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PMID:26063 | Pipradrol enhances reinforcing properties of stimuli paired with brain stimulation. | The hypothesis that a psychomotor stimulant drug (pipradrol) enhances the reinforcing effects of stimuli paired with reinforcing brain stimulation was tested using a conditioned reinforcement paradigm. Rats were trained to discriminate between two stimuli (S+ and S-) to obtain ICS in the lateral hypothalamus by pushing a panel in the presence of S+. In a subsequent preference test, ICS was no longer available, but responding on one of two novel levers now produced S+, whereas responding on the other lever produced S-. Four groups of four rats received 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg pipradrol. Doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg significantly enhanced the preference for S+ over S-. These doses increased responding for S+, but had no effect on responding for S-. These results support the hypothesis tested, and suggest that pipradrol potentiates the effects of conditioned reinforcement. | Pipradrol enhances reinforcing properties of stimuli paired with brain stimulation. The hypothesis that a psychomotor stimulant drug (pipradrol) enhances the reinforcing effects of stimuli paired with reinforcing brain stimulation was tested using a conditioned reinforcement paradigm. Rats were trained to discriminate between two stimuli (S+ and S-) to obtain ICS in the lateral hypothalamus by pushing a panel in the presence of S+. In a subsequent preference test, ICS was no longer available, but responding on one of two novel levers now produced S+, whereas responding on the other lever produced S-. Four groups of four rats received 0, 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg pipradrol. Doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg significantly enhanced the preference for S+ over S-. These doses increased responding for S+, but had no effect on responding for S-. These results support the hypothesis tested, and suggest that pipradrol potentiates the effects of conditioned reinforcement. | [
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PMID:26066 | Nucleosome structure. | Electron microscopic and biochemical results are presented supporting the following conclusions: (1) Two molecules of each histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are necessary and sufficient to form a nucleosome with a diameter of 12.5 +/- 1 nm and containing about 200 base pairs of DNA. (2) H3 plus H4 alone can compact 129 +/- 8 DNA base pairs into a sub-nucleosomal particle with a diameter of 8 +/- 1 nm. In such a particle the DNA duplex is under a constraint equivalent to negative superhelicity. (3) Chromatin should be viewed as a dynamic structure, oscillating between a compact structure (the nucleosome) and more open structures, depending on the environmental conditions. | Nucleosome structure. Electron microscopic and biochemical results are presented supporting the following conclusions: (1) Two molecules of each histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are necessary and sufficient to form a nucleosome with a diameter of 12.5 +/- 1 nm and containing about 200 base pairs of DNA. (2) H3 plus H4 alone can compact 129 +/- 8 DNA base pairs into a sub-nucleosomal particle with a diameter of 8 +/- 1 nm. In such a particle the DNA duplex is under a constraint equivalent to negative superhelicity. (3) Chromatin should be viewed as a dynamic structure, oscillating between a compact structure (the nucleosome) and more open structures, depending on the environmental conditions. | [
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PMID:26068 | Relation of nucleosomes to nucleotide sequences in the rat. | The relation of nucleosomes to nucleotide sequences is random for most single copy sequences in rat liver. This could be due to variation in the DNA content of nucleosomes, and a procedure for detecting such variation is described. | Relation of nucleosomes to nucleotide sequences in the rat. The relation of nucleosomes to nucleotide sequences is random for most single copy sequences in rat liver. This could be due to variation in the DNA content of nucleosomes, and a procedure for detecting such variation is described. | [
