text
stringlengths 181
608k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 3
values | url
stringlengths 13
2.97k
| file_path
stringlengths 125
140
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 50
138k
| score
float64 1.5
5
| int_score
int64 2
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Over the past five years, the rise of the CBD industry has been fast and furious. This can be attributed to an increase of products and manufacturers within the marketplace in response to high consumer demand. This has resulted in a product range that is both wide and all-encompassing as consumer needs are being met at every turn. This is shown through products being produced by people like Blessed CBD, such as oils, gummies, and even CBD topical creams. There are very few products left that CBD manufacturers have not yet tried to create. As such it is important to remember that these products are produced for a reason – brain fog is one of them. But what is brain fog and can CBD oil help in either reducing or completely eradicating the issue?CBD oil is great to help with a lot of health issues but is it any good at helping control or get rid of Brain Fog? Find out here
Is CBD Oil Good to Help With Brain Fog?
What is Brain Fog?
Brain fog is a term which is used to describe an illness which is similar to that of delirium but is more mild. The description of the effects are pretty self-explanatory in that the individual who is suffering the illness feels that their brain is clouded and that are unable to cognitively think properly and convey information correctly or at all. As such this is an awful illness to have and can be frustrating for those individuals who have been diagnosed with it.
But as with any illness, there is hopefully some form of remedy which helps alleviate the either the pain or the psychological effects to improve the person’s wellbeing. As such, there has been an increase in individuals who suffer from brain fog claiming that by consuming CBD oil it has helped reduce the effects of brain fog and allowed them to think more cognitively. But what is CBD oil and how does it help improve brain fog?
What is CBD Oil?
CBD is an acronym for a compound found within that of cannabis plants or industrial hemp known as Cannabidiol. This is compound is found on the leaves of the plants and can be extracted into producing CBD oil which can help remedy are large amount of illnesses both physical and mental. As such the process by which CBD helps in producing positive effects is conducted through activating cannabinoid receptors within the brain which in turn helps in producing serotonin in the brain. This production of serotonin gives the user feelings of both calmness and happiness. In order to reduce both depression and anxiety along with physical injuries such as chronic pain disorder.
Can CBD Oil Help Improve Brain Fog?
Yes it can in simple terms. CBD has been found as a way to help treat brain fog as it helps in limiting the amount of stress for which a user feels. Which is one of the many triggers which occurs in individuals who suffer brain fog. By preventing the stress you can help stop the brain fog from occurring which is said to be a cortisol reaction from stress that the body is put under. The reaction with therefore be stopped in it tracks through use of CBD oil to calm and create less anxiety in the user therefore reducing the number of times brain fog happens in a consumer.
Take a look at this article to learn more reasons to travel with CBD oil. | <urn:uuid:ecb3556b-62b7-444c-b414-52e9e77cdef4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://travelexperta.com/can-cbd-oil-help-brain-fog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.980013 | 654 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Data from: Sex-biased dispersal creates spatial genetic structure in a parthenogenetic ant with a dependent-lineage reproductive system
Kuhn, Alexandre; Bauman, David; Darras, Hugo; Aron, Serge (2017), Data from: Sex-biased dispersal creates spatial genetic structure in a parthenogenetic ant with a dependent-lineage reproductive system, Dryad, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7ht5j
Reproduction and dispersal are key aspects of species life history that influence spatial genetic structure in populations. Several ant species in the genus Cataglyphis have evolved a unique breeding system in which new reproductives (that is, queens and males) are produced asexually by parthenogenesis; in contrast, non-reproductives (that is, workers) are produced via sexual reproduction by mates from distinct genetic lineages. We investigated how these two coexisting reproductive methods affect population-level spatial genetic structure using the ant Cataglyphis mauritanica as a model. We obtained genotypes for queens and their male mates from 338 colonies, and we found that the two lineages present in the study population occurred with equal frequency. Furthermore, analysis of spatial genetic structure revealed strong sex-biased dispersal. Because queens were produced by parthenogenesis and because they dispersed over short distances, there was an extreme level of spatial structuring: a mosaic of patches composed of clonal queens was formed. Males, on the other hand, dispersed over several hundred metres and, thus, across patches, ensuring successful interlineage mating. | <urn:uuid:b8790054-cd2b-47cb-9931-ccc77ad4cf0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://datadryad.org:443/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.7ht5j | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.905441 | 347 | 2.578125 | 3 |
What is the Latency of 5G?
Our editorial transparency tool uses blockchain technology to permanently log all changes made to official releases after publication. However, this post is not an official release and therefore not tracked. Visit our learn more for more information.
The benefits of 5G are clear when taking into account the speed, bandwidth and the latency of Verizon’s 5G Ultra Wideband network. 5G technology will open a world of opportunities for the growth of technology, in part because of the low latency of the network.
What is network latency?
Network latency is the time required for a set of data to travel between two points. 5G technology is different from previous generations of cellular technology because of how short that amount of time will be.
A network with high latency can be inefficient for some users. Gamers may be familiar with high network latency that results in lag, which looks like an obvious delay between the action of the players and the actual responses within the game.
Network latency is caused by a variety of factors, including the speed of the network as well as the available bandwidth and the size of the transmitted data. Generally speaking, the latency of 5G is faster than the blink of an eye. 5G will enable users to send and download huge amounts of data in near real time. This will also happen at speeds that were almost unimaginable just a few years ago.
Verizon's 5G latency
Low latency is one of the necessary conditions for the fulfillment of massive IoT, which is expected to help heavy industry and big data enterprises to expand, innovate and globally scale their operations.
With that being said, early users of Verizon’s 5G Ultra Wideband network in Chicago and Minneapolis reported peak speeds of nearly 1 Gbps and latency less than 30 milliseconds, 23 milliseconds faster than average 4G metrics. Verizon’s 5G Ultra Wideband network’s speed, latency and network performance will become available to more and more customers as we continue to build out 5G networks in additional cities around the country.
Benefits of low 5G latency
The low latency of Verizon’s 5G Ultra Wideband network could enable huge technological innovations. For instance, the near real time ability for connecting people to data should lead to improved 3D imagery, holograms, virtual reality and augmented reality. 5G’s low latency could also benefit public safety and security: First responders should have faster access to critical information necessary to perform their life saving efforts.
5G latency is just one of the many important aspects of the new generation of cellular technology. Be sure to learn more about all that 5G entails. | <urn:uuid:87e58a09-e838-45f3-ba32-0d47357fdacf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.verizon.com/about/our-company/5g/5g-latency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.950286 | 543 | 2.84375 | 3 |
°3 peppers (1 yellow, 1 green, 1 red)
°500gm minced pork
°2 garlic cloves
°2 tbsp. oil spoon
°200 gm rice
+calories = average
- Preparation steps :
Preheat the oven. 7/8 (220°C). Cut off the heads of peppers and discard them. Peel the onions and cut into slices.
Cook the rice in a saucepan of boiling salted water, after the cooking time indicated on the package (about 10 minutes). Strain it and set it aside.Melt the onion and garlic in a saucepan with 2 tbsp. Oil soup. Simmer on low heat for about 8 minutes.
In bowl, mix meat, rice, onion & garlic. Salt & Pepper.
Garnish the peppers in the heart with the mixture and place them in an oven dish, adding a little water to the bottom of the dish. Bake for 35 minutes. | <urn:uuid:48aaec3f-b191-4ce1-b4e2-806fac521eb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.biznad.com/stuff-bell-pepper/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817001643-20220817031643-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.837031 | 206 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Service Manager Relationships
The Service Manager Relationships allows you to define the different types of available relationships that can be used when linking different entities such as requests, services, assets, and more.
Relationship Types are defined terms that can be used for the creation of Relationship Links. When creating a Relationship Type consider the types of two way relationships that you would like to describe when liking two entities. As these will be used to create a relationship link, consider defining an opposite relationship type for each one created
Create Relationship Types in any additionally required languages.
- Open an existing Relationship Type, and use the Add Translation button to choose the language you you wish to create the translation for, and then either use the Translate option to use Google's Translate service to suggest a translation of the relationship type, or enter the translation in the Relationship Type field
Change the display name of the Relationship Type by opening and editing the Relationship Type. Any changes will be inherited by any Relationship Links which are using the Relationship Type.
The Relationship Links lets you join or associate Relationship Types that will work together to describe the relationship between two entities.
- Choose the + button to add a new Relationship Link
- Choose the Feature which the new Relationship Link will be available for:
- Request to Service - When linking additional Services to Requests
- Request to Request - When linking Requests to Requests
- All - Available for all Linking Features
- Relationship - Choose one of the defined Relationship Types
- Reverse - Choose another Relationship Type, which will be a direct reverse for the above Relationship
- Caused By > Causes
- Impacted > Impacted By
- Fixes > Fixed By
- Search - Use the quick filter to search for specific Relationship Links
- Filter - Refine the displayed Relationship Links by All, Active or Deactivated
- Active - Mark a Relationship Link as deactivated, by sliding the Active toggle Off. This will prevent the Relationship Link from being available for selection in Service Manager
- Delete - If the Relationship Link has not been used in Service Manager, it can be deleted using the Trash Can icon | <urn:uuid:9a34cd38-1ede-4d6c-93c0-555557f84896> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wiki.hornbill.com/index.php?title=Service_Manager_Relationships | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.86309 | 463 | 1.5 | 2 |
A split among the U.S. courts of appeals is taking shape over the threshold requirements for the government’s ability to obtain historical cell phone location data, in the wake of a July 30, 2013, ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
That court held that a U.S. district court must order a cell phone service provider to produce a subscriber’s cell site data when the government presents specific and articulable facts showing reasonable grounds to believe that the records are relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation.
The case began in 2010, when federal authorities in the Southern District of Texas filed applications for cell phone data in connection with three criminal investigations. The applications, submitted under § 2703(d) of the Stored Communications Act, requested 60 days of subscriber information and cell site data for specific cell phone numbers.
Section 2703 states that the government may require third-party service providers to turn over their subscribers’ cell phone data as long as the requisite burden is met. Generally speaking, authorities may obtain substantive communications, i.e., “content” records, without notice to the subscriber, but only based on probable cause as required by the Fourth Amendment. “Non-content” records, on the other hand, may be obtained on a lesser showing.
Thus, service providers may be compelled to turn over details of a subscriber’s call history, including numbers called, session times, and the duration of calls. To obtain non-content data, the government must offer “specific and articulable facts showing that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the . . . information sought [ is] relevant and material to an ongoing criminal investigation.” The statute provides that an order may be issued by any court of competent jurisdiction and shall be issued only if the government makes the required showing.
The magistrate reviewing the applications granted the government’s requests for subscriber information but denied the requests for cell site data. Although the government had met its burden under the statute, the magistrate held that compelled production of location data would constitute a warrantless search in violation of the Fourth Amendment. The district judge affirmed.
On appeal, the Fifth Circuit considered two issues. First, the court considered whether the Act requires the issuance of an order for non-content records when the government meets the “specific and articulable facts” standard or, alternatively, whether district courts may impose a higher burden. Second, the court considered whether the compelled production of cell site data constitutes a “search” under the Fourth Amendment.
On the first issue, the court held that an order must issue when the government meets the “specific and articulable facts” standard: the test is both a necessary and sufficient condition for an order under § 2703. The court resolved the tension between the statute’s permissive and mandatory terms by explaining that any court of competent jurisdiction may order the production of historical location data; but, if the government meets its burden under the statute, the court must issue an order compelling production of non-content data. Under such circumstances, district courts may not deny the government’s request or impose a warrant requirement.
The Fifth Circuit answered the second question by holding that compelled production of cell site data is not a “search” under the Fourth Amendment. The court’s decision rested on its conclusion that location data are simply the service provider’s business records, not data from a tracking device. As the court explained, the service provider stores and collects cell site data voluntarily for its own business purposes, not on behalf of the government. Additionally, the records concern commercial transactions to which the service provider is a party. Unlike content data, the subscriber’s location information is intended solely for the provider, who needs it to complete the subscriber’s calls.
The court explained further that subscribers do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in cell site data. Subscribers know full well that phone service depends on transmission of the caller’s location data. And even if that were not common knowledge, subscribers would still have no reasonable expectation of privacy in location data because the provider’s terms of service and privacy policies explain how the data are used, collected and stored. Armed with that knowledge, subscribers make informed choices about whether and how they use their cell phones.
The Fifth Circuit opinion is fascinating, especially because of the tension it creates with a Third Circuit case decided just weeks before the government filed its applications in Texas. Like the Fifth Circuit, the Third Circuit considered whether a court may deny an order for historical non-content records when the government makes the requisite showing under § 2703(d).
First, that court held that orders based on “specific and articulable facts” are not per se unconstitutional. But unlike the Fifth Circuit, the Third Circuit held that § 2703(d) establishes the conditions necessary, but not the conditions sufficient, for an order. In other words, courts can still require probable cause in limited circumstances. The court’s holding followed logically from its conclusion that, at least in some cases, cell phones are like tracking devices. And when historical cell site data is used to track a suspect’s physical movement in places where the suspect has a reasonable expectation of privacy – the home, for example – the Fourth Amendment may require a showing of probable cause. The Third Circuit held that, in such cases, district courts may require a warrant.
Disputes over government access to historical cell site data are far from over. If these cases are any indication, these rulings will hinge on whether courts deem cell phone location data to be more like third-party business records or more like data from a tracking device. Since a clear split among the circuit courts seems to be developing, it appears fairly likely that the U.S. Supreme Court will take up the issue soon. | <urn:uuid:8a18a277-aeb6-43a0-a73a-d2ba62f60133> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/circuit-split-brewing-over-government-ac-88583/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00237-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923165 | 1,212 | 1.96875 | 2 |
The American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) announced today its AMA Motorcyclist of the Year. Awarded annually, the AMA Motorcyclist of the Year designation recognizes the person(s) who has had the most profound impact on the world of motorcycling, for better or worse, in the previous 12 months.
For 2010, that distinction belongs to outgoing California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, whose signature on a controversial law will have far-reaching and potentially harmful effects on the motorcycling community nationwide.
With no fanfare, Schwarzenegger signed a poorly crafted bill on Sept. 28 that fundamentally changes how California will regulate motorcycle exhaust systems. The new law also maps a path for the rest of the country, as other state and local lawmakers look for their own answers to address excessive motorcycle sound. The full story is in the January 2011 issue of American Motorcyclist magazine, the journal of the AMA.
“Gov. Schwarzenegger signed a piece of legislation that has rocked the motorcycling world, and will impact motorcyclists in other states as well for years to come,” said AMA President and CEO Rob Dingman. “This makes him the logical choice for the 2010 AMA Motorcyclist of the Year.”
The legislation, California Senate Bill 435, the Motorcycle Anti-Tampering Act, requires every new motorcycle or aftermarket exhaust system built starting in 2013 to carry a stamp on the exhaust certifying that it meets federal Environmental Protection Agency sound requirements. For most motorcycles, the law is a de-facto OEM (original equipment manufacturer) exhaust mandate because the federal standard was not designed for aftermarket manufacturers, and compliance for the scores of low-volume production models now on the market is extremely problematic.
The AMA has long advocated reasonable measures be adopted for the regulation of excessive motorcycle sound, and cites the Society of Automotive Engineers J2825 motorcycle sound testing procedure as the most fair, economical and practical solution to the problem vexing communities nationwide.
“The California law is a poorly crafted piece of legislation that’s discriminatory and does little to address the core problem of excessive sound from all sources, not just motorcycles,” Dingman said. “Rather than objectively regulate offensive noise, this law creates all sorts of problems for riders, law enforcement and aftermarket manufacturers.”
An EPA certification label is no guarantee of sound compliance, and the lack of a label is no guarantee that an exhaust is too loud. The only way to know if a motorcycle exhaust is compliant is to test its actual sound output, Dingman noted.
“As a motorcyclist, Gov. Schwarzenegger should have known better,” Dingman said. “Now California’s motorcyclists, as well as key segments of our industry, are going to be negatively impacted.”
Currently, only two aftermarket manufacturers offer EPA-sound-stamped exhaust systems for a handful of late-model Harley-Davidsons. The process of certification is complex and expensive. For the millions of owners whose motorcycle models were made in relatively small numbers, the requirement to replace an aging exhaust system with an expensive OEM system is onerous and discriminatory. Owners of automobiles and trucks don’t have to meet the same standard, and they can buy less expensive replacement exhaust systems at local muffler shops.
Schwarzenegger’s selection as AMA Motorcyclist of the Year was reinforced by California’s position as a role model for the rest of the country.
“In many cases, we’ve seen other states follow California’s legislative lead on a number of issues,” Dingman said. “There’s no reason to think that trend won’t continue with respect to S.B. 435. With the stroke of his pen, Gov. Schwarzenegger significantly altered the motorcycling landscape for motorcyclists everywhere, and this is the reason why his selection as AMA Motorcyclist of the Year is so impactful.”
The full story of Schwarzenegger’s involvement with motorcycling goes beyond S.B. 435, and is detailed in the January issue of American Motorcyclist. Schwarzenegger has, during his tenure, been an ally of motorcycling with key appointments to decision-making committees that deal with off-highway riding issues, as an example. In addition, as a known motorcyclist himself, Schwarzenegger has drawn attention to motorcycling and, after a high-profile crash in 2006, the need for proper motorcycle licensing.
“We will continue to work with municipal governments and state legislatures to implement reasonable measures, such as the SAE J2825 standard, to address excessive motorcycle sound,” said Dingman. “But we now have the added burden of showing how California’s new measure is not an effective solution, and we have Gov. Schwarzenegger to thank for that.” | <urn:uuid:4a6fcb2d-81ba-433f-a3ac-4017691bf473> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.motorcycledaily.com/2010/12/american-motorcyclist-association-announces-2010-ama-motorcyclist-of-the-year/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282926.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00402-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955975 | 1,008 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Metro is losing riders and revenue for the transit agency is falling short of projections, according to new numbers released by the transit agency.
Due in part to a large drop in weekend use — when track work leads to long waits — Metro rail ridership fell more than four percent during the last fiscal year. Weekend ridership this past June was 12 percent lower than in June 2012.
In a report the Metro board will mull over at its Thursday meeting, the drop in riders is also being blamed on the shutdown caused by Hurricane Sandy and the federal government's unexpected Christmas Eve holiday. Metro's fiscal year 2013 overall revenue was $20.3 million below projections. Revenue from rail ridership was $7.2 million below projections, as 9.3 million fewer trips were taken than budgeted.
Fewer riders, of course, means less revenue.
These figures come at a time when riders face several more years of track work that has already alienated some to the point where they've abandoned mass transit on the weekends in favor of driving. | <urn:uuid:79d4290a-30bf-4a54-b23c-1616f5a8b012> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wnyc.org/story/317336-metro-ridership-revenue-below-expectations-2013/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00439-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980636 | 209 | 1.679688 | 2 |
The Canadian government has unveiled its awaited Clean Fuel Regulation (CFR), setting the stage for increased biofuel demand and production.
Once fully implemented, the CFR is expected to cut up to 26.6 million tonnes of greenhouse gas pollution by 2030, or roughly the amount of GHGs currently generated by the entire Canadian economy in two weeks.
Andrea Kent, vice president industry and government affairs for Renewable Industries Canada, explains Canada’s existing renewable fuels policy was based on volume, but this new regulation is focused on the carbon intensity of fuels, bringing it in line with policies in other jurisdictions, such as California and B.C.
“Biofuels are going to continue to do very, very well, in this policy,” says Kent, in the interview below. “They’re established; they are really effective and cost effective in decarbonization, but what we’re gonna see is a lot of the language coming out of government and a lot of the industry focus, moving towards carbon intensity, and looking at the performance of a fuel, not just its volume.”
While there have some concerns about sustainability requirements for land use and crop-based feedstocks that could be a stumbling block to agriculture really benefiting from this policy, Kent says this regulation has been updated to recognize the level of stewardship already in use on Canadian farms.
“That was something that we spent a lot of time looking at making sure that things, like the biodiversity criteria and the sustainability criteria were modern. I think, unfortunately, when we talk about biofuels, sometimes there’s still a lot of scrutiny from sustainability, that that shouldn’t be there, it’s outdated. And it doesn’t reflect the realities of Canadian agriculture,” she says.
The shift to lower carbon fuels, both in Canada and in the U.S., has been a primary driver of approximately $2 billion in expanded canola processing capacity that’s been announced since early 2021, due to anticipated demand for canola as a feedstock for renewable diesel.
The Canola Council of Canada is pleased to see the CFR provides options “that would minimize regulatory burden and allow canola to be used to reduce GHG emissions through biofuel production,” says Jim Everson, president of the CCC. “Recognition of the sustainable production practices of Canadian growers that help sequester and store carbon such as no- and minimal till are critical components to support canola as the preferred biofuels feedstock to deliver GHG emission reductions for Canada.”
What the publishing of the regulation also does is set out some certainty for the market, and for companies to begin to make plans on how they will meet the standards. It also, in some circles, has re-ignited the fuel versus food debate, something that policy supporters will have to navigate.
The official publication of the CFR is scheduled for July 6, with implementation occurring on July 1, 2023.
For that discussion, including on who within in Canadian agriculture is most excited for the regulation, listen here: | <urn:uuid:8e274218-16e2-4d9b-90dc-2bf47cf29ee0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.realagriculture.com/2022/07/new-clean-fuel-regulation-confirms-investment-environment-for-decarbonizing-fuel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.965345 | 641 | 2.625 | 3 |
After layoff, how to compete against thousands
News of layoffs is happening daily, with the latest being Citigroup announcing 53,000 more job cuts and J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. saying it will lay off thousands more. They join the 10.1 million Americans already unemployed, a 6.5% unemployment rate. At least they're getting a little notice before Christmas arrives.
Even if they saw it coming, getting laid off is a jolt. It not only means losing an income, but can also be at least a temporary loss of self-esteem. I was laid off on June 27 at a newspaper in the San Francisco Bay Area -- a paper where I had been an editor for 13 years, so I know first-hand what it's like to lose a job. It was the first time in my career that I had been without work.
While the shock and sleepless nights ended after a few weeks, it took a little longer for the sick feeling in my gut to go away. It was the feeling and constant worry about how to pay the bills and ensure my family can stay afloat and in our home. Some days I still have those fears, although a few part-time jobs have helped ease my mind as I look for full-time work.
As newspapers across the country cut jobs and get rid of some of their best talent, I worried that I'd be competing with many of my former colleagues for jobs in the same areas. While few newspapers are hiring, there are plenty of other areas where companies need such skills, such as in corporate communications, writing for Web sites and advertising agencies. It almost makes you feel like you're running in quicksand because so many other people in your field are competing for the same jobs, and the nationwide unemployment rate is so high.
What I've tried to do to get out of that rut is to keep busy networking, volunteering, working part-time and doing whatever I can to continue using my writing and editing skills so I can show potential employers that I'm the best person for the job.
I used to spend hours at the computer applying online for jobs, and so far that hasn't worked. But getting out and meeting people, even for informational interviews, keeps my mind more engaged and hopefully gives me a better chance at finding a job than I would at home in front of a computer. By the time a job opening gets online, thousands of people will see it and apply. I'm trying to find a way to stand out from the crowd, no matter how big and skilled it may be.
In one of the first job interviews I had after being laid off, there was a sign-in sheet for people entering the company's offices. As I was leaving and signing out, I noticed under my name the name of a woman I used to work with. She still worked at the paper, and was interviewing for the same job I was. I didn't run into her there, and was glad I didn't, but for weeks I worried that she would get the job ahead of me even though I had more experience than her. Neither of us got the job, which I think remains unfilled from seeing it advertised on job hunt Web sites. But since then, I've come around to thinking that if she did get the job over me, I'd feel happy for her because she found a job she wanted, and not upset with myself for not getting the job. Something in the back of my mind tells me that it wasn't meant for me and that the job I'm supposed to be in will happen when I do all I can to make it so.
To the newly unemployed, I recommend that they not think they're competing against others in their field for jobs, but that they should use this time to improve their skills and expand the fields they can work in. For me, newspapers are probably out of the question, but I'm doing all I can in other areas (writing online, for example) to increase the number of areas where I can work full-time again. I expect the world can still use another writer and communicator.
Aaron Crowe is an unemployed journalist in the San Francisco Bay Area. Read about his job search at www.talesofanunemployeddad.blogspot.com | <urn:uuid:b14ebbba-6b3e-4ef8-b50a-899892fc22c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.aol.com/article/2008/11/17/5-tips-for-the-newly-unemployed-hold-for-aaron/1373977/?gen=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00146-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985652 | 875 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on Mar 28, 2011
This video will guide you through the key points of good technique for the barbell deadlift. This exercise provides a really good whole body workout when done properly and particularly focuses on toning and strengthening your legs and lower back.
It is however, very often done with poor technique so be sure to remember the key points covered in this guide.
Get access to this video and many more, ALL FOR FREE, at intosport.com. REGISTER NOW at intosport.com, the home of world class sports and exercise coaching online, and FREE! | <urn:uuid:ff937171-d1b3-4f34-9634-78b29ddb3008> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1H1VG9Uh50 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00196-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941448 | 147 | 1.539063 | 2 |
The JEE entrance exam papers are not your typical examinations. Millions of students prepare for months to secure a seat amongst the few hundreds. Some make it; many others don't. Simply because of the level of difficulty.
But, even some international professors feel that the JEE papers are 'impossibly' tough. A YouTuber who goes by the name Tibees on the platform, showed the paper to a few teachers from University of Melbourne in Australia and safe to say, they were shocked.
While some commented on the length of it, some were simply taken aback by the fact that students' knowledge in 3 streams of science would be judged by a single paper. Talking about which, Prof. Barry Hughes - a mathmatician - said:
It's really quite ambitious that they are trying to test chemistry and physics and mathematics.
As for whether it will prepare the students for future, he had another interesting answer:
I had a look at a couple of the math section papers and I would say that I would be fairly challenged to get a decent result in an hour. That's also because as a professional Mathematician, I am interested in actually telling a story. While answering a problem, I want to be able to say why the answer is what it is. Simply being able to say '27' is not helpful to me.
Meanwhile, Dr. Jasmina Lazendic-Galloway also pointed out that the paper is mechanical and is basically a 'drill format' of judging someone's knowledge.
Entry exams that are in drill format usually requires students to practice before making that grand attempt. When you have large number of students practice and time limited environment is not the determinant of how well the student will do in the next step of education.
So there you go. Difficulty is one thing, but making a paper so tough that it stops serving its purpose actually seems counterproductive. With around 12-14 lakh students appearing for the JEE Main, only around 2.2 lakh students get through for JEE Advanced. Out of which, only about 11,000 students get selected for the best Indian colleges. | <urn:uuid:caf0ecc8-19c3-417d-a146-22f0728b1fe9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.scoopwhoop.com/news/australian-professors-shocked-by-india-jee-question-paper-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.974117 | 435 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Revista Española de Salud Pública
On-line version ISSN 2173-9110Print version ISSN 1135-5727
CRIADO ALVAREZ, Juan José; REPULLO LABRADOR, José Ramón and GARCIA MILLAN, Ángel. Contemporary relevance of the Spanish General Health Act after twenty five years. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica [online]. 2011, vol.85, n.5, pp.437-448. ISSN 2173-9110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1135-57272011000500003.
Since its enactment in 1986, the General Health Law (Law 14/1986) has undergone several changes that have consolidated a model of National Health System. The law was embodied in 113 articles, ten Additional Provisions, five transitional arrangements, two Repeal and fifteen Final Provisions, has altogether 143 articles. After reviewing all legislation that appeared from 1986 to until today we can see that there are 106 articles (74.2%) that have lost regulatory effectiveness and merit analysis or reflection. All these items can be classified into four groups, the repealed and amended 26 articles (18.2%), 33 items of obsolete group (23.1%); the group of ill-developed are 6 articles (4.2%) and the critical (controversial and under ambiguous wording) group that has 41 articles (28.6%). After a quarter century of enforcement of the Act, two thirds of it to be reviewed. This legal weakness suggest the need of a new General Health Act for the Spanish National health System, being it a central objective of a political wide agreement.
Keywords : General Health Law; Health Watch; Financing; Coordination; Cooperation. | <urn:uuid:ba4eabea-ca49-44fe-b0a9-09acab6bbe46> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1135-57272011000500003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00251-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883645 | 376 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Confidence in HMOs continues to hover below 20%
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Providing a benchmark as America's new healthcare reform law begins to take effect, 40% of Americans express "a great deal" or "quite a lot" of confidence in the U.S. medical system, the highest percentage since 2005. Americans' confidence in the medical system hit a low of 31% in 2007, at a time when confidence across almost all institutions was down, but has been steadily rebounding in the years since.
The medical system ranks fifth out of 16 institutions tested in Gallup's annual Confidence in Institutions poll, faring better than the U.S. Supreme Court and the presidency but inspiring confidence from less than half of all Americans. Americans' confidence in the medical system has now returned to the general levels found between 1995 and 2006, although still below the high point of 44% confidence in 2003 and 2004.
Americans' Confidence in HMOs Remains in Low Range
Americans' confidence in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) is less than half that of the medical system as a whole, and exceeds only confidence in Congress among the 16 institutions tested in this year's poll. While low on an absolute basis, the 19% who express a high level of confidence in HMOs is the highest Gallup has measured for this institution, though not significantly better than last year's 18%.
At the same time, 32% have "very little" or no confidence in HMOs, a new low.
Gallup's most recent measures of Americans' confidence in the medical system and HMOs come nearly four months after President Obama signed the new health reform bill, the Affordable Care Act, into law. Major provisions that will affect the way health insurance plans work, including the elimination of lifetime limits on coverage and prohibiting insurance companies from rescinding coverage, have yet to be implemented. These changes and others could have a significant impact on Americans' perceptions of HMOs and the medical system as a whole.
Results for this Gallup poll are based on telephone interviews conducted July 8-11, 2010, with a random sample of 1,020 adults, aged 18 and older, living in the continental U.S., selected using random-digit-dial sampling.
For results based on the total sample of national adults, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum margin of sampling error is ±4 percentage points.
Interviews are conducted with respondents on landline telephones (for respondents with a landline telephone) and cellular phones (for respondents who are cell phone-only). Each sample includes a minimum quota of 150 cell phone-only respondents and 850 landline respondents, with additional minimum quotas among landline respondents for gender within region. Landline respondents are chosen at random within each household on the basis of which member had the most recent birthday.
Samples are weighted by gender, age, race, education, region, and phone lines. Demographic weighting targets are based on the March 2009 Current Population Survey figures for the aged 18 and older non-institutionalized population living in continental U.S. telephone households. All reported margins of sampling error include the computed design effects for weighting and sample design.
In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting surveys can introduce error or bias into the findings of public opinion polls.
For more details on Gallup's polling methodology, visit http://www.gallup.com/. | <urn:uuid:a45a8f61-5ccc-4d90-b7af-addffd6138e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.gallup.com/poll/141815/Americans-Confidence-Medical-System-Rebound.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00510-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945195 | 708 | 1.703125 | 2 |
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data A 63 kg astronaut at rest in space throws a 10 kg oxygen tank with a speed of 12 m/s. What is the velocity of the astronaut immediately after throwing the tank? Which formula would I use to solve this? Thanks in advance. | <urn:uuid:a82edbed-29f9-4f7b-86ae-8b1941c40005> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/outer-space-question.167687/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720026.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00457-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.944375 | 62 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A generation of children are born without speech, without comprehension, without language entirely.
At first, they are just medical curiosities. But their numbers swell, and soon they grow into an established underclass, occupying squats and communes around the world.
To some they are seen as a threat; to others, as a salvation.
Some suspect they may have other abilities beyond our understanding.
The children cannot tell you their story. Instead we rely on The Silent History, a collection of testimonies from those touched by the phenomenon.
Parents, doctors, opportunist inventors, cult leaders, and vigilantes, recall what they have endured and what they have inflicted on others.
They will take you from a recognisable present to a real and unsettling future.
You will not want to look away.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 528 pages
- Publisher: Vintage Publishing
- Publication Date: 03/09/2015
- Category: Modern & contemporary fiction (post c 1945)
- ISBN: 9780099592860 | <urn:uuid:913afa87-9bab-401d-9d95-1800d3935f94> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.speedyhen.com/Product/Eli-Horowitz/The-Silent-History/17959647 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00328-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928478 | 217 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Kids teens - broward college, Join us for a great spring break. this fun and enjoyable academic enrichment program will provide students with new friendships and life lessons.. Winter coloring pages - primarygames, Free printable winter coloring pages for use in your classroom and home from primarygames.. Free printable christmas math worksheets: pre , 1st grade, Christmas math worksheets: addition and subtraction. these christmas themed math worksheets for elementary schoolers are 1st grade or 2nd grade level math..
Hot topics! puzzle books | hoagies' gifted kids & teens, Hot topics puzzle books reading list! great books puzzle-hungry kids, including analogies, logic puzzles, dot--dots, spatial puzzles, math puzzles !. http://www.hoagiesgifted.org/puzzle_books.htm Children' math website,free lessons,online kids, Children' math website, free math lessons, online kids math activities, children' math exercises, educational math games. https://www.learn4good.com/kids/math.htm Mathwire. | teen numbers, Featured topic: teen numbers. common students difficulty numbers 11- 19. names follow common rule . http://mathwire.com/strategies/teen.html | <urn:uuid:e4850c33-73c5-4535-839b-94bc5e53dcfa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://calendariu.com/c/color-pages-math-teens.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00299-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.792918 | 263 | 2.0625 | 2 |
An index is a list of items pulled together for a purpose. Journal indexes (also called bibliographic indexes or bibliographic databases) are lists of journals, organized by discipline, subject, or type of publication.
Journals included in an index are considered of higher quality than journals that are not. This is because journals have to go through a vetting process to be included, or indexed, in reputable bibliographic databases.
In the Walden Library, journal indexes are online bibliographic databases.
Indexing is one criteria to consider, along with peer review status and journal impact, when choosing a journal in which to publish.
Note: Journals indexed in certain online databases meet research dissemination standards developed by the Office of Research and Doctoral Services (ORDS). Not every database in the Library meets these standards. For more information about which online databases meet ORDS indexing standards, please review the Publication Guidelines on the Office of Research and Doctoral Services's Research Dissemination: Publication RDS page.
You can use Ulrich's Periodicals Directory to identify where a journal is indexed. Ulrich's lists journal details for a wide variety of journals, and is the best place to start your search for most journal information.
Note: Journals may be indexed in multiple databases. | <urn:uuid:27075a5f-78c6-4c32-a5a0-ca7f52e2bc61> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/academicpublishing/journalindexing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.881791 | 262 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Over deze norm
1.1 This test method covers the classification of graphite in cast irons in terms of type, distribution, and size by visual comparison to reference photomicrographs. This test method is intended to be applicable for all iron-carbon alloys containing graphite particles, and may be applied to gray irons, malleable irons, compacted graphite irons, and the ductile (nodular) irons.
1.2 The reference photomicrographs included in this test method are in no way to be construed as specifications. In an appropriate specification for a specific material where graphite microstructure is an important consideration, this test method may be used as a reference to define concisely the graphite microstructure required.
1.3 These reference photomicrographs are offered primarily to permit accurate reporting of microstructures of cast irons and to facilitate the comparison of reports by different laboratories or investigators.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
|Nederlandse titel||Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings|
|Engelse titel||Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings| | <urn:uuid:8bb35290-3d1a-487a-98cc-6af7a568ceaf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nen.nl/NEN-Shop/Norm/ASTM-A24716a.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.855007 | 335 | 2.015625 | 2 |
A riveting primer on the growing trend of surveillance, monitoring, and control that is extending our prison system beyond physical walls and into a dark future--by the prize-winning author of Understanding Mass Incarceration
"James Kilgore is one of my favorite commentators regarding the phenomenon of mass incarceration and the necessity of pursuing truly transformative change." --Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow
In the last decade, as the critique of mass incarceration has grown more powerful, many reformers have embraced changes that release people from prisons and jails. As educator, author, and activist James Kilgore brilliantly shows, these rapidly spreading reforms largely fall under the heading of "e-carceration"--a range of punitive technological interventions, from ankle monitors to facial recognition apps, that deprive people of their liberty, all in the name of ending mass incarceration.
E-carceration can block people's access to employment, housing, healthcare, and even the chance to spend time with loved ones. Many of these technologies gather data that lands in corporate and government databases and may lead to further punishment or the marketing of their data to Big Tech.
This riveting primer on the world of techno-punishment comes from the author of award-winning Understanding Mass Incarceration. Himself a survivor of prison and e-carceration, Kilgore captures the breadth and complexity of these technologies and offers inspiring ideas on how to resist.
About the Author
James Kilgore is an activist, researcher, and writer based in Urbana, Illinois, where he has lived since paroling from prison in 2009. He is the director of the Challenging E-Carceration project at MediaJustice and the co-director of FirstFollowers Reentry Program in Champaign, Illinois. He is the author of five books, including Understanding E-Carceration and the award-winning Understanding Mass Incarceration (both from The New Press). | <urn:uuid:f1c40d71-d100-414f-87ae-dd82666eb121> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.changinghands.com/book/9781620976142 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.926863 | 397 | 1.78125 | 2 |
|Publication number||US4441795 A|
|Application number||US 06/133,186|
|Publication date||10 Apr 1984|
|Filing date||24 Mar 1980|
|Priority date||24 Mar 1980|
|Publication number||06133186, 133186, US 4441795 A, US 4441795A, US-A-4441795, US4441795 A, US4441795A|
|Inventors||Alban J. Lobdell|
|Original Assignee||Camelot Industries Corporation|
|Export Citation||BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan|
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (116), Classifications (16), Legal Events (3)|
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet|
The present invention relates to a lens having a set of physical features provided on the edge thereof for use in mechanically orienting the lens so as to permit a set of reference marks to be placed on the lens surface. The present invention further relates to an apparatus for applying these physical features to the lens.
In recent years, a new type of multifocal ophthalmic lens has been introduced into the marketplace. This lens is generally known as a progressively variable focal power lens, or, more simply, as a progressive power lens, and it is designed to provide multifocal lens characteristics without any sharp dividing line or other discontinuity between the various portions of the lens. Specifically, such lenses are characterized by having a progressive corridor portion positioned between the distance and reading portions of the lens and having a continuously varying focal power beginning with a focal power equal to that of the distance portion where it merges with and into the distance portion and ending with a focal power equal to that of the reading portion where it merges into the reading portion of the lens. By gradually varying in focal power in this way, the sharp dividing lines normally found between the different portions of the multifocal lens are eliminated, and a lens is provided that is continuous throughout, both physically and optically.
Typical of the progressively variable focal power lenses found in the prior art are those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,528; 3,711,191; and 4,056,311.
Because progressive power lenses have no readily visible multifocal features inherent in their design, such as the boundary lines found in conventional multifocal lenses, there is nothing on the lens that can be used, by a surfacing laboratory or by an optical dispenser, for example, as a reference to locate various surface features.
Partially in recognition of this problem, it has become the practice of progressive lens manufactures to place two very faint, generally circular marks on the lens surface which can be used in conjunction with an appropriate fixture to locate the optical centers of the distance and reading portions of the lens. Although this is suitable for use by the optical dispenser to measure and test a finished lens, and for other purposes, it is not very suitable for use by the surfacing laboratory which needs appropriate markings as an aid in surfacing layout and finishing layout procedures.
It is also taught in the prior art to place short lines or hash marks at appropriate locations on the lens surface to be used, in conjunction with an appropriate fixture, to locate and ink the distance portion optical center and the 0°-180° lines (which are used to indicate the extent to which the lens is to be rotated to accommodate the left or right eye). One disadvantage of this technique is that an appropriate fixture is needed which must be visually lined up with respect to the hash marks to permit the lens to be marked and care must be taken to ensure that the marks are placed accurately. Also, in the case of plastic lenses (most progressive power lenses are manufactured of plastic) wherein the marks are replicated on the lens surface from a mold surface against which the lens is cast, substantial care is also necessary to ensure that the mold surface is accurately positioned in the mold assembly so that the marks will be accurately positioned on the lens surface. Also, because the hash marks are on the lens surface, they decrease the effective useable diameter of the lens.
By the present invention, a lens is provided which has a set of physical features positioned on its edge which can be used to mechanically orient the lens for the purpose of inking a set of reference marks on its surface or for otherwise identifying desired features of the lens. In accordance with a presently preferred embodiment, these physical features are in the form of a plurality of notches which are adapted to mate with an appropriate finger element which permits lens features such as the distance portion optical center and the left and right eye 0°-180° lines to be automatically and accurately located for inking or for other purposes.
The notches are made by ridges formed in the inner wall of the gasket which defines the edge of the mold cavity within which the lens is cast, and, as a further important feature of the invention, these ridges are, in turn, precisely located with respect to other ridges on the gasket which are adapted to mate with notches on the mold member that forms the progressive power surface of the lens. This permits the mold member to be precisely positioned relative to the gasket in a quick and easy manner to ensure that the notches formed in the lens will also be accurately positioned.
In summary, with the present invention, it becomes a simple matter to provide precisely located notches on the edge of a lens for use by the optical manufacturer, optical surfacing laboratory or others to rapidly and accurately mark or identify various lens features.
Further details of the invention will be set out hereinafter in conjunction with the description of the best mode for carrying out the invention.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a progressive power lens having properly located notches on its edge in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a cross-section of a typically circular mold assembly for molding a polymer lens.
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the top view of a gasket designed, in accordance with the present invention, to have ridges thereon for forming notches in the edge of a lens such as the lens of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an enlarged portion of the gasket of FIG. 3 to assist in explaining the present invention.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an ophthalmic progressive power lens 10 according to the present invention. Specifically, what is illustrated is the front convex surface 11 of such a lens which, in most embodiments, will be the progressive surface. As shown, the lens may be considered as being divided into at least four different portions or zones; distance portion 12, reading portion 13, progressive portion or corridor 14 and peripheral zones 16. Distance portion 12 occupies essentially the top half of the lens and is usually spherical in shape and of constant dioptric power for use in viewing objects at distant locations. The reading portion 13 is located near the bottom of the lens and is preferably also spherical and of constant dioptric power for use in viewing objects at normal reading distances. Progressive corridor 14 is located between and optically connects the distance and reading portions of the lens surface.
Specifically, progressive portion 14 comprises a corridor which extends from the distance to the reading portion and which gradually and continuously changes in power from a power equal to that of the distance portion where it joins and merges into the distance portion to a power equal to that of the reading portion where it merges into the reading portion.
In viewing through this corridor, clear vision will be obtainable for objects located at infinity when viewed through the top of the corridor and for objects located at a reading distance when viewed through the bottom of the corridor. Clear vision will be obtained for intermediate distances when viewed through intermediate portions of the corridor.
Reference number 16 identifies the peripheral portions or zones of the lens surface. The function of these zones is simply to complete the surface of the lens into one continuous surface.
It should be understood that the dotted line divisions illustrated in FIG. 1 between the various portions of the lens surface are provided only for ease in explanation. In actuality, there are no lines or discontinuities present, either physical or optical. Instead, each portion of the lens surface gradually blends into and merges with adjacent portions. As the eye scans across the lens, for example, from the reading portion to the progressive corridor or from the progressive corridor to a peripheral portion, the wearer will not be able to discern any precise area or line where the change from one area to the other took place.
Because there are no visible lines on the lens as in conventional multifocal lenses, it is necessary that some kind of physical features or markings be applied to the lens to permit the optical surfacing laboratory to locate certain optical features of the lens such as the optical center of the distance portion and the 0°-180° lines which are used to properly orient the lens to adjust for left or right eye. According to the present invention, these physical features or indicia are in the form of a plurality of notches positioned around the edge of the lens as illustrated in FIG. 1. Specifically, in FIG. 1, six notches are illustrated: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26. By using these notches, preferably in connection with a suitable device having fingers capable of rapidly mating with the notches, it becomes a simple matter to rapidly and accurately ink the distance portion optical center (indicated by dotted circle 28) and the 0°-180° lines 29 and 31.
In particular, if notches 22 and 25 are properly located along the periphery of the lens 10, a line 31 may be drawn between them which will define the 0°-180° axis for one eye. Similarly, line 29 may be drawn through properly located notches 23 and 26. The intersection of either of the 0°-180° lines with a line from notch 21 to notch 24 locates the distance portion optical center 28. Although the intersection of lines 29 and 31 could also be used to locate this center and thus permit elimination of notches 21 and 24, this is not preferred as the very steep angle between the two lines results in a reduced accuracy.
FIGS. 2-4 illustrate the mold structure for casting the lens of FIG. 1 so as to automatically place the notches in the correct position around the edge of the lens. Specifically, FIG. 2 illustrates mold assembly 41 of generally conventional construction for use in casting a plastic lens such as lens 10. As shown, assembly 41 comprises an upper mold member 42 having a concave mold surface 43 for forming the convex progressive power surface on the lens, and a bottom mold member 44 having a convex surface 46 for defining the back concave surface of the lens. The space between the mold members is maintained by an annular gasket 47. A clip (not shown) is preferably provided to hold the various elements together during the casting process as is known in the art. A monomer such as CR-39 monomer is injected into the space between the mold members, and, after curing, the mold assembly is separated to release a finished lens such as lens 10.
FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate the gasket 47 (FIG. 2) in greater detail, FIG. 3 being a top view of the entire gasket and FIG. 4 being an enlarged section of the gasket. The gasket comprises an annular ring having an outer ring portion 51 and an inwardly directed shoulder portion 52. As can be seen in the FIGS., shoulder portion 52 is provided with a plurality of indicia defining means or ridges 53, all six being shown in FIG. 3 and two being shown in FIG. 4.
As should be apparent, the six ridges create the six notches 21-26 in lens 10 (FIG. 1) when the lens is cast in the mold assembly of FIG. 2.
It is, of course, essential that the notches in the edge of the lens 10 be properly oriented with respect to the progressive lens surface to accurately locate the surface features of the lens. This necessitates that the ridges 53 be properly aligned relative to mold member 42, the surface 43 of which defines the progressive surface of the lens. The present invention provides an easy way for automatically assuring proper alignment.
Specifically, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the gasket 47 is provided with two additional ridges 56 on the inner face of outer ring portion 51 of the gasket. These ridges are adapted to interlock or mate with grooves formed on the edge of the upper mold member 42 and when they do mate, the alignment of the gasket with the upper mold member is correctly accomplished in an automatic manner.
Thus, with the present invention, the precise location of the markings on a lens surface can be made rapidly and easily for use by the surfacing laboratory. The positioning of the mold members with respect to the gasket are also automatic as described above.
The ridges and associated notches are preferably about one millimeter wide by one-half of a millimeter deep, although this obviously can be varied within wide limits. The number, position and shape of the ridges and hence, of the notches, can also be varied in many ways. Furthermore, if desired, notches could be provided on the gasket to form ridges in the lens. Additionally, it is not intended to restrict the invention to progressive power lenses or to plastic lenses as it could readily be practiced in connection with other types of lenses as well. For example, another type of lenses currently being sold which may be marked with this invention is generally known as blended O-Style bifocals. For such lenses, notches could be provided to locate the outline of the blended O-Style bifocal add portion.
Finally, it should be apparent that the notches formed in the lens will be removed when the lens is edged for placement in a pair of frames.
