University Press, 1965, pp. 3-16.
[In the following excerpt, Bell examines the defining characteristics of Maitland's works.]
Historiography—the study of the ways in which men have applied themselves to the problem of writing history—has become a fashionable, perhaps too fashionable, subject. For the professional, in history as in any other craft, there must always be an interest in seeing how the greatest practitioners have gone about their business; but whether that interest is sufficient to justify the mass of work that has recently appeared on...
(The entire section is 3085 words.)
G. R. Elton (essay date 1985)
SOURCE: "The Historian," in F. W. Maitland, Yale University Press, 1985, pp. 19-55.
[In the following excerpt, Elton outlines Maitland's approach to writing history.]
In Maitland's day historians, especially English historians, virtually never reflected on their activities. Most of them wrote history—or failed to commit their knowledge to paper—because they enjoyed doing so, and they did not feel called upon to philosophize about it; at most they would stake claims for the role their calling played in the formation of public men. Philosophers accepted the triumph of historical studies which had followed in the wake of the renewal of the methods of enquiry that in...
(The entire section is 13396 words.)
Fifoot, C. H. S. Frederic William Maitland: A Life. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971, 313 p.
Biographical study intending to "evoke Maitland himself, his qualities of mind and spirit as these are revealed in his writings, among his friends … and in the midst of his family."
Cam, Helen M. "Introduction." In Selected Historical Essays of F W. Maitland, edited by Helen M. Cam, pp. ix-xxix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957.
Discusses Maitland's subjects, techniques, and influence, and outlines the selection of material in the volume, which, according to Cam,...
(The entire section is 425 words.) | <urn:uuid:40696a15-7218-4edd-91a5-ab81846380f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.enotes.com/topics/frederic-william-maitland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00517-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967919 | 5,246 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Too many have become complacent when it comes to workplace fire safety. A fire risk assessment is required to verify the many factors at work that can cause a fire.
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However, if you are the person responsible and do not have the skills or experience required to carry out a fire risk assessment yourself, you must appoint a competent person to carry out the fire risk assessment on your behalf.
Appointing a dedicated fire marshall.
This staff is a fire master or marshal who helps with fires and prevents them. By writing down your fire risk assessment, you will see what you need to do to prevent fires and ensure people’s safety.
Use a crayon and photograph your house, building or other building with fire hazards such as windows, doors, sills, walls, ceilings, etc.
This is a simplified overview; in particular for larger and more complex installations, more information is needed to complete a fire safety assessment. How often should you carry out your fire risk assessment and how often should a review be carried out before it is carried out?
What are the fire assessment laws?
There is no law that determines the number of fire risks in a building or the duration between fire events, although regular fire and risk assessments are recommended to ensure that fire and safety protocols are kept up to date.
Any company that decides not to take appropriate fire safety measures is acting illegally and therefore compliance with the rules is mandatory.
What happens if I don’t complete a fire risk assessment?
If you find that your building does not have a valid fire risk assessment, you should request one as soon as possible. If you do not have the expertise to carry out a fire risk assessment, you can hire a specialist to do so.
The responsible person (also known as the person in charge of your company) must regularly carry out and inspect fire and risk assessments of your premises and have the authority to carry them out.
However, if you wish to hire a fire protection specialist, it can be difficult to assess the qualifications of the person who advertises their service or the company it advertises for.
Does a fire risk assessment officer need to be qualified?
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Carrying out a fire risk assessment will determine what your workplace needs to do to prevent fires and ensure people’s safety. A fire risk assessment helps you to identify the fire risk and what the workplace needs to do to prevent and keep people safe.
What additional precautions need to be taken?
However, this means that those carrying out a fire risk assessment must be able to assess the building or the site against the various factors mentioned above.
If sufficient fire safety precautions cannot be taken, additional fire safety precautions may have to be taken and this should be considered with the help of a competent person.
Training is crucial, and if none of the staff are aware of their role and responsibility under an ideal fire safety plan, there is no point in creating it.
In England and Wales, the person responsible for complying with fire safety orders and carrying out a fire risk assessment is designated as the person responsible.
If you are responsible for assessing fire risks, you must receive a Fire Risk Assessment Report (FRS) from the Office of the Chief Fire Officer (OCA).
About the Author: Prior to becoming an online article writer for Technical Writers, Cooper took the opportunity to explore the digital world with a range of academic and health and safety training courses.
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Last week I wrote about the disturbing fact that since 1974, all of our six newly elected governors won with less than 50 percent of the vote. Four won with less than 40 percent.
That marks a significant historical shift in Maine, and is almost surely a contributing factor to our economic stagnation over those 40 years. As our competitors in the global economy have become more focused and better organized, we’ve moved in the opposite direction.
How that happened is entirely traceable to the rise of independent candidates in statewide elections, and the slow shrinkage of the parties. Now, we regularly find ourselves with anywhere from three to seven candidates for governor, with the winner being the one with the largest fraction of voters, rather than a majority.
Meanwhile, our elections system, which is built for just two major-party candidates, hasn’t caught up.
That is creating a ripple effect that our founders never foresaw, but that we’re beginning to see vividly.
It regularly installs a CEO who has no mandate for action, but does have a majority in opposition. It gives marginal but loud leaders outsized influence. And it can produce winners without the most basic leadership skills, including listening and forging agreements.
The problem begins during the campaign stage. Once candidates know they can win with as little as 30 percent of the votes, there is no incentive to speak to anyone outside of their own narrow bases and every encouragement to repeat dogmas and inflame passions and fears.
What would happen if we changed elections to produce governors with the support of majorities, which is the way it worked in Maine for 130 years?
First, the language of the campaigns would change, as candidates were forced to seek votes from a much broader pool.
We would see more appeals to common ground than to unyielding confrontation. And we might even see the re-emergence of big ideas and vision replacing sharpened little knives and anger.
Here are several options we ought to be taking a hard look at. None is perfect, and all will be opposed by the defenders of the status quo, but some combination of them would move us forward.
• Instant runoff elections, which worked well in Portland. You mark your ballot for your favorite candidate and also your second or even third choice.
If your first hope goes down in flames, finishing in last place, your second choice gets your vote in an automatic second counting.
That process continues, by eliminating the last-place candidate and redistributing votes for that person, until one candidate has a majority. It requires new voting equipment, but not an additional voting day.
• Standard runoff elections. If we can’t bring ourselves to trust computers to reassign our votes, than we could add a run-off election in September. That would allow us to whittle the field down to the top two vote-getters, who would then face off in November.
It would mean that people who vote in party primaries would have to vote three times, while most others would vote twice.
• Open primaries. This would replace the party primaries with a June vote open to all, with the top two going on to face each other in November. It would give the 40 percent of unenrolled voters, who are currently disenfranchised in June, a voice in selecting the top two nominees.
• An independent primary. This would keep the party primaries in June but add a ballot for voters who are not registered with a party, allowing them to pick a nominee from among the independent candidates.
The November ballot would then be restricted to party nominees and one unenrolled nominee. That could also help level the playing field among candidates, since party candidates are currently allowed to raise more money per donor than others.
• Toughen ballot access. This would require all candidates to demonstrate far more support than they now do, and would have the added benefit of taking up less of the public’s patience, air time and money.
Whatever options we choose, change is becoming imperative. The problem of fractured, minority government is here to stay, and won’t be fixed by electing the right person next time.
The system has to adapt if we want to build a more robust economy and effective government.
But change can only occur in one of two ways. The Legislature can find the courage and wisdom to finally address this issue, or the voters can take matters into their own hands by initiative. I’m hoping for the first, but betting on the second.
Alan Caron is president of Envision Maine, a nonprofit organization that promotes Maine’s next economy, and a partner at the Caron & Egan Consulting Group. He can be contacted at: | <urn:uuid:4f144ac3-93e6-422c-86c3-5bca670afa5d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pressherald.com/2013/08/08/old-two-party-election-system-fails-us-so-lets-change-it_2013-08-08/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00153-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970727 | 964 | 1.75 | 2 |
In the third book of the Politics, Aristotle commences his inquiry into
the nature of states with the question, “What constitutes a
defines a citizen to be one who is a partner in the legislative and
judicial power (1, 4, μετέχειν κρίσεως καὶ
: and 8b
ἐξουσία κοινωνεῖν ἀρχῆς βουλευτικῆς καὶ
). No definition will equally apply to all the
different states of Greece, or to any single state at different times;
the above seems to comprehend more or less properly all those whom the
common use of language entitled to the name.
In the Heroic ages the kings were the commanders in war, offered up
certain sacrifices (ὅσαι μὴ
) to the gods, and administered justice (Arist.
3.9, 7 S. = 14, 12 B.); their
authority was however limited by the nobles, to whom sometimes the title
was given (Od. 1.394
. 390) as well as to
the monarch himself. Without their advice and assent no important matter
was undertaken, and they shared also in the administration of justice,
but to what extent cannot be defined. Gladstone (Stud. on
iii. p. 57) thinks that the nobles acted judicially only by
an actual or virtual delegation from the king. The freemen assembled
only to listen (Arist. Schol. Il. 9.17
and hear the intentions of the king and the nobles announced; Gladstone
(p. 126 ff.), however, is of opinion that the function of the people was
not so confined: the people was in part a judicial body, and took a real
part in the conduct of public affairs.
In Attica the power of the chief king was especially limited by the
circumstance that the people was divided into several independent
communities, each under its own head (in Plut. [p. 1.442]Thes.
32, these heads are called βασιλεῖς
). Theseus is said to have united
them into a single state and to have made Athens the seat of government
and of the administration of justice in all important cases (Thuc. 2.15
), and to have forced the Eupatridae
of the different communities to settle at Athens (Plut. Thes. 32
; cf. Plat. Critias,
p. 110 C, and Etym. M.
s. v. Εὐπατρίδαι
257, 7 ff. In Solon Fragm. 4, 5 ff., ἀστοί
). Plutarch (Plut.
) ascribes to Theseus the distribution of the
population of Attica into εὐπατρίδαι,
(Poll. 8.111; γεωργοί,
Arist. in Schol. Plat. Axioch.
371 D: cf. fragm. of lexicon in Bull. de Corresp. hell.
i. p. 152; ἄποικοι
in Arist. fragm.
Berl. Papyrus, 163),
and δημιουργοί ῾ἐπιγεώμοροι τὸ τεχνικὸν
l.c.; Dion. Halic. 2.8 distinguishes εὐπατρίδαι
). There is a wide difference of opinion as to
the relation existing between these three classes and the four Ionic
--each tribe comprising three phratries and each
phratry containing thirty γένη.
] Some, like Grote
(3.72), see in the Eupatridae “the wealthy and powerful men,
belonging to the most distinguished families in all the various
gentes,” and consider this triple distinction to be disparate
and unconnected with the four tribes; others (Hermann, Griech.
§ 97, 12) identify the Eupatridae with
the Geleontes and Hopletes, and the Geomori and Demiurgi with the
Aegicoreis and Argadeis respectively; and a third class (Philippi,
Beitr. z. e. Gesch. d. att. Bürgerrechts,
208, n. 56) hold that the tribes originally comprised the Eupatridae
only, and that it was Solon who first gave the mass of the people a
place in the system of tribes and phratries. In the earliest times the
guidance of public affairs in conjunction with the king, the
administration of justice, and the priestly functions belonged
exclusively to the Eupatridae (Plut. Thes.
; the three ἐξηγηταὶ
always of this class, C. I. G.
i. No. 765); out of their
number the four φυλοβασιλεῖς
(Poll. 8.111; hence it follows that others than nobles must have
belonged to the tribes; cf. also Draco's law in Dem. c.
p. 1069.57, and C. I. A.
i. No. 61,
), and by their side the
other two classes were of little political importance, and the Demiurgi
perhaps of less even than the Geomoroi (cf. Athen. 23.660
ascendency of the Eupatridae continued after the establishment of the
archonship through its various changes down to Solon, who introduced a
new principle of classification, the timocratic principle, by
distributing all the citizens of the tribes (which he did not abolish,
Phot. s. v. ναυκραρία
), without any
reference to their γένη
into four classes (Harpocr. s. v. ἱππάς
: Plut. Sol. 18
according to the amount of produce from their lands (this was changed
after the time of the Pisistratids: cf. Thuc.
, Ἀθηναίους εἰκοστὴν μόνον πρασσόμενοι τῶν
: Beloch, Herm.
1885, p. 245).
It is true that of these four classes only the first three were eligible
for public offices (Arist. Pol.
2.9, 4 S. =
12, 6 B), and only the first for the archonship. (Plut. Arist. 1
; Landwehr, Philologus,
Suppl. v. p. 118 if., whom Busolt,
i. p. 531, n. 1, follows, explains
this passage to refer to the Eupatridae, not to the first census class ;
yet see the question put in the ἀνάκρισις
of the archons, εἰ τὸ
τίμημα ἔστιν αὐτοῖς,
Poll. 8.85, which was afterwards
altered to εἰ τὰ τέλη τελεῖ,
Rhet. Cant. p. 670, 19, and Cratinus in
f.). But even the lowest possessed certain
important rights and were exempted from military service as hoplites
(Harpocr. s. v. θῆτες,
to Grote (3.121) and others, “They were invested with the right of
choosing the annual archons out of the first class, and the archons
and the magistrates generally, after their year of office, were made
formally accountable to the public assembly sitting in judgment upon
their past conduct.” In Grote's opinion the institution of
Heliastic courts dates from the time of Pericles; Schoemann, however,
ascribes it to Solon, and as we think with justice, so far at least as
the first beginnings are concerned: the ἡλιαία
is mentioned in a Solonian law (Lys.
10.16); and as far as our information goes, magistrates, etc. rendered
their account always before a court, not before the popular assembly.
(See on the whole question Att. Proc.,
ed. Lipsius, p. 28
ff.) By Solon's reforms a way was opened to every one, if he succeeded
in becoming a landed proprietor, to set himself on an equality in point
of law with the nobles (Solon is said to have fixed a limit to the
acquisition of land, Arist. Pol.
2.4, 4 S.=
7, 6 B., yet see Dem. c. Aristocr.
p. 689.208); and, on
the other hand, the man of noble birth, if he became poor, ceased to
belong to the privileged class. The γένη
lost all political importance, but continued to exist.
The Berlin Papyrus 163--which, as Bergk (Rh. M.
87 ff.) recognised, contains fragments of Aristotle's Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία
--gives us fresh
information respecting the archonship. There we learn that after a
certain Damasias had been ἄρχων
two years, he was driven from office, and that after this an arrangement
was come to according to which four Eupatridae, three ἄποικοι,
and two Demiurgi should be chosen.
The date of this Damasias is variously fixed by scholars: Blass
1880, p. 366 ff.; 1881, p. 42 ff.) places him
between Eryxias, the last who held the archonship for ten years, and
Cleon, the first eponymous of the nine annual archons, but the title of
the archon, whether appointed for life or for ten years, was βασιλεύς.
Bergk identifies him with the
archon for 639-8 (Dionys. A. R.
; cf. Gilbert, Handb. d. gr. Staatsalt.
124); yet if at that time the ἄποικοι
and Demiurgi had been admitted to the archonship, the reform of Solon
would have been a reactionary measure, since by it only the first
property class were eligible. Hence Duncker (Gesch. d.
vol. vi. p. 125, n. 2) interprets the passage to mean
that the ἄποικοι
and Demiurgi had the
right of electing three and two archons respectively from amongst the
Eupatridae; yet this can scarcely be the meaning of the passage:
ἐγέ[νετο δὲ μετ᾽] αὐτὸ[ν διὰ] τὸ
στασιάζειν ἄρχοντας* ἑλέσθθι. . .τέτταρ]ας μὲν εὐπατρὶδῶν
τρεῖς δὲ ἀποίκων δύο [δὲ καὶ δημι]ουργῶν
Abh. d. Berl. Akad.
1885). There is a second archon
Damasias, a contemporary of Thales, between 590 and 580, probably 586-5;
and Diels [p. 1.443]
(cf. Landwehr, p. 195 ff., and
Busolt, p. 543) identifies him with the Damasias of the papyrus. By
Solon's reform, members of the first property class alone were eligible
to the archonship; this compromise settled the proportion of archons who
were to be elected from the Eupatridae, ἄποικοι,
and Demiurgi respectively, all however to be of
the first property class (according to Busolt, p. 544, this arrangement
only held good for the year after Damasias), until by Aristeides' reform
the disqualification of the other property classes was removed (Plut. Arist. 22
Cleisthenes abolished the old tribes for civil purposes (according to
Philippi, p. 172, they continued to exist as religious bodies), and
introduced the local distribution according to demes (one hundred, Hdt. 5.69
; cf. Diels, pp. 25, 26) as the
foundation of his new ten tribes. Now the deme became the elementary
political division, and a man was described by his own name, followed
first by the name of his father and next by that of the deme to which he
belonged: e. g. Δημοσθένης Δημοσθένους
Cleisthenes likewise reformed the phratries
and increased their number to 360, each of the old γένη
becoming the centre of a new phratry. (Buermann,
Jahrb. f. class. Phil.
Suppl. ix. p. 617. Philippi,
1879, pp. 418, 419, and Sauppe,
De Phratriis Attic.
p. 7, agree with B. as to the
fact of an increase, but do not accept his number of phratries.)
Among the citizens we have to distinguish between the naturalised or new
citizens (δημοποίητοι, ποιητοὶ,
or δωρεᾷ πολῖται
and the old citizens (φύσει
or γένει πολῖται,
i. p. 1125.78). To speak of the former class first:
according to Solon's law (Plut. Sol. 24
citizenship could only be conferred upon two classes of
foreigners--τοῖς φεύγουσιν ἀειφυγίᾳ τὴν
ἑαυτῶν ἢ πανεστίοις Ἀθήναζε μετοικιζομένοις ἐπὶ
according to the law quoted in [Dem.] c.
p. 1375.89, upon those who had rendered the state
eminent services (δι᾽
such as Thrasybulus (C. I. A.
i. n°. 59)
or Perdiccas, king of Macedonia, Menon the Pharsalian (Dem. c.
pp. 686, 687, § § 199, 200),
etc. In her better time Athens was chary of bestowing this honour, but
in the days of Isocrates (8.50) and Demosthenes (c.
p. 687.200) it was given so frequently as to lower its
value. Cotys, king of Thrace, received this honour, and so did Python
and Heracleides, who murdered him (Dem. c. Aristocr.
659.119). Aristonicus was made an Athenian citizen because of his skill
in ball playing (Ath. 1.34
, p. 19 a).
Cleisthenes, for political reasons, conferred citizenship on foreigners
settled in Attica, and on manumitted slaves who had acquired the
position of metoeci. (Bernays, d. heracl. Briefe,
thus explains πολλοὺς γὰρ ἐφυλέτευσε ξένους
καὶ δούλους μετοίκους,
3.1, 10 S.=2, 3 B.) The Plataeans were admitted to
citizenship after the destruction of their town in the fifth year of the
Peloponnesian war, the Athenians not forgetting that their whole force
had spontaneously joined them at Marathon. When Aristophanes says that
the slaves who had fought at Arginusae (Schol. Arist.
706; Andoc. 2.23) became Plataeans, this must be
taken to mean that they were granted land in the territory of Scione
which had been handed over to the Plataeans (Thuc.
; Isocr. 4.109. Kirchhoff, Abh. d. Berl.
1873, pp. 9, 10.) After the defeat at Chaeroneia,
Hypereides made, amongst others, the following proposal τοὺς μετοίκους πολίτας ποιήσασθαι
33, Blass), probably only on condition of their taking their part in the
defence of the country.
Citizenship was conferred by the popular assembly in the following way:
in the first assembly the people bestowed the gift, but it did not
become valid (κύριος
), unless it was
confirmed by a majority in the ensuing assembly, at which at least 6000
must be present and vote (secret voting by ballot). As the second voting
is not mentioned in the oldest inscription bearing on the question (soon
after Eucleides, ο
being still used for ου
1885, p. 507 n.) concludes that it was not introduced before
the beginning of the 4th century. The decree in C. I. A.
1.59 (Hicks, Manual of Gr. Hist. Inscr.
p. 105 ff.) does
not help us in this question, for, as Kirchhoff (Ber. d. Berl.
1861, p. 605) shows, it is merely a former decree
confirmed. It had been proposed to grant civic rights to Thrasybulus and
Apollodorus (Lys. 13.71): a γραφὴ
was brought against this proposal, and the court
decided for Thrasybulus, but against Apollodorus. Even after the second
vote, it was open to every Athenian who considered the candidate
undeserving of the honour, to bring a γραφὴ
: and instances of reversal following upon this
are given by [Dem.] c. Neaer.
p. 1375.91; [Plut.]
p. 835; Aesch. 3.195.
Fraenkel, Att. Geschworengerichte,
p. 35, and Hartel,
Stud. ü. att. Staatsrecht,
p. 271, say that
in every case a δοκιμασία
heliastic court was required, whether a γραφὴ
was brought or not. They refer to [Dem.]
p. 1381.105; yet that was a special
occasion, when, owing to the great number of candidates and to the
peculiar nature of the case, special measures were needed (Att.
p. 255), and Buermann (Jahrb. f. class.
Suppl. x., p. 347 if.) has shown that a δοκιμασία
did not become a regular
institution until Olymp. 115. Up to that time the formula was (with
slight variations): εἶναι τὸν δεῖνα
Ἀθηναῖον αὐτὸν καὶ
καὶ εἶναι αὐτῷ γράψασθαι φυλῆς καὶ
δήμου καὶ φρατρίας ἧς ἂν βούληται κατὰ τὸν
(3) τον̀ς δὲ πρυτάνεις τοὺς
τὴν εἰσιοῦσαν πρυτανείαν πρυτανεύοντας δοῦναι περὶ αὐτοῦ
τὴν ψῆφον τῷ δήμῳ εἰς τὴν πρώτην
--from Olymp. 115 to Olymp. 124 we find in some
instances added (4) τοὺς δὲ θεσμοθέτας
εὶσαγαγεῖν αὐτῷ τὴν δοκιμασίαν τῆς δωρεᾶς εὶς τὸ
δικαστήριον ὅταν πρῶτον οἷον τ᾽ ᾖ,
and soon after
the Chremonidean war it ran: δεδόσθαι δὲ αὐτῷ
καὶ πολιτείαν κατὰ τὸν νόμον
(2) τοὺς δὲ θεσμοθέτας, ὅταν πληρῶσιν δικαστήριον
εἰς ἕνα καὶ πεντακοσίους δικαστάς, εἰσαγαγεῖν αὐτῷ τὴν
δοκιμασίαν τῆς πολιτογραφίας
(3) καὶ εἶναι αὐτῷ δοκιμασθέντι γράψασθαι φυλῆς καὶ δήμου
καὶ φρατρίας ἧς ἂν βούληται.
Since we find in all
such decrees εἶναι
or γράψασθαι φυλῆς καὶ δήμου καὶ φρατρίας
) ἂν βούληται,
it is clearly proved against
the generally received opinion (Philippi, p. 107 ff.) that the δημοποἰητοι
were enrolled in the phratries
as well. Buermann (Jahrb. f. class. Phil.
Suppl. ix. p.
597 ff.) points also to other reasons leading to the same conclusion. We
learn from [Dem.] c. Neaer.
p. 1376.92; p. 1381.106, that
the law expressly declares μὴ ἐξεῖναι
(i.e. ὅσους ἂν ποιήσηται
ὁ δῆμος πολίτας
) τῶν ἐννέα
ἀρχόντων γενέσθαι μηδὲ ἱερωσύνης μηδεμιᾶς
but that to their descendants μετέδωκεν ὁ δῆμος ἁπάντων, ἐὰν ὦσιν ἐξ
ἀστῆς γυναικὸς καὶ ἐγγυητῆς κατὰ τὸν νόμον.
on the occasion of the ἀρχόντων
the candidate was asked if he had a share in the
worship of Apollo πατρῷος
(Aristotle in Lex.
p. 670, 17; Poll. 8.85; according to Sauppe,
de phratr. Att.
p. 7 ff. Ζεὺς
since Cleisthenes' reform), i. e. in the worship of
the phratries, it follows that the children of a new citizen and of an
must necessarily belong to a phratry. The sons
of a new citizen, born before citizenship was conferred on him, were
excluded from the archonship for the same reason as their father: thus
Gilbert (i. p. 178) explains Poll. 8.85, εἰ
Ἀθηναῖοί εἰσιν ἑκατέρωθεν ἐκ τριγονίας;
Meier (de bon. damn.
p. 235) supposes that this
statement of Pollux and the above of [Demosthenes] refer to different
periods. With this exception, the δημοποίητοι
enjoyed the same privileges with the citizens by
birth. In some decrees the choice of phratries is qualified by additions
such as πλὴν ὧν οἱ νόμοι
etc., perhaps to prevent too many new
citizens being in the same phratry, to the disadvantage of the old
citizens: in other Greek states they were distributed by lot (Philippi,
p. 113, n. 92; Greek Inscr. of the Brit. Mus.
n°. 237; cf. [Dem.] c. Neaer.
p. 1380.104). The
phratries in Cleisthenes' reform occupied therefore a different position
from the one usually assigned to them. (Meier, de Gentil.
p. 15: “curiae suos quaeque mores sequebantur neque plebis sed
suis scitis regebantur.” )
Aristotle (Aristot. Pol. 3.1, 9
S.=2, 1 B.) gives, as a practical definition of a citizen, ὁ ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων πολιτῶν καὶ μὴ θατέρου μόνον,
οἷον πατρὸς ἢ μητρός.3
The latter class (viz. children of an Athenian father), some
maintain, possessed in earlier times civic rights, until by a law of
Pericles (μόνους Ἀθηναίους εἶναι τοὺς ἐκ
δυεῖν Ἀθηναίων γεγονότας,
Plut. Per. 37
) they were deprived of
them: about 5000 were thus excluded, 14,040 remaining in the enjoyment
of citizenship. On the ground that such a law having retrospective
effect would be extremely harsh, Westermann (Verh. d.
Sächs. Ges. d. Wiss.
1849, p. 200 ff.) assigns it
to Solon's legislation; and Meier (de bon. damn.
p. 78) holds that Pericles simply proposed a διαψήφισις
on the lines of it. (Plutarch calls it a
of Pericles, but cf. Isaeus,
12 argum., and Dem. in Eubul.
p. 1298 argum.) Schenkl
1883, p. 52 ff.) believes that Pericles
actually passed a new law; to Solon's law νόθῳ
μὴ εἶναι ἀγχιστείαν
he conjectures, was added by Cleisthenes εἶναι
δὲ αὐτῷ πολιτείαν,
to provide for the children of
those foreigners upon whom he had conferred citizenship, and of
non-Athenian mothers (by which provision other classes of νόθοι
likewise profited) ; and Pericles,
when there was no longer occasion for such exceptional legislation,
passed the law ἐὰν μὴ τύχῃ τις ἐξ ἀμφοῖν
ὑπάρχων ἀστῶν, τούτῳ μὴ μετεῖναι τῆς πολιτείας
(Ael. Var. Hist.