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PMID:26072 | Conformational flexibility in DNA structure and its implications in understanding the organization of DNA in chromatin. | X-ray crystallographic studies of drug-nucleic acid crystalline complexes have suggested that DNA first bends or 'kinks' before accepting an intercalative drug or dye. This flexibility in DNA structure is made possible by altering the normal C2' endo deoxyribose sugar puckering in B DNA to a mixed sugar puckering pattern of the type C3' endo (3'-5') C2' endo and partially unstacking base pairs. A kinking scheme such as this would require minimal sterochemical rearrangement and would also involve small energies. This has prompted us to ask more generally if a conformational change such as this could be used by proteins in their interactions with DNA. Here we describe an interesting superhelical DNA structure formed by kinking DNA every ten base pairs. This structure may be used in the organization of DNA within the nucleosome structure in chromatin. | Conformational flexibility in DNA structure and its implications in understanding the organization of DNA in chromatin. X-ray crystallographic studies of drug-nucleic acid crystalline complexes have suggested that DNA first bends or 'kinks' before accepting an intercalative drug or dye. This flexibility in DNA structure is made possible by altering the normal C2' endo deoxyribose sugar puckering in B DNA to a mixed sugar puckering pattern of the type C3' endo (3'-5') C2' endo and partially unstacking base pairs. A kinking scheme such as this would require minimal sterochemical rearrangement and would also involve small energies. This has prompted us to ask more generally if a conformational change such as this could be used by proteins in their interactions with DNA. Here we describe an interesting superhelical DNA structure formed by kinking DNA every ten base pairs. This structure may be used in the organization of DNA within the nucleosome structure in chromatin. | [
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PMID:26073 | The structure of SV 40 chromatin. | Simian virus 40 (SV40) nucleoprotein complexes were studied with the electron microscope. Depending on the isolation procedure, SV40 chromatin has two different conformations: complexes isolated in the presence of 0.15 M NaCl appeared as very compact globular structures, while those isolated in the presence of 0.6 M NaCl had the typical 'beads-on-a-string' appearance of the primary nucleofilament. Concomitant with this structural change was a variation in the histone pattern and sedimentation behaviour of the complexes: with NaCl at 0.15 mol 1(-1) the isolated complexes contained both the nucleosomal histones and histone H1, and sedimented in sucrose gradients at 70S. Increasing the ionic strength to 0.6 M NaCl resulted in the removal of histone H1 from the complexes and in a decrease of the sedimentation coefficient to 40S. DNA relaxing enzyme is associated with the SV40 nucleoprotein complexes. The numbers of superhelical turns in DNA from compact and open types of complexes were found to be the same. Therefore the transition from the condensed to the open structure of viral chromatin does not require a change in the topological winding number of its DNA. | The structure of SV 40 chromatin. Simian virus 40 (SV40) nucleoprotein complexes were studied with the electron microscope. Depending on the isolation procedure, SV40 chromatin has two different conformations: complexes isolated in the presence of 0.15 M NaCl appeared as very compact globular structures, while those isolated in the presence of 0.6 M NaCl had the typical 'beads-on-a-string' appearance of the primary nucleofilament. Concomitant with this structural change was a variation in the histone pattern and sedimentation behaviour of the complexes: with NaCl at 0.15 mol 1(-1) the isolated complexes contained both the nucleosomal histones and histone H1, and sedimented in sucrose gradients at 70S. Increasing the ionic strength to 0.6 M NaCl resulted in the removal of histone H1 from the complexes and in a decrease of the sedimentation coefficient to 40S. DNA relaxing enzyme is associated with the SV40 nucleoprotein complexes. The numbers of superhelical turns in DNA from compact and open types of complexes were found to be the same. Therefore the transition from the condensed to the open structure of viral chromatin does not require a change in the topological winding number of its DNA. | [
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PMID:26076 | Aspects of the regulation of histone genes. | Sequencing of cloned histone DNA of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris has confirmed the map of the histone genes obtained earlier by rather less refined techniques. Sequencing of spacer has revealed that it is unlikely to code for protein. Some interesting sequences in the prelude regions to the structural genes have been found. The technique of injecting DNA into the germinal vesicle of the Xenopus oocyte has been greatly simplified, so that now many of the parameters governing the transcription of the injected genes can be investigated. Some mRNA-like molecules appear when circular histone DNA is inserted into the oocyte nucleus. We are cautiously optimistic that the technique can be further developed and will provide a useful tool for the study of the molecular mechanisms governing the expression of structural genes coding for proteins. | Aspects of the regulation of histone genes. Sequencing of cloned histone DNA of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris has confirmed