While what has been described constitutes the presently most preferred embodiment of the invention, it can be varied in many ways, as is apparent from the above discussion, and the invention should, therefore, only be limited insofar as is required by the scope of the following claims.
|Cited Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US1171419 *||21 Jan 1911||15 Feb 1916||Edward J Fink||Fused bifocal lens.|
|US1416947 *||3 Jan 1920||23 May 1922||American Optical Corp||Lens-forming process|
|US2033101 *||13 Oct 1933||3 Mar 1936||American Optical Corp||Ophthalmic lens|
|US2140410 *||6 Nov 1936||13 Dec 1938||Titmus Optical Company||Lens and method of manufacturing the same|
|US2704010 *||10 Mar 1952||15 Mar 1955||Lantz||Multifocal lens and method of making the same|
|US3674587 *||6 May 1970||4 Jul 1972||American Optical Corp||Producing polarizing optical devices and product thereof|
|US3881683 *||29 Nov 1973||6 May 1975||American Optical Corp||Gasket for lens mold|
|FR2216089A1 *||Title not available|
|Citing Patent||Filing date||Publication date||Applicant||Title|
|US4693446||20 Sep 1985||15 Sep 1987||Techna Vision, Inc.||Gasket for molding plastic lenses|
|US4749530 *||12 Nov 1986||7 Jun 1988||Kunzler Wilhelm F||Mold for and method of making contact and intraocular lenses|
|US4921205 *||17 May 1988||1 May 1990||Sola Usa, Inc.||Lens mold assembly|
|US5110278 *||30 Nov 1990||5 May 1992||Pilkington Visioncare, Inc.||Injection molding apparatus for producing a toric lens casting mold arbor|
|US5689324 *||18 Aug 1992||18 Nov 1997||Q2100, Inc.||Progressive lens|
|US5808721 *||22 Mar 1996||15 Sep 1998||Gerber Optical. Inc.||Ophthalmic lens wafers and receiver for registering such wafers|
|US5928575||14 Jun 1996||27 Jul 1999||Q2100, Inc.||Methods for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light|
|US5976423||14 Jun 1996||2 Nov 1999||Q2100, Inc.||Methods and apparatus for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light|
|US5989462 *||29 Oct 1997||23 Nov 1999||Q2100, Inc.||Method and composition for producing ultraviolent blocking lenses|
|US6022498||19 Apr 1996||8 Feb 2000||Q2100, Inc.||Methods for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light|
|US6024448 *||31 Mar 1998||15 Feb 2000||Johnson & Johnson Vision Products, Inc.||Contact lenses bearing identifying marks|
|US6086799 *||18 Apr 1997||11 Jul 2000||Q2100, Inc.||Methods and apparatus for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light and improved cooling|
|US6105925 *||8 May 1997||22 Aug 2000||Q2100, Inc.||Progressive lens apparatus and process|
|US6171528||10 Nov 1998||9 Jan 2001||Q2100, Inc.||Methods and apparatus for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light|
|US6174155||14 Sep 1999||16 Jan 2001||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for producing ultraviolet blocking lenses|
|US6174465||11 Nov 1998||16 Jan 2001||Q2100, Inc.||Methods for eyeglass lens curing using ultaviolet light|
|US6200124||12 Nov 1998||13 Mar 2001||Q1200||Apparatus for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light|
|US6203156||31 Mar 1998||20 Mar 2001||Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc.||Contact lenses bearing marks|
|US6206673||30 May 1995||27 Mar 2001||Ophthalmic Research Group International, Inc.||Plastic lens and plastic lens manufacturing system|
|US6228289||25 Sep 1998||8 May 2001||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems and methods|
|US6241505||17 Nov 1998||5 Jun 2001||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light|
|US6280171||26 Jul 1999||28 Aug 2001||Q2100, Inc.||El apparatus for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light|
|US6284159||10 Mar 2000||4 Sep 2001||Q2100, Inc.||Progressive lens apparatus and process|
|US6328445||26 Jul 1999||11 Dec 2001||Q2100, Inc.||Methods and apparatus for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light|
|US6367928||16 Sep 1999||9 Apr 2002||Q2100, Inc.||Method and composition for producing ultraviolet blocking lenses|
|US6368523||14 Sep 1999||9 Apr 2002||Q2100, Inc.||Method and composition for producing ultraviolet blocking lenses|
|US6391231||22 Nov 1999||21 May 2002||Younger Mfg. Co.||Method for side-fill lens casting|
|US6416307||25 Sep 1998||9 Jul 2002||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems, compositions, and methods|
|US6419873||19 Mar 1999||16 Jul 2002||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems, compositions, and methods|
|US6451226||25 Sep 1998||17 Sep 2002||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens compositions|
|US6464484||30 Mar 2002||15 Oct 2002||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus and system for the production of plastic lenses|
|US6478990||25 Sep 1998||12 Nov 2002||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems and methods|
|US6494702||12 May 1995||17 Dec 2002||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for the production of plastic lenses|
|US6557734||9 Feb 2001||6 May 2003||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems, compositions, and methods|
|US6576167||19 Nov 1999||10 Jun 2003||Q2100, Inc.||Methods and apparatus for eyeglass curing using ultraviolet light and improved cooling|
|US6579478||25 Jul 2001||17 Jun 2003||Q2100, Inc.||Progressive lens apparatus and process|
|US6612828||20 Feb 2001||2 Sep 2003||Q2100, Inc.||Fill system with controller for monitoring use|
|US6632535||8 Jun 2000||14 Oct 2003||Q2100, Inc.||Method of forming antireflective coatings|
|US6634879||9 Feb 2001||21 Oct 2003||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems, compositions, and methods|
|US6655946||20 Feb 2001||2 Dec 2003||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having a controller for conveyor and curing units|
|US6673278||19 Nov 1999||6 Jan 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Methods and apparatus for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light and improved cooling|
|US6676398||20 Feb 2001||13 Jan 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having a prescription reader|
|US6676399||20 Feb 2001||13 Jan 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having sensors for tracking mold assemblies|
|US6698708||30 Mar 2000||2 Mar 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Gasket and mold assembly for producing plastic lenses|
|US6702564||20 Feb 2001||9 Mar 2004||Q2100, Inc.||System for preparing an eyeglass lens using colored mold holders|
|US6709257||20 Feb 2001||23 Mar 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Eyeglass lens forming apparatus with sensor|
|US6712331||20 Feb 2001||30 Mar 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Holder for mold assemblies with indicia|
|US6712596||14 Sep 1999||30 Mar 2004||Q2100, Inc.||System for producing ultraviolet blocking lenses|
|US6716375||30 Mar 2000||6 Apr 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus and method for heating a polymerizable composition|
|US6723260||30 Mar 2000||20 Apr 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Method for marking a plastic eyeglass lens using a mold assembly holder|
|US6726463||20 Feb 2001||27 Apr 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having a dual computer system controller|
|US6729866||9 Feb 2001||4 May 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems|
|US6730244||30 May 1995||4 May 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens and method for the production thereof|
|US6752613||20 Feb 2001||22 Jun 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having a controller for initiation of lens curing|
|US6758663||20 Feb 2001||6 Jul 2004||Q2100, Inc.||System for preparing eyeglass lenses with a high volume curing unit|
|US6786598||17 May 2002||7 Sep 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic eyeglass lenses|
|US6790022||20 Feb 2001||14 Sep 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having a movable lamp mount|
|US6790024||20 Feb 2001||14 Sep 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having multiple conveyor systems|
|US6808381||20 Feb 2001||26 Oct 2004||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having a controller|
|US6840752||20 Feb 2001||11 Jan 2005||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing multiple eyeglass lenses|
|US6863518||20 Feb 2001||8 Mar 2005||Q2100, Inc.||Mold filing apparatus having multiple fill stations|
|US6875005||20 Feb 2001||5 Apr 2005||Q1200, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having a gating device|
|US6893245||20 Feb 2001||17 May 2005||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having a computer system controller|
|US6899831||20 Feb 2001||31 May 2005||Q2100, Inc.||Method of preparing an eyeglass lens by delayed entry of mold assemblies into a curing apparatus|
|US6926510||3 Jul 2002||9 Aug 2005||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems and compositions|
|US6932474 *||24 Dec 2003||23 Aug 2005||Hoya Corporation||Progressive-power lens|
|US6936197||22 Jul 1999||30 Aug 2005||Duane L. Wires||Method and compositions for manufacturing coated photochromatic articles|
|US6939899||23 Dec 2002||6 Sep 2005||Q2100, Inc.||Composition for producing ultraviolet blocking lenses|
|US6960312||15 Oct 2002||1 Nov 2005||Q2100, Inc.||Methods for the production of plastic lenses|
|US6962669||20 Feb 2001||8 Nov 2005||Q2100, Inc.||Computerized controller for an eyeglass lens curing apparatus|
|US6964479||15 Aug 2002||15 Nov 2005||Q1200, Inc.||Plastic lens system, compositions, and methods|
|US7004740||20 Feb 2001||28 Feb 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Apparatus for preparing an eyeglass lens having a heating system|
|US7011773||20 Feb 2001||14 Mar 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Graphical interface to display mold assembly position in a lens forming apparatus|
|US7025910||20 Feb 2001||11 Apr 2006||Q2100, Inc||Method of entering prescription information|
|US7037449||20 Feb 2001||2 May 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Method for automatically shutting down a lens forming apparatus|
|US7044429||15 Mar 2002||16 May 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Methods and systems for coating eyeglass lens molds|
|US7045081||20 Feb 2001||16 May 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Method of monitoring components of a lens forming apparatus|
|US7051290||20 Feb 2001||23 May 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Graphical interface for receiving eyeglass prescription information|
|US7052262||20 Feb 2001||30 May 2006||Q2100, Inc.||System for preparing eyeglasses lens with filling station|
|US7060208||20 Feb 2001||13 Jun 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Method of preparing an eyeglass lens with a controller|
|US7074352||20 Feb 2001||11 Jul 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Graphical interface for monitoring usage of components of a lens forming apparatus|
|US7079920||9 Feb 2001||18 Jul 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems, compositions, and methods|
|US7083404||20 Feb 2001||1 Aug 2006||Q2100, Inc.||System for preparing an eyeglass lens using a mold holder|
|US7124995||20 Feb 2001||24 Oct 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Holder for mold assemblies and molds|
|US7125117 *||22 Jan 2002||24 Oct 2006||Essilor International||Opthalmic lens preform|
|US7139636||20 Feb 2001||21 Nov 2006||Q2100, Inc.||System for preparing eyeglass lenses with bar code reader|
|US7276189||19 Dec 2000||2 Oct 2007||Wires Duane L||Method and compositions for manufacturing plastic optical lens|
|US7631969 *||1 Feb 2006||15 Dec 2009||Seiko Epson Corporation (HQ)||Combined spectacle lens, auxiliary lens, and method of edging lenses|
|US8713968 *||26 Apr 2011||6 May 2014||Corning Incorporated||Method and apparatus for making a 3D glass article|
|US9180610 *||23 Aug 2012||10 Nov 2015||Crt Technology, Inc.||Devices and processes for fabricating multi-component optical systems|
|US20020158354 *||20 Feb 2001||31 Oct 2002||Foreman John T.||Graphical interface for receiving eyeglass prescription information|
|US20020166944 *||20 Feb 2001||14 Nov 2002||Foreman John T.||Holder for mold assemblies and molds|
|US20020168439 *||20 Feb 2001||14 Nov 2002||Foreman John T.||System for preparing an eyeglass lens using a mold holder|
|US20030042636 *||20 Feb 2001||6 Mar 2003||Foreman John T.||Apparatus for preparing multiple eyeglass lenses|
|US20030050343 *||15 Mar 2002||13 Mar 2003||Oleg Strelchenok||Novel potentiating compounds|
|US20030094714 *||3 Jul 2002||22 May 2003||Buazza Omar M.||Plastic lens systems and compositions|
|US20030169400 *||15 Aug 2002||11 Sep 2003||Optical Dynamics Corp.||Plastic lens systems, compositions, and methods|
|US20030183960 *||23 Dec 2002||2 Oct 2003||Q2100, Inc.||Composition for producing ultraviolet blocking lenses|
|US20030203065 *||23 Dec 2002||30 Oct 2003||Q2100, Inc.||Plastic lens systems, methods and apparatus|
|US20040066487 *||22 Jan 2002||8 Apr 2004||Alain Chansavoir||Opthalmic lens preform|
|US20040131849 *||19 Dec 2000||8 Jul 2004||Wires Duane L.||Method and compositions for manufacturing plastic optical lens|
|US20040165145 *||24 Dec 2003||26 Aug 2004||Hoya Corporation||Progressive-power lens|
|US20050077639 *||20 Feb 2001||14 Apr 2005||Foreman John T.||System for preparing eyeglass lenses with bar code reader|
|US20060176445 *||1 Feb 2006||10 Aug 2006||Seiko Epson Corporation||Combined spectacle lens, auxiliary lens, and method of edging lenses|
|US20060202369 *||12 May 2006||14 Sep 2006||Q2100, Inc.||Method of forming an anti-reflective coating on an eyeglass lens|
|US20080258036 *||29 Mar 2008||23 Oct 2008||Labrador Research Llc||System for dimensional stability of elastomeric microdevices|
|US20110265517 *||26 Apr 2011||3 Nov 2011||Keebler Thomas A||Method and apparatus for making a 3d glass article|
|US20140054805 *||23 Aug 2012||27 Feb 2014||Crt Technology, Inc.||Devices and processes for fabricating multi-component optical systems|
|USRE37071||31 Jan 2000||27 Feb 2001||Canadian Contact Lens Laboratories Ltd.||Marked contact lens bearing optical marking element|
|CN1815299B||5 Feb 2006||2 Jun 2010||精工爱普生株式会社||Combined spectacle lens, auxiliary lens, and method of edging lenses|
|CN101382667B||5 Feb 2006||21 Sep 2011||精工爱普生株式会社||Combination lens for eyeglasses, auxiliary lens, and lens shape processing method for combination lens for eyeglasses|
|EP0318164A2 *||31 Oct 1988||31 May 1989||Techna Vision, Inc.||Lens forming system|
|EP0325673A2 *||29 Jan 1988||2 Aug 1989||Wilhelm F. Kunzler||Mold for and method of making contact and intraocular lenses|
|EP0754538A2 *||17 Jul 1996||22 Jan 1997||Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd||Optical element, optical element molding die, and method of molding the optical element|
|EP0796724A2 *||20 Mar 1997||24 Sep 1997||Gerber Optical, Inc.||Ophthalmic lens wafers and receiver for registering such wafers|
|WO1994004344A1 *||12 Aug 1993||3 Mar 1994||Q2100, Inc.||Progressive lens apparatus and process|
|U.S. Classification||351/159.41, 264/2.2, 264/1.1, 249/103, 425/808, 249/53.00R|
|Cooperative Classification||Y10S425/808, B29D11/00538, B29D11/00528, B29D11/00028, B29D11/00413|
|European Classification||B29D11/00C25E, B29D11/00C25F, B29D11/00C3, B29D11/00C20|
|7 Dec 1981||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: CAMELOT INDUSTRIES CORPORATION, ONE BURLINGTON WOO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:ITEK CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:003933/0715
Effective date: 19811130
|16 Feb 1993||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: BMC INDUSTRIES, INC., MINNESOTA
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:CAMELOT INDUSTRIES CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:006478/0030
Effective date: 19870810
|24 Oct 1996||AS||Assignment|
Owner name: VISION-EASE LENS, INC., MINNESOTA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BMC INDUSTRIES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:008200/0806
Effective date: 19961009 | <urn:uuid:5a4cf0ae-e542-4e7b-9dcc-8dcc743e8c75> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.google.ca/patents/US4441795 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721595.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00477-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.833711 | 7,478 | 1.914063 | 2 |
When Albert Camus wrote that “real generosity towards the future lies in giving all to the present,” I doubt that he imagined a world that is perpetually plugged-in like ours. Being fully present in any given moment has become a near impossible feat with the constant inundation of information and content enticing us to mindlessly swipe and stare at our screens. We’ve become a society that is increasingly tethered to our mobile devices, so much so that our attention span has diminished to less than that of a goldfish. Consequently, this dependence is starting to interfere with our cognitive abilities and hinder learning. Our daily digital consumption keeps us continuously stimulated, leaving us virtually no quiet moments to be alone with our own thoughts. We often bemoan not having enough time to do anything, yet we willingly allow our smartphones or tablets to monopolize a good chunk of our time and attention.
La vraie générosité envers l’avenir consiste à tout donner au présent.-Albert Camus
My internet presence is relatively sparse, but I’m no different from anyone else. I, too, occasionally (well, maybe a little more than occasionally) succumb to the lure of aimlessly surfing the net and whiling away an obscene amount of time after getting sucked into the digital vortex. Though I like the idea of being able to glimpse into the lives of those from different corners of the world and staying connected to friends and family (especially since I live so far away from them), I started to neglect my analog life in favor of my digital existence, or rather that of others. I think I was drawn, in part, to fostering connections, albeit superficial ones, on certain social media platforms because I was subconsciously trying to fill the void from my friendship deficit here in France. But in doing so, my personal and creative endeavors were being pushed to the wayside. I was forgetting to consecrate time to cultivate my passion projects and to nourish my personal relationships.
The internet and all that it has spawned are tightly woven into our lives and there will always be something vying to occupy our eyes and ears these days. Though it would be unfeasible to return to a strictly analog lifestyle, it is possible to become more fully engaged in my life and in the things that I do. Being more present and weaning myself off of my digital-centric habits would require periodically muting the digital chatter that is constantly buzzing (ie, the news, tv shows, social media, etc) to make way for my own reflections as well as curbing cursory information consumption that has started to handicap my ability to intelligently react to anything with more than 2 or 3 superlatives punctuated by emojis.
As with any major lifestyle or behavioral change, phasing out the old habits to make way for the new takes time and resolution. To start, a gradual shift in mindset and learning to be fully immersed in the present moment has triggered an awareness of my habitual inclination to reach for my phone or ipad. Rather than yield to such proclivities, which are often without aim and ultimately serve no other purpose than to numb my brain, I’m slowly gravitating towards more enduring experiences and rediscovering the things that excite me. Asking myself what is the rationale behind my doing something has also prompted me to be more deliberate in choosing what to do with my finite time. This simple reflection has motivated me to focus more on my writing, which is an instrument for processing and documenting my thoughts and ideas as they germinate.
My cooking has also started to take a front seat again. Despite the oppressive summer heat, I’ve been finding myself in the kitchen tinkering with different dish ideas more often these days. Rather than cook dishes that I can make in my sleep, I’ve been expanding my repertoire by playing with different flavor profiles and refining my own version of familiar dishes, such as pâté chaud. I recently made this French-inspired Vietnamese meat pie, which can be found in just about every Vietnamese bakery. When I was growing up, my trips to Orange County always started with a stop at one of these bakeries to load up on Vietnamese iced coffee and pâté chaud. In between trips to Orange County, my auntie would make this delectable snack for us kids.
As my miniaturized version of pâté chaud neared the end of its bake time, a buttery aroma filled the kitchen and I couldn’t wait to see if I had successfully reproduced the flavors of my childhood. Once out of the oven, one bite of the flaky outer shell and the savory richness of the filling took me right back to my grandparents’ backyard in Southern California where my cousins and I spent our childhood summer days – a time when people still communicated through written letters and rotary dial telephones.
Until next time,
Vietnamese Pâté Chaud
- 300 g ground pork
- 75 g pâté
- 1 yellow onion, finely diced
- ½ tsp salt (or more to taste)
- ½ tsp ground pepper
- ¼ tsp sugar
- 2 tsp potato starch*
- 2 sheets pâte feuilletée (puff pastry)
- 1 egg beaten
- Combine the pork, pâté, onion, potato starch and season with salt, sugar and pepper. Mix thoroughly until all of the ingredients are uniformly amalgamated. To ensure that the mixture is properly seasoned, I usually add the salt gradually and taste after each addition by cooking a spoonful in the microwave (but without the spoon).
- Preheat oven to 175°C.
- Work with one pastry sheet at time, leaving the other one in the fridge until ready to use. Unfold the puff pastry sheet onto a lightly floured surface. Cut out 6-8 cm diameter circles using a round cookie cutter or drinking cup. Combine the remaining pieces of puff pastry dough, roll it out and cut additional circles.
- Place about a tablespoon of filling onto the center of a puff pastry circle, and top with another circle. Seal by pressing the sides down with a fork. Place the meat pies onto a flat-edged baking sheet lined with parchment paper. Brush the surfaces with the beaten egg. Bake for about 25 minutes. Be sure to watch them during the last few minutes of baking to ensure they have sufficiently browned but not burnt. Transfer them onto a rack to cool once removed from the oven. | <urn:uuid:e9c41679-99da-4e57-bf2c-4e0812a2d3ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.platedpalate.com/vietnamese-pate-chaud/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.945095 | 1,356 | 1.523438 | 2 |
People adapt to their environment.
In arid areas with little plant life, people often become nomads, following their herds of livestock wherever they can find food. In very cold regions, people depend upon wild animals for food and clothing. In hot regions, people are accustomed to wearing lightweight clothing. People who live near lakes and oceans often depend upon fish for their diet. Many Asians depend upon rice as one of their main food because rice grows well in hot, wet climates. People in large cities learn to avoid speaking to or looking at strangers, while people in rural areas often welcome strangers.
It's also interesting to note that in the Islamic religion, which started in arid lands, heaven is pictured with lots of rain, lush plant life, rivers, and lakes. | <urn:uuid:d6a632b0-26a9-412e-a86e-30e48b38086a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1213133456 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00347-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980064 | 156 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Sure, you can learn how to have everyday conversation in Japanese or blow away the JPLT so you can get a translating job in Japan, but let's just admit that the real reason you're studying Japanese is so that you can speak like a samurai. Isn't that every Japanese language learner's secret dream?
Photo by mazgrp
The samurai were the military nobility of medieval and early-modern Japan who lived by a strict code of ethics. If you've ever watched the daytime jidaigeki (時代劇 – period dramas) on TV in Japan, you know they also had a cool way of talking.
You can talk like a samurai if you just master a few simple expressions and, well, um, a whole lot of other vocabulary. But let's just get you started with the most common samurai words and phrases.
Degozaru is the samurai version of desu (です – is/are). Gozaru is actually an old form of aru, and de aru is a more formal version of desu that's used today as polite speech.
Here are some examples:
Kore wa nandegozaruka?
What is this?
Watashi wa Hikozaemon degozaru.
I am Hikozaemon.
You can put degozaru anywhere you'd put desu.
Degozaru is humble and polite but don't worry, with samurai there is always humbler and more polite. When referring to someone respectfully, something samurai do a lot, use de-irassharu (でいらっしゃる – is/are). If you live in Japan, you should recognize this as related to irasshaimase (いらっしゃいませ – welcome), which shopkeepers say (and often shout) to welcome you to their store.
Sessha and onushi
There is no class of people or situation in Japan that doesn't call for its own pronouns. The samurai, of course, are no exception.
Sessha (拙者) is a samurai word for the first person. It's humble and literally means something like clumsy buffoon. We all know the samurai were mostly clumsy buffoons. Okay, maybe not; but like most polite speech in Japanese, it puts the speaker down and raises the status of the listener.
A word for the second person is onushi (お主). This word is used only for people of a lower rank. Examples of onushi in action:
Onushi wa nanimono da?
Who the * are you?
Onushi wa ore no teki ka?
You wanna piece o' this? (literal translation: Are you my enemy?)
This seemed strange to me because the kanji shu (主) means 'master.' Why would it be for people lower than you? I called up a samurai friend of mine and he assured me that yes, it's an impolite word that's definitely talking down to someone. He said a more polite word is sonata (其方 – you), although this is rarely used.
There are several samurai versions of the phrase genki desu ka (元気ですか – how are you?):
Gokigen ikaga degozaru ka?
How are you? (literally: How is your feeling today?)
How are you? (tassha is another word for genki)
The samurai P's and Q's
There are a few ways of saying excuse me or thank you in samurai speech (similar to sumimasen). Katajikenai (忝い) means indebted or grateful and can be used like this:
Or you can use suman (すまん), which is a shortening of sumimasen (すみません – excuse me/thank you). Occasionally you hear people use this today.
Finally, in order to speak like a samurai, you should speak in short, guttural bursts and generally not say too much at all. | <urn:uuid:a4c37592-9edd-41e8-aa27-059670c71b81> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.lingualift.com/blog/speak-like-samurai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00017-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933613 | 857 | 3.125 | 3 |
Notes and observations from the course evaluation wars
One of the fun things about the first half of the survey is anticipating what sorts of things students will say on their evals at the end of the semester. It's always interesting to see what students understood the course was about. Case in point from Fall 2008's HIST 117:
Good, not outstanding because we talked way more about Indians than I would have expected for this class.Clearly I must have failed to make the point that understanding why Indians did what they did is critical to understanding American history! I guess from this student's point of view, outstanding courses only focus on white Americans?
Another of my favorites:
There is no textbook and there are four to five novels to read.Novels? Novels! At first I thought that perhaps my students are unaware of the difference between fiction and nonfiction, but one of my colleagues has suggested that many students use the words "book" and "novel" synonymously. Hilarious! This student went on to write:
Keeping up with the reading will greatly increase your chances of succeeding in this class.At least I did manage to make that little fact clear!
In the odd comment category, I place this evaluation of my teaching:
I did not like the manner she spoke her lectures. She spoke them, rather than talked about them, and they were nonstop.I find this one pretty puzzling. One doesn't generally "speak" lectures, one "gives" or "delivers" them. How does one "speak" a lecture, rather than "talk" about a lecture? Sigh. At least I am not at a public university in Texas, where my receipt of a bonus might be contingent on the things students write about my class. | <urn:uuid:9c209e62-671a-4b4b-9796-3c20ebc24a3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://rebecca-goetz.blogspot.com/2009/01/notes-and-observations-from-course.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00045-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97584 | 363 | 1.773438 | 2 |
How Stress and Grief Affect Your Finances
Apparently, retail sales are up because of pent up demand due to Covid. Personal finance people are pleading, “Don’t go shopping if you don’t need more stuff!” This effort seems futile and wrongly focuses on the action rather than the motivation. It reminds me of a line on a podcast about weight loss: “We tell people to eat less. We never stop to ask why that person is eating so much in the first place.”
Anyone who’s been to an all-you-can-eat buffet knows that it is physically painful to eat beyond your stomach’s limits. Yet when we see someone eating excessively, we assume it’s a question of self-control. Why don’t we stop and ask, why are you hurting yourself?
The same goes with money. People shop when they are already overburdened with stuff they don’t want. That’s why we have a huge decluttering industry. We need to start with asking why. And at the present time, Covid, stress, and grief may be key causes to all the bad financial decision-making. Here’s how stress and grief affect your finances.
Are You Struggling with Stress and/or Grief?
You may be thinking, I’m not grieving and I have a manageable level of stress. And it may be true that nothing has specifically happened to you to cause more grief or stress than normal. But it might also be true that the grief and stresses of the past year can cumulatively affect you.
Our collective definition of trauma has changed over the years. It used to be that trauma was a term reserved for war, famine, or disease. Now it can mean any sense of loss, including the loss of our hopes and dreams. I’m sure some people may see this as us becoming pansies. We went from “only sticks and stones” to “words hurt too.” It can be a good thing though as we are able to recognize how different stressors affect our minds, our bodies and our emotions. It may give us license to recognize the collective stress and grief we are all going through and to be more empathetic.
Why Would Stress and Grief Affect our Spending?
I was watching a reality show where one contestant was dealing with some recent personal loss. The contestant asked to take a few minutes to compose himself before continuing to film and some blog commenters were very critical, saying “we’ve all gone through trauma and still went about our jobs.” The blogger replied that this comment seemed unnecessarily harsh. After all, the contestant didn’t shirk his responsibilities, he wasn’t rude – he merely asked for and took a few minutes to cry quietly outside. And yet even that small bit of humanity can be criticized because so many of us think, I’ve always held it together.
Taking some time to cope with our emotions might be considered weakness. I know some may try to spin it as strength, but so what if humans are frail? We are not robots. Sure it’d be great if we could compartmentalize the stress or grief so it doesn’t leak out at our jobs or in in opportune moments, but we don’t know how the stress will affect us or how we will react. We don’t necessarily act rationally when we are under the duress of extreme stress or grief.
Our Collective Stress and Grief
It’s been a rough year for me. In a six-month period, I was in 3 car accidents and 3 fires. None were my fault and I walked away from all of them but I think that just adds to the feeling of a lack of control. I broke up with my boyfriend, ended my career break, started a new job, moved, and am dealing with some medium-level health issues. It’s been a lot for me.
In my close friend group, people I talk to at least weekly, there have been 16 deaths (grandparents, father, father-in-law, brother-in-law, uncles, friends, a child) and 6 medical problems (new or recurrent cancers, mysterious ailments). There’s been good stuff around me too like births and pregnancies but it just adds to the stress.
And I fight off the urge to say, other people have it worse. Because this is not great. The term for this is “compassion fatigue” where the sheer number of calamity surrounding you starts weighing on your emotions.
How We Act Under Stress
I only noticed how stressed I was by how oddly I was acting. I was desperately pursuing a dead-end relationship. And of course, the archetype is “low self esteem” but I’ve never done this before. And I think the appeal was the shallowness of the situation. So many people were unloading on me and I knew he wouldn’t. And it was a nice distraction because I knew it was a dead-end, he wasn’t connected to anyone I knew, and he was happy. I was trying to capture some of that happiness.
Right now I’m at the airport. My flight was delayed 40 minutes and I feared I would miss my connection and be stuck in an unfamiliar city until morning. And fortunately, my connection is delayed. But I was still stressed out enough to buy $10 white chocolate covered gummies. My stress language is sweet and chewy.
How to Handle Your Finances Under Stress
It’s easy to say, don’t engage in retail therapy! Have some self control! I don’t want to give advice on this matter. Really I just wanted to point out the emotional tolls of stress and grief. And as I’m a lawyer, I don’t have the expertise to advise anyone on how to handle their trauma. This is only advice on how to keep the stress from wrecking your financial goals.
1. Believe in Your Control.
There are lots of things out of control. It can be easy to focus on these things and quickly let the place spiral. But there are still lots of things you can control. You can control your reactions, work on stress management, avoid malls, and cut up your credit cards.
2. Remember Your Long Term Goals
Because you believe you have some control in the matter and because you know that this stressful time is temporary.
3. Acknowledge the Pain and the Emotions
So much of retail therapy is distracting yourself from your pain. But that just makes the pain’s power so much stronger.
Honestly I felt a huge sense of relief after I finally admitted I was stressed. We exert so much energy keeping all our emotions bottled up. Sometimes, just releasing the need to be perfect, the need to feel perfect, can be like pricking a hole in a balloon. It gives us enough room to breathe.
4. Try to Find a Respite
It’s unrealistic to make a bullet point checklist that includes “remove the stressor” as glib advice. Maybe you’re in grief. Or you’re in a stressful job whose income you depend on. This is all to say that if we could easily extricate ourselves from our stressors, we probably wouldn’t have financial problems caused by them.
But you can find a brief respite. Maybe it’s carving our time to sit with your thoughts and emotions. It could be talking to a friend or counselor. Maybe it’s $10 white chocolate gummies at the airport. Or finding meditation in the woods. Maybe it’s just crying. Even if it’s not directly solving the problem, even if it’s a slight distraction, at least you aren’t torching your financial future.
So as a millennial, many of my friends are flakey and unreliable. That’s part of the culture these days. Setting up dinner plans in my mind means we are having dinner that night and in someone else’s mind, it’s “I will decide at game time.” To me, reliability is so important. It makes me feel loved and respected.
I can withstand flakiness when I’m in a good place, because I have a foundation of good emotional reserves to draw upon, but I can’t stand it when I’m low. And it’s fine if you find that you need more support during certain times and can’t tolerate certain behaviors. If you feel you need to withdraw from certain people or certain activities because you just can’t add to your stress, I would consider doing so. You don’t have to take on extra burdens and it’s ok to watch out for yourself and your emotional health first and foremost.
Conclusion – How Grief and Stress Affect Your Finances
It’s been a rough two years for a lot of people. Try not to beat anyone up -including yourself – for letting the stress and grief get to you. | <urn:uuid:e6691c94-bf39-4fed-9314-4cb119924be0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://alawyerandhermoney.com/grief-stress-affects-your-finances/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.961455 | 1,929 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The United Nations has to stop looking inward and start looking at what it's getting done in the world, Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird said Monday in a speech to leaders from around the world.
Speaking to the UN General Assembly, Baird says the UN must spend less time looking at itself and more time focused on the problems that demand its attention.
"I believe the UN spends too much time on itself. It must now look outward," he said. "The preoccupation with procedure and process must yield to substance and results. If the UN focuses on the achievement of goals such as prosperity, security and human dignity, then reform will take care of itself."
Baird says the UN itself is not a goal, but the means to accomplish important goals.
"You measure results by measuring results," he said.
"Not by weighing best efforts. Not by counting good intentions. And not by calculating inputs."
Action against Assad blocked
Baird has called repeatedly for an end to violence in Syria and asked again for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad to step down. He also criticized the UN Security Council for its inability to do anything about Assad's attacks on Syrian protesters.
Syria has sent its foreign minister Walid Moallem to defend the Syrian regime's actions throughout its last 18 months of violence and civil war. While his speech is not likely to be well-received, the UN's Security Council has been repeatedly unable to pass resolutions that would see any kind of strong action taken against Assad's regime, thanks to efforts by Russia and China to block UN intervention.
"The crisis in Syria is a test of this organization's ability to achieve results," Baird said.
"While the brutal and repressive regime of Bashar al-Assad continues the slaughter of its own people, the United Nations continues to fail to impose binding sanctions that would stem the crimson tide of this bloody assault."
"Until the last syllable of recorded time, the world will remember and history will judge Member States that are allowing the atrocities to continue."
Baird also called on the Syrian regime to ensure its stockpile of chemical weapons is secured against theft.
On Iran, Baird said the country is thoroughly testing the will of the international community and must stop its enrichment activities.
Last day of 67th General Assembly
The address comes on the final day of the 67th United Nations General Assembly.
Canada's relatively low-ranking speaking slot can be explained partly by Prime Minister Stephen Harper's decision not to address the gathering this year, as other country's leaders have done, the CBC's David Common suggests.
Stephen Harper has spoken to the assembly only twice during his time as prime minister. He travelled to New York last week to accept an award and meet with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, but he's left the official speaking duties to Baird. Recent Canadian prime ministers have not spoken at the General Assembly each and every year.
The Canadian delegation walked out on Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's speech last Wednesday, as it has before when it found the rhetoric from the Iranian regime unacceptable.
Canada lost its bid for a seat on the UN's security council in Oct. 2010. Baird said in a year-end interview last year that it would not try again.
Later today, North Korean vice-foreign Minister Pak Kil-yon will make his country's first address since the death of former leader Kim Jong Il.
A missile test in April destroyed an earlier deal under which North Korea agreed to suspend its nuclear activities in exchange for food aid shipments from the United States, and UN observers will be watching this speech for any sign of movement from the dictatorship on its nuclear ambitions.
Cuba's foreign minister will also speak on Monday. | <urn:uuid:01ad6d47-82ec-432c-aee4-7b9ef93e679c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/10/01/john-baird-un-general-assembly_n_1929271.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00387-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973826 | 751 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Urban economic development initiatives are at the forefront of the national policy agenda: How can we create equitable urban revitalization and foster economic opportunity for inner city residents?
ICIC strengthens inner city economies by providing businesses, governments and investors with the most comprehensive and actionable information about urban market opportunities in the field. Our unique knowledge of inner city competitive advantages and inner city companies is developed from specialized urban networks and path-breaking research and practice.
ICIC’s research on inner city economic development is grounded in economic theory and informed by our real-world advisory and programmatic experience. Our research agenda over the past two decades has positioned our organization as the leading and most trusted resource on inner city economies.
Benchmarking Inner City Performance and Investment: Our proprietary State of the Inner City Economies (SICE) database tracks the economic performance, business vitality and resident prosperity of all 328 inner cities allowing us to benchmark inner cities’ relative performance over time.
Identifying Economic Opportunity Clusters: We partner with the U.S. Cluster Mapping team at Harvard Business School to identify clusters with the highest potential to promote job creation in inner cities.
Creating an Anchored Local Economy: ICIC is recognized as an authority on anchor institutions and our strategic anchor framework has been utilized by numerous anchors and cities to guide their community investment strategies.
Inner City Business Growth: ICIC leverages our proprietary inner city business data and networks to identify critical drivers of inner city business growth and the unique attributes that make inner cities competitive places to do business.
Economic Resilience: ICIC’s research continues to define this nascent field. We are refining our urban food resilience framework and thinking by partnering with the Rockefeller Foundation and applying it to new markets across the country.
Our participatory advisory model combines leading-edge analytics with stakeholder input to generate new insights into urban markets.
At the foothills of my career, ICIC armed me with a plan that resonated with the core vision of Newarkers who never gave up on their city. Cory Booker, Former Mayor, City of Newark
Visit our Research & Advisory Practice pages: | <urn:uuid:f93f5e75-e017-4b03-ace9-37d5190904d0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://icic.org/research/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00462-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910526 | 432 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Incident In Art Land
From the New Yorker:
"Quietly moving through the Anselm Kiefer show at the Gagosian gallery on its final afternoon were eight people wearing black T-shirts that bore the show's portentous title—“Next Year in Jerusalem”—in English, Hebrew, and Arabic. They didn't speak unless spoken to; they took pictures of themselves standing before some equally portentous works of Holocaust-evoking art. (Everyone was taking pictures; the catalogue cost a hundred dollars.)More here
Only if approached did one of the group explain that they were part of an organization called U.S. Boat to Gaza, which plans to sponsor a ship in the next flotilla to sail against the Israeli blockade. Half of the group had left, and they were reduced to four by the time that gallery representatives asked them to leave, unimpressed by their claims to be extending the discussion that Kiefer had begun. Morality. Guilt. Jewish tragedy, past and present. (“This is private property,” a gallerista in towering heels shot back. “We're here to sell art.”)
A call to the police was threatened. In response, the activists put on their jackets—covering the offending Passover phrase, even while complaining that it had not, to their knowledge, been copyrighted—and asked if they might stay. Without reply, the representatives walked away...
Ingrid Homberg had gone to Gagosian that day to lift her spirits. A delicate blonde woman in her late fifties, she grew up in Germany—she is roughly of Kiefer's generation—but never felt that she belonged there; she moved to New York with her young daughter in 1980, and the city has proved a much happier fit. In recent years, however, she has been ill (fibromyalgia, arthritis) and suffers frequent pain. Still, she was immediately buoyed by Kiefer's magisterial landscapes, in which massive wings overhead suggest the judgment of God. The gallery was filled with such disturbing images. She had earlier noticed the people in the T-shirts, and now she approached them, hoping to discuss the feelings that the artist's work provoked.
But there was no discussion. Two police officers arrived just a moment after Homberg did, and ordered the group out. Including Homberg. She said that she had no reason to leave. She asked one of the officers—“Young man,” she addressed him, and he did look very young—why they did not allow the group to speak. And that was it. His partner grabbed her by the arm and began to pull her out..."
Considering the nature of Anselm Kiefer's work and the themes of history, destruction, rembering and forgetting, societal guilt, judgement, atonement and more that run through it like strata, I find this story not only particularly ironic but also damningly telling.
I think that one phrase says it all; “This is private property... we're here to sell art"
Anselm Kiefer, Flying Fortress (2010), foreground, with Cetus (2010), in "Next Year in Jerusalem" at Gagosian Gallery | <urn:uuid:678bf806-c051-4b6b-8fe3-948ade5762ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://photo-muse.blogspot.com/2011_01_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00108-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983922 | 676 | 1.773438 | 2 |
as a company, you need to put an end to this because this is one of the most meaningful meetings that you can organize. this is going to promote ongoing, clear communications between yourself and the rest of your leadership team. you should be devoting the most time in your leadership meetings to tracking the progress on key metrics and okrs.
this is also a great time to talk about if the way in which youâre tracking your metrics and okrs is effective and efficient. with fellow, your leadership team can record action items in real-time, track and prioritize tasks in-between meetings, and automatically carry-forward incomplete action items to the next meeting. this is a great way to build a culture of productive meetings and continuous improvement. she is now making a shift from business to psychology and bridging her knowledge from both domains, as she pursues a graduate degree in psychology at trinity college, dublin.
if there is nothing specific to discuss at a meeting, the item can be passed over but, as long as it is there, the topic is kept within the consciousness of everyone participating in the meeting. the person responsible for access in your organisation will prove to be an invaluable resource and it may well be appropriate to invite them regularly to smt meetings, if they are not already part of that group, in order that they can inform discussions. it may be that they could take a lead on some of these agenda items; that way they will be able to build communication with key people across the organisation, if that need is not currently being met.
the worst case scenario is that the access coordinator is acting with responsibility but without authority. if the access coordinator is not part of smt, invite them to input regularly into smt meetings. it is important, to embed the service, that as much of the following as possible is dealt with on a team by team (or department) basis.
holding separate meetings for each prevents day-to-day operations from dominating your team’s agenda and liberates time for substantive strategy debates. use this template to build an agenda for your next executive team meeting. the steps on the next page can help you hold effective meetings using this the 4 core meeting agenda templates and the meeting cadence used by high-performance leadership teams to drive strategic execution., leadership meeting agenda examples, leadership meeting agenda examples, management meeting agenda sample, monthly management meeting agenda, executive meeting agenda sample.
a leadership meeting agenda is essential to running an effective meeting. make sure that you’re sending monthly team meeting agenda: connection to your company strategy and culture. share your core values, core purpose, and bhag. put a time limit ongoing agenda items reports on attendance figures and feedback from audience troubleshooting any emerging issues; suggestions for improving communications, general manager meeting agenda, management meeting topics, ceo meeting agenda, leadership meeting purpose, management meetings, effective leadership meetings, executive meetings, executive team meeting purpose, cio meeting agenda, chief of staff meeting agenda.
When you try to get related information on smt meeting agenda, you may look for related areas. leadership meeting agenda examples, management meeting agenda sample, monthly management meeting agenda, executive meeting agenda sample, general manager meeting agenda, management meeting topics, ceo meeting agenda, leadership meeting purpose, management meetings, effective leadership meetings, executive meetings, executive team meeting purpose, cio meeting agenda, chief of staff meeting agenda. | <urn:uuid:64862778-daa7-474a-8612-59ec0fb5ccd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.madregister.com/smt-meeting-agenda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.938365 | 694 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Etgar Keret and Shira Geffen filming Jellyfish
To judge how greatly Israeli cinema has changed, and how greatly it needed to, consider that the Film Society of Lincoln Center recently showed a retrospective in honor of Israel’s sixtieth anniversary, comprised exclusively of pictures from the past seven years. I think this chronological limit is a little strict. As the people at the Film Society know, you could program a substantial Israeli series going back, perhaps, to 1992. But as most cinephiles would agree, stretching from there to 1948 lies a celluloid desert, where the good films seem as rare, and as wondrous, as rocks that give water.
This was the paradox of Israeli cinema: Jews had achieved so much in film industries elsewhere in the world, yet took so long to do much of anything within their own state. That the wait is now over seems unquestionable. At home, the commercial success of Israeli film is unprecedented. In 2000, almost nobody in Israel went to see Israeli cinema; out of a total of ten million movie tickets sold, 9,964,000 were for foreign films. Today, Israeli movies sell a million tickets a year. Abroad, the critical success of recent Israeli film is equally impressive, with Or (2004) and Jellyfish (2007) both winning the award for best first film at the Cannes festival, The Syrian Bride (2004) taking awards at Locarno and Montreal, and Beaufort (2007) winning the Silver Bear at Berlin. Now that Waltz with Bashir has gained strong reviews (and international distribution) at the most recent Cannes festival, it’s a good time to ask: Why was Israeli film so slow to develop? And what conditions had to be satisfied before it could flourish?
Scene from Beaufort
The answer to the first question begins with a problem of scale. Whereas people talk about national cinemas, you don’t hear much about, say, the cinema of Chicago. It’s possible for Chicago to have a theater scene, but a city of three million, by itself, would struggle to sustain an art form that’s as labor and capital intensive as film. For the first dozen years of its existence, Israel had about half the population of Chicago—and a high percentage of those people were engaged in agriculture.
So Israeli film started out with a structural handicap, but it also was hobbled ideologically. From the earliest days of film production in the yishuv, Zionism regarded film primarily as a propaganda tool. There is nothing unusual about that—everywhere you look in the twentieth century, you find political movements and governments using film to promote their agendas. The first notable fiction film produced in Israel was solidly in this tradition: the military drama Hill 24 Doesn’t Answer (1955). Because Israel had so little resident filmmaking expertise, the producers had to import much of the talent for this picture, including a British director, Thorold Dickinson. Although he was a gentile, Dickinson was deeply committed to the State of Israel—a circumstance that makes his view of the production all the more telling: “These very right-wing people had written this script…. Highly nationalistic types, and I wouldn’t let any of their ideas into it.”
That’s how it went, during the long Age of Leon Uris. And even once Israeli filmmakers began to turn out a greater number of entertainments, they still liked retelling the national story, in a way that would lift the heart if not rouse the martial spirit. So, in 1964, Israeli cinema produced one of its early breakthroughs, Sallah Shabbati, a comedy by Ephraim Kishon about a North African Jewish family that had been brought to the safety of Israel. You could read the film as a clever inversion of the myth of heroic Israel, in which the charmingly shiftless Sephardim are made more sympathetic than the Ashkenazim who had rescued them. The twist, of course, is that the Sephardim finally learn to be Israeli heroes themselves.
Poster for Sallah Shabbati
Out of Sallah Shabbati came a lineage of lesser Israeli films: comedies of misbehavior and reassurance, which often involved some form of reconciliation between Sephardim and Ashkenazim. And Sallah Shabbati was important in another way as well: It launched the career of the producer Menachem Golan, who with his partner Yoram Globus would go on to make, among other films, Kazablan, Lemon Popsicle, The Happy Hooker Goes Hollywood, Death Wish II, Ninja III, Nine Deaths of the Ninja, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre II, Superman IV, Death Wish V, and, of course, Jean-Luc Godard’s King Lear, starring Norman Mailer, Woody Allen, and Molly Ringwald. In the 1970s and ’80s, despite the occasional Beyond the Walls—a tough-minded prison drama, involving both Israelis and Palestinians—the world’s working definition of “Israeli cinema” was Golan-Globus Productions.
So how did Israel progress from this kind of filmmaking toward a cinema that is now respectable, and even admired?
I think it took a conjunction of three factors. First, Israel had to develop a film culture—one that was aware of international cinema and its artistic possibilities. Second, it needed filmmakers who were determined to be a part of this international cinema, not on a commercial but on an artistic plane. For short, we’ll call them auteurs. And third, it needed to create institutions that would support these filmmakers. In retrospect, we can see that all three of these factors coalesced in the years between 1979 and 1981—by coincidence, between the time of the Camp David agreement and the first Lebanon War.
The turning point for establishing a film culture came in 1981, when Lia van Leer founded the Jerusalem Cinematheque. For her, this was the culmination of a quarter-century of effort. Beginning in the early 1950s, when she and her husband Wim had started showing films in their home in Haifa, van Leer traveled to international festivals, bought prints, founded an Israel Film Archive, set up a Tel Aviv film club, and established the Haifa Cinematheque. At last came the decisive institutions: the Jerusalem Cinematheque, and in 1984 its offshoot, the Jerusalem Film Festival. The principal film and television school in Israel, named for the American producer Sam Spiegel, was founded in Jerusalem only a few years after the Festival. If you want to know how Israel became the only country in the world where Andrei Tarkovsky is a popular filmmaker, the answer comes down to Lia van Leer.
For the birth of the Israeli auteur, the key date was 1980. That was when a twenty-nine-year-old former architecture student from Haifa, Amos Gitai, persuaded Israeli television to let him make a film titled House. This was his first feature-length work: a documentary about the renovation of a private residence in Jerusalem for its new Jewish owner, starting with images of Palestinian construction workers coming in from the West Bank at dawn, and finishing with a visit to the house by the elderly Palestinian doctor who had lived in it until 1948. When the producers saw what they’d bought, they not only declined to broadcast the film, they confiscated it. However, the wily and determined Gitai had the foresight to have retained a videotape transfer of House, which he carried around to festivals in Europe.
Eran Riklis directing Clara Khoury in The Syrian Bride
So an act of censorship launched the career of Israel’s first auteur—a filmmaker who wanted to be known both for a critical engagement with his world, and for an intelligent, self-aware approach to the formal problems of filmmaking. I can’t say that Gitai has always succeeded, but by being prolific and adventurous and intermittently brilliant, he gave Israel its first consistent presence on the international circuit, and provided an example that many others would follow.
For the third crucial element—institutional support—the key date is 1979, when the Israel Film Fund went into operation. Its progress was slow; from 1979 through 1992, the organization funded an average of only three to five films a year. But then, in the early 1990s, came a sudden expansion of activity, made all the more remarkable by the challenging nature of the movies the Fund was willing to support. In recent years, these have included, to mention just a few, Gitai’s harsh dramas of ultra-Orthodox life and military service, Kadosh and Kippur; Joseph Cedar’s troubling tale of a family drawn toward the settlers’ movement, Campfire; Ra’anan Alexandrowicz’s sad and satirical fable of immigrant, non-Jewish labor, James’s Journey to Jerusalem; Eytan Fox’s breakthrough, gay-themed films, such as Walk on Water; Eran Riklis’s melancholy comedy of a Druze family divided by a border, The Syrian Bride; and even features by Elia Suleiman (Chronicle of a Disappearance) and Hany Abu-Assad (Paradise Now), extraordinary Palestinian filmmakers from Nazareth. The Age of Leon Uris clearly had ended. The fact that a government agency helped bring it to a close is a testament to the seriousness, intelligence, and democratic spirit that can be found, despite everything, in Israel.
I can give the same praise to the New Foundation for Cinema & TV, which the government established in 1993. Like the Fund, the Foundation has supported extraordinarily challenging films—in this case, almost all of them documentaries. But this funding has been useful to fiction film production, since many notable Israeli directors, such as David Ofek and Alexandrowicz, have jumped between the two modes.
The introduction of cable and commercial television in the 1990s provided another kind of subsidy for Israeli film artists: regular work. A director such as Nir Bergman can now go back and forth between film, with Broken Wings, and episodic television, with In Treatment. More recently, another important development has been the success of the Israel Film Fund in securing co-production money, especially from France, Germany, Canada, and Australia.
Scene from James’s Journey to Jerusalem
The cash is useful in itself. Perhaps even more useful is the overseas distribution that accompanies it.
So the old paradox of Israeli film has been laid to rest, and new paradoxes have taken its place. Israeli film has become more commercially viable by being more artistic. It has become truer to itself by being more international. It has become more self-assured by being more critical.