6.10; cf. Suid. s. v. δημοποίητος
). Duncker (Ber.
ü. d. Sitz. d. Berl. Akad.
1883, p. 935 ff.), on
the other hand, argues from the later legislation of Aristophon and
Nicomenes, that no such law as is ascribed to Solon against μητρόξενοι
can have existed, and looks upon
the law of Pericles against νόθοι
mere invention of the rhetors: this fictitious law was joined to the
account given by Philochorus (fr. 90, Müller = Schol. Arist.
715) of what happened when the king of Egypt
(Amyrtaeus, not Psammetichus) sent grain to Athens as a present. At that
time measures were taken not against νόθοι,
but against those who claimed a share in the grain
without being citizens by right (παρέγγραφοι,
to the number of 4760), and 14,240 therefore
does not represent the total number of citizens that remained after the
lists had been purged, but the number of those who received the grain;
such a total would be too low as compared with the 30,000 mentioned by
), and the 26,000 citizen hoplites and 1200 cavalry for the
year 431 (Thuc. 2.13
,31, but see Boeckh,
i. p. 50, on Herodotus's statement;
according to Hansen, Ueb. d. Bevölkerungsdichtigkeit
p. 13, the total armed citizen force, including those
below and above the ordinary military age--from the 20th to the 50th
year--amounted in 431 to 19,100 only). In B.C. 403 Aristophon proposed a
law ὃς ἂν μὴ ἐξ ἀστῆς γένηται νόθον
: it was carried with the amendment of Nicomenes
τοὺς δὲ πρὸ Εὐκλείδου ἀνεξετάστους
(Caryst. fr. 11 b, Müller = Ath. 13.577
c--Schol. Aesch. 1.39); cf.
Isaeus, 8.43, and Dem. in Eubul.
p. 1307.30, εἰ καὶ κατὰ θάτερα ἀστὸς ἦν
Schömann, Antiq. jur. publ. Gr.
p. 197, n. 7,
and Philippi, p. 63 ff.; ab altera utra
according to Platner, Beitr.
p. 108 (but
see p. 325), and Van den Es, de jur. fam.
28, 75. This law was still observed in the time of Demosthenes [p. 1.445]
p. 1299.2; the
diapsephisis of 346-5 was proposed by Demophilus, Aeschin. 1.86, and
But the citizenship of the parents (sometimes the right of intermarriage,
was granted, e. g. to
the Euboeans and Plataeans, Lys. 34.3; Isocr. 14.514
) was not enough to secure civic rights to their offspring,
according to Philippi, p. 79 ff., and Buermann, p. 635 ff. The law, they
say, required also certain formalities: the betrothal, ἐγγύησις,
of the bride by her κύριος
and the γαμηλία;
and in the case of heiresses the ἐπιδικασία
on the part of the archon.
Children born by an Athenian woman who was living with the father in a
connexion not recognised by law were deprived of all the rights of
etc.) and of all political rights. Yet Caillemer (Annuaire de
l'Association pour encour. des Etudes Gr.
1878, p. 184 ff.),
whom Lipsius follows (Att. Proc.
p. 533, n. 143), has
ably defended the older view, that citizenship descended to the children
of citizens on both sides, even without the legal form of marriage; that
such children, without being admitted to the phratries, belonged to a
deme, and consequently possessed civic rights (Dem. in Boeot. de
p. 1002.25; p. 1001.23; p. 1002.28), and that by a
formal act of recognition of parentage (ποιεῖαθαι
Dem. p. 1003, § § 29, 30;
Andoc. 1, 124) they could be made to share all the rights of those born
in wedlock. Without this act of recognition such children could only
claim the νόθεια
(Harpocr. s. v.).
The registration of a child in the official register of the phratry
(τὸ φρατερικὸν γραμματεῖον,
p. 1092.41, or τὸ
Isaeus, 7.16, 17; Harpocr. etc. ;--εἰσάγειν εἲς τοὺς φράτερας,
6.21, 8.19; Dem. in Boeot. de nom.
p. 995.4; in
p. 1054.13; in Eubul.
1315.54;--ἐγγράφειν εἰς τοὺς
Dem. p. 995.4; Isaeus, 7.17), on the third day of
the Apaturian festival (κουρεῶτις
formed a recognition of legitimacy of birth: now the child possessed all
the rights of kinship (Suid. s.v. φράτορες
: τὸ δὲ γράφεσθαι εἰς
τοὺς φράτορας σύμβολον εἶχον τῆς συγγενείας
adopted son (ποιητὸς, θετὸς ϝἱός
was probably registered on the same day (in the month of Thargelion in
Isaeus, 7.15, 16, for some special reason). This registration was
connected with certain rites, which were, however, not the same in all
the phratries: a sheep or a goat (Poll. 3.52) of a certain weight
(Schol. Arist. Ran.
810) was sacrificed and distributed
p. 1078.82; Harpocr. μεῖον
), together with a certain quantity of wine among the
and in some phratries and γένη
the father had to declare upon oath that the child was ἐξ ἀστῆς καὶ ἐγγυητῆς γυναικός
p. 543, n. 166).6
From C. I. A.
ii. No. 841 b, and Isaeus, 7.16,
Szanto (Rh. M.
1885, p. 515 ff.) concludes that the
had a common register, which was kept either by
the phratry or by the γένος,
e. g. in
Andoc. 1.125, the phratry being, however, responsible. Gilbert
(Jahrb. f. cl. Phil.
1887, p. 23 ff.) on the other
hand sees in the οἶκος Δεκελειῶν
that portion of the phratry Δημοτιωνίδαι
was at Oeon) which was settled at Deceleia; on
account of frequent false entries in the φρατερικόν
on their part, special measures were devised.
Busolt (Müller's Handb. d. cl. Altert.-Wiss.
p. 145) suggests that the second vote in the year succeeding the entry
was a general custom from 396-5 onwards; in his opinion κούρειον
meant the sacrifice for boys, and
that for girls. It would seem
that there was a second eisegesis to the phrateres, when the grown--up
youth was received amongst the ἔφηβοι
by the solemn act of cutting off his hair (Plut.
; Theophr. Char.
21) and sacrifice:
this was probably called κούρειον,
from C. I. A.
ii. No. 841 b, it is evident that μεῖον
cannot be two names for the same sacrifice; cf.
Poll. 8.107, καὶ εἰς ἡλικίαν προελθόντων ἐν
τῇ καλουμένη κουρεώτιδι ἡμέρα ὑπὲρ μὲν τῶν ἀρρένων τὸ
This was merely a religious ceremony, a
survival of the ancient Aryan usage (cf. Leist, Graeco-ital.
p. 67); the civil act took place before the
demotae. In the beginning of the calendar year, in the course of which
the youth reached his eighteenth year, he was entered in the ληξιαρχικὸν γραμματεῖον
(called κοινὸν γρ.
Dem. in Eubul.
1317.60; cf. Bekk. Anecd.
p. 272, 27 ff.); adopted sons
were enrolled later on in the year, probably in. the month of Munychion,
at the time of the ἀρχαιρεσίαι
(C. I. A.
ii. No. 416; Dem. in Leoch.
p. 1092.39; and Isaeus, 7.27, 28: cf. Lipsius, Jahrb. f. class.
1878, p. 299 ff.); Philippi (Rh. M.
1879, p. 610) refers the ἀρχαιρεσίαι
to the elections of the magistrates of the deme (not of the state),
fixes them early in the year, and thus places the enrolment of adopted.
sons at the same time with that of the others. On this occasion the
demotae instituted a kind of δοκιμασία
they inquired whether the candidates had attained the necessary age,
then with regard to the latter class whether they were of civic descent,
and whether those of the former had been legally adopted. A δημοποίητος
had to prove his rights by a
reference to the popular decree which conferred citizenship on him
(κατὰ ψήφισμα πολίτης,
p. 1252.18). Hence we find δοκιμασθῆναι
used instead of ἐγγραφῆναι εἰς τοὺς δημότας
or εἰς τὸ ληξιαρχικὸν γρ.
p. 1318, § § 61, 62). A special
is mentioned in
[Xenoph.] de Repub. Athen.
3, 4: Kirchhoff, Ueb.
d. Schrift v. Staate d. Ath.
p. 23, connects this passage
with Aristoph. Wasps 576
it would seem, were specially examined before a. δικαστήριον
as to their bodily and mental fitness to
administer their property, (cf. Lcx. Seguer.
p. 235, 13).
Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Philol. Unters.
26, thinks that only the orphans of those who had been killed in war had
to undergo this δοκιμασία,
received the πανοπλία
An Athenian duly enrolled was of age (αὐτοκράτωρ,
2.1, 21); he could enter upon his patrimony, if an orphan or the son of
(Hyper. fr. 194 Bl.;
hence [p. 1.446]
the name ληξιαρχικόν
: cf. Harpocr. s. v.) and might marry (Dem.
in Boeot. de dote,
p. 1009.4); he now became
responsible to the laws (Aeschin. 1.18) and could bring actions (Lys.
10.31; Dem. in Onet.
i. p. 865.6), and had to take his
share in the public burdens (Dem. de Cor.
p. 312.257; orphans were ἀτελεῖς
first year, Lys. 32.24). It would seem that enrolment in the φρατερικὸν γραμματεῖον
did not ipso jure
lead to enrolment in the ληξιαρχικὸν γρ.,
as Voemel (Zeitschr.
f. A. W.
1846, p. 122) supposes, especially not in the case
of adopted sons: cf. the case of Thrasyllus in Isaeus, vii.; and from
Dem. in Boeot. de nom.
p. 996.5, we learn that a person
could be entered under different names in the two registers (Schaefer,
Dem. u. s. Zeit,
3.2, p. 26 ff.).
At the same time the names of the ἔφηβοι
were (before the days of Aristotle) entered εἰς λελευκωμένα γραμματεῖα,
the name of the archon of the year and also of the previous year, thus
forming a list of all the στρατεύσιμοι
of each year (Harpocr. s. v. στρατεία ἐν τοῖς
): this list was different from the κατάλογος
of those actually called out to
serve on a particular occasion (Arist. Eq.
15.5, 16.13: cf.
Lange, Leipz. Stud.
i. p. 164 ff.).
Whether the young citizens were at the same time entered into the
p. 1091.35) and allowed to attend the
popular assembly, or had to wait until they were twenty years old, is
not quite clear. From instances like that of Glaucon (οὐδέπω εἴκοσιν ἔτη γεγονώς,
Xen. Mem. 3.6
) and Plat. Alc.
p. 123 D, it would seem that
the law did not prevent it (Schaefer, p. 36). At any rate for one year
(Dittenberger, de ephebis Att.
p. 12), if not for both
(Schaefer, p. 33), they had to serve as περίπολοι
in the country.
At the age of thirty an Athenian could become βουλευτής
(Xen. Mem. 1.2
) and ἡλιαστής
(Poll. 8.122); at the age of fifty, ἐφέτης
30; Phot. s. v. ἐφέται
2) or διαιτητής
1; according to Poll. 8.126, only at the age of sixty). Ἐπιτιμία
denotes the undiminished
possession of civic rights [ATIMIA
]. Special privileges were ἀτέλεια,
προεδρία, σίτησις ἐν Πρυτανείῳ
[PRYTANEIUM]. (Gilbert, i. p. 188 ff.)
If we would picture to ourselves the true notion which the Greeks
embodied in the word πόλις,
we must lay
aside all modern ideas respecting the nature and object of a state. With
us practically, if not in theory, the object of a state hardly embraces
more than the protection of life and property. The Greeks, on the other
hand, had the most vivid conception of the state as a whole, every part
of which was to co-operate to some great end to which all other duties
were considered as subordinate. Thus the aim of democracy was said to be
liberty; wealth, of oligarchy; and education, of aristocracy. In all
governments the endeavour was to draw the social union as close as
possible, and it seems to have been with this view that Aristotle laid
down a principle which answered well enough to the accidental
circumstances of the Greek states, that a πόλις
must be of a certain size (Pol.
4.4, 6 S.=7.4, 9 B.; Nic. Eth.
Οὐ γὰρ ἐκ δέκα μυριάδων πόλις ἔτι
This unity of purpose was nowhere so fully carried out as in the
government of Sparta, and in the other Dorian governments. [COSMI
The population of the Spartan state consisted of three different classes:
the Dorian full citizens, the dependent Perioeci, and the serfs or
helots. There seem to have been few slaves in the country acquired
either by purchase (cf. Heracl. Pont.; Müller, Fr. Hist.
2.2, 210, 2, 2) or by capture in war (Schoemann,
i. p. 201, but see
Büchsenschütz, Besitz u. Erwerb,
172, n. 2). Properly speaking, the helots cannot be said to have had any
political rights; yet being serfs of the soil (δοῦλοι τοῦ κοινοῦ,
they were not absolutely under the control of their masters (Poll. 3.83,
μεταξὺ δὲ ἐλευθέρων καὶ δούλων οἱ
), and were never sold out of the
country, even by the state itself. They cultivated the fields of their
Spartan lords, but were bound to surrender only a legally fixed portion
of the produce (Plut. Lyc. 8
; Athen. 14.657
d); the amount
could not be raised by the owners of the soil, so that the helots could
acquire a certain amount of private property. When Cleomenes III.
offered manumission to every helot who could pay down five minae, 6000
could raise this sum. In war-time the helots were employed as
shield-bearers to the hoplites, as light-armed troops (Hdt. 9.28
), and during the Peloponnesian war
they served as marines (Xen. Hell. 7.1
), and sometimes even as hoplites
, etc.). In the war with Thebes those helots were invited to
come forward who were willing to serve as hoplites, the promise of
emancipation being held out to them as a reward (Xen. Hell. 6.5
); indeed, when they served among the heavy-armed, it
seems to have been usual to give them their liberty. Out of the class of
helots, emancipated as a reward for military and other services rendered
to the state, (according to Arnold, ad
, out of the children of such
emancipated helots,) there grew up a separate class, the ϝεοδαμώδεις
(Poll. 3.83; not mentioned
before the time of the Peloponnesian war). Their number increased fast:
in 400 about 1,000 Neodamodes served under Thimbron in Asia, and
Agesilaus undertook to carry on the war against Persia with thirty
Spartiatae, 2,000 Neodamodes, and 6,000 allies. Probably a fixed place
of residence was assigned them; for to the helots of Brasidas it was
specially granted οἰκεῖν ὅπου ἂν
). As to
their position in the state nothing definite can be said; only so much
is certain, that they were not admitted to the rights of Spartan
citizenship, as the name might suggest.
were helot children (generally the sons of
Spartans by helot women) who had together with the Spartan children gone
through the prescribed course of education and discipline. Some
(Hermann, Griech. Antiq.
1.25, says all, but cf. Xen. Hell. 5.3
; Grote, ii. p. 417, calls them “citizens with a certain
taint of inferiority” ) of them enjoyed full civic rights,
probably after having been adopted, such as Callicratidas, Lysander,
Gylippus (Schoemann, Opusc.
i. p. 127). As to the
peculiar case of emancipation in the first Messenian war, see PARTHENIAE
The name of Εἵλωτες
is derived by some
from the name of the town of Ἕλος,
whose inhabitants were said to have risen against the Dorians already
established in power and to have been reduced by Sparta to this state of
degradation (but the inhabitants of Ἕλος
are called Ἕλειοι
); by others from ἙΛ,
therefore “prisoners,” or from ἕλος
Suid.), “low-land” (E. Curtius,
2.288, explains thus the name of the town of
), therefore “the
dwellers in the low-land on the banks of the river Eurotas”
(Gilbert, i. p. 31, n. 2). Müller (Dorians,
2.31) considers them an aboriginal race subdued by the Achaeans,
“who immediately passed over as slaves to the Doric
conquerors;” Schoemann (Gr. Alterth.
195) dissents from this.
were politically dependent on the Spartans; without having any
share in the administration of the state, without even being admitted to
the public assemblies of the people, they had to obey the commands of
the state and to perform certain services, both with their persons and
their properties. They had to pay certain taxes and dues (Strab. viii. p.365
123 A, ὁ βασιλικὸς
), and in wartime to serve as light-armed troops and as
hoplites: thus, in the battle of Plataeae, by the side of 5,000
Spartiatae there fought 5,000 Perioeci as hoplites (Hdt. 9.28
), and on one occasion a Perioecos was in command
of the fleet (Thuc. 8.22
, cf. 6). They
possessed most probably civic rights in the communities (πόλιες πολλαί,
; cf. Strab. viii. p.362
) to which they belonged, but Sparta
seems to have always exercised a controlling supervision. It would
appear that the Perioeci were distributed into twenty districts, each
presided over by a harmost (Schoemann, Antiq. Jur. P. Gr.
p. 113, 5; Griech. Alterth.
i. p. 205: Μένανδρος ἁρμοστὴρ
mentioned in an inscr.
from Cythera, see Mitth. d. deutsch. arch. Inst. in
5, 231, 239; and about the Κυθηροδίκης
sent annually, cf. Thuc. 4.53
); and although Isocrates' account (12.177 ff.) of
the position of the Perioeci is probably exaggerated, he may be supposed
to state a fact when he says, ἔξεστι τοῖς
ἐφόροις ἀκρίτους ἀποκτεῖναι τοσούτους ὁπόσους ἂν
(cf. Grote, ii. p. 369). Some enjoyed special
privileges with regard to military service, as e. g. the Sciritae, who
formed a special corps of light infantry which was used exclusively for
outpost duty in camp, etc. (Xen. de
Rep. Lac. 12
, 3, and Haase ad
p. 235), and in battle their place was on the left wing
). In time of peace the
Perioeci pursued agriculture (according to Grote, ii. p. 371; they
employed helots) and enjoyed the exclusive privilege of engaging in
commerce and trades, which were forbidden the Spartans by law (Plut. Lyc. 4
); and “that their
industry was not confined to the mere drudgery of manufactures is
shown by the schools of Lacedaemonian embossers and brass-founders,
to which Chartas, etc. belonged” (Müller,
ii. p. 26).
The ruling class of citizens derived their name of Σπαρτιᾶται
from the capital, whilst the name Λακεδαιμόνιοι
is common to them with the
Perioeci. Full civic rights did not depend upon birth alone; only those
were full citizens (ὅμοιοι
) who had
fulfilled all the exigencies of the Lycurgean discipline (Xen. de Rep. Laced.
, 7), and continued to contribute and to belong to the συσσίτια
2.6, 21 S.= 9, 31 B.; formerly called ἀνδρεῖα,
as in Crete, then φιδίτια,
7, 3 S. = 10, 5 B.). Those who
neglected these two duties were probably excluded from the full civic
rights; i. e. they were not eligible to honours or public offices, but
enjoyed only personal rights: these are probably the ὑπομείουες
mentioned by Xenophon (Xenoph. Hell. 3.3
). In legal rights all ὅμοιοι
were equal, but within them, as
Schoemann has it (Griech. Altertis.
i. p. 217) there were
two distinct classes: the minority of rich, influential, cultured
citizens, who to a certain extent claimed a kind of superior nobility
(the καλοὶ κἀγαθοὶ
of Aristotle, from
whom the twenty-eight members of the gerousia were taken: Polit.
2.6, 15 S.=9, 22 B.), and a majority of
poor and uncultured members, who, though equal to the former in the eye
of the law, were in reality in an inferior position, and might be
described in opposition to them as the δῆμος,
or mass of the citizens (Schoemann,
i. p. 138 ff.). Susemihl (notes 322b and 1264) doubts the existence of a superior nobility among
the Spartans, from whom alone the γέροντες
were elected, οἱ καλοὶ
being simply the fittest, and the office being
“a reward of virtue” (cf. Dem. in Lept.
p. 489.107). If this be so, Aristotle cannot refer to their mode of
election when he says: οἱ δὲ γέροντες τοῖς
γέρουσιν, οὒς καλοῦσιν οἱ Κρῆτες βουλήν, ἴσοι
2.7, 3 S. = 10, 6 B.); for the
members of the Cretan βουλῆ
elected from those who had been κόσμοι,
and the κόσμοι
were chosen ἐκ τινῶν γενῶν.
etc.; Plut. Lyc. 6
, etc.), which all Spartans of thirty years and
upwards were privileged to attend, elected the Gerontes from the
(those above sixty
were eligible ; on the mode of election, Plut.
) and the Ephors ἐξ
decided (βοῇ καὶ οὐ
) upon a disputed succession to
the throne (Hdt. 6.65
; Xen. Hell. 3.3
), concerning peace and war (Thuc. 1.67
etc., 2.2, 20, etc.), treaties with foreign states (Thuc. 5.77
). legislative measures, etc. The right of
bringing motions before the assembly, and taking part in the debates,
seems to have belonged only to the kings, Gerontes, and in later times
to the Ephors (see, however, the story in Aesch. 1.180, 181; and Xen. Hell. 6.4
). The people sat, as in most Greek states (Thuc. 1.87
Vischer, Rhein. Mus.
1873, p. 380). A
is only once
mentioned by Xen. Hell. 3.3
. Lachmann (d. spart.
216) sees in it a meeting of the kings, Ephors, and
Gerontes; Schoemann (Gr. Staatsalt.
i. p. 235) an
assembly of the ὅμοιοι
who happened to
be in town, perhaps only of the more aged. (Cf. Dittenberger,
Syll. Inscr. Gr.
n°. 255, 1. 41 (Gythion),
ἔδοξε τῷ δάμῳ ἐν ταῖς μεγάλαις
etc., and footnote.)
Admission into this citizen class was so rare an occurrence that
) [p. 1.448]
declares the naturalisation of two Eleans at the time of the second
Persian war to be the only known instance of the kind; but from Plato
i. p. 629 A) we learn that Tyrtaeus was
admitted to the citizenship, and according to Plutarch (Plut. Dio 17
) Dion was also made a Spartan
citizen (cf. also Arist. Polit.
2.6, 12 S.
=9, 17 B.). Occasionally those were made citizens who had been sent to
Sparta as children to share in the prescribed discipline (the τρόφιμοι
; cf: Haase
Xen. de Rep. Lac.
187). The number of Spartans was in historic times continually on the
decrease: whilst it amounted to 8,000 in the times of the Persian wars
), it had dwindled down in
the days of Aristotle to below 1,000 (Polit.
2.6, 11=9, 16 B.; cf. Plut. Ag.
earlier times the Spartans admitted into their ranks a considerable
number of non-Dorians, and a greater exclusiveness showed itself
probably only after their power was consolidated. Some even think that
the third Dorian tribe, Πάμφυλοι,
so called from the foreign elements admitted into it, a view from which
Busolt (Gr. Gesch.
i. p. 108) dissents. No distinction of
privileges existed between these three tribes--Ὑλλεῖς, Δυμᾶνες
--that are found “wherever there were
Dorians” (O. Müller, Dor.
ii. p. 76 ff. Hdt. 4.179
in a loose sense when he
speaks of the Aegidae as a φυλὴ μεγάλη ἐν
For the Ὑρνάθιοι
in Argos, see an inscription of the third century
B.C., published in Bull. de
1885, p. 350). These three tribes were
divided into twenty-seven phratries (Demetrius of Scepsis in Athen. 4.141
e, f). Besides this, there was a
local division of the Spartans into five φυλαί
: Πιτάνη, Μεσόα, Λίμναι,
as subdivisions (cf. the
rhetra in Plut. Lyc. 6
, φυλὰς φυλάξαντα καὶ ὠβὰς ὠβάξαντα,
division into ὠβαὶ
was extended at a
later period to communities of the Perioeci (ὠβὰ
Mitt. d. arch. Inst.
iii. p. 165). [H.H
. The Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία
if right in this
matter, throws a new light upon the legislation of Draco: in a less
degree, on that of Solon and Cleisthenes. From 100.4 it appears that
Draco not merely codified the law (though this is particularly
emphasised in the summary of political changes in 100.41, ἡ ἐπὶ Δράκοντος ἐν ᾗ καὶ νόμους ἀνέγραψαν
), but also gave Athens a constitution. A share in the government
) was given to all who
could furnish a military equipment (τοῖς ὅπλα
--the same qualification was necessary after
the overthrow of the Four Hundred, Thuc.
: τοῖς πεντακισχιλίοις ἐψηφίσαντο
τὰ πράγματα παραδοῦναι, εἶναι δὲ αὐτῶν ὁπόσοι καὶ ὅπλα
). This body elected (αἱρεῖσθαι
) the more important magistrates. There were
property qualifications of varying amount for the different offices, e.
g. of 100 (?: cf. Appendix, s. v. STRATEGUS
) minae for στρατηγοὶ
they had besides to be married and to have
children more than ten years old; cf. Dinarch. c. Dem.
§ 71: καὶ τοὺς μὲν
νόμους προλέγειν τῷ ῥήτορι καὶ τῷ στρατηγῷ τὴν παρὰ
τοῦ δήμου πίστιν ἀξιοῦντι λαμβάνειν, παιδοποιεῖσθαι κατὰ
τοὺς νόμους, γῆν ἐντὸς ὅρων κεκτῆσθαι,
property qualification of the nine archons and the ταμίαι
was only 10 minae. Moreover 401 members of this
body (over thirty years of age) were elected by lot as senate, and some
others were in the same way appointed to some less important
magistracies; but as no one could be a member of the senate or hold one
of these offices a second time, before all other qualified persons had
had their turn, the lot decided merely the order in which such persons
should succeed. According to Ἀθ. πολ.
the creation of a senate, which has hitherto been ascribed to Solon, was
the work of Draco; nor was the property classification Solon's work, for
it is incidentally mentioned as existing in the time of Draco, who
ordained that for non-attendance at a meeting of the βουλὴ
a senator should pay three, two, or one drachma
according as he was a πεντακοσιομέδιμνος,
or a ζευγίτης.
further information is given as to the functions of βουλὴ
probably they did not exercise any important
powers, the Areopagitic council having still (as before 100.3) control
over all the magistrates, and being the guardian of the laws (ἡ δὲ βουλὴ ἡ ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου φύλαξ ἦν τῶν
νόμων καὶ διετήρει τὰς ἀρχὰς ὅπως κατὰ τοὺς νόμους
cf. Tisamenus' decree in Andoc.