the map of the histone genes obtained earlier by rather less refined techniques. Sequencing of spacer has revealed that it is unlikely to code for protein. Some interesting sequences in the prelude regions to the structural genes have been found. The technique of injecting DNA into the germinal vesicle of the Xenopus oocyte has been greatly simplified, so that now many of the parameters governing the transcription of the injected genes can be investigated. Some mRNA-like molecules appear when circular histone DNA is inserted into the oocyte nucleus. We are cautiously optimistic that the technique can be further developed and will provide a useful tool for the study of the molecular mechanisms governing the expression of structural genes coding for proteins. | [
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PMID:26080 | Organization of transcribed regions of chromatin. | The endonuclease DNase II preferentially attacks a limited and tissue-specific portion of chromosomal DNA. This material may be separated from the bulk of chromatin DNA by virtue of its solubility in 2 mM MgCl2. The Mg2+ soluble fraction forms a specific subset of DNA sequences and is enriched four to sevenfold in sequences coding for cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA and globin messenger RNA (in globin-producing cells). The bulk (70--90%) of rapidly labelled RNA is found associated with the Mg2+-soluble fraction. Transcriptionally active, Mc2+-soluble chromatin is organized into repeating subunits of DNA (200 +/- 5 base pairs) and histone. Mc2+-soluble active subunits differ from the subunits or nucleosomes of non-transcribed regions in many respects: namely, chemical composition (non-histone protein and RNA), sedimentation properties, differential sensitivity to DNase I and the single-strand-specific nuclease S1, and optical melting behaviour. These results suggest that chromatin subunits adopt a new configuration during the process of transcription. | Organization of transcribed regions of chromatin. The endonuclease DNase II preferentially attacks a limited and tissue-specific portion of chromosomal DNA. This material may be separated from the bulk of chromatin DNA by virtue of its solubility in 2 mM MgCl2. The Mg2+ soluble fraction forms a specific subset of DNA sequences and is enriched four to sevenfold in sequences coding for cytoplasmic poly(A)-containing RNA and globin messenger RNA (in globin-producing cells). The bulk (70--90%) of rapidly labelled RNA is found associated with the Mg2+-soluble fraction. Transcriptionally active, Mc2+-soluble chromatin is organized into repeating subunits of DNA (200 +/- 5 base pairs) and histone. Mc2+-soluble active subunits differ from the subunits or nucleosomes of non-transcribed regions in many respects: namely, chemical composition (non-histone protein and RNA), sedimentation properties, differential sensitivity to DNase I and the single-strand-specific nuclease S1, and optical melting behaviour. These results suggest that chromatin subunits adopt a new configuration during the process of transcription. | [
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PMID:26081 | The organization of transcription on lampbrush chromosomes. | The meiotic lampbrush chromosomes of amphibian oocytes display readily distinguishable regions of transcription (lateral loops) which extend from axial condensates of chromatin (chromomeres). The chromomeres contain most of the chromosomal ENA which, along with histone, is tightly compacted as regular arrays of DNP. Many RNA transcripts are generated on the lateral loops, and heterogeneous non-histone proteins associate with these transcripts, forming periodic condensates of 20--30 nm ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles. These unit particles aggregate in various ways and to varying degrees and thereby confer distinctive gross morphologies to particular loops. There are about 10(4) lateral loops per haploid complement of newt chromosomes and this figure is similar to the experimentally derived number of different messenger RNA sequences found in oocytes. From cytological and biochemical studies it is now possible to consider individual lateral loops from various aspects: as morphologically distinct units; as units of inheritance; as units of functional activity; as units of transcription; as units of transcribed repetitive sequences; and as units containing one coding sequence. The difficulties in arriving at a simple explanation of the organization of transcription in lampbrush chromosomes are discussed. | The organization of transcription on lampbrush chromosomes. The meiotic lampbrush chromosomes of amphibian oocytes display readily distinguishable regions of transcription (lateral loops) which extend from axial condensates of chromatin (chromomeres). The chromomeres contain most of the chromosomal ENA which, along with histone, is tightly compacted as regular arrays of DNP. Many RNA transcripts