The strongest evidence of these changes is to be found not in the box-office reports or the lists of awards, but in the films themselves, such as Alexandrowicz’s James’s Journey to Jerusalem. In that movie, the character of the cynical, conniving old Sephardic father is named Sallah—in homage, the director has said, to Sallah Shabbati. Israeli film can now be self-referential—which means that Israeli film must now, at last, exist. | <urn:uuid:0e7093ec-1338-48e1-801f-42eafe77f0c5> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/1248/time-of-favor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00313-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966342 | 2,340 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Fast facts on N.H. insurance exchange plans
CONCORD, N.H. (AP) -- Here are some fast facts about how buying health insurance will change in New Hampshire as President Barack Obama’s health overhaul takes effect and the first insurance exchange starts operating later this year:
Q. How many people are uninsured in New Hampshire and how many of those are projected to get insurance under the exchange?
A. About 170,000 people are uninsured in New Hampshire. It’s unclear how many currently uninsured people would get coverage under the exchange since the state has not yet decided whether to expand Medicaid.
Q. How many people in New Hampshire are currently served by Medicaid and how many more will be served if your state chooses the Medicaid expansion?
A. New Hampshire Medicaid currently provides coverage for approximately 171,000 low-income children, pregnant women, parents with children, elders, and people with disabilities. An estimated 58,000 more will enroll by 2020 if the state expands eligibility to include anyone under age 65 who earns up to 138 percent of the federal poverty guideline.
Q. How many small businesses are likely to take advantage of the health insurance offered on the New Hampshire exchange?
A. There are about 23,700 small businesses with fewer than 50 employees in New Hampshire, and about 40 percent of them offer health insurance to their workers, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation. New Hampshire has not projected the number of small businesses likely to participate in the exchange.
Q. How is the exchange going to be set up in your state and which agency will be responsible for overseeing it?
A. A law passed last year prohibits the state from establishing its own exchange, so New Hampshire will have a federally-facilitated exchange overseen by the Department of Health and Human Services at least for 2014. It is possible that the state will enter into a plan management partnership or a consumer assistant partnership. Under the former, the state Insurance Department would oversee the state’s tasks. A consumer assistance partnership would involve both the Insurance Department and the state Department of Health and Human Services.
The decision is up to Gov. Maggie Hassan and a legislative oversight committee, and the state has until Feb. 15 to notify the federal government of its decision.
Q. How much money has New Hampshire received so far from the federal government to do the initial work in setting up an exchange?
A. New Hampshire has not spent any federal money on exchange planning or establishment. The state was awarded a $1 million exchange planning grant in 2010, but did not spend any of these funds. A law was passed in 2011 prohibiting the state from accepting $666,000 of the planning grant funds; in December of 2011 the Executive Council denied the Insurance Department’s request to use the remaining $333,000.
Q. How will residents in New Hampshire access the exchange and what kind of customer support will be offered?
A. That hasn’t been determined yet because New Hampshire hasn’t yet decided whether it will enter into a partnership.
TALK TO US
If you'd like to leave a comment (or a tip or a question) about this story with the editors, please email us. We also welcome letters to the editor for publication; you can do that by filling out our letters form and submitting it to the newsroom. | <urn:uuid:4fa5363a-3e61-48c9-89db-832198e9c3c9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.reformer.com/stories/fast-facts-on-nh-insurance-exchange-plans,390671 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00141-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964706 | 682 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Posted in Blog: English | Categories: Non-Erotic | Tags: security, tor, vpn, proxy, anonymous, onion router
This guide will help you learn ways to anonymize the majority of your Internet-based communications and activities.
The best thing you can do to stay anonymous online is to hide your IP address. This is the easiest way to trace your online activity back to you. If someone knows your IP address, they can easily determine the geographic location of the server that hosts that address and get a rough idea of where you're located. Broadly speaking, there are three ways to obscure your IP address and hide your location:
1. Use a proxy server.
If you want all of your online activity to be anonymized, the best way to do it is to pretend to be someone else. This is basically what a proxy server does: it routes your connection through a different server so your IP address isn't so easy to track down. There are hundreds of free proxies out there, and finding a good one is just a matter of searching. Most major browsers offer proxy server extensions that can be activated in just one click.
2. Use a Virtual Private Network (VPN).
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) extends a private network across a public network, such as the Internet. It enables a computer to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if it is directly connected to the private network, while benefiting from the functionality, security and management policies of the private network. A VPN is created by establishing a virtual point-to-point connection through the use of dedicated connections, virtual tunneling protocols, or traffic encryption.
A virtual private network connection across the Internet is similar to a wide area network (WAN) link between sites. From a user perspective, the extended network resources are accessed in the same way as resources available within the private network.
3. Use TOR.
Short for The Onion Router, TOR is a free software and an open network that helps you defend against traffic analysis, a form of network surveillance that threatens personal freedom and privacy, confidential business activities and relationships, and state security.
Tor helps to reduce the risks of both simple and sophisticated traffic analysis by distributing your transactions over several places on the Internet, so no single point can link you to your destination. The idea is similar to using a twisty, hard-to-follow route in order to throw off somebody who is tailing you — and then periodically erasing your footprints. Instead of taking a direct route from source to destination, data packets on the Tor networ... Read More | <urn:uuid:f7ae7d43-e795-494f-8396-c396c33ec12c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.filipinosexstories.com/item/how-to-stay-anonymous-online | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00293-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922946 | 531 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Explore This IssueApril 2011
Presentation: A 14-year-old boy sustained blunt trauma to the forehead from a foul-tipped baseball. Significant past medical history consisted of allergic rhinitis treated with over-the-counter cetirizine (Zyrtec). On examination, the patient had right frontal sinus depression with overlying edema. There were no palpable nasal bone or orbital rim abnormalities. Baseball threads were seen on the overlying skin as well as ecchymosis on the nasal dorsum and under both eyes (Figure 1).
The patient had numbness of the right forehead from the eyebrow to the hairline. Visual acuity and ocular movement were normal. Nasal speculum and endoscopic examinations revealed no intranasal abnormalities. There was no evidence of clear rhinorrhea to suggest cerebral spinal fluid leak.
A CT scan (Figures 2 and 3) was obtained.
How would you manage this patient? Go to the next page for discussion of this case. | <urn:uuid:96dc7b15-85c9-403f-a7b1-901e3c9a1717> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.enttoday.org/article/case-of-the-month-baseball-foul-tip-causing-frontal-sinus-fracture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.958703 | 208 | 2.046875 | 2 |
EMI- Equated Murder in Instalments
In the age of e-commerce and mass production of the commodities, consumerism is flourishing at an agile rate. Several marketing gimmicks are disguised in the name of offers and strategies. Be in cash on delivery or buying something on instalments, it is gaining a huge popularity. It does not only make a product more sellable but also transcends the purchasing parities of the people.
The schemes in the name of instalments do facilitate people to buy something conveniently. The seller usually charges higher when he provides something in instalments, accordingly, the value of periodic instalments based on the price and period of contract declared by the seller to attract buyers of the product and services.
What Islam says about buying on EMI? (Actually Equated Monthly Instalments)
It is definitely permissible and valid to enhance the price of an item if the deal is struck on credit as compared to the normal transaction. However it is not allowed to charge Riba (usury) in any form as it is un-Islamic.
Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: The ruling on riba is that it is haraam according to the Qur’aan and Sunnah and scholarly consensus.
“but whoever returns (to Ribaa), such are the dwellers of the Fire — they will abide therein”
“And if you do not do it, then take a notice of war from Allaah and His Messenger”
Neither a person can pay interest nor can he receive it.
While making any EMI based transaction, It must be clearly written and decided well in advance that how much a person needs to pay through installments.
The credit amount can be paid back in lump sum or through installments, both ways are valid. Furthermore a contract should clearly all the clauses and both seller and buyer should agree on the same. The actual amount to be charged against the product must be settled once in for all, a seller should not flare up the prices of the product if it goes scarce in the market for any reason.
The demand of any excess money in the event of non-repayment of the product value or installments within the stipulated period of time falls under the category of Interest (Riba). Notwithstanding the fact that such a condition was spelt out at the time of agreement and later on.
If a person keeps something as mortgage with him and profits out something on it, such a profit is nothing but a form of interest, which is highly impermissible under any circumstances. In case the product kept for mortgage gets spoilt, damaged or destroyed in the custody of the mortgage, then it is considered that if the product value is equal to the amount which is lent, there is no obligation on anybody. Which means now the debtor does not need to pay further. However if the product value is lesser than the balance amount due has to be paid by the mortgagor. In rare case, in which the product value is more and the mortgagee is found to have behaved in a callous and careless manner, the balance amount then needs to be paid by the mortgagee himself.
If the requisite amount is not repaid within the specified time frame and the mortgagee turns a deaf ear despite the mortgagor’s repeated reminders, the latter is allowed to sell off the property that he/ she posses and can recover his money. In case the buyer dies before the repayment of all his installments, the agreement should be followed. (Decided earlier) | <urn:uuid:f71861ad-7a61-4415-b9cf-a4ca246bcf87> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.speakingtree.in/blog/equated-murder-in-installments-new-abbreviation-of-emi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956383 | 736 | 1.914063 | 2 |
A visit to the Vatican when the Christmas holidays, definitely the top tourist destinations is St. Peter’s Basilica. In the largest church in the world, usually Pope Francis will lead a prayer Mass on Christmas Eve. Before entering the St. Peter’s Basilica, we are greeted by a very broad field, namely St Peter’s Square. In St Peter’s Square is already set up chairs, which will be used by the church to hear the Pope giving the sermon.
St. Peter’s Basilica is one of the largest churches in the world. This church was founded by Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno, and Bernini. This church carries the Renaissance architectural style. St Peter himself was the first bishop in the Roman Catholic tradition. To enter the basilica, you are not subject to pay anything and open every day. The first impression when entering the majestic Basilica was outstanding.
Almost all the objects in the room are made of marble. With ceilings were very high and decorated with three-dimensional mosaic with various motifs, the building is actually made me gasp. One is the center of attention is the large main pulpit with ornaments of high artistic value.
Inside the St. Peter’s Basilica, besides filled with sculptures, also made up of many altar. Anyway, I looked in every corner, all making admiration. No doubt, St. Peter’s Basilica is one of the beautiful church in the world. | <urn:uuid:f35d7b9e-46ee-422c-9c12-12ccd210988a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://traveldigg.com/st-peters-basilica-vatican-the-christmas-headquarters-in-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00558-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960707 | 307 | 1.742188 | 2 |
U.S Secretary of State John Kerry said Tuesday that he hoped the international community could find a way for Russia and Ukraine to work together to resolve political tension, but cautioned that the U.S. had not ruled out further sanctions.
Kerry was speaking as Russia said a convoy of 280 trucks carrying humanitarian aid had set off for Ukraine on Tuesday, amid Western warnings against using help as a pretext for an invasion.
As Ukraine reported Russia has massed 45,000 troops on its border, NATO said there was a "high probability" that Russia could intervene militarily in the east of Ukraine, where its forces are closing in on pro-Russian separatists.
Kerry said he remained hopeful for a peaceful outcome to the crisis, which has prevented an international team from carrying out a full investigation into a downed Malaysian airliner, an incident the U.S. and other countries have blamed on pro-Russian separatists.
"Our hope is that in the next days and weeks, we can find a way for [Ukrainian] President Poroshenko and Ukraine to be able to work with the Russians to provide the humanitarian assistance necessary in the east, to facilitate the thoroughness of the investigation to begin to bring the separatists — to the degree that they are Ukrainian — into the political process and for those that are not Ukrainian, they need to leave the country," Kerry told reporters at a briefing in Sydney.
"Our hope is that can happen through the diplomatic process, but we have all learned that we need to be cautious and strong at the same time and our responses clear about what is acceptable and what is not acceptable," he added.
Australian Foreign Minister Julie Bishop, who last month travelled to the U.S. to press for a UN resolution for an independent, international investigation into the missile strike that brought down Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17, killing all 298 people on board, also issued a stern warning.
"Any intervention by Russia into Ukraine under the guise of an humanitarian crisis would be seen for the transparent artifice that it is, and Australia would condemn in the strongest possible terms any effort by Russia to enter the Ukraine under the guise of carrying out some sort of humanitarian mission," she told reporters.
Kerry and Bishop were speaking at a joint news conference with U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and Australian Defence Minister David Johnston following annual Australia-U.S. Ministerial Consultations (AUSMIN) in Sydney. | <urn:uuid:ad0f8696-18b2-4204-9b5a-03e2cc72d610> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/08/12/kerry-hopes-russia-and-ukraine-can-work-together-to-resolve-political-tension-a38239 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.969295 | 496 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Photographer Robert Sijka would like to introduce you to the amazing Maine Coon cat. Robert is going to make this introduction through the power of photography. Robert captures the largest domesticated breed of cats in the world in stunning fashion.
Robert has always had a passion for cats and has come up with a stunning way to really represent these mystical-like creatures. Here Robert explains his passion and process:
“My passions are cats and photography, I do my best to combine these two things as good as possible.”
He definitely nails his desired combination as these mesmerizing photos certainly attest to. Enjoy his wonderful photography and be sure to share with all of your cat loving friends and family!
The Maine Coon is the largest domesticated breed of cat.
Maine Coon cats have distinctive physical appearances and super valuable hunting skills. They are one of the oldest natural breeds in North America, specifically “native” to the state of Maine, where it is the official state cat. | <urn:uuid:ce65cb94-93b7-4842-88e7-8b580d429f18> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://awesomejelly.com/mythical-beasts-photographer-captures-the-majestic-beauty-of-maine-coons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00461-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961253 | 205 | 2.03125 | 2 |
What is magnesium?
Magnesium is a predominantly intracellular mineral that facilitates as many as 300 enzymatic reactions. 60 percent of magnesium in the body is found in the bone, 25 percent in muscle, and the remainder in the fluids and soft tissue.
Why do we need it?
We need to have a good amount of magnesium in our bodies for a variety of reasons:
- Structural integrity of teeth and bones
- Regulates contractility of heart muscle
- Relaxes smooth muscle
- Decreases coagulation of the blood
- Necessary for essential fatty acid metabolism
- Essential for protein synthesis
- Used to produce urea in the urea cycle in the liver
- Along with vitamin B6 it is useful for prevention of kidney stones
How do we get magnesium?
There are a variety of foods that contain good amounts of magnesium. Such foods include:
- Pumpkin Seeds
- Swiss Chard
- Wheat germ
- Brown rice
- Kidney beans
How do we know if we are deficient in it?
Unfortunately, many of people living in the United States are deficient in magnesium. This is because we eat a lot of processed foods and the soil our crops are grown lacks the mineral. Some signs of deficiency include:
- Muscle spasms and tightness
- Painful menstrual cramps
- High blood pressure and heart arrhythmias
- Increased blood triglycerides and cholesterol
- Nerve conduction problems
Source: The Nutritional Therapy Association | <urn:uuid:b982d695-ca84-4503-8a26-714088495a1e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://authenticselfwellness.com/2012/08/back-to-basics-all-about-magnesium/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00333-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913849 | 310 | 3.25 | 3 |
Self-Adjusting Pipeline Designs and Tuning Methods for Timing Variation Tolerance in Multi-Processor Systems
MetadataShow full item record
One of the challenges faced today in the design of microprocessors is to obtain power, performance scalability and reliability at the same time with technology scaling, in the face of extreme process variations. The variation in delay behavior of the same design within-die and die-to-die increases significantly at technology nodes below 10nm. In addition, timing variations during chip operation occur due to dynamically changing factors like workload, temperature, aging. To guarantee lifetime operational correctness under timing uncertainties, safety margins in the form of one time worst-case guard-bands are incorporated into the design. Microprocessor pipelines are margined by operating the design at a higher voltage or lower frequency than what the design can support. Incorporating safety margins is a temporary hack to an increasing timing variation problem at lower technology nodes due to two reasons (1) How much guard-bands will be enough to guarantee reliable operation under delay variations is not known, which may result in difficult-to-model or difficult-to-detect speed/timing related bugs to escape into the field, resulting in a blue screen during system operation (2) The degree/amount of guard-bands to be incorporated to ensure reliability continues to increase resulting in significant power and performance inefficiency. The first part of this thesis describes a low cost post-manufacturing self-testing and speed-tuning methodology to top-up speed coverage and find the maximum reliable clock frequency of each processor pipeline in a multi-processor system. The second part of this thesis details the design and operation of a novel timing variation tolerant pipeline design, which eliminates the need to incorporate timing safety margins. Quantitative and qualitative analysis demonstrate great potential for co-existence of power, performance efficiency and reliability in microprocessor pipelines at lower technology nodes. | <urn:uuid:514b0901-9e93-4edb-88d7-ed09442de7bd> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/55577 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719465.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00096-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921642 | 386 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Dairy disaggregation and joint production in an economy-wide model *-super-‡
We examine the impact of dairy disaggregation and joint production on trade liberalisation outcomes in an economy-wide model. Depending on parameterisation, our model includes either (i) a single dairy commodity, (ii) several dairy commodities without joint production or (iii) several dairy commodities with joint production. In a numerical application, we consider the removal of US tariffs on dairy exports from New Zealand (the world's largest dairy exporter). We show that failing to account for joint production when dairy commodities are disaggregated leads to misleading results. Our preferred dairy production function differs from those used in other applied trade models. Our analysis can be used to determine when accounting for joint production in other sectors is important. Copyright 2010 The Authors. AJARE 2010 Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Inc. and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version under "Related research" (further below) or search for a different version of it.
Volume (Year): 54 (2010)
Issue (Month): 4 (October)
|Contact details of provider:|| Postal: AARES Central Office Manager, Crawford School of Public Policy, ANU, Canberra ACT 0200|
Phone: 0409 032 338
Web page: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-8489
More information through EDIRC
|Order Information:||Web: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1467-8489&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1467-8489|
References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Joseph Francis Francois & Ganeshan Wignaraja, 2008.
"Economic Implications of Deeper Asian Integration,"
Economics working papers
2008-13, Department of Economics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria.
- Alston, Julian M. & Balagtas, Joseph Valdes & Brunke, Henrich & Sumner, Daniel A., 2006.
"Supply and demand for commodity components: implications of free trade versus the AUSFTA for the US dairy industry,"
Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,
Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 50(2), June.
- Julian M. Alston & Joseph V. Balagtas & Henrich Brunke & Daniel A. Sumner, 2006. "Supply and demand for commodity components: implications of free trade versus the AUSFTA for the US dairy industry ," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 50(2), pages 131-152, 06.
- Jason H. Grant & Thomas W. Hertel & Thomas F. Rutherford, 2007. "Tariff line analysis of U.S. and international dairy protection," Agricultural Economics, International Association of Agricultural Economists, vol. 37(s1), pages 271-280, December.
- Hertel, Thomas & David Hummels & Maros Ivanic & Roman Keeney, 2003.
"How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements?,"
GTAP Working Papers
1324, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University.
- Hertel, Thomas & Hummels, David & Ivanic, Maros & Keeney, Roman, 2007. "How confident can we be of CGE-based assessments of Free Trade Agreements?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 611-635, July.
- Thomas Hertel & David Hummels & Maros Ivanic & Roman Keeney, 2004. "How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements?," NBER Working Papers 10477, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
- Kym Anderson & Dominique van der Mensbrugghe, 2007.
"Effects of Multilateral and Preferential Trade Policy Reform in Africa: The Case of Uganda,"
Centre for International Economic Studies Working Papers
2007-05, University of Adelaide, Centre for International Economic Studies.
- Kym Anderson & Dominique van der Mensbrugghe, 2007. "Effects of multilateral and preferential trade policy reform in Africa: The case of Uganda," The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(4), pages 529-550.
- Robinson, Sherman & Thierfelder, Karen, 1999.
"Trade liberalization and regional integration: the search for large numbers,"
TMD discussion papers
34, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
- Robinson, Sherman & Thierfelder, Karen, 2002. "Trade liberalisation and regional integration: the search for large numbers," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 46(4), December.
- Thaeripour, Farzad & Hertel, Thomas W. & Tyner, Wallace E. & Beckman, Jayson F. & Birur, Dileep K., 2008. "Biofuels and their By-Products: Global Economic and Environmental Implications," 2008 Annual Meeting, July 27-29, 2008, Orlando, Florida 6452, American Agricultural Economics Association (New Name 2008: Agricultural and Applied Economics Association).
- Robert Scollay & John P. Gilbert, 2001.
"New Regional Trading Arrangements in the Asia Pacific?,"
Peterson Institute Press: All Books,
Peterson Institute for International Economics, number pa63, January.
- Robert Scollay & John P. Gilbert, 2001. "New Regional Trading Arrangements in the Asia Pacific?," Peterson Institute Press: Policy Analyses in International Economics, Peterson Institute for International Economics, number pa63, February.
- Robert Scollay & John Gilbert, 2000. "Measuring the Gains from APEC Trade Liberalisation: An Overview of CGE Assessments," The World Economy, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 23(2), pages 175-197, 02.
- Francois Joseph F & Wignaraja Ganeshan, 2008. "Economic Implications of Asian Integration," Global Economy Journal, De Gruyter, vol. 8(3), pages 1-48, September.
- Niven Winchester, 2006. "Liberating middle earth: How will changes in the global trading system affect New Zealand?," New Zealand Economic Papers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(1), pages 45-79.
- Allan Rae & Anna Strutt, 2004. "Multilateral agricultural trade reform: Potential impacts of current negotiations on New Zealand," New Zealand Economic Papers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(2), pages 175-205.
- Zohra Bouamra-Mechemache & Jean-Paul Chavas & Thomas L. Cox & Vincent Réquillart, 2002. "Partial Market Liberalization and the Efficiency of Policy Reform: The Case of the European Dairy Sector," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association, vol. 84(4), pages 1003-1020.
When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bla:ajarec:v:54:y:2010:i:4:p:491-507. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Wiley-Blackwell Digital Licensing)or (Christopher F. Baum)
If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.
If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.
If the full references list an item that is present in RePEc, but the system did not link to it, you can help with this form.
If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.
Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services. | <urn:uuid:e495cabd-773a-4229-96b3-e8111252aaff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/ajarec/v54y2010i4p491-507.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00087-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.777632 | 1,925 | 1.882813 | 2 |
A Sunderland-led project which aims to change the behaviour of domestic violence offenders has received a cash boost of almost £500,000.
The BIG Domestic Abuse Perpetrators Project has been awarded a £490,610 Lottery grant to continue working with abusive partners in the North East to get them to change their ways.
Lead by Sunderland-based charity Impact Family Services, the project is the result of a partnership with Barnardos, Wearside Women in Need and housing provider Gentoo.
In the last six months, the project has worked with more than 70 men and their families.
Impact Family Services CEO Hazel Hedley said: “Everyone who has been involved in the BIG project has worked hard to get it to be the success it has been.
“Winning this bid for nearly half-a-million-pounds will mean that the project now has a further lifetime of at least five years, and within that time scale we can reach out to help many more families.”
Michelle Meldrum, executive director at Gentoo said: “This funding will make a huge difference to victims of domestic violence. As a housing association our front-line staff are ideally placed to spot the signs of domestic abuse in our homes and protecting victims and their families is a big priority for us.
“The BIG Project has really helped us to further protect victims of domestic abuse, engaging the perpetrator in a programme that has supported them in making important changes to their behaviour. This funding will allow us to expand our service within the community, helping more and more people to feel safer.” | <urn:uuid:922760d5-f5cb-4ad0-90c8-53d38849394d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.sunderlandecho.com/our-region/sunderland/sunderland-based-project-helping-tackle-domestic-violence-given-500-000-lottery-cash-boost-1-8202963 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00136-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971267 | 329 | 1.53125 | 2 |
A team of international scientists might have discovered a way to reopen critical periods of brain development, allowing young and old adults alike the ability to acquire perfect pitch (or absolute pitch) in order to speak a language with perfect accent or play music by ear with fluency of a prodigy—an ability previously acquired only early in life, often before the age of 7.
Science believes that after this critical period in a person’s life, attaining perfect pitch is nearly impossible. At the cellular level, maturity causes neurophysiological as well as molecular changes that eliminates or dampens the potential for future change. Essentially, it becomes harder or impossible to change the brain in the dramatic manner as seen in adolescents.
Although the study concedes that acquiring perfect pitch is highly improbable after adolescence, the researchers do not rule out neuroplasticity as a whole. Rather it begins with the assertion that, for many tasks, neuroplasticity that happens after the critical period is behaviorally-induced and takes effort. This behaviorally-induced plasticity is built on an efficient training regimen, as opposed to just routine exposure (as it is during the critical period). In addition, brain plasticity in adulthood is usually targeted to the trained task and the brain network trained, and is often-times not transferable to other unrelated tasks. But like many other studies have asserted, the researchers in this study do concede that transferability into other tasks and brain networks is sometimes possible—but not nearly as amplified and as abundant as the transferability during the critical period during early childhood.
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which a person’s has chronic seizures. The seizures are treated with valproate sodium, which is the sodium salt of valproic acid. It is this substance that scientists believe hold the key to brain plasticity and perfect pitch. According to a study published in the Frontiers of Systems Neuroscience, the drug used to treat epilepsy also allows for the reopening of this critical period in the adult brain—a period in which perfect pitch can be attained with ease.
The study into the use of vaproic acid to acquire perfect pitch involved 24 healthy young adults (ages 18-27), who were right-handed with English being their only language. Half of the group was given VPA (vaproic acid) and the other group was given a placebo. All participants had little to no musical training; and those who received training all began after the age of 7 (the age in which the critical period is considered closed for most people). The study was done by testing tone identification and replay using computers software that synthesized piano tones. The study was done to assess improvements of absolute pitch in participants. The study found that those taking VPA were able to recreate and identify musical note without reference much better than those taking the placebo.
On a recent interview with NPR, Dr. Hensch stated: “It’s quite remarkable since there are no known reports of adults acquiring absolute pitch. The professor went on to state that he thinks his research could lead to further skills being taught, including languages. I think we’re getting closer to this day, because we are able to understand in greater cellular detail how the brain develops throughout development.”
As some have pointed out, acquiring perfect pitch later on in life is not impossible without vaproic acid. One of the researchers of this study, Takao Hensch of Harvard, pointed out that some experiences in childhood may predispose someone to being able to acquire perfect pitch later on life with training. But these cases are far and few. In addition, previous studies without vaproic acid have shown that adults are able to improve (not attain) absolute pitch when specific condition are met. The specific conditions for improving absolute pitch in adults are: the individual’s previous musical training/experience, whether a single tone or a series of tone are used for training, and the duration and intensity of the training.
This study comes at a time when science is just beginning to understand the full depth of the brain and what it is capable of. Many traditional theories and paradigms about the brain have come into question as of late—including the oft-cited claim that we are not able to change the brain’s plasticity after reaching adulthood. Researchers have found numerous ways to potentially rewire the brain and make it more elastic, including brain training, n-back exercises, meditation, and transcranial stimulation. | <urn:uuid:3168e4d8-1fd4-4b37-be26-908dc5286592> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://examinedexistence.com/epilepsy-drug-the-secret-to-perfect-pitch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280504.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00145-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968488 | 914 | 3.84375 | 4 |
My name is Naomi Slipp and I write about American art and human anatomy. A lot of people ask me why I study medical illustration and artistic anatomy – I don’t really have an answer. I don’t have unfulfilled dreams of being a doctor (art history was not my back-up career) or morbid desires to animate human cadavers á la Dr. Frankenstein. Instead, I think I love anatomical illustrations and works of artistic anatomy because they visualize for us what is going on inside of our own bodies – a mysterious terrain located right inside of us. This is something that artists have tried to express for hundreds of years – that fascinating and uncharted interior that is both complex and beautiful.
As a required facet of my PhD fellowship, I am organizing an exhibition called Teaching the Body: Artistic Anatomy in the American Academy, from Copley, Rimmer, and Eakins to Contemporary Artists, to be held from January 31 - March 31, 2013 at the Boston University Art Gallery. This exhibition tells the story of the study of artistic anatomy in America from the first anatomy text of John Singleton Copley, created in 1756, to the contemporary works of Kiki Smith and others. Over eighty works in the exhibition [many never exhibited before], including drawings, prints, sculptures, paintings, and texts, illustrate the relationship between American art and medicine, a collaboration founded because of their shared interest in the human body and the study of anatomy.
Included in the exhibition are: illustrated anatomical lecture tickets; photographic stereoviews; anatomical sketches, studies, and models; pathological anatomy illustrations; and American anatomy books written for women and children. Fine art created by American artists Harriet Hosmer (1830-1908), Kiki Smith (1954- ), Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), William Rimmer (1816-1879), Hyman Bloom (1913-2009), Frank Duveneck (1848-1919), and many others, along with visual works from the "everyday" including magazines and prints, will illustrate the ways that artists studied artistic anatomy. Perhaps, most important, this exhibition examines both what that study meant for these artists and for the way we, today, think about our own bodies and how they work.
An illustrated catalogue [print run of 1000] comprised of a foreword, two scholarly essays, a series of color plates, an exhibition checklist, and a selected bibliography accompanies the exhibition. This catalogue illustrates many of these works of art for the first time, bringing them to the attention of a broad audience of readers, scholars and students. The first essay was written by one of my colleagues and discusses classical cast collections in nineteenth-century America, while the second essay written by me is about the study of artistic anatomy in American art.
In addition to this catalogue, extensive public programming throughout the duration of the exhibition, including two guest lectures, two guided tours, a scholarly panel/round-table, and daily film screenings, will enhance the scope and visibility of the exhibition. It is my hope that this programming will have a positive impact on the community and create a dialogue between two commonly polarized fields (art and science). We will be initiating collaborative programming with Massachusetts General Hospital, the College of Fine Arts, the BU Medical College & the Center for Science & Medical Journalism at Boston University, and the Massachusetts College of Art & Design. In looking at artworks created by artists and doctors, I hope to unite this diverse audience, bringing together people who are interested in art and those who are interested in medicine for a rich, shared conversation about what it means to occupy, treat & picture our own bodies.
WHAT DO I NEED YOUR HELP WITH?:
An exhibition costs a lot of money and so does a publication. While I have a small budget, I thought big when I began planning the show in the fall of 2010. It quickly became apparent that the benefits of the exhibition – addressing a subject that is unaddressed in scholarship and exhibiting many works that had never been seen before – also meant much higher costs to prepare these artworks for their début. As the costs of borrowing works of art from lenders and institutions mounted and mounted and mounted… I felt my exhibition slip further and further away from my original vision. I made hard decisions and cut half of my budget, applied for grant funding, and got creative with installation and programming costs. Recently, one of our funding sources fell through. We now face a shortfall of approximately $2,500 or 5% of the projected expenses.
This is about the time a friend suggested Kickstarter… So here we are: I am asking you to partner with me and the Boston University Art Gallery to bring Teaching the Body: Artistic Anatomy in the American Academy, from Copley, Rimmer, and Eakins to Contemporary Artists to life. Be a part of this amazing exhibition, fund as much or as little as you can. I believe that this show and the accompanying catalogue deserve to be great but this can only be accomplished with your help. Your donations will defray costs on all ends of the exhibition: publication costs, exhibition costs, & programming costs.
Remember, if we don't make our $2,500 goal, we don't get funded at all. If we happen to raise more than our stated goal, these additional funds will help to expand the catalogue and exhibition programming, and increase our ability to borrow and promote the exhibition. If you have other ideas for rewards or ways to publicize this campaign please message me!
IN RETURN FOR YOUR CONTRIBUTION:
You get that warm fuzzy feeling associated with helping a lowly graduate student, combined with a non-profit academic art gallery, mount a stellar exhibition and produce a beautiful scholarly publication. If you are looking for the swag too, there are a variety of rewards at several pledge levels. And as a special bonus, everyone, at every pledge level, will receive update emails through the progression of the exhibition, its installation, and the opening!
Thank you for your time and remember: time is limited and every pledge helps. If you like my project, please share it with others.
Thanks to Oskar Schuster, Alastair Cameron, and freemusicarchive.org for the music in the video.
The artworks shown above are: a plate from T.S. Lambert's "Systematic human physiology, anatomy, and hygiene" (1873); "Anatomical Rendering of Antique Figure: Bones," a student drawing from the Massachusetts College of Art and Design Archives done by Carrie Saunders in 1876; a plate from Andreas Vesalius's "De Humani Corporis Fabrica" (1555); and a plate from William A. Alcott's "The House I Live In..." (1855).
Risks and challenges
The risks and challenges that pertain to mounting a large exhibition and publishing an illustrated catalogue are certainly extensive. However, I have a supportive team at the Boston University Art Gallery who are excited to be a part of Teaching the Body. Our three major funding sources have dedicated themselves to the project and we have begun lining up participants and speakers for programming events. Personally, I have watched and participated in major exhibitions and publication ventures first hand through my employment at institutions such as the Philadelphia Museum of Art, The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Harvard University Art Museums.
Whatever the challenges that might arise, I have a significant and supportive network of individuals who are ready to assist in making Teaching the Body and the accompanying catalogue a success.
All we need now is your support!Learn about accountability on Kickstarter
Have a question? If the info above doesn't help, you can ask the project creator directly.
Support this project
- (30 days) | <urn:uuid:af463a80-1838-430b-8ced-21fd69eba450> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1514650360/teaching-the-body/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954682 | 1,596 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Christians cling to their beliefs, insisting that belief in God and all the dogma that goes with it, brings them something of value unavailable from any other source, even from within.
Any perceived benefit, however, comes from the idea of its presence. Not from the actuality of it. Can we not gain hope and comfort from the many benefits that Science gives us? Can we not be comforted by the knowledge that it continues to give us answers to our riddles? Technologies that continue to make our lives safer and easier? Can we not be awed and inspired by the beauty of the mountains, the oceans, the cosmos around us? These are all naturally occurring things that we, for the most part, understand. We know how they came to be the way they are and we can look at them and know that there is a greater power than us, and it's called NATURE. Is this not humbling enough? Do we then have to subjugate ourselves to Nature as if it were a tyrannous king? Nature requires no worship, no servitude. It requires nothing of us. We are charged with the ability to respect it or not respect it, and that is at once a human challenge, and says nothing of gods or goddesses. Why must we make ourselves slaves in order to find peace and contentment?
More importantly, can we not seek comfort from within ourselves? And failing that, from the other loved ones in our lives? From that beauty of nature? From friendships…From reading the thoughts and encouragements of other thinkers…From watching a favorite program…Taking photographs of the snow-fall…Stroking a cat and feeling it purr under our hands…Tossing a ball and watching our puppy run after it…Helping a child build something wonderful from the items in front of her…touching and being touched….laughter and companionship…?
There is plenty in this life to appreciate and adore, and plenty to make us feel alive and purposeful. Why do we need to throw a magical invisible Being in the mix who threatens us with unimaginable pain and suffering if we don't believe in Him?
Yet, the faithful argue that Science is without mystery and wonder; that Science is cold and calculating and offers no comfort; that not believing in something bigger than yourself is a lackluster, meaningless way to live.
So if wonder and magic are what believers feel they will lose from turning away from religion, one glance at the structure of DNA and its ability to create something from almost nothing, and we are awed. One microscopic photo of cells dividing, viruses multiplying, tissue regenerating and we are amazed. One look at space photographs taken by the Hubble telescope, and our wondrous, "magical," universe is revealed.
But we are not looking at a picture from God's photo album. We're looking at the result of billions of years of natural evolution. We understand, through empirical data, how most of that process took shape. This in no way diminishes its magnificence.
Science has shown us this grandeur, and continues to show us. Knowing that a supernatural being did not create it all, doesn't make it any less fascinating, mesmerizing or wondrous. It engenders excitement in all the many things we will continue to learn; all the problems we will solve with our growing knowledge of how things work, and how we can use this knowledge for the betterment of humankind. | <urn:uuid:b1b23146-da5a-45fe-ae77-6c3ed8c2ad25> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://atheistnexus.org/photo/supernatural-hypocrisy-the | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00528-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953865 | 700 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Originally Posted by 02EBZ06
New to sausage making that is.
Ordered a Grinder/Stuffer (Lem #8) last weekend.
I have a couple questions before I get started:
1) I see there are several different types of casings. Does it really make a difference which you use?
I plan on making Italian sausage, brats, summer sausage, and hard salami.
2) Also have seen that 30% fat in the mix recommended.
Can this be reduced and if not, why?
Loss of flavor, dry, ???
1. Yes it does. Some casings are whats called protein lined. These are used for dry cure where the casing shrinks with the meat. There are synthetic, fibrous and high barrier, cellulose casings which are non edible. Natural, collagen casings are widely used which are edible. There are also vegitarian casings made from plant fibers.
If your going to make fresh brats you will want to use natural hog casings, sheep is also used for smaller sausage. Summer Sausage you can use fibrous, synthetic or natural. Hard salamis require protein lined.
NOTE. Please read on how to make dry hard salami, Its a whole nuther beast. And when making smoked (non fresh) sausage ALWAYS use cure.
2. This is personal preference. Some like 20% some like 30% lean to fat. Its your call. You can use 15% or lower but the final product will be dry. | <urn:uuid:db49fab5-652c-424d-9464-5fa622304434> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.smokingmeatforums.com/t/119104/newbie-questions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00175-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936655 | 319 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Voiding an A/P Check plus Create Reversing Entries
1. You must know the A/P check # and the cash account the check was issued under before you begin.
2. Go to the A/P Void Check Entry module.
3. You will be asked to choose your printing options. An audit report will be printed upon completion of the void check entry. HINT: Anytime you are asked to choose printing options before beginning an input, you can know that this is a critical procedure and it will perform a final post automatically. If you have ACH turned on there will be another folder that appears. Click and save that one automatically for any ACH processes.
4. Choose Next for the voucher number. You can accept the current date. Input the total amount of checks that you will be voiding.
5. Input the check number you wish to void.
a. Verify that the cash account is correct.
b. If the AP Invoice is to be suspended (so that another check isn’t cut), check the box “Disposition Suspend”.
c. If the AP Invoice is to be suspended and reversed choose Generate Reversing AP Invoices.
d. Click Retrieve Check.
e. If you want to void a range of checks, click on the Range button instead of entering a check number. You will then be prompted for a from and through check number to void.
6. The specifics of the check will then appear. If this is the correct check to void, click on Void Check.
7. You will then be prompted to indicate the date for voiding the check in the general ledger and the Year for the 1099 Selection.
a. Date for G/L Selection - The default is Check Date. Click OK. This is almost always the proper choice.
b. Year for 1099 Selection - General Rule - Until you print the 1099’s for the year of the original check, choose “Year of Check” for voiding checks. After printing the 1099’s, choose “Year of Voucher.” The void and new reissue will cancel each other out for the new year 1099’s (the 1099 for the year of the check would have included the original check).
i. If Year of Check is chosen and that check year is in a prior year (not in the current 1099 year), the current year 1099’s will not be affected by the void. The current year 1099’s will include any new checks issued.
ii. If Year of Voucher and that check year is in a prior year, the current year 1099’s will be affected by the void. If the check is reissued, the current year 1099 will include that new check AND the void so there will be no net effect on the current year 1099’s.
8. You will then be asked if it is OK to void the check. Choose Yes. If you have chosen to reverse the AP Invoice you will be notified at the time of the void check process of that process taking place.
9. When you close the module an audit report of the voided check will print.
NOTE: The general ledger entry for a void check is:
Cr. Accounts Payable
Voiding an A/P check returns the invoice to Accounts Payable to make it available to pay again. If you want to reverse the AP Entry, choose the selecting to Generate Reversing AP Invoices.
Voiding an A/P check and choosing to Generate Reversing AP Invoices will return the invoice to Accounts Payable to make it available to pay again and the Generate Reversing AP Invoices creates a new unposted voucher that reverses the original invoice(s). Once this voucher(s) has been final posted you can generate a zero check with either a zero manual check entry or let the zero check flow thru your next AP check print. The create zero checks is an option in System Parameter Maintenance. | <urn:uuid:04cf42bf-f0d9-4b5c-8519-eb9817cc1b9e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ogsys.com/newsroom/ogsql-fast-fact-accounts-payable-void-check-entry-program | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.850295 | 863 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Resources and articles about the history and heritage of Ayurveda
Agasthyakoodam is a legendary herbal mountain near Neyyar Dam, 20 kms south of Thiruvananthapuram, The mountain has a mythical history as the home of Siddha medicine.
The ashtangas are the branches of Ayurveda that deal specific classes of diseases or conditions
The importance of Ayurveda in Kerala and why so many people visit Kerala to undertake ayurveda treatments and programmes
The philosophy of Charaka, arguably the most important theorist of Ayurveda.
A quick outline of Charaka's approach to Panchakarma, the predominant version of Ayurveda practised in Kerala.
The essence of human life according to Ayurveda
Atharva Veda also called Brahma Veda was very dear to him and tried to propagate it for the sole benefit of ayurveda. Atharva Veda contains six thousand hymns and one thousand quotes.
If you need some help and want to talk to us or get a quick answer, pop your details in here and we will get back to you ASAP. We need a phone number so we can get to you, if only to text a response. | <urn:uuid:31f37740-1bbc-4640-9a70-aa90ee08bd0a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.karmakerala.com/ayurveda/history-of-ayurveda.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00021-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91665 | 264 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Product Administration Guide > Customizable Product Rule Designer >
Deleting a Rule
Deleting a rule removes it from the customizable product. The template on which the rule was based is not removed and remains available.
To delete a rule
- Navigate to Product Administration.
- Select and lock the desired customizable product.
If you omit this step, the most recently released version of the customizable product is loaded in the Rule Designer, and you cannot create or edit rules.
- Click the Configuration Designer tab.
The Rule Designer Rules List appears. It lists all the configuration rules that have been created for this customizable product.
- Select the rule you want to delete.
- From the Rules List menu, choose Delete Record.
Click OK when asked if you want to delete the record. The record is removed from the Rules List.
- Open the Rules List menu and click Validate.
This starts a configuration session. Verify that the customizable product rules function correctly. | <urn:uuid:819fd8f9-fa5f-40fe-aa64-c952a740173c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E05553_01/books/ProdAdm/ProdAdm_rule-mgr7.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00528-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.881312 | 201 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Tips for staying supplement savvy
If you’re considering a dietary supplement, you can protect your health — and your wallet — with two important rules:
- Do your research. Be an informed consumer. Know what you’re buying and why you’re buying it.
- Take responsibility for your own health and well-being. A supplement that works wonders for your neighbor or cousin may not be right for you.
Here’s how to put these two rules into practice.
Do your research
Be open-minded yet skeptical. Make sure the supplement that you’re considering can be of benefit to you. Any pill that is strong enough to produce a positive effect is also strong enough to carry a risk. Do your homework and investigate the potential benefits and risks before you buy.
Gather evidence-based information from reputable sources. When researching supplements, do what doctors do. Look for high-quality clinical studies or clinical reviews of the available evidence published in peer-reviewed journals. You can find many of these journal articles online or by asking a reference librarian at your local library.
If reading scientific studies isn’t your thing, look to a noncommercial website, produced by the government, a university, or a reputable medical or health-related association, for a summary of the science. The Internet is a rich source of health information, but it’s also a source of misinformation, so be careful.
Follow the 3 D’s to sort fact from fiction:
- Dates. Check the date on any information that you find online. If you don’t see a date, don’t assume the article is recent. Older material may not include recent findings, such as newly discovered side effects or advances in the field.
- Documentation. Check sources. Are qualified health professionals creating and reviewing the information you found? Is advertising clearly identified?
- Double-check. Visit several health sites and compare findings. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health maintains notices of recalls, tainted products, alerts and advisories. In addition, the Dietary Supplement Label Database from the National Institutes of Health contains information about tens of thousands of dietary supplements available in the United States. Check these websites periodically for updates.
Ask your health care practitioner
Be upfront with your health care practitioner if you’re taking a supplement. Your practitioner can’t help you if you don’t provide an honest account of everything you’re taking — including natural products.
It’s especially important to talk to your health care practitioner about supplements if you:
- Take medications or are preparing for surgery. Some dietary supplements can interact with some prescription or over-the-counter medications. It’s important to identify these potential conflicts. In some cases, dietary supplements may also increase the risk of bleeding or affect your response to the anesthesia used in surgery. You may need to stop taking supplements before your procedure.
- Are pregnant, trying to get pregnant or breast-feeding.Most dietary supplements, although generally considered safe, haven’t been tested in pregnant women or nursing mothers.
- Have a medical condition. Having a medical condition can change your tolerance or risk related to certain dietary ingredients.
Work with your health care provider to determine which supplements might be valuable for you. Even if your provider isn’t familiar with a particular supplement, he or she may access the latest medical guidance about its use and risks or refer you to someone who can. Your pharmacist may also be a good resource.
Watch out for false claims
Unlike some drugs, supplements aren’t intended to cure diseases. Steer clear of products that promise to do so. Also look out for the following claims or buzzwords. These are often warning signs of potentially fraudulent dietary supplements. Be wary if:
- The product claims to be a “cure-all” for a wide range of diseases or symptoms
- The promotional materials include words such as “magical” or “miracle cure”
- The manufacturer accuses the government or medical profession of hiding or suppressing information about treatments or cures
- The manufacturer recommends using the supplement in place of prescription medications or healthy lifestyle choices
- The product promises a “quick fix”
- The promotional materials focus on personal testimonies and success stories, rather than scientific evidence
Some people mistakenly believe dietary supplements can’t hurt, even if they don’t help. This isn’t true. Alternative and complementary products and practices may offer real health benefits, but some also pose serious risks. Make sure you know why you are taking the product and what you hope to achieve from its use. | <urn:uuid:21488e7a-291e-4686-b64e-cc80df06534e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.addpharma4u.com/2018/11/30/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.919087 | 967 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Very often people speak of the "autism spectrum".
The general notion is that both a little girl so intensely autistic that she nearly beats herself to death
and someone, by some views, merely intensely eccentric
suffer from different manifestations of the same condition.
Sometimes this is expressed as a line that extends from "low-functioning" to "high-functioning", with - if I understand it correctly - the lowest functioning being those utterly incapable of meaningful communication with speech, signing, or computers, and the higher functioning being individuals who can speak but would be utterly incapable of knowing what to do if a smoke alarm went off.
Now, suppose we extend this line. Suppose we extend this line through the "hopelessly average" - the ones called "neurotypical". Of course here we find people who CAN
order food at McDonald's, CAN
make eye contact, CAN
make small talk, but - if you want to think about it this way - actually start to pick up some "deficits" - the inability to precisely remember long lists, for instance.
Now, suppose we extend this line even FURTHER
. Of course this is a little difficult to get a handle on because, when contemplating autism issues one might speculate that if one has conquered the issues of Activities of Daily Living AND
employment that one has "gotten to the finish line", but, just as one person can be hyperglycemic and another can be hypoglycemic, I'm wondering if one actually can go too far "the other way" on traits associated with autism.
Believe it or not, there is a group of people that come to mind.
What I'm thinking of course is that as we contemplate, say, one just starting to slip from "neurotypical" to "autistic" (and, unlike certain people, I DO
believe this can happen in adolescence or adulthood), usually the first thing that starts to break down are issues associated with employability.
In other words a person can be PERFECTLY
capable of driving a car, paying taxes, ordering food from a restaurant, making a speech in front of hundreds or thousands of people and yet be UTTERLY
incapable of understanding or coping with the BIZARRELY
complex set of relationships that go on particularly in a white-collar environment.
That being the case, in our quest for what might be the "opposite" of someone with low-functioning autism, we are possibly led not to the hopelessly average neurotypical, but rather a HYPERFUNCTIONING
neurotypical - someone who does exceedingly well at the very first thing someone with an autism spectrum disorder would have trouble with - work issues.
Now who would be a candidate hyperfunctioning neurotypical? Well, of course someone who is exceedingly good at forming complex social relationships and good at making sickening amounts of money. Many sales managers come to mind as well, of course, as President Bush.
Now I got to thinking what's remarkable about these individuals is that they actually start to pick up some traits ordinarily associated with autism - communication issues for instance. They tend NOT
to be terribly eloquent. They certainly have SEVERE
issues working with the written language.
And yet somehow they are absolute masters of non-verbal communication. Somehow through a skillful combination of clothing and projectile vomiting, in their own choppy use of the English language, reactionary tripe that would make Hitler blush, they are able to pursuade anywhere from several hundred to several million people to give them hundreds of thousands to MILLIONS
So perhaps, although the communication issue is generally the thing that "catches someone's attention" about autism, that may not it's most important trait at all.
Perhaps, at the end of the day, it is primarily an anxiety disorder that is just so intense that it causes communication issues ...
Labels: Asperger's, Autism | <urn:uuid:a2778cf2-7176-452a-bdc6-ae5fc69d38f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://axinar.blogspot.com/2008_03_01_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00046-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957271 | 816 | 1.867188 | 2 |
“Soccer is a magical game,” David Beckham, the English star soccer player, once said. Soccer is a great game for kids to learn and excel at. It teaches focus, keeps kids active, encourages dexterity, and creates an environment for strong team bonding. As many coaches like to say: “There is no ‘i’ in soccer.” Being on a soccer team can also look good on college applications when the time comes. Do you want to foster your child’s interest in soccer? Here are three ways to get them to love the sport, and want to become a better player.