§ 84, ἐπιμελείσθω
ἡ βουλὴ ἡ ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου τῶν νόμων, ὅπως ἂν αἱ
ἀρχαὶ τοῖς κειμένοις νόμοις χρῶνται
); in fact it
would seem to have possessed the right of revising decisions (ἐξῆν δὲ τῷ ἀδικουμένῳ πρὸ[ς τὴν τῶν]
Ἀρεοπαγειτ[ῶν] βουλὴν εἰσαγγέλλειν ἀποφαινοντι παῤ δ̔̀ν
) These constitutional changes failed,
however, to remove the prevailing distress: they did not touch the large
class of people who could not furnish a military equipment, and these
remained as before ἐπὶ τοῖς σώ[μα]σι
(cc. 2, 5).
Solon therefore, when he was elected διαλλακτὴς
by the contending parties (κοινῇ
), first attacked the economic
question, as has been described under SEISACHTHEIA
cc. 9, 10). Then all the laws of Draco (θεθμοὶ
) except those on homicide were
repealed, and the new code of laws (νόμοι,
12, 35) was written on κύρβεις
placed ἐν τῇ στοᾷ τῇ βασιλείῳ
(=Harpocr. s. v. κύρβεις
). The most
democratic features of his constitution are said to be: the prohibition
of borrowing on the security of a man's person, the right of every one
to commence an action for wrong done to him--τὸ
ἐξεῖναι τῷ βουλομένῳ [γράφεσθαι,
ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀδικουμένων
right of appeal to a court of law--[ᾗ]
μάλιστά φασιν ἰθχυκέναι τὸ πλῆθοσ--ἡ εἰς τὸ.
δικ[α-στήριον] ἔφ[εσι]ς. κύριος γὰρ ὢν ὁ δῆμος τῆς ψήφου
κύριος γίνεται τῆς πολιτείας
(100.9). As regards
Solon's reconstruction of the constitution, he used the classification
of the people according to their property for political purposes
(100.7): offices (archons, ταμίαι, πωληταί, οἱ
) were filled from the first three
property classes, some from one, others from another (ἑκάστοις ἀνἀλογον τῷ μεγέθει τοῦ τιμ[ή]μ[ατο]ς
ἀποδιδοὺς τ[ὴν ἀρ]χήν
, e. g. only Pentacosiomedimnoi
were eligible as archons and ταμίαι,
and it was not until 457 B.C. that ζευγῖται
were admitted to the archonship (100.26, the
must have become qualified
before that time), whilst the ταμίαι τῆς
had to be members of the first class--at least
nominally, even in the days of the writer (cc. 8, 47, ἐκ πεντακοσιομεδίμνων κατὰ τὸν Σόλωνος
νόμ[ον--ἔτι γὰρ ὁ ν]όμος κύριός ἐστιν,--ἄρχει δ᾽ ὁ
λαχὼν κἂν πάνυ πένης ᾗ
). To the fourth class, the
Thetes, Solon also gave a share of political power for the first time: a
voice in the assembly and a seat in the law-courts.
Solon re-established the senate to the number of 400 (100 from each
tribe), and left to the Areiopagitic council the guardianship of the
) and its other
important functions, giving it the right to pass judgment on those who
conspired to overthrow the constitution (100.8, καὶ τοὺς ἐπὶ καταλύσει τοῦ δήμου συν[ι]σταμένους ἔκρινεν,
cf. the law in 100.16).
Cleisthenes put an end to the four old tribes with their subdivisions,
the trittyes and naucraries, and instituted a new set of tribes, ten in
number (ἀναμῖξαι βουλόμενος ὅπως μετασχῶσι
πλείους τῆς πολιτείας,
100.21), each to contain three
trittyes, of which one was taken from the plain, one from the shore, and
one from the mountain. See further under DEMUS
Cleisthenes left the γένη
the number of the members of the senate to 500 (fifty from each tribe),
and introduced the direct election of the principal magistrates
(τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ῃροῦντο κατὰ φυλάς, ἐξ
ἑκαστης φυλῆς ἕνα,
100.22) by the [p. 1.1066]
popular assembly, which, as far as the nine archons are
concerned, remained in force until 487 B.C.,
when selection by lot, closely resembling that of Solon, seems to have
been re-introduced. Out of consideration for the new citizens (νεοπολῖται
) whom Cleisthenes had introduced
in large numbers, Cleisthenes altered the official mode of designation
]. The account
of Cleisthenes' reforms is summed up (100.22), τούτων δὲ γενομένων δημοτικωτέρα πολ[ὺ τῆς Σ]όλωνος
ἐγένετο ἡ πολιτεία
(cf. 100.41, but see 100.29,
Cleitophon's rider) καὶ γὰρ συνέβη τοὺς μὲν
Σόλωνος νόμους ἀφανίσαι τὴν τυραννίδα διὰ τὸ μὴ χρῆσθαι,
τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους θεῖναι τὸν Κλεισθένην στοχαζόμενον τοὺ
πλήθους, ἐν οἷς ἐτέθη καὶ ὁ περὶ τοῦ ὀστρακισμοῦ
From 100.40 we learn that Thrasybulus proposed to grant citizenship
πᾶσι τοῖς ἐκ Πειραιέως
(ὧν ἔνιοι φανερῶς
), and that Archinus instituted against him
a ψραφὴ παρανόμων.
Thrasybulus ὁ Στειριεύς,
won his case (Aeschin. c. Ctes.
§ 195; one
scholiast explains that Thrasybulus proposed civic rights for the orator
Cephalus, another for Lysias: cf. [Plut.] Vitt. X.
p. 835 E f).
100.42 deals with the manner of registration of the youths in the
completion of their eighteenth year, as it existed isted in the writer's
own time. The demotae having sworn the customary oath, decided by vote
εἰ δοκοῦσι γεγονέναι τὴν ἡλικίαν τὴν
ἐκ τοῦ νόμου,
and secondly εἰ
ἐλεύθερός ἐστι καὶ γέγονε κατὰ τοὺς νόμους.
they were not satisfied on the former point, the particular youth was
relegated to the παῖδες:
if they found
that a youth was not ἐλεύθερος,
latter might appeal to a court of law, before which the demotae were
represented by five κατήγοροι
from amongst themselves; and in case the court decided against the
youth, he was sold by the state, whilst, on receiving a verdict in his
favour, he was of necessity entered in the register of the deme. A
was instituted by the
senate; and if it was found that the name of one under eighteen years
had been entered, they inflicted a penalty on the demotae who had
admitted him. For details how the youths spent the following two years,
continues: φρουροῦσι δὲ τὰ δύο ἔτη . . .
καὶ ἀτελεῖς εἰσὶ πάντων καὶ δίκην οὔτε διδόασιν οὔτε
λαμβάνουσιν ἵνα μὴ πράγμασι συμμιγεῖεν
(?) τι, πλὴν περὶ κλήρον καὶ ἐπικλήρου, κἄν τινι
κατὰ τὸ γένος ἱερωσύνη γένηται.
probably to disputes as to who was entitled to the succession in a
priestly office: cf. 100.57 and Pollux, 8.90, δίκαι δὲ πρὸς αὐτὸν
) λαγχάνονται . . .
). The second dokimasia on the
part of the senate is, it seems, only mentioned here. As regards the
it is evident from Lys.
§ 24, that orphans were at that
time released from liturgies only one year: οὒς
ἣ πόλις οὐ μόνον παῖδας ὄντας
ἀτελεῖς ἐποίησεν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπειδὰν δοκιμασθῶσιν, ἐνιαυτὸν
ἀφῆκεν ἁπασῶν τῶν λειτουργιῶν.
The list of such
lawsuits is either not complete--for see the action in Lys. c.
( § 4, φαίνομαι
οὖν τρισκαιδεκαέτης ὤν, ὅτε ὁ πατὴρ ὑπὸ τῶν τριάκοντα
ἀπέθνησκε: ταύτην δὲ ἔχων τὴν ἡλικίαν οὔτε . . . οὔτε
ἐκείνῳ ἀδικουμένῳ ἠδυνάμην βοηθῆσαι.
31, ὃς μόνος
[of the brothers]
ἐπειδὴ τάχιστα ἐδοκιμάσθην, ἐπεξῆλθον
τοῖς τριάκοντα ἐν Ἀρείῳ Πάγῳ
)--or it applies to
the writer's time only. The time of Lysias is referred to by πρότερον
in 100.60, πρότερον δ᾽ ἐπώλει τὸν κάρπον ἡ πόλις;
pro Olea sacr.
§ 2, πρὸς τοὺς ἐωνημένους τοὺς κάρπους τῶς μοριῶν
the punishment mentioned there ( § § 3, 5, 26, 41) was
not death (p. 817 a;
cf. also App. s. v.
date of the election of generals for special duties).
It is stated in 100.26 that in 451 B.C., on the
proposal of Pericles, it was decreed μὴ μετέχειν
τῆς πόλεως ὃς ἂν μὴ ἐξ ἀμφοῖν ἀστοῖν ᾖ
(cf. 100.13: among the followers of Pisistratus were
also οἱ τῷ γένει μὴ καθαροί.
account goes on: σημεῖον δ᾽ ὅτι μετὰ τὴν τῶν
[Mr. Kenyon] ἐποίησαν διαφημισμὸν
[Mr. Kenyon, διαψηφισμὸν̣] ὡς πολλῶν κοινωνούντων τῆς
πολιτείας οὐ προσῆκον
), and that the same law prevailed
in the time of the writer is said in 100.42. No mention is made in the
treatise of Aristophon's proposal in B.C. 403, ὃς ἂν μὴ ἐξ ἀστῆς γένηται νόθον εἶναι,
Nicomedes' amendment, τοὺς δὲ πρὸ Εὐκλείδου
and we know that this became
law (Isae. Cir. Her.
We find in 100.55 the proceedings at the dokimasia of the nine archons
fully described. The questions as to descent bear out Pollux's statement
(8.85, εἰ Ἀθηναῖοί εἰσιν ἑκατέρωθεν ἐκ
); they were: τίς σοι
πατὴρ καὶ πόθεν τῶν δήμων, καὶ τίς πατρὸς πατὴρ καὶ τίς
μήτηρ, καὶ τίς μητρὸς πατὴρ καὶ πόθεν τῶν δήμων: μετὰ δὲ
ταῦτα εἰ ἔστιν αὐτῷ Ἀπόλλων πατρῷος καὶ Ζεὺς
ἑρκεῖος καὶ ποῦ ταῦτα τὰ ἱερά ἐστιν,
Civitas means (1) “state,” in the sense of an independent
political society, or the whole body of cives or members of such a
society: civitates are defined by Cicero (Somn. Scip.
as “concilium coetusque hominum jure
sociati:” cf. Dig. 1
; ib. 11; 1, 2, 2, 4.
(2) κατ᾽ ἐξοχήν,
the Roman state (e.g.
as distinct from apud hostes, esse, decedere,
). (3) A town
state, whether regarded as having a corporate existence (Dig. 50
; ib. 17, pr.; 30, 122, pr. &c.), or
merely from the geographical point of view (e.g. theatra, loca sacra in civitate,
: in agro vel civitate rem soli possidere,
). (4) The condition
or status of a Roman citizen: his rights and duties, as distinguished
from those of persons who are not Roman citizens; as in the common
phrases civitatem dare, civitate donare, civitatem
In this article it is proposed briefly to
examine what these rights and duties are ; how they are shared in
greater or less extent by different classes of persons who are members
of the Roman state; how they are acquired, and how they are lost.
Under the republic, citizens of Rome seem to be divisible into
“cives optimo jure
“cives non optimo jurc.
first, whether patricians or plebeians, enjoyed the full rights of
civitas, which were either public or private. The former are those known
--the right of voting in the comitia (especially
the comitia tributa), whether in elections or on debates, and the
capacity to fill the praetorship, consulship, and other Roman
magistracies. The private rights of civitas are comprised under the two
heads of commercium
expressing capacity to take part in
the dispositions, and under the protection, of the civil law, whether
conveyances, contracts, testamentary matters, or litigation; while
denotes capacity to enter into
a lawful Roman marriage, and thus to acquire patria
over its issue. The cives non
belong to one of these classes: (1) The
freedmen of a Roman citizen and their children (Suet. Cl. 24
); later (as will be seen), these possessed the
in many cases, but under
the early republic it was not so. Though excluded from honores and from
the comitia of the tribes, they were privileged to vote in the comitia
centuriata. (2) Municipes, persons belonging to a city other than and at
least originally independent of Rome, upon which the civitas Romana
had been bestowed. Whether it retained its
independence, or whether it was simply regarded as a portion of the
Roman state ( “quorum civitas universa in civitatem Romanam
venit,” Paul. Diacon. ex Festo), the municipes had no share in
the jus publicum.
) says that until B.C. 188 the Formiani,
Fundani, and Arpinates had the civitas without the suffragium ; and at
an earlier time, the people of Anagnia received the “civitas sine
suffragii latione” (Liv. 9.43
citizens originally optimo jure,
loss of suffragium had been inflicted as a punishment. This resulted
or from the
action of the censors, who were empowered “civem tribu movere et
aerarium facere” for offences which seemed not considerable
enough to entail complete loss of civitas (Gel.
). They were not permitted to share in the honour of
military service, but in respect of the private rights they stood on the
same footing with cives optimo jure.
This distinction of cives into those with and those without the optimum jus
will perhaps explain the opposition
which we sometimes find between the jus Quiritium and the civitas Romana
(especially in Pliny: Ep.
10.4, 6, 22, 23, 105, 106; cf.
3, 2). When a Latinus
obtains Roman citizenship, he is most usually said to
get the jus Quiritium ; when a peregrinus,
the term commonly used is civitas. The first expresses the difference
between a civis Romanus and other members of the Roman state. Latini
were such members; but from the term
no inference can be drawn
as to whether the individual is a subject of Rome or not.
In the time of the classical jurists, the free subjects of the Roman
state might be either cives, Latini,
5, 4; 19, 4; 20, 8; 11, 6); and similarly (Gaius, 1.12) a slave might by
manumission become a member of any one of these classes, though his
would be a very restricted
and unenviable sort of freedom. Civis,
according to Ulpian, is he who possesses the complete rights of a Roman
citizen, public as well as private. The peregrinus
had none of the rights of civitas: but he
could contract a marriage which the law recognised for certain purposes;
he had rights of property protected by praetorian remedies; he could
make all the contracts of the jus gentium
(including the “gentile” forms of stipulation, Gaius,
3.93), and could even execute a will which the law would sanction if
testamentary dispositions were in use in his own state. The condition of
was intermediate: he had no
and consequently he could not
exercise patria potestas
over his children
or found a Roman familia, nor as between his children was the tie of
agnation recognised,--they were cognates only; nor had he any of the
public rights of civitas. But the commercium
(unless he were a Latinus Junianus, of which
below) belonged to him in its fullest extent.
According to Savigny, the notion of civis and civitas had its origin in
the union of the patricians and plebeians as one estate. The peregrinitas,
in the sense above stated,
originated in the conquest of a state by the Romans, when the conquered
state did not obtain the civitas; and he conjectures that the notion of
was applied originally to
all citizens of foreign states which had a foedus
Civitas, then, historically viewed, was in brief as follows :--Originally
the Romans divided all persons into cives
apart from public rights,
the former had conubium
had neither. But it does not follow that the
was entirely destitute of
rights. He had no legal capacity according to the jus
and it is by the jus
that civitas is determined; but he had a capacity of
acquiring rights under the jus gentium
expounded in the praetor's edict, and these rights the Roman tribunals,
being under the praetor's control, gradually recognised and protected.
Thus the following would be peregrini:
before the time of Caracalla, the inhabitants of almost all the Roman
provinces; (2) the citizens of foreign states who were in friendly
relation with Rome,--in the language of modern law, “alien
amis;” (3) Romans who had lost the civitas by capitis deminutio minor
]; (4) freedmen who were dediticiorum numero
Between these two classes of Latini
a third (Latini
) is interposed in the course of history. Latinitas
denotes originally the legal condition of members of the Latin
confederation (unless their city had been raised to the rank of a
municipium), and of the numerous coloniae
such persons had none of the public rights of
civitas, nor had they the conubium;
was theirs. By the Leges
Julia and Plautia Papiria, following upon the Social War (B.C. 90), the
Roman citizenship was extended to all Italy, properly so called, and
even to Gallia Cispadana. But Latinitas did not therefore disappear. The
practice had perhaps already been instituted by conferring Latinitas or
jus Latii on allied or subject towns whom Rome wished to honour or
propitiate; at any rate, even after natives of Latium and members of the
Latin colonies had become cives under the two statutes mentioned, it was
common to make a grant of this semi-citizenship (which conveyed simple
) to towns in the provinces.
Latinity thus has no longer any ethnic or geographical signification; it
means simply a particular legal capacity. After the Lex Junia Norbana
(A.D. 19) had provided that slaves manumitted in certain informal ways,
or manumitted so as not to become cives, should have Latinitas, they
were called Latini Juniani, but the statute expressly withdrew from them
the element of the commercium,
have enabled them to make, witness, or take under a will (Gaius,
The commonest way in which civitas was acquired was birth. Children born
of a legitimum matrimonium
(i. e. lawful
wedlock between two cives, or between a civis
and a Latina
upon whom conubium
had been specially conferred: Ulpian,
5.3, 4) were born cives. If there was not conubium
between husband and wife, but the
latter was a civis, the issue were cives unless the husband was a
“non interveniente conubio [liberi] matris condicioni accedunt,
excepto eo qui ex peregrino et cive Romana nascitur; nam is
peregrinus nascitur, quoniam lex Minicia ex alterutro peregrino
natum deterioris parentis condicionem sequi jubet” (Ulpian,
5.8, 9); the general rule, where there was not
being “partus sequitur
ventrem.” Slaves would become cives by being manumitted in
one of the statutory modes (vindicta, censu,
), unless the case was one in which the Lex
Aelia Sentia restricted the libertus
lower status (Gaius, 1.13, 18, 21, 27). A Latinus
could rise to the status of civitas in a variety of
ways: by filling a magistracy in his own colonia Latina (Gaius, 1.95);
by marrying a civis
before seven witnesses and begetting a child who
lived a year, and proving these facts before a magistrate (Gaius, 1.66);
by marrying a peregrina,
believing her to
be a civis,
and proving his mistake (
“erroris causae probatio,” Gaius, 1.67); for other
modes see the succeeding paragraphs of Gaius (ib. 35; Ulpian,
3.1-6; Cod. 9, 24, 1, 4).
Gaius, 1.26) civitas could always of course be
conferred by statute: for examples, see Liv.
; Cic. pro Balb. 13
Cicero (ib. 8, 21) remarks
that many of the people of Heracleia and Neapolis made some opposition
to accepting the terms offered by the Lex Julia (B.C. 90), and would
have preferred their former relation to Rome as civitates foederatae
to the Roman civitas. That statute
gave the civitas not only to the natives of the Italian towns, but also
to natives of towns out of Italy who had become citizens of Italian
towns before it was enacted. Thus, L. Manlius (Cic. Fam. 13.3. 0
), a native of Catina
in Sicily, obtained the Roman civitas by virtue of having been enrolled
as a citizen of Neapolis (erat enim in id municipium
) before that date. The Lex Plautia Papiria,
passed a year later, contained a provision that persons who had been
enrolled as citizens of the foederatae
and who had a domicile in Italy at that moment,
should have the Roman civitas if they gave in their names to the praetor
within sixty days ( “apud praetorem essent professi,” Cic.
4, 7). Archias claimed the
benefit of this statute as having been enrolled a citizen of Heraclea,
and having in the other respects satisfied its conditions. But the
relation between the Leges Julia and Plautia [p. 1.450]
Papiria is differently represented by Dr. Merivale (Fall of the
chap. iii.), who thinks that the former gave
the civitas only to Umbria, Etruria, and the southern extremities of the
Italian peninsula, while the latter extended it to all the other Italian
allies and Gallia Cispadana.
Under the empire, when the political rights of the citizen had ceased to
have any value, and the personal will of the emperor had practically
become the sole legislative organ, he was privileged (inter alia
) to bestow the civitas on whomsoever he
pleased, except dediticii liberti:
as the gift of it to a Latinus Junianus would prejudice the patron, the
interests of the latter were guarded by an edict of Trajan (Gaius,
3.72). The extent to which the earlier emperors exercised this power was
dwarfed by the edict of Caracalla (A.D. 211-217), which conferred the
civitas on all Latini
then living under the sway of Rome
), though these classes were at once in some
measure replenished by manumission of slaves, the Leges Aelia Sentia and
Junia Norbana not having been abrogated. Under the later emperors, the
progressive absorption of the jus civile
the jus gentium,
or the substitution of the
latter in all departments of private law for the former, tended more and
more to minimise the importance of the distinction between cives
Justinian speaks of dediticia
(practically the only form of peregrinitas
in his empire) as extinct before his time
(Cod. 7, 5), and the Latina libertas (of which he says few examples were
to be found: Inst.
1.5, 3) he extinguished with the
repeal of the Lex Junia Norbana (Cod. 7, 6), so that in the 6th century
the last trace of the distinctions between freemen in respect of civitas
had disappeared, and all subjects were either cives or slaves.
&c. vol. v. “Ueber
die Entstehung, &c. der Latinität;” vol.
ix., “Der römische Volksschluss der Tafel von Heraklea
;” vol. xi., “Nachträge zu früheren
Arbeiten: System des heutigen römischen
” vol. ii. p. 27, &c.; Puchta,
§ § 62-65, | <urn:uuid:e1bab5b8-ad1f-4ea9-a0df-5c391c2f46c8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=civitas-cn&toc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DD | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00246-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883869 | 24,345 | 3.28125 | 3 |
If you’re like me, then you’re coming to lofty concepts like ‘Knowledge Management’ through a technology lense: you’re a practitioner from an IT background and you’ve been tasked with addressing a business challenge you feel is much bigger than your abilities or experience.
You’re not alone: for all the big business talk about the knowledge economy, managing intangible assets (i.e. the knowledge in employees’ brains) and creating value by hiring the best people and giving them great tools, remarkably few organizations use experienced KM practitioners to lead KM projects. More often than not, it’s someone from IT who has to figure it out.
I’m going to assume – for the sake of this post – that you (like me, when I started working in this field a few years ago) are full of good intentions and curious about what knowledge management is. I’m also going to assume that your focus is practical and that you need to get things done. All you’re looking for is to learn some basic business concepts related to your KM/intranet project – concepts that’ll help you
- Talk the talk
- Provide some business context to your project
- Prioritize features to meet your actual business objectives
- Understand what people will, and won’t, do in an intranet, and why.
Organizations that are part of the ‘knowledge economy’ (anything service-oriented, examples include: financial services, telecommunications, software, consulting, etc.) face an important issue today: their success is dependent on the people working for them, and the information and processes these people are able to access in order to do their work. ‘Information work’ of this kind is characterized by
- Solving challenges that are unique to a situation or customer
- Solving different challenges in rapid succession (i.e. context-switching)
- Applying creativity to solving business challenges
- Rendering great customer service quickly and efficiently
- Producing effective documents, quickly and reliably
- Working with data from a variety of sources (systems, websites, files) and transforming it into ‘meaning’ that can be actioned.
I’m sure this list could be much longer, but maybe we can start with these items. They establish a basic tenet: information work isn’t necessarily about repetitive tasks (at least not repetitive physical tasks), but about bringing intelligence and creativity into the workplace to create economic value.
The value of an organization is determined by how well its people capture, retrieve and use information in the execution of their tasks. What do these terms mean? Let’s define them quickly:
- Capturing information: When a task is done for the first time, information about how it is done should be captured. This could be a process document, a customer service record, an entry in a knowledge base or a blog entry. When someone improves a task (re-designs it) or solves a specific problem, improvements and solutions should be captured (written down, recorded, captured somehow). All of these bits of captured knowledge should somehow be related to one another so that they can be seen in context.
- Retrieving information: When information workers are faced with performing a task (either repetitive or unique), they can search or browse for previously captured information about the task. They use structured or unstructured searches to find pertinent information, retrieve that information, hopefully understand it (this means the information needs to be captured in a way that makes it usable) and act on it.
- Using information: It requires an ‘information worker mindset’ to apply retrieved information, on the fly, to solving business problems or servicing customers. I would argue that this is the same mindset that also captures information for retrieval and use. It is characterized by a fundamental understanding that ‘taking out’ and ‘putting in’ are related, and that both contribute equally to business value and are therefore equally necessary.
Together, these three high-level activities are the defining factors of a knowledge organization. Their respective effectiveness directly translates into KM success.
It should now be pretty clear where knowledge management systems (intranets, BI applications, CRM systems, etc.) need to focus. Systems can make capturing information easier, but cannot bring about a culture shift that’ll make an organization’s employees want to capture knowledge. Systems can make retrieving information significantly more efficient (search, information architecture, notifications, etc.). Systems cannot really help employees use information better, but they can certainly provide the information in a usable context to make its application as easy as possible.
Knowledge management intranets therefore need to support the activities of information workers. In the next few posts in this series, I’ll look to explore each of these concepts (capture, retrieve, use) in the context of a variety of Microsoft technologies (Office, SharePoint, etc.). This will illustrate my points practically and provide implementation examples at the same time. I look forward to your feedback and thoughts. | <urn:uuid:2dbc5aa5-ee41-4553-856b-2985577f1ca2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://carstenknoch.com/2008/02/what-you-need-to-know-about-knowledge-management-pt-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.933891 | 1,058 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Our previous posts on sustainable eating in the Middle East/North Africa region featured rice and chicken kabsa from Saudi Arabia, Jordan’s traditional mansaf, and wheat berry pudding from Iran. All very delicious – but what about North Africa?
Regional, seasonal, fresh and harvested under fair conditions. That’s sustainable eating. And Moroccans do it well, adapting the taste for spices and chili heat to their huge variety of native grains and vegetables. Local chickpeas appear in many Moroccan stews and soups This soul-satisfying soup indulges chickpea love with a winter vegetable, spinach. Inexpensive, health-building and delicious.
Moroccan Chickpea and Spinach Soup
Serves 6 generously
1/4 cup olive oil
1 medium onion, chopped
4 garlic cloves, chopped
1/2 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/2 teaspoon paprika
1/2 teaspoon ground cumin
1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper or more to taste
2 cups diced fresh or crushed canned tomatoes
4 cups canned chickpeas,drained
3 cups vegetable broth
1/2 teaspoon granulated sugar
salt and freshly ground pepper to taste
4 cups fresh spinach, rinsed, drained, and chopped
Choose a large pot. Heat the olive oil in it and add onion, garlic, cinnamon, paprika, cumin and cayenne.
Cook, stirring occasionally 5 minutes or until the onions wilt.