are generated on the lateral loops, and heterogeneous non-histone proteins associate with these transcripts, forming periodic condensates of 20--30 nm ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles. These unit particles aggregate in various ways and to varying degrees and thereby confer distinctive gross morphologies to particular loops. There are about 10(4) lateral loops per haploid complement of newt chromosomes and this figure is similar to the experimentally derived number of different messenger RNA sequences found in oocytes. From cytological and biochemical studies it is now possible to consider individual lateral loops from various aspects: as morphologically distinct units; as units of inheritance; as units of functional activity; as units of transcription; as units of transcribed repetitive sequences; and as units containing one coding sequence. The difficulties in arriving at a simple explanation of the organization of transcription in lampbrush chromosomes are discussed. | [
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PMID:26087 | The 75 S RNA transcription unit in Balbiani ring 2 and its relation to chromosome structure. | A defined transcription unit in the Balbiani ring 2 (BR 2) region of chromosome IV in the salivary glands of Chironomus tentans has been characterized on the basis of analysis of the corresponding primary transcript, 75S RNA, and its functional significance. The available information on the transcription unit and its relations to chromosome structure can be summarized in the following way: 1. The size of the 75S RNA transcription unit in BR 2 is on the order of 30 000 base pairs. 2. The unit is likely to contain a long coding segment (at least 6000 base pairs), probably corresponding to information for salivary polypeptides. 3. The sequences are distributed in more than one chromomere (probably in 3--5 chromomeres). Further studies are needed before it can be stated whether or not there is a simple one-to-one relation between chromomeres and transcription units in the BR 2 region. | The 75 S RNA transcription unit in Balbiani ring 2 and its relation to chromosome structure. A defined transcription unit in the Balbiani ring 2 (BR 2) region of chromosome IV in the salivary glands of Chironomus tentans has been characterized on the basis of analysis of the corresponding primary transcript, 75S RNA, and its functional significance. The available information on the transcription unit and its relations to chromosome structure can be summarized in the following way: 1. The size of the 75S RNA transcription unit in BR 2 is on the order of 30 000 base pairs. 2. The unit is likely to contain a long coding segment (at least 6000 base pairs), probably corresponding to information for salivary polypeptides. 3. The sequences are distributed in more than one chromomere (probably in 3--5 chromomeres). Further studies are needed before it can be stated whether or not there is a simple one-to-one relation between chromomeres and transcription units in the BR 2 region. | [
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PMID:26088 | Heat shock of Drosophila melanogaster induces the synthesis of new messenger RNAs and proteins. | The heat shock proteins, labelled in vivo with [35S]methionine, were separated by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fingerprinted after tryptic digestion. Eight distinct heat shock polypeptides are characterized in this way. Heat shock messenger RNAs were isolated and partially purified. Assayed in vitro for protein synthesis, they were found to code for heat shock polypeptides. Some parameters of the kinetics of in vivo synthesis of the heat shock proteins are presented. | Heat shock of Drosophila melanogaster induces the synthesis of new messenger RNAs and proteins. The heat shock proteins, labelled in vivo with [35S]methionine, were separated by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fingerprinted after tryptic digestion. Eight distinct heat shock polypeptides are characterized in this way. Heat shock messenger RNAs were isolated and partially purified. Assayed in vitro for protein synthesis, they were found to code for heat shock polypeptides. Some parameters of the kinetics of in vivo synthesis of the heat shock proteins are presented. | [
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PMID:26090 | Transcription in the interbands of Drosophila. | Many interbands of Drosophila contain morphological evidence for transcription. Decondensed band material makes no detectable contribution to certain transcriptionally active interbands. | Transcription in the interbands of Drosophila. Many interbands of Drosophila contain morphological evidence for transcription. Decondensed band material makes no detectable contribution to certain transcriptionally active interbands. | [