1. Learn Soccer Skills With Them
Starting out in a sport can be intimidating, and it’s good for kids to feel like they have a parent on their side. Learning some of the basic soccer skills alongside your child has a three-fold benefit. First, they feel supported in their endeavors. Second, spending quality time with them reinforces positive associations with the game. Third, you become your child’s unofficial coach. It’s easier to help them improve their skills and enroll them in quality programs if you know what to look for in the first place.
2. Summer Soccer Camps
A great way to get kids involved in the game that is 265 million global players strong is to enroll them in a summer soccer training program. Why? Normally, your child only gets training for a few hours a day at the most, and they have to deal with other distractions. Soccer camps can involve intensive training that really brings playing skills to the next level. Ideally, your child will interact with professional soccer coaches on a daily basis that can deliver personalized feedback after weeks of close observation. If summer is too busy, many camps offer seasonal programs as well.
3. Get Other Parents Involved
For younger kids especially, peers active in the same sports as them can make it easier to stay involved and interested. Not to mention it will make it easier for you to arrange transportation to and from practices! See if you can get like-minded parents of your child’s friends on board with co-attending camp or extracurriculars.
Are you trying to get your child more involved with soccer? Let us know in the comments. | <urn:uuid:57855e2a-19d6-46ea-8a2f-1d550f84c028> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://upsideliving.com/three-ways-you-can-get-your-child-excited-about-soccer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.965427 | 467 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Hundreds of flights cancelled at Heathrow as snow and freezing fog forecast to hit Britain
February 5, 2012
Filed under england, UK
Tags: brrr, climate, climate change, cold, cold 2012, cold deaths, cold record, cold winter, Europe freezing, flights cancelled, freeze, freezing, freezing conditions, freezing fog, freezing winter, frozen canals, frozen lakes, global cooling, Global Freeze, global freezing, global warming, Heathrow Airport, ice, icy, record cold, snow, snow flurries, snowfall, sub-zero freeze, temperature, temperatures, unusual cold, unusual snow, unusual snowfall, unusually cold, weather, windchill, winter
February 4, 2012
Travellers face transport chaos on Sunday as a third of flights from Heathrow Airport are cancelled amid forecasts of heavy snow, and freezing conditions create dangerous driving conditions.
The moves comes as forecasters predicted up to six inches of snow and ice this weekend with temperatures falling to -12 and windchill making it feel significantly colder. | <urn:uuid:5991541b-9e6a-40f0-84db-30532bad2e21> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://globalfreeze.wordpress.com/2012/02/05/hundreds-of-flights-cancelled-at-heathrow-as-snow-and-freezing-fog-forecast-to-hit-britain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00236-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.869662 | 215 | 2.125 | 2 |
In 1981 the Royal Belgian Marine (RMT) introduced two jetfoils, the 'Prinses Clementine' and the 'Prinses Stephanie', on the Dover to Ostend service. The Boeing jetfoils reduced the crossing time between England and Belgium to 100 minutes, as opposed to about four hours by ship. In 1993 the jetfoils left Dover and started operating from Ramsgate to Ostend and were finally withdrawn in 1997.
Hoverspeed started operating fast catamarans, known as seacats from Dover in July 1991. The craft initially operated from the Eastern Docks until June 1993, when a special berth was constructed for them alongside the Prince of Wales Pier at the Hoverport. In late 1993 the Dover based seacats were withdrawn and transferred to the Folkestone - Boulogne route but returned to the Dover to Calais service the following summer. In March 1998 seacat services between Dover and Ostend were introduced.In October 2000 Hoverspeed withdrew its ageing hovercraft, replacing them on the Dover to Calais route with seacats. The hoverport terminal building remained in use for seacat passengers. In late 2002 Hoverspeed announced that the summer only service to Ostend would not be reintroduced for the Summer 2003 timetables. The Dover to Calais route closed on 7 November 2005, the Seacat ‘Diamant’ operating the last crossing. | <urn:uuid:0033b2c3-8c0b-4a98-81c5-031c5ee24eeb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dover-kent.co.uk/seacats.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00007-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966502 | 287 | 1.898438 | 2 |
The Towers ๑ Le Torre ๑ La Torre Grossa ๑ The Big Tower ๑ San Gimignano ๑ Toscana ๑ Tuscany ๑ Italy ๑ travel ๑ map ๑ info ๑ what to see in ๑ where is ๑ how to go to ๑ opening hours ๑ address ๑ advices ๑ curiosity ๑ recipes ๑ accommodation ๑ photos
The Towers (Le Torre) - Symbol of the Power
About The Towers of San Gimignano
San Gimignano is especially famous for fifteen medieval towers that still stand out on its landscape, which have earned him the nickname of Manhattan of the Middle Ages. From 72 towers and tower houses existing in the heyday of the City, it remained twenty-five in 1580 and today there are at about fourteen towers. The oldest is Rognosa Tower, which is 51 meters high, while the highest is the Torre del Podestà, also known as the Torre Grossa with 54 meters high. A regulation of 1255 forbade private citizens to build the tallest towers of the Torre del Podestà even though the two of the most important families Ardinghelli and Salvucci were not able to build towers higher than The Big Tower and their towers are a little lower.
The Towers in nowadays - Where to find them?
- Campanile della Collegiata - Collegiata Tower is situated in Piazza del Duomo di San Gimignano. Duomo di San Gimignano is know also as Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta.
- Torri degli Ardinghelli - Ardighelli Tower is situated in Piazza della Cisterna, on the corner of Piazza del Duomo.
- Torre dei Becci - Becci Tower lies behind the ancient Arco dei Becci and dominates both via San Giovanni and Piazza della Cisterna.
- Torre Campatelli - Campatelli Tower is situated at the end of Via San Giovanni, just in front of the Torre dei Cugnanesi.
- Torre Chigi - The Tower Chigi is not so high but surely one of the most beautiful. You can find it in Piazza del Duomo.
- Torre del Diavolo - The Devil's Tower is located on the northern side of Piazza della Cisterna and was part of the adjoining Palace of Cortesi.
- Torre Ficherelli o Ficarelli - Ficherelli o Ficarelli Tower is situated on the main shopping street of San Gimignano, Via San Giovanni.
- Torre Grossa - The Big Tower is the tallest tower of San Gimignano (hence the name) and it is located in Piazza del Duomo next to the new palace of the Podestà.
- Torre di Palazzo Pellari - The Tower of Pellari Palace is located in Piazza Pecori but is also visible from the center of Piazza della Cisterna.
- Casa-Torre Pesciolini - Tower-House Pesciolini - is situated in the main street via San Matteo, nearby Duomo.
La Torre Grossa (The Big Tower) is the tallest tower of San Gimignano (hence the name) and it is located in Piazza del Duomo next to the new palace of the Podestà.
It was started to build exactly 21 August 1300, four months after the city had hosted Dante Alighieri, and was finished in 1311. It is 54 meters high and the only one on which it is granted access to the public.
The tower rests on a passage turned and like all other towers of San Gimignano is build in square base. The stone floor was cut in regular drafts well.
On the summit you could enjoy magnificent views over the town and surrounding countryside. There is a belfry, surrounded by a walkway protected by small arches resting on the parapet. Coverage of the cell is pyramidal and it is reminiscent of the nearby tower Rognosa.
The tower is visited by the same ticket of the Museum.
The ticket and timetables are valid for The Big Tower and Museo Civico:
From March to October: every day from 9:30 to 19:00
From November to February: every day from 10:00 to 17:30
24 December: 10.00 - 13.30
25 and 31 December: 10.00 - 17.00
1 January: 12.30 - 17.00
Closed: 1 May, 31 January (the feast of the patron saint)
For the Towers look for information under the Towers here up.
For Palazzo Comunale(Palazzo del Popolo/Torre Grossa):
Piazza del Duomo
San Gimignano, Italy
Tel: 39 0577 940 340
Accommodation, Hotels, Rooms, Bed and Breakfast, Agritourism and More
- Cannot find your place? - It is Easy - Check on the Banner links on TravelMapItaly!
- Wanna be Our Sponsor or Recommend Your Accommodations? - Simply Contact TravelMapItaly.
Map of San Gimignano | <urn:uuid:92d6aeec-52d9-40d5-9a53-88296001c675> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.travelmapitaly.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50&Itemid=51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00236-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.908563 | 1,138 | 2.515625 | 3 |
just got back from a fantastic visit with the Penn State Libraries, where I had the chance to give a revised version of my Beyond measure: Valuing libraries talk. If you want to watch the Penn State version, I’m told the video will be up for a little while (I suggest fast-forwarding past me talking so you can get to the part where the Penn State folks have some great comments and questions).
In this version of the talk, I expanded a bit on the ALA Core Values I talked about by adding some stuff about Democracy and the Public Good. Here’s the new intro:
I want to start out by being very clear about where I’m coming from and who I am – this talk is motivated by a deep and abiding belief in the transformative power of higher education, both for individuals and for societies, and an equally firm conviction that in a healthy democracy, education exists outside of and separate from market forces. While I’m sure some, maybe most colleges and universities, and their libraries, could be run more efficiently, I categorically reject the argument that they should be run like a business. Businesses are run with the intent of producing profit – a private good, while education is intended to produce an educated society – a public good. The original goal of education as a social institution in this country was to produce an informed citizenry who could participate in their own governance through the democratic process. I still believe in the importance of that goal, and I likewise believe that Libraries contribute to that public good, and should be run and judged accordingly. In terms of library values, democracy is about an informed citizenry and about the rights of citizens to both free expression and to access to the free expressions of others. Dictionary.com tells me that public good refers to “a good or service that is provided without profit for society collectively.”
So again, as we face pressure to run our libraries more like a business, it is critical that we remember the difference between public goods and private ones, and between societal motives and profit motives. If we truly believed in libraries as Public Good, I suspect we would more quickly reject the “run libraries like a business” rhetoric.
I tried to weave the themes of democracy and the public good throughout the talk, and used some Penn State examples this time, but otherwise the talk is pretty similar to the earlier version, so I’m not going to bother posting the text here. I also talked about less formal acknowledgements, using a great example from Kelly Miller at UCLA. Kelly had recently shared on Facebook a quote from a hand-written thank you note she got from a graduating senior: “You were the first person to show an interest in my research. You made me feel like my work mattered.” That kind of note is a way better testament to the value (and values) of librarians than reference stats could ever be.
I started thinking about the public good aspect of libraries and higher education after watching Tressie McMillan Cottom talking about for profit colleges on Dan Rather and on MOOCs and For Profit Universities at UC Irvine. If you care about the future of education, you should be paying attention to what Cottom is saying.
For me, thinking about libraries and the resources and services we provide as a public good, contributing to an informed citizenry, has been very powerful. That night I sent a note to our awesome government documents librarian James Jacobs and asked him to put together a blog post that might help readers make some sense of the conflicting accounts and opinions on the NSA data gathering story. I think the resulting post on history and context to the NSA leaks provides a great example of a way libraries and librarians can actually enact those values of democracy and the public good. I think our internship program for first generation college kids is another example. Hosting a reading for the new independent journal As/Us, which highlights the work of women of color, indigenous women and other underrepresented writers, was a way of enacting our commitment to diversity.
The truth is, preparing for and giving these talks has made me much more conscious about trying to find ways to act on the values that drew me to a career in higher education and libraries in the first place. Maybe the rest of y’all do that kind of stuff all the time, but I’m finding that I need a little reminder and a little inspiration. So consider this fair warning that I’m probably going to keep on being corny and talking and thinking about values for a little while longer. I definitely need to continue to wrestle with the idea of libraries and higher education as a public good. The PSU crowd asked some very good challenging questions that have really got me thinking. | <urn:uuid:2f9001c7-b2a2-4f18-b630-6cd35c6de2cb> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://chrisbourg.wordpress.com/2013/06/15/libraries-and-the-public-good/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961433 | 978 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Indel evolution of mammalian introns and the utility of non-coding nuclear markers in eutherian phylogenetics
Nuclear DNA intron sequences are increasingly used to investigate evolutionary relationships among closely related organisms. The phylogenetic usefulness of intron sequences at higher taxonomic levels has, however, not been firmly established and very few studies have used these markers to address evolutionary questions above the family level. In addition, the mechanisms driving intron evolution are not well understood. We compared DNA sequence data derived from three presumably independently segregating introns (THY, PRKC I and MGF) across 158 mammalian species. All currently recognized extant eutherian mammalian orders were included with the exception of Cingulata, Dermoptera and Scandentia. The total aligned length of the data was 6366 base pairs (bp); after the exclusion of autapomorphic insertions, 1511 bp were analyzed. In many instances the Bayesian and parsimony analyses were complementary and gave significant posterior probability and bootstrap support (>80) for the monophyly of Afrotheria, Euarchontoglires, Laurasiatheria and Boreoeutheria. Apart from finding congruent support when using these methods, the intron data also provided several indels longer than 3 bp that support, among others, the monophyly of Afrotheria, Paenungulata, Ferae and Boreoeutheria. A quantitative analysis of insertions and deletions suggested that there was a 75% bias towards deletions. The average insertion size in the mammalian data set was 16.49 bp ± 57.70 while the average deletion was much smaller (4.47 bp ± 14.17). The tendency towards large insertions and small deletions is highlighted by the observation that out of a total of 17 indels larger than 100 bp, 15 were insertions. The majority of indels (>60% of all events) were 1 or 2 bp changes. Although the average overall indel substitution rate of 0.00559 per site is comparable to that previously reported for rodents and primates, individual analyses among different evolutionary lineages provide evidence for differences in the formation rate of indels among the different mammalian groups. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:38f70a73-7a50-47f2-b429-e293e4db3b78> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/10354 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937252 | 466 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Outdoor college set up in village to 'inspire positive change'
- Credit: Outdoor College CIC
A unique college has been set up to work as a community of learning to inspire positive change.
Outdoor College is a small community interest company (CIC) set up at Brown Rock Woodland in Tickenham.
It aims to help people live, learn and work in greater harmony with the natural environment.
Outdoor College is hoping to start its courses, as well as its year-long study program for people aged 16-19 in September.
The new course will be a full-time level two course with the potential to progress onto a second year as a level three. It will focus on sustainable food production, land management and nature, health and wellbeing.
A college spokesman said: "We will also be offering enrichment days that will focus on life skills, using the outdoor setting to teach these campfire cooking, woodland crafts, natural navigation, camp craft, team building.
"We are currently in healthy discussions with Weston College in becoming a partner organisation in education provision with them.
- 1 More than 20 people fined for discarding fags and off-lead dogs
- 2 Woman dies after collision in Clevedon
- 3 Councillors hit back at proposed bus cuts in North Somerset
- 4 Petition launched to halt planned bus cuts in North Somerset
- 5 Make a splash for children's hospice this September
- 6 Deal means Portishead to Bristol rail line will open in 2026
- 7 Bus companies to face Portishead residents at fourth meeting
- 8 Pictures: Clevedon care home celebrates summer fete
- 9 'Extreme heat' warning issued for Somerset
- 10 Cleeve take over at top of table as Want and Cole shine
"We also offer a level one short holistic land-based course running on June 14, 15, 21, 22 28 and 29. The purpose of this qualification is to provide a range of outdoor learning opportunities at level one for those students interested in pursuing studies and a career in the areas of conservation, ecology, food growing, green care, land management, forestry and other related outdoor workstreams and study areas."
The college also offers a learn and grow well course to help people find resources to improve their mental health and wellbeing.
A group of year 10 students from Gordano School started the course before the pandemic it, but had to stop part-way through.
The spokesman added: "Our key aim, as we start to open up, is to let the community know we are here, as we know what Outdoor College can offer not just the young people but the community-wide is so important for this time."
At present, Outdoor College has tutors who all work in the industries that the courses focus on.
It has an open day on June 5 to find out about its holistic land-based courses. | <urn:uuid:2e36dfdb-7941-4d75-90fc-2daf96838f8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.northsomersettimes.co.uk/news/education/tickenham-base-for-outdoor-college-7996190 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.962911 | 601 | 1.609375 | 2 |
The Tangled Hedge: Connecting the Village with the Wild
An animist & spiritual naturalist hedge witch explores feminine spirituality... the hunter emerging from the numinous wilds to gather with her sisters.
The Apache Sunrise Dance
I am majoring in Anthropology, and this semester I’m taking a couple of classes on Native American history and one on the anthropology of religion, which all go together rather nicely, and I’m having fun because it’s all right in my wheelhouse, as an animistic Pagan Hedge Witch and lover of culture, especially indigenous and ancient cultures.
I have just watched a video in class about the Apache Sunrise Ceremony, a women’s coming of age rite. The women’s rite has much importance to their people, and it incorporates the sacred myth of White-Painted Woman (also known as Changing Woman or White-Shell Woman.) My teacher pointed out that Changing Woman’s name points to the menstrual cycle. He also talked about indigenous women having more power in the tribe than people from Patriarchal western culture expect, since they are often the ones running the village while the men are out hunting and fishing. My teacher is married to an Apache woman, so he knows a lot about their culture.
I was struck by how physical the ritual of the Sunrise Dance is. We don’t often think of physical strength and endurance as a feminine trait, but the Apaches (and other Southwestern tribes) do. The girl who has just reached menarche will dance for days with little rest, and run in the four sacred directions, and must refrain from crying throughout the days-long rite. By the end her godmother helps her make the movements of the dance, and she must stand from sitting position with only the help of two eagle feathers. She will be very proud to accomplish all this, and it gives a great self-esteem boost, and she receives esteem and blessings from her community. She is seen as strong enough to be a woman, now.
Zuni girls are apparently quite the runners, and Southwestern college athletics often have superb women’s track teams, thanks to the Native women who have run since childhood. I’m not sure about the boys, because my teacher didn’t talk much about them, only saying that the U.S. government has suppressed the men’s rites to discourage the warrior culture.
I found the Mountain Gods or Mountain Spirits and the Crown Dancers who invoke and embody them very intriguing. Four Mountain Spirits and a Sacred Clown or Trickster figure dance at some point during the rite, and they look magnificent and otherworldly! They are masked with eerie-looking cloth-wrappings and wear tall wooden headdresses, making an impressive guising that would certainly awe me. (This article has some great pictures and more information. You can also see videos on YouTube.)
Another thing that intrigued me was the use of cattail pollen for blessing and using in the paint that the girl is painted with, as well as the poles or trees that form a structure in the center of the field of the ritual. As someone interested in ethnobotany, I want to learn more about those and the meanings of these plants in their culture. The video mentioned fecundity, and in class someone said that every part of the cattail plant is edible.
I found all of this so interesting that I wanted to share it here, since it happens to also be relevant to the SageWoman Blogs’ focus on Goddess and women’s spirituality. Perhaps others will be intrigued and want to learn more, too. I’d be happy to hear what you learn if you research it, or if you happen to know more.
[Image from http://www.gmteconnect.com/Apache-Sunrise-Dance.html]
Please login first in order for you to submit comments | <urn:uuid:720e32c2-ecd6-462f-9da7-edd56d7c0388> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.witchesandpagans.com/sagewoman-blogs/the-tangled-hedge/apache-sunrise-dance.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721405.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00314-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964418 | 807 | 1.835938 | 2 |
World Bulletin / News Desk
Israel has plans to export its natural gas, Orit Farkash Hacohen, chairwoman of the Israeli Electricity Department of Public Utilities Authority, told on Monday.
"We know that Israel has huge gas reservoirs offshore. There are definitely plans to export gas," she said.
The Leviathan field is due to start operating in 2016 or 2017. There is a proposal for a pipeline through Turkey that would allow access to European markets for the Israeli gas.
"We need geographical suitability to export natural gas. With regards to all international initiatives, this is a policy matter that is being held by the government," she said.
"The Israeli government has set quite clear export rules for gas dealers and drillers in order to have a clear and better financial model," she said.
In 2009, Israel discovered the Leviathan natural gas field with resources of almost 600 billion cubic meters near Haifa off the coast of Israel.
- Israel's electricity
Hacohen said Israel’s regulations for the energy market are still under discussion, and that there are not sufficient electricity reserves for the country to export it.
"We are an island economy in terms of electricity; we are not connected to any other country. This affects security of supply and creates the need to maintain high electricity reserves," she said.
Hacohen expressed her hope for a better relationship between Turkey and Israel.
"People here are really nice, Istanbul is a beautiful city. I’m very supportive of anything that can make the relationship of two countries better," Hacohen said.Güncelleme Tarihi: 02 Haziran 2015, 11:37 | <urn:uuid:0c368d9e-6a1a-4b68-b5b3-770989d29c5a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://worldbulletin.dunyabulteni.net/middle-east/israel-plans-to-export-natural-gas-h160079.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.965333 | 342 | 2.15625 | 2 |
The Forge Project is a Native-led art, culture, and decolonial education initiative in Upstate New York. Six Indigenous thought leaders have been awarded fellowships, including Tania Willlard. Her multimedia work melds the contemporary and traditional — and its intersections between cultures.
There are 32 TCUs around the country — the first one started in 1968 as the Navajo Community College. Hollie Mackey joins us to talk about the legacy of learning on tribal lands. She’s the executive director for the White House Initiative on Advancing Educational Equity, Excellence, and Economic Opportunity for Native Americans and Strengthening Tribal Colleges and Universities.
The problem for some 25 tribal nations is how to unwind coal dollars, and the jobs that it provides. Just as important is the question: Are there resources available to make that transition work? ICT’s Mark Trahant has this report. It’s part of the Indigenous Economics Project, with funding from the Bay and Paul Foundations.
A slice of our Indigenous world
- People in the U.S. can order another round of free rapid COVID-19 tests. The White House announced that tests are now eligible to be re-ordered using at www.covid.gov/tests. Each household can place an order of eight rapid tests for free. To order by phone, you can call 1-800-232-0233.
- In Canada, plans are moving ahead to build a new residence for Inuit in Ottawa who are staying longer for medical appointments. The city's planning committee approved Larga Baffin’s application, but some remain opposed to the project.
- Tuesday marks a solemn anniversary for the loved ones and fans of world-renowned hoop dancer Nakotah LaRance. It’s the second anniversary of his accidental death at age 30. He was a nine-time championship winner, and a Cirque du Soleil performer.
Indigenous Australian advocates are fighting to save ancient rock art.The 40,000-year-old sacred rock art in Western Australia is being affected by pollution.
Today’s newscast was created with work from:
Shirley Sneve, Ponca/Sicangu Lakota, is vice president of broadcasting for Indian Country Today. Follow her on Twitter @rosebudshirley She’s based in Nebraska and Minnesota.
Aliyah Chavez, Kewa Pueblo, is the anchor of the ICT newscast. On Twitter: @aliyahjchavez.
R. Vincent Moniz, Jr., NuÉta, is the senior producer of the ICT newscast. Have a great story to share? Pitch it to [email protected].
McKenzie Allen-Charmley, Dena’ina Athabaskan, is a producer of the ICT newscast. On Twitter: @mallencharmley
Drea Yazzie, Diné, is a producer/editor for the ICT newscast. On Twitter: @quindreayazzie Yazzie is based in Phoenix.
Maxwell Montour, Pottawatomi, is a newscast editor for Indian Country Today. On Instagram: max.montour Montour is based in Phoenix.
Kaitlin Onawa Boysel, Cherokee, is a producer/reporter for Indian Country Today. On Instagram: @KaitlinBoysel Boysel is based in Springfield, Illinois.
Mary Grace Pewewardy, Hopi/Comanche/Kiowa, is an intern for the ICT newscast. On Instagram: @mgpewewardy. Pewewardy is based in Phoenix, and enjoys playing video games.
Indian Country Today is a nonprofit news organization. Will you support our work? All of our content is free. There are no subscriptions or costs. And we have hired more Native journalists in the past year than any news organization ─ and with your help we will continue to grow and create career paths for our people. Support Indian Country Today for as little as $10. | <urn:uuid:cd72917d-c393-4487-86e3-8105ac3a04e3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://indiancountrytoday.com/newscasts/indian-countrys-coal-dilemma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.930263 | 861 | 1.945313 | 2 |
The Variation of Atmospheric Electrical Conductivity as the Function of Altitude
Abhishek Kumar Mishra1, Anurag Kumar2, Vikas Mishra3
1Abhishek Kumar Mishra* , Ph. D. Research Scholar Department of Physics, D B S College, C S J M University Kanpur, (Uttar Pradesh), India.
2Anurag Kumar, Ph. D. Research Scholar Department of Physics, D B S College, C S J M University Kanpur, (Uttar Pradesh), India.
3Vikas Mishra, Associate Prof. Department of Physics, D B S College, C S J M University Kanpur, (Uttar Pradesh), India.
Manuscript received on November 20, 2020. | Revised Manuscript received on December 02, 2020. | Manuscript published on December 10, 2021. | PP: 162-164 | Volume-10 Issue-2, December 2020 | Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijitee.B83091210220| DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.B8309.1210220
Open Access | Ethics and Policies | Cite | Mendeley
© The Authors. Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Abstract: In the present work we will calculate the electrical conductivity of atmosphere. Generally earth’s atmosphere is about 480 km thick but most of it is within about 16 km. At different altitudes the meteorological conditions are different. In this work we will calculate the atmospheric electrical conductivity at different altitude.
Keywords: Altitude, Electrical conductivity, Meteorological conditions.
Scope of the Article: Physics | <urn:uuid:277072a4-9402-4031-9f62-ab31d151f52f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ijitee.org/portfolio-item/b83091210220/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.838105 | 393 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Thirty-two refrigeration and air conditioning technicians benefited from two one-week trainings on the safe use of hydrocarbons in the refrigeration and air conditioning sector (refrigeration with R600a and R290 split ACs) at the Samuel Foundation in Costa Rica.
The trainings included theoretical and practical sessions, for example welding skills. They are part of a series of study tours and training activities organised by the GIZ projects C4 (BMU), SPODS (BMZ / UE), 4E (BMZ), in cooperation with the Directorate of Environmental Quality Management (DIGECA) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) of Costa Rica, UNDP and the Samuel Foundation.
‘Cool Training’ is a series of international trainings on the safe use of natural refrigerants in the refrigeration and air-conditioning (RAC) sector. Launched in 2014, these trainings have since supported the worldwide promotion of sustainable cooling technologies by providing training on the safe handling of natural refrigerants.
A total of four Cool Trainings have already been held in Costa Rica between 2018 and 2019 (in total 64 trainers and technicians from 10 countries have been trained). In 2020, it is planned to carry out two additional trainings for another 32 coaches and technicians in the country. In addition, four technical training institutes in Costa Rica have been equipped with split type air conditioners with R290 refrigerant and refrigerators with R600a refrigerant, as well as tools and equipment. One hundred R290 split ACs were imported to Costa Rica for training and demonstration projects. | <urn:uuid:b22c847f-dab5-4725-ac04-d307721a388a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.green-cooling-initiative.org/fr/actualite-publications-et-evenements/actualite/news-detail/2020/03/01/technicians-from-costa-rica-and-el-salvador-are-getting-fit-for-hydrocarbons | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.941895 | 329 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Pregy (Pregabalin) Capsule is used to treat pain caused by nerve damage due to diabetes or shingles (herpes zoster) infection,
Pregabalin is used to treat pain caused by fibromyalgia or nerve pain in people with diabetes, herpes zoster (post-herpetic neuralgia), or spinal cord injury.
It contains 14 Capsules of 75mg. It is also available as: Pregy Capsule 25mg/50mg/100mg.
Each capsule contains:
Pregabalin MS 75mg.
As directed by the physician.
Do not chew or crush capsule contents.
The capsule should be swallowed whole with water.
For further details see on the leaflet.
• Please consult your doctor when taking this medicine if you are pregnant.
• Weight gain may occur; long-term cardiovascular effects of pregabalin-associated weight gain are unknown.
• This drug passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breastfeeding.
Some side effects that may be caused by this medicine are:
Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, dry mouth, nausea, constipation, and weight gain may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Contact your doctor immediately if these or other side effects appear.
Store between 15o C to 30o C. Avoid exposure to heat, light, and humidity.
Keep all medicine out of reach of children.
Improper storage may deteriorate the medicine.
To be sold on the prescription of a registered medical practitioner only.
Manufactured By: Sami Pharmaceuticals Pvt Ltd: http://www.samipharmapk.com
Buy this online from: https://www.emeds.pk
By: Asia Shehzadi | <urn:uuid:e1838ec5-0eca-44cb-bfaf-aec911334e6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wanttono.com/health/pregy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.847461 | 418 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Last year, resort workers in Brewster, Mass., set out to dig a walkway on the beach and in the process stumbled upon an unexpected find. Although it wasn’t what most would consider buried treasure, researchers were excited about the six-foot across, 400-pound whale skull they unearthed.
My Fox Boston reports the skull, initially thought to be only about 30 years old, has now been found to pre-date even the early English settlers. The skull after it was carefully extracted and dried was given to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute researchers who used carbon dating to determine its age as between 1500 and 1650.
Watch the My Fox Boston report with footage of the skull:
CBS Local out of Boston reports Brian Sharp from the International Fund for Animal Welfare, which coordinated removal of the skull, said it was “incredibly fragile” and took two days of digging to extract from the sand.
The whale bone will be put on display at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C.
Watch a crane lift the skull last year in this YouTube video: | <urn:uuid:ca06b10c-e23e-4729-948b-b05dfdd5b0d8> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2012/07/30/whale-skull-discovered-last-year-in-mass-is-a-lot-older-then-first-thought-a-lot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718296.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00538-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962596 | 219 | 2.828125 | 3 |
On Friday, January 20, 2012, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) ruled that virtually all private health plans will be required to include sterilization and contraceptives, including abortion inducing drugs. A very restricted "religious exemption" is granted to religious groups only if they are serving people of the same belief in a very narrow setting such as a parish and employ people of their own faith. However, the Catholic Church in her health and social services reaches out to all those in need. In effect, the HHS ruling is presuming to define how the Catholic Church, or any religious institution, is to carry out its ministry as an expression of its faith. Essentially it is saying that freedom of religion pertains only to freedom of worship and religious teaching but not to the practice of religious faith in the charitable, social and health institutions of the Church. Some have pointed out the irony that under this definition Jesus' miracles and care for those around him would not qualify as religious.
This ruling represents an alarming intrusion of government into the affairs of the Catholic Church and other faith communities. It would require us to pay for and provide in our insurance coverage what the Church teaches to be morally wrong and a violation of Catholic teaching. This ruling, left unchanged, would put the Church into the untenable position of being required to violate her conscientious beliefs when she provides needed health insurance for her employees.
The conditions of the mandate are unconstitutional and violate the First Amendment because the government is overreaching its power in legislating which Church ministries will be exempted and which ones will not. It is outside the power of government to define religion in any way whatsoever. It also sets up a religious test to see whether our ministries are serving Catholics or non-Catholics.
If the government can intrude into the workings of the Catholic Church it can intrude into any religious organization in matters that are internal to the religious organization.
The Administration considers the mandate to be final. We have been given until August 1, 2013 to comply. WHAT CAN WE DO?
We must explore and pursue every option to repeal or reverse this unjust mandate through persuasion, advocacy, litigation and other means to protect religious liberty for all. We must especially convince Congress of the need for legislative action to overturn this injustice. You can do your part by contacting your federal legislators to begin this essential process.
I ask you to keep informed by visiting www.usccb.org/conscience. I ask you to pray that wisdom and justice prevail in our "one nation under God with liberty and justice for all."
- Most Reverend Stephen E. Blaire
Bishop of Stockton | <urn:uuid:07f91380-b639-4150-9011-3e47f2ec99e6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.turlockjournal.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/freedom-of-religion-ignored-in-federal-health-plan-mandates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.965064 | 533 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Big and Weird: The Architectural Genius of Bjarke Ingels and Thomas Heatherwick
The next Googleplex goes way beyond free snacks and massages. It’s a future-proof microclimate
The most ambitious project unveiled by Google this year isn’t a smartphone, website, or autonomous, suborbital balloon from the Google X lab. You can’t hold it, or download it, or share it instantly with friends. In fact, the first part of it probably won’t exist for at least three years. But you can read all about it in hundreds of pages of soaring descriptions and conceptual drawings, which the company submitted in February to the local planning office of Mountain View, Calif.
The vision outlined in these documents, an application for a major expansion of the Googleplex, its campus, is mind-boggling. The proposed design, developed by the European architectural firms of Bjarke Ingels Group and Heatherwick Studio, does away with doors. It abandons thousands of years of conventional thinking about walls. And stairs. And roofs. Google and its imaginative co-founder and chief executive, Larry Page, essentially want to take 60 acres of land adjacent to the headquarters near the San Francisco Bay, in an area called North Bayshore, and turn it into a titanic human terrarium.
The proposal’s most distinctive feature is an artificial sky: four enormous glass canopies, each stretched over a series of steel pillars of different heights. The glass skin is uneven, angling up and down like a jagged, see-through mountain. The canopies will allow the company to regulate its air and climate. Underneath, giant floor plates slope gently upward, providing generous space for open-air offices and doubling as ramps so the 10,000 employees who will work there can get from one floor to the next without the use of stairs. For additional office and meeting space, modular rooms can be added, stacked, and removed as needed. To accomplish this, Google says it will invent a kind of portable crane-robot, which it calls crabots, that will reconfigure these boxes and roam the premises like the droids in Star Wars.
The plan is just as impressive from the outside. The canopies hug the ground like a biosphere on the surface of Mars, except in a few places where they dramatically curve upward. Google isn’t planning to seal off its new campus but will keep it open to acres of manicured parks and restored coastal wetlands, with bike and hiking paths winding throughout. The company is pitching the project as a gift to the city where it’s resided for the past 15 years: The parks and ground-floor retail plazas are meant to be accessible to residents, who can traverse nearby Highway 101 via two pedestrian overpasses Google also promises to build.
The proposed designs are full of ideas about the future of work. There are collaborative spaces and private perches, where employees can pop open a laptop away from distractions or the glare of the sun. Googlers will also be able to ride their bikes right to their desks. Parking lots are underground and hidden from view. Employees will have access to exercise equipment and yoga studios on majestic balconies overlooking central courtyards, although the renderings curiously omit railings and other safety barriers. Perhaps gravity will be different under the glass as well? With cafes and stores on the ground floor, and 5,000 units of proposed housing within an easy recumbent bicycle ride, there may be no reason for workers to ever leave.
Silicon Valley is blessed with nearly idyllic year-round weather, but it’s almost devoid of landmarks, other than a mission-style bell tower on the campus of Stanford University and the utilitarian sign of a once famous electronics company, Ampex, standing along the 101 freeway in Redwood City. Generic low-rise buildings inside endless office parks are spread over the rest of the area, which is carved up by highways and dotted with parking lots, marring a landscape once rich with orchards. The leaders of high tech, it seems, were too busy changing our world to pay attention to theirs.
That era officially ended in late 2011. In one of his last acts as CEO of Apple, Steve Jobs made a surprise visit to the Cupertino city council and unveiled plans for an ambitious corporate campus, comprising a huge single building that looks like a doughnut-shaped spaceship. Apple hired the renowned British architect Norman Foster, designer of the new Wembley Stadium in London and New York’s Hearst Tower. “I think we do have a shot at building the best office building in the world,” an ailing Jobs told the stunned city bureaucrats, four months before his death. “Architecture students will come here to see this. I think it could be that good.”
The Apple spaceship, scheduled to open next year, is meticulously conceived and obsessively polished down to the smallest detail, just like an Apple product. Forty-foot concave glass panes for the curved walls were specially manufactured in Germany. With a projected price tag of $5 billion, it will probably be the most expensive building in history. It will also be closed to the public.
Jobs’s presentation kicked off an architectural arms race in Silicon Valley. In 2012, Facebook commissioned Frank Gehry, mastermind of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, to expand its campus. Facebook’s building, which opened this year in Menlo Park, is more subdued. It recalls the “great workroom” of Frank Lloyd Wright’s Johnson Wax Headquarters: a soaring space with 400,000 square feet of open offices, where desks can be organized and moved around as needed. The new digs function less like a headquarters and more like a living social network, where employees can hobnob freely and have unplanned exchanges of genius. A lush 9-acre green park covers the roof.
Foster is 79. Gehry is 86. Both are Pritzker Architecture Prize-winning eminences in the twilight of their careers. To design its own future home, Google has enlisted two young guns: 40-year-old Bjarke Ingels of Denmark and 45-year-old Thomas Heatherwick of England. “If you add my and Thomas’s ages together, we are just as old as either Frank or Norman,” Ingels says. “So the math adds up.”
The Apple, Facebook, and Google projects are all three-dimensional press releases meant to impress customers and employees and to communicate their self-declared missions to improve the world. More practically, the companies are pursuing the Internet-age ideal of big open spaces that can accommodate rapidly growing head counts and large, interdisciplinary teams that must frequently consult each other, preferably without having to hike across a vast parking lot.
Yet Google’s architectural goals are the most radical. A decade ago, the first Googleplex set the standard for a spate of ecofriendly, diversion-filled headquarters. Now the company is attempting to establish something that goes far beyond mere perks—a future-proof office, endlessly reconfigurable to meet unforeseen demands. “It’s a very Google-esque approach: Bring brilliant geniuses together and let the magic happen,” says Brian Schermer, an associate professor at the School of Architecture & Urban Planning at the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee. “There’s a huge risk in that they have never worked together before. And meanwhile, they are attempting to invent a whole new approach to building. The results could be spectacular. Or it could be a train wreck.”
Getting the city of Mountain View to approve the plans may be just as big a challenge. In a meeting on May 5, the city council snubbed Google and granted only a fraction of the land it requested. The company did its best to conceal its disappointment: “We’re pleased that the council has decided to advance our Landings site,” says David Radcliffe, Google’s vice president for real estate, referring to one of the North Bayshore locations. “Given the connected nature of our campus design, we will continue to work with the city to identify a process to move forward with this project.”
Last Christmas, Google Chief Financial Officer Patrick Pichette presented Heatherwick and Ingels with a holiday present: a pair of Boosted Boards, motorized skateboards controlled by handheld remote. Neither had seen one before, and each approached it differently. Ingels, an avid outdoorsman, hopped on the board, flew down the office hallway, and toppled off at the end of it, recalls Radcliffe. Heatherwick studied the board and began to discuss with Pichette whether it could replace cars for short trips. Then he cautiously stepped onto it as a smile slowly spread over his face. He didn’t crash.
Ingels’s firm, known as BIG, usually deals in massive projects with some demonstrable local-community benefit, while keeping a sense of humor. (BIG’s Internet domain name is big.dk.) Recent efforts include a waste-to-energy plant in Copenhagen that has a ski slope on its roof and, in a clever aside, generates rings of steam through its smokestack rather than regular plumes. The idea behind the ring is to illustrate what one ton of carbon dioxide, the greenhouse gas, looks like. BIG is also the lead firm on New York’s proposed Dryline, 10 miles of flood defense on the southern edge of Manhattan that will serve as home to a series of parks, playing fields, and museums.
Heatherwick Studio operates on a slightly smaller scale. Trained as a furniture designer, not an architect, Heatherwick started by rethinking benches, chairs, and other conventional forms. His scope gradually expanded. In London, he redesigned the double-decker bus to make it more environment-friendly and accessible to the disabled; in New York, he laid out Pier 55, a park on Manhattan’s West Side that will be home to art galleries and community gardens. It’s scheduled to open in 2019.
Ingels and Heatherwick may not have the standing of Gehry or Foster, but they’ve been the subjects of exhibitions at major museums and profiles in magazines. They’re both charismatic pitchmen, adept at presenting their visions in relatable terms. Ingels’s 2009 TED Talk, 3 Warp-Speed Architecture Tales, has been viewed more than 1.9 million times. Heatherwick’s newer presentation, Building the Seed Cathedral, about his porcupine-like British pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai Expo, has 1.4 million views.
Google almost didn’t hire BIG or Heatherwick. In 2011 the company was considering building an office park on Moffett Field, a former U.S. naval base 3 miles east of its current headquarters. The plans, developed by Seattle architecture firm NBBJ, consisted of nine rectangular four-story buildings arranged around a central courtyard. By 2013 that proposal had been shelved. Google’s Radcliffe says the city of Mountain View’s decision to permit new office building development in North Bayshore, which encompasses the current Googleplex, inspired the company to focus on a single project. It was also clear the NBBJ designs were simply not out there enough for Larry Page.
Google started searching for another architect, with a focus on newer firms. The process lasted almost a year, Radcliffe says, until the fall of 2013, when the company sent a request to a shortlist of four firms asking them to submit 18-minute video proposals. Google’s request contained some broad guidelines, many from Page himself. He wanted flexible large-span structures that dissolved the conventions of boxy buildings with four vertical walls and a roof. The new Googleplex should meld the inside and outside, bringing nature closer to employees and encouraging creativity and collaboration.
Page talked to his real estate team about the old Building 20 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a 1940s wood-frame construction. It was ghastly to look at. But the “plywood palace,” as it was sometimes called, was beloved as an unruly nexus of interdisciplinary discovery. Wallboards and floors could be popped out and changed around, letting occupants—physicists, electronics researchers, linguists—mold their space however they wanted. Building 20 was a proto-incubator that begat a range of advances, from single-antenna radar to loudspeakers (Bose has roots there) to strobe photography, and was home to nine Nobel prize winners. It was torn down in 1998 to make way for the larger, postmodernist Stata Center, designed by Gehry. Page “challenged us to look beyond whether we liked building A or building B and to consider what is happening inside the building and why,” Radcliffe says.
By the spring of 2014, Google had narrowed the candidates down to Ingels and Heatherwick. The real estate group spent a month internally debating the merits of each and flew them separately to Mountain View. The two lunched privately with Page, who talked about why nature is so removed from the daily experience of Silicon Valley and his obsession with improving air quality, particularly because Google’s offices are so close to a major highway. At the end of the deliberations, the Google executives decided not to choose one or the other. “The simple version is, Larry just liked both of us and said, ‘Why don’t we work together?’ ” Ingels says.
Ingels and Heatherwick had encountered each other’s firms in the finals of international design competitions. They’d met only once, at the Shanghai Expo in 2010, and again for the second time on Google’s campus. They agreed to fuse their teams on the project and never disclose which firm was responsible for a particular innovation.
“We basically agreed we would really work together and make our teams understand there was complete joint authorship and that nobody would have any interest in who came up with what,” Ingels says. Each party would have a creative veto, and “we would never be in a situation where one of us couldn’t own part of the design.”
Ingels talks in the lofty argot of a starchitect. Meeting in the lobby of a boutique hotel in San Francisco, he wears all black, with fashionable beard scruff and an Audemars Piguet watch on his wrist. He says things like, “I like showing there is potential for meaning in the mediocrity of the everyday. There is poetry in the practical.”
He was born in Copenhagen in 1974. His father was an engineer, his mother a dentist, and after studying architecture in Barcelona, he became a disciple of Dutch architect and urban theorist Rem Koolhaas. “When I started studying architecture, the typical question at a dinner party is, ‘Why are all modern buildings so boring?’ ” he says. “Everyone had some kind of feeling that in the past, castles and churches came with ornaments and gargoyles and moats and spires, and modern buildings look so uninteresting.”
Mountain Dwellings, an Ingels-designed housing complex in the Copenhagen suburb of Orestad, opened in 2008. It submerged a parking garage beneath a pyramid-shaped housing block, giving the impression of what Ingels calls the “dreamlike condition of a mountain village.”
Ingels often takes two ideas and mashes them together—such as the recycling plant-cum-ski slope. In Sweden he recently proposed capping a biomass power plant with a geodesic dome, using the carbon emissions to feed greenhouse plants and opening it to tourists.
In New York, Ingels’s home since 2012, he’s building an apartment complex in the shape of a tetrahedonal pyramid along the West Side Highway. It has a courtyard in the center and clear views of the Hudson River, and it’s not angering neighbors by blocking the sightlines of nearby buildings. In Vancouver, the Vancouver House, due to be completed in 2018, includes a series of pedestrian-friendly plazas nestled alongside and underneath a cluster of ramps that feed into the city’s busy Granville Bridge. At the center is a 515-foot residential tower that’s tapered at the base, to accommodate local setback laws, but then thickens and corkscrews the higher it goes.
“He’s looking at how he can bring something into an environment and actually change the landscape for the better,” Google’s Radcliffe says. “When he’s done, there is a new landscape that just seems like it should have been there forever.”
Ingels’s unusual perspective also prepared him to interpret Page’s unorthodox parameters—facilitating greater collaboration, fusing the inside and outside, and leaving plenty of options to change the space around later. Ingels’s proposed solution, conceived with Heatherwick, starts with the giant canopies, which evoke the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller and the tentlike structures of German architect Frei Otto at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich.
Ingels says that because the canopies will shield the buildings from wind, sunlight, and inclement weather, the designers can use lighter materials and take greater risks. “By making the membrane sophisticated, we can have a much more free and flexible architecture within,” he says, adding that BIG and Heatherwick are still working on ways to regulate sun exposure and reduce glare. “I doubt that any of us would have arrived at these designs if we had just been doing it alone.”
In Heatherwick’s London studio, a few minutes walk from King’s Cross rail station, employees hoist pieces of canvas onto a pair of pipes hanging from the ceiling and take photographs as the canvas is furled and unfurled. A spokesman says the studio is “prototyping the shading process” for the Google canopy. When Heatherwick himself appears, shaggy-haired and gracious, he’s more discreet. Asked about the tests in plain sight, he says nothing, then jumps up and down jokingly in an exaggerated attempt to block the view.
Heatherwick grew up in a middle-class neighborhood in North London. His father was a musician, his mother a jeweler who founded the Bead Society of Great Britain. To get to his parents’ attic bedroom, he had to go through her workshop, which was full of mechanical tools and toxic enameling powders. He says that from an early age he was disappointed by the mundane conformism of Britain’s postwar construction and, in the skyscraper boom, found “some real bad judgments playing out around the world.” Inspired by the science fiction of the 1960s and ’70s, he wondered why the world didn’t look more interesting.
He studied three-dimensional design at Manchester Polytechnic but rejected the formal discipline of architecture, preferring instead to get his hands dirty with welding, cabinet making, and glass blowing. He attended the Royal College of Art to get a master’s degree, then set up his own studio, because “I didn’t know who else to work for.”
A better-known early design is his aluminum bench, one of which greets visitors to his studio. The bench looks like a warped, silvery piece of UFO hull. In 2001, Heatherwick had it extruded from an aluminum die-casting machine as a single 100-meter object, and then cut it up and sold the pieces as commercial furniture. Other early projects showed similar inventiveness. His Rolling Bridge in London’s Paddington Basin, finished in 2004, doesn’t split open like a conventional drawbridge to let boats pass. It lifts entirely from one end and then curls back on itself like the tail of a scorpion.
The studio employs 170 people and is less a pure architecture firm than an interdisciplinary collective of architects, landscape designers, and engineers, all working quietly on PCs amid models and prototypes as well as a fully equipped workshop. Like Ingels, Heatherwick seems to enjoy imitating organic forms. The Learning Hub, which he completed earlier this year for the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, includes 56 “tutorial rooms” that discard the forward-facing conventions of a typical lecture hall in favor of cornerless spaces and shared tables. The buildings, which taper outward in a series of stacked layers, resemble a menacing cluster of beehives.
Heatherwick says he was initially lukewarm about Google’s overtures. What won him over was the executives’ earnestness about opening the complex to the public and restoring the area’s natural habitat. That appealed to him. “Smuggling an organization away from the world was clearly not the motive,” he says.
He’s no stranger to collaborating on large, challenging projects. He’s working with Norman Foster’s Foster + Partners on a series of skyscrapers for Shanghai’s Bund finance center. But he says the partnership with Ingels is particularly close and that they’ve established “a kind of combined, driving-input creation team.” On that very day, he adds, Ingels himself is at Heatherwick’s London studio, working unseen with employees of both firms in another building.
Google now has to convince its hometown that its intentions are non-evil. In its development proposal, it asked Mountain View for permits to build 2.5 million square feet of offices, most of the new space the city was prepared to develop. In a five-hour meeting on May 5, the city council, concerned about economic diversity and traffic congestion, allotted most of that space to LinkedIn, which had a competing proposal. Council members say there’s some resistance to giving Google everything it wants, particularly extra housing, which could permanently tilt the city’s voting rolls in Google’s favor. “They are not the only company in town, and there is a significant amount of public pressure not to be a one-corporation town,” says Councilman Ken Rosenberg.
Still, it’s unlikely the council will entirely block Heatherwick and Ingels’s plans. Google received one parcel for its expansion and must now persuade the city to allow it to develop on another three. As Radcliffe notes, no other company comes close to offering the same loaded package of community perks and environmental benefits. Either way, the architects aren’t waiting and say they didn’t create the ambitious conceptual drawings just to be gawked at. “Neither us or Heatherwick are in the business of producing a pretty painting,” Ingels says.
Shareholders are also unlikely to stand in the way. Investors have been tolerant of, and sometimes even jazzed about, the company’s expensive “moon shots,” such as self-driving cars, Internet-connected glasses, and broadband-broadcasting blimps. And Google does, after all, need the extra space for a head count that’s climbing above 55,000. “This is a company with almost $75 billion in cash on their balance sheet,” says Ashim Mehra, a vice president at Baron Fund, which holds Google shares. “If they want to use some of it to build an office that facilitates a better work environment and better collaboration, I think investors are generally supportive.”