Add tomatoes, chickpeas, vegetable broth and sugar.
Bring to a boil, then lower the heat and let the soup simmer for 45 minutes.
Season with salt and pepper.
Just before serving, place equal quantities of spinach into 6 soup bowls. Ladle hot soup on top of the spinach.
Serve right away.
More delicious Middle Eastern soups with ingredients in season:
Image of chickpea soup via Shutterstock.
Miriam also blogs at Israeli Kitchen. | <urn:uuid:42a7e40e-8424-49fa-89ca-51a73bef9ef6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.greenprophet.com/2013/01/eat-like-a-sustainable-moroccan-chickpea-and-spinach-soup-recipe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848536 | 409 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Heard about that union that’s been a bane of existence for American technology companies? Yeah, that European Union. Microsoft and the EU have been at logger-heads for quite a while now. There was the Media Player controversy back then which resulted in Microsoft providing a separate version of Windows for the European Union countries that did not feature the Windows Media Player, known as Windows N’. Having Windows without a browser would mean killing the OoBE for a user and as such Microsoft proposed showing European users a screen listing browser alternatives for the user to choose and install. EU accepted Microsoft’s solution and the ballot screen has started appearing for users. Here’s what the ballot screen looks like:
(Image credit: ZDNet)
NOTE: The ballot screen will appear if you’re location is set to a country that is a part of the European Union AND Internet Explorer is your default browser. The option comes via Windows Update, alternatively if you’re running the N’ edition, you can trigger it from:
There’s a web implementation of the ballot screen if you’re curious browserchoice.eu. The following browsers are included:
- Google Chrome
- Internet Explorer
- Green Browser
The browsers will appear in a random order based on an algorithm, of course like anything Microsoft does, the random-ness’ is being scrutinized.
While, I for one have been against Microsoft buckling under pressure to have a smooth Windows 7 release simply because this will set a precedent for others to start making noise and get a ballot screen for everything and taking this beyond Europe, which is exactly what happened. The European Committee for Interoperable Systems (ECIS) has come out with a statement that this ballot screen option should be made available globally because users deserve better. Here’s their statement:
Consumers deserve the same unbiased browser choice on all the world’s more than 1 billion personal computers
NOTE #2: If you’re wondering why Windows 7 doesn’t come bundled with a chat client and email client, well, this is why.
According to Neowin, as part of Microsoft’s efforts to ensure that users stick with Internet Explorer, Microsoft has started airing several TV commercials about Internet Explorer in the United Kingdom. | <urn:uuid:dfb8b4b4-b09d-41c6-a52d-0d5cb6f9b024> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://techie-buzz.com/microsoft/windows-7-browser-ballot-screen-to-goes-live-lobbyists-want-to-take-it-global.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00532-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902152 | 475 | 1.8125 | 2 |
BERLIN, August 31, 2016: Germany’s interior minister Thomas de Maizière visited Facebook’s offices in Berlin on Monday and advised Facebook to be more proactive in removing forbidden content from its social network platform.
“Facebook should take down racist content or calls for violence from its pages on its own initiative even if it hasn’t yet received a complaint,” Thomas de Maiziere said. “Facebook has an immensely important economic position and, just like every other large enterprise, it has an immensely important social responsibility.”
The German government has been critical of Facebook in the past. Political leaders and regulators have complained the world’s largest social network, with 1.6 billion monthly users, had been slow to respond to hate speech and anti-immigrant messages.
Last year, Justice Minister Heiko Maas told Reuters that Facebook must abide by stricter German laws banning racist sentiment even if it might be allowed in the United States under freedom of speech.
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De Maiziere said he recognized Facebook’s efforts to develop software that can better identify outlawed content and praised its efforts to fight child pornography. He said it was right to warn users in its terms of the dissemination of illegal content.
“But it’s up to the company to ensure those terms are upheld,” he said. “A company with a good reputation for innovation will have to earn a good reputation in this area.”
Eva-Maria Kirschsieper, Facebook’s head of Public Policy in Germany, told reporters during de Maiziere’s visit that the discussions between political leaders and companies in social media would continue.
— Born This Way (@BTWFoundation) August 29, 2016
“We see ourselves as part of German society and part of the German economy,” she said. “And we know that we have a major responsibility and we want to live up to this responsibility. We take this issue very seriously indeed.”
Mark Wallace, a former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations who now heads the Counter Extremist Project (CEP) in New York, a non-profit group that maintains a database of information about extremist groups, said Facebook was a leader in the social media sector in combating extremism, but more work was needed.
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“Of all the companies, Facebook has done the most, but they’re all just starting to recognize that the weaponization of social media platforms is not good business and not good for society,” Wallace told Reuters.
CEP is completing testing of a new software tool that will identify new images and videos published on social media sites by Islamic State and other extremist groups, and remove them instantly wherever they occur, much as already done with child pornography images.
Earlier this year, Facebook Chief Executive Mark Zuckerberg came to Berlin to respond to the criticism. He said he had learned from Facebook’s experience in Germany that migrants were a group of people who also needed to be protected from hate speech online. (VOA) | <urn:uuid:1f63ae12-77fc-46c5-98d4-6fe659dcdbca> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.newsgram.com/germany-wants-facebook-to-take-initiative-in-fight-against-online-hate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719843.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00292-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956782 | 642 | 1.59375 | 2 |
With the Constitution Commission set to hand in its final report to the President on Friday, the military says it has its own ideas on what the constitution should contain.
Land Forces Commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces, Colonel Mosese Tikoitoga, told Radio Australia's Pacific Beat that the military government remained determined "to integrate the Fijian society as one, make everybody patriotic to Fiji".
"That is our biggest target and its the biggest challenge that we've had in the last couple of elections, and we want to see that carried through before the next election comes," Colonel Tikoitoga said.
"And it has to be incorporated in the constitution for that to happen."
Colonel Tikoitoga says that unlike previous coups of 1987 and 2000, which he claims gave rise to governments that supported discriminatory policies, the 2006 military takeover was an attempt to support an integrated society.
"Even though it will be argued that the process [of the 2006 coup] was not right, but nobody else could have righted the wrongs that have been done in the past," he said.
"And we've done all the reforms that's been necessary for a true democracy.
"We're changing it for the better and I think it should be appreciated.
"I always tell the people here, maybe historians 50 years from today will write that it was actually the military that actually changed the face of democracy in Fiji and made it better."
Colonel Tikoitoga says the military has made it clear to other groups that it would not support them in any personal, ethnic or political agendas if they were to be elected.
"We want to leave the governance of the country to a proper parliamentary role," he said.
Fiji historian Dr Brij Lal, from the Australian National University, said the military statement contained "all kinds of contradictions and ironies".
"The military is 99 per cent ethnic Fijian and you are entrusting the military, this indigenous Fijian institution, to create and sustain a multiracial democracy - seems to me to be a bit problematic," Dr Lal said.
"It sounds very nice - the military committed to creating a genuine multiracial democracy, religiously tolerant, new Fiji and so on - but the fine print is problematic." | <urn:uuid:bcb71c69-18d1-4874-8d65-2799429aa3fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2012-12-20/fijis-military-vows-new-constitution-will-incorporate-postcoup-changes/1064044 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00167-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970176 | 471 | 1.734375 | 2 |
I take a lot of pictures. If you've ever visited my Flickr site, you know that I take my camera everywhere and I'm a bit compulsive. I've tried different programs for organizing my photo files and always come back to iPhoto. I now have more than 42,000 photos, and no other program I've found lets me just type in a date or a person's name to quickly find the photo I need.
Course, sometimes the date is not enough, and I have been, well, less than diligent in labeling my photos. Honestly, you can't label 40,000 photos and still have a life. I am pretty
careful about labeling all my Events (complete with the names of all the people included in each event), and I label photos before I export them to Flickr. Still, that leaves a lot of unlabeled photos.
That's why I was curious about iPhoto's new Faces feature. The idea is that iPhoto can recognize faces in your photo collection and thus make it easy to bring up all the pictures, say, of your Uncle Henry, or in my case, of my Dad.
Here's my test of Faces.
I choose a picture of my Dad where I can see his face full on.
Then I click Name (leftmost icon at the bottom of the window). iPhoto identifies the faces and asks me to label them. (If it can't identify what's a face, you can draw a frame around the face yourself.)
I type in "John" for my Dad and press Enter.
Once I press Enter, a little arrow appears next to the name. I click it to jump to the Faces section (for this particular person).
Now the magic begins. At first, there is a tantalizing title, "John may also be in the photos below", but no pictures. But after a few moments, iPhoto brings up the photos that it thinks contain the same face as the one you labeled:
In this example, based on the single example of my Dad's face, iPhoto initially brought up 38 more pictures, every single one of which included my Dad at various stages of his life. It's not always this spot-on, but still, I think it's pretty remarkable.
Once it gives you suggestions, you can either use them for the project you're working on (say, by dragging them into an album), or you can confirm (or reject) the suggestions in order to hone iPhotos recognition.
To do confirm or reject suggestions, start by clicking the Confirm Name button at the bottom of the window.
iPhoto automatically switches to a close-up view of the face in question. This makes it really easy to see if the person you want is really in the photo. (You can also switch to close-up view without confirming suggestions by clicking the close-up button.
Then to confirm that the face belongs to the person in question, click the photo. To reject the suggestion, click twice on the photo. You can also drag to accept a bunch at once, option-click to reject with a single click, or option-drag to reject a bunch at once. Accepted photos will display the person's name on a green background as shown below. Rejected photos will show "Not [your person]" on a red background.
Once you've given iPhoto more data, click Done at the bottom of the window and it will scan your collection for more photos that include the face you're working on.
I'm pretty impressed. iPhoto found pictures of my Dad on all sorts of backgrounds, in different brightnesses, and even in old, black and white pictures that I had scanned in from 41 years ago:
And that means those photos are that much easier to get your hands on, to use, and especially, to share.
When you go to the Faces page, you can scan through all the pictures of a given person just like you might with any Event. I love just flipping through them. (To choose the one for the "cover", flip to it, and hit the spacebar.)
I'm not good at faces myself. I'm much more apt to remember what someone says to me than whether or not they have a beard or a sharp nose or some other facial feature. It's been really interesting to see which faces iPhoto confuses and which ones it considers similar. And I always love having an excuse to go through my photos. All 42,146 of them. | <urn:uuid:eb5a6ed1-0007-4bff-b588-9fff3824584c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.pigsgourdsandwikis.com/2009/02/iphotos-new-faces-feature-really-does.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00086-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948261 | 923 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The New York Public Service Commission’s (PSC) Clean Energy Standard (CES), adopted in August, includes a new emissions credit—the ZEC. The ZEC, or zero-emissions credit, is the first emissions credit created exclusively for nuclear power.
The ZEC is the result of a highly politicized effort to support New York’s struggling nuclear power plants. New York’s four nuclear plants account for 31 percent of the state’s total electric generation mix. According to the PSC, “losing the carbon-free attributes of this generation before the development of new renewable resources between now and 2030 would undoubtedly result in significantly increased air emissions due to heavier reliance on existing fossil-fueled plants or the construction of new gas plants to replace the supplanted energy.” The ZEC Program is intended to keep the state’s nuclear plants open until 2029 and provide an emissions-free bridge to renewable energy. | <urn:uuid:63a09c1b-ef92-4418-b3f2-e5d172b0c6df> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.energybusinesslaw.com/tag/regional-greenhouse-gas-initiative-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.895651 | 198 | 2.875 | 3 |
Private Business Net Investment Remains in a Deep Ditch
By Robert Higgs • Sunday February 20, 2011 12:26 PM PST •
If any one thing estimated in the Commerce Department’s National Income and Product Accounts may be described as the engine of economic growth, private domestic business net investment is that thing. This variable has such tremendous importance because, if accurately gauged, it tells us better than any other measure how many resources are being devoted to building up the private business capital stock and improving it by innovation. An economy that has anemic private business net investment almost certainly will falter soon, if it is not doing so already.
Notice that every aspect of this awkwardly named variable is critical.
• First, it has to do with private investment, not so-called government investment. The latter, which looms fairly large in the official accounts, ought never to have been labeled as investment, because it comes about not as a result of wealth-seeking motives and rational economic calculation, but as a result of political motives, calculations, and actions that often clash with the creation of real wealth, rather than contributing to it.
• Second, we are looking here at business investment, excluding what the Bureau of Economic Analysis calls private “household and institutions” investment, which has somewhat murky underlying objectives, determinants, and consequences.
• Third, we are examining net, rather than gross, investment. The latter includes a large element of expenditure aimed merely at compensating for the wear and tear and obsolescence of the existing stock of private business capital. For example, even at the most recent peak for gross private domestic business investment, in the third quarter of 2007, it was running at $1,661 billion (annual rate), whereas net private domestic business investment was only $463 billion (annual rate), or about 28 percent of the total. (The investment data cited in this article are taken from Table 5.1, Saving and Investment by Sector, in the National Income and Product Accounts, accessed 02/16/11.)
It is obviously important that businesses compensate for ongoing depreciation of their existing stock of capital goods, which includes structures, tools and equipment, software, and inventories. But unless firms do more than make up for depreciation, they do not expand their productive capacity except to the extent that they can embed improved technology in their replacements for worn-out or obsolete capital goods. In general, economic growth requires net investment, and more rapid economic growth requires a greater rate of net investment.
With that essential idea in mind, let us examine what has happened recently to private domestic business net investment, which I will henceforth call simply net private investment. Such investment reached its recent cyclical peak in the third quarter of 2007, at $463 billion (annual rate). It then fell steadily for the next four quarters, reaching $336 billion in the third quarter of 2008. At that point, it plunged steeply, falling to only $159 billion, or by 53 percent, in the fourth quarter of 2008.
Although the financial-market panic that had flared up in late September 2008 began to subside early in 2009, net private investment continued to fall, becoming negative (-$53 billion, annual rate) in the first quarter of 2009 and even more negative in the second quarter (-$119 billion). Although some improvement began in the third quarter of 2009, net private investment remained negative during the third and fourth quarters. For the entire year 2009, the amount of net private investment amounted to a large negative amount (-$69 billion). So, in other words, the value of the private business capital stock fell by that amount. Hardly by coincidence, real GDP also fell substantially in 2009, by 2.6 percent.
In 2010, net private investment increased smartly for three quarters, reaching an annual rate of $270 billion in the third quarter, then contracted sharply – by almost 47 percent – to $144 billion in the fourth quarter. For the entire year, the amount of private net investment was $177 billion. Whether the collapse in the final quarter of 2010 will turn out to have been a fluke or the beginning of a longer-term decline, we shall have to wait to see.
According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, the most recent business-cycle peak occurred in December 2007, and the trough was reached in June 2009. As we have seen, net private investment peaked slightly sooner, in the third quarter of 2007. So, we are now more than three years past the economy’s overall peak and some 20 months past its trough, yet net private investment in the most recent quarter was running at only 31 percent of the annual rate at its previous peak.
Private net investment is currently running far below the rate required to sustain a rapid rate of economic growth. Real consumer spending, in contrast, peaked in the fourth quarter of 2007, fell only slightly (about 2.5 percent) to the second quarter of 2009, and by the fourth quarter of 2010 exceeded its previous quarterly peak (by almost 1 percent). Despite the wailing and gnashing of teeth among Keynesian economists and politicians with regard to allegedly inadequate consumption, a collapse of consumption is not to blame for the economy’s anemic recovery to date. However, looking elsewhere for the cause, we find that the economy’s true engine of growth – private business net investment – continues to sputter, running in the most recent quarter at less than a third of its previous peak rate and, for the entire year 2010, at only 40 percent of its rate for the entire year 2007.
Unless net private investment recovers more rapidly, the overall economy’s recovery is sure to remain slow, at best, certainly too slow to bring down significantly the high unemployment rate that has been stuck for a long time between 9 percent and 10 percent (and would be substantially greater if we took into account the millions who have left the labor force recently because they did not believe they could find a job even if they searched for one). As matters now stand, real stagnation is a likely prospect and, given the Fed’s massive ongoing purchases of Treasury debt and the stupendous amount of excess reserves in the commercial banks’ accounts at the Fed, stagflation also seems to be a credible expectation.
Investors continue to view the future with major misgivings, owing to the unsettled condition of the government’s future actions with regard to health care, financial regulations, energy regulations, taxation, and other matters that have serious implications for business costs and the security of private property rights in business capital and its returns. Although ObamaCare and the Dodd-Frank bill have already been enacted, these massive statutes leave scores of important details awaiting determination by administrative agencies and courts whose actions will be fiercely contested at every step. Future tax rates also remain up for grabs in Congress.
Nor are the investment-paralyzing uncertainties confined to the United States. Europe in particular continues to wrestle with the aftermath of the malinvestments and other distortions wrought in its asset markets and financial institutions during the boom of 2002-2006, and several countries teeter on the brink of sovereign default. Given the close linkages of national markets in today’s world, U.S. companies will feel a great impact from any new crises in Europe – something else to worry about as they contemplate the desirability of increasing their investment spending.
Of course, the major trading countries and their governments may ultimately find a way to muddle through. They have eventually weathered major storms in the past. Yet, however the world’s economy moves in the longer term, the immediate prospect for investors in the U.S. economy remains troubled, at best. A substantial, rapid recovery of private business net investment must await the clearing of these clouds. Until such a recovery does occur, however, overall economic prospects must remain rather gloomy for the near and medium terms. | <urn:uuid:e012ad14-b296-45e3-9b36-74ad376a7cd7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.independent.org/2011/02/20/private-business-net-investment-remains-in-a-deep-ditch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00222-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96358 | 1,615 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Digital time switch used to switch plant on and off, or for the control of setback periods at night or at weekends.
· Integrated countdown timer
· Suitable for mounting on DIN rail
· Simple programming with large and easy - to-understand LCD
· Manual on/off control
· Quick Daylight Saving (DS) adjustment · Backup of 72 hours
The microprocessor automatically stores the programmed times in chronological order.
The time switch operates in one of 4 modes:
· Manual continuously on
· Manual continuously off
· Adjustable count down timer on, or
· Automatic operation via the time program
A switch with momentary contact closure across M-D1 activates the countdown timer. The power supply is buffered by a memory backup capacitor. In the event of a power failure, the time switch will continue to run, with the program retained, for 72 hours. However, the relay will assume (or remain in) the normal position.
|SEH62.1||7-Day Digital Time Clock, AC 230V| | <urn:uuid:c05e18c7-9a3c-4f39-9da0-7d69d90b6c42> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://baeautomation.com.au/electrical-devices/siemens-seh62.1-digital-time-clock.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.816522 | 219 | 2.078125 | 2 |
The myth of common law marriage
The myth of common-law marriage – that couples who live together have the same legal rights as married couples – springs from a time when there was uncertainty about what constituted a marriage. Church and State marriage ceremonies are relatively recent, having been grafted onto older popular rites where legitimacy was not dependent on written law.
Marriage by consent
In earlier times, the validity of a marriage depended on the consent of two people publicly announced or at least symbolised by the exchange of rings or love tokens.
These were spoken rituals, celebrated by the people themselves; their witness and memory of the events was evidence that made the marriage legitimate.
Among Anglo-Saxons, the Beweddung was a public ceremony led by the father of the bride. The groom and his people offered weds to the bride’s guardians - these were guarantees that the bride would be looked after.
In Scotland and northern England, couples exchanged vows (plighting the troth) by joining their hands in the handfast. They were then called wyf husband. A woman without a guardian – such as a widow – gave herself to the groom. The partners exchanged weds and rings, kissed and clasped hands and this was overseen by an orator. The man would give the woman the gift of a ring to imply a formal contract.
Married 'in the eyes of God'
In the 13th century, Pope Innocent III declared that the free consent of both spouses was the sole essence of a marriage, not the formal solemnities by a priest or in church. A valid and binding marriage was a verbal contract, through an exchange of vows between a man and a woman over the age of consent (14 and 12), with two witnesses and expressed in the present tense. A promise in the future tense was only binding if it was followed by sexual intercourse, which was taken as evidence of consent in the present.
Married ‘in the eyes of God and the Church’
Priests initially got involved as orators, inviting witnesses and prompting the vows. They later offered the church porch as a place to announce and witness vows made at other public places such as the market cross. Gradually, the clergy took over the role of orator, asking those attending whether there were objections to the marriage and then getting the couple to repeat their betrothal agreement publicly. This was symbolised by rings and coins placed in the priest’s book.
By the 1500s, most people brought their vows to church as the final part of the marriage process, following the betrothal and church services started to take place at the altar rather than in the porch.
The church did not approve of men and women taking themselves as man and wife before their vows were ratified by the church, since canon law recognised this as the basis of holy matrimony. However, the church courts recognised common rites - spousals, handfasts, and trothplights followed by intercourse - as valid marriages.
Marriage and the law
All three branches of the law – ecclesiastical, common and equity – had control over some aspects of marriage. Medieval canon law determined the rules of marriage. These were revised and restated in the Canons of 1604 and enforced by the church courts. The criminal courts could become involved if either party chose to sue the other for a statutory offence like bigamy. Equity law had jurisdiction over trust deeds and became involved in marriage where there was litigation around marriage settlements and the enforcement of trust deeds. The various courts overlapped and sometimes contradictory verdicts were returned as to what was or was not a legally valid marriage.
After inheritance, marriage was probably the single most important method of transmitting property. As a result, much of the litigation about marriage was about property over which the common law had legal jurisdiction.
Uncertain unions and clandestine marriages
By the 16th century, large numbers of people were living together in situations of varying uncertainty, as there was no consensus about how to conduct a legally binding marriage. Some – especially poorer people – still opted for private verbal contracts, which were ‘valid in the eyes of God’, but not always enforceable in court.
Others chose a clandestine marriage conducted by a clergyman. These followed the ritual of the Book of Common Prayer but violated canon law in a number of ways, most notably by being performed in private without either the reading of banns or a valid licence from a church official.
The advantage of these ceremonies was that the clergyman’s involvement gave it respectability and it was recognised as legally binding, having full property rights in common law. There was a huge demand for clandestine marriages as they were considerably cheaper than official church marriages and held in secret – an important consideration for minors who feared opposition from parents, or servants who feared dismissal.
The State steps in
By the 1730s, public opinion was beginning to turn against the clandestine marriage system with complaints in London newspapers about the fraudulent seduction of heirs and heiresses. In 1753, Lord Harwicke’s Marriage Act, “for the better preventing of clandestine marriages”, stipulated that no marriage was valid unless performed by an ordained Anglican clergyman in the premises of the Church of England after either thrice-called banns or purchase of a license from the bishop or one of his surrogates.
In the case of both banns and license, at least one party had to be resident for at least three weeks in the parish where the marriage was to be celebrated. Parental consent for those under 21 was strictly enforced. Only the Quakers and Jews managed to have their marriage rites exempted. There were strong objections to the Act. The Gentleman’s Magazine claimed “proclamations of banns and publick [sic] marriages are against the nature and genius of our people”.
Common-law marriage practices
Despite the Marriage Act of 1753, people still tended to keep marriage informal – many felt that the State and the Church had no business in their private lives. One informal ceremony was the Gretna Green wedding. The Marriage Act applied to England and Wales, so it became popular to cross into Scotland, where you only had to have your consents witnessed. As the railways opened up, people developed ‘package tours’ offering bed and breakfast for ‘celebration and consummation’. In Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cheshire, those who had gone through some kind of common-law rite were said to be ‘married on the carpet and the banns up the chimney’ or ‘married but not churched’.
In almost every part of Britain the term ‘living tally’ established itself:
They’re livin’ tally
They’ve made a tally bargain
They’re noant wed, they’re nobit livin’ tally
The origins are obscure but the term ‘tally’ became widespread in the 19th century. It referred to a definite, but conditional contract or ‘bargain’, based on the consent of both parties and protecting the women in the case of motherhood.
Studies of rural areas have found as many as one in seven couples ‘living tally’. In the mid-Victorian period and throughout the following hundred years, common-law arrangements reduced considerably. Since the 1960s, a series of administrative rulings, court decisions and laws have given some legal rights to cohabiters and the number of couples in cohabiting unions has increased dramatically. These limited rights, however, do not amount to the restoration of the legal recognition of common-law marriage, which ended definitively with the Marriage Act of 1753.
John R Gillis (1985) For Better For Worse: British Marriages 1600 to the Present. Oxford University Press
Peter Laslett (1979) The World We Have Lost. Methuen
Laurence Stone (1995) Uncertain Unions and Broken Lives. Oxford University Press | <urn:uuid:675575ae-cf7a-4ca1-911e-a2c9823c7e0a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://thecoupleconnection.net/articles/the-myth-of-common-law-marriage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980753 | 1,661 | 3.265625 | 3 |
- 1 Can you add hydraulic remotes to a tractor?
- 2 What are remote hydraulics on tractors?
- 3 What are rear remote hydraulic valves on a tractor?
- 4 What are dual remotes on a tractor?
- 5 How hydraulics work on a tractor?
- 6 What does SCV stand for on tractors?
- 7 What is detent on a tractor?
- 8 What is hydraulic detent?
- 9 How many rear remotes does a tractor have?
- 10 What is a double acting rear remote valve?
- 11 What does live hydraulics mean?
- 12 What is a hydraulic top link?
- 13 What is a Kubota remote valve kit?
Can you add hydraulic remotes to a tractor?
Quick answer is yes. I’ve asked the dealer about a 2nd one on my Kubota M7040, if I remember it would cost about $1,000. BUT, recently I saw some online that plug into your existing outlets, with a switch on the present handle to ‘split’ the flow, but don’t remember right not where it was. I’ll look.
What are remote hydraulics on tractors?
Remotes are the hydraulic couplers which enable you to plug in an implement with a hydraulic cylinder. This allows you to raise or lower and control the function of the implement using the hydraulic power of the tractor.
What are rear remote hydraulic valves on a tractor?
Member. Rear remotes are simply auxiliary hydraulic connection that allow you to operate hydraulic cylinders. They consist of the quick connections located somewhere on the rear of the tractor and the control lever up by the operator. That’s all they are.
What are dual remotes on a tractor?
Dual remotes just means it has 2 sets of hydraulic outlets to use. They run such things as loaders and implement cylinders. Old tractors such as the Farmall M had one, new modern tractors have as many as 4 sets of remotes.
How hydraulics work on a tractor?
The high-pressure fluid acts upon the rod and piston within a hydraulic cylinder. Each stroke of the cylinder converts the fluid power (pressure) into work (mechanical force). The reservoir oil level falls while the rod and piston are extending. When the rod and piston retract, the fluid returns to the reservoir.
What does SCV stand for on tractors?