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PMID:26094 | Antihypertensive drugs and depression: a reappraisal. | Eighty-nine new referral hypertensive out-patients and 46 new referral non-hypertensive chronically physically ill out-patients completed a mood rating scale at regular intervals for one year. The results showed a high prevalence of depression in both groups of patients, with no preponderance in the hypertensive group. Hypertensive patients with psychiatric histories had a higher prevalence of depression than the comparison patients. This was accounted for by a significant number of depressions occurring in methyl dopa treated patients with psychiatric histories. | Antihypertensive drugs and depression: a reappraisal. Eighty-nine new referral hypertensive out-patients and 46 new referral non-hypertensive chronically physically ill out-patients completed a mood rating scale at regular intervals for one year. The results showed a high prevalence of depression in both groups of patients, with no preponderance in the hypertensive group. Hypertensive patients with psychiatric histories had a higher prevalence of depression than the comparison patients. This was accounted for by a significant number of depressions occurring in methyl dopa treated patients with psychiatric histories. | [
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PMID:26095 | The behavioural actions of the hypothalamic peptides: a review. | Recent work has shown that the hypothalamic peptides commonly associated with the control of pituitary function have important behavioural actions of possible psychiatric significance. Thus, vasopressin, ACTH and like peptides may influence memory processes, and ACTH and MSH given intracranially induce a peculiar stretching and yawning syndrome accompanied by penile erection and ejaculation. Thyrotrophic hormone-releasing factor potentiates behavioural excitation, somatostatin is depressive, while luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone facilitates sexual behaviour and the newly identified endorphins are markedly opioid in character. These and other activities of the hypothalamic peptides are reviewed and assessed alongside the clinical information available. | The behavioural actions of the hypothalamic peptides: a review. Recent work has shown that the hypothalamic peptides commonly associated with the control of pituitary function have important behavioural actions of possible psychiatric significance. Thus, vasopressin, ACTH and like peptides may influence memory processes, and ACTH and MSH given intracranially induce a peculiar stretching and yawning syndrome accompanied by penile erection and ejaculation. Thyrotrophic hormone-releasing factor potentiates behavioural excitation, somatostatin is depressive, while luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone facilitates sexual behaviour and the newly identified endorphins are markedly opioid in character. These and other activities of the hypothalamic peptides are reviewed and assessed alongside the clinical information available. | [
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PMID:26096 | Factor analysis of a sleep evaluation questionnaire. | A self-completion sleep evaluation questionnaire (SEQ), consisting of 10 cm line analogue rating scale questions, was constructed to investigate subjects' responses to aspects of sleep and early morning behaviour. The questions were grouped into 4 chronological areas: the ease of getting to sleep (GTS), the perceived quality of sleep (QOS), the ease of awakening from sleep (AFS), and the integrity of early morning behaviour following wakefulness (BFW). Five hundred and one SEQs were completed during several investigations into the comparative effectiveness of hypnotic drugs. The classical factor analysis produced 4 factors which corresponded to the 4 aspects of sleep and early morning behaviour listed above. The GTS and QOS factors were positively correlated (+0.57), as were the AFS and BFW factors (+0.48). The 2 sleeping state factors (GTS and QOS) were orthogonal to the 2 waking state factors (AFS and BFW). | Factor analysis of a sleep evaluation questionnaire. A self-completion sleep evaluation questionnaire (SEQ), consisting of 10 cm line analogue rating scale questions, was constructed to investigate subjects' responses to aspects of sleep and early morning behaviour. The questions were grouped into 4 chronological areas: the ease of getting to sleep (GTS), the perceived quality of sleep (QOS), the ease of awakening from sleep (AFS), and the integrity of early morning behaviour following wakefulness (BFW). Five hundred and one SEQs were completed during several investigations into the comparative effectiveness of hypnotic drugs. The classical factor analysis produced 4 factors which corresponded to the 4 aspects of sleep and early morning behaviour listed above. The GTS and QOS factors were positively correlated (+0.57), as were the AFS and BFW factors (+0.48). The 2 sleeping state factors (GTS and QOS) were orthogonal to the 2 waking state factors (AFS and BFW). | [