The true skeptics, really, are other designers, and they’re not hard to find. Why, for example, do you need giant glass enclosures in a place where the weather’s always perfect? “This is why hiring architects from Northern Europe maybe wasn’t the smartest thing,” says Louise Mozingo, a professor of environmental planning and urban design at the University of California at Berkeley. She also wonders how Google plans to clean the glass canopies when it doesn’t rain for long stretches. “There is something about this whole microclimate that they are not quite getting,” she says.
Others doubt the practicality of the supposedly flexible design. How, they want to know, do you configure a stable electrical system in a set of modular office units that will be hoisted and moved around by crabots? “Flexibility can become really expensive,” says David Meckel, director for research and planning at the California College of the Arts. Radcliffe says the company hasn’t worked out every problem just yet. “There may be a few things we need to scratch our heads on and figure out over time,” he says. He agrees the project should probably be considered another Google moon shot—a hugely ambitious idea that doesn’t yet have a lot of supporting details nailed down. “It redefines the way we think about the relationship between the built environment and the work that happens there, and the community and ecology it sits in,” he says.
He adds that others probably shouldn’t try to copy the grand design. “This is absolutely the right thing to do for Google. I’m not sure it’s the right thing for anybody else.” | <urn:uuid:b13e552c-7761-4347-9fca-c344adda5cb7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-05-07/google-s-new-campus-architects-ingels-heatherwick-s-moon-shot | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280483.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00296-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957307 | 5,322 | 2.5 | 2 |
Thursday evening at the governor’s mansion, a candlelight vigil marked the 31st anniversary of the Supreme Court's Roe vs. Wade decision.
With the exception of certain regulations in different states, the Supreme Court's decision basically gave a woman the right to have an abortion. During the entirety of her pregnancy, and that's a ruling some say they don't want to see overturned.
Thursday, more than a dozen demonstrators came out to the governor's mansion with signs and candles, paying tribute to the 1973 decision, which says the relationship between a woman and her doctor is a private affair.
It also says the 14th amendment gives a woman the right to privacy and protects a woman's right to choose.
"If women can't decide whether or when to have children, if they can't control their bodies, they have no hope for equality, either political, social, or economic. We are here because women need to enjoy the right of privacy and self determination,” says Linda Miklowitz.
Among Thursday’s demonstrators were members of Planned Parenthood and the National Organization for Women. On Sunday, April 25 many of those demonstrators will be heading to Washington, D.C. for a national "freedom of choice" march. | <urn:uuid:183c8521-9ed8-422e-a458-3445df47c6ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wctv.tv/home/headlines/594792.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00100-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960903 | 254 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Like many beaches on the quite island of Eleuthera, South Palmetto Point East is a quiet one. Visitors looking to get away from it all will do so easily here.
Situated in the heart of the island of Eleuthera, 1.1 miles south of North Palmentton Point, South Palmetto Point is on the South East edge of the island, You might want whether or not you're staying in the immediate vicinity. Vacationers who want a somewhat serene and secluded beach, that's also not too far from the town's amenities may really like a visit to South Palmetto Point. It's slightly off the beaten path, but it's not totally devoid of people either.
South Palmetto Point East is located along the east coast of Eleuthera Island, near Pineapple Cays.
Tan sands and turquoise waters make this beach a true sight to see.
Keep in mind that restrooms won't be found on-site, though you may be able to use the facilities at a nearby business.
South Palmetto Point is always a lovely side-trip when you're in the area. Look for it on the South East coast of Eleuthera. It's located near Big Tree at Palmetto Point, which is seen one and a quarter miles to the north, and it is one of a number of favorite local destinations.
If you're looking for plenty of activities to keep you or your family busy, this beach isn't far from any of the items in the following table.
|Big Tree at Palmetto Point||Historical Site||1.2||N||Eleuthera|
|NAVFAC Base||Historical Site||11.7||NW||Eleuthera|
|Cotton Bay Golf Club||Golf Course||26.4||S||Eleuthera|
South Palmetto Point is near Governors Harbour, so travelers staying in town won't have far to go. The closest town is Governors Harbour, which is not an overly urbanized area, but still has its fair share of things to do. From the beach, Governors Harbour is a car ride off, about five and a half miles (eight and a half kilometers) away.
The number of other vacationers sharing this coastline can vary widely, it depends on several things: the season, the weather, even how many people have booked nearby hotels. South Palmetto Point is not located near many major hotels, but it can attract visitors staying at the few small lodgings in the area.
Although you won't find many hotels close-by, the ones found nearest to the water have been listed in the table below.
|Tropical Dreams Rentals||1.3||NNW||Hotel|
|Unique Village Resort||1.5||NNE||Hotel|
|Pineapple Fields Hotel Condo||3.4||NW||Hotel|
A trip to the beach isn't complete until you visit a nearby restaurant, where you can sample regional favorites, without going too far from the coast. One of the closest restaurants is Mate & Jenny's Restaurant & Bar. This restaurant offers a menu of eclectic cuisine. They are also famous for their pizza and sandwiches. You'll have the option of walking or taking a cab as it's just a short distance away.
Restaurants closest to this beach are listed below.
|Mate & Jenny's Restaurant & Bar||(242) 332-1504||Eclectic||Very Casual||0.6 mi.||NW|
|(242) 332-1830||American||--||1.4 mi.||NNE|
|Tippy's Restaurant||(242) 332-3331||Caribbean||Very Casual||3.5 mi.||NW|
|Bank’s Road Deli||(242) 332-2221||European||Very Casual||3.5 mi.||NW|
|Sunset Inn Restaurant and Bar||(242) 332-2487||Caribbean||Very Casual||4.6 mi.||NW|
Vacationers searching for the perfect beach will have plenty of other choices on Eleuthera besides South Palmetto Point.
You may also like Pink Sands Beach may be a good choice. It is located 37 and a half miles away., where there's usually lots of activity. You'll find it a mile and a half to the north. If you were hoping to find a tranquil beach scene with few crowds,
Travelers may also want to consider, which is located a mile and a half to the north-northeast.
Of course, the Bahamas has hundreds of natural wonders to discover, but visiting South Palmetto Point or the other beautiful beaches in the area can make your time in the Bahamas even more memorable.
Help us improve! We welcome your corrections and suggestions. | <urn:uuid:dbae5b65-0841-43b5-9276-f9bca0de79dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://caribya.com/eleuthera/south.palmetto.point/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719273.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00065-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932023 | 1,017 | 1.546875 | 2 |
The Josep Carreras Institute turns into a part of the Cancer Proteome undertaking, a world initiative for the examine of malignant tumors. It has the assist of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, whose Minister, Diana Morant, visited the Josep Carreras Institute on Thursday and introduced a grant of 1 million euros to advertise the undertaking.
The Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, led by Dr. Manel Esteller and with the assist of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, is becoming a member of the Cancer Proteome Project, a program to advertise a line of analysis devoted to the characterization of proteins in malignant tumors, which can enable us to be taught extra in regards to the causes of leukemia.
On the event of the entry of the Josep Carreras Institute within the Cancer Proteome Project, the Spanish Minister of Science and Innovation, Diana Morant, visited the analysis middle on Thursday and introduced that the Ministry will allocate a million euros to advertise this initiative. Throughout her go to, Minister Morant was accompanied by Albert Carreras i Coll and Albert Carreras Pérez, representing the Carreras household, the director of the Institute, Dr. Manel Esteller; the president of the Delegate Committee of the establishment, Dr. Evarist Feliu and the performing managing director of the Institute, Ana Garrido. The mayor of Badalona, Rubén Guijarro, has additionally attended the occasion.
Over the past twenty years, many efforts have been made to establish the Cancer genome. Decoding the genetic alterations of human tumors has been largely potential because of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), led by the Nationwide Cancer Institute (NCI) in the USA, which sequenced the DNA of greater than 500 tumor samples derived from each tissue and organ within the physique.
Nonetheless, there was nonetheless one key level lacking within the analysis of the cell and molecular explanation for most cancers: the protein characterization, the product produced from our genetic materials. On this respect, the NCI has lately launched the Worldwide Proteogenome Consortium (ICPC) program to acquire the profile of all altered proteins in all human tumors, the so-called “Proteome”. The Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), led by Dr. Manel Esteller and with the assist of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, has formally joined the consortium with the purpose to find the leukemia proteome.
“One in 5 cancers comes from blood or lymph nodes. Our work on this worldwide program shall be to reveal the proteome of leukemia, particularly the so-called B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We are going to examine intimately the altered expression and modification of the protein on this illness in each grownup and pediatric populations, in addition to their penalties within the medical administration of those sufferers and the invention of recent therapies in opposition to the found altered targets” – declares Dr. Manel Esteller, coordinator of the examine.
Dr. Henry Rodriguez, Founding Director of the Workplace of Cancer Scientific Proteomics Research on the Nationwide Cancer Institute, and a member of President Joe Biden’s Cancer Research Advisory Council, mentioned, “It’s a nice pleasure to acknowledge the analysis work of the Josep Carreras Institute. I’m satisfied that their aberrant-proteins characterization in leukemia, coupled with knowledge on genome-wide alterations, shall be a significant breakthrough in customized most cancers drugs that may enhance the standard of life and survival of sufferers.”
Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute | <urn:uuid:43ec22a2-78f6-4818-a020-7727ddd67ca7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://visualassembler.com/the-josep-carreras-leukaemia-research-institute-joins-cancer-proteome-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571536.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811224716-20220812014716-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.913653 | 772 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Essentially, a control board is used to stabilize multi-rotor aircraft (tricopters, quadcopters and hexcopters) during flight. To achieve this, the KK2.1 takes the signal from the 6050MPU gyro/acc (roll, pitch and yaw) and relays it to the ATmega644PA IC.
The AVR MCU processes the signals based on the selected firmware and passes control signals to the installed Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs). These signals instruct the ESCs to make fine adjustments to the motor’s rotational speed, which in turn stabilizes the multi-rotor craft.
The KK2.1 also uses signals from the radio systems receiver (Rx), passing data to the ATmega644PA via the aileron, elevator, throttle and rudder inputs. Once this information has been processed, the IC sends varying signals to the ESCs, which in turn adjusts the rotational speed of each motor to induce controlled flight (up, down, backwards, forwards, left, right and yaw).
“KK2.1 is the evolution of the first generation KK flight control boards – engineered from the ground up to bring multi-rotor flight to everyone, not just the experts,” a HobbyKing rep explained.
“At the heart of the KK2.1 is an Atmel Mega644PA 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller with 64k of memory. A host of multi-rotor craft types are pre-installed – simply select your craft type, check motor layout/propeller direction, calibrate your ESCs and radio and you’re ready to go.”
According to the HobbyKing rep, the original KK gyro system has been updated to the 6050 MPU InvenSense platform – making it one of the most stable KK boards ever designed and facilitating support for an auto-level function.
An additional header has been added for voltage detection, while a handy piezo buzzer is also included with the board for audio warning when activating and deactivating the board. On the software side, a 6-pin USBasp AVR programming interface helps smooth the way for painless updates.
The KK2.1 is available for $35 on HobbyKing’s official website here. | <urn:uuid:46555ba3-522a-46ac-bd75-bb03d009daf3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://atmelcorporation.wordpress.com/2014/02/07/lcd-flight-control-board-has-avr-under-the-hood%E2%80%A8%E2%80%A8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.918203 | 490 | 2 | 2 |
"It's The Homestar Runner, speaking into an empty soup can, with a length of twine coming from the 'neath. Hello, empty soup can. Hello, length of twine.""Tin can you hear me now?" Ah, childhood. Treehouses and sleepovers and talking to your friends on tin can telephones. It's made of junk: just two old tin cans and a length of string, but it's the stuff that memories are made of. Occasionally you can see a variant that has a tube that travels underground. This variant is derived from early nautical vessels. Truth in Television, of course, although the real thing only works if there is no slack in the string at all. In visual media, the string is just as likely to be portrayed as slack or winding its way around, under, or over things, which wouldn't work. Of course, now that cellular phones are cheap enough that even children have them, this is a sadly disappearing relic.
open/close all folders
- The Mueller commercials used this.
- Also used by Progresso Soup here, among other examples.
- They also now have their soup cans showing video. In one scene, the chef responding looks into the video screen on his tin can and says to the customer, "Let me put you on webcan." (Which is a cute pun on "webcam".)
- A chapter of Yotsuba&! has Yotsuba, Miura, and Ena playing with paper-cup versions. Yotsuba keeps hers, which shows up in later chapters as her "cell phone".
- An episode of Hanamaru Kindergarten has two toddlers playing with one of these only a few feet long, in a very loud classroom.
- Negima!?: Kaede and Setsuna tried to make these work between their rooms however as Konoka explained◊ they don't work between doors, much to their dismay causing them to gain +5 Absentmindedness and -3 intelligence, however it lets them hear the invisible Cute Ghost Girl nearby leading to screams.
- Black Butler officially takes this trope Up to Eleven in chapter 71: paintings and gramophones?!
- Tamako and Mochizou from Tamako Market uses these to communicate from their rooms. In episode 2, Dera sabotaged their discussion by standing on the line. Actually, their line was not taut enough for the vibrations to pass through some of the time.
- The pirate captain in the first episode of Spaceship Agga Ruter has several paper cups attached to strings on the bridge of her ship, which she uses to, among other things, communicate with other vessels. The rest of her ship is fairly normal.
- In Black★Rock Shooter, Yomi and Kagari communicate with this, as they are next door neighbors.
- Ninja Scroll has a variant. The baddies can communicate over moderate distances by holding wires in their mouths, because one of them is a user of Razor Floss and can control it to make the sound transmit well.
- Shown exactly as the picture above in Sound of the Sky episode 8. In this universe even a regular phone is very rare, so even the cool soldier in charge of the platoon's hotline is impressed by this device!
- Chapter 61 of Monthly Girls' Nozaki-kun has Nozaki and Sakura communicating via paper-cup phones for ideas for Nozaki's manga. Sakura becomes so attached to hers that her friends comment on how neglected her actual phone has become. Suzuki and Mamiko keep their flip-phones in the end, however the experience affects Nozaki enough that he accidentally draws the two holding and talking into their phones as if they're paper-cups.
- Used in episode 4 of season 2 in WORKING!!!! by Popura to Jun as a way for him to talk to Mahiru without getting hit by her as the latter Does Not Like Men and usually hits any guy who gets too close to her. He immediately tells Souma to call Mahiru on his cellphone, but Souma refuses, stating that not using the cup phone would insult Popura. Jun attempts it, until Souma starts laughing at him, prompting him to angrily yank at the phone while crushing the cup. They end up using the cellphone afterwards.
- One of the official Sly Cooper tie-in comics shows the gang pulling their first heist as gap-toothed youngsters in the orphanage, the cookie jar caper, using one of these as a communicator. When Sly is almost sprung, it, seemingly accidentally, doubles as an extraction device, with Sly being pulled to safety before he is spotted when Murray pedals the getaway trike away.
- They've probably done this in The Beano or The Dandy at least a hundred times.
- One Donald Duck comic had Huey, Dewey, and Louie set one up between Donald and Neighbor Jones after their feuding starts taking its toll on their house. "Have a war of words!" Unfortunately, Jones feeds the business end of a live wire to his can, giving Donald a nasty shock.
- Used and mocked (because of the need to keep the string taut) in a Harvey Comics story involving Little Audrey with Melvin and Echo (two of the main male characters). When Audrey wants to ask if the girls can borrow the boys' clubhouse for a meeting, Echo tries to "contact the chief on this" via a tin-can telephone - with the string just lying on the ground leading into the nearby bushes. Naturally, he has to shout to Melvin (hiding in said bushes) and Melvin likewise has to shout back since the tin-can phone is useless with the string slack. Echo dutifully relays the message even though Audrey can obviously hear Melvin clearly. Then, to cap it all off, Audrey takes the tin can Echo was holding and shouts her reply to Melvin into the tin can instead of just plain shouting (which obviously would have been just as effective). Although perhaps justified as Audrey "playing along" with the game, it's still funny from an adult POV.
- In RainbowDoubleDash's Lunaverse, Trixie and Lyra use this when confronted by Octavia, a pony with remarkable hearing. Knowing that Octavia will hear Lyra if she's anywhere in the room, they go outside and run a tin-can telephone to her. This lets her eavesdrop on the talk between Trixie and Octavia without Octavia sensing her presence.
- Exactly what the boys use to communicate with the girl across the street in 3 Ninjas.
- Scary Movie 2 parodied this. After getting high-tech goggles and weapons, the heroes didn't have enough money for cell phones. So they used Dixie cups. Dixie cups that have only about 3 feet of string between them.
- Used by the kids in Milk Money.
- Short appearance in Walk the Line.
- Shaggy and Scooby-Doo do this in Monsters Unleashed, except Scooby gets confused and holds the can to his mouth when he should be listening and to his ear when he should be talking.
- Used by Adam Sandler and the kids in Grown Ups.
- Played for laughs in Adele Hasn't Had Her Dinner Yet, where Detective Carter and commissioner Ledvina use a tin phone to communicate while sitting tables apart during a cabaret show.
- A poster for In the Loop depicts two politicians holding one of these with a tangled-up piece of string, accompanied with the tagline "The Fate of the world is on the line."
- One of Anthony Buckeridge's Jennings novels features a brief craze for tin can phones at the title character's school.
- In Henry and the Paper Route (in the same world as the Ramona Quimby books), Henry Huggins is excited when a boy his own age moves into the neighborhood. In his first conversation with the kid, Henry suggests a tin can phone, but he's told that it probably wouldn't work and, at any rate, they both have actual phones in their houses.
- Kristy of The Babysitters Club recollects doing this with Mary Anne when they were children.
- Also appears in Alfons Zitterbacke, a children's book from East Germany. It doesn't work, probably because the kids knot the string to places (they're trying to make a really long line, between their respective rooms).
- In Nancy Springer's They're All Named Wildfire, the two main characters live in the opposite sides of a duplex. They drill a hole in the wall so that they can pass a string through to use a tin can telephone. (Interestingly, the fact that the string has to be taut rather than slack is mentioned, as it affects the position of the hole they create.) The tin-can telephone becomes thematically important as a symbol of the Power of Friendship in opposition to racism.
- In Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, the Neighborhood of Make Believe has tin phone cages that lower out of nowhere, allowing for communication.
- Used in Pee-Wee's Playhouse with the Picturephone, except this one is actually a telephone. In Pee-Wee's world, *everyone* uses a tin can on their Picturephones.
- Dad's Army attempted to use this as a form of emergency communication in one episode but were foiled by the verger with his hedge shears.
- This exchange from Friends:
Ross: It would be so cool to live across [the street] from you guys!Joey: Yeah—hey, then we could do that telephone thing! Y'know, where you have a can, and we have a can, and, and it's connected by a string!Chandler: Or, we could do the actual telephone thing.
- Mentioned in the second series of Torchwood. Apparently they don't work when the "entire. telephone. network. is down."
- Young Blades: In "To Heir is Human," Siroc invents a tin can telephone-like device using metal cups and some string, which he uses to eavesdrop on the Cardinal's Guards.
- In one episode of Emu's World, the "Boggle's Kingdom" segment had the villains use this to communicate. In the next episode, King Boggle adapts the idea by replacing one of the tins with a bucket mounted on the outside of the castle, to create "Radio Boggle".
- Murr from Impractical Jokers had the challenge of trying to sell wireless cans with antennas.
- Used in Calvin and Hobbes once or twice.
- Peanuts had them at least twice. In a 1980s Sunday Strip, Lucy gave Charlie Brown part of a tin-can telephone for use during a baseball game. In a 1999 strip, Sally was playing with one when she asked, "How do you get an outside line?"
- One of the very earliest Sunday strips shows Shermy giving one of these to Charlie Brown. After failing to contact him a few times, Shermy finds out that "the line is busy" - Snoopy is chewing on the string.
- A cartoon in Future Life magazine showed a flying saucer hovering next to an observatory. The alien pilot is talking to the astronomer on a tin can telephone, explaining (paraphrased): "Yes, our technology is ahead of yours in many ways but behind you in others."
- Referenced in Kingdom of Loathing, during a side-quest to the Frat/Hippy War quest if you offer to help promote a hippy jam band. If you go back right after accepting the quest, the promoter will complain that he'll have to use tin cans on a string for the PA system if you don't get some more publicity for the concert.
- The Homestar Runner (you know, the 1930s version) was implied to be talking to modern-day Marzipan's answering machine on one of these.
- The two hosts of the weekly WrestleCrap Radio podcast, R. D. Reynolds and Blade Braxton, are implied to be conversing on one of these.
- One episode of Happy Tree Friends had Cuddles and Lumpy playing with one. This being Happy Tree Friends, it results in Cuddles' eardrums being blown out.
- The Wonder Pets receive their calls of distress primarily through a tin can phone.
- In The Simpsons, Bart's tin can phone was once wiretapped.
- D.W. once bugged Arthur's room with one of these.
- Also, Arthur and Buster sometimes communicated this way.
- Used on the Super Mario World cartoon, with coconut halves and vines.
- Used a few times on Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy, with some very bizarre Split-Screen Phone Call effects going on (people actually travelling through the string, for instance, or Ed using a sponge instead of a tin can).
- Played with in South Park's "Wacky Molestation Adventure": After the kids have taken over the town and the actual phone system is ruined, we see a scene where Cartman yells into a tin can that isn't connected to anything. Then another kid puts a lid on the can and leaves with it. He ends up coming back, Cartman removes the lid and gets a response.
- This was done a few times in Hanna-Barbera's version of The Little Rascals.
- The farm on the U.S. Acres portion of Garfield and Friends has an entire system of tin cans for when intrabarnyard communication is desired.
- In an episode of Spongebob Squarepants, Squidward used one of these to apologize to SpongeBob without actually doing so to his face; however, the attempt was foiled because Patrick was using the string as dental floss.
- In My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode "Party of One", Pinkie Pie uses this to eavesdrop on Twilight Sparkle.
- In the Schoolhouse Rock short "Where the Money Goes", the father facetiously suggests to his son that if they stop paying the phone bill they can always resort to using "tin cans and a string."
- The Powerpuff Girls: In "Impeach Fuzz", when notorious hillbilly Fuzzy Lumpkins is elected mayor, he replaces the Powerpuff Hotline with a tin can.
- This has been used a few times in Recess.
- In the Tennessee Tuxedo And His Tales short "Telephone Terrors", Tennessee and Chumley set up a network of tin-can telephones throughout the zoo to tell the other animals about Stanley Livingston's upcoming piano recital. Guess where Chumley got the wires?
- Mr. Bogus and Brattus both communicate on one of these at the beginning of the episode "Bogus Private Eye".
- On Rugrats, Angelica turns her lemonade stand into a drive-thru service by using one of these as an intercom system.
- The Clarence episode "Goldfish Follies", to keep up with its retraux theme, has a scene where Clarence and Sumo use cans to text each other.
- In the Wander over Yonder episode "The Hat", Sylvia and Wander get separated and communicate with each other with tin cans with transmission antennas in place of string. | <urn:uuid:af5b22f8-6b2b-4d36-a806-a304056c6b76> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/TinCanTelephone?from=Main.TinCanYouHearMeNow | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00513-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957762 | 3,187 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Given the power of denial, it’s easy to look at the terrifying photos coming out of Russia right now and think that the threat is unique to them. According to the caption:
A newly married couple walks along Red Square amidst heavy smog, caused by peat fires in nearby forests, with the mausoleum of Soviet state founder Vladimir Lenin in the background, in central Moscow August 7, 2010. Dense clouds of acrid smoke from peat and forest fires choked Russia’s capital on Friday, seeping into homes and offices, diverting planes and prompting exhausted Muscovites to wear surgical masks to filter the foul air.
On the other hand, what the NYT article accompanying the photo below implies — as does Paul Krugman’s column yesterday (“America Goes Dark“) — is that the threat is not that unique. If the photos of “Russia on fire” makes it primarily seem like an ecological story (which it now is), the crisis occurred from the lack of resources at the local level to protect citizens from basic threats — like fire spinning out of control.This photo from The Times shows a local resident in Colorado Springs who fought to have this street lamp turned on again on after one-third of the city’s lights were shut off due to budget cuts. (This followed a five-year campaign by the resident to have the light installed in the first place after crime took hold of the neighborhood.)
What’s the link? When you combine the homeland threat of anti-government reactionaries with the decimation of state and local coffers, the newlyweds up top could as easily be navigating downtown L.A., or Denver, or Atlanta … after desperate towns and ‘burbs have burned though the budget for firefighters and firetrucks.
NYT cutbacks slideshow. | <urn:uuid:aba87ae3-47c9-4cdb-9680-1bc705b0153a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.readingthepictures.org/2010/08/a-smokin-warning-to-all-those-anti-government-folks-out-there/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.946712 | 379 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The Distribution of Wealth: A Theory of Wages, Interest and Profits
How the Efficiency of Final Increments of Producers' Wealth is tested
We are now ready to apply to the fixing of wages and interest the principle which we may term that of analytical valuation. Everywhere does the market have a marvellous power of resolving concrete things into their elements, and of measuring separately the efficiency of each element. Consumers' wealth and producers' wealth alike it treats in this way. If we are to understand its procedure in fixing prices, we must seek out and identify not, as a rule, certain whole commodities, but certain elements in commodities; and so, if we are to understand the adjusting of interest, we must find in instruments of production, in a like way, certain elements that are in a strategic position and control the gains of all capital.
The earning power of capital is fixed by the productivity of the final increment of it; and this final increment of capital does not, as a rule, consist of instruments of production in their entirety. It consists of elements in such instruments. Just as we add to our consumers' wealth by procuring for personal use better articles than those which we have been using, so we add to our producers' wealth by procuring better instruments of production. When, for a machine that has worn itself out, we substitute one that is by a single point more efficient and more costly, we are adding a final increment to our capital. It is final increments of capital, as such, the productive power of which fixes the rate of interest. As entrepreneurs, we must pay for any capital that we hire what a final increment of it will produce; and that is what we and others can get, as a net addition to our products, by making our buildings by one degree larger or more substantial, our machines by one degree more rapid or more nearly automatic, our engines or our water-wheels by one degree more powerful, our raw materials by one grade finer, etc.
We have seen that in a limited number of cases final increments of consumers' wealth consist of goods in their entirety. When, for example, we procure the plainest and cheapest article of its kind that is anywhere made, as an addition to our stock of goods for personal use, the whole article is a part of our final unit of consumers' wealth. In such a case, the article, as a whole, helps to set the standard price for all goods of exactly that kind. Nobody gives for a duplicate of this final article in our supply of consumers' goods more than we give for this one. So there are cases in which entire instruments of production are final increments of producers' wealth; and in these cases what these instruments produce, in their entirety, helps to set the standard of interest. If there is a hammer, a shovel or a cart, so poor and cheap that one of a lower grade cannot anywhere be found, then we add a final increment to our capital, whenever we procure one of these instruments.
These cases, however, play only a small part in the general adjustment of interest; for the enriching of the industrial world shows itself by a steady upward trend in the grade of its capital-goods. Better things of every kind come to constitute the world's working equipment: buildings are taller, ships are faster, engines are more economical, railroads are straighter and more nearly level, locomotives are more powerful, trains are longer, etc. It is what we gain, in the form of more products, by making these perfecting changes that determines what we can afford to pay for the last capital that we hire. Society as a whole pays for all its capital what these last productive elements in goods are worth to it.
This truth is not affected by the fact that, as the wealth of society increases, capital-goods become more numerous, as well as better. It is true, indeed, that we are building more engines, at the same time that we are building better ones; but the new ones are mainly of a grade so high that, in their entirety, they cannot be treated as final increments of producers' wealth. Here, for instance, is a new locomotive. It has not been secured by the railroad that owns it to take the place of one worn out, but is an additional engine, made necessary by an enlarged traffic. Is it a final increment of capital? Not unless that engine would be dispensed with, in case any reduction of the capital of the road were necessary. The actual fact is that the quality of the new engine is determined by that of the roadbed, the rails, the bridges, the cars, etc., with which it is used; for it would be uneconomical to combine one poor engine with an equipment of good cars, good rails, etc. This complementarity of producers' goods must always be considered; since a poor machine introduced into an equipment of good ones has the effect of taking something from the productive power of the other parts of the equipment. The good cars, etc., cannot develop their full wealth-creating power, if they have to coöperate with a poor engine. With a given number of cars, there needs to be a proportionate number of engines; and for the best results the entire equipment of cars, engines, track, freight houses, etc., is maintained at a uniform standard of quality. In a commercial form of statement, therefore, the "money" which is spent in bringing the equipment to the point of perfection that it has reached represents the final increment of capital "invested" in the railroad.
In a more scientific view, money is a means of moving real capital from hand to hand, and there must somewhere exist capital-goods that embody capital. The cars, engines, tracks, buildings, etc., are these goods. They embody the whole capital of the railroad; but when we try to find and identify the part of it that is "final" and interest-determining, we cannot single out such parts of the equipment as particular cars, engines, etc. We must try to find what is the final productive element in the whole equipment, and in each of the instruments that constitute it. What outlay would the company forego if, in the building and equipping of a railroad, it found that its real capital—its concrete and material outfit of instruments for carrying passengers and merchandise—must be made smaller than its original plans had called for? If it proceeded in a natural way, it would slightly reduce in quality nearly everything in its proposed outfit. It would forego putting the final perfecting touches to cars, engines, roadbed, buildings, etc. It might relinquish a few instruments altogether, but these would be things of the poorest and cheapest kinds.
There are, of course, facts to be considered which, in a practical case, would modify this policy. If the railroad in the illustration were a connecting link in a great system, it would have to carry the cars of other railroads, and it would have to make its gauge broad enough, its rails heavy enough and its bridges strong enough to do this. This case, however, confirms, instead of contradicting, the general fact which we are stating—namely, that it is uneconomical to reduce, in a disproportionate way, one part of the equipment of an industry. The small road is, in this case, not a complete industrial plant. The larger system, of which it is an integral part, is the complete industrial establishment that has to be considered. If the great system, as a whole, were to reduce its capital, and if it had the power to reduce it by cheapening things as well as by reducing the number of them, it would prefer to make the equipment of every part of the entire system poorer, and so preserve the coöperating power of all the constituent parts, rather than to leave most of the system untouched and take out parts of the equipment of some railroad that is only one link in the system. It must be remembered that we are seeking to identify the final increment of the capital of a complete industrial establishment; and, in the case of a railroad system, that is not the fraction of the great plant that happens to belong to one small corporation. The system must be considered in its entirety.
Moreover, if, when the road was about to be built, the owners found themselves able to use a larger capital than they had expected to use, would they lay the same track and procure the same rolling stock that they had planned, with some extra cars or engines? Would they build depots of this form and quality that the first projects called for, merely adding a building or two to the list? It is clear that, in adding a few things outright to their equipment, they would improve many things—that they would add everywhere what we have called productive elements.
The final increment of the capital of this railroad corporation is, in reality, a difference between two kinds of plants for carrying goods and passengers. One of these is the railroad as it stands, with all its equipment brought up to the highest pitch of perfection that is possible with the present resources. The other is the road built and equipped as it would have been if the resources had been by one degree less. A difference in all-around quality between an actual and a possible railroad—is, in reality, the final increment of capital now used by the actual corporation. The product of that last unit of capital is the difference between what the road actually earns and what it would have earned if it had been made by one degree poorer.
It is clear that this final increment of the capital of this industry is not one that can be physically taken out of it, as it could be if it consisted of a few locomotives or a few cars that could be sold to another company.*31 It is in the plant to remain. It runs through the whole tissue of the complex instrumentality that engineers, trainmen, superintendents, et,., make use of in the carrying of goods and persons. If we wished to make a good test of the productive power of this particular bit of capital, we should have to invoke a magic that would at once shrink the whole plant into inferiority.
In a long period we might make such a practical test. We might let the plant deteriorate, letting the engines become worn and weak, the passenger cars shabby, the buildings dilapidated, etc. If, in the interim, the other circumstances that affect the productive power of a railroad remained absolutely unchanged, we might compare the earning power of the plant before it had deteriorated with its earning power afterward. Two difficulties are, however, encountered in the making of such a test. First, the other circumstances that affect the productive power of capital do not remain unchanged. Secondly, the qualities that wear and tear take out of instruments of production are not the same qualities that would have been left out of them if, in making them, it had been decided to "invest less capital in them"—that is, to make them by one degree less costly and efficient. No one is ever willing to waste a part of his fortune by making in cold blood such a laboratory experiment for testing the productivity of capital; yet actual experience enables employers to form such judgments as to the productive powers of final units of capital.
Could not an entrepreneur, however, test the productive power of his final increment of capital, as embodied chiefly in the final qualitative element in his working equipment, by reducing the quality of one thing at a time? Here, let us suppose, are two machines side by side, and alike except in the extent to which they have suffered the effects of wear: one is new and perfect, and the other is old and worn. Cannot the owner form a true conclusion as to the difference in their productive powers? Here, again, are two machines, both new, of which one is costlier and better than the other. Cannot the entrepreneur tell how much one exceeds the other in its earning capacity? If he can make such a test as this at all, why cannot he make it in connection with all parts of his equipment? He can take his plant and outfit by sections, and find, in the case of each section of it, how much he would gain by making it better or how much he would lose by making it worse.
The difficulty to be encountered in making such an experiment consists in the deranging effect that a reduction of the quality of a single instrument may have on the general plant. This effect could, however, be made small, by taking great care in making the change. Moreover, in making experiments of this kind, an owner could avoid all the more serious deranging effects that would follow if he took bodily from the equipment some instrument that is needed to make the whole an efficient complement of capital goods. He does not even need to let the machine that he is testing wear out to such an extent as greatly to mar the efficiency of anything else. If the test is to be made by buying and using a machine of an inferior grade, the owner does not need to make it so greatly inferior that the other machinery will not work well in connection with it. Little by little, a man could undoubtedly test in this way the productive power of the first increment of his capital. Though his calculations would be difficult and liable to error, he could form some opinion of the difference between the earning power of a part of his capital, as it is embodied in one set of instruments, and the earning power that it would have if it were by one point better or by one point worse.
Some such tests are, beyond doubt, constantly making. Men must form business judgments as to the exact grades of instruments of every kind that will "pay the best" in their several places. As the equipment of a mill and the mill itself wear out, the owner has constantly to decide what grade of instruments he shall procure to replace the discarded parts of his outfit. He must know—approximately, at least—how large is the difference in productive power between a tool of one grade and a tool that is above it or below it in the scale of quality. This is a part, and a vitally necessary part, of the complicated process by which society puts its productive fund into the most judicious shapes. Conscious mental estimates are constantly being made of the productive power of such final increments of capital. It is not, however, this conscious measuring which makes it certain that the instruments which are either too cheap or too costly will be discarded, and that those of the right kind will be retained.
Competition makes the test in another and an inexorable way. It causes establishments that are so equipped as to get out of their capital the utmost service that it is capable of yielding to survive, and incapable ones to fail. If, in a certain mill, every machine, every tool and every other working appliance is so judiciously selected that the final productive element in each yields, as net income (let us say) five per cent of its cost, and if that is the prevalent rate of interest on loans, the owner of this mill is, in so far, in a condition to stand competition. The rate of interest on capital that he borrows will, moreover, be five per cent, if that is what the final increment of capital in properly equipped establishments generally yields. This is saying that a man's outfit of capital-goods must be so selected and so combined that the final productive element in each part of it shall yield the same rate of interest that is yielded by the final element in the outfit of capital-goods used by competitors. Competition acts as a leveller, by reducing the earning power of the final increments of different men's capital to equality. This it does by putting out of the field the competitor whose last increment of capital—consisting in the final productive element in his various capital-goods—creates less than the standard amount of product. With the final unit of capital generally earning five per cent, interest is at that rate. With interest at five per cent, the borrower whose last unit of capital earns only four must take each year the one per cent that is needed to make up the deficit out of his capital. This is a procedure that cannot be long continued; for the man most change the forms of his capital and bring the fund up to the prevalent standard in its earning power, or he must go to the wall.
We are here making assertions that will bear a more extended examination than it has thus far been possible to make. We affirm that interest is fixed by the earning power of the final increment of social capital; that that increment consists mainly of qualities of instruments of production, rather than of instruments in their entirety; that competition acts as a leveller, causing the earning power of such final productive elements in capital-goods to tend toward a certain normal level; and that any kind of instruments in which this element earns less than the standard amount must be thrown out of use.
In the interpretation of these statements there are cautions to be observed; and one of them connects itself with the assertion that, as capital increases, the new parts of the fund embody themselves in new qualities imparted to goods. It is here assumed that labor remains unchanged in amount, and that it is a per capita enlargement of capital which forces entrepreneurs to procure better and better working instruments. Indeed, with workmen doubled in number and with capital doubled in amount, there would not need to be the qualitative improvement of the capital-goods of which we have spoken. If we could give to the new men exactly the same outfit of working appliances that the former workers possessed, the capital would be doubled in a more or less natural way. There would, it is true, be a difficulty in doing this, owing to the relation of land to other capital-goods. We could duplicate every part of the outfit except the land; and, because we could not duplicate the land, we should still be obliged, in enlarging the capital, to make changes in the quality of the goods that embody it. What we desire now to make clear is, that our assertions concerning the natural way in which capital increases have reference to an increase that is not accompanied by a parallel enlargement of the working population. With ten units of capital in the hands of ten men, that fund is in certain concrete shapes; while with twenty units of it in the hands of ten men, it takes different shapes. The improvements in the instruments, much more than such increase in the number of them as may also take place, embody and measure the new capital. The final increment of capital is mainly, though not wholly, qualitative.
If this is so, it is clear how far from being true is the conception of capital as existing, in bodily shape,—a stack of concrete instruments,—in the midst of competing entrepreneurs, and as ready in that shape to be drawn to this one or to that one, according as the one or the other offers the most for it. Capital is, in just this way, the subject of competition; but capital-goods are not. The capital that is competed for does not consist in instruments—concrete, visible, movable and ready for any one of a dozen different uses: there is no stock of capital-goods that has such adaptability that all entrepreneurs are anxious to get shares of it. Yet there is a universal competition for capital, and the effect of it is to fix the rate of interest. Any entrepreneur in the entire system of social industry is a possible demander for any capital existing in the system. If he can make more with it than the present holder of it can make, his natural course is to bid higher for it than the present holder will bid and thus to secure it. No capital, as such, is fastened to one user or to one place in the system. Yet the goods that embody the capital are as fettered in their movements as the capital itself is free. A's tools are often useless to B. If we were to take one of them bodily out of A's shop and put it into B's, we should render to B no service. We should injure A's operation, and benefit no one else. A furnace is valuable to a smelter, but not to a cotton spinner; a ship is useful to a carrier, but not to a miner, etc. There is, in short, only a very limited competition for capital-goods between employers in different kinds of business.
If tools of trade are not very mobilem what is to be said about productive elements in the tools? Can we take out of the smelter's blast-furnace the last of the qualities that give it efficiency, and impart this quality to the spinner's mules? Can we speak the magical word that will reduce the quality of the furnace and improve that of the mules? This is exactly what would need to be done if the smelter were to surrender the final increment of his capital and the spinner were to get it.
Here it seems expedient to enumerate some of the facts that are to be reconciled with each other if a final-productivity theory of interest is valid:—
(1) Interest generally conforms to the earnings of the final increment of social capital.
We have said, moreover, that the capital which is the object of this universal competition does not exist, antecedently to the bidding for it, in any bodily shape in which the men can see it and carry it to their several shops. There is nowhere a central heap or stock of instruments of production waiting to render service to some one. Such stocks of merchandise as those which are in shops are already in use, doing their productive work. There is no accumulation of food, clothing, houses and other subsistence goods, waiting to be doled out to laborers, in order that the laborers may make capital goods and so, virtually but not literally, transmute the subsistence goods into capital-goods. We have noted the several reasons why this entire feed-and-work theory of the origin of capital is untenable, and we have seen that the chief of them is the fact that there is no stock of subsistence goods anywhere accumulated and capable of being used in that way.*32 Competition for capital is, therefore, not a competition for capital-goods that already exist.
The most comprehensive of the paradoxes concerning capital and interest is, that the competition for capital, which is constant and universal, is an all-around struggle to get concrete things that are about to be. The capital of society has no existence till it is in the shapes in which entrepreneurs use it. Till it is raw materials and tools for the manufacturer, merchandise for the retailer, vehicles for the carrier, etc., capital has no existence at all. Of the hundred billion dollars' worth of capital-goods in the United States practically all will be in use as instruments fitted for certain purposes and actually doing the things for which they are fitted.
When the entrepreneur bids in the market for an extra unit of capital, he is asking for something the presence of which in his business means a readjustment of his plant. He is virtually saying: "I offer five per cent a year for a certain amount of productive wealth that cannot come to me, except as I change the shape of the plant I am using. I must make that plant better; and the improvement that I propose to make in it will constitute the new unit of my working capital. Moreover, whoever surrenders to me a unit of capital must do it by a similar change. He must make his business equipment worse."
Bidding for capital, then, is bidding for something which does not antecedently exist and which, when it exists, will consist mainly in a change of quality of working equipments. When we offer interest for capital,*33 we virtually ask for the power to transmute our shops and tools. This transmutation is possible, because the things that are about to be, and for which we are bidding when we offer to borrow "money" for the enlarging of our business, are wanted for the replacing of things that are about to cease to be. In the place of a tool that is worn out and on the point of being discarded, we may put a new one of superior quality. In this condition lies the possibility of adding a new capital element to our plant, without adding a new tool in its entirety. When we tender interest for the loan of new capital, we offer something for the power to substitute new tools containing a certain complement of capital elements for old ones containing fewer of such elements. Machines of grade number one are in demand at many points, because machines of grade number two are about to be discarded; and new productive powers are thus everywhere adding themselves to the social stock of capital-goods.
Not one of the employers who is making such a change as this is making it for the sake of applying a scientific test to a final increment of capital and of registering the rate of its productivity; yet, as the many changes are actually made, the test is applied, and the rate of productivity of final units of capital is registered. What the man finds he has gained, when he has infused a new capital element into his plant, becomes a guide for himself, at least, in bidding for further capital, since it tells him how much he can pay for it. Similar experiences tell other employers what they can afford to offer; and, when new capital is to be had, the men whose experiences reveal the fact that new capital elements will yield large returns will bid for and get the new capital, rather than any employers whose tests have proved that new capital elements are worth less to them. All such tests take time, but social evolution has time enough at its disposal. Slowly, but surely, it comes to be known what value elements are worth the most to each employer, and also what employers can, on the basis of the amounts that the best capital elements will in their hands earn, overbid others in the competition for loans and thus get such new capital as may be offering. Slowly and surely, the whole capital of society disposes itself in the way in which it can produce the most. It leaves the men in whose hands it creates the smaller products and goes to those who can make it create the larger ones; and in a perfect static adjustment it would attain a state of locally equalized productivity, as well as one of maximum total productivity.
There is, as we have seen, a zone of indifference for labor. There is a limited marginal region, within which a few men may be taken out of one employment and put into another, with no appreciable change in the character of the capital that is, in either case, used. This fact has much importance in the practical adjustment of wages. There is, in connection with capital also, a fact that is rudely parallel to this. A few instruments are usable is different industries. We may take a hammer from one shop and put it into another; and we may do the same in the case of a number of things, without causing a change in the nature of the work that is done or in the character of the remaining equipment. There is, then, something resembling a zone of indifference for capital.
These zones, however, are not the whole marginal fields in which wages and interest are adjusted. Those fields are much larger. Wages tend to conform to the product that an additional unit of labor can create anywhere in the industrial system, provided the entrepreneurs will make an advantageous place for it, by changing the shapes of their plants and equipments. Interest tends to conform to the product that an extra unit of capital can nearly everywhere create, by embodying itself in an advantageous change in the outfit of capital-goods. When these more general dispositions of capital have been made, the product of capital on the zone of indifference becomes an available indicator of its productive power in the more general marginal field.
From the first, we have remembered that capital is material. It exists only in goods that can be seen, touched and handled; and yet it now appears that final increments of capital cannot be thus manipulated. We cannot, in any literal and physical way, take out of a machine such a final capital element as we have just defined, leaving the rest of the machine intact. There is no mechanical process that can take out of a tool of the first grade that which makes it better than one of the second grade and even preserve for use the element that is thus withdrawn. Increments of capital may be arranged in an imaginary series, in the of order of their productive efficiency, so that the final unit is the least efficient one; but it is utterly impossible to take the working plant of any employer and separate it bodily into such increments. Assorting the different machines into classes would not do this, and taking them to pieces certainly would not do it. If we let them all wear out and then replace them with inferior appliances, using what is saved by the buying of inferior tools in improving the quality of some other general plant, we indirectly separate the final increment of the capital from the other increments; yet, when the process is completed, we still have that increment inseparably tied to others in a new combination. All the increments, taken together, constitute a stock of capital-goods, or appliances of trade, that can be handled bodily; but increments of capital, separately viewed, are abstractions, for they are mainly nothing but qualities of material things. We are, in fact, in a realm of such abstractions, when we reason about the productivity of successive "doses" of capital applied to a farm, a mine or a manufacturing plant. By reducing capital, for purposes of study, to a series of increments, we are able to analyze a concrete thing into qualities; but, while these together may constitute the thing, separately they have only an ideal existence.
It is, therefore, blended increments of capital that are embodied in capital-goods; and the phrase "literally separated increments of capital" would involve a contradiction, for any literal separation mould mean the ruining of the capital-goods and the annihilation of the capital.*34 Increments of capital-goods may, how ever, exist separately. Having built one ship, we can build another and another, till we have a fleet; but each ship will span the whole range of our increments of capital, if these be arranged in the order of their productive power, and will contain some part of every increment of our capital, from the first to the last. We can, of course, move the ships literally and bodily; but we cannot move the final increment of the capital, in the economic sense, from group to group, except by the method of gradually replacing the ships of the fleet with poorer ones and raising the grade of capital-goods elsewhere.
In spite of all this, it is possible—and, indeed, absolutely necessary—to measure the productive power of the final increments of true capital. The entrepreneur who cannot successfully do this will be eliminated from business. In the hypothesis of a static state, in which competition works with ideal perfection, the whole field is possessed by men who have made the tests successfully and have so developed the power to use the agents of production with the maximum of efficiency.
Notes for this chapter
If one part of a symmetrical equipment for carrying on an industry were taken away bodily, this would have such a deranging effect on the remaining parts that it would reduce their own separate power of production. Removing all the locomotives from railroad would, of course, paralyze all the cars, the tracks, the freight-houses, etc.; and removing even one of them might, in a smaller degree, have the same effect, Reducing the quality of the whole equipment by one degree would, however, have no such effect. This method of taking out a increment of capital takes from the product of the whole industry only what is attributable to that one unit. It does not reduce the productive powers of the remaining units.
See Ch. X.
It is employing new labor without new capital that makes capital-goods more numerous. Extra men can go into a business in which the capital is not enlarged, but they can do this advantageously only where tools are cheapened and multiplied.
In saying that competition tests the productivity of final capital elements, by driving out of business the men in whose plants these elements earn less than a normal amount, we do not deny that the survivors, who fix the rate of interest, must have ways of ascertaining what the final capital elements in their own plants earn for them. By comparisons of various kinds they manage to ascertain what those elements produce, and this knowledge is the basis of the offers that they earn make for loans.
In the case of some of the very cheapest tools that are used, an exception to this rule is to be made. They constitute first increments of capital. It is the later increments that cannot be separated from combinations.
End of Notes
Return to top | <urn:uuid:dc955d4c-7ea0-491d-b199-c3c0ea29a669> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://econlib.org/library/Clark/clkDW17.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279224.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00478-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96929 | 6,750 | 2.75 | 3 |
ABSORPTION OF RF POWER AND DRIVEN CURRENT IN THE PRESENCE OF A TOROIDAL ELECTRIC FIELD FOR A WEAK AND STRONG INJECTED POWER
The model used in the present work suffers from several limitations; in particular it treats only the one- dimensional Fokker-Planck equation, and uses a rude procedure to cope with the problem of runaway production. This model is local and devised to be used in a radial ? power deposition code. Nevertheless, it permits to relate grossly the local absorption to the total input power, which allows to draw the following conclusions from the above results. A saturation of the absorbed power is reached; this happens for injected power comparable to those observed experimentally. The "upshift" - required to account for the magnitude of the actually driven current - is provided by a secondary lobe like the one usually contained in the launched spectrum if this can penetrate into - or be created in - the plasma volume.