Implements are the typical use of hydraulics off the tractor, and selective control valves (SCVs) control the volume of flow. Implements use hydraulic oil to perform a variety of functions such as raising and lowering parts as well as providing power to motors and other devices for mechanical movement.
What is detent on a tractor?
” Detent ” just means that the spool will lock into a position. A “Float” position is where the 2 work ports are connected together and also connected to tank. The pressure port usually is connected to the “out” or “power beyond ” port when in float position.
What is hydraulic detent?
Detent: A catch or lever that locks the movement of the valve handle and spool in place. Fitting: A device for creating a seal within a hydraulic system. GPM: Acronym that stands for “Gallons Per Minute”. Piston: A fitting within a cylinder that moves back and forth with the rod.
How many rear remotes does a tractor have?
But usually 4 is plenty. Small round balers take one set. My NH 575 square baler requires two sets but it could require 4 sets if I add hydraulic tension and pickup. Rear blades can take a couple also.
What is a double acting rear remote valve?
Virtually all cylinders are ” double acting ” which means they apply hydraulic power both to extend and to retract the cylinder. The valve is a lever inside the cab that controls the flow of hydraulic oil to the cylinder via the remotes on the back of the tractor.
What does live hydraulics mean?
Live hydraulics means that you have oil flow (power) allways when engine is running. That means that hydraulic pump is driven directly from engine, not via any clutch. Usually mounted directly on engine, or in/on gearbox on HST tractors, and on tractors with wet multi plates PTO clutch.
Constructed to perform for excellent longevity, this hydraulic top link is a useful agricultural tool that connects to 3-point equipment. It is a category 1 cylinder, compatible with a horsepower range of 25 to 55, and can operate at 3,000 PSI.
What is a Kubota remote valve kit?
This simple kit takes advantage of the loader valve already installed on your tractor, and adds a valve to select a third function. No electrical or hydraulic modifications required. Simple plug & play installation – this is the simplest, most affordable way to add a remote hydraulic function. | <urn:uuid:d1ffbd60-dca8-4db4-904a-b41f0a5980bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tractorfriends.org/answers-on-questions/quick-answer-what-tractor-attachments-require-remote-hydraulics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.926135 | 1,049 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Sajid Javid has said he is “confident” that a booster programme for coronavirus jabs can begin this month.
The health secretary told Kay Burley that he is awaiting advice from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) which should come “certainly in the next few days” and he believes the process can begin in September.
His comments came as the boss of COVID vaccine maker AstraZeneca said booster jabs may not be needed for everyone in the UK.
Chief executive Pascal Soriot said a nationwide rollout of third doses could put additional pressures on the NHS during the winter.
The JCVI, which advises the government on who should possibly get a third dose, is said to be awaiting results from the University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust’s Cov-Boost study, which is trialling seven different booster jabs.
Data is expected to be presented to the advisory body this week before it then publishes a decision.
The potential booster programme in the UK would give those most at risk from coronavirus extra protection ahead of the winter.
It would be designed to extend the already strong protection an individual has received from their first and second jabs.
Asked about the booster programme on Sky News on Wednesday, Mr Javid said: “In terms of who actually gets it and when, we’re waiting for final advice which could come across, certainly, in the next few days from the JCVI.”
He said the advice is expected to include information on whether people should get different vaccines to the ones they have already had or the same ones, adding: “I’m confident that we can start the booster programme this month.”
Vaccines minister Nadhim Zahawi told Sky News on Tuesday the booster programme was his “absolute priority” as it will “absolutely help us to transition the virus from pandemic to endemic status”.
Mr Zahawi did not deny that “firebreak” restrictions could be implemented in October if COVID-19 hospitalisations remain high – saying the decision depends on the success of the booster jab programme for the elderly and most vulnerable.
He later told MPs the programme is “ready to go” as soon as the scientific advice for the scheme is signed off.
Speaking to Sky News on Wednesday, Mr Javid said he has not thought about a so-called firebreak in October.
“I don’t think that’s something we need to consider. I haven’t even thought about that as an option at this point,” the health secretary said.
He added that no decisions are “risk-free” but insisted the “best defence” against another wave of the virus is the vaccine programme.
But the head of the World Health Organisation (WHO), Tedros Abhanom Ghebreyesus, said last month that booster shots in developed countries should be delayed to raise vaccination rates globally.
Data on plans for the general booster campaign is still being collected and analysed.
The current COVID vaccines have been shown to give good protection against severe disease for at least six months, and there is also evidence of longer-lasting protection.
But because any rise in cases would place pressure on the NHS, a booster protection plan for winter has been deemed necessary.
Who a booster jab should be offered to will be recommended by the JCVI.
Last month, the UK agreed to buy 35 million more doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine as a way to “future-proof” the jabs programme. | <urn:uuid:f28ca59c-3203-4f66-8c7b-35d313d9747b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thesmartincomeinvestor.com/2021/09/08/javid-confident-that-booster-programme-for-covid-jabs-will-begin-this-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.961547 | 755 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Schuemann Barrels Timing Test Kit Instructions
the hardest job when gunsmithing a 1911 is determining
if the barrel, link, frame, and slide are adjusted so that upon
firing, the timing of their relative motions allows the gun to
function reliably and to last for many tens of thousands of
These instructions, combined with the associated spring and pieces of shim stock, (supplied in the test kit from KKM Precision) can be used to determine if a 1911 is properly timed.
This procedure does not require the services of a gunsmith to perform and any gunowner can perform the tests and determine if their 1911 has been properly built.
Before a 1911 is fired, the slide is forward and the barrel is locked to the slide via the meshing of the upper lugs on the barrel into the matching grooves in the slide. The barrel is hooked to the frame via a link, the bottom end of which is connected to the slide stop pin. The link is vertical when the slide and barrel are forward. When the gun is fired, the slide and barrel begin moving rearward together. As the barrel moves rearward, the link rotates about the slide stop pin and starts pulling the barrel down, thereby beginning the unlocking of the barrel from the slide. After the link pulls the barrel downward sufficiently, the barrel becomes completely unlocked from the slide. Then the back of the lower lugs on the barrel will hit the impact surface in the frame, which will stop the barrel's rearward motion, and combined with the link, the barrel's downward motion. The slide freely continues rearward to complete the ejection of the fired case and then moves forward to load the next round into the barrel.
Possible problem number one is created if the impact surface in the frame, that the barrel's lower lugs hit, is too far forward. This changes the above description in the following way.
As the slide and barrel move rearward, the link rotates about the slide stop pin and starts pulling the barrel down, thereby beginning to unlock the barrel from the slide. But, just before the barrel is completely unlocked from the slide, the lugs on the bottom of the barrel prematurely hit the impact surface in the frame. The barrel is now partially locked to the moving slide and simultaneously hitting the impact surface in the frame. The resulting crash damages both the barrel's upper and lower lugs. The crash shears metal off the upper lug's corners, finally allowing the slide to get free of the barrel and continue to the rear to eject the case and load the next round. The slide loses some velocity because of the crash and reliability usually suffers.
The result is a characteristic polishing and reshaping of the upper lug corners which, especially under a binocular microscope or on a micro-photograph, clearly shows evidence of the problem.
When subjected to this form of abuse the barrel's upper or lower lugs will typically shear off within about 5,000 rounds.
Possible problem number two is created if the impact surface in the frame, that the barrel's lower lugs hit, is too far rearward. This changes the above description in the following way.
As the slide and barrel move rearward, the link rotates about the slide stop pin and starts pulling the barrel down, thereby unlocking the barrel from the slide. After the barrel is completely unlocked from the slide, the barrel continues moving downward and rearward, and has its vertical motion stopped when the bottom of the barrel hits the top of the frame. The link then stops the barrel's rearward motion before the barrel's lower lugs can contact the impact surface because the impact surface is too far rearward in the frame. The link is not designed to stop the rearward motion of the barrel, and the extra stress will eventually break the link. Either when the link breaks, or certainly when a subsequent shot is fired, the above description changes in the following way. As the barrel moves rearward, the broken link cannot pull the barrel down. The barrel's upper lugs stay fully meshed, locking the barrel to the slide, and in this condition the barrel's lower lugs hit the impact surface in the frame. The resulting crash seriously damages both the barrel's upper lugs and lower lugs. The slide is unable to get free from the barrel and the 1911 jams.
Because of the severe damage caused to the barrel's lugs by this one crash, either the upper or lower lugs, but usually the lower lugs, will typically shear off within the next 1,000 to 2,000 rounds.
Unfortunately, with either problem, the 1911 will hand cycle as though nothing is wrong, independent of whether the impact surface in the frame that the barrel's lower lugs hit is too far forward or too far rearward. Except for possible "unreliable functioning" or reshaping and polishing of the barrel's upper lug corners, as mentioned above, there will be no symptom of a problem until the barrel lugs fail.
Commander, Government, and Six Inch 1911s.
Before beginning these tests,
verify that the 1911 is unloaded.
Test 1: to determine if the impact surface in the frame, that the barrel's lower lugs hit, is too far forward.
Disassemble the 1911. Set aside the recoil spring, spring guide rod, spring plug, and slide stop. Reassemble the 1911 slide, barrel, and frame (no slide stop).
With the slide approximately 0.25 inch aft of the in-battery position determine that there is a minimum of 0.020 inch clearance between the top of the barrel and the inside of the slide at the front of the ejection port, using a combination of the 0.015 inch and the 0.005 inch strips of shim stock. If the clearance is insufficient, remove metal from the frame bridge and/or interior of the slide until the 0.020 inch clearance is obtained.
Then, insert the slide stop and insert the test spring into the dust cover hole in the front of the 1911 with the S shaped end of the spring entering the dust cover hole first, the tip of the S being upward and the long flat portion of the spring at the bottom of the dust cover hole. Push the spring rearward into the 1911 until the tip of the S contacts the barrel's lower lugs.
Then put the muzzle against the edge of a table with the forward end of the spring extending under the table. While gripping the frame, move the barrel rearward by pressing the muzzle against the table. Simultaneously move the muzzle end of the 1911 upward until the test spring is pushed downward to the bottom of the dust cover hole. Continue to push the muzzle firmly against the table while keeping the test spring at the bottom of the dust cover hole.
What we have done is:
(1) pushed the barrel up with the spring, thereby assuring that all the slack is taken out of the link and
(2) pushed the barrel rearward by pressing the muzzle against the table until the barrel is simultaneously as fully rearward and upward as possible.
This is the condition the barrel is in when the barrel hits the impact surface in the frame during normal firing. To achieve the best reliability and longest barrel lug life, we want a minimum of 0.015 inch clearance (a loose slip fit for the shim stock) between the top of the barrel and the inside of the slide in the above condition.
To review, push the barrel rearward using the table, with the spring simultaneously pushing the barrel upward, and with the slide about 0.2 inches rearward from the battery position insert the supplied piece of 0.015 shim stock between the top of the barrel and the inside of the slide at the front of the ejection port. The shim stock should slide freely between the top of the barrel and inside of the slide. If the 0.015 inch shim goes into the gap between the top of the barrel and inside of the slide, but not freely, the gun does not pass the test because likely the shim stock is forcing the barrel downward against the test spring giving an erroneous indication of clearance. If the 0.015 inch shim does slip freely into the gap, the 1911 passes test 1 and the impact surface in the frame, that the lower lugs hit, is not too far forward. If it does not pass test 1 the impact surface in the frame will have to be moved rearward by removing metal from the frame impact surface.
The additional distance the barrel will move downward when performing test 1 will be approximately 0.7 times the thickness removed from the impact surface in the frame.
Continue repeating the test one procedure until a minimum of 0.015 inches of clearance is obtained.
Test 2: to determine if the impact surface in the frame, that the barrel's lower lugs hit, is too far rearward.
Disassemble the 1911 and thoroughly clean the area of the frame around where the barrel's lower lugs will be located and the area of the barrel around the barrel's lower lugs. Coat the rear surfaces of the barrel's lower lugs with a black marking pen.
Reassemble the 1911 (without the recoil spring parts but with the slide stop installed).
Hold the 1911 with the muzzle vertically upward, the rear of the frame on your leg, and move the slide to a position about 0.5 inches rearward of the battery position. With the slide in this position, take a plastic mallet and hit the muzzle several times. Then disassemble the 1911 and inspect the black coating on the back of the barrel's lower lugs. If the coating has been removed, the barrel's lower lugs are hitting the impact surface in the frame. This proves that the surface in the frame is not too far rearward and the barrel's motion is being stopped by the barrel's lower lugs, not by the link.
If coating removal only occurs over a somewhat limited area, the 1911 passes test 2 but the lifetime of the barrel will be shortened due to uneven contact between the rear of the barrel's lower lugs and the frame.
Either if a gunsmith uses a standard "flat end mill" (which are not flat on the end) to cut the Wilson/Nowlin impact surface, or if the gunsmith uses one of the standard commercial Wilson/Nowlin ramp cutters which are not ground flat on the end of the cutter, the impact surface is left with a bulge in the middle. This non-flat impact surface bulge will eventually cause a failure of the barrel's lower lugs.
If the black marking on the rear of the barrel's lower standing lugs is not removed the lower lugs are not contacting the impact surface and the barrel's rearward motion is being stopped by the link. This will eventually produce link failure which will irreparably damage the barrel.
If the impact surface is too far rearward, all the surfaces adjacent to the lower standing lugs on the barrel will have to be painted with the black marking pen and test 2 redone to determine where the barrel is prematurely hitting the top of the frame or the interior of the slide. The offending frame or slide surface(s) will have to be removed until the barrel's lower standing lugs are properly contacting the impact surface in the frame. The offending surfaces will have to be removed a minimum of 0.005 inch more than the minimum amount needed to just allow the rear of the barrel's lower standing lugs to hit the impact surface. The reason for the additional metal removal will become clear when performing test 3.
Test 3: to determine if the upper surface of the frame and the inner surface of the slide are clear of the barrel when the barrel is fully linked down.
Assemble the 1911 without the recoil spring parts, without the test kit spring, and with the slide stop installed.
Move the slide aft of the in battery position approximately 0.25 inch. Using combinations of the supplied shim stock strips determine how much clearance there is between the top of the barrel and the inside of the slide at the forward end of the ejection port. Then remove the slide stop pin and with the slide and barrel in the same positions again measure the clearance between the top of the barrel and the inside of the slide. The measurement with the slide stop pin removed should be at least 0.005 inch greater than the measurement obtained with the slide stop pin installed. If the gun passes this test there is a minimum of 0.005 inch between the bottom of the barrel, in its fully linked down position, and the top of the frame and the inside of the slide.
If the gun does not pass this test then remove the barrel from the gun, paint the bottom of the barrel with a black marking pen, reinsert the barrel into the gun (without the slide stop installed), position the slide and barrel as above, and use a plastic mallet to hit the top of the barrel in the ejection port several times. Remove the barrel from the gun and determine where the barrel is contacting the frame or slide by observing where the black marking has been removed. Remove metal from the frame or slide where indicated and redo test 3.
Continue this process until the gun passes the test. This ensures that when the barrel links down it will neither hit the moving slide, which would cause the gun to be unreliable, nor hit the top of the frame, which would increase the impact loads experienced by the barrel and frame when the barrel comes to rest. The rearward motion of the barrel will have been stopped by the barrel's lower lugs hitting the frame impact surface and the downward motion of the barrel will have been stopped by the link in compression.
Testing of Slide and Barrel Radial (vertical) Lug Spacing
There are three upper lug surfaces on the top of the barrel just forward of the chamber, which are called the radial, and sometimes vertical, lugs. These mate with three lug surfaces in the upper interior of the slide just in fronf of the ejection port. These three sets of lugs carry the force which flows from the bolt face through the slide and then through these radial lugs into the barrel when the gun is fired. Ideally, and especially if our 1911 is being "overworked"; Cal.355 major IPSC (heavy) comp guns or Cal.400 IPSC major limited guns using heavy bullets and fast powder, all three sets of lugs should be in contact because then the force is shared by the three lugs and the stress on the lugs remains somewhat reasonable.
Unfortunately, because slide and barrel manufacturers have not standardized the spacing of these radial lugs in the past it is common for only one radial lug to be carrying the entire load. When this is the case there is a substantial probability that the load bearing lug on the barrel side will fail prematurely, because the barrel radial lug is less well supported.
Fortunately, Jerry Kuhnhausen, in his latest book about gunsmithing the 1911, "The U.S. M1911/M1911A1 Pistols , A Shop Manual", has published a standardized radial lug spacing for match grade slides and barrels. Our barrels use this spacing. It is to be hoped that all slide manufacturers, and the other barrel manufacturers, will also standardize on these radial lug spacing dimensions.
The following tests and adjustments must be made prior to cutting the hood of the barrel to fit the slide.
Since all but one of currently manufactured slides do not meet the Kuhnhausen standard, your slide should be checked to ensure that the radial lug spacing of the slide matches the radial lug spacing of the barrel. As of March '98, to our knowledge, only the Strayer-Voigt slide is being manufactured to these radial lug dimensions.
The following tests can be used to ensure that all three radial lugs, both in the slide and on the barrel, are properly spaced so that the gun will provide maximum reliability and life.
Unfortunately, adjusting the lug spacing of the slide, after it has been manufactured, is nearly impossible. Therefore we have to measure the radial lug spacing in the slide and adjust the lug spacing on the barrel to match the slide.
On page 95 of the Kuhnhausen book Jerry describes a technique for using Cerrosafe (obtainable from Brownells) to measure the radial lug bearing surface spacing.
Another, and more direct way, to measure the slide radial lug bearing surface spacing is to use a height gauge. Place the slide muzzle end down on the measuring table. Insert the gauge into the interior of the slide, going in between the slide rails, and determine the height of the first radial lug bearing surface (just at the front of the ejection port). Then move the indicator down and measure the height of the second and third radial lug bearing surfaces. The important dimensions are
(1) the difference between the heights of the first and second lugs and
(2) the difference in height between the first and third lugs.
These should be 0.324 inch and 0.649 inch respectively.
If they are not, the spacing of the barrel radial lug bearing surfaces must be cut to match the measured slide radial lug bearing surface spacing. This process is described in the Kuhnhausen book on page 124.
Note that Kuhnhausen intersperses ordnance, national match, and "optimum performance" slide and barrel radial lug bearing surface dimensions throughout his book. This can lead to some confusion, and the wide dimensional tolerances in the official 1911 drawings gives slide and barrel manufacturers an opportunity to state that their products conform to the 1911 specifications even though their products are not dimensioned to the "optimum performance" dimensions required because we are pushing our guns well beyond the design limits originally envisioned for the 1911. The following specifications are for "optimum performance" slides and barrels. You should encourage your slide and barrel suppliers to ensure their products conform to these dimensions. Your guns will last longer and cost less if you can convince them to do so.
(1) Because gun timing can be affected by many factors including; link length, barrel lockup, distance between slide rails and slide bore, distance between frame rails and slide stop pin hole, distance between the impact surface and the slide stop hole, etc., small variations in each of these measurements can add up to significant variations from gun to gun. While our barrel dimensions are controlled to be reproducible well within 0.001 inch, the frame and slide manufacturers are not able to maintain such close tolerances. For this reason, the proper location of the frame impact surface relative to the slide stop hole will vary up to 0.030 inch from gun to gun. Optimum reliability can only be achieved by performing these tests as the gun is being built, and modifying the frame accordingly.
Under no circumstances should any metal be removed from the barrel's lower lugs, rather than from the frame, to correct any discovered problems. Removing metal from the rear of the barrel's lugs will weaken the lugs and void the barrel warranty.
(2) Compensators significantly increase the total weight of the barrel and compensator assembly. One consequence of the weight increase is that the barrel's upper and lower lugs must carry a proportionately higher load. A typical compensator/barrel assembly will weigh approximately three times the weight of a bushing type 1911 barrel. This increased weight increases the stresses in the upper and lower lugs by the same factor of approximately three. This is an enormous increase in lug stress. Such increased stresses can be responsible for premature upper or lower lug failure, especially if the gun's timing is not perfectly adjusted.
Compensators also reduce reliability because the weight distribution between the slide and barrel is adversely affected. The momentum imparted to the slide and barrel/comp assembly is shared between the two in accordance with the slide's and barrel/comp assembly's respective percentages of the total slide/barrel/compensator weight. The momentum absorbed by the barrel/comp assembly contributes nothing to the operation of the gun and is dissipated when the barrel/comp assembly hits the frame impact surface. The momentum absorbed by the slide is responsible for the operation of the gun. Since the barrel/comp weight is approximately three times more than a standard barrel, the percentage of the total momentum absorbed by the barrel/comp assembly is increased. Therefore the momentum absorbed by the slide is decreased. This slide momentum decrease reduces the ability of the slide to operate the gun, which necessitates use of a weaker recoil spring, which increases the chance of a failure to feed. Any slide weight reduction, in an attempt to reduce slide cycle time for instance, further reduces the momentum absorbed by the slide, forcing the use of an even weaker recoil spring. The somewhat lighter slide combined with the lighter recoil spring needed for the gun to run, can increase slide cycle time, which is the opposite of the desired effect.
(3) Occasionally it may be necessary to restore the curvature of the spring's middle bend, to maintain sufficient upward force of the spring on the barrel while testing. | <urn:uuid:00bd7c7c-d465-490e-b58a-21036707e7aa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.m1911.org/testkit.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00401-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920105 | 4,331 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Počet záznamů: 1
Regulation of Src family kinases involved in T cell receptor signaling by protein-tyrosine phosphatase CD148
0370118 - UMG-J 2012 RIV US eng J - Článek v odborném periodiku
Štěpánek, Ondřej - Kalina, T. - Dráber, Peter - Skopcová, Tereza - Svojgr, K. - Angelisová, Pavla - Hořejší, Václav - Weiss, A. - Brdička, Tomáš
Regulation of Src family kinases involved in T cell receptor signaling by protein-tyrosine phosphatase CD148.
Journal of Biological Chemistry. Roč. 286, č. 25 (2011), s. 22101-22112 ISSN 0021-9258
Grant CEP: GA MŠk 2B06064; GA MŠk 1M0506
Výzkumný záměr: CEZ:AV0Z50520514
Klíčová slova: CD148 * tyrosine phosphatase * Src family kinases
Kód oboru RIV: EB - Genetika a molekulární biologie
Impakt faktor: 4.773, rok: 2011
CD148 is a receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase inhibiting transduction of signals in non-hematopoietic cells. We describe striking differences in CD148 expression between human and murine thymocyte subsets, the only unifying feature being the absence of CD148 during the positive selection when the major developmental block occurs under CD45 deficiency. CD148 has both activating and inhibitory effects on the SFKs involved in TCR signaling. In the absence of CD45, activating effects prevail, resulting in functional complementation of CD45 deficiency in human T cell lines. This is independent of the tyrosines in the CD148 C-terminal tail, contradicting the recently proposed phosphotyrosine displacement model as a mechanism of SFK activation by CD148. Differential effects of CD148 in T cells and other leukocyte subsets cannot be explained by the CD148 inability to activate T cell SFKs but rather by its dual inhibitory/activatory function and specific expression pattern.
Trvalý link: http://hdl.handle.net/11104/0204013
Název souboru Staženo Velikost Komentář Verze Přístup 0370118.pdf 3 2.8 MB Vydavatelský postprint vyžádat | <urn:uuid:3ead2a7f-bb98-4f4e-ac65-174e3daed2a0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://asep.lib.cas.cz/arl-cav/sk/detail-cav_un_epca-0370118-Regulation-of-Src-family-kinases-involved-in-T-cell-receptor-signaling-by-proteintyrosine-phosphata/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00191-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.66368 | 610 | 1.625 | 2 |
OTHER PEOPLE'S WORDS
LANGUID OBJECTS ANIMATED
Executive Director and Curator for Greater Reston Art Center
for THINGS THAT DON'T HAVE NAMES, 2019
Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? These five W’s and one H (5w1H), are a useful starting place for anyone trying to gather information to tell a story. When applied to personhood, as Stephanie J. Williams does, they take on an awkwardness and an urgency. Through her work, Williams responds to these questions, not with clear answers but with humor, sensitivity, playfulness, seriousness, and complication. An artist, by nature of their public persona, is always opening themselves to scrutiny, always offering answers to these questions.
There is an oversized stuffed organ hanging from the ceiling and rotating slowly. It is a spinning disco ball; a hunk of meat on a spit; a churning stomach. The answer to the question, “What are you?”—a question Williams acknowledges she has been asked more than once, many times over in fact—is never straightforward. In this exhibition, Williams offers an oblique invitation to the viewer to diagram out a definition of self. A churning stomach can be a symptom of many things but perhaps the first that come to mind are distress and disgust. Distress and disgust at being scrutinized, questioned, questioned again, at the thought of eating something weird, not being able to categorize things, not knowing how to answer who you are, what you are, where you are, when you are, why you are, or how you are. The anxiety would be overwhelming if Williams were not so goodhumored. The stomach is as soft as a pillow and Pepto-Bismol pink, it is adorned with a tutu of tulle/small intestine as it proudly pirouettes centerstage alongside a chorus of entangled tube socks huddled at the edge of the stage.
Williams had a Filipino, African American, and Catholic upbringing in Northern Virginia. She attended Catholic school in Washington, DC, and came home to the family’s Christmas tree farm. This exhibition is about her but it is also about, as the artist herself states, “not only the ‘untruth’ of perceived and constructed cultural contexts, but also consider[s] through anecdote and interview, the ‘corrective tactics’ used over generations by marginalized communities to teach ourselves about American identity”.1 Over the years, the artist has built a lexicon of visual morphemes, pitches, and syllables that can be configured and reconfigured to form cohesive bodies (of work). She takes these pieces, made of yet smaller parts—fabric remnants, cheap and bulk found materials—to create the semblance of a larger organism that continues to remain nameless despite its uncanny familiarity. There are body parts, food parts, parts of clothing, glimpses of the locker room and the clubhouse, parts of you, parts of me, and parts of her.
There are elements that are repeated throughout the installation. The aforementioned tube socks are meticulously carved pieces of framing lumber that originally appeared in the artist’s oeuvre as a work entitled Gym Joy (2017), though the referent of the sock was already present in much earlier work. The hardness of the wood is mediated by the soft curves carved by the artist and the suggestion of the familiar comfort of the sock. The whites are crisp, and the colors of the stripes are bold.
The apex of a work from 2016, Petitionary Prayer, appears in this exhibition now placed directly on the ground. It is difficult to decipher what is happening—is a body bent in prayer, two bodies engaged in a lewd act, a figure bowed in reverence or shame? What is unmistakable is the pleated plaid skirt almost universally recognized as that from a Catholic schoolgirls’ uniform. Tube socks are often part of a uniform first donned in adolescence too. Dress and uniform are a common “corrective tactic” used by the marginalized to perform within a specific cultural context and to cover bodies that may be seen as different.