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PMID:26098 | Some altered responses in rats formerly dependent on morphine. | The investigation examined whether or not physical dependence or other abnormalities were detectable 1--3 months after withdrawal in dependent rats that had been treated with the morphine (amintenance dose of 100 X 2 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 7 weeks. When narcotic antagonists were administered on the 32nd day after withdrawal, nalorphine caused a dose-dependent increase in spontaneous locomotor activity and a complete inhibition of wet-dog shakes and the writhing syndrome. Naloxone was ineffective. A remarkable increase in spontaneous locomotor activity on the 67th day and a significant increase in body weight on the 69th and 92nd day after withdrawal occurred after an acute injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). When morphine (10 mg/kg) was administered for 3 days from the 92nd day after withdrawal, withdrawal from morphine produced a significant decrease in body weight. When morphine (10 mg/kg) was administered for 3 days from the 102nd day after withdrawal, a levallorphan injection caused a significant decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity and an increase in the frequency of the diarrheal syndrome. These abnormal responses, not observed in the naive rats, suggest the remains of some behavioral and biochemical abnormalities 3 months after morphine withdrawal. | Some altered responses in rats formerly dependent on morphine. The investigation examined whether or not physical dependence or other abnormalities were detectable 1--3 months after withdrawal in dependent rats that had been treated with the morphine (amintenance dose of 100 X 2 mg/kg/day, s.c.) for 7 weeks. When narcotic antagonists were administered on the 32nd day after withdrawal, nalorphine caused a dose-dependent increase in spontaneous locomotor activity and a complete inhibition of wet-dog shakes and the writhing syndrome. Naloxone was ineffective. A remarkable increase in spontaneous locomotor activity on the 67th day and a significant increase in body weight on the 69th and 92nd day after withdrawal occurred after an acute injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.). When morphine (10 mg/kg) was administered for 3 days from the 92nd day after withdrawal, withdrawal from morphine produced a significant decrease in body weight. When morphine (10 mg/kg) was administered for 3 days from the 102nd day after withdrawal, a levallorphan injection caused a significant decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity and an increase in the frequency of the diarrheal syndrome. These abnormal responses, not observed in the naive rats, suggest the remains of some behavioral and biochemical abnormalities 3 months after morphine withdrawal. | [
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PMID:26099 | Comparison studies of chlorazepate administered as a divided daily dose and as a single dose at night. | The residual effects of dipotassium chlorazepate administered as either a single daily dose of 20 mg at bedtime or a divided daily dose (5 + 5 + 10 mg) were studied in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial comprising 12 out-patients. The following tests were used to determine changes in perceptual wakefulness, performance ability, fine motor skills, and coordination: critical flicker fusion test, car driving in a simulator, and the "bead and needle tests." In addition, the patients underwent a clinical assessment and also filled out a self-rating scale for judging factors related to the tests. No significant differences were found between the dosage schedules or between the active medication and the placebo. The clinical results were not dependent on the dosage schedule. | Comparison studies of chlorazepate administered as a divided daily dose and as a single dose at night. The residual effects of dipotassium chlorazepate administered as either a single daily dose of 20 mg at bedtime or a divided daily dose (5 + 5 + 10 mg) were studied in a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial comprising 12 out-patients. The following tests were used to determine changes in perceptual wakefulness, performance ability, fine motor skills, and coordination: critical flicker fusion test, car driving in a simulator, and the "bead and needle tests." In addition, the patients underwent a clinical assessment and also filled out a self-rating scale for judging factors related to the tests. No significant differences were found between the dosage schedules or between the active medication and the placebo. The clinical results were not dependent on the dosage schedule. | [