Bibliographic Reference: COURSE AND WORKSHOP ON APPLICATIONS OF RF WAVES TO TOKAMAK PLASMAS, VILLA MONASTERO, VARENNA (ITALY), SEPT. 5-14, 1985 PP. 758-763, VOL. II 908 P., 1985, VOL. I AND VOL. II WRITE TO MONOTYPIA FRANCHI, VIALE UMBRIA 28/C, 06012 CITTA DI CASTELLO, PERUGIA (I
Record Number: 1989124101400 / Last updated on: 1987-01-01
Available languages: en | <urn:uuid:5798f18f-9436-4687-9cdb-cc22fcb1c0c3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://cordis.europa.eu/publication/rcn/1989124101400_en.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00536-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.782628 | 335 | 1.929688 | 2 |
本文是金融专业的留学生paper范例，题目是“Accessing Performance and its Impact on Merger Acquisition（访问性能及其对并购的影响）”,合并通常是公司实现财务和功能增长的一种方式。许多公司合并是为了获得新的市场，接触新的消费者，并改善他们的整体团队。当两家公司合并时，我们都知道，有时这种变化可能是有风险的，但有时，它可能对业务有好处。一个公司的成功或失败主要是由它与环境中影响因素的相互作用的有效性来证明的。其中一些因素可以直接影响业务，但其他因素也可以间接影响业务。考虑合并的第一步是考虑和审查两家公司的财务报表，以确保交易对双方都有财务意义。在评估美敦力与波士顿科学公司(Boston Scientific, Corp)合并的可能性时，人们会考虑这是否会改善它们的财务增长，它们是否会成为对抗竞争对手的强大力量，以及它们拥有的主要资产是否看起来有用。
A merger is often a way for a company to achieve financial and functional growth. Many companies merge to gain new markets to reach new consumers and to improve their overall team. When two companies merge, we all know that sometimes the change can be risky, but on occasion, it can be good for business. The success or failure of a company is primarily proven by the effectiveness of its interaction with its affecting factors within its environment. Some of these factors can affect the business directly, but others can affect the business indirectly as well. The first step when considering a merge is to consider and review the financial statements from both companies to ensure that the deal makes financial sense for both parties. When it comes to evaluating the potential merge between Medtronic and Boston Scientific, Corp, one would want to consider will this improve their financial growth, will they become a powerhouse against competitors, and will the major assets that they have seem useful.
Medtronic and Boston Scientific Corp. Profitability trends美敦力和波士顿科学公司的盈利趋势
Medtronic was created as a medical equipment repair shop in1949 (Medtronic.com). Mainly known for their cardiac and vascular products, which makes up primarily most of their sales. Medtronic works to deliver new and innovative medical technology solutions for many hospitals around the world. This was the start for many more devices, which has been used to improve the lives of many people. Over the years, Medtronic has developed several therapies to aid patients suffering from several illnesses. In the last year, Medtronic therapies improved the lives of more than 75 million people (Medtronics.com). This company is very successful and grossed an annual revenue in 2018 of 30 billion and now has 86,000 employees worldwide.
Boston Scientific was started in 1979 by John Abele and Pete Nicholas in Watertown, Massachusetts as a holding company for a medical products company called Medi-Tech (Bianco, 2019). The two men received $500,000 to start up the company and raised an additional $300,000 in revenue from the company alone. In the first year of existence, the company had revenue of two million dollars.
The company’s first products were a flexible catheter used in gallbladder surgery. The company since then has expand its product line to include catheter-based devices for use in heart, vascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urological applications (Bianco, 2019). In the early 1980s the team increased their marketing technique by introducing new product development, and growth within the organization.
The company not only focused on catheters but other products that could be used as options from the traditional ones used during surgery. Medical imaging improvements and, less invasive procedures, the catheters allowed doctors to perform surgical procedures easier. A perfect example would be the procedure for kidney transplant donors today. Boston Scientific continued to grow in its industry and now has over 51 medical products that are mostly used to help patients function normally after surgery or to prevent major surgery. As the years progressed, revenue increased from 16 million in 1983 to 380 million in 1993. Fast forward to 2004, the company currently employs seventeen hundred staff members and had sales of over 5.62 billion in 2004.
With all information discussed on both of companies, it is also proof that a person can take a single invention and eventually turn it into billion-dollar corporation and if the two eventually merged, it would be favorable because of both businesses’ success. Also, since, merging with a smaller successful company would also be an advantage for both entities. Also, Medtronic is a large company that generate three times the amount of revenue than Boston Scientific. For both companies, the revenue over the past few years has been affected by purchases and when it comes to profitability, Boston Scientific stands out against Medtronic on gross profit and even though both company’s revenues are proof of their successes, the merger would be very beneficial to Boston Scientific with 29,000 employees in 2017compared to 86,000 employed by Medtronic nationwide just last year alone. The number of employees combined would allow the companies to skyrocket in business and sales, but not only that, merging could offer tax benefits, entries to global markets, increase in market share, and even aid in financial resources.
Key Financial drivers主要金融司机
Some key financial driversthat will help in the success of the company’s new merge would be financial plan, due diligence in terms of the mission, vision, and values, and the state of the economy. Without a clear-cut strategy, effective management with open communication between stakeholders, the merger will struggle to deliver the desired results for each party. Also, if the company is consumed with debt, been involved in many lawsuits or the finances are not in order, those issues become the new company's problems as well.
Financial economies help with bargaining and negotiating to obtain the best interest rates possible from financial institutions. Economies of scales would help both companies due to the merger because technical economies relate to the fixed technical costs, which will reduce after the merger. Even bulk buying will allow for discounts on materials bought in bulk quantities. Some other key financial drivers would include the combination of medical products. While both companies sell some of the same products, there are many products that Medtronic invented and introduced to the industry that Boston Scientific does not have and vice versa. A combination of all medical supplies will increase the sales profit for sure.
The financial performance after the merger is sure to increase significantly with an increase in financial resources. This will also allow more credit worthiness in the financial markets and an increase in bargaining power for a subsidized interest rate. Competition is no longer a business practice for the medical supply companies since they both specialize in most of the same business products.
The evaluation of financial measures after merger并购后财务措施的评价
Some determinants found as a favorable financial driverwill includecollaboration and participation, suggestions from board members, stakeholders, and key staff members. Stakeholders rely on the company's success to keep the supply chain going because it is the investors who put in their money in support of the company and in the end are concerned with the returns they receive on their investments and how much they will earn.
Given any investment, there are always risk, especially given the number of competitors, the ever-changing market, the changes in laws and regulation, and even the product that is produced. Some other factors for both companies include having more involvement with the decisions of the company and building stronger relationships with board of directors, keeping up with business development and investment protection.
Medtronic total revenue from 2006 to 2019 appeared to have increase by $11,000 to $16,000. By 2019 this amount had nearly doubled to $30,557 (Mikulic, 2019). Medtronic total fiscal revenue for 2019 was 30,557,000, which was a 2.02 increase from 2018. The total fiscal revenue for Boston Scientific in 2019 was 2,707 billion. This was an increase of 14 percent on just an operational basis.
If the company increased revenue at 14 percent operationally for the next fiscal year, that would be a profit of $400,000 in the operation area alone and not to mention increases of 9.3 percent on organic basis and 13.1 percent on reported basis. If both companies continue the same business practices with more qualified personnel combined, the merger will be even more successful in the most critical area of all, revenue.
Financial Stability of the health care industry医疗保健行业的财务稳定性
The health care industry has faced many challenges when it comes to finances and the health system that put it at risk for the future. Even with this, we can see an upcoming of future drugs for patients, new and improved devices, and more investments that will be targeted to meet the needs of emerging markets. Creative, groundbreaking mergers and partnerships will be more common amongst the health care industry. We are looking at future partnerships, such as CVS and Aetna for example, which merged their companies for more than 78 billion that created a yearly revenue of more than $245 billion. This is a change that is going to shape this industry, as well as within pharmacy and health insurance. These changes, along with future ones are going to prompt innovation, enable partnerships and collaboration, and be able to increase the use of artificial intelligent devices, while improving prevention. This may result in those within the field to be more efficient and productive.
With Medtronic and Boston Scientific, both are fast growing within the health care industry, have a strong supply chain, and continuously create new innovated devices. Not even three years from now, Medtronic’s has recently launched the first artificial intelligence system for colonoscopy at United European Gastroenterology week this year. Medtronic also announced the launch of GI “Geniusa cents intelligent” endoscopy. The GI “Geniusa cents” is the first system in the world that uses artificial intelligence to detect colorectal polyps; this provides physicians with a new solution in the fight against colorectal cancer (Stock weekly, 2019). Even with this breakthrough, there is more to come in the upcoming years that will create a new focus for providers and offer better solutions for patients, as well as bring in more revenue to remain constant in this ever-changing health industry.
In conclusion, as said earlier in this paper, company mergers are very risky. Between Medtronic and Boston Scientific, both share a similarity when it comes having multiple competitors, nationwide expansions, and advancing in technology by offering fast growing health care products to providers. Also, Boston Scientific has made some good business decisions that will help this merger progress for the next three years and years to come. Boston Scientific, for being well known for the development of the Taxus Stent, has a strong distribution network, a strong brand, great for geographical expansion, and opening new markets.
Statistics and revenue offer straightforward evidence that the merger of Boston Scientific and Medtronic would be a very lucrative move on both company’s behalf. Both businesses would have to continue to stay ahead of competition, expand to new markets, remain in compliance with laws and regulations, and continuing to build good relationships with suppliers to beat out their competition. With constant progression and nationwide business expansions for the companies, this merger would be favorable.
UKthesis provides an online writing service for all types of academic writing. Check out some of them and don't hesitate to place your order. | <urn:uuid:31bdd1f7-b663-483d-b0ee-77b23a0357e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ukthesis.org/kjzy/6634.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.890041 | 5,790 | 1.71875 | 2 |
TOWNSHIP 8 RANGE 3, Maine — For Rodney Cofske and Nelson Hughes, building the Stetson II industrial wind site was like fighting the Battle of the Bulge.
Like soldiers in the epic World War II battle, the Reed & Reed Inc. construction foremen faced such brutal cold that they frequently wore all the clothing they could.
This created a problem: When they moved fast, they would sweat. When they stopped, the sweat made them colder still.
“You had to pace yourself when you climbed the towers so that when you got to the top, you weren’t awash with sweat,” Hughes said Tuesday.
“Working in the towers is like working in a chimney,” Cofske said. “The cold air would swirl all around you. Once you got up in the tower, there was no escape from it.”
The project’s developer, First Wind of Massachusetts, celebrated the efforts of Cofske, Hughes and about 300 other workers with a ribbon-cutting at the eastern Maine site Tuesday that included several local officials, contractors and designers of the mammoth project, and a busload of students from East Grand School in Danforth.
First Wind Chief Executive Officer Paul J. Gaynor praised the construction crews who battled the cold, the high winds, and the heavy snow and rain while erecting the 17 262-foot-tall industrial wind turbines in about four months, beginning last November, on schedule and on budget.
More important, they had no accidents, he said.
First Wind’s third completed Maine project and the largest wind farm in New England, the Stetson II site, combined with the first phase of the project, can produce as much as 82 megawatts of power, though wind projects typically generate from 20 percent to 40 percent of their capacity.
Operating at about 35 percent capacity, Stetson II will create enough electricity that it could power about 9,000 Maine homes annually, although it won’t have any direct Maine customers. A coal-fired electrical plant would burn 37,000 tons of coal to do the same, said Ryan Chaytors, a First Wind senior development associate.
The $60 million, 38-turbine first phase, which is located outside Danforth in Washington County, was finished in January 2009.
About 200 Reed & Reed workers constructed Phase II with another 100 local subcontractors, said Peter Garrett, project superintendent for Reed & Reed. Workers from Caribou to Bangor worked the job, he said.
The Stetson II project bought goods and services from 89 Maine companies. Stetson I and II represent $76 million in direct infusion into the Maine economy for the goods and services it required, said Jack Parker, Reed & Reed’s president.
Only one subcontractor came from out of state, he said.
Phase II began producing electricity on March 12. According to documents associated with its looming initial public offering, First Wind has a 15-year purchase agreement with Harvard University for half of Stetson II’s output.
The rest is sold to Constellation Energy of Maryland, an energy product and services supplier to wholesale and retail electric customers, First Wind officials said.
The 44-turbine, 132-megawatt Kibby Wind Power project will be New England’s largest site when project developer TransCanada finishes it this fall, TransCanada officials say. It is located in the Boundary Mountains of western Maine.
With headquarters in Boston and several satellite offices planned or located in Maine, First Wind operates the 42-megawatt Mars Hill project and has several more projects in development or permitted.
The company hopes to begin building this year its 40-turbine, 60-megawatt industrial wind site proposed for the Rollins Mountain ridgelines in Burlington, Lee, Lincoln and Winn.
The project is under appeal.
First Wind also hopes to start building its 34-turbine, $120 million Oakfield project, which the Maine Department of Environmental Protection permitted in January.
The 51-megawatt project is also under appeal.
Wind power represents a $700 million investment in Maine that creates no byproducts or waste, burns no foreign oil and lowers the cost of electricity, Parker said.
“Can you think of a single industry that has been investing that much in Maine in the last few years? I can’t,” he said. | <urn:uuid:cb3a7102-6efb-4a14-b141-cd37193db26e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://bangordailynews.com/2010/04/06/news/ribboncutting-launches-stetson-ii-wind-project/print/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00427-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952201 | 930 | 2 | 2 |
by Ann Bryant
Illustrated by Andy Elkerton
Part of the Race Ahead with Reading series
Bill Brady boats that he is entering his guinea pig into an animal tricks competition.
The trouble is, he hasn't got a guinea pig. Let alone one that can do tricks. Can Stinky save the day? Race Ahead with Reading is the perfect introduction to reading chapters with brand new page turning reads in five short bite size chapters, to encourage children to take the driving seat with their reading.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 32 pages, Full colour
- Publisher: Hachette Children's Group
- Publication Date: 14/08/2014
- Category: Humorous
- ISBN: 9781445126531 | <urn:uuid:e0a2b5c9-e55a-4beb-b5b5-b8c2c3ca6fa4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.speedyhen.com/Product/Ann-Bryant/Stinky/15913768 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00067-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.882631 | 155 | 2.703125 | 3 |
What Is Love?
Do you wonder what is love and why we need love?
Love is an strong affection that can be felt and expressed. Love is simple. Yet it becomes our reason for being. It affects our thoughts and behaviors. Love even shapes us into who we are.
We learn from love. And we grow in love.
We want to love and be loved because this strong feeling is a sign of a meaningful bond. Such bond makes us unique as human. It is proof that we belong. And that’s how love reassures us that we are not alone in this world. This understanding brings us intrinsic hope and joy.
As a result, we need love because it gives life meaning we cannot create or substitute by other means.
What Are The Different Types Of Love
Love comes in many different forms. Whether it’s love between mother and child, husband and wife, or best friends, people are bonded by this feeling of love they share.
Here are some types of love we often encounter in our lives:
- Romantic love
- Family love
Why We Need Love?
Love plays a significant role in shaping our lives. Not only does it represent the bonds we form with others, it also help us grow and develop through the different stages of life.
Oftentimes love can seem like an instinct. We adore someone. Or we feel happy around someone. So love comes naturally.
But there are also occasions when it pains us to love. Yet this strong feeling persists despite the challenges. This prompt us to believe that love is a need rather than a simple want.
In fact, we need love to fulfill our lives.
The pyramid of needs below was created by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper, “A Theory of Human Motivation”. Maslow believed that human ultimately want to achieve self-actualization. And life is a process where we strive to meet our many needs – love being one of the needs – so we can eventually create the destiny we want (aka “self-actualization”).
Without love there can be no self-esteem or self-actualization. And our growth is limited unless we can attain the ultimate stage of self-actualization. That’s why we strive to love and be loved in life.
Healing Crystals For Love
Nature actually blesses us with so many crystals for love.
Among these crystals, rose quartz is well known for nourishing and promoting loving relationships. This gentle pink crystal soothes our heart and reminds us of the joy of love. Its energy strengthens the bond between people and bring us closer to our loved ones. So we can enjoy the happiness and warmth in our relationships with people.
Another popular healing crystal for love is green aventurine. Perhaps this crystal is more well known for its use in attracting good luck and prosperity. But it’s actually a great crystal for attracting new love as well! In fact, the high vibrancy nature of green aventurine tends to draw new opportunities to the user. And new relationships is one of those opportunities that this crystal likes to attract.
Amazonite, on the other hand, releases the negative thoughts within us so we can open up ourselves for better communication. When we say what’s on our mind honestly and confidently, we are actively inviting others to open up to us as well. This builds trust between people and promotes healthy relationships. Amazonite is a wonderful crystal for friendship and love.
Finally, red carnelian represents the vibrant energy that stimulates our senses. It sparks passion and attraction in our lives. So carnelian is a great stone for attracting romance into your life. It;s one of the best crystals for romance!
We can use these crystals on a daily basis or during meditation to grow the love within us and attract more loving energy. | <urn:uuid:3e8a2a38-3b9c-4eb2-b0fd-ac3d5da5ccaf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bestcrystalswholesale.com/why-we-need-love-and-healing-crystals-for-love/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.935843 | 803 | 2.125 | 2 |
Well, I've gone through a dozen of threads all over the internet in order to find an answer. There is just too much contradictory information on about this. Lines, dots, spreading all over... Even the reviews would messed my head up. Some claim that the NTH1 is a good thermal paste that peforms just like the AS5, some shows that Noctua NT-H1 is an awful thermal paste when compared too everything else...But, well...That is not the point. Noctua instructs that it should be applied on the ***CPU*** as a little dot. I find some conflicting information that the themal compounds are supposed to be spread on the GPU, but not on the CPU. Which one is true? Is there a difference between CPUs and GPUs in the way we should apply the compounds?
post #1 of 9
12/4/12 at 3:29am | <urn:uuid:7cc616f6-6183-4765-baa9-e2d5de2fbb3b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.overclock.net/t/1334277/how-to-apply-noctua-nt-h1-thermal-paste-to-a-gpu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00159-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943841 | 183 | 2.015625 | 2 |
HOW LONG DOES A BATTERY LAST BEFORE LAPTOP BATTERY REPLACEMENT?
How long does a laptop battery last before replacement is needed? One of our most commonly asked questions.
Laptop batteries usually last anywhere from one to three years on average.
If your laptop battery doesn’t charge, the laptop won’t turn or dies quickly when unplugged it’s usually a sign your battery is ill or on its way out.
The good news is, it’s straightforward to get a laptop battery replacement. If your laptop is a MacBook, these computers usually require them to be opened for replacement. Most of the new models even need glue removed before replacement is possible.
How to buy a replacement laptop battery
If you’re looking to find out how to buy a laptop battery replacement, you first need to know the make and model of your laptop computer.
However, you need to know it’s possible to end up with a bad battery right from the factory. One significant factor is original batteries vs. generic batteries.
Matt The Computer Man also educates you on how to buy a replacement laptop battery, give us a call!
Genuine batteries will have the manufacturer logo on the battery itself. The generic batteries will not have a manufacturer’s logo.
See the Example below:
Check This Out!
Serius burn caused by cheap battery
SERIOUS LAPTOP BATTERY FAILURE
This is an example of what I have personally seen happen with a generic laptop battery.
Imagine what could happen if you were not home and something like this happened.
Not good at all, going the cheap way out could cost you your house or business.
LAPTOP WORKS WITHOUT BATTERY
When the laptop works without the battery and then does not turn on when the battery is inserted, This is another case of a bad battery.
Bad Batteries can happen on both Windows and Mac computers and is more common than you think.
Most people buy a new computer not realizing they could have just had a laptop battery replacement, and their equipment would continue to work.
HELPFUL TIPS OF DO’S AND DONT’S
How to extend battery life
These tips will help you get the most out of your battery!
- Don’t leave your computer plugged in all the time
- If your battery is full, unplug and drain the battery down to at least 15% before recharging
- Do not let your laptop battery stay completely dead | <urn:uuid:f5eadffd-3721-4971-9397-bafa60ec1653> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mattthecomputerman.com/laptop-battery-replacement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.930791 | 537 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Temporal genetic structure in a poecilogonous polychaete: the interplay of developmental mode and environmental stochasticity
© Kesäniemi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
Received: 22 September 2013
Accepted: 30 December 2013
Published: 22 January 2014
Temporal variation in the genetic structure of populations can be caused by multiple factors, including natural selection, stochastic environmental variation, migration, or genetic drift. In benthic marine species, the developmental mode of larvae may indicate a possibility for temporal genetic variation: species with dispersive planktonic larvae are expected to be more likely to show temporal genetic variation than species with benthic or brooded non-dispersive larvae, due to differences in larval mortality and dispersal ability. We examined temporal genetic structure in populations of Pygospio elegans, a poecilogonous polychaete with within-species variation in developmental mode. P. elegans produces either planktonic, benthic, or intermediate larvae, varying both among and within populations, providing a within-species test of the generality of a relationship between temporal genetic variation and larval developmental mode.
In contrast to our expectations, our microsatellite analyses of P. elegans revealed temporal genetic stability in the UK population with planktonic larvae, whereas there was variation indicative of drift in temporal samples of the populations from the Baltic Sea, which have predominantly benthic and intermediate larvae. We also detected temporal variation in relatedness within these populations. A large temporal shift in genetic structure was detected in a population from the Netherlands, having multiple developmental modes. This shift could have been caused by local extiction due to extreme environmental conditions and (re)colonization by planktonic larvae from neighboring populations.
In our study of P. elegans, temporal genetic variation appears to be due to not only larval developmental mode, but also the stochastic environment of adults. Large temporal genetic shifts may be more likely in marine intertidal habitats (e.g. North Sea and Wadden Sea) which are more prone to environmental stochasticity than the sub-tidal Baltic habitats. Sub-tidal and/or brackish (less saline) habitats may support smaller P. elegans populations and these may be more susceptible to the effects of random genetic drift. Moreover, higher frequencies of asexual reproduction and the benthic larval developmental mode in these populations leads to higher relatedness and contributes to drift. Our results indicate that a general relationship between larval developmental mode and temporal genetic variation may not exist.
KeywordsPygospio elegans Poecilogony Population genetics Developmental mode Genetic drift Temporal Sweepstakes reproductive success Full-sibs
Several factors can affect the temporal stability of population genetic structure in the unpredictable marine environment. Unstable habitat can make a population more vulnerable to local extinctions and recolonizations [1, 2]. Stochastic factors, such as variation in oceanic currents, can affect the movement of pelagic individuals and indirectly genetic patterns [3–5], or they can have a more direct effect, e.g. via high larval mortality. Especially in species with dispersive adults or larvae, temporal genetic differentiation could be caused by recruits migrating from different genetic sources at different times [6–10]. Sweepstakes reproductive success, extreme variation in the reproductive success of individuals, in which only a limited number of individuals contribute to the next generation, affects temporal population genetic structure in some species [11–14]. In small or fragmented populations, the enhanced effects of genetic drift also can lead to significant changes in temporal genetic structure [15–17]. Nevertheless, in most population genetic studies of marine invertebrates, only spatial patterns of genetic structure are examined without acknowledging the possibility for temporal genetic variation.
In many cases, the developmental mode of larvae can be used to generalize the dispersal potential of marine species (see for review). Consequently, it may also indicate when spatial differentiation between populations and temporal variation within populations is likely [13, 19]. Populations of species developing via dispersive pelagic larvae may be particularly prone to temporal genetic variation since such larvae are known to face high mortality in the plankton [20–22] and populations will receive recruits from potentially many different sources. On the other hand, species with direct development (those lacking a larval stage) and species with benthic, brooded, or encapsulated larvae that do not disperse long distances may be less prone to temporal genetic variation since such larvae are thought to be more protected from predation [20, 23, 24] and to show higher local recruitment. Lee and Boulding studied temporal genetic variation in four closely related Littorina gastropod species with different larval developmental modes. They found the expected pattern of significant temporal genetic variation in two species with planktotrophic (pelagic) larvae, whereas the species with direct-developing offspring were temporally stable.
Even if a relationship between temporal stability of genetic structure and developmental mode exists, demographic differences between species and/or species-specific behaviours affecting larval recruitment could mask the general correlative patterns. Therefore, more data are needed before evaluating the generality of a relationship between temporal genetic variation and larval developmental mode. Poecilogonous species provide a means to examine this possible relationship without the influence of species-specific factors. Poecilogony refers to developmental mode polymorphism, in which there are multiple larval developmental modes within a single species [25, 26]. Poecilogony is a rare phenomenon, known in some spionid polychaetes (e.g. [27, 28]) and sacoglossan sea slugs . In different poecilogonous species, individual females produce larvae developing via different developmental modes either simultaneously or seasonally, or the different modes are seen among multiple females either within or among populations (reviewed in ). Such variety implies that poecilogony could have arisen through different mechanisms in different species. These could include different genetic backgrounds, different environmental cues triggering the production of different larval types (developmental plasticity or bet-hedging), maternal effects, or a combination of these mechanisms (reviewed in [26, 30]). For example, in Alderia willowi, poecilogony is based on reliable environmental cues, and females change the developmental mode of their larvae seasonally . A polymorphic strategy may be favored in unpredictable habitats with spatial and temporal heterogeneity. In this case, poecilogony might be best described as a bet-hedging strategy, in which different phenotypes are produced in response to the unpredictability of the environment in an effort to maximize mean long term fitness [31, 32]. Although poecilogony has not been proven to be a bet-hedging strategy (but see ), poecilogonous species are commonly found in intertidal habitats [25, 27, 28, 33], which are characterized by rapid environmental fluctuations.
Our study species, Pygospio elegans, is a poecilogonous spionid polychaete [34, 35] commonly found in a variety of sub-tidal and intertidal habitats [34, 36, 37]. This cold adapted species is widely distributed in the Northern hemisphere and has wide salinity tolerance . P. elegans has been described as opportunistic [34, 39] and can reach high densities, especially in nutrient rich intertidal mud and sand flats [40, 41]. However in some regions (i.e. the northern Baltic Sea), relatively low densities are observed [37, 42, 43]. Across its distribution, populations are often described as patchy, and worm densities in populations have been observed to fluctuate over time ([34, 40], pers. obs. JEK and KEK). Adult P. elegans worms inhabit sand tubes and are relatively sedentary. After fertilization via direct transfer of spermatophores from males to females, the females lay their embryos inside egg capsules within the maternal tube (up to 34 capsules in an egg string, ). Larval developmental mode varies and is related to the number of embryos laid per capsule [34, 36, 42, 44]. When the number of embryos is large (>20/capsule), the larvae have a short brooding period and a long pelagic period. Larvae with this planktonic developmental mode actively swim and feed in the plankton. In laboratory experiments, the pelagic period of these larvae was 1–2 months, depending on the temperature . When the number of embryos laid per capsule is small (1-2/capsule), the larvae are brooded throughout their development within the egg capsules, feeding on nutritional nurse eggs (adelphophagy) provided at egg-laying by the mother. Larvae with this benthic developmental mode lack a pelagic stage and build their own sand tube soon after release from the capsules. An intermediate developmental mode with an intermediate brooding period and a short pelagic period is also known [35, 44]. In addition, P. elegans can reproduce asexually by fragmentation , but asexual reproduction has not been observed in all populations .
The developmental mode polymorphism observed in P. elegans makes the species particularly suited for examining the relationship between developmental mode and temporal population genetic structure. In some populations multiple larval types have been observed simultaneously or seasonally [35, 36, 42], but many populations of P. elegans are known to produce only one larval type (e.g.[34, 40, 46]). In Europe, a broad scale pattern in developmental mode and environment can be seen: the planktonic developmental mode is more common in populations from marine intertidal sand and mud flats of the North Sea, whereas populations with longer brooding (intermediate and benthic modes) are commonly found in the (estuarine) sub-tidal habitats of the Baltic Sea . However, variation in developmental mode in this species does not appear to be a plastic response to variable salinity or temperature . Nevertheless, environmental characteristics could serve as cues which trigger the levels of polymorphism in different populations. In the Baltic Sea, P. elegans is often seen associated with Zostera marina sea grass [42, 43]. At local scales, these vegetated areas can have more stabilized sediment and show higher species richness and abundance of individuals due to the stabilizing effect of plant roots, reduced water movement and lower predation risk (e.g. [37, 47–49]). Intertidal mud and sand flats however, are unstable habitats, e.g. due to disturbance from tidal flow, currents and human impact, which can lead to desiccation stress, sediment transportation and fluctuations in salinity, temperature and oxygen availability [39, 50, 51].
Since the planktonic, benthic and intermediate larval developmental modes of P. elegans differ in the number of larvae produced per female, the duration of brooding time within capsules and the duration of the planktonic period, as well as in the size of larvae at release from the capsules and the presence or absence of larval swimming setae, the larvae developing via these different modes are expected to differ in their dispersal potential and their susceptibility to predation. As a result, developmental mode of larvae may affect the population genetic structure of P. elegans both spatially and temporally. Although somewhat higher population genetic connectivity is found among P. elegans populations with planktonic larvae, overall a pattern of significant spatial population genetic structure and low connectivity has been found among European P. elegans populations . Moreover, asexual reproduction or mixed strategies of reproduction could affect population genetic structure [42, 52, 53].
In this study, we examined temporal genetic structure in P. elegans populations and its relationship to developmental mode. Following previous observations , we expected to find greater temporal genetic variation in the population with strictly planktonic larvae, whereas temporal genetic stability was expected for populations with predominately the benthic developmental mode. The possibility for greater temporal genetic variation in the planktonic population is expected to stem from the very high mortality rates known for the planktonic larvae of P. elegans and higher gene flow among populations with planktonic larvae . We also expected populations to differ in estimates of effective population size and sibship depending on developmental mode and the prevalence of asexual reproduction, with larger Ne and mostly unrelated individuals expected in those populations with primarily the planktonic developmental mode and lacking asexual reproduction. Our analysis of a poecilogonous species aims to clarify the connection between developmental mode and temporal population genetic variation and could shed light on the role of stochastic environmental variation on the evolution of marine invertebrate larvae.
Sample collection and DNA analyses
Years sampled (number of genotyped individuals)
Observed developmental modes*
Baltic Sea (st)
2008(53); 2009(52); 2010(42)
2008(45); 2009(40); 2010(39)
2008(43); 2009(47); 2010(43)
Low to medium
I, P, B
I, B, P
Wadden Sea (it)
2009(48); 2010(46); 2011(42)
High to very high
P, I, B
North Sea (it)
Marine intertidal sand and mud flats in the Wadden Sea (NET) and North Sea (UK) were also sampled. In both, sediment sampling was done during low tide when the sediment and worm tubes were partly exposed. In the Netherlands, we sampled a mudflat from the mainland side of Schiermonnikoog Island (site NET) and in the UK, the Drum Sands sand flat (near Edinburgh, Scotland) was sampled (Table 1). Even though we did not measure density of P. elegans during our collection, the difference between the intertidal marine sites and the sub-tidal Baltic Sea sites was striking. In UK and NET, the worm density was high with densely packed P. elegans tubes. In contrast, the distribution of worms was patchy and worm density was noticeably lower in the Baltic Sea. Densities from 150 to 2800 ind. m2 have been observed in the Northern Baltic Sea previously (pers. obs. CB), whereas 11 000 ind. m2 is common at the UK site [40, 41].
For all populations, collecting was done at the same location each year by the same person/s. At each location, approximately 15 sediment samples were collected, with a minimum distance of 0.4 m and maximum distance of 20 m between any two samples. Fine scale genetic patterns may be likely in species with restricted larval dispersal (e.g. ), however it is not expected in P. elegans at this spatial scale (see ). The sediment samples were gently sieved with a 1 mm mesh sieve, and the worms’ sand tubes were removed with forceps and combined in a sampling bottle with sea water. In the laboratory, the tubes were placed in trays with sea water. After they emerged from their tubes, the worms were examined, sexed and checked for either sexual reproduction (indicated by the presence of gametes, which can be seen through the transparent body wall) or asexual reproduction (indicated by regeneration usually at both ends of the body, or multiple fragmented worm pieces within a tube). Sand tubes were also examined for the presence of egg capsules. When capsules were found, the developmental mode of the larvae was determined (Table 1). At site FIA we have observed only benthic larvae in egg capsules collected in early spring, but at site FIF we have not observed any sexually reproducing worms during our collections. All developmental modes have been observed in the Danish sites and NET, but benthic and intermediate modes predominate in the less saline environment in Denmark, whereas the planktonic developmental mode predominates in NET (Table 1). Only the planktonic developmental mode has been observed in UK [40, 42]. Asexual reproduction in P. elegans was observed only in the Baltic Sea populations (Finland and Denmark) and was not frequent. These observations imply that developmental mode is associated with salinity, but because they are based on a limited number of samples taken primarily in spring, we cannot be sure that other developmental modes at these sites have not been overlooked. For example, we have visited the Finnish sites at different times during spring and summer, but have not observed gametes or larvae in the FIF individuals.
Adult worms were preserved individually in ethanol until DNA extraction. DNA was extracted using Qiagen chemicals and a Kingfisher magnetic processor (Thermo Fisher Scientific), after which the samples were genotyped using eight highly polymorphic microsatellite markers following protocols described in .
Genetic variation within each sample was estimated by calculating expected and observed heterozygosity and gene diversity with Arlequin v.220.127.116.11 . Also, allelic richness was calculated for each sample using a rarefaction method with HP-RARE . Rarefaction standardizes the estimate to a minimum sample size to allow for comparison of the estimates among samples from the different populations. To investigate variation between temporal samples (within populations), the number of private alleles (alleles only seen in one sample) was caluculated for each population separately. Due to different sample sizes, the number of private alleles can only be compared among the temporal samples within a single population and not between populations. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were calculated with Arlequin, and p-values were adjusted with Bonferroni correction. FSTAT was used to estimate FIS values for each sample and their statistical significance as well as to test for linkage disequilibrium between loci within the populations. Frequencies of null alleles were estimated using FreeNA .
To examine proportions of genetic variation explained by both spatial and temporal variation, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed with two different sample sets using Arlequin (20 000 permutations). First, an analysis was carried out grouping the samples according to sample year (4 groups: 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011). Second, the samples were grouped according to population (7 groups: temporal samples from the same population combined). To further investigate temporal genetic variation within the different populations, pair-wise FST values (using Arlequin and 10 000 permutations) and Jost’s pairwise Dest values were calculated (using the R package DEMEtics, 3000 permutations ) among the temporal samples within each population (temporal FST/Dest). Pair-wise comparisons of FST were also calculated among populations collected in the same year (2008, 2009, 2010). Linearized pair-wise FST values were analyzed with PCA in GenAlEx v. 6.5 to visualize differences among the samples and populations.
After these analyses, we noticed a large temporal genetic shift in our samples from NET, as described in the results. To further investigate this shift, we used STRUCTURE v.2.3.4, and also included some data reported in our previous spatial genetic analysis (populations from France and Netherlands, ) in order to identify potential source populations of the NET2011 sample. STRUCTURE was run assuming an admixture model and correlated allele frequencies. A prior with sampling locality information was used, and the analysis consisted of a burn-in of 250,000 generations followed by MCMC sampling of 400,000 generations. One to six possible clusters were tested, each with four replicate runs. The lowest likelihood scores were used to evaluate the number of genetic clusters in the data, but the result of interest was the placement of the NET2011 sample relative to the other samples. STRUCTURE results were visualized with the program Distruct 1.1 .
Since the benthic larvae of P. elegans are not expected to disperse after emerging from the maternal sand tube, we expected that populations with predominately benthic developmental modes would also have a large number of related individuals. To test this hypothesis, we did a sibship analysis using COLONY to identify full-sib families within each temporal sample from the different populations. The analysis was run with no information on parental genotypes, and assuming both male and female polygamy as well as possible inbreeding. Following suggestions from Wang , the full-likelihood model was run with run length and precision set to medium. Data from seven of the microsatellite loci were used (excluding Pe12, the locus with the highest proportion of suspected null alleles) and genotyping error rate was estimated to be 0.0001 for each locus. Although P. elegans is not expected to live longer than one year in nature , its ability to reproduce asexually allows extension of the life-span of some individual genotypes. Consequently, we also analyzed population data sets in which the data from temporal samples were combined. We did not expect to find full-sib families consisting of individuals sampled in different years, but hypothesized that cross-year families would be more common in those populations with asexual reproduction (Baltic Sea). If full-sib pairs or families were found, one individual from each pair was chosen randomly and removed and the descriptive analyses (HO, HE and FIS) and FST calculations were repeated to investigate the effect of related individuals on population genetic patterns. We also estimated mean relatedness (r) values for each sample using the maximum likelihood method in ML-Relate . ML-Relate estimates relatedness for each individual pair-wise comparison, and the mean of these (excluding self-comparisons) was calculated for sample mean relatedness. Relatedness estimates were adjusted for the presence of null alleles.
If the same site is sampled at two or more time points, a short term effective population size (Ne) can be calculated using temporal methods. These methods are based on changes in allele frequencies between the temporal samples . Most methods used for calculating effective population sizes are based on assumptions of closed populations (no gene flow), discrete generations and random mating . Although our populations are technically not closed, they are genetically differentiated from each other and show high self-recruitment rates . Therefore, we expected that the data would be appropriate for the methods assuming closed populations. We first used the likelihood based method (MLNE) from Wang and Whitlock to estimate Ne assuming closed populations (no migration), but then we also estimated Ne assuming open populations (migration allowed). In these analyses, we defined potential source populations as all the sites reported in this study, except when NET was the focal population. In this case, samples from other locations in the Netherlands and France, reported previously , were used as potential sources of gene flow (see results and discussion for more information). In all of the MLNE analyses, different maximum Ne values were tested with no change in the results, and Ne max = 10000 was used in the final analyses.
Mean Ne values over the sampling period were also estimated using the Moment Based Temporal method (MBT, ) implemented in NeEstimator . TempoFs was used to estimate genetic drift (observed allele frequency change) between the temporal samples. This method should produce unbiased results even with highly variable microsatellite markers. Mean Fs’ (genetic drift corrected for sampling plan) over all loci was calculated for the sample intervals. Sample plan 2 was used, in which samples are collected fatally before reproduction. In all of these temporal methods, the number of generations between temporal samples is required. For the Finnish sites (FIA and FIF), we estimated one generation per year (pers. obs. JEK), whereas for all other populations, two generations per year were assumed [36, 40]. Again, since the life span of P. elegans is probably short in nature (worms lived for approximately one year in the laboratory ), the adults sampled in consecutive years are assumed to not be from the same cohort.
Genetic diversity and sibship patterns in the temporal samples
AR (N = 40)
FS families (prob >0.98)
1.9 (N = 70)
1.6 (N = 58)
All: 1 (no cross-year)
3.7 (N = 56)
3.3 (N = 74)
3.5 (N = 40)
All: 4 (no cross-year)
2.3 (N = 72)
All: 4 (no cross-year)
4.4 (N = 52)
All: 1 (no cross-year)
Heterozygote deficiencies were seen in most samples and significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed in some loci in most populations as reflected by significant positive FIS values (Table 2). There were temporal changes in FIS values in many populations. As shown in previous analyses [42, 54], null alleles were estimated to occur in either low (<0.05) or moderate frequencies (<0.20) in most loci in some of the samples (including locus Pe7 in FIF, DKH and NET, locus Pe17 in DKV, DKR, DKH, NET and UK, locus Pe18 in DKH, NET and UK, locus Pe13 in FIA, FIF, NET and UK, and Pe19 in NET). Loci Pe15 and Pe12 were the most problematic, showing moderate null allele frequencies in almost all temporal samples. However, since the global FST and the FST values for each locus (data not shown) were similar when calculated with (ENA) and without estimating a null allele correction (FST = 0.0306, FSTENA = 0.0308), we feel confident that the presence of null alleles has not affected our calculations of genetic structure. Regardless, Pe12 was eliminated from the data set when estimating the number of full-sib families with COLONY and when estimating the effective population size. Significant linkage disequilibrium was observed in only a few comparisons within some of the Danish populations (Pe7xPe15 in DKH & DKV, Pe7xPe17 in DKV, Pe7xPe13 in DKR, DKV & DKH, and Pe13xPe12 in DKR, Pe7xPe12 in DKV), occurring within some years, but not others. Although asexual reproduction is possible in P. elegans, we observed only two instances of identical multilocus genotypes in our samples: one pair of identical individuals in the DKV2008 sample and one pair of individuals in the DKR2010 sample. One individual from each of these pairs was removed from the COLONY, STRUCTURE and PCA analyses.
Temporal and spatial genetic structure
AMOVA results of spatial and temporal variation in Pygospio elegans
Temporal groups (samples grouped by year)
Source of variation
Sum of squares
Percentage of variation
Fixation indices (P-value)
FCT = −0.003 (0.816)
Among populations within years
FSC = 0.036 (<0.001)
FST = 0.033 (<0.001)
Geographical groups (samples grouped by population)
Source of variation
Sum of squares
Percentage of variation
Fixation indices (P-value)
FCT = 0.029 (<0.001)
Among temporal samples within populations
FSC = 0.009 (<0.001)
FST = 0.037 (<0.001)
Temporal pair-wise F ST /Dest values for samples within each population
Additional NET2011 F ST /Dest analyses
Sibship analysis and relatedness
Full-sibs were found within almost all temporal samples, but not in FIF and UK (Table 2). In most samples, full-sibs were pairs of individuals, but larger families were found in two Danish populations. In DKR2009 and DKV2009 samples, full-sib families of five and three individuals, respectively, were identified. In NET, full-sib pairs were seen in 2009 (one pair) and 2010 (four pairs), but none were observed in the 2011 sample. When temporal samples within a population were combined to identify cross-year full-sibs, typically the same full-sib families were identified as in the analyses of each temporal sample separately, but also additional full-sib families were seen. However, cross-year full-sibs (full-sib pairs or families consisting of individuals from different temporal samples) were found only in three Baltic Sea populations (FIA, DKR and DKV). In the analyses of DKR and DKV, in addition to full-sib pairs, two larger cross-year full-sib families were identified (DKR: families of five and four individuals, DKV: families of three and four individuals). Even though no full-sib families were identified in the temporal samples in FIF and UK when they were analyzed separately, in each of these populations one full-sib pair was identified when the temporal samples were combined. In both cases, the full-sibs identified were individulas within a single temporal sample (no cross-year full-sibs), indicating the effect of sample size on identifying potentially highly related individuals.
Effective population size
Effective population size and genetic drift in the samples
MLNE (95% CI)
MBT (95% CI)
MLNEopen (95% CI)
Mean Fs’ (SE) between temporal samples
The estimated temporal shifts in allele frequencies (i.e. drift) between the samples were quite high in the Baltic Sea populations (Fs’ from 0.0036 to 0.0202, Table 6). In the UK, Fs’ was low (0.0005), allowing higher Ne estimations. The largest change in allele frequencies was seen between the NET2010 and 2011 samples (Fs’ = 0.0635), and this incidence of strong genetic drift is likely the cause of the low mean Ne values estimated for the NET site over the whole sampling period. In contrast, the genetic drift estimate for NET2009 and NET2010 was an order of magnitude lower (Fs’ = 0.0077).
Analyses with full-sibs removed
To reveal the effect of full-sibs within a sample on our analyses, one individual of each full-sib pair was randomly removed (in case of larger families, all but one individual was removed) and some of the analyses were repeated with the reduced dataset (see Table 2 for samples with full-sibs). As mentioned previously, in the samples with identical individuals (one pair in DKV2008 and in DKR2010), one individual from each pair was removed in the analyses. The removal of close relatives did not have a large effect on the observed and expected heterozygosities, although in DKR2010 and DKV2009 FIS values were no longer significant (Additional file 3). Removal of full-sibs did not affect the estimates of effective population size (results not shown). However, the removal of full-sib individuals had significant effects on temporal population genetic patterns in some populations (Additional file 4). In FIA and DKH, the FST significance patterns did not change (significant genetic differentiation between FIA2008 & FIA2010 remained). However in DKR and DKV, the significant FST comparisons observed with full data set were not observed when full-sibs were removed. In the Netherlands, the NET2011 still remained significantly differentiated from the earlier temporal samples, indicating a strong genetic shift.
As expected, the removal of full-sib individuals also decreased the mean relatedness values calculated for each sample (using ML-Relate, see Additional file 5). For example, without full-sibs the mean relatedness decreased from 0.0623 to 0.0499 in the DKR2009 sample, and the differences seen in relatedness values between the temporal samples of DKR were no longer significant (Mann–Whitney U test P = 0.639). In NET, however, relatedness in the 2011 sample still remained significantly lower than relatedness in previous years (NET 2010 & NET 2011: P = 0.013; NET 2009 & NET 2011: P = 0.001; NET 2009 & NET 2010: P = 0.429).
Life history traits associated with the planktonic development of marine invertebrate larvae, including high fecundity, high larval mortality, and, for broadcast spawning species, low fertilization success, have been hypothesized to contribute to temporal dynamics in populations and their genetic structure [13, 19, 21, 33]. Indeed, temporal variation in genetic structure has been described for some marine species, and stochastic effects on larval life stages are often cited as the potential causes of this variation [11–13, 72–75]. Adaptations such as internal fertilization and parental protection may lead to increased survival of larvae and reduce the role of stochastic factors on temporal genetic variation . A comparison of closely related snails in the genus Littorina with different larval developmental modes showed that species with direct-development (hatching as juveniles) had more temporal stability in genetic variation, due to their lower fecundity and lower offspring mortality, whereas species with planktotrophic (pelagic) larvae showed temporal fluctuations in genetic structure, possibly due to sweepstakes reproductive success . We examined the temporal population genetic structure in P. elegans, a poecilogonous species in which the developmental mode of larvae is known to vary among and within populations . Our study adds to the relatively few studies investigating temporal genetic variation in marine invertebrate species. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first such study done with a poecilogonous species, which provides a within-species examination of the proposed relationship between developmental mode and temporally varying genetic structure.
We expected to find temporal variation in the genetic structure of P. elegans populations in which planktonic larvae are predominant: UK, having only planktonic larvae; and NET, where planktonic larvae predominate, even though other developmental modes are also observed in this population. Both of these sites are intertidal habitats with high worm density. Planktonic P. elegans larvae are known to suffer very high mortality , which could lead to temporal variation in genetic structure. The high and fluctuating density of worms in these two populations (, pers. obs. JEK, KEK) could also reflect the opportunistic behavior of the worms (extinction and re-colonization are possible) or a high influx of recruits, both of which could lead to increased temporal genetic variation. Fecundity is also expected to be higher in females producing planktonic larvae compared to those producing benthic larvae, as in other poecilogonous polychaetes (Strepblospio benedicti, ; and Boccardia proboscidea, ). On the other hand, we expected to find temporal stability in the genetic structure of P. elegans in populations from the Baltic Sea (Finland and Denmark), where benthic and intermediate larvae predominate. Although mortality rates are not known for benthic larvae of P. elegans, we assume that they are significantly lower than those for planktonic larvae. In contrast to our expectations, we found temporal genetic variation in populations from the Baltic Sea, temporal genetic stability in the UK population, and evidence of a genetic turnover in NET. Temporal variation in mean relatedness within populations was also found. Several possible explanations for our findings are discussed below.
The most significant change in genetic structure that we observed occurred in NET between years 2010 and 2011. This may be an example of a population turnover in response to extreme environmental conditions. P. elegans is known to colonize new or defaunated areas relatively quickly [46, 78, 79], and this could allow for the revival of an existing P. elegans population after a crash in population density. The NET sampling site was muddier in 2011, noticeably different than in the previous years, and the P. elegans distribution at this site was also patchier and less dense than previously (but still very high in comparison to populations in the Baltic Sea). It is possible that the harsh winter of 2010/2011 decreased P. elegans density at this site, which subsequently increased with immigration of planktonic larvae from nearby populations. Indeed, we saw that the NET2011 sample is genetically differentiated from temporal samples collected earlier at the same site (NET2010 & NET2009), but undifferentiated from samples from e.g. other Dutch populations collected in 2010 (Figure 1, Table 5). Allelic variation (allelic richness & number of private alleles) was higher in the NET2011 sample compared to the previous years (Table 2), even though a decrease in diversity is usually expected after a population turnover ([1, 80], but see also ). Therefore, it is likely that the NET site was recolonized either by a genetically diverse pool of larvae or by individuals from several different sources. This conclusion is also supported by the lower mean relatedness estimate for the NET2011 sample compared to samples from the same site in previous years (Figure 2). Harsh weather conditions (e.g. severely cold winters) are known to affect benthic community structure in marine species [81, 82]. For example, Naumov reported that even though sediment covered by ice and melting ice plates can remove individuals and lead to high mortality of benthic species in intertidal mudflats, these communities make a fast recovery.
Like NET, the sand flat inhabiting population in UK may also be subject to extreme environmental variation. Although we did not observe temporal variation in population structure in UK, our sampling scale may not have been sufficient to observe temporal dynamics in this population with planktonic larvae. We had only two temporal samples for the UK population (2009 and 2010), covering two generations of P. elegans. A study performed over a longer time scale might reveal patterns resembling metapopulation dynamics in this species with local extinctions/population crashes and recolonizations with migration connecting local populations (see ). Metapopulation dynamics may be more likely in P. elegans populations in the North Sea and Wadden Sea, where the high probability of physical disturbance in the intertidal mud and sand flat sites render the populations more vulnerable to crashes between high density peaks. However, despite density changes observed in these populations, regular population extinctions have not been reported for P. elegans. Local extinctions and recolonizations can be noticed with genetic analysis of temporal samples (similar to what was seen here for NET), but that is not always the case (e.g. ). Future studies with P. elegans would benefit from a more direct investigation of population dynamics, e.g. investigating age structure within a population and examining genetic patterns and population assignments in cohorts of larvae despite the challenges of genotyping larvae or young juveniles.