Bodies come in different shapes, sizes, colors, and textures yet are still more or less comprised of the same parts. Every body has sphincters, follicles, digestive tracts, a vascular system, sex organs, muscle, fat, and so much more. These are the parts that Williams has disassembled and catalogued, representing no one and everyone.
Moving from the realm of the mundane and corporeal to that of the glorified, Williams’s pays homage to the rarefied space of the trophy room. The walls are covered in green carpeting one might associate with the golf club, an emerald green that brings the course inside, cheap enough to be easily replaced when the tony members’ cleats rip a pinpoint tear. The artist has made her own trophies using miniature craft store wood plaques and wooden dowels affixed to resemble a bird perch. Each trophy is painted white with the ubiquitous tube sock stripes adorning each post. A glistening tongue, or is it a phallus, works its way out from the top and around each one giving them distinct crude personalities in their uniformity.
The coda to the exhibition is a short animation that the artist made in situ. There is a strip of wiry white hair with follicles exposed running the length of the wall. In the video, the hairs furl and unfurl, quiver, dance around each other and with each other; they shoot erect and collapse prostrate. There is a single black hair that appears to embolden the others’ actions. And in the final frames, all is still again.
The title of the exhibition comes from a quote in the novel White is for the Witching (2009) by Helen Oyeyemi. “Well. I know of witches who whistle at different pitches, calling things that don’t have names.” What are you? Williams conjures a Creature along the lines of Frankenstein that in the end, is as much you as me.
for THE LINGERING SURVIVAL OF THE UNFIT, 2018
Four Projections with Sound
I began interviewing my family over the past year with the intention of filling in the gaps in my knowledge about where our family comes from, hoping that in unpacking our immigration story I would find a new way at looking at identity. What I found was that our story was not a new one and my research did little to fill the gaps, but point to how vast the gaps in my knowledge were as they pointed to how American my experience of the world is. This walk sequence was created in contemplation of present day migration stories, an accumulation of repetitive gestures of labor inspired by my Filipino grandfather’s participation in Bataan Death March during the Japanese occupation in WWII, a story that I never heard in school learning about American history. I’m interested in the ways that histories are perceived and how entanglements of hierarchies form from those perpetuated memory gaps and its influences on the world. I’m interested in my own gaps of experience as I reflect upon these stories as all too common negotiations of power. This stop motion has no established end — I will continue to walk these puppets until the puppets themselves are unable to function.
— Stephanie Williams, 2018 stephaniejwilliams.com
...m - a - r - c - h . . .
by John Ros, 2018
Flickering moving image. Picture after picture, frame-by-frame — moments transform to build narratives onto histories as formative ideas based in the lived experience. The moving image is so familiar; at once accessible yet so easily disregarded. Glimmering brightness and contrast allure as they confront our attention. They require little to view, but much to fully unpack. The moving image not only seeks our approval but does so in a way that comforts. Is this ancestral? Does our DNA reflect in the flickering fire of our ancient forebearers? Or is the recollection of the moving image nearer; memories laid flat before us in a way that bring us back to a comforting place — Saturday morning cartoons, first dates, historic news events, home movies? Regardless of instinctual attraction or not, the enigmatic moving image is mostly a passive interaction, echoing how much our overly-sensitized world has been placed before us.
Art is not passive, especially for the stop-motion maker. Moment by moment, Stephanie Williams activates directed spaces. Twenty-four frozen moments in time create one second of movement. Though rhythmic and perhaps largely automatic (or more aptly, reflexive) the process requires much time and energy. The thematic development of puppets, the carving, cutting, binding, layering, painting — all before they have even taken a step — creates inertia for the awaiting narrative. Researched source material cloaks the backdrop as Williams brings her characters to life.
Williams’ grandfather, Saturnino, was a survivor of the 1942 Bataan Death March in the Philippines. Like many immigrant, first-generation American families, these stories become buried out of the necessity to move on and assimilate, building new life in a foreign land. Williams’ situation is made more complicated due to the fact that her parents are not from the same cultural background. Like many mixed households, survival, identity and assimilation enact their own complicated negotiation within the black and white world upheld by the main; this blurred space creates a smudge of grey. Identity goes rummaging for cues throughout the cultural past that inform how we carve out the spaces we stand in and view the world. This mélange of memory and tradition surfaces throughout time and develops the core of who we are.
For many, food is a nucleus that keeps families together. Williams’ experience is no different. She plays with materials much like she played with food as a kid in her mother’s kitchen:
'I used to think that when I grew up, I’d be a butcher. I had no interest in running a store nor providing any kind of practical service, but I liked that food as a raw material, when turned into a prepared meal, could be transformed into almost anything. I would prepare meals with my mother....Working together, I learned how to remove a turkey gizzard, how to prepare liver, how to clean a squid, about shrimp paste and fish sauce. This stuff is honest even in its pieces.'
This sense of blurring food as material starts to orient us in Williams’ visual flickering narratives; the primacy of devouring our fresh catch over the pulsing heat of fire. Here, Williams uses balut as a way to present and preserve her history. Seen to some a staple, others an exotic or daringly gross food, it was common in young Williams’ childhood. This starting point flinches in a way that turns ideas and expectations on their heads, presenting notions of survival and comfort in varied light. These fetal ducks take the place of the American and Filipino prisoners of war who walk the 60-70 miles from Saysain Point, Bagac, Bataan and Mariveles to Camp O’Donnell, Capas, Tarlac. Though details are obscured, this honest handling of material opens up the potency of the forced walk itself. The beat, the breath and the hum of Williams’ mother’s voice creates an anxious, orchestrated chorus of frenetic inertia winding us up like a toy with a key in its back, prompting each anticipated step.
Williams’ investigations into her personal familial history represent a deeper interrogation of our collective culture. Histories told and disseminated are so often contrived and cultivated for control or justification. Williams’ dedication to her craft, using the lens of personal identity and familial lineage, develops a larger story from which we can all learn. Formation lies in the resulting process. To be fully formed lies in the patience and fortitude from which time unravels. Narratives are built each and every day. The beat of slapping webbed feet forced to walk infinitum reinforces persistence — in integrity and discovery. This process unveils mysteries and uncovers truths in purpose which develops an honest history. Good, bad or ugly.
A POLITE DISTANCE
Brett Ian Balogh, Didier Morelli, Ruby Thorkelson, Stephanie Williams
Matthew Coleman, 2016 (CLICK HERE FOR A LINK TO CURATORIAL STATEMENT)
EMERGING FROM THE CURIOUS: Commonplace Anomalies
Anna Arabindan-Kesson, 2012
Starkly black and white, Emergence (2011) is a set of drawings formed in the hazy tonalities between light and dark, and the accumulative shadows of sketching and blotting. Faces appear out of blank spaces and clouds, arranged in a row pierced through the mouth by a rod. Their faces and necks both attach to, and disappear into, small round tumors given flight by growing and tapering tails. Across the white surface these sacks, shaped between a kidney and a gall bladder, ooze thick trails of ink; sometimes they splatter, as in sheet five. In sheet one they drip and embed themselves into splintered, bodily forms: nipples and fingers, darkening tubes and the odd eyeball. Crisscrossed through this spongy topography are ladders: thin vertical and horizontal strips, rising up, poking around and joining up. They seem to hold these nebulous objects together, while excavating their material form. They accentuate the volatility of the piece. Not unlike the wooden frame that provides Alex (2010) with his structure and his intangible immanence, these straight-edged forms inflect Emergence with a vital connectivity: an axis around which this morphing, squelching and consuming entity can settle. Williams invites us to add to the mass of shapes, because she wants us to see that despite their strangeness they evoke something like familiarity. An uncanny resonance between our interiority and the exterior world: Emergence amalgamates the processes we find both repulsive and curious into an ecological system redolent with visceral meaning.
Commonplace Anomalies are a little like the processes of the body we try not to imagine: ingrown follicles, flaking skin, and florid growths. We all experience them and, in Williams’ oeuvre, they become suggestive metaphors for the narratives that we almost never examine but remain integral to structuring our everyday lives. Creating an internal/external dialogue in this way her work portrays elisions: the stories that are never shown and the myths that remain to take their place. As Williams puts it, she is curious about what can “give flesh to the gaps formed between reality and one’s own interpretations of that reality.”
And so the unexplained takes strange shape, providing the backdrop for the construction of a multilayered, ecology: fecund, expanding and amorphous. Look, for instance, at her Anomaly (2005-2012) paintings: in varying sizes the plywood boards become backdrops for a close study of interiority. In the smaller paintings, mushroom like bulbs extend across flat, thickly painted, planes. Tendrils disassociate, growing into balloon shaped follicles, flower buds and teats. The resonances between these surfaces and cellular organisms are marked. They emerge – as if examined through a sharply lit lens – like glaring cross sections microscopically analyzed. In the larger paintings, organs hang within different colored surfaces. New forms emerge while others fold into themselves, settling into heavily painted backgrounds, kept in place like specimens in formaldehyde. Floating, fleshly, they bristle with thick brush strokes, their layers collecting like the textures of skin and hair and pooling blood. Williams veers towards the abstract and the surreal in the drooping forms, flattened background, and heady palette of Inert Space (2008). Extending horizontally with a shallow field of vision, unnamed shapes are interspersed and entangled forming the appearance of a jaunty skyline. Although small in scale it is full of affect: evocative of a sci-fi comic strip or the flattened designs of a Murakami papered wall. The arrangement of floating spheres, flickering anemones, globular bulbs and unfolding ribbons is both whimsical and extremely intricate. Carnivalesque dialogues occur between paint, shapes and space: there is hardly room for explanation, yet fantastical narratives emerge.
Williams never quite lets us outside the form of her artwork, even though she is excavating how feelings, stories and ideas collect and assemble in spaces behind and between. She thus gives form to the way our bodies, as Merleau-Ponty explained, can become the condition and the context through which we experience and generate meaning. Raised in a Roman Catholic environment, the implications of the body have always been central to her understanding of artistic production. While the corporeal is not simply a subject of Williams’ work, but offers her a mode of perception, it is not quite the same as saying the body is the message. Her painted canvases and drawings are bellicose with color, texture and depth, however we can never quite attach anything ready made to them: she maintains a willful misdirection.
In Skin Patch (2006) Williams creates a surface of pinky skin. Reminiscent of the smooth, glistening bodies of Barbie or Ken this extensive sculpture is punctuated by twisted hair follicles, made of black trash bags. The incorporation of the random patterns of follicles creates a surface reverberating with the tension of things out of place: but where do we put them instead? In this sense the patches return us to our own sensory worlds, and the constructions of identity that may lie within them (why doesn’t Barbie ever have body hair?). However the integration of the gridded form with the organic vitality of the epidermis (not unlike Lorna Simpson’s Wigs, 1994) also presents a powerful juxtaposition taking us back to a history of classification, modernist semiotics and language creation. This series of patches says something about the accumulative function of meaning making too, and the systematic construction of knowledge. Miniscule, the grey fingerlings of Scene 4 and 6 (2010) are covered in ridges, blushed with pinks, greens and sometimes hair. In Scene 1 (2009), these wax reliefs, mounted on glass, are formed into jeweled toes, crowned with a purple brain. Scene 5 (2010) shows a colored, wrinkled, belly sprouting a stalk. Despite their size these assemblages of organ-shaped beings have the quality of a tableaux vivant. An internal dialogue connects them into a series of knobbled and knuckled forms, ungainly yet perfectly poised in their three dimensional protrusions. This theatricality takes on a much more tangible sense in the sculptures of Edwin (2006) and Alex. Edwin, could be several of the Anomaly and Inert Space paintings come to ‘life’, replete with flesh colored limbs and wiry hair, he is malleable yet maintains his structure: even in your arms. Alex, Williams’ homage to the famous Castrati singer Alessandro Moreschi, is an elaborate exo-skeleton. Made to be worn the horizontal frame materializes the trajectory of a Castrati singer’s voice: it emerges from the wearer’s chest and expands out into the world. And so, literally an embodied narrative, Alex also formally embodies the gridded structures and organic materials that appear throughout Williams’ work. His tentacles hang, his heart glistens, he is a mass of connecting wires and threads. He is a system and a body: a mythic creature whose story takes on another life through his attachment to our bodies, he simultaneously turns our bodies into the medium for his connection to the outside world.
Like ecological systems, Stephanie Williams’ artworks emerge and grow out of forms we sense are, apparently, real. They curl, unfurl, discharge, drip and push into each other forming a body of characters that, sometimes dream-like and sometimes not, will entice, repulse, entreat and engage. Ripe, sensual and replete with a mysterious attraction they materialize, give form to, and embody the gaps, stutters and imaginings that line the apparently seamless social worlds we inhabit.
Katie Rubright, 2012
‘Woman is that creature who puts the inside on the outside. By projections and leakages of all kinds—somatic, vocal, emotional, sexual—females expose or expend what should be kept in.’
–Anne Carson, Glass, Irony and God p.129
‘Art is of the animal. It comes, not from reason, recognition, intelligence, not from a uniquely human sensibility, or from any of man’s higher accomplishments, but from something excessive, unpredictable, lowly. What is most artistic in us is that which is the most bestial.’
–Elizabeth Grosz, Chaos, Territory, Art p.64
A beefy thumb distends into a vaguely human but decidedly un-handlike form in Stephanie Williams’s ANOMALY no. 23. It recedes back into the untreated plywood before being severed at what would be the wrist point. This is skin, you think, but belonging to no body I know. Familiarizing the strange, or a perversion of the everyday defines our experience of the uncanny. But this is only a partial account. There is also a requisite element of menace, of ill will within these new bodies. What unsettles is the sense that the organisms are out of our league, uncontrolled and uncontrollable. They are not inert, though some seem to be resting. They ooze from dark holes, they refuse containment. Williams checks them within the panel edges, but the figures have an erratic frenzy suggestive of science class microscope slides, organisms caught and frozen under our gaze as they can never be in life. Hers is a world that teems, in a big hurry to embody all its possible genetic mutations.
The series of wax on glass Scenes features individual fingerlike forms aligned but not attached to each other, attended to by tiny sperm-tadpoles. The sharp right angles of the glass panels induce the scientific convention of using architectural forms to encase biological specimens, as with vitrines, mounting insects, and embalming organs in glass containers. But Williams exhibits not organs cut from a larger being but independent creatures, self-willed and untrustworthy. A defilement of the body is the source of our emotional experience of disgust, but Williams goes for more than a gross out. The fingers resemble our own but the edges are rounded, giving an unnerving sense of wholeness that desires no reunion with hands. An abrupt or accidental split with a body is nowhere here; the contours indicate completion, autonomy. Similar enough to feel related, the forms demand acknowledgment but not reconciliation. It’s as if parts of us staged a rebellion and moved off to start their own anarchic colony. Strange pilgrims, these.
But say the organisms returned and insisted on reintegration. Alex and Edwin are sculptures attached to human beings, more protrusion than symbiosis. They depend on a person to animate them, yet these pieces inhibit the movements of and physically burden the wearer. We’re a long way from the mutualism sustaining the swarms of digestive bacteria within our stomachs. The titles evoke Anglo human males, disrupting any attempts to disassociate their forms from our bodies, our ways of naming each other. There is no safe distance.
Williams’s palette never strays far from the vermilions and ochres of flesh tones. This is a depiction of skin, of course, but also an inference to blood. Thousands of capillaries running just under the surface are responsible for the health or pallor of our skin. In addition to melanin it is literally our blood that colors us. All the forms in Williams’s biological display are fed by blood, even engorged by it in some cases, further disconcerting the viewer. We see that they are nourished by blood without knowing how, like worms it is almost impossible to imagine their cardiovascular system. This emphasizes the figures as living things, tiny biofictions in an increasingly digitized world.
Tufts of curly hair or short sprigs adorn many of the figures. These are newborns, sprung into the world with the mechanisms but not yet the time for hair growth. A strategy emerges with constant rebirth as a retort to the decay of constant death. In an industrialized society marked by planned obsolescence and dematerialization, Williams insists on the biological, on the possibilities and aberrations of living things. All bodies carry death. It is only by being alive that it’s overcome, hour by hour. There is always the possibility. Life is not about cheating death but simply resists it, saying yes to every moment.
Our lives are wreathed by experiences we cannot translate into words. The ineffable meets us daily to reinforce that the brain is not the only organ where knowledge resides. Part of the resonance of Williams’s uncanny images is their circumnavigation of verbal language to something more immediate, more primal. Summoning an awareness that disregards words, the forms seem to proliferate as we confront them. They ring within as we look; yet even as we turn away, they remain. | <urn:uuid:a72ee297-b1d6-41df-b28d-dcadee70f03e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.stephaniejwilliams.com/otherwords | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.947101 | 5,327 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Lady Gaga along with her mother Cynthia launched the anticipated Born This Way Foundation at Harvard University February 29th. The BTW Foundation mission is "to foster a more accepting society, where differences are embraced and individuality is celebrated. The Foundation is dedicated to creating a safe community that helps connect young people with the skills and opportunities they need to build a braver, kinder world."
Oprah who supports the Foundation introduced Gaga, "I believe that every human being that comes to the planet come with the inherent and divine right to be himself or herself" Some of the others that attended the event were Deepak Chopra, the U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sabelius, the Harvard Law School professor Charles Ogletree and Alyssa Rodemeyer who Gaga called the "first empowered youth". Lady Gaga sat with Oprah and discussed the Three Pillars of The Born This Way Foundation: 1) SAFETY by creating a safe place to celebrate individuality. + 2) SKILLS by teaching advocacy, promoting civic engagement & encouraging self-expression. + 3) OPPORTUNITY by providing ways to implement solutions and impact local communities. = A BRAVER and KINDER world.
We are so proud of Lady Gaga and Cynthia Germanotta for fighting for youth empowerment and bravery towards a more accepting society. As Lady Gaga said at the event, "If I can make a song like Just Dance big all over the world then i should be able to make a song like Just Be Nice" and "It isn't that hard to change the world; give peace a chance." | <urn:uuid:c84b8075-5927-464f-9ba5-9a6e12ec4f4e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dreamofgaga.com/archives/8385 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00042-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939706 | 325 | 1.859375 | 2 |
On May 19, the Center for Foreign Language Education had the pleasure of hosting an event during which Akari Fujino shared her experiences as an undergraduate student who studied abroad for a year and her life as a master’s student at the University of Pittsburgh (USA). Ms. Fujino’s enthusiasm for English and study abroad were contagious, and the 58 participants seemed to all be motivated and excited after hearing about her journey toward and reasons for studying abroad. This was later echoed in the words of a long-time friend and current Shimane University teacher, Laura Payne, who emphasized that despite hardships, Ms. Fujino never wavered in her desire to do what she had set out to do.
During the presentation, Ms. Fujino explained differences between an exchange program and a self-funded study abroad experience, and this was particularly helpful. One student, for example, noted that they realized by studying at a partner institution they didn’t have to worry about expensive overseas tuition, which is often US$30,000 or more (3,938,700+ yen) for one year of studies at a public university.
During the presentation, Ms. Fujino reviewed not only her victories and some of the ways she has grown but also some of her challenges while studying abroad. Based on these discussions, after the presentation, students seemed to be particularly enthusiastic about the ways that study abroad can expand their perspectives and horizons. One student, for instance, liked hearing how Ms. Fujino now has friends and “family” all over the world.
During the presentation, Ms. Fujino also included unique discoveries such as her surprise at deep fried temaki sushi. Carmella Lieske, another teacher in the Center, was equally surprised and later learned it may be a regional specialty. Ms. Fujino concluded her presentation with advice that encouraged students to be open to opportunities, and after this, she answered all the questions that participants had. Student, faculty, and staff feedback after the presentation emphasized what a pleasure it was to hear Ms. Fujino’s story, and the Center looks forward to welcoming her again in the future. | <urn:uuid:cf3b4b72-441f-4887-b378-6d436a2bee4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cfle.shimane-u.ac.jp/english/docs/2022060300041/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.976947 | 454 | 1.648438 | 2 |
ASIF2BD.INFO - To change the alignment of a tab click the tab stop position that you want to change and then set the alignment to center or right- note you can add a new tab stop from inside this control- just adjust the value in the tab stop position box and then click set -
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To change the alignment of a tab, click the tab stop position that you want to change, and then set the alignment to center or right. note: you can add a new tab stop from inside this control. just adjust the value in the tab stop position box, and then click set . To insert tabs in powerpoint, first enable the ruler, if needed, by checking the “ruler” checkbox in the “show” button group on the “view” tab of the ribbon. then select the paragraphs in the text containing slide object for which to set tab stops in powerpoint. after you click into a text containing object when the ruler is. If the user has powerpoint installed on his or her computer, the user can also open the presentation in powerpoint, edit the presentation, add comments, and save the edited presentation in the original onedrive location. here are the steps to send an invitation: 1. save your presentation to onedrive. 2. The third tab on the powerpoint 2007 ribbon is the design tab, shown below. the design tab is used to select slide designs, background images, color themes and change the overall appearance of your presentation. page setup and slide orientation are also selected here. the fourth tab on the powerpoint 2007 ribbon is the animations tab, shown below. Powerpoint slides are automatically set up in landscape (horizontal) layout , but you can change the slide orientation to portrait (vertical) layout . near the right end, select slide size, and then click custom slide size. in the slide size dialog box, select portrait, then select ok. in the next dialog box, you can select maximize to take.
How To Display Powerpoint 2007 Notes On A Separate Monitor Dummies
1. slide show tab > set up slide show option. this tab will be your best friend for customizing the way your powerpoint slides advance automatically. on the “set up” group, you’ll find the set up slide show option to start customizing your self running presentation. 2. Select your slides from slides pane. in the first step, click the slide preview for the slide you wish to set time for. in case you want all your slides to switch according to a set time limit (e.g. 10 seconds), select one slide and hit ctrl a to select all slides. in case you want to set a different time for each slide, you will have to select. To display the grid or guides, click the dialog box launcher in the bottom right corner of the show section of the view tab on the ribbon. this click summons the grid and guides dialog box. to activate the grid, select the snap objects to grid check box and then adjust the grid spacing to whatever setting you want.
How To Use A Powerpoint Slide Master For Dummies
creating a slide master in powerpoint is like making a custom design template. use a theme, set up a slide style, and apply it to here's my entire powerpoint playlist: bit.ly 2paomrz learn everything you need to know to get started using microsoft see a higher quality video on techtutor.tv! the direction that text flows in a microsoft powerpoint 2007 presentation can easily creating a powerpoint template allows you to control and change theme colors and fonts, effects, backgrounds, and specific smartart in powerpoint gives you built in options for various diagrams like lists, processes, cycles, hierarchies, relationships, learn how to use slide master in powerpoint to control the look and feel of your whole presentation, including colors, fonts, see a higher quality video on techtutor.tv! liven up those dull microsoft powerpoint 2007 slides buy turning your text boxes into this video will show you how to change the font in all slides of your powerpoint presentation all at the same time. have you inserting digital video clips and animated gifs into powerpoint presentations is a breeze when you know how. this powerpoint if you are looking for the steps to protect a microsoft® powerpoint 2007 presentation file from being modified on a windows® in this video, you'll learn the basics of animating text and objects in powerpoint 2019, powerpoint 2016, and office 365. this tutorial shows you some of the things that i look at when i download a powerpoint 2016 presentation from an email or from | <urn:uuid:89561deb-b4b8-4cf2-aefb-deeff26f4f79> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://asif2bd.info/how-to-change-the-tab-settings-on-your-powerpoint-2007-slides-dummies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.850975 | 1,188 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Orwell says that The incident concerning the elephant "gave me a better glimpse then I had had before the real nature of imperialism" what does the incident illustrate about imperialism ?
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Orwell disagreed with the British control in other countries. He worked for the police, but he did not agree with imperialism. From the text:
For at that time I had already made up my mind that imperialism was an evil thing and the sooner I chucked up my job and got out of it the better. Theoretically – and secretly, of course – I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British.
Shooting an Elephant | <urn:uuid:96441f5f-da76-48ef-a9fc-fd85379c21fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gradesaver.com/george-orwell-essays/q-and-a/shooting-an-elephant-269445 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00143-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982925 | 140 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction of a plant The offsprings are genetically identical and therefore advantageous traits can be preserved.
Only one parent is required which eliminates the need for special mechanisms such as pollination, etc.
It is faster. For example, bacteria can multiply every 20 minutes. This helps the organisms to increase in number at a rapid rate that balances the loss in number due to various causes.
Many plants are able to tide over unfavourable conditions. This is because of the presence of organs of asexual reproduction like the tubers, corm, bulbs, etc.
Vegetative propagation is especially beneficial to the agriculturists and horticulturists. They can raise crops like bananas, sugarcane, potato, etc that do not produce viable seeds. The seedless varieties of fruits are also a result of vegetative propagation.
The modern technique of tissue culture can be used to grow virus-free | <urn:uuid:54532724-04e4-41b9-87f5-cf234805c2d2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://brainly.in/question/270052 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00552-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.918966 | 196 | 3.40625 | 3 |
- The U.S. Supreme Court will leave intact the Washington Supreme Court's decision not to apply a religious exemption to a Christian employer that refused to hire a bisexual applicant who didn't attend church (Seattle's Union Gospel Mission v. Matthew S. Woods, No. 21-144 (U.S. March 21, 2022)).
- The plaintiff filed suit in 2017, after the director of the group's legal aid clinic explained that he would not be hired because "he did not comply with [its] religious lifestyle requirements, did not actively attend church, and did not exhibit a passion for helping clients develop a personal relationship with Jesus." The plaintiff alleged the group violated Washington's workplace anti-discrimination law, which bars employers from discriminating against workers and applicants on the basis of their sexual orientation.
- A state trial court sided with the group, agreeing with its argument that it was protected by the First Amendment and an exemption in the state's anti-discrimination law for religious employers. The state Supreme Court disagreed, reversing the decision. It declined to enter a final judgment, however, and cleared the way for the trial court to determine whether the plaintiff's position was covered by the anti-discrimination law's exemption.
In a comment accompanying the Supreme Court's decision, Justice Samuel Alito noted that, though he agreed with the court's denial, he believes "the day may soon come" when the court will have to decide whether the autonomy provided in the First Amendment protects religious organizations' freedom to hire people of the same belief systems without state or court interference.
Alito pointed out that the Washington Supreme Court's argument rests on the presumption that the Constitution's guarantee of church autonomy protects a religious employer's employment decisions regarding only formal ministers. But the High Court's precedent reflects a much broader interpretation, Alito said, with decisions favoring church autonomy dating as far back as 1872.