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PMID:26100 | A survey study of the use of electropupillogram in predicting response to psychostimulants. | To confirm the conclusions from a previous study supporting the usefullness of electropupillogram (E.P.G.) in predicting clinical response, data from three separate studies with hyperkinetic and learning disabled (L.D.) children treated with stimulants were surveyed. Change in extent of pupillary contraction (E.C.) after a test dose of stimulant as measured by E.P.G. did not correlate significantly with actual clinical rating change (with one exception out of 14 correlations calculated). These negative results are reported with a reservation regarding their validity because of technical difficulties in data collection. | A survey study of the use of electropupillogram in predicting response to psychostimulants. To confirm the conclusions from a previous study supporting the usefullness of electropupillogram (E.P.G.) in predicting clinical response, data from three separate studies with hyperkinetic and learning disabled (L.D.) children treated with stimulants were surveyed. Change in extent of pupillary contraction (E.C.) after a test dose of stimulant as measured by E.P.G. did not correlate significantly with actual clinical rating change (with one exception out of 14 correlations calculated). These negative results are reported with a reservation regarding their validity because of technical difficulties in data collection. | [
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PMID:26101 | Neuroleptic drugs block both the hyperactivity and the increase in caudate nucleus cyclic AMP concentration produced by the administration of tranylcypromine and L-dopa to rats. | Injection of rats with tranylcypromine and L-dopa increased brain dopamine concentrations and produced a behavioural syndrome that includes hyperactivity. It also elevated caudate nucleus cyclic AMP concentrations by approximately 50% in vivo, probably by stimulating dopamine receptors. Pretreatment with chlorpromazine inhibited both the tranylcypromine/L-dopa-induced behaviour and elevated cyclic AMP concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Haloperidol and alpha-flupenthixol also inhibited both effects, while beta-flupenthixol and pimozide were without effect. Since none of these drugs altered the tranylcypromine/L-dopa-induced rise of brain dopamine, it is likely that they produced their effect by inhibiting dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. A good correlation was found to exist between the neuroleptic inhibition of both the increased behavioural activity and the increased caudate nucleus cyclic AMP concentrations produced by tranylcypromine and L-dopa. | Neuroleptic drugs block both the hyperactivity and the increase in caudate nucleus cyclic AMP concentration produced by the administration of tranylcypromine and L-dopa to rats. Injection of rats with tranylcypromine and L-dopa increased brain dopamine concentrations and produced a behavioural syndrome that includes hyperactivity. It also elevated caudate nucleus cyclic AMP concentrations by approximately 50% in vivo, probably by stimulating dopamine receptors. Pretreatment with chlorpromazine inhibited both the tranylcypromine/L-dopa-induced behaviour and elevated cyclic AMP concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. Haloperidol and alpha-flupenthixol also inhibited both effects, while beta-flupenthixol and pimozide were without effect. Since none of these drugs altered the tranylcypromine/L-dopa-induced rise of brain dopamine, it is likely that they produced their effect by inhibiting dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. A good correlation was found to exist between the neuroleptic inhibition of both the increased behavioural activity and the increased caudate nucleus cyclic AMP concentrations produced by tranylcypromine and L-dopa. | [
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PMID:26109 | Labilization of brain lysosomes by trichloroethylene metabolites and peroxide anion in vitro. | Lysosomes were isolated from adult male Wistar rat brain and incubated in vitro with 10 micron trichloroethylene and microsomes or postmicrosomal supernatant with added NADPH. Freezing and incubation with the solvent alone served as controls. The results were compared with the effect of peroxide anion from the xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction. Mere solvent did not cause an appearance of acid proteinase activity in the incubation medium whereas other treatments induced lysosomal labilization. | Labilization of brain lysosomes by trichloroethylene metabolites and peroxide anion in vitro. Lysosomes were isolated from adult male Wistar rat brain and incubated in vitro with 10 micron trichloroethylene and microsomes or postmicrosomal supernatant with added NADPH. Freezing and incubation with the solvent alone served as controls. The results were compared with the effect of peroxide anion from the xanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction. Mere solvent did not cause an appearance of acid proteinase activity in the incubation medium whereas other treatments induced lysosomal labilization. | [