Significant temporal genetic structure was found in most of the Baltic Sea populations, which had predominantly benthic or intermediate larvae and visibly lower worm densities. The FST and Dest values in the significant pair-wise comparisons among temporal samples in these populations were not of high magnitude, however, and were lower than seen in NET (Table 4). Commonly, the sub-tidal habitats of the Baltic Sea do not support high densities of P. elegans[37, 42, 43]. If low density indicates small effective population size, random genetic drift is most likely the primary factor influencing temporal genetic variation . Drift has been suggested to cause the temporal genetic variation seen in another polychaete species with benthic, non-dispersive larvae . Alternative explanations for the observed temporal variation in the Baltic populations, e.g. population turnovers or immigration from many source populations leading to changes in allele frequencies, are not expected to be likely, since the predominance of longer brooding in these populations decreases the chances of gene flow through larval dispersal. Supporting the hypothesis of self-recruitment, a previous study showed that in P. elegans the genetic connectivity is higher among the North Sea populations with planktonic larvae, but local recruitment rates are also likely to be high in all populations. For example, even in the exposed sand flat population in UK, local currents may facilitate larval retention . Continuous high local larval retention could lead to the spatial genetic structure pattern seen in P. elegans (shown here and in ), as well as to the high FIS values observed in these populations. Recent studies have shown that local larval recruitment in the marine habitat may be more common than assumed [4, 85, 86].
However, after the removal of full-sib individuals from our dataset, previously significant pair-wise FST patterns seen in the Danish sites DKR and DKV were no longer significant, whereas in FIA and NET, the significant pattern remained. Therefore, the presence of full-sibs in the dataset may affect our interpretation of the genetic patterns (and see [87, 88]). We identified full-sib families within temporal samples of most of the P. elegans populations. Given that at each location multiple separate sediment samples were collected, it is remarkable that potential full-sib families could be identified, and we think that the presence of full-sib families in the samples is not due to possible collection biases, but that it represents the natural state of the populations. Since full-sib families were found in the populations with primarily benthic and intermediate developmental modes, we expect that the relatively lower dispersal capability of these larvae facilitates local recruitment and and thus leads to increased relatedness within these populations. However, larval behavior, physical factors and oceanic currents may also entrain planktonic larvae to settle in their natal sites [89, 90] and we cannot exclude this possibility for P. elegans.
Recently, Iacchei and colleagues discussed how the presence of many closely related individuals within a population could be due to related larvae dispersing and settling together, sweepstakes reproductive success, or high self-recruitment. The idea of related larval pools dispersing together is somewhat controversial, but supporting evidence has come from studies which identified related individuals in cohorts of larval recruits [4, 91–93] and from simulation studies [94, 95]. The lack of full-sib families in UK and in NET2011 (after the genetic turnover), however, suggests that for populations of P. elegans, the prevalence of planktonic larvae reduces the likelihood of finding full-sibs in a sample. Although we did not examine larval cohorts to specifically test for sweepstakes reproductive success, our results also suggest that in P. elegans there is low variation in the reproductive success among individuals, since larger full-sibs families are more likely to be seen when variation in reproductive success is high [4, 96]. Samples of additional populations with only planktonic larvae would be required before we can be certain about a possible connection between developmental mode and the presence of full-sib families in a population.
Asexual reproduction in P. elegans observed in the Baltic Sea populations may also have a role in explaining the observed patterns of relatedness, and can also explain why cross-year full-sib families were found in Finland and Denmark. Asexual reproduction likely allows certain genotypes of P. elegans to persist in a population over multiple years. There are no reported cases of asexual reproduction at the UK site (repeated collections done by Bolam and pers. obs. JEK, KEK) and we have not observed asexual worms in Netherlands . Although we used a strict probability limit to accept identification of a full-sib family, several factors could influence the analysis, including sample size, number of loci, and genotyping error rates [64, 97, 98]. The influence of sample size is already shown in our results: we found more full-sib families when analyzing the combined datasets (temporal samples combined per population) than when the temporal samples were analyzed separately (Table 2).
Our estimates of effective population sizes in P. elegans reflect our conclusions of a genetic turnover in NET and genetic drift in the Baltic Sea. Overall, our Ne estimates for the different populations were low, with overlapping confidence intervals. The high Ne estimates were for UK, the population with only planktonic larvae, which also had temporally stable genetic structure and highest genetic diversity. In general, higher Ne estimates are expected for species with planktonic larvae [13, 21]. However, generalization of Ne and developmental mode may not be possible due to sweepstakes reproductive success [19, 99, 100]. For example, some recent studies have estimated low Ne for marine species with planktonic larvae (oyster: and fish: [101, 102]). For P. elegans, we do not expect sweepstakes reproductive success to have a major role, since species with internal fertilization and brooding are less prone to experience such extreme variation in reproductive success (see ), however, a direct test is needed.
It should be noted that the three methods used to estimate contemporary Ne from temporal allele frequency changes can be biased and result in low estimates if there are overlapping generations, small sample sizes, or short time intervals between samples [103, 104]. Also, non-random mating, female biased sex ratio (which is known for P. elegans, , pers. obs. JEK), and HWE deviations may bias the estimates. In addition, MLNE estimations with migration (MLNEopen) may be biased if all potential source populations are not sampled . The Ne estimates obtained with this method were lower than those using MLNE and assuming closed populations, a pattern which has also been reported for other species . Although we used different methods to estimate Ne, all have limitations, and our study system may not be ideally suited to these analyses. The wide confidence intervals indicate that these estimates of Ne should be considered with caution. Although it is suggestive, we cannot say with certainty whether the low Ne estimated for the Baltic Sea populations is due to the occurrence of the benthic larval developmental mode, since other unexplored population demographic factors may play a role.
Our expectations for temporal genetic variation in the populations with planktonic larvae and temporal genetic stability in the populations with benthic larvae were based on assumptions that may be incorrect or oversimplified. We hypothesized that higher mortality of planktonic larvae, in addition to higher gene flow, would predispose P. elegans populations with planktonic larvae to greater temporal genetic variation. Theoretically, high mortality of larvae via predation, variance in successful larval dispersal and recruitment (e.g. via natural selection), or variance in reproductive success can lead to fluctuating genetic patterns (see ). However, our assumptions disregarded the potential role of also adult mortality. Environmental variables influence population dynamics through effects on both life stages, and in this study, the populations studied not only differed in developmental mode, but also in their habitat (subtidal vs. intertidal, muddy vs. sandy sediment), salinity, worm density, and may have also experienced different degrees of disturbance. Species that inhabit unstable environments, steep environmental gradients or marginal areas of their distribution are likely to (be stress tolerant or) show plasticity , or have adaptations to local conditions [106–108]. Therefore, it is not surprising to find that opportunistic species, including P. elegans, with short life span are commonly seen in intertidal habitats which have a high magnitude of disturbance [39, 40, 109]. The genetic turnover observed in NET provides an argument for the role of stochastic adult mortality as well as larval development mode (recolonization by planktonic larvae) in creating the observed temporal genetic variation. On a broad scale, variation in developmental mode in this species may be the result of an effective bet-hedging strategy in a species which can tolerate a wide-range of environments.
In the marine environment, larval developmental mode can affect population dynamics and stability via its effects on fecundity, population growth rate and survivorship of larvae and juveniles. It has been suggested that species with planktonic larval developmental modes would show more fluctuations in abundance over time [21, 24, 33] and be prone to temporal genetic variation . In our study of a poecilogonous polychaete species, temporal genetic variation appears to be not only due to larval developmental mode, but also to stochastic environmental effects on adults. Although temporal samples in populations with planktonic larvae were mostly genetically stable, we did find evidence for a genetic turnover in one population inhabiting an intertidal mudflat in Netherlands. Here, (re)colonization of the population by planktonic larvae from neighboring populations following an extreme environmental stress can explain the genetic turnover. We also found low but significant genetic differentiation among temporal samples from the Baltic Sea populations with predominantly benthic larval developmental mode. At least at the Finnish sites, these patterns are likely due to genetic drift, however in Denmark, it seems that the presence of closely related individuals created the observed significant temporal genetic differentiation. Sub-tidal and/or brackish (less saline) habitats may support smaller P. elegans populations, and together with higher frequencies of the benthic larval developmental mode and asexual reproduction, these may be more susceptible to the effects of random genetic drift and higher relatedness within sites. Our results indicate that a general relationship between larval developmental mode and temporal genetic variation may not exist (at least within species, but possibly also across species). In P. elegans, and potentially other benthic invertebrates, temporal genetic stability of a population is likely described by a complex interplay of larval developmental mode and environmental characteristics of the focal habitat.
Availability of supporting data
The data set supporting the results of this article is available in the Dryad Digital Repository, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.r90j0.
The authors wish to thank Camilla Gustafsson and Elzemiek Geuverink for their help with the sampling and Michael Hart and Raisa Nikula for their comments on an earlier version of this manuscript. JEK has received funding from the Biological Interactions Graduate School (University of Jyväskylä) and from the Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation. BWH has received funding from the Danish Research Council (project no. 272-07-0485). This work was supported in part by the EU Marie Curie ITN Speciation (KEK).
- Shama LNS, Kubow KB, Jokela J, Robinson CT: Bottlenecks drive temporal and spatial genetic changes in alpine caddisfly metapopulations. BMC Evol Biol. 2011, 11: 278-10.1186/1471-2148-11-278.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Lamy T, Pointier JP, Jarne P, David P: Testing metapopulation dynamics using genetic, demographic and ecological data. Mol Ecol. 2012, 21 (6): 1394-1410. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05478.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Sotka E, Wares J, Barth J, Grosberg R, Palumbi S: Strong genetic clines and geographical variation in gene flow in the rocky intertidal barnacle Balanus glandula. Mol Ecol. 2004, 13 (8): 2143-2156. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02225.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Selkoe KA, Gaines SD, Caselle JE, Warner RR: Current shifts and kin aggregation explain genetic patchiness in fish recruits. Ecology. 2006, 87 (12): 3082-3094. 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[3082:CSAKAE]2.0.CO;2.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Pringle JM, Wares JP: Going against the flow: maintenance of alongshore variation in allele frequency in a coastal ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2007, 335: 69-84.Google Scholar
- Johnson M, Black R: Pattern beneath the chaos - the effect of recruitment on genetic patchiness in an intertidal limpet. Evolution. 1984, 38 (6): 1371-1383. 10.2307/2408642.Google Scholar
- Kordos L, Burton R: Genetic differentiation of Texas gulf-coast populations of the blue-crab Callinectes Sapidus. Mar Biol. 1993, 117 (2): 227-233. 10.1007/BF00345667.Google Scholar
- Moberg P, Burton R: Genetic heterogeneity among adult and recruit red sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Mar Biol. 2000, 136 (5): 773-784. 10.1007/s002270000281.Google Scholar
- Barber PH, Moosa M, Palumbi S: Rapid recovery of genetic diversity of stomatopod populations on Krakatau: temporal and spatial scales of marine larval dispersal. Proc R Soc Lond B: Biological Sciences. 2002, 269 (1500): 1591-1597. 10.1098/rspb.2002.2026.Google Scholar
- Robainas-Barcia A, Blanco G, Sanchez JA, Monnerot M, Solignac M, García-Machado E: Spatiotemporal genetic differentiation of Cuban natural populations of the pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus notialis. Genetica. 2008, 133 (3): 283-294. 10.1007/s10709-007-9212-z.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Planes S, Lenfant P: Temporal change in the genetic structure between and within cohorts of a marine fish, Diplodus sargus, induced by a large variance in individual reproductive success. Mol Ecol. 2002, 11 (8): 1515-1524. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01521.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Florin A, Höglund J: Absence of population structure of turbot (Psetta maxima) in the Baltic Sea. Mol Ecol. 2007, 16 (1): 115-126.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Lee HJE, Boulding EG: Spatial and temporal population genetic structure of four northeastern Pacific littorinid gastropods: the effect of mode of larval development on variation at one mitochondrial and two nuclear DNA markers. Mol Ecol. 2009, 18 (10): 2165-2184. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04169.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Christie MR, Johnson DW, Stallings CD, Hixon MA: Self‒recruitment and sweepstakes reproduction amid extensive gene flow in a coral‒reef fish. Mol Ecol. 2010, 19 (5): 1042-1057. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04524.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Tessier N, Bernatchez L: Stability of population structure and genetic diversity across generations assessed by microsatellites among sympatric populations of landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Mol Ecol. 1999, 8 ((2): 169-179.Google Scholar
- Virgilio M, Abbiati M: Temporal changes in the genetic structure of intertidal populations of Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereididae). J Sea Res. 2006, 56 (1): 53-58. 10.1016/j.seares.2006.03.008.Google Scholar
- Guardiola M, Frotscher J, Uriz MJ: Genetic structure and differentiation at a short-time scale of the introduced calcarean sponge Paraleucilla magna to the western Mediterranean. Hydrobiologia. 2012, 687 (1): 71-84. 10.1007/s10750-011-0948-1.Google Scholar
- Bohonak AJ: Dispersal, gene flow, and population structure. Q Rev Biol. 1999, 74 (1): 21-45. 10.1086/392950.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hedgecock D, Pudovkin AI: Sweepstakes reproductive success in highly fecund marine fish and shellfish: a review and commentary. Bull Mar Sci. 2011, 87 (4): 971-1002. 10.5343/bms.2010.1051.Google Scholar
- Morgan S: Life and death in the plankton: larval mortality and adaptation. Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. Edited by: McEdward L. 1995, Boca Raton Florida: CRC Press, 279-322.Google Scholar
- Pechenik J: On the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1999, 177: 269-297.Google Scholar
- Pedersen TM, Hansen JLS, Josefson AB, Hansen BW: Mortality through ontogeny of soft-bottom marine invertebrates with planktonic larvae. J Mar Syst. 2008, 73 (1–2): 185-207.Google Scholar
- Pechenik J: Role of encapsulation in invertebrate life histories. Am Nat. 1979, 114 (6): 859-870. 10.1086/283533.Google Scholar
- Strathmann R: Feeding and nonfeeding larval development and life-history evolution in marine-invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1985, 16: 339-361.Google Scholar
- Chia F, Gibson G, Qian P: Poecilogony as a reproductive strategy of marine invertebrates. Oceanol Acta. 1996, 19 (3–4): 203-208.Google Scholar
- Knott KE, McHugh D: Introduction to symposium: poecilogony-a window on larval evolutionary transitions in marine invertebrates. Integ Comp Biol. 2012, 52 (1): 120-127. 10.1093/icb/ics037.Google Scholar
- Levin L: Multiple patterns of development in Streblospio Benedicti Webster (Spionidae) from 3 coasts of North America. Biol Bull. 1984, 166 (3): 494-508. 10.2307/1541157.Google Scholar
- Gibson GD: Variable development in the spionid Boccardia proboscidea (Polychaeta) is linked to nurse egg production and larval trophic mode. Invertebr Biol. 1997, 116 (3): 213-226. 10.2307/3226898.Google Scholar
- Krug PJ: Poecilogony and larval ecology in the gastropod genus Alderia. Am Malacol Bull. 2007, 23 (1–2): 99-111.Google Scholar
- Collin R: Nontraditional life-history choices: what can “intermediates” tell us about evolutionary transitions between modes of invertebrate development?. Integr Comp Biol. 2012, 52 (1): 128-137. 10.1093/icb/ics065.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Simons AM: Modes of response to environmental change and the elusive empirical evidence for bet hedging. Proc R Soc B, Biological Sciences. 2011, 278 (1712): 1601-1609. 10.1098/rspb.2011.0176.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wennersten L, Forsman A: Population-level consequences of polymorphism, plasticity and randomized phenotype switching: a review of predictions. Biol Rev. 2012, 87 (3): 756-767. 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2012.00231.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Levin L: Life-history and dispersal patterns in a dense infaunal polychaete assemblage - community structure and response to disturbance. Ecology. 1984, 65 (4): 1185-1200. 10.2307/1938326.Google Scholar
- Morgan T, Rogers A, Paterson G, Hawkins L, Sheader M: Evidence for poecilogony in Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 1999, 178: 121-132.Google Scholar
- Kesäniemi JE, Rawson PD, Lindsay SM, Knott KE: Phylogenetic analysis of cryptic speciation in the polychaete Pygospio elegans. Ecol Evol. 2012, 2 (5): 994-1007. 10.1002/ece3.226.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Rasmussen E: Systematics and ecology of the Isefjord marine fauna (Denmark). Ophelia. 1973, 11: 1-495. 10.1080/00785326.1973.10430115.Google Scholar
- Boström C, Bonsdorff E: Community structure and spatial variation of benthic invertebrates associated with Zostera marina (L.) beds in the northern Baltic Sea. J Sea Res. 1997, 37 ((1): 153-166.Google Scholar
- Anger K, Anger V, Hagmeier E: Laboratory studies on larval growth of Polydora ligni, Polydora ciliata, and Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta, Spionidae). Helgoländer Meeresunters. 1986, 40 (4): 377-395.Google Scholar
- Desprez M, Rybarczyk H, Wilson J, Ducrotoy J, Sueur F, Olivesi R, Elkaim B: Biological impact of eutrophication in the Bay of Somme and the induction and impact of anoxia. Neth J Sea Res. 1992, 30: 149-159.Google Scholar
- Bolam SG: Population structure and reproductive biology of Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta: Spionidae) on an intertidal sandflat, Firth of Forth, Scotland. Invertebr Biol. 2004, 123 (3): 260-268.Google Scholar
- Bolam SG, Fernandes TF: Dense aggregations of Pygospio elegans (Claparède): effect on macrofaunal community structure and sediments. J Sea Res. 2003, 49 (3): 171-185. 10.1016/S1385-1101(03)00007-8.Google Scholar
- Kesäniemi JE, Geuverink E, Knott KE: Polymorphism in developmental mode and its effect on population genetic structure of a spionid polychaete. Pygospio elegans. Integr Comp Biol. 2012, 52 (1): 181-196. 10.1093/icb/ics064.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Boström C, Bonsdorff E: Zoobenthic community establishment and habitat complexity-the importance of seagrass shoot-density, morphology and physical disturbance for faunal recruitment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2000, 205: 123-138.Google Scholar
- Gudmundsson H: Life history patterns of polychaete species of the family Spionidae. J Mar Biol Assoc U K. 1985, 65 (01): 93-111. 10.1017/S0025315400060835.Google Scholar
- Rasmussen E: Asexual reproduction in Pygospio elegans Claparede (Polychaeta, Sedentaria). Nature. 1953, 171 (4365): 1161-1162. 10.1038/1711161a0.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Anger V: Reproduction in Pygospio elegans (Spionidae) in relation to its geographical origin and to environmental conditions: a preliminary report. Fortschr Zool. 1984, 29: 45-51.Google Scholar
- Constable AJ: Ecology of benthic macro‒invertebrates in soft‒sediment environments: a review of progress towards quantitative models and predictions. Aust J Ecol. 1999, 24 (4): 452-476. 10.1046/j.1442-9993.1999.00977.x.Google Scholar
- Lee S, Fong C, Wu R: The effects of seagrass (Zostera japonica) canopy structure on associated fauna: a study using artificial seagrass units and sampling of natural beds. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2001, 259 (1): 23-50. 10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00221-0.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Fredriksen S, De Backer A, Boström C, Christie H: Infauna from Zostera marina L. meadows in Norway. Differences in vegetated and unvegetated areas. Mar Biol Res. 2010, 6 (2)): 189-200.Google Scholar
- Moran A, Emlet R: Offspring size and performance in variable environments: field studies on a marine snail. Ecology. 2001, 82 (6): 1597-1612. 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1597:OSAPIV]2.0.CO;2.Google Scholar
- Zajac R: Macrofaunal responses to pit-mound patch dynamics in an intertidal mudflat: local versus patch-type effects. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2004, 313 (2): 297-315. 10.1016/j.jembe.2004.08.011.Google Scholar
- Calderón I, Ortega N, Duran S, Becerro M, Pascual M, Turon X: Finding the relevant scale: clonality and genetic structure in a marine invertebrate (Crambe crambe, Porifera). Mol Ecol. 2007, 16 (9): 1799-1810. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03276.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Barbosa SS, Klanten SO, Puritz JB, Toonen RJ, Byrne M: Very fine-scale population genetic structure of sympatric asterinid sea stars with benthic and pelagic larvae: influence of mating system and dispersal potential. Biol J Linn Soc. 2013, 108 (4): 821-833. 10.1111/bij.12006.Google Scholar
- Kesäniemi JE, Boström C, Knott KE: New genetic markers reveal population genetic structure at different spatial scales in the opportunistic polychaete Pygospio elegans. Hydrobiologia. 2012, 691 (1): 213-223. 10.1007/s10750-012-1075-3.Google Scholar
- Excoffier L, Lischer HE: Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows. Mol Ecol Resour. 2010, 10 (3): 564-567. 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kalinowski S: HP-RARE 1.0: a computer program for performing rarefaction on measures of allelic richness. Mol Ecol Notes. 2005, 5 (1): 187-189. 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00845.x.Google Scholar
- Goudet J: FSTAT (Version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F-statistics. J Hered. 1995, 86 (6): 485-486.Google Scholar
- Chapuis M, Estoup A: Microsatellite null alleles and estimation of population differentiation. Mol Biol Evol. 2007, 24 (3): 621-631.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jost L: GST and its relatives do not measure differentiation. Mol Ecol. 2008, 17: 4015-4026. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03887.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gerlach G, Jueterbock A, Kraemer P, Deppermann J, Harmand P: Calculations of population differentiation based on GST and D: forget GST but not all of statistics!. Mol Ecol. 2010, 19 (18): 3845-3852. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04784.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Peakall R, Smouse PE: GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics. 2012, 28 (19): 2537-2539. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P: Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 2000, 115: 945-959.Google Scholar
- Rosenberg N: DISTRUCT: a program for the graphical display of population structure. Mol Ecol Notes. 2004, 4 (1): 137-138.Google Scholar
- Jones OR, Wang J: COLONY: a program for parentage and sibship inference from multilocus genotype data. Mol Ecol Resour. 2010, 10 (3): 551-555. 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02787.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wang J: Computationally efficient sibship and parentage assignment from multilocus marker data. Genetics. 2012, 191 (1): 183-194. 10.1534/genetics.111.138149.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Kalinowski ST, Wagner AP, Taper ML: ml-relate: a computer program for maximum likelihood estimation of relatedness and relationship. Molr Ecol Notes. 2006, 6 ((2): 576-579.Google Scholar
- Waples R: A generalized-approach for estimating effective population-size from temporal changes in allele frequency. Genetics. 1989, 121 (2): 379-391.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Waples RS: Spatial-temporal stratifications in natural populations and how they affect understanding and estimation of effective population size. Mol Ecol Resour. 2010, 10 (5): 785-796. 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02876.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Wang J, Whitlock M: Estimating effective population size and migration rates from genetic samples over space and time. Genetics. 2003, 163 (1): 429-446.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Ovenden JR, Peel D, Street R, Courtney AJ, Hoyle SD, Peel SL, Podlich H: The genetic effective and adult census size of an Australian population of tiger prawns (Penaeus esculentus). Mol Ecol. 2007, 16 (1): 127-138.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jorde PE, Ryman N: Unbiased estimator for genetic drift and effective population size. Genetics. 2007, 177 (2): 927-935. 10.1534/genetics.107.075481.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Ostergaard S, Hansen M, Loeschcke V, Nielsen E: Long-term temporal changes of genetic composition in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) populations inhabiting an unstable environment. Mol Ecol. 2003, 12 (11): 3123-3135.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Ng W, Leung FCC, Chak STC, Slingsby G, Williams GA: Temporal genetic variation in populations of the limpet Cellana grata from Hong Kong shores. Mar Biol. 2010, 157 (2): 325-337. 10.1007/s00227-009-1320-0.Google Scholar
- Robainas-Barcia A, Lopez G, Hernandez D, García-Machado E: Temporal variation of the population structure and genetic diversity of Farfantepenaeus notialis assessed by allozyme loci. Mol Ecol. 2005, 14 (10): 2933-2942. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02613.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Barshis D, Sotka E, Kelly R, Sivasundar A, Menge B, Barth J, Palumbi S: Coastal upwelling is linked to temporal genetic variability in the acorn barnacle Balanus glandula. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2011, 439: 139-150.Google Scholar
- Strathmann R: Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 1993, 24: 89-117. 10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.000513.Google Scholar
- Levin L, Huggett D: Implications of alternative reproductive modes for seasonality and demography in an estuarine polychaete. Ecology. 1990, 71 (6): 2191-2208. 10.2307/1938632.Google Scholar
- Beukema JJ, Flach EC, Dekker R, Starink M: A long-term study of the recovery of the macrozoobenthos on large defaunated plots on a tidal flat in the Wadden Sea. J Sea Res. 1999, 42 (3): 235-254. 10.1016/S1385-1101(99)00027-1.Google Scholar
- Bolam SG, Fernandes TF: Dense aggregations of tube-building polychaetes: response to small-scale disturbances. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2002, 269 (2): 197-222. 10.1016/S0022-0981(02)00003-5.Google Scholar
- Pannell J, Charlesworth B: Effects of metapopulation processes on measures of genetic diversity. Phil Trans R Soc B-Biological Sciences. 2000, 355 (1404): 1851-1864. 10.1098/rstb.2000.0740.Google Scholar
- Reiss H, Meybohm K, Kroencke I: Cold winter effects on benthic macrofauna communities in near- and offshore regions of the North Sea. Helgol Mar Res. 2006, 60 (3): 224-238. 10.1007/s10152-006-0038-3.Google Scholar
- Neumann H, Ehrich S, Kroencke I: Effects of cold winters and climate on the temporal variability of an epibenthic community in the German Bight. Climate Res. 2008, 37 (2–3): 241-251.Google Scholar
- Naumov AD: Long-term fluctuations of soft-bottom intertidal community structure affected by ice cover at two small sea bights in the Chupa Inlet (Kandalaksha Bay) of the White Sea. Hydrobiologia. 2013, 706 (1): 159-173. 10.1007/s10750-012-1339-y.Google Scholar
- Hanski IA, Gaggiotti OE: Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Metapopulations. 2004, USA: Elsevier Academic PressGoogle Scholar
- Swearer S, Shima J, Hellberg M, Thorrold S, Jones G, Robertson D, Morgan S, Selkoe K, Ruiz G, Warner R: Evidence of self-recruitment in demersal marine populations. Bull Mar Sci. 2002, 70 (1): 251-271.Google Scholar
- Warner RR, Cowen RK: Free Local retention of production in marine populations: evidence, mechanisms, and consequences. Bull Mar Sci. 2002, 70 ((1) Suppl): 245-249.Google Scholar
- Als T, Hansen M, Maes G, Castonguay M, Riemann L, Aarestrup K, Munk P, Sparholt H, Hanle R, Bernatchez L: All roads lead to home: panmixia of European eel in the Sargasso Sea. Mol Ecol. 2011, 20 (7): 1333-1346. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05011.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Iacchei M, Ben-Horin T, Selkoe KA, Bird CE, García-Rodríguez FJ, Toonen RJ: Combined analyses of kinship and FST suggest potential drivers of chaotic genetic patchiness in high gene-flow populations. Mol Ecol. 2013, 22 (13): 3476-3494. 10.1111/mec.12341.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Sponaugle S, Cowen R, Shanks A, Morgan S, Leis J, Pineda J, Boehlert G, Kingsford M, Lindeman K, Grimes C, Munro J: Predicting self-recruitment in marine populations: biophysical correlates and mechanisms. Bull Mar Sci. 2002, 70 (1): 341-375.Google Scholar
- Morgan SG, Fisher JL, Miller SH, McAfee ST, Largier JL: Nearshore larval retention in a region of strong upwelling and recruitment limitation. Ecology. 2009, 90 (12): 3489-3502. 10.1890/08-1550.1.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hedgecock D, Launey S, Pudovkin AI, Naciri Y, Lapègue S, Bonhomme F: Small effective number of parents (Nb) inferred for a naturally spawned cohort of juvenile European flat oysters Ostrea edulis. Mar Biol. 2007, 150 (6): 1173-1182. 10.1007/s00227-006-0441-y.Google Scholar
- Veliz D, Duchesne P, Bourget E, Bernatchez L: Genetic evidence for kin aggregation in the intertidal acorn barnacle (Semibalanus balanoides). Mol Ecol. 2006, 15 (13): 4193-4202. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03078.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Bernardi G, Beldade R, Holbrook SJ, Schmitt RJ: Full-sibs in cohorts of newly settled coral reef fishes. PloS one. 2012, 7 (9): e44953-10.1371/journal.pone.0044953.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Broquet T, Viard F, Yearsley JM: Genetic drift and collective dispersal can result in chaotic genetic patchiness. Evolution. 2013, 67 (6): 1660-1675. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01826.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Yearsley JM, Viard F, Broquet T: The effect of collective dispersal on the genetic structure of a subdivided population. Evolution. 2013, 63 (6): 1649-1659.Google Scholar
- Kanno Y, Vokoun JC, Letcher BH: Sibship reconstruction for inferring mating systems, dispersal and effective population size in headwater brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations. Conserv Genet. 2011, 12 (3): 619-628. 10.1007/s10592-010-0166-9.Google Scholar
- Wang J: Sibship reconstruction from genetic data with typing errors. Genetics. 2004, 166 (4): 1963-1979. 10.1534/genetics.166.4.1963.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Karaket T, Poompuang S: CERVUS vs. COLONY for successful parentage and sibship determinations in freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man. Aquaculture. 2012, 324: 307-311.Google Scholar
- Waples RS: Evaluating the effect of stage-specific survivorship on the Ne/N ratio. Mol Ecol. 2002, 11: 1029-1037. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01504.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Hedgecock D: Does variance in reproductive success limit effective population sizes of marine organisms?. Genetic and Evolution of Aquatic Organisms. Edited by: Beaumont AR. 1994, London, UK: Chapman & Hall, 122-134.Google Scholar
- Hauser L, Adcock GJ, Smith PJ, Ramírez JHB, Carvalho GR: Loss of microsatellite diversity and low effective population size in an overexploited population of New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus). Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2002, 99 (18): 11742-11747. 10.1073/pnas.172242899.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Turner T, Wares J, Gold J: Genetic effective size is three orders of magnitude smaller than adult census size in an abundant, estuarine-dependent marine fish (Sciaenops ocellatus). Genetics. 2002, 162 (3): 1329-1339.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Waples RS, Yokota M: Temporal estimates of effective population size in species with overlapping generations. Genetics. 2007, 175 (1): 219-233.PubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Palstra FP, Ruzzante DE: Genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size: what can they tell us about the importance of genetic stochasticity for wild population persistence?. Mol Ecol. 2008, 17 (15): 3428-3447. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03842.x.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- West-Eberhard M: Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. 2003, Oxford: Oxford University PressGoogle Scholar
- Marshall DJ, Bonduriansky R, Bussiere LF: Offspring size variation within broods as a bet-hedging strategy in unpredictable environments. Ecology. 2008, 89 (9): 2506-2517. 10.1890/07-0267.1.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Jørgensen AT, Hansen BW, Vismann B, Jacobsen L, Skov C, Berg S, Bekkevold D: High salinity tolerance in eggs and fry of a brackish Esox lucius population. Fish Manage Ecol. 2010, 17 (6): 554-560. 10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00755.x.Google Scholar
- Larsen PF, Nielsen EE, Meier K, Olsvik PA, Hansen MM, Loeschcke V: Differences in salinity tolerance and gene expression between two populations of atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in response to salinity stress. Biochem Genet. 2012, 50 (5–6): 454-466.PubMedGoogle Scholar
- Rossi F: Short-term response of deposit-feeders to an increase of the nutritive value of the sediment through seasons in an intertidal mudflat (Western Mediterranean, Italy). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2003, 290 (1): 1-17. 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00052-2.Google Scholar
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. | <urn:uuid:b09b92b0-1a20-44d9-9293-642e1ed861d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-14-12 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00033-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872945 | 17,723 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Brits are more likely refer to the warm weather most parts of Turkey are enjoying at the moment as an ‘Indian Summer’ but in Turkey it is more often than not called ‘Pastırma Yazı’.
Why? Because it’s the perfect time for making pastırma; or pastrami, as it is also known.
Hazy, warm days
The air is dry and hazy, the days are warm and clear but not hot and the evenings are cold but not icy.
Not every autumn is like this in Turkey and when it is, it’s usually only for a week or so, so make the most of it.
It is certainly a perfect time for being outside, walking, or sitting on the beach, if you don’t happen to be making pastırma that is.
What the weather experts say
Here is the meteorological explanation for anyone who’s interested!
The UK Meteorological Office describe it as,
A warm, calm spell of weather occurring in autumn, especially in October and November.”
We assume they mean something like this…
The scientific reasons are:
A moving, cool, shallow polar air mass is converting into a deep, warm, stagnant anticyclone (high pressure) system, which has the effect of causing the haze and large swing in temperature between day and night.
The time of occurrence is important: The warm days must follow a spell of cold weather or a good hard frost.”
Well, it did rain last week and then it was chilly for a few days. Does that count?
So, what is pastırma?
Pastırma is a cured and wind-dried beef that has been made in Anatolia and other countries in the region for millennia, many say since Byzantine times.
It is prepared by salting large joints of beef, then rinsing it with water and letting it dry for around a fortnight.
After this, the meat is pressed, causing the blood and salt to come out of the meat.
The meat is then smothered with çemen, a paste prepared with crushed cumin, fenugreek, garlic, and hot paprika.
The beef is then air-dried.
The most famous Turkish pastırma comes from Kayseri.
And finally, how, when and where to eat pastırma…
Find a lovely sunny place with a great view and settle down for breakfast, lunch or dinner… or at any time really…just because you can…
There are many ways to enjoy pastırma and here are just a few of them: in paper thin slices with eggs, in a delicious stew with Turkish beans (kuru fusulye) or crispy, as a meze, with hummus.
Afiyet olsun and enjoy the weather!
For more about Turkish weather reports like the one we used, click here. | <urn:uuid:b57db537-0654-42a4-8045-8b7a7b374127> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.fethiyetimes.com/news/44-news/13104-pastirma-yazi-great-time-year-people-beef.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00550-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95059 | 621 | 2.5625 | 3 |
All Of The World's A Writing a blog Stage: Here's How To Accomplish It Right!
Running a blog is a simple way of conversation that many people are taking advantage of. It seems like there are other men and women blogging compared to those who aren't. However, if related about creating a productive weblog, you should set some considered into the programs before starting blogging. Make use of the strategies and techniques in this post to help you out in developing the proper weblog for you personally.
Stay away from creating blog sites about topics you have no desire for or know nothing about. It can reveal inside your writing and you could possibly come across as uninformed inside you are unsure of what you are actually talking about. This may transform viewers off of and they will steer clear of revisiting your web site.
While please click %url_domain% are starting to blog, it is vital that you never ever quit. You are not going to get plenty of visitors your first day time, as well as the first week, and that is alright. Just keep creating what you are passionate about, as well as the visitors will come to you.
If you are planning to begin up your personal weblog, believe meticulously about what you wish to publish about. Don't just blog about what you think other people would like to notice. You should discuss the things you like and what passions you most. By producing what you enjoy, your site content will bounce by helping cover their thrilling, fascinating information!
Make your specific publish focused on some time. relevant site with the whole understanding that you will be generating many up coming articles and when you inform every little thing initially you possibly will not have anything at all left to mention later on! Imagine your blogs as being the spokes within a wheel. Independently these are important but being a tire these are very crucial.
When you have an extremely long publish, break down it into smaller elements, published with all the label and part number. If a readers locates the first portion stimulating, they will be tempted to come back for even more installments. https://doctoreyanews.com makes certain that readers usually do not become overloaded by an especially lengthy submit.
When you decide to begin your blog, ensure that this issue is something that you get engaging and therefore ignites your want to offer other folks. Writing the material of the weblog will require several hours per week. You need to ensure that you have a passion for the subject.
There are Look At This to highlight fascinating content on the blog. You are able to present a listing of forthcoming blogposts to raise readers' attention. Another good subject is a summary of most widely used content. These are typically content that numerous followers will be curious about. You may also try most commented posts. A lot of people get pleasure from reading comments to articles or content. Every one of these concepts will receive your readers considering not just your own blogposts.
If you use Twitter as your only means of marketing your site on social internet sites, then you should attempt employing Facebook or myspace. Fb is definitely an highly effective networking resource that huge numbers of people use around the globe. Quite a few users of Facebook or myspace tend not to use Youtube, so utilizing Facebook or twitter, along with Twitter, can prove to be really useful to your blog site.
Be sure to backlink to yourself. Do not be look at here now about what exactly it is which you write, and don't count on other individuals to get you. Attempt linking to oneself as often as you possibly can. This is referred to as interlinking, and is ideal for Search engine optimization. Its greatest advantage is helping increase your content's consciousness.
While you write your blog sites, you need to employ referrals and places that make a difference. References will provide your website a larger inter-connections through the world wide web that will immediately aid you in getting a lot more interest for your internet site. It is a basic move that you could take to make your weblog much far better.
When you find yourself keying up your About Web page, you need to be extremely conscientiousness of the you say. You shouldn't just sort generic or stupid specifics. Your About Page must inform prospective customers of the type of person that you are and the reason that they should stick to your website.
Before starting your blog, consider if you would like allow ads. Adverts are a sensible way to develop funds out of your blog. It might seem just like a no-brainer to get up adverts in case you have a reliable adhering to. There exists a disadvantage to getting them on a website. The point that they may be commercials offers a problem. When visitors really feel it's obvious that you're trying to revenue, they will probably go elsewhere.
You need prospective customers to get your most essential blogs and forums easily. As a result, you need to post links to such posts in popular places in your primary blog. This will make it simpler for you to straight your readers as to what they finally came to your site to do. This really is a highly effective tool that could truly make any difference for your personal blog site.
If you are operating a blog about things which happen to be written about, it is vital that you may not merely duplicate content material. You can find into a lot of trouble doing this kind of thing as it is against trademark regulation. You should always only include original content on your internet sites.
Remember the recommendations in this article so you can run a fantastic website. So, think about every little thing which has been introduced here, as it is created to help you. You may also wish to reread a number of the passages. | <urn:uuid:249b28cb-02f0-480f-82ef-fc2321dfed7a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dinghyradar85.bravejournal.net/post/2021/09/22/All-Of-The-World-s-A-Writing-a-blog-Stage:-Here-s-How-To-Accomplish-It-Right! | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.964074 | 1,171 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Tanker recovering oil from the leaking riser pipe / U.S. Coast Guard photo
Yesterday one of my questions about BP's siphon was answered: the siphon and tanker are capturing about 2,000 barrels of oil per day from the leaking Deepwater Horizon wellhead. However, since the size of the leak is disputed, we do not know for certain how much is still leaking. Even with the siphon, the remaining leak is taxing the abilities of the government to control the growing oil slick.
The Coast Guard commandant, Adm. Thad Allen, said that despite the siphoning, the spilled oil is spreading and now stretches from western Louisiana to Florida's Key West. The extent of the spill was straining even the substantial resources deployed for one of the worst ecological disasters in recent history, he said.There are still unanswered questions (at least in public) about the spill and its effects.
Allen said the approximately 20,000 people now working to prevent the spill from reaching land were struggling to deal with an environmental threat that he called "omni-directional and almost indeterminate" in size. He said federal disaster plans had been formulated to deal with far more localized spills.
"We're dealing with something that's more complicated than any spill I've ever dealt with," Allen told the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation. "The national system did not contemplate that we would have to do all of this at once."
The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration widened its no-fishing zone to cover 19 percent of the Gulf, or 45,728 square miles, and its head, Jane Lubchenco, told a news conference that "a light tendril of oil" is spreading eastward and approaching the loop current, a powerful warm-water current that could drag the oil around Florida and into the Gulf Stream that flows up the Atlantic coast.
BP, the company in charge of the rig that exploded last month in the Gulf of Mexico, hasn't publicly divulged the results of tests on the extent of workers' exposure to evaporating oil or from the burning of crude over the gulf, even though researchers say that data is crucial in determining whether the conditions are safe.Meanwhile, 156 sea turtles have now washed up dead on beaches around the Gulf of Mexico. A link to the oil spill is still unproven, since the turtles show no signs of oil, but the event is remarkably unusual.
Moreover, the company isn't monitoring the extent of the spill and only reluctantly released videos of the spill site that could give scientists a clue to the amount of the oil in gulf....
The company also hasn't publicly released air sampling for oil spill workers although Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the agency in charge of monitoring compliance with worker safety regulations, is relying on the information and has urged it to do so.
"It is not ours to publish," said Dean Wingo, OSHA's assistant regional administrator who oversees Louisiana. "We are working with (BP) and encouraging them to post the data so that it is publicly available." ...
Unlike the response to other past national disasters such as Hurricane Katrina where the government was in charge, BP has been designated as the "responsible party" under federal law and is overseeing much of the response to the spill. The government is acting more as an adviser.
So far, the government has been slow to press BP to release its data and permit others to evaluate the extent of the crisis.
Finally here is a list of the oiled birds treated by the International Bird Rescue Research Center. | <urn:uuid:e9212700-7980-4937-85dc-b4a04e044c6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://dendroica.blogspot.com/2010/05/oil-spill-worse-than-government-or-bp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00504-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969054 | 726 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Know your craft
Beyond knowing your budget, you should the craft of filmmaking before you even consider buying a camera. An expensive camera does not a filmmaker make. If you are lacking in the skills to use the camera properly, or don’t know anyone who does, or you haven’t fully fleshed out your storytelling muscles, then the most expensive camera in the world will not save you.
Get some knowledge first, check out some online courses for filmmaking and storytelling at places like Udemy.com or Masterclass.com, or some of the blogs on this site æStranger.com.
Once you have some basic knowledge then you can start to think about the type of film/video you want to create and what type of style you have. Both are important to know because they will inform the look of your film and thereby inform the type of camera you need.
The last point is to make sure you have your story ready. And what I mean by that is, know what story you want to tell, understand it, breathe it, live it. It’s the passion that you have, to tell that story that will come across on the screen. Regardless of what camera you have, it’s that what you want to show people, not the color density that that particular camera allowed you to achieve (though that does help, sometimes).
Know what you’re going to shoot and edit
Before making the decision to buy a camera, you need to be sure you know how to use the camera. Yet again, take it for a test drive, check how much is manual and how is automatic. Do either of those have an influence on how you are going to film? If you’re a run & gun documentary maker then more automatic features will make your life easier. If you’re an interviewer then having full manual control over what you shoot is probably more preferable.
If you know you’re going to be more stationary then consider if the camera has a detachable lens. I myself prefer cameras with detachable lenses as I like the look that various lenses offer. Bear in mind though that even if you are run & gun style, if you figure out a way to do that with swapping lenses the whole time then more power to you.
Next check what type of audio recording you need. Are you going to do in camera or external sound recording? If it’s in camera, does it have xlr or mic jack port? Do you need phantom power? Research all of these when looking at your camera.
Sensor size may be of interest to you if are planning on shooting narrative film with detachable lenses. A full frame or 35mm equivalent sensor looks and feels much better for that type of filmmaking. Documentary or Journalism can get away with cropped sensors much better.
The final point is to know what format the camera you’re looking at outputs. There are few feelings in the world of filmmaking worse than buying a camera and then realizing you need to spend more getting the right programs to edit that particular format, or that your editor can’t transcode them correctly. So check if it outputs as .mov, .mp4, or .mts or some other random format that that specific camera maker decided to invent…
And also whether 1080p HD or 4K UHD is what you want to publish it. If you’re mainly aiming for web release then 1080p is still fine and will lower the cost of the camera for you. One piece of advice I’d give though is if you’re run & gun, buy a 4K camera, as you can always zoom in in post and get more shots for your 1080p piece.
Know your medium
Where are you going to publish your final work? Will It be YouTube, the big screen, film festivals?
More than likely your answer will be YouTube, but trying the indie filmmaker festival circuit is also a possibility.
So, if it’s YouTube, are you a vlogger, narrative filmmaker, short or long form, documentary, music video or educational? Let’s go through each and break down what type of camera is best in each situation. Hopefully, an overview like this will help you make a more informed decision on what camera to get.
Vlogging, live-form filming or Events
Being a vlogger is super popular now, and is also probably very saturated. So, make sure you have something that makes you stand out. My recommendation is to look more at the Prosumer camera or semi-pro camcorder range. These give you mobility, have mostly automatic settings and allow for fast footage transfers. They also tend to have good battery life and do not overheat due to lengthy use periods.
If you want a slightly cheaper option, then a smartphone or pocket camera is a good option. These cameras are very quick and easy and everything can be set to automatic.
If you are an “artist” and image quality is what you’re after, then a DLSR or mirrorless camera is the choice for you. Especially if you’re leaning more to filming events, as people often want to see the atmosphere rather than have a visual recording of the occasion.
Narrative film; short, medium or long form or Music videos
This is pretty straightforward, in my opinion, you will want a DSLR or mirrorless camera for this. Simply because of the detachable lenses and the ability to shoot in full frame. DSLR’s also have better color and light range in the price class they are in.
You really can’t go wrong with a DSLR in those cases, everyone loves looking at a shallow depth of field shot in a narrative film or a music video.
Documentary films; people or nature shots
If you’re aiming for journalistic documentaries then go more for the semi-pro camcorder, flip cameras or smartphones. Especially if it’s more event and people-oriented journalism. You will want speed and ease in those situations.
If it’s more nature, landscape or the person in nature, then we’re back to the trusted DSLR or mirrorless cameras. Mostly for the same reasons as mentioned above, you’ll be going for a look, color and image quality rather than getting a live story out there.
Our last genre, if you will, is educational content. For some reason, many institutions and people still use camcorders to record educational content. Unless you’re creating promotional video’s, you don’t really need large cameras. You’re just fine with an iPad or iPad mini. These tablets are brilliant as you can get them 64gb to 128gb sizes, they have good quality wide angles sensors/lenses and you can load iMovie onto them and edit and upload your video’s straight away. | <urn:uuid:61d941c5-cc6c-403c-8521-8822d4c6a055> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aestranger.com/best-camera-low-budget-filmmaking-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.9363 | 1,435 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Deplin is a type of vitamin prescribed by a healthcare provider to increase folate levels in people with depression. It can also help reduce high homocysteine levels in people with schizophrenia. This vitamin has been shown to improve the effectiveness of antidepressant and antipsychotic medications. It comes in tablet form and is taken once daily. Potential side effects may include nausea, gas, and a decreased appetite.
What Is Deplin?Deplin® is a prescription vitamin approved to manage low folate levels in people who have depression. It may also be used in people with schizophrenia who have hyperhomocysteinemia (high levels of homocysteine in the blood). Deplin is not an antidepressant or an antipsychotic. It is used in combination with antidepressant or antipsychotic medications, to make these medications more effective.
Deplin is classified as a "medical food." Medical foods are products that are used for the dietary management of medical conditions that have unique dietary needs. They should only be used under medical supervision.
How Does Deplin Work?Deplin contains L-methylfolate, the active form of folic acid. One of the roles of L-methylfolate is to help the body make certain neurotransmitters, or brain chemicals, specifically serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. In general, antidepressants work by increasing the levels of one or more of these three neurotransmitters, which are thought to be low in people with depression.
A person who has depression and low folate levels may not be able to adequately respond to an antidepressant. This is because the antidepressant may not be able to sufficiently increase neurotransmitter levels when L-methylfolate levels are too low. Taking a vitamin that contains L-methylfolate, such as Deplin, may therefore improve the effectiveness of the antidepressant.
L-methylfolate also works to help the body break down homocysteine (an amino acid produced by the body). This can help reduce high homocysteine blood levels (known medically as hyperhomocysteinemia). Homocysteine levels have been shown to be elevated in people with schizophrenia. Reducing homocysteine levels may help minimize certain symptoms of schizophrenia. | <urn:uuid:24afc2f8-a9dd-433e-a163-7d70544141c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://depression.emedtv.com/deplin/deplin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00574-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925269 | 454 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Radical innovation needed for more sustainable consumption and production
Outcomes from the Economic and Social Research Council’s Sustainable Technologies Programme, which investigates the development and adoption of sustainable technologies, will be presented at a conference today at London Canal Museum.
With climate change and environmental issues regularly at the top of both news and political agendas, the Sustainable Technologies Programme offers us an insight into how our consumption habits, production systems and energy use can be made more environmentally sustainable. The programme has also focused on the policy changes needed in order to encourage more sustainable behaviour.
Director of the Sustainable Technologies Programme, Professor Fred Steward, commented that: "Our research shows that radical innovation is needed for environmental sustainability embracing a blend of technological and social change. We urgently need policy innovations to fill the gap between public investment in technological research and efforts to influence social behaviour through, for example, green taxes."