"To force religious organizations to hire messengers and other personnel who do not share their religious views would undermine not only the autonomy of many religious organizations but also their continued viability," Alito said. "If states could compel religious organizations to hire employees who fundamentally disagree with them, many religious nonprofits would be extinguished from participation in public life — perhaps by those who disagree with their theological views most vigorously."
The case itself may interest HR pros, who typically see charges of religious discrimination operate in the opposite direction: plaintiffs claim discrimination because of their religious beliefs, not those of an organization. Such charges frequently involve instances of denied accommodations. Applicants or workers may claim, for instance, that an organization required them to work shifts occurring on their Sabbath or religious holiday. Claims sometimes involve uniform and appearance rules. | <urn:uuid:a88a99b5-8bc9-4e26-8c48-b5f0529f16a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hrdive.com/news/scotus-sidesteps-religious-hiring-dispute-but-alito-hints-at-future-uptake/621051/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.9639 | 549 | 1.90625 | 2 |
The latest chart tracking Baltimore-area gasoline prices looks a bit like a sandwich cut in half diagonally, so steep is the decline. A gallon of unleaded has fallen about 28 cents per gallon (nearly 8 percent) since mid-October and is expected to fall further — despite the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays, the busiest travel times of the year.
That's substantial, but it's also little noticed by most Marylanders. Economists aren't forecasting a sudden upswing in the job market. Retailers aren't bracing for a record holiday rush because of all those petro-dollars now lining consumer pockets. Nor are they dropping prices because of suddenly lower shipping costs.
The point is that energy prices have become a bit elastic, and we adapt to these fluctuations. Five, 10, 15 or even 20 cents one way or the other is not a crisis. Investments in conservation and energy alternatives along with increased domestic oil and gas production have not only helped stabilize prices, they've made it possible to be less subject to the whims of foreign providers.
What is a genuine crisis, however, is the prospect that our transportation system could soon be in sharp decline. Maryland can't continue to function on 1992-era gasoline tax rates, at least not if the state wants to grow its economy.
That fact was made abundantly clear in a recent analysis by the legislature's top budget expert that not only warns that the Maryland Department of Transportation has greatly overstated future revenues but that the state will be reduced to a "maintenance only" transportation budget within five years. No road widening projects, no replacement bridges, no safety upgrades, no expansion of any port or airport in this state, no MARC or transit expansion. Just filling pot holes and watching the infrastructure deteriorate.
Maryland is already one of the nation's most traffic-congested states, so what would such a future look like? This much is certain: a lot worse than what we see today.
Gov. Martin O'Malley recognized this and asked the General Assembly to raise the tax on gasoline nearly one year ago, and the proposal went exactly nowhere. Now, the forecast only looks worse. Maryland needs to invest — and yes, "invest," is the word best suited for these circumstances — in transportation.
Nobody likes to pay more in taxes, but in this case, not paying more in taxes is what is certain to stifle the economy. Don't take our word for it; that's the view of most business organizations — including the Greater Baltimore Committee — which have strongly supported a gas tax increase.
There are alternatives, of course. As the recent legislative analysis notes, Maryland could use general fund revenues, seek more public-private partnerships, create toll roads or bridges and use other nontraditional methods. But none can possibly bridge the multibillion-dollar gap. That's the cold, hard reality of the situation.
What's needed is an all-of-the-above strategy that not only raises the gas tax but will keep the revenue stream ahead of inflation. Applying the sales tax to wholesale gas transactions is one alternative. Tying the gas tax to inflation is another. Ultimately, what Maryland needs is the equivalent of a 20-cent boost, but that can be phased in over several years.
What will that get taxpayers? For starters, it means a light rail expansion for Baltimore. The east-west Red Line, a $2.2 billion project to run from Woodlawn to Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, would do much to connect the city's disjointed transit systems — but it's highly unlikely to happen without a gas tax increase.
That tax hike could also pay for projects in some of the state's most traffic-clogged corridors, particularly in the Baltimore and Washington suburbs. Adding more lanes to the approaches to Baltimore Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport is high on the state's wish list, as is widening the Baltimore Beltway and accommodating recent expansions of Aberdeen Proving Ground and Fort Meade.
Lawmakers have waited on this long enough. House Speaker Michael Busch and Senate President Thomas V. Mike Miller need to settle their differences on this issue and agree to back a gas tax increase when legislators return to Annapolis in January. It's the single biggest thing they can do to create jobs in this state, potentially thousands of them. In this economy, and with the prospect of federal downsizing looming, that alone should compel them to act. | <urn:uuid:dd3cbd5e-c464-4cc8-a46c-03d3ac1e9c08> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.courant.com/bs-ed-gas-tax-20121124-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00464-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956626 | 910 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Today marks Cinco de Mayo, which commemorates the Mexican victory over the French at the Battle of Puebla in 1862. In Mexico, the observance is not as important as the nation's independence day, September 16. But, just as St. Patrick's Day is a much bigger deal to Irish expatriates and their descendants than it is in Ireland, Cinco de Mayo festivities have become a popular way for Mexican-Americans to celebrate their cultural heritage.
Cinco de Mayo or not, it's always a good time to toast one of Mexico's most beloved exports, the margarita. In its classic form—tequila, lime juice and Cointreau or Triple Sec, served in a glass with a salted rim—it is a perfect combination of sweet, salty, sour and bitter.
As with so many popular things, more than one person has claimed to have invented the margarita. One of the most prevalent stories is that Carlos "Danny" Herrera developed the drink at his Tijuana-area restaurant, Rancho La Gloria, around 1938. As the legend goes, Herrera dreamed up the cocktail for one of his customers, an aspiring actress named Marjorie King who was allergic to all hard alcohol other than tequila. To make the liquor more palatable to his fussy client, he combined the elements of a traditional tequila shot—a lick of salt and a wedge of lime—and turned them into a refreshing drink.
Another top contender for the inventor title is Margarita Sames, a wealthy Dallas socialite who claimed she whipped up the drink for friends at her Acapulco vacation home in 1948. Among her well-connected guests was Tommy Hilton, who eventually added the drink to the bar menu at his hotel chain.
According to The Complete Book of Spirits by Anthony Dias Blue, though, the first importer of Jose Cuervo in the United States advertised with the tagline, "Margarita: it's more than a girl's name," in 1945, three years before Sames claimed to have invented the drink.
In contrast to the fuzzy genesis of the cocktail, the origin of a machine that helped simplify the making of one of its many forms is well documented. In 2005, Smithsonian's National Museum of American History acquired the world's first frozen margarita machine, invented in 1971 by Dallas restaurateur Mariano Martinez.
Cocktail fads may come and go, but the margarita's popularity has remained steady since its invention, whenever and wherever that was. | <urn:uuid:deccf339-abf5-4569-9fe3-6d165029735a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-history-of-the-margarita-57990212/?no-ist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00449-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96112 | 522 | 2.390625 | 2 |
In an LA Times column, Michaels highlights the recent case of Philip Cooney, the Bush administration's chief of staff for the White House Council on Environmental Quality (and former American Petroleum Institute lobbyist), who rewrote a federal report "to magnify the level of uncertainty on climate change" before moving on to a new job at Exxon.
Michaels points out the danger of deliberately and falsely raising the level of scientific uncertainty:
By definition, uncertainties abound in our work; there's nothing to be done about that. Our public health and environmental protection programs will not be effective if absolute proof is required before we act. The best available evidence must be sufficient. Otherwise, we'll sit on our hands and do nothing.The "manufacturing uncertainty" industry started with raising doubts about the science behind tobacco causing cancer. Although the tobacco industry eventually lost that war, those behind the strategy are peddling their wares defending other hazardous products.
Of course, this is often exactly what industry wants. That's why it has mastered the art of manufacturing uncertainty, of demanding often impossible proof over common-sense precaution in the realm of public health.
In fact, as Michaels points out:
It is now unusual for the science behind a public health or environmental regulation not to be challenged. In recent years, corporations have mounted campaigns to question studies documenting the adverse health effects of exposure to, among others, beryllium, lead, mercury, vinyl chloride, chromium, benzene, benzidine and nickel.Note that these are all chemicals, but the industry used the same arguments to cast doubt on the science behind ergonomics as well. No one is safe.
The scary part is how deliberate the strategy is: Among themselves, these product-defense lobbyists and their clients make no secret of what they're doing. Republican political consultant Frank Luntz wrote in a memo, later leaked to the press:
"The scientific debate remains open…. Should the public come to believe that the scientific issues are settled, their views about global warming will change accordingly."
Decades from now, this campaign to manufacture uncertainty will surely be viewed with the same dismay and outrage with which we now look back on the deceits perpetrated by the tobacco industry. But will it be too late? | <urn:uuid:9414b697-294d-46ea-b35a-1a1b84d44215> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://spewingforth.blogspot.com/2005/06/still-manufacturing-uncertainty.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00375-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935686 | 459 | 1.632813 | 2 |
In a long-anticipated decision, the Florida Supreme Court ruled Thursday that Tampa immigrant and FSU law school graduate Jose Godinez-Samperio cannot be admitted to the Florida Bar.
But the court called on the Florida Legislature to intervene quickly to correct what it called an "injustice." When a similar set of circumstances occurred in California, that state's Legislature changed the law to allow non-citizens to become members of the Bar.
"The Florida Legislature is in the unique position to act on this integral policy question and remedy the inequities that the unfortunate decision of this Court will bring to bear," the justices wrote.
The Florida Board of Bar Examiners had asked the state's high court for an advisory opinion on the question. The court concluded that an immigrant's legal status is determined solely by federal law, and a 1996 federal law prohibits undocumented immigrants from receiving certain state "public benefits," including a professional license — in this case, to practice law — issued by an agency that receives state money, in this case, the Florida Supreme Court.
Godinez-Samperio came to the United States from Mexico at age 9 with his parents, who overstayed their visas. He learned English, became an Eagle Scout, was valedictorian of his high school graduating class, went to New College and the FSU law school, where he won several book awards.
Now 26, he's not a United States citizen.
But none of that was enough, the state Supreme Court said.
The reason: a 1996 federal law that denies specific “state public benefits” paid for by taxpayers, such as a license to practice law granted by a state court, to undocumented immigrants unless a state declares an exception.
U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder cited that federal law in arguing that Godinez-Samperio should not be allowed to practice law in Florida.
In a case with similar circumstances, the California Legislature changed its laws to allow Sergio Garcia to practice law in that state.
Godinez-Samperio’s attorney, Talbot (Sandy) D’Alemberte, a former FSU president and American Bar Association president, called Holder’s reasoning “preposterous” and said: “[He] totally flubbed this.”
"He is the type of exemplary individual the Florida Bar should strive to add to its membership," Associate Justice Jorge Labarga wrote in a concurring opinion. Labarga will become the first Cuban-born chief justice of the court beginning in July.
D’Alemberte began lobbying Florida legislative leaders on Thursday to take up the cause. He’s seeking help from House Speaker Will Weatherford, R-Wesley Chapel, who’s championing in-state tuition for children of undocumented immigrants, arguing that noncitizens who were brought to the United States by their parents should no longer be punished.
“We’re reviewing the decision,” Weatherford spokesman Ryan Duffy said.
D’Alemberte said the state licenses doctors, nurses, yacht brokers and other professionals who are not U.S. citizens, and his client should be treated the same way.
“If anybody cares about fairness, the idea of keeping Jose from the credentials that he’s earned would be, to me, such an injustice,” D’Alemberte said.
D’Alemberte said Godinez-Samperio has not applied for U.S. citizenship because of a legal requirement that he leave the country for 10 years before applying.
-- Steve Bousquet and Mary Ellen Klas | <urn:uuid:d20415f2-5e44-4233-a0fb-54ff8bdfbb54> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://miamiherald.typepad.com/nakedpolitics/2014/03/court-says-state-law-prevents-tampa-immigrant-from-being-admitted-to-florida-bar.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00319-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965768 | 753 | 1.671875 | 2 |
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It is (a) composed of tightly bound elastic and collagenous fibers that give shape to the eyeball and protect its inner structures. (c) Neurofibrils of the soma.1995). Other responses are more immediate, such as the closing of stomata to reduce transpiration during hot times of day. important with respect to locomotion compare binary trading platforms locomotor dysfunctions.Binary trading times | <urn:uuid:74e9efae-9ef7-4167-a779-a47b16ec3616> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://jsmn.ru/binary-options-trading-at-night.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00479-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.836292 | 2,690 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Jan-Erik Garland was a Swedish comic artist and sports journalist, who used the pseudonym Rit-Ola. He was the sport journalist with the magazine Idrottsbladet from 1928 to 1937, and then with Dagens Nyheter. Under the signature Rit-Ola, he created the comic 'Biffen och Bananen', that first appeared in Folket i Bild in 1936. 'Biffen och Bananen' ran until the mid 1960s and has also spawned two live-action films in the 1950s. Garland was also a political cartoonist for the newspaper Se. He is the father of comics artist Olle Berg. | <urn:uuid:844ffdec-61c4-4329-9680-73d2f721b14c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rit-ola.htm?lan=english | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720238.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00189-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962502 | 138 | 1.554688 | 2 |
News Releases By Date
New Category of Geothermal Heat Pumps Can Now Earn the Energy Star
Release Date: 12/14/2009
Contact Information: Enesta Jones, [email protected], 202-564-7873, 202-564-4355
WASHINGTON — The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is announcing new requirements for residential geothermal heat pumps (GHPs), enabling water-to-water geothermal heat pumps to earn the Energy Star label for the first time. EPA’s stringent specifications for this new category of geothermal heat pumps will help protect the environment and reduce energy costs, because GHPs that meet the new standards will be up to 45 percent more efficient than conventional pumps.
Geothermal heat pumps use ground temperature air instead of outside air to provide heating, cooling and often water heating. GHPs can be installed in new and existing homes. Because they use the constant temperature of the earth, GHPs are among the most efficient heating and cooling technologies currently available in the marketplace.
EPA worked with industry stakeholders to revise the requirements in response to growing consumer demand for water-to-water geothermal heat pumps. Water-to-water geothermal heat pumps provide heating and cooling and/or water heating to a building using liquid rather than forced air. The new requirements for water-to-water equipment complements existing efficiency and performance requirements for water-to-air and direct geoexchange GHP models. Homeowners who install geothermal heat pumps with the Energy Star are eligible for a 30 percent federal tax credit.
More information on the heat pumps: http://www.energystar.gov/ghp
More information on the tax credit: http://www.energystar.gov/taxcredits | <urn:uuid:7cfcba1e-08ea-4ae4-923a-f1ca2f02415b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/71e68516b78deb968525768c0056f600!OpenDocument | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00161-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86866 | 362 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Esposito vs. Carrier: Does God Exist? (Debate)
Does God Exist? Philosophers and theologians have written volumes on this topic, but it has become especially significant in our modern world. Can we prove that God exists? And what are the implications if God doesn't exist? Listen to this lively exchange between Lenny Esposito and atheist Richard Carrier recorded before a packed house at the University of California Riverside.
The Origin of Life Requires a Creator
How did life arise on earth? What are the key elements we need to focus on when talking with an evolutionist? What questions remain unanswered? In this class, we will look specifically at the beginning of life and show why given the evidence belief in a creator makes the most sense.
Tackling the Issue of Homosexuality
Homosexual activists continue to press a pro-gay agenda in politics and in our schools. Even many church-goers believe that same-sex marriage should be allowed. Are Christians bigoted? How can we discuss these issues in a loving and convincing way? Join us to find out.
Answering Atheist Arguments Against God
Atheism has been taking center stage lately. Both the New Atheists and a cohort of Internet skeptics continue to raise objections that have caught the public's fancy. Are they right? How should we answer? In this podcast, Lenny will point out the poverty of atheist arguments.
How to Know the Bible is Really from God
When asked why they hold to certain beliefs or why they feel acting in a certain manner is a wrong, Christians will usually point to the Bible. The Bible is the standard of our faith. Why should we put so much faith in a collection of ancient texts? What about the holy texts of other faiths? Join us to see why the Bible is completely trustworthy.
Monday, December 30, 2013
2013 Top Five Apologetics Podcasts
The Come Reason podcasts have been a weekly staple of our ministry for years. They cover a wide range of topics and issues that help Christians to better defend their faith. This year our top five topics really focused in on God's existence and His revelation to us. My debate against noted Internet atheist Richard Carrier was one of the top downloaded talks, along with the question of the origin of life, and how to answer atheists when they offer objections to God's existence. Tackling the Issue of Homosexuality landed right in the middle of the top five, showing that this topic is becoming more troublesome for those in the church.
Here, in reverse order of popularity, are the top five podcast topics of 2013. | <urn:uuid:47ce9a85-f6b3-4f3f-b965-cb6e85766933> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://apologetics-notes.comereason.org/2013/12/2013-top-five-apologetics-podcasts.html?m=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.946088 | 545 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Current Size: 100%
Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is often called the 'imagined ugliness' disorder. It was formerly known as Dysmorphophobia and is an anxiety disorder whereby a person is abnormally preoccupied with an imagined or slight defect in their physical appearance.
They may compare their looks with other people’s, worry that they are physically flawed and spend a lot of time in front of a mirror concealing what they believe is a defect.
At some time or another, almost everybody feels unhappy about the way they look, but these thoughts come and go and can be forgotten. However, for someone with BDD the thought of a flaw is very distressing and does not go away. Even though other people may think there is nothing wrong with the way the person looks, for the sufferer it can lead to depression and thoughts of suicide.
Here in the United Kingdom current estimates suggest that 0.5% of the population will have BDD, from children and young people to older adults, which equates to 5 out of every 1000 people. That is some 308.960 people based on the 2009 population estimate.
BDD obsessions may manifest themselves as excessive, disproportionate concerns about a minor flaw, or as recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts about an entirely imagined defect. The obsessions are most frequently focused on the head and face, but may involve any body part. When others tell them that they look fine or that the flaw they perceive is minimal, people with BDD find it hard to believe this reassurance.
The onset of BDD usually begins in adolescence up to the early twenties, a time when people are generally most sensitive about their appearance. While not unique to women, the condition is more predominant amongst females, although clinical samples tend to suggests it affects bith sexes equally. It has been noted that BDD has features that are quite similar to those of OCD. Some studies have shown that many of those people with BDD also have OCD.
Although the two disorders are quite different, there are also many similarities. For example, a person with BDD may have to repeat certain acts such as:
Common BDD obsessions involve concerns about the face, namely the nose, the hair, the skin, the eyes, the chin, or the lips. Flaws on the face or head, such as hair thinning, acne, wrinkles, scars, vascular markings, paleness or redness of the complexion or excessive hair are perceived as major concerns. Sufferers may be concerned about a lack of symmetry, or feel that something is too big or swollen or too small, or that it is out of proportion to the rest of the body. Any part of the body may however be involved in BDD including the breasts, genitals, buttocks, abdomen, hands, feet, legs, hips, overall body size, body build or muscle bulk. These concerns lead most patients to engage in compulsive behaviours, such as mirror checking, excessive grooming, and skin picking.
The behaviour of BDD sufferers will include some or all of the following:
Although some people with this disorder manage to function well, despite their distress, most find that their concerns about thir appearance causes significant problems for them. They may find it hard to concentrate on their job or school work, which may suffer as a result, and relationship problems are common. People with BDD feel very self-conscious in social situations and generally have a very poor quality of life.
A person with BDD may feel that they cannot go out in public unless they have hidden the problem area in some way with clothing, make-up or covering with hair. This can seriously affect a person’s quality of life affecting both employment and relationships.
Sufferers of BDD may also experience periods of depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts because of their preoccupation with the perceived flaw.
People living with BDD are not vain, but believe themselves to be ugly or defective. They tend to be very secretive and reluctant to seek help because they are afraid that others will think them vain or self-obsessed.
Some people have resorted to cosmetic surgery (including dangerous and painful 'Do it yourself' surgery ), which can cause high levels of distress, is unlikely to improve the symptoms and has been shown to have poor outcomes.
There is still not a single clear cause for Body Dysmorphic Disorder, but experts believe that biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors have contributed to its emergence. Neurochemical factors, such as abnormalities in the brain chemical serotonin, may make some people more likely to express the symptoms of BDD than others. However, psychological factors such as teasing about one's appearance during childhood, families' or peers' emphasis on appearance and trauma or sexual abuse might also be risk stimuli for the expression of symptoms. | <urn:uuid:0d6b14bf-7dba-4a35-add7-dd51395e1f08> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ocduk.org/bdd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972595 | 986 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Pioneering women at United Airlines (UAL) organized the world’s first Flight Attendant (FA) union in 1945. They were quickly recognized by the carrier as the official bargaining representative when the CEO said “they need a union.” Today, these same workers stand last as the lowest paid among all the major airlines and are hardly getting any notice from management. Negotiations have stalled.
“We are working at 1994-wage levels after suffering wage cuts, staff reductions and rising health care costs,” Chris Black told several hundred flight attendants and other union supporters picketing on January 8 at UAL departure gates at San Francisco International Airport (SFO).
Black is SFO Council 11 President, Association of Flight Attendants (AFA-CWA), and it was her national AFL-CIO union that organized protests on the same day their contract became amendable. A preliminary count by the AFA is that over 1800 participated at airports all over the world.
Contracts negotiated under the Railway Labor Act do not actually expire but rather become “amendable” with terms remaining “status quo” throughout negotiations overseen by the National Mediation Board. So, while the system does retain contract protections during negotiations, extremely long delays lasting several years have become commonplace.
In ordinary times, this means workers fall further and further behind rising living expenses as talks drag on. But the 2002-2006 bankruptcy of UAL forced even more extremely onerous concessions that substantially compounded the normal burden of delayed negotiations.
Union spokeswoman Sara Nelson said that “after the airline went bankrupt several years ago, the union accepted cuts of more than $3 billion in pay, working conditions and health care, along with the termination of workers’ pensions.
“We were promised the cuts would remain in place for a certain amount of time, but we continue to live under these concessions while executives have rewarded themselves with millions of dollars in bonuses.”
As one example, UAL CEO Glenn Tilton’s bonus upon exiting bankruptcy was by itself sufficient to provide a 10% bonus for all 15,000 FA’s then on the payroll.
Race to the Bottom has Hit Rock Bottom
Attempting to achieve early settlements, each of the six unions currently in talks with UAL now have contract clauses providing for the commencement of negotiations several months before the amendable dates.
The AFA, for example, has been bargaining with UAL since April 6, 2009. But to no avail. According to an AFA press statement, “members are angry that management has not discussed the improvements envisioned, seeming only interested in delaying…”
United, now dropped from first to the world’s third-largest airline, claims that a weakened economy, rising fuel costs and fluctuations in demand has enormously reduced profits. We heard this argument during bankruptcy when prominent union financial analyst Dan Akins estimates airline workers suffered reductions in wages and benefits totaling $11 billion.
This could actually be a low figure. A US Government Accountability Office report estimated a “loss of $3.2 billion to [UAL] participants” alone just from the pension default.
In any case, everyone realizes the airline industry has always been characterized by intense competition, high fixed costs such as fuel, cyclical demand and vulnerability to intermittent economic lows. We also know from experience that whether in good times or in bad times, carriers have continuously sought concessions.
But with the enormously rising fuel costs since the Gulf War, United embarked on an even more dramatic and sustained burn and slash program of service, route and fleet reductions combined with unprecedented employee layoffs.
For example, the Company reports that its workforce fell from 100,000 in December 2000 to 46,000 in December 2009 with FA numbers at 23,000 and 13,000 in that same period.
However, cutting back is an extremely controversial and unproven method of returning airlines to profitability.
Union leaders explain that reducing passenger capacity is not the answer. It is passengers that pay the bills and it has been shown historically that eliminating routes and laying off employees in fact lowers passenger-generated earnings more rapidly than reducing stable fixed costs.
Reducing the operation is a discredited shortcut that utterly fails to increase revenue and therein lies the problem.
“Cutting its fleet of airplanes does not address the larger cost problems that continue to beleaguer this airline,” said then UAL Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) chairman Captain Steve Wallach back in 2007. “Instead of doling out hundreds of millions of dollars to shareholders and pocketing millions of dollars in bonuses and salary increases, perhaps management should reinvest that money into our operation.”
His comments are still relevant today. They are echoed by the current UAL ALPA chair, Capt. Wendy Morse, who commented on the day of the AFA picketing that “United’s tactics to shrink to profitability has proved disastrous.”
Simply put, when airlines cut back, earnings generally fall more rapidly than costs.
With United management flying in the wrong direction, it is likely to be a tough round of negotiations for flight attendants. But there is some relief in sight. Airlines have made millions from their numerous increased fees. Fuel costs have also stabilized at around $80 a barrel from the high of well over $100. Even Wall St. analysts are cautiously optimistic.
“To sum up,” writes airline analyst Michael Derchin in the November 30, 2009 Yahoo Finance report, “we are looking for 2010 to be a modestly profitable year for the industry [even if fuel goes to $90 a barrel], setting a stage for a nicely profitable year in 2011 and beyond, assuming the global economy continues to recover.”
In fact, there are already signs of deep-pocket business travelers returning to the soft, cushy, leather recliners in the front.
These trends should provide some bargaining leverage for FA’s and other UAL employees who want to recover from their losses of recent years. But, of course, it is the collective solidarity of all the six unions currently bargaining that will be the most important factor influencing management.
The AFA set a good example by beginning to mobilize members and to reach out to other unions. This is a winning combination. As one Machinist union Local President commented to me wishfully, “we may be negotiating separately but we should be fighting together.” | <urn:uuid:0e8915a1-311a-426c-ba49-ced00c880e5c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://talkingunion.wordpress.com/2010/01/08/furious/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00375-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955788 | 1,320 | 2.203125 | 2 |
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For a limited time, you can start by arranging a FREE* full-length practice ACT prep exam. Taking a practice exam is a proven way to gain familiarity with the test format — and figure out which areas need work in order to maximize your teen's score. Get one step ahead in the college admission process: contact your local Sylvan now! | <urn:uuid:91e32f35-01e9-4f19-ad8c-a1898007030a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://cities.sylvanlearning.com/us/california/Sacramento-Region/act-test-prep | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00304-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94591 | 486 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Period：Warring States period (475-221 BCE)
Measurements: Upper wide 3.2 cm, Lower wide 3.1 cm, Length 5.6 cm, Thickness 3.1 cm
Provenance: Unearthed at Zhenghankai Pharmaceutical Factory of Xinzheng, Henan, 1983
Of a rough flat rectangular form, it was made of limestone, polished smooth, the inscription of 17 words in three columns was carved in the central part on the obverse side, and the words were orderly arranged. Based on the inscription, it is presumably the mold for impressing an inscription on the weapons in the 18th year of King Huanhui of Han reign period during the Warring States period.