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PMID:26110 | Changes in plasma high density lipoproteins in chronic male alcoholics during and after abuse. | Alterations in plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) were studied in thirty-eight male chronic alcoholics. Twenty-four (63%) of the patients had increased HDL protein (measured immunochemically) and twenty-five (66%) had increased HDL cholesterol (determined after polyanion precipitation of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL)). A statistically significant correlation was found between HDL protein and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.39). gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GT) was elevated in eighteen (47%) of the alcoholics. No significant correlations were found between GT and HDL protein or HDL cholesterol. The increase in HDL, as studied by rate zonal ultracentrifugation, was heterogeneous with changes in the HDL2 as well as HDL3 subfractions. It is suggested that determination of HDL total cholesterol, in combination with GT, may represent a valuable and sensitive test for detection of alcoholism. | Changes in plasma high density lipoproteins in chronic male alcoholics during and after abuse. Alterations in plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) were studied in thirty-eight male chronic alcoholics. Twenty-four (63%) of the patients had increased HDL protein (measured immunochemically) and twenty-five (66%) had increased HDL cholesterol (determined after polyanion precipitation of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL)). A statistically significant correlation was found between HDL protein and HDL cholesterol (r = 0.39). gamma-Glutamyltransferase (GT) was elevated in eighteen (47%) of the alcoholics. No significant correlations were found between GT and HDL protein or HDL cholesterol. The increase in HDL, as studied by rate zonal ultracentrifugation, was heterogeneous with changes in the HDL2 as well as HDL3 subfractions. It is suggested that determination of HDL total cholesterol, in combination with GT, may represent a valuable and sensitive test for detection of alcoholism. | [
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PMID:26111 | Evidence for two types of non-specific suppressor cells activated by the graft-versus-host reaction in mice. | In vitro experiments were carried out to investigate the immunosuppressive efect of different populations of spleen cells obtained from animal experiencing a graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR). To induce the GVHR, parental lymphoid cells were injected into adult F1 hybrid mice. GVHR-activated spleen cells (GVH-sc) taken at different times post-GVHR induction were separated into adherent and non-adherent fractions and treated with anti-theta serum plus complement. The different types of GVH-SC were added to either parental (donor-type) of F1 (host-type) normal spleen cells and cultured with sheep erythrocytes in a modified Marbrook chamber. It was found that both adherent and non-adherent 10-day GVH-SC significantly inhibited the plaque-forming cell response of F1 normal spleen cells but not that of parental normal spleen cells. Significant suppression of the parental response was observed following the addition of 15-day GVH-SC or anti-theta treated adherent and non-adherent 7-day GVH-SC. The results suggest that the non-specific immunosuppressive effect of GVH-SC is mediated by GVHR-activated macrophages and B lymphocytes found in the anti-theta treated adherent and non-adherent fractions of the GVH-SC suspensions respectively. | Evidence for two types of non-specific suppressor cells activated by the graft-versus-host reaction in mice. In vitro experiments were carried out to investigate the immunosuppressive efect of different populations of spleen cells obtained from animal experiencing a graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR). To induce the GVHR, parental lymphoid cells were injected into adult F1 hybrid mice. GVHR-activated spleen cells (GVH-sc) taken at different times post-GVHR induction were separated into adherent and non-adherent fractions and treated with anti-theta serum plus complement. The different types of GVH-SC were added to either parental (donor-type) of F1 (host-type) normal spleen cells and cultured with sheep erythrocytes in a modified Marbrook chamber. It was found that both adherent and non-adherent 10-day GVH-SC significantly inhibited the plaque-forming cell response of F1 normal spleen cells but not that of parental normal spleen cells. Significant suppression of the parental response was observed following the addition of 15-day GVH-SC or anti-theta treated adherent and non-adherent 7-day GVH-SC. The results suggest that the non-specific immunosuppressive effect of GVH-SC is mediated by GVHR-activated macrophages and B lymphocytes found