Themes covered by the research programme and featured in the report, Catalysing Innovation for Sustainability, to be launched at the conference include:
- How can sustainable technologies, for example microgeneration, be made mainstream"
- What influences consumer decisions – do people choose sustainable lifestyles"
- How can sustainable consumption be made normal"
- What is needed to make current food production and consumption systems more sustainable"
- How can waste be dealt with more sustainably"
"Bridges need to be built between producers and consumers through wider public engagement in order to nurture more sustainable behaviours and production systems," comments Professor Steward.
"A successful and timely shift to a low carbon, low waste society needs radical innovation to allow society to adapt to a more sustainable pathway."
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
ESRC Press Office
Annika Howard Tel: 01793 413119, e-mail: [email protected]
NOTES FOR EDITORS:
- Professor Fred Steward is the Director of the ESRC Sustainable Technologies programme and is Professor of Innovation and Entrepreneurship at BRESE (Brunel Research in Enterprise, Innovation, Sustainability and Ethics) at Brunel University Business School, Uxbridge.
- The Sustainable Technologies Programme is a major research initiative by the UK Economic and Social Research Council. It aims to fund innovative and policy-relevant research on the social and economic processes that shape, foster or inhibit more sustainable technologies. The Programme is also an integral part of the UK Sustainable Technologies Initiative. For further details visit the Programme website at www.sustainabletechnologies.ac.uk
- The Sustainable Technologies Programme conference is being held on Monday 4th December 2006 at the London Canal Museum, 12 – 13 New Wharf Road, London, N1 9RT
- The ESRC is the UK's largest funding agency for research and postgraduate training relating to social and economic issues. It provides independent, high quality, relevant research to business, the public sector and Government. The ESRC’s planned total expenditure in 2006/7 is £169 million. At any one time the ESRC supports over 4,000 researchers and postgraduate students in academic institutions and research policy institutes. More at http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk
- ESRC Society Today offers free access to a broad range of social science research and presents it in a way that makes it easy to navigate and saves users valuable time. As well as bringing together all ESRC-funded research (formerly accessible via the Regard website) and key online resources such as the Social Science Information Gateway and the UK Data Archive, non-ESRC resources are included, for example the Office for National Statistics. The portal provides access to early findings and research summaries, as well as full texts and original datasets through integrated search facilities. More at http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk
Last reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 30 Apr 2016
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:5503314c-7061-4f84-938e-6e98c566332e> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://psychcentral.com/news/archives/2006-12/esr-rin120406.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00232-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909269 | 806 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Epigenetic regulation during mammalian oogenesis
MetadataShow full item record
The advent of the epigenetic era has sparked a new frontier in molecular research and the understanding of how development can be regulated beyond direct alterations of the genome. Thus far, the focal point of epigenetic regulation during development has been chromatin modifications that control differential gene expression by DNA methylation and histone alterations. But what of events that alter gene expression without direct influence on the DNA itself? This review focuses on epigenetic pathways regulating development from oogenesis to organogenesis and back that do not involve methylation of cytosine in DNA. We discuss target components of epigenetic modification such as organelle development, compartmentalization of maternal factors and molecular mediators in the oocyte and how these factors acting during oogenesis impact on later development. Epigenetic regulation of development, be it via cytosine methylation or not, has wide ranging effects on the subsequent success of a pregnancy and the intrinsic health of offspring. Perturbations in epigenetic regulation have been clearly associated with disease states in adult offspring including type II diabetes, hypertension, cancers and infertility. A clear understanding of all epigenetic mechanisms is paramount when considering the increased utilization of assisted reproductive techniques and the risks associated with their use.
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2007. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of CSIRO Publishing for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20 (2007): 74-80, doi:10.1071/RD07181. | <urn:uuid:a2837137-c13b-46d8-b4a5-c8cfb9a917e6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/handle/1912/2062 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00318-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906772 | 330 | 2.421875 | 2 |
In episode 153 for December 28th 2020: In our last episode of the year co-host Tom Eston talks about his top 3 tips to keep you cybersecure in 2021. Thank you for listening, watching us on YouTube, and supporting our show and sponsors this year. We wish you and your family a new year that’s safe and secure!
** Links mentioned on the show **
Everything You Need to Know About Password Managers
For more details on when we may see the end of passwords, check out my interview with Andrew Shikiar from the FIDO Alliance
Two-factor authentication: How and why to use it
Stop putting off your device updates—here’s why
** Watch this episode on YouTube **
** Thank you to our sponsors! **
Visit silent-pocket.com to check out Silent Pocket’s amazing line of Faraday bags and other products built to protect your privacy. As a listener of this podcast you receive 10% off your order at checkout using discount code “sharedsecurity”.
To find out how “gamification” of security awareness training can reduce cyber risks related to phishing and social engineering, and to get a free trial of Click Armor’s gamified awareness training platform, visit: https://clickarmor.ca/sharedsecurity
** Help support the show **
Looking for an affordable, reliable, no logs VPN provider? Support the podcast by purchasing a Private Internet Access VPN subscription via our affiliate link: http://www.privateinternetaccess.com/pages/buy-vpn/sharedsecurity
** Subscribe and follow the show **
Sign-up for our email newsletter to receive our free Facebook Privacy & Security Guide, full transcripts of each weekly episode, contest announcements, and special offers from our sponsors: http://eepurl.com/dwcc8D
Subscribe on your favorite podcast app: https://sharedsecurity.net/subscribe
Contact us: https://sharedsecurity.net/contact | <urn:uuid:693c7838-1263-413b-831d-e787ad44656a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sharedsecurity.net/2020/12/28/top-3-cybersecurity-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.80142 | 574 | 1.625 | 2 |
The mechanics of weight loss seem pretty simple: Burn more calories than you consume. There are many contradicting theories and opinions on how to achieve weight loss. The method to losing weight, however is simple: Energy Balance. How exactly do you do this? We looked to the members of the National Weight Control Registry to find out. | <urn:uuid:ffe5b61a-5ca5-405e-b4e9-b61d768df517> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.blendtec.com/blog/tag/athletes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00572-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964764 | 66 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Many parents experience anxiety when their children stay up frequently late and show signs of visual fatigue. These symptoms give warning about your child having symptoms of insomnia during puberty. Insomnia during puberty is a very alarming condition, but what is the cause – please continue reading the content of Elipsport Sports Group providing below. Do not forget to visit Elipsport website at: https://elipsport.vn/
With puberty insomnia, children often have the following common signs:
– Not feeling sleepy at night, restless
– Inability to sleep deeply, or stay awake and have difficulty falling asleep again
– Very little sleep time, even only 2-3 hours of sleep and then woke up
– Fatigue, loss of energy, and morning lethargy
– Continuous drowsiness, falling asleep during the day.
Many people may not believe that puberty can also suffer from insomnia because this symptom usually occurs only in older ages. However, with the following reasons, insomnia during puberty occurs very easy to understand:
2.1. Due to hormone changes
Everyone knows that, during puberty, hormone changes are evident because abnormal fluctuations in thyroid hormones make it difficult for children to sleep. In addition, the uneven levels of cortisol secreted are also the reason why puberty children lose sleep.
2.2. Pressure of studying and taking exams
Today’s children’s learning pressure is really not small. The grades and performance races in the classroom were too stressful for the children. Parental expectations unknowingly cause a burden on the children that sometimes can be more stressful than when you work. The nervous system, which inherently has to load a huge amount of knowledge every day, is now under high pressure, which is the reason why puberty insomnia occurs in children.
2.3. Abuse of electronic devices
With the current development of science and technology, it is too easy for children to be exposed to electronic devices. In particular, during puberty, they love to explore, explore and love entertaining games, they are easily addicted to games and addicted to using these devices. Usually, the time they often play on the phone, ipad, laptop, … is in the evening before going to bed. Right now, the waves from technological devices will affect the brain. In addition, the excitement and excitement when playing the game made it difficult for them to “stop” the game and go to bed. Instead, they would play continuously, sometimes all night. Gradually, at that rate, children will develop a habit of staying up late and thus accidentally suffer from insomnia during puberty.
2.4. The habit of staying up late to study
The amount of textbooks in school is already high, today they have to go tutoring everywhere. The fact that there are so many exercises and knowledge that need to be acquired every day makes children forced to stay up late, even use coffee to maintain alertness. This will disturb the natural circadian clock of the child’s body, thus causing insomnia during puberty.
2.5. Snack in the evening
The cups of milk tea, cakes or fast food are the difficult “temptation” of children who are in puberty. It is these foods that are a major cause of sleep problems, gradually becoming insomnia.
2.6. Poor sleeping space
When the sleeping space is poor quality such as too tight, too tight, too hot, … children will also easily lose sleep. In addition, if you have to sleep in a space with lots of noise and strong light, children will be startled to sleep. If they sleep, they will also have dreams, even nightmares.
2.7. Pathological factors of puberty
In addition to the common causes mentioned above, insomnia during puberty can also stem from pathological factors. Some diseases that affect sleep are commonly mentioned such as dermatitis, heart disease, depression, respiratory infections, cerebral ischemia, nervous breakdown …
Insomnia during puberty often affects a lot in the future development of children. Most children who have insomnia during puberty encounter problems such as impaired vision, memory loss, difficulty getting along with, depression, impaired learning outcomes, …
Therefore, it is very important to limit and prevent the possibility of insomnia in puberty for children that parents should not ignore. Here are some effective remedies that should be used for children:
Help prevent puberty insomnia today by practicing good habits in everyday life. In particular, parents should create conditions for their children to have many opportunities for healthy physical activity. Elipsport Sports Group believes that, just with a treadmill at home, your family can completely become healthy together, happy together when having moments of exercise, and dissipate negative energies. See treadmill products at: May tap chay bo. | <urn:uuid:ab5b2333-eb83-46f9-9b1d-ff7939671d27> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://icrowdnewswire.com/2020/10/08/what-causes-it-insomnia-in-puberty/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.959147 | 963 | 2.65625 | 3 |
What is in this article?:
- Corn herbicides promising in miscanthus weed control
- Showing good selectivity
• No herbicides are currently labeled for use in Giant Miscanthus grown for biomass.
• Research shows that several herbicides used on corn are also safe on this rhizomatous grass.
• Giant Miscanthus does not compete well with weeds during establishment, especially early emerging weeds.
University of Illinois research reports that several herbicides used on corn also have good selectivity to Miscanthus xgiganteus (Giant Miscanthus), a potential bioenergy feedstock.
“No herbicides are currently labeled for use in Giant Miscanthus grown for biomass,” said Eric Anderson, an instructor of bioenergy for the Center of Advanced BioEnergy Research at the University of Illinois. “Our research shows that several herbicides used on corn are also safe on this rhizomatous grass.”
M. xgiganteus is sterile and predominantly grown by vegetative propagation, or planting rhizomes instead of seed. This can be a very costly investment and requires a 1- to 2-year establishment period. Anderson’s research showed that Giant Miscanthus does not compete well with weeds during establishment, especially early emerging weeds.
“There’s a great cost in establishing Giant Miscanthus,” Anderson said. “It’s important to protect this investment, especially if it goes commercial. When weeds out-compete Giant Miscanthus, the result is stunted growth and lack of tillering. Basically, you are risking the crop’s ability to over-winter.”
The study, funded by the Ingersoll Fellowship, the Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research and the Energy Biosciences Institute, screened 16 post-herbicides and 6 pre-herbicides in a greenhouse setting. Several herbicides, particularly those with significant activity on grass species, caused plant injury ranging from 6 to 71 percent and/or reduced M. xgiganteus dry mass by 33 to 78 percent.
Researchers then narrowed these herbicides down to the safest options and evaluated them in field trials replicated over two years. Field experiments confirmed the greenhouse experiments. Pre-emergence herbicides and herbicides with broadleaf-specific activity generally did not produce significant injury or reduce aboveground biomass, while herbicides with considerable grass activity tended to cause injury ranging from 22 to 25 percent and reduce biomass by 69 to 78 percent. | <urn:uuid:88fd04d4-7736-4482-ac5c-89d09797f84b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://southeastfarmpress.com/grains/corn-herbicides-promising-miscanthus-weed-control | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720845.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00087-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925439 | 524 | 2.359375 | 2 |
The Whitlam Government.
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way...
When Charles Dickens wrote the above in the opening of "The Tale of Two Cities" he could well have been thinking of Australian Politics in the first half of the seventies, although fortunately after the introduction, the stories diverge - while a government did fall, unlike in the French Revolution, no one lost their heads because of it!
The Whitlam Government came to power on 2nd December 1972, becoming the first Labor Government in 23 years. In a whirlwind of change they banned conscription, withdrew Australia's remaining troops from Vietnam, changed Australia's voting on Southern Africa questions in the UN, negotiated diplomatic relations with Communist China, introduced free tertiary education, abolished the death penalty, reduced the voting age to 18 years, ended what remained of the "White Australia Policy", made "Advance Australia Fair" the national anthem, and commissioned inquiries into schooling and Aboriginal land rights. They were elected again on 18th May 1974 after Gough Whitlam secured a dissolution of both Houses in April 1974 after the Senate twice rejected the bills setting up Medibank - Australia's first comprehensive national health system - and the bills ensuring one vote one value in elections for the House of Representatives and introducing senators for the Territories. The Medibank and electoral bills were then passed at the first and only joint sitting of both Houses of the Parliament.
While the Whitlam Government was re-elected with a majority of votes it did not get a majority of Senators and in 1975 after several scandals, five High Court challenges from non-Labor State Governments, and in a worsening economic climate the Senate postponed the vote on the Budget three times in October leading to the Dismissal of the Whitlam Government on November 11 by the Governor General, Sir John Kerr, and sparking Australia's first Constitutional Crisis - the echoes of which are still with us now, even featuring recently in the last republican debate.
This gallery is largely about the Dismissal, although there are several early cartoons which provide some interesting background, for example, in some respects it seemed political fortune was moving in the same way in both Australia and New Zealand. We are also pleased to be able to present the "HooHa" game which, as far as this writer is concerned, captured the times in a unique and surprisingly accurate fashion.
The "HooHa" Game.
When Margaret Whitlam made a seemingly innocent comment to her husband, the then Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, about what she was hearing on return from a good will visit to Japan, little did she realise what she had unleashed!
Experience the first few years of the Whitlam Government for yourself with the "HooHa" game! Published in the boxing day edition of the "Sun News Pictorial" in 1974, the game only appeared in the first edition, as in later editions the paper was taken up with more news of the devastation caused by cyclone Tracy in Darwin - the extent of which was then only becoming apparent.
There are two files for the game, one which includes the game in A4 format plus a description, the other just includes the game in A3 - its original format.
Note: you require the Adobe Acrobat Reader, which is available free, in order to view and print out the game. Most browsers come with it pre-installed, however if you need to download it you can find it at the link below.
The First Omen.
The First Term.
The Second Term.
The Trouble Begins.
The Final Countdown.
The Final Omen. | <urn:uuid:34810da2-d796-496b-abd7-f44e14956603> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.geoffhook.com/dismissal/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00025-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977825 | 825 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Unpaid interns agree to work free in exchange for training and job prospects, but a growing number of them say employers aren’t living up to their side of the bargain.
In recent months, former interns in the U.S. have won several high-profile lawsuits for back wages, spurring a growing backlash here in Canada.
Jainna Patel, 24, a math and statistics graduate from McMaster University, filed a federal labour complaint against Bell Mobility after spending five weeks in its Professional Management Program (PMP) in Mississauga.
In response, Human Resources Development Canada sent a letter to Bell, requesting it either pay Patel’s back wages or contest the complaint she filed. The company had until July 9th to file its response.
A Bell spokesperson told the Toronto Star that their program is not only legal, but one of the best internships in the country.
In the year since Patel first filed her complaint she hasn’t heard from Bell, but remains hopeful because interns across North America have been winning cases like hers.
Last month, two unpaid interns working on the Oscar-winning film Black Swan successfully sued Fox Searchlight pictures. A New York district judge ordered the film production company to pay back wages because the interns did the same work as regular employees, provided value to the company and performed low-level tasks that didn’t require any specialized training. Fox is appealing the ruling.
Shortly after the decision, interns at Gawker, an American celebrity website, also filed a suit for unpaid wages.
Here in Canada, interns are also starting to file complaints — and win. In 2012, Kyle Iannuzzi was awarded almost $1,000 in back wages from Platinum Events Group in what he believes was the first successful complaint against a company for an unpaid internship in Ontario.
Unpaid internships have long been standard in journalism, entertainment and publishing. CBC, which has reported on Patel’s complaint, runs a six-week unpaid internship program, but only takes students currently enrolled in a journalism program. Rogers Media runs paid and unpaid internship programs and accepts people who aren’t enrolled in post-secondary education.
While there are no reliable statistics, internships appear to have spread to virtually every sector of the economy.
Federal Liberal leader Justin Trudeau joined the growing chorus of criticism last month, decrying a situation where “you can’t get a job without getting experience; you can’t get experience without getting a job.”
“These unpaid internship . . . unfortunately are not helping individuals or our economy,” he said. “I think we need to look at stronger oversight and enforcing the regulations that exist.”
Labour laws here differ from those in the U.S., but determining the legality of unpaid internships is especially difficult north of the border because both Canada’s and Ontario’s employment laws don’t directly address the issue.
“The bottom line is, if what is being done for the ‘employer’ looks like work, then it should be compensated as work,” said Sean Bawden, an Ottawa-based labour lawyer who writes a blog on employment issues.
Bell Mobility says its Professional Management Program employs 300 unpaid interns at a dedicated campus in Mississauga in a variety of tasks including marketing and data analytics. While it accepts current post-secondary students, the program requires “associates” to work full time.
Bell spokesperson Albert Lee would not comment directly on Patel’s case, but said the PMP program provides an opportunity for those with little experience to learn the tools of the trade.
“It’s important to note that this is a learning program — participants do not replace any Bell employees, and their work doesn’t support or benefit any of Bell’s business operations,” he wrote in an email. “Many companies have intern training programs (the estimate is about 300,000 interns a year in Canada) . . . We think the learning environment and calibre of the volunteer management that support the program make it one of the best.”
Patel’s labour complaint tells a different story. She writes that she was lured in with promises of gaining valuable training for which she was willing to forgo pay. Once there, she spent long hours transcribing video, conducting telephone surveys and filling in spreadsheets, she alleges in the complaint, and was regularly asked to stay as late as midnight.
After raising concerns that she was doing menial tasks and receiving little training, Patel quit the internship and filed a labour complaint with the federal government.
“I looked up the laws and felt as if the work we were doing was that of a paid employee,” Patel wrote.
Patel has asked for just under $2,500 in wages, overtime and vacation pay. HRDC wouldn’t comment on her case, citing confidentiality concerns.
The Canada Labour Code does not explicitly treat internships, but most employers say they are a form of training that is exempted from payment. The law on whether training must be compensated is far from clear.
A note interpreting whether training hours must be paid posted to HRDC’s website states that, “training initiated on the volition of the employee or developmental voluntary training which prepares the employee for another job does not constitute hours of work.”
The document goes on to draw a line between short-term and long-term training, “where the candidate is learning and performing certain aspects of the job.”
“In this latter situation, where a de facto employment relationship has been established, the time constitutes hours of work,” where “the employee is entitled to be paid at the regular rate of wages,” says the note, written by Renée Godmer, executive co-ordinator of HRDC’s Labour Program.
This note is dated and doesn’t carry the same legal weight of a statute or a regulation, said labour lawyer Bawden.
Despite the ongoing grievance, Patel is determined to stay positive. She’s found paid work and even works a second job on Saturdays.
Patel still lists the PMP on her resume and even received a job interview from Bell after having left the program.
She doesn’t object to unpaid internships per se and hopes her complaint will make the PMP a better experience for future associates.
Since filing her complaint, Patel says people have congratulated her for being go gutsy — an attitude that worries her.
“We are protected by laws, and it is important to educate ourselves with these laws,” she said. “I do not believe I did anything extraordinary, I simply questioned the work I was doing and filed a claim to have it be reviewed.” | <urn:uuid:1b53b63d-d800-4add-9673-f367da1312b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2013/07/22/training_or_work_unpaid_interns_want_companies_to_pay_up.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00290-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964709 | 1,412 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Mises Daily Articles
The Libertarian Legacy of Rose Wilder Lane
[This article is transcribed from the Libertarian Tradition podcast episode "Roger MacBride and Rose Wilder Lane: A Libertarian Legacy ."]
Roger MacBride died 15 years ago, on March 4, 1995, only about eight weeks after the death, on January 7, 1995, of Murray N. Rothbard. Yet contrast their post mortem careers — Rothbard is, if anything, bigger today than he was in 1995. Roger MacBride, by comparison, seems to have been virtually forgotten. An old-timer like me has to wonder: how many libertarians under 40 really know who Roger MacBride was and why he was significant in the history of the libertarian movement? If you're of the under-40 set, feel free to email me and give me your two cents' worth on this.
So who was Roger MacBride? I first heard of him in 1972, when the reporters in newspapers and on radio and TV informed me that a renegade Republican elector from Virginia in the Electoral College, one Roger MacBride, had voted for John Hospers for president and Tonie Nathan for vice president — thus casting the first electoral vote ever cast for a woman and the first electoral vote ever won by the Libertarian Party. I had never heard of Roger MacBride at this point. Nor had anyone else I knew in the libertarian movement. And my friends and I had been involved since the movement's earliest days, a few years before in 1969. Who was this newcomer, Roger MacBride?
It turned out, of course, that Roger MacBride was no newcomer. I, callow youth that I was, was the newcomer. MacBride, on the other hand, was a connection back to an earlier stage in the modern libertarian movement, which had gotten underway, not in the late 1960s, as I had thought, but in the 1940s, with the publication, during World War II, of four important libertarian books — The Discovery of Freedom by Rose Wilder Lane, The God of the Machine by Isabel Paterson, The Road to Serfdom by Friedrich Hayek, and a radically individualist novel, The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand — and the establishment, the year after the war's end, of the Foundation for Economic Education, the first libertarian "think tank."
Rose Wilder Lane, the author of the first of those four libertarian books, The Discovery of Freedom, was the daughter of Almanzo Wilder and Laura Ingalls, who had moved from the Great Lakes region into the Dakota Territory in the late 1870s, determined to get for themselves some of the "free land" offered to new settlers who would homestead a claim and work it and live on it for a minimum period of time. Their daughter, Rose Wilder, was born in the Dakota Territory in 1886. She grew up there and in rural southern Missouri, on a farm her parents bought in the Ozarks after the climate of the Dakota Territory proved too much for them.
The young Rose Wilder was a star student in the small-town schools she attended in Missouri and in the cajun country of southwestern Louisiana, but there was no money for her to attend college.
So in the summer of 1904, just after her graduation from high school, she studied telegraphy informally at the local railroad station, under the tutelage of the station master, who was the father of a school friend. By fall, still not yet 18 years old, she was living on her own in Kansas City, working for Western Union.
For the next five years, Rose operated telegraphs in Missouri, Indiana, and California. Then, at the age of 22, she met and married Gillette Lane, a young man who traveled around the country having a good time, supporting himself as he went by his gift of gab and his flair for the written word. Sometimes he took writing or editing jobs on newspapers. Sometimes he sold ads for newspapers. Sometimes he sold real estate; sometimes he wrote brochure and display ad copy for real estate developers. Whatever you needed done, if being glib would answer your needs, Gillette Lane was your man. Rose followed him around the country for several years, learning a lot in the process — acquiring, for example, some useful familiarity with newspaper offices — but about six years after their romance began, it was over.
They were in San Francisco at the time — it was 1915, Rose was 28. She took a job in the newsroom at the daily San Francisco Bulletin and quickly progressed from editing other people's copy to writing her own and seeing it published under her byline, not infrequently with a photo. In those days, big city newspapers ran fiction as well as non-fiction, and Rose wrote it all — novels for serialization, short stories, profiles of famous men based on extensive interviews with those men and with those who had known them and worked with them, feature articles, you name it. Her articles and stories were often picked up for syndication to other papers around the country.
By 1918, Rose had decided that her talent was larger than the San Francisco Bulletin. She would freelance, write articles and books for a national audience. And so she would, for the next 25 years. Throughout the '20s and '30s her byline would be everywhere — in the newspapers, in magazines as diverse as Harper's, the Saturday Evening Post, Good Housekeeping, McCall's, Cosmopolitan, and the Ladies' Home Journal. Her books would be in all the bookstores and sometimes on the bestseller lists. She would be, as Wikipedia puts it, "reputed to be one of the highest-paid female writers in America."
But all that was in the future — the fairly near future, but still the future. For now, it was 1918. She was 31 years old, a local success with a local reputation. She believed she had it in her to do more, to make it bigger. But she wasn't sure. How could she be sure? She hadn't tried yet.
Meanwhile, she had developed an interest in social and political questions. And she had decided that she was a communist. Why? Because she was dedicated to the freedom of the individual.
At that time, she explained many years later in an article for the Saturday Evening Post, she had viewed the history of Western civilization since the Renaissance as a story
of progressive steps to freedom. The first step was the Reformation; that won freedom of conscience. The second was the political revolution; our American Revolution against an English king was part of that. This second step won for all western peoples varying degrees of political freedom. Liberals have continued to increase that freedom by giving increasing political power to The People. In the United States, for example, Liberals gained equal suffrage, popular election of nearly all public officials, initiative, refedendum, recall, and the primaries. But now, we confront economic tryanny. Stated in its simplest terms, no man is free whose very livelihood can be denied him, at another man's will. The worker is a wageslave. The final revolution, then, must capture economic control.
As the Rose Wilder Lane of 1919 or thereabouts saw it,
since the progress of science and invention enables us to produce more goods than we can consume, no one should lack any material thing. Yet we see on the one hand, great wealth in the hands of a few who, owning and controlling all means of production, own all the goods produced; on the other hand, we see multitudes always relatively poor, lacking goods they could enjoy. Who owns this great wealth? The Capitalist. What creates wealth? Labor. How does the Capitalist get it? He collects a profit on all goods produced. Does the Capitalist produce anything? No; Labor produces everything. Then, if all working men, organized in trade-unions, compelled all Capitalists to pay in wages the full value of their labor, they could buy all the goods produced? No, because the Capitalist adds his profit to the goods before he sells them. From this point of view, it is clear that the Profit System causes the injustice, the inequality, we see. We must eliminate profit; that is to say, we must eliminate the Capitalist. We will take his current profits, distribute his accumulated wealth, and ourselves administer his former affairs. The workers who produce the goods will then enjoy the goods, there will no longer be any economic inequality, and we shall have such general prosperity as the world has never known. When the Capitalist is gone, who will manage production? The State. And what is The State? The State will be the mass of the toiling workers. It was at this point that the first doubt pierced my Communist faith.
Still, she persevered in her communist faith, for at least a few more years. Then, in Europe on assignment for the American Red Cross, which employed journalists in the aftermath of World War I to call public attention to its activities in war-devastated areas (thereby improving its chances of raising funds to cover the cost of those activities), she took advantage of an opportunity to visit Soviet Russia and see for herself how the noble experiment there was working out in practice.
She had tea one afternoon in the home of a farm couple in Georgia. Their village, Rose wrote, some years later, during the 1930s, "was communist, of course; it had always been communist. The sole source of wealth was land, and it had never occurred to these villagers that land could be privately owned."
This doesn't mean that the villagers lived in poverty. Lane acknowledged that
certainly their standard of living was primitive. In a hundred years, it had not changed. They had no electric lights, no plumbing. They bathed, I supposed, only once a week, in the village bath-house, and perhaps it wasn't sanitary. How many germs were in their drinking water, no one knew. Their windows were not screened. Their dusty roads were undoubtedly fathomless mud in rainy weather. They had no automobiles, nor even horses; only ox-wagons. Their standard of living, in a word, had remained that of the pioneers of Illinois a hundred years [before].
On the other hand, she wrote,
they were the best of farmers and dairymen, they were good mechanics; they were fine housekeepers and cooks. They were open-minded and experimental. One [nearby] village had imported a Swiss, at a good salary, and built a Swiss chalet for him and his family; he was employed to raise the breed of milch cows and to make cheese in the village cheese factory.
In the year that Lane visited,
crops had been good … the cattle were fat, the granaries overflowed, and all the open house-lofts held piles of red gold pumpkins. Of course, there was not a poor man in the town. Everyone worked, and — weather permitting — everyone who worked was abundantly fed. No communist could have desired better proof of Communism's practical value than the prosperous well-being of those villagers.
As for their relationship to the Russian national government, Lane wrote,
these people had never … had any real contact with the Czar's government. Once a year, in the fall, they had been accustomed to paying a tax-collector a tenth of the year's yield from the grain-fields. The tax-collector came riding across the plains, collected the taxes in ox-wagons, and rode away. The young men occasionally went to war … an officer rode into the village, young men rode away with him, and when some returned months or years later they brought the news of where they had been and what they had done and seen."
At the time of her visit, Lane wrote,
the Bolsheviks had … been nearly four years in power and the village taxes had not been increased, nor any more young men taken for the army than during the Czar's regime. These villages depended hardly at all upon Tiflis, the nearest city, but even Tiflis was at the moment reviving under NEP, Lenin's New Economic Policy of a temporary breathing spell for capitalism.
my host astounded me by the force with which he said that he did not like the new government. I could hardly believe that a lifelong communist, with the proofs of successful communism thick about us, was opposed to a communist government. He repeated that he did not like it.
It turned out, Lane wrote, that
his complaint was government interference with village affairs. He protested against the growing bureaucracy that was taking more and more men from productive work. He predicted chaos and suffering from the centralizing of economic power in Moscow.… This, I said to myself, is the opposition of the peasant mind to new ideas, too large for him to grasp. Here is my small opportunity to spread a little light. I could understand simple Russian, but I could not speak it well, and through my interpreter I explained in primer words the parallel between the village land, as a source of wealth, and all sources of wealth. I drew for him a picture of Great Russia, to its remotest corner enjoying the equality, the peace and the justly divided prosperity of his village. He shook his head sadly. 'It is too big,' he said. 'Too big. At the top, it is too small. It will not work. In Moscow there are only men, and man is not God. A man has only a man's head, and one hundred heads together do not make one great head. No. Only God can know Russia.'"
One might say, I suppose, that the Georgian farmer had hit upon F. A. Hayek's idea about the role of knowledge in society. And, by enunciating it as he did, he seems to have taken the wind, at least temporarily, out of Rose Wilder Lane's communist sails. She continued traveling around the Soviet Union after that, talking to people wherever she went. And by the time she left, she had changed her mind on a few things.
"I came out of the Soviet Union no longer a communist," she wrote nearly fifteen years later, "because I believed in personal freedom. Like all Americans, I took for granted the individual liberty to which I had been born. It seemed as necessary and as inevitable as the air I breathed; it seemed the natural element in which human beings lived." And "what I saw [in the Soviet Union] was not an extension of human freedom, but the establishment of tyranny on a new, widely extended and deeper base."
Lane acknowledged that "given their aim, I do not see how [the Soviet leaders] could have done otherwise." For she had now grasped that, as she put it,
centralized economic control over multitudes of human beings must … be continuous and … it must be autocratic. It must be government by a swift flow of edicts issued in haste to catch up with events receding into the past before they can be reported, arranged, analyzed and considered, and it will be compelled to use compulsion. In the effort to succeed, it must become such minute and rigorous control of details of individual life as no people will accept without compulsion.
The problem, Lane now realized, was that
producing food from the earth and the sea, making goods from assembled raw materials, and their storing, exchanging, transporting, distributing and consuming by vast multitudes of human beings, are activities so intricately inter-related and inter-dependent that efficient control of any part of them demands control of the whole. No man can so control multitudes of men without compulsion, and that compulsion must increase. It must increase because human beings are naturally diverse. It is the nature of men to do the same thing in different ways, to waste time and energy in altering the shapes of things, to experiment, invent, make mistakes, depart from the past in an infinite variety of directions. Plants and animals repeat routine, but men who are not restrained will go into the future like explorers into a new country, and exploration is always wasteful. Great numbers of explorers accomplish nothing and many are lost. Economic compulsion is, therefore, constantly threatened by human willfulness. It must constantly overcome that willfulness, crush all impulses of egotism and independence, destroy variety of human desires and behavior. Centralized economic power endeavoring to plan and to control the economic processes of a modern nation is under a necessity, either to fail, or to tend to become absolute power in every province of human life.
Properly disillusioned about communism, Lane returned home and got on with her career. In addition to filling the pages of the major American newspapers and magazines week by week and month by month, in addition to publishing two novels of her own that appeared on the national bestseller lists during the '30s, she undertook another important project. Her mother, Laura Ingalls Wilder, had begun writing a series of children's books based on her own life story. She asked her daughter for help polishing her manuscripts and putting them into publishable form. Lane complied. She extensively revised, expanded, and rewrote her mother's manuscripts, producing the internationally famous "Little House" books, originally published between 1932 and 1943. The series has sold around 40 million copies in the United States in the last half century, and another 20 million or so in around 32 other languages worldwide.
During the '30s Rose Wilder Lane also became a leading opponent of the New Deal. The "real political question" of the '30s, Lane wrote, was "the choice between American individualism and European national socialism."
Unfortunately, as Lane saw it, there was no American political party committed to individualism. "In 1933," she wrote, "a group of sincere and ardent collectivists seized control of the Democratic Party, used it as a means of grasping Federal power, and enthusiastically, from motives which many of them regard as the highest idealism, began to make America over. The Democratic Party is now a political mechanism having a genuine political principle: national socialism." Another way of saying this was to say that, again in Rose's words, "[a] vote for the New Deal approves national socialism." Unfortunately, however, the Republican Party was "a political mechanism with no political principle. It does not stand for American individualism." Therefore, lamentably, "Americans (of both parties) who stand for American political principles … have no means of peaceful political action." What was needed, Rose believed, was a political movement, which would unite writers, activists, teachers, propagandists, and politicians in favor of individual liberty. A "libertarian movement" — that was her phrase. Brian Doherty reports in his book Radicals for Capitalism (an indispensable resource, by the way, for anyone interested in the history of the libertarian movement) that he found Rose using this phrase — "libertarian movement" — as early as 1947. He calls it "the first example I've found of the phrase in its modern sense."
During World War II, when she was in her late 50s, Rose began working with Burt MacBride, an editor at Reader's Digest who was planning to condense one of her books for the magazine. Through Burt MacBride, Rose met his 14-year-old son Roger MacBride, and Rose and Roger quickly became devoted friends. Within a couple of years, he was calling her "Gramma" and coming to spend weekends with her, weeding her garden, running errands for her, and talking with her about history, economics, politics, and philosophy. Lane's biographer, William Holtz, writes that young "MacBride found himself receiving another education, an alternative to his classroom learning that was compelling by the range, focus, and energy his other grandmother brought to the political and economic arguments she had spent two decades in refining."
Rose gave a guest lecture in Roger's government class at Philips Exeter Academy, his tony New England prep school, and lent moral support to his efforts to establish libertarian student groups at Princeton, where he earned his undergraduate degree, and at Harvard, where he went to law school. As Roger's education progressed, he continued to make himself useful to his adoptive granny — first as her agent and business manager, then as her attorney. In the end, he and his wife moved Rose and her 6,000 books into their home and took her with them when they moved that home from Vermont to Virginia.
Ultimately, when Rose died — it was in 1968, she was 81 — Roger inherited everything she owned, including the fabulously valuable rights to the Little House books ostensibly written by her mother. It was Roger MacBride who put the Little House stories on network TV for most of the 1970s and the early 1980s as well. It was also Roger MacBride who put the fledgling Libertarian Party on the political map in 1972 and represented it as its presidential nominee in the 1976 campaign against Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter. In later years, MacBride abandoned the LP and went back to the Republican Party, within which he founded a libertarian organization, the Republican Liberty Caucus. Then MacBride died suddenly of a heart attack in 1995, at the age of 65.
Perhaps, MacBride's abandonment of the LP for the GOP earned him some ill will. It might have seemed like a good idea at the time, with Bill Clinton in the White House and the Republicans putting a lot of emphasis on their supposed points of agreement with libertarians, but the eight years of GOP rule from 2001 to 2009 showed just how much real interest the Republican Party has in individual liberty and limited government. In retrospect, MacBride probably looks like something of a fool to many libertarians.
But then again, maybe not. In any case, Roger MacBride should be remembered and paid a debt of gratitude by all libertarians who want the movement to grow and attract public attention. For, at a time when he was in a position to do a lot for the public image of the libertarian movement, Roger MacBride came forward and did it. | <urn:uuid:3a8bd17f-8ed3-45be-933f-7ac274a5199f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mises.org/library/libertarian-legacy-rose-wilder-lane | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00318-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983797 | 4,549 | 2.015625 | 2 |
How involved are you in the lives of other believers? Do you share your personal concerns and struggles? Do you listen for the concerns and struggles of others? Have you opened up your heart and life for other Christians to see inside? Maybe not. Maybe you are worried about what others might think? Or, maybe you’ve been burned before and fear being embarrassed again.
It is important to our spiritual walk as believers that we be involved in one another’s lives. God not only commands it, He models it. The Lord is a three-in-one: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. He perfectly communes within His triune existence. And, the Lord has put it in us to commune with Him and each other in the same way.
In a kind of benediction, James focuses on the subject of prayer as the key that unlocks joy in trials. His concern is for the beaten down, wounded, and persecuted church to be restored, rejuvenated, refreshed, and “raised up” in Christ (Ja. 5:15). It happens through prayer. Prayer restores our strength, renews our joy, recovers our faith, and now, as we continue, it rebuilds our fellowship.
Therefore, confess your sins to one another and pray for one another, that you may be healed.James 5:16
Leading up to this verse, there is a slight shift of audience. He asks, “Is anyone suffering? Is anyone cheerful? Is anyone sick?” (Ja. 5:13-14). It is a call to individuals who are “among you,” who is the church (Ja. 5:13-14). He is literally plucking out specific people from the greater whole. Then, he invites the “elders of the church” to interact (Ja. 5:14). Now, he expands to include the local church body as a whole.
The words “your” and “you” in this verse are plural. In Texas, it is linguistically correct to translate this as “y’all” respectively. In other words, “confess y’all’s sins” so that “y’all may be healed” (Ja. 5:16). Furthermore, the words “one another” suggests a reciprocal relationship between multiple people. James is clearly addressing the local church body. He gives them two commands that fold into one result.
Confessing to One Another
The first command is to “confess your sins to one another” (Ja. 5:16). Confessing, as used here, simply means to speak honestly about your sins. In the Greek language, the words implies a real belief in what is confessed. It never refers to confessing what you doubt. It is always confessing what you believe to be true and accurate.
Furthermore, the word “confess” is mostly connected to the admissions of sins for the purpose of finding forgiveness from God. In the gospel of Matthew, we find multitudes coming to John the Baptist “confessing their sins” (Matt. 3:6) in response to his proclamation to “repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand” (Matt. 3:2). John, in his first epistle, teaches us that God is “faithful and just to forgive us our sins” when “we confess our sins” (1 Jn. 1:9).
The context of James’ epistle suggests that this command might refer to the admission of sins against each other. Earlier, he implies that they were being partial to some in the church (Ja. 2:1-7) and “committing sin” against one another (Ja. 2:9). Then, he identifies some who were being evil with their speech (Ja. 3:10), acting out of “jealousy and selfish ambition” (Ja. 3:16), and stirring up quarrels and fights among each other (Ja. 4:1). They were also coveting (Ja. 4:2), slandering (Ja. 4:11), robbing (Ja. 5:4), condemning each other (Ja. 5:6), grumbling “against one another” (Ja. 5:9), and more. They might need to be open with one another in order to be forgiven by one another.
On the other hand, the immediate context seems to point to the command being one of sharing one another’s weaknesses for the sake of fellowship. Sin has a way, no matter who it is against, of isolating us causing us to turn inward and set up unnecessary boundaries that prevent genuine community. In other words, sin destroys fellowship. So, by openly and honestly speaking to each other about our weaknesses, we work to uphold righteous fellowship.
To be clear, the command is to confess your sins, not other’s sins, to one another. The admission of the sins of others is a form of gossip which has the reverse effect on fellowship. Also, James doesn’t have sin dumping in mind. He is not telling us to vomit our darkest vices on some unexpected victim. This is an act of bonding to seek righteousness together. Furthermore, the “one another” doesn’t include random Facebook friends and public audiences on Twitter. He has the people of faith in mind, particularly your local body of believers. The term “one another” denotes mutual care and confession.
Praying for One Another
The second command is to “pray for one another” (Ja. 5:16). And, like the first, it is in the present tense and plural form. It should be understood as, “y’all should be continually praying for one another,” that is, if he was Texan. Confessing to one another prompts the praying for one another. They go hand-in-hand. When your brother opens up about his sin, you should turn with him in prayer. Basically, it is the idea of bearing one another’s weaknesses.
In his letter to the church at Ephesus, Paul urges them to “walk in a manner worth of the calling to which they have been called,” namely, the walk of faith (Eph. 4:1). He describes it as a walk “with all humility and gentleness, with patience, bearing with one another in love” (Eph. 4:2) having an eagerness to “maintain the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace” (Eph. 4:3). In other words, fellowship with the church should motivate us to walk humbly with each other by bearing with one another in love, which includes confessing our sins and praying for one another.
The interesting thing about this kind of eagerness is that it is to “maintain” the unity of the body, not create it. He tells us that the “there is one body and one Spirit” and “one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all” (Eph. 4:4-6). God has established our spiritual unity. We only need to get in the flow of that oneness. To maintain means to perform upkeep. We do this by walking in humility and gentleness, bearing with one another in love.
Again, the word “prayer” means to face God and speak. And, “one another” refers to mutual action. The prayer is “for” one another, and not “for” ourselves. We are to turn to God for the sake of our brothers. Asking God to strengthen them where they are weak, and lift them out of their sin. And frankly, this kind of prayer cannot happen in isolation. It calls for intentional involvement in the life of one another. So, how are you involved in the life of other believers?
The two commands fold into one result, “that you may be healed” (Ja. 5:16). In light of the terms “sick” and “sins” and “forgiven” in the previous verses, we should assume that James is referring to healing of the soul. And, since he has addressed the fellowship of the local church, he must have in mind the healing of the “bond of peace,” as Paul put it (Eph. 4:3).
It shouldn’t be hard to imagine. Bearing the weaknesses with one another, and seeking the Lord for help, could have a multitude of positive effects. For starters, it would bring relief to the one who confesses. Sins left in secrecy cause unwanted grief and guilt that churns in our mind and pollutes the soul. It can create worry, confusion, delusion, paranoia, unjust anger, and anxiety, which can lead to more problems. Confessing sin turns all that loose.
There is also the benefit of victory over sin. Proverbs 28:13 says, “Whoever conceals his transgressions will not prosper, but he who confesses and forsakes them will obtain mercy.” Satan desires that we be victims of sin, not victors. By concealing sin, we set ourselves up for loss. However, by forsaking and exposing our sins, we assure victory over them and win mercy from God.
Another reward is accountability. Once sin is confessed to another, the battle is won. But, the war is not over. Sin will return again. Next time, the temptation will be more fierce. Sin is stubborn and doesn’t die easily. However, by exposing sin and sharing it with others who also hate sin, you essentially join forces and fight sin together. Instead of a lonely soldier combatting a ruthless and militant army, you become part of a multitude of soldiers, bound arm-in-arm. Moreover, since you are aligning on God’s side, you are with God’s army. The enemy doesn’t stand a chance.
Support is another benefit. Like accountability, support means that others will help us lug the load that we carry. Confessing sin to others allows them to empathize and hold us up when we are weak. It causes us to be understanding and compassionate, not judgmental and cold. As Paul commanded, “Brothers, if anyone is caught in any transgression, you who are spiritual should restore him in a spirit of gentleness. Keep watch on yourself, lest you too be tempted. Bear one another’s burdens, and so fulfill the law of Christ” (Gal. 6:1-2).
It should go without saying that love is yet another benefit. When we bear with one another those who are overburdened, we fulfill the law of Christ (Gal. 6:2). The law of Christ is love. Jesus told us to “love one another: just as I have loved you, you also are to love one another” (Jn. 13:34). John applied this principle to our lives by relating that this commandment proves love for God: “Whoever loves God must also love his brother” (1 Jn 4:21). Confessing sin is the spark that initiates deeper love and compassion, and it is the mark of divine love.
Also, when we bear with one another, we bring clarity to the battle. Sin has a way of blurring our vision. It causes us to divert blame and grumble against one another. It plants division and leads us to think that our brothers and sisters are our enemies when they have wronged us. Hebrews tells us, “Take care, brothers, lest there be in any of you an evil, unbelieving heart, leading you to fall away from the living God. But exhort one another every day, as long as it is called ‘today,’ that none of you may be hardened by the deceitfulness of sin” (Heb. 3:12-13). Confessing sin will clear up the obscurity of truth around us that sin causes and gives “no opportunity to the devil” (Eph. 4:27).
Of course, there are many more benefits. We could speak about how confessing our sins to and praying for one another strengthens unity among us (Heb 10:25). We might point out that it causes humility among us (Gal. 6:3), encourages forgiveness (1 Jn. 1:9), and is obedience to God. When we confess our sins, it is like us crying out to each other, “The enemy is here with me!” And, it positions us to lock arms with others and wage the battle together. Therefore, prayer can rebuild fellowship. | <urn:uuid:9b649a8f-93dc-40a5-9cfa-635eadc68166> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jacobabshire.com/teaching/commentary/prayer-rebuilds-our-fellowship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.952035 | 2,695 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Amanitva, Amānitva: 6 definitions
Amanitva means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionarySource: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary
amānitva (अमानित्व).—n (Poetry.) Exemption from pride, conceit, or ego-ness (self-assertion): also simple lowliness or humility. Ex. mitabhāṣaṇa śānta dānta || aṅgīṃ a0 adambhitva || ahiṃsaka ativirakta || tōci guru karāvā || Also rāma upāsaka jē santa || hī lakṣaṇēṃ tyācīṃ niśrcita || a0 adambhitva ahiṃsādika samasta guṇa jēthēṃ || (This is from the Sanskrit a0 adambhitva ahiṃsā kṣāntirārjavaṃ.)
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionarySource: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary
Amānitva (अमानित्व).—Modesty, humility. अमानित्वमदाम्भित्वम् (amānitvamadāmbhitvam) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 13.7.
Derivable forms: amānitvam (अमानित्वम्).
See also (synonyms): amānitā.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Amānitva (अमानित्व).—i. e. a-mānin + tva, n. Humility, [Vedāntasāra, (in my Chrestomathy.)] in
Amānitva (अमानित्व).—[neuter] [abstract] to seq.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Amānitva (अमानित्व):—[=amāni-tva] [from a-mānin] ([Bhagavad-gītā] etc.) n. modesty, humility.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Search found 1 books and stories containing Amanitva, Amānitva, Amani-tva, Amāni-tva; (plurals include: Amanitvas, Amānitvas, tvas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles: | <urn:uuid:c681aaa0-1213-4cd1-b555-457369c0c850> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/amanitva | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.743085 | 906 | 2.953125 | 3 |
As seen on:
"The Kumfy Tailz harness has made it possible for us to have longer and more enjoyable walks in summer and winter". -
click here for more testimonials
Canine Physiology and Design
The Kumfy Pax pouch covers the dog's chest and abdominal area or the "core." The core is where most of the dog's vasculature and major organs are. It is also where they have the least amount of fur. By addressing the core, the heart is better able to pump blood to the extremities (paws and ears) helping to regulate the dog's body temperature, which should ideally be between 101°-103° F. | <urn:uuid:248d0552-4c77-4529-a9ce-3d8cba40e321> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://store.kumfytailz.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00192-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935611 | 138 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Chamkha, AJ and Takhar, HS and Nath, G (2003) Unsteady MUD rotating flow over a rotating sphere near the equator. In: Acta Mechanica, 164 (1-2). pp. 31-46.Full text not available from this repository.
The unsteady rotating flow of a laminar incompressible viscous electrically conducting fluid over a rotating sphere in the vicinity of the equator has been studied. The fluid and the body rotate either in the same direction or in opposite directions. The effects of surface suction and magnetic field have been included in the analysis. There is an initial steady state that is perturbed by a sudden change in the rotational velocity of the sphere, and this causes unsteadiness in the flow field. The nonlinear coupled parabolic partial differential equations governing the boundary-layer flow have been solved numerically by using an implicit finite-difference scheme. For large suction or magnetic field, analytical solutions have also been obtained. The magnitude of the radial, meridional and rotational velocity components is found to be higher when the fluid and the body rotate in opposite directions than when they rotate in the same direction. The surface shear stresses in the meridional and rotational directions change sign when the ratio of the angular velocities of the sphere and the fluid lambda greater than or equal to lambda(0). The final (new) steady state is reached rather quickly which implies that the spin-up time is small. The magnetic field and surface suction reduce the meridional shear stress, but increase the surface shear stress in the rotational direction.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Additional Information:||Copyright of this article belongs to Springer.|
|Department/Centre:||Division of Physical & Mathematical Sciences > Mathematics|
|Date Deposited:||25 Aug 2011 06:26|
|Last Modified:||25 Aug 2011 06:26|
Actions (login required) | <urn:uuid:c82a7eb2-7479-4e43-950a-2590a496f781> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/40301/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00181-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.850344 | 416 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.