Taking stone for making the mold is probably for the consideration of the duration and repetition of the mold. There is a square dent at the place of the first character at the beginning of the inscription, and another similar dent in the lower part of the second row, the survived movable fonts were discovered in the dents. Whereby the inscription mold not only can mass reproduce pottery molds bearing the identical inscription, but also can substitute the single character mold freely.
The discovery of the artifact substantiates that the employment of “movable font mold” in the process of the inscription casting technique on bronzes and freely use of the textual copying technique prior to Qin dynasty, indicating that the movable type printing technology and products had emerged at the time. | <urn:uuid:c0dc3150-b3cc-4c80-bf11-f7984a4dcc92> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://english.chnmus.net/sitesources/hnbwy/page_pc/Collections/StoneGraving/article0acd1cc1732a466c934462ce512047f3.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.9373 | 308 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Australia: Part III: Bitcoins 101: Tax implications
24 March 2015
Posted by: Author: David Court
Author: David Court (Holley Nethercote Commercial & Financial Services Lawyers)
The ATO holds the view that bitcoins are neither money nor foreign currency, and the supply of bitcoins will not attract GST. However, bitcoins are an asset for CGT purposes. In effect, paying for goods and services by bitcoin will be regarded by the ATO as a barter transaction. This treatment is broadly similar to the treatment overseas, with the UK and US both treating bitcoins as property for taxation purposes.
As noted above, many countries have determined that bitcoins are to be treated as property, not currency, for the purposes of taxation laws. But there are some significant differences in how the product is regulated around the globe. China has prohibited financial institutions and payment companies from handling bitcoin, but individuals are able to hold and trade them. The EU does not have a unified position but Germany has recognised a bitcoin as a 'unit of account' (which means that it is a financial instrument and can be used as a settlement currency). Similarly to the UK, profits on trading bitcoins are taxed.
In January 2015, Coinbase in the U.S. launched the first licenced U.S. bitcoin exchange. This is a move away from unregulated online exchanges that are more vulnerable to collapse (such as Mt Gox) and towards making bitcoin a more regulated, conventional financial instrument.
The future of digital currencies in Australia
ASIC has suggested that the law could be altered to accommodate digital currencies, for example by treating the digital currencies in the same manner as national currencies or by declaring digital currencies to be 'financial products'. We anticipate that bitcoins will have to be re-evaluated by regulators in the future if they continue to gain in popularity. If bitcoins become a ubiquitous medium of exchange, then there may be a greater push to regulate them in a similar way to foreign currency. If this occurs, then most dealings relating to bitcoins may need to be licensed.
As bitcoin increases in visibility and volume, the trend will be to increase regulation and oversight of the platform and to ensure that it does not cause leakage of tax revenues. In doing so, bitcoin may lose connection with its libertarian, anonymous roots. The tensions between these two opposing visions for crypto-currencies will bear watching.
This article first appearead on mondaq.com. | <urn:uuid:e02ef676-0388-420c-b916-dfca161fe01a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thesait.org.za/news/222945/Australia-Part-III-Bitcoins-101-Tax-implications.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00036-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950399 | 494 | 1.992188 | 2 |
- Research article
- Open Access
A controlled trial of the effectiveness of internet continuing medical education
BMC Medicine volume 6, Article number: 37 (2008)
The internet has had a strong impact on how physicians access information and on the development of continuing medical education activities. Evaluation of the effectiveness of these activities has lagged behind their development.
To determine the effectiveness of a group of 48 internet continuing medical education (CME) activities, case vignette surveys were administered to US physicians immediately following participation, and to a representative control group of non-participant physicians. Responses to case vignettes were analyzed based on evidence presented in the content of CME activities. An effect size for each activity was calculated using Cohen's d to determine the amount of difference between the two groups in the likelihood of making evidence-based clinical decisions, expressed as the percentage of non-overlap, between the two groups. Two formats were compared.
In a sample of 5621 US physicians, of the more than 100,000 physicians who participated in 48 internet CME activities, the average effect size was 0.75, an increased likelihood of 45% that participants were making choices in response to clinical case vignettes based on clinical evidence. This likelihood was higher in interactive case-based activities, 51% (effect size 0.89), than for text-based clinical updates, 40% (effect size 0.63). Effectiveness was also higher among primary care physicians than specialists.
Physicians who participated in selected internet CME activities were more likely to make evidence-based clinical choices than non-participants in response to clinical case vignettes. Internet CME activities show promise in offering a searchable, credible, available on-demand, high-impact source of CME for physicians.
The internet has had a strong impact on how physicians access information, and many have reported the influence of this information on their medical decision making [1, 2]. The internet offers a platform for addressing healthcare quality and patient safety by assisting with diagnosis and patient management, and facilitating the free flow of information . The internet also offers opportunities to facilitate improvement in the quality of care through physician maintenance of certification [4, 5].
Rapid growth of the internet has altered continuing education for health professionals by allowing access to more varied, individualized, and systematic educational opportunities. In 2008, 300 sites offered more than 16,000 CME activities . Internet CME activities offer advantages over traditional methods of CME delivery; internet CME is a credible 'any time, any place' form of education, providing increased accessibility to busy physicians [7–11]. Other advantages may include increased engagement in the educational process, ease of use, cost effectiveness, hyperlinked navigation, and the ability to view content that may be continually updated.
The evaluation of internet CME activities has not kept pace with their development; evaluation has principally focused on participant satisfaction and increases in knowledge [12, 13]. Only a few studies have examined physician performance and patient health associated with participation in internet CME activities, and the results have been mixed [14–18]. Evaluation studies of internet CME activities have been limited by the lack of systematic evaluation across different clinical subject matter areas . The purpose of this study was to use a consistent approach to evaluate the effectiveness of internet CME activities across various clinical topics by examining the amount of difference in the evidence-based clinical practice choices of participants compared with a control group of non-participants. Based on a recent meta-analysis of the effectiveness of CME activities , we hypothesized that physicians participating in internet CME activities would make evidence-based clinical practice choices more frequently than physicians who did not participate, and that the percentage of non-overlap in evidence-based choices between the two groups would be at least 10%.
A controlled trial was designed to measure the effectiveness of a group of 48 internet CME activities. Physicians who participated in these activities, matched the target audience for the activity, and completed case vignette self-assessment questions following participation were eligible to participate. A random sample of participants meeting the eligible criteria for each activity was drawn from each overall group. A random sample of non-participant physicians of similar specialties was identified as a control group and was asked to complete the same self-assessment questions. The average evidence-based response rates were calculated for the participant and non-participant samples for each activity, and an effect size was calculated. An overall effect size was calculated, as well as effect sizes for text and case-based activities, and for primary care and specialist participants.
A consistent assessment approach was developed that included 1) using case vignettes to assess clinical practice choices, 2) using a standard hypertext mark-up language programming approach to presenting assessment questions at the end of selected internet activities, 3) applying this assessment approach to specific content reflected in each individual activity, 4) collecting assessment data from CME participants in each individual clinical assessment, 5) collecting assessment data from a comparable group of non-participants in each of the assessments, and 6) analyzing the data to determine the amount of difference between the CME participant and non-participant groups by calculating effect size and the percentage of non-overlap between the two groups. The use of case vignette surveys was reviewed by the Western Institutional Review Board in 2004, prior to initiation of this study; voluntary completion of the survey questions by physicians was considered to constitute consent.
During 2005, a pilot was conducted on three internet CME activities to test a standardized evaluation procedure, and the use of standard hypertext mark-up language (HTML) online forms, for the purpose of systematically gathering clinical case vignette assessment data from physicians following participation in internet CME activities posted on a large medical education site. The pilot was designed to determine the technical feasibility of gathering and transferring large data sets using a standardized evaluation approach; the pilot was not designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the three internet CME activities. The standardized evaluation procedure included the following elements. A standard assessment template consisting of two clinical vignettes and five clinical questions was developed using a multiple choice format; evidence-based responses to the case vignettes were identified from content and references developed by the faculty for each activity. Content for the activities was written and referenced to clinical evidence by the faculty member for each activity. Only content referenced to peer-reviewed publications or guidelines was considered eligible for the development of clinical vignette assessment questions. Case vignettes were written by physicians and were referenced to the content and learning objectives. Content validity of the case vignettes was established by review from medical editors of the online portal; editors represented the appropriate clinical area for each set of case vignettes.
Case vignette evaluations were developed for the three pilot activities according to this procedure. Over 5000 physicians participated in the pilot activities. Data collection and transfer was successful; no technical glitches were identified in data collection using the HTML online forms or in the data transfer. This feasibility pilot established the processes for development and review of case vignette questions, as well as the technical platform for proceeding with the evaluation of the effectiveness of a series of 48 internet CME activities.
During an 18-month period, a group of internet CME activities was identified as eligible for assessment if the activity met the following criteria: 1) designed for physicians, 2) posted during an 18 month period between January 2006 and June 2007 to a large medical education website, 3) certified for CME credit, 4) presented in an on-demand archived format (webcasts and other live activities were not included), and 5) designed in a text-based format for clinical updates or as interactive case-based activities.
Text-based clinical update activities were defined as original review articles on scientific advances related to a particular clinical topic, similar to a written article in an internet journal. Interactive cases were original CME activities presented in a case format with extensive questions and feedback within each activity. Typically, they began with a short explanatory introduction and then presented the content within the context of a patient care scenario with discussion of diagnostic and therapeutic options and outcomes. Questions distributed throughout the activity provided interaction for learners to test their knowledge on either the material that was just presented, or for upcoming content. After submitting a response, the learner was presented with an explanation of the optimal answer, as well as a summary of the responses of past participants. There was no direct learner-instructor or learner-learner interaction in either of these formats.
The case vignette survey template consisted of a set of content-specific, case vignette questions that were delivered to participants at the conclusion of each CME activity. They were also distributed in a survey, by email or fax, to a similar non-participant group. This method was chosen as an adaptation for an online format with automated data transfer of the case vignette assessment method that has been recognized for its value in predicting physician practice patterns; results from recent research demonstrate case vignettes, compared with other processes of care measures such as chart review and standardized patients, are a valid and comprehensive method to measure a physician's processes of care [20, 21].
A sample size of at least 4800 with at least 100 (50 participants and 50 non-participants selected as a desired minimum sample size for individual activities) for each of the CME activities was chosen for the study in order to establish consistency in data collection even though content varied across multiple clinical areas. Participants were eligible for inclusion in the study only if they represented the specialty target audience for the activity, or were providing primary care. Eligible participants were identified for each activity, and a random sample of 50 was drawn from the group of eligible participants. Non-participating physicians were identified from a random sample drawn by specialty from the physician list of the American Medical Association. Participant and non-participant samples were matched on the following characteristics: physician specialty, degree, years in practice, whether or not direct patient care was their primary responsibility, and the average number of patients seen per week.
A statistical analysis software package (SAS 9.1.3) was used in data extraction and transformation, and statistical analyses. Participant and non-participant case vignette responses were scored according to their concordance with the evidence-informed content presented within each activity. Overall mean scores and pooled standard deviations were calculated for both the participant and non-participant groups for each of the activities. These were used to calculate the educational effect size using Cohen's d formula (i.e., the difference in mean divided by the square root of the pooled standard deviation) in order to determine the average amount of difference between participants and non-participants . Effect size representing the difference between the two groups was expressed as a percentage of non-overlap between participants and non-participants. The amount of difference between participants and non-participants in the likelihood of making evidence-based clinical choices in response to clinical case vignettes was expressed using the percentage of non-overlap between participants and non-participants for each activity, and for the overall group of activities.
Over 100,000 US physicians participated in the 48 selected activities over an 18 month period. A total of 5621 physician responses to assessment questions in 48 activities were analyzed; of these, 2785 physicians were responses from CME participants and 2836 were received from the control group of non-participants. The CME participant sample represents 1377 primary care physicians and 1241 physicians specializing in other areas. The non-participant sample represents 1441 primary care physicians and 1270 physicians specializing in other areas of medicine.
Demographics of physicians specializing in primary care, of physicians specializing in other clinical areas, and of all respondents, are presented in Table 1. Demographics of the participant group were consistent with demographics of the US physician population except in regard to patient care as a principal responsibility. Nationally, the average age of physicians is 51 years, with 27.8% female physicians and 6.5% representing those with DO degrees . Nationally, 78.4% of US physicians are primarily involved with patient care; in the participant sample, this was significantly higher, at 94% . When primary care participants were compared with specialist participants, there were no significant differences except in regard to gender. Primary care physician participants were more likely to be female (33%), compared with specialist participants (21%).
Of the 48 internet CME activities posted during the 18 month period of the study, 24 were interactive CME cases and 24 were text-based clinical updates. Effect sizes were highest for the cardiology and neurology activities. The effect sizes for these activities are presented in Tables 2 and 3 by clinical area and activity type.
Overall, the average effect size for the 48 internet CME activities was 0.75. (Table 4) The non-overlap percentile, representing the non-overlap between participants and non-participants in evidence-based responses, was 45.2%, exceeding the hypothesized non-overlap of 10% between the two groups. Interactive case-based internet CME activities demonstrated a significantly higher effect size than text-based programming (p = 0.001). The effect size for primary care participants was also significantly higher than that for specialists. (p = < 0.001).
Physician participants using internet CME activities selected evidence-based choices for clinical care in response to case vignettes more frequently than non-participants. The likelihood that physician internet CME participants would make clinical choices consistent with evidence in response to case vignettes more often than non-participants greatly exceeded the hypothesized 10% non-overlap between the two groups, demonstrating instead a 45% non-overlap. This effect is stronger than that from a recent meta-analysis of the effectiveness of CME activities where CME interventions had a small to moderate effect on physician knowledge and performance . In this meta-analysis, however, only two internet studies were included.
The somewhat higher effect size for primary care physicians may be a reflection of broader educational needs, due to the wide range of clinical problems they encounter. Physicians specializing in clinical areas other than primary care have a narrower focus for medical information seeking and may have higher levels of baseline knowledge than primary care physicians on specific topics, also contributing to differences in effect size. The higher effect size for interactive CME cases is consistent with previous studies that demonstrate that increases in active participation improve the effectiveness of CME .
Internet CME physician participants represented by the sample in this study have extensive experience, and they are principally engaged in direct patient care, disputing earlier perceptions that most physicians accessing internet CME would be recent graduates from medical school. Compared with demographic data on the total population of US physicians, the years in practice are similar, but more physicians in the online group are engaged principally in patient care . A higher percentage of female physicians participated in the online CME activities studied than is represented in the overall US physician population. It is clear that internet CME activities are reaching a large audience of busy physicians; the ACCME data compilation for 2006 showed that physicians participated in internet enduring materials over 2 million times . Data from this study have demonstrated that, in addition to large increases in reach for internet CME, these activities show promise in influencing practice. The larger effect size for these internet CME activities may be associated with the searchability of internet CME activities, as well as their availability when physicians are prompted to address a clinical question or problem. More research is needed in this area.
One of the strengths of this study was the use of a consistent evaluation format applied to a large number of internet CME activities. A limitation, however, was the programmed format that limited the number of clinical vignette questions to five in each activity; thus, not all key points in the content of each activity could be evaluated. The format also limited the type of questions to multiple-choice questions, and did not include the opportunity to ask open-ended questions. While the use of a control group allowed a comparison of participants with non-participants, another limitation was the lack of baseline data to assess the practice patterns of CME participants prior to participation. It is possible that CME internet participants access the internet more frequently than non-participants, and access not only CME activities, but various forms of internet medical information; these medical information seeking behaviors may influence the amount of difference between participants and non-participants reflected in the effect sizes reported in this study. In future studies, baseline data would be helpful in addressing this issue.
While this study has demonstrated the promise of internet CME activities in influencing the diagnostic and therapeutic choices physicians make daily, many research questions have yet to be addressed. Future research studies should continue to apply consistent evaluation approaches to internet CME. Pre-tests or baseline measurements would contribute to a more robust understanding of physician practice patterns prior to participation; it will be important, however, not to create lengthy pre-tests that become barriers to accessing internet CME activities. Future studies are needed to determine not only which internet formats are most effective, but also how educational elements such as advance organizers, behavioral objectives, interactivity, and feedback should be incorporated into the design of activities to optimize effectiveness. In addition, studies will be needed to determine how activities can be tailored to various physician specialties and populations.
In summary, evaluation of internet CME activities lags far behind the development of these activities, and many research questions remain unaddressed. This study, however, has demonstrated that physicians who participated in selected internet CME activities were more likely following participation to make evidence-based clinical choices in response to case vignettes than were non-participants. Internet CME activities show promise in offering a searchable, credible, available on-demand, high-impact source of CME for physicians.
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The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/6/37/prepub
Authors are employees of Outcomes, Inc., Medscape LLC, or the University of Alabama School of Public Health. They have no other potential conflicts of interest to declare.
All authors have participated in the design of the study, the review of the data, and the writing of the article. SZ was principally responsible for the data analysis.
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Casebeer, L., Engler, S., Bennett, N. et al. A controlled trial of the effectiveness of internet continuing medical education. BMC Med 6, 37 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-6-37
- Continue Medical Education
- Case Vignette
- Clinical Vignette
- High Effect Size
- Continue Medical Education Activity | <urn:uuid:e7036653-3137-4d58-aca0-cdf08ea2b7ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1741-7015-6-37 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.937389 | 5,329 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Chronic mouth ulcers are relatively common, especially in young people. It's called apthous stomatitis, affects at least 20% of the population, and its natural course is one of eventual remission. By far, most people with apthous stomatitis are otherwise healthy.
However, when someone presents with recurrent mouth ulcers, one should always inquire especially about the opthalmic, genitourinary and gastrointestinal health of these patients, because (ignoring the first two organ systems) apthous stomatitis is more commonly seen with Celiac Disease and Crohn's disease.
Common Causes of Chronic Diarrhea
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): (most common) caused by (?) bowel wall muscle dysfunction
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): caused by structural damage to the intestinal mucosa that impairs absorption and stimulates secretion
Malabsorption syndromes: carbohydrate, bile acid, etc.
Chronic infection: C. diff, giardiasis, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, parasites, etc.
Celiac Disease (wheat/barley/rye protein-induced autoimmune disease)
Endocrine diarrhea: from hyperthyroidism, Addison's disease, gastrinoma, etc.
Idiopathic Secretory Diarrhea
Common symptoms associated with chronic diarrhea
In IBS and IBD, the patient typically has crampy, intermittent abdominal pain relieved with bowel movements. In IBD and Celiac Disease, stool often occult heme+.
Malabsorption (eg, lactose malabsorption) and maldigestion (eg, pancreatic insufficiency)is typically associated with onset of diarrhea soon after eating and/or relief with fasting.
I assume your doctors have already looked for Crohn's (it appears they've looked for signs of Ulcerative Colitis as well.) Endoscopy and colonoscopy may both miss Crohn's, however, because - unlike UC - Crohn's can skip around in the small intestines; though it is most common in the ilium (the terminal portion of the small bowel) and the proximal colon, it can cause ulceration anywhere from the mouth to the rectum. It can come and go with remissions lasting for years, and, interestingly, Crohn's is often accompanied by abdominal pain and feelings of low energy and fatigue, as well as possible weight loss and malnutrition. Celiac Disease can present in a mild form with only unexplained iron deficiency anemia (from malabsorption) to chronic diarrhea with fatigue and weight loss.
Also interestingly, Crohn's responds to anti-inflammatory drugs, though the wrench in this scenario is that NSAIDs usually make it worse, not better.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a difficult problem, but there are effective treatments for Crohn's. Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a common cause of episodiic diarrhea (sometimes alternating with constipation). IBS can come and go as well.
There are new tests for Crohn's (e.g. fecal biomarkers) and IBS.
If by no food allergies you mean you've had skin testing, then true food allergies have likely not been ruled out, as skin testing is not reliable. Celiac Disease is diagnosed best by positive serology, positive small bowel biopsy and a favorable clinical response to a diet eliminating wheat gluten/gliadin (and perhaps barley and rye as well.)
What can someone with persistent symptoms without a diagnosis do?
First, they can try an elimination diet. A person can do that without seeing a doctor. Also keep a food diary. That's always a good idea with any gastrointestinal problems.
They might talk to their gastroenterologist about different trials. Since you have no definitive diagnosis, a "step-up" approach seems more prudent.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - Causes
ABC of oral health: Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain
Recurrent aphthous ulceration: vitamin B1, B2 and B6 status and response to replacement therapy
What is Crohn’s Disease?
Celiac Disease: Celiac Sprue, Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy
Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy (Celiac Disease): More Common Than You Think
Prevalence of Celiac Disease in At-Risk and Not-At-Risk Groups in the United States
Yield of Diagnostic Tests for Celiac Disease in Individuals With Symptoms Suggestive of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
Almost everything you could possibly want to know about food allergies can be found in one of the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Food Allergy in the United States at this link. | <urn:uuid:c4d21d44-3b23-445d-b743-4a29a87d7293> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medicalsciences.stackexchange.com/questions/3630/what-are-the-causes-of-chronic-diarrhea/3640 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.928953 | 1,012 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The year was 1871.
The Civil War has been over for only six years. General U. S. Grant is the President. The Transcontinental Railroad has been in existence for two years. The Great Chicago Fire took place in October of this year. Radio, television and movies did not yet exist. (We’re still sharing knowledge)
A group of prominent citizens, primarily women, and later all women, had an idea. They wanted to create a circulating library for the Village of Pascoag. Nothing like this existed in Burrillville, this would be a first. This group of women became The Ladies Pascoag Library Association, which is still the legal name of our Board of Trustees.
Why a library? There was little, in the way of entertainment, offered to young people in town and the opportunity to have access to books beyond one’s own bookshelf seemed like a good idea. The ladies held successful fundraisers, including evening entertainments such as dances and masquerades, and were able to purchase about 500 books. | <urn:uuid:ce919b82-90e5-4779-84b4-0188739c7f62> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pascoaglibrary.org/sesquicentennial-celebration/founding-our-library | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.981645 | 218 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Created 9 Aug 2000 at 21:13 UTC by hexmode.Homepage: http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=IO-BLOB-Pg
Freshmeat page: http://freshmeat.net/appindex/2000/05/31/959748786.html
PostgreSQL deals with Binary Large Objects (BLOBs) as if they were files.
Unfortunatly, there isn't a very good perl interface to them. This module gives you an IO handle to the blob so you can use it for handling the file. It is very useful for DB-backed websites as it lets PG handle the locking and what not while you just get on with the business of handling file uploads.
This project has the following developers:
New HTML Parser: The long-awaited libxml2 based HTML parser code is live. It needs further work but already handles most markup better than the original parser.
Keep up with the latest Advogato features by reading the Advogato status blog.
If you're a C programmer with some spare time, take a look at the mod_virgule project page and help us with one of the tasks on the ToDo list! | <urn:uuid:dac183e2-ce0a-4e58-9d9e-1a01d5ed002f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://advogato.org/proj/IO::BLOB::Pg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00490-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.90677 | 252 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Instagram ROI: Social media like Instagram plays a key role in branding efforts.
Brands usually invest a massive budget in digital marketing these days.
The main reason for that is that the online business is growing exponentially as compared to the brick-and-mortar business.
You need to analyze what you are investing in and what is the actual return.
It can be crucial to use the ROI(Return On Investments), the ROI calculator should be used to find your rate of return on your investments.
The rate of return calculator also enables you which strategy is fruitful and where you need to invest more to capture more and more clients.
The ROI measures all the action you have taken on social media and what you have gathered in return.
The return on investment calculator actually regulates your social media strategies.
For example, you are investing more in the direct marketing strategy. But it is not as fruitful as the compared perception of the brand-related groups.
There are two key metrics to measure your ROI on the Social media and the Instagram:
Metrics for calculating the ROI on Instagram:
There are two main types of matrices for finding the ROI on Instagram to judge the performance of a brand.
- Tangible or measurable metrics
- Intangible metrics or unmeasurable metrics
Tangible metrics for the measurement of Instagram ROI:
KPI ranking is the bread and butter of any digital effort, it provides us with evidence of your performance in the digital marketing environment.
The KPI is a measurement of performance over time for a specific objective or for a brand.
The KPI depends upon the following indicators:
The Audience growth:
Audience growth over a period of time is essential to increase your ROI on Instagram.
The Successful brand always keeps a close eye on the growth of the audience.
You may wonder how to calculate ROI, it is simple if the growth of your audience is growing over a period of time it means your ROI on Instagram is also growing as you can feel more customers are coming to your website.
The Reach and impression – Instagram ROI
Try to increase the reach of your clients by participating in various Instagram groups and chatting groups.
A brand that has a better reach can attract more and more customers towards its brand.
If you are increasing your reach to the new markets and widening your already reached market, then your ROI calculator would show exponential growth in your Return on investments.
You may be considering how to calculate return on investment, it is simple just divide your total investment over the period of time you are getting.
Intangible metrics or unmeasurable metrics
Data and numbers are great for your brand to receive the maximum ROI but there are intangible factors to get the maximum profitability.
These factors are also essential to make your brand competitive in the marketplace.
Brand awareness is the key to getting the maximum portability from your marketing campaigns.
Companies are investing heavily in brand awareness, to tell the clients what they are offering and what is their need and wants.
All the marketing efforts usually focus on that, if a company is able to increase brand awareness and keep a close connection with the clients.
You may wonder how to calculate the rate of return of your investments, it can be easy if you are increasing the brand awareness of your brand.
The ROI calculator is a tool to define your rate of return for a brand.
Customers satisfaction level:
The customer satisfaction level is one of the great attributes of your ROI if you are keeping a better customer satisfaction level.
Then the ROI calculator would indicate you are getting enough return from your investment on social media.
All of your investment returns depend upon your customers’ satisfaction level.
A brand able to satisfy the clients can gather the best ROI and your ROI calculator indicates the best return on your investments.
The ROI is one of the most essential for the brands when they are going to invest in social media campaigns.
Brands can get the best out of their marketing campaign if they are keeping a better eye on the tangible and intangible factors of their marketing campaigns.
The ROI provides you with a better understanding of where your brand is standing.
And this is something we can help you with to develop and expand your business! Get in touch with Yugasa software labs, as we have a team of experts who will help you measure your Brand’s Instagram ROI.
Read More: HOW TO MAKE AN APP LIKE INSTAGRAM | <urn:uuid:5840689c-c81a-4558-a184-77a5d222fcbc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yugasa.com/web/instagram-roi-top-key-metrics-to-measure-your-brand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.929311 | 939 | 1.570313 | 2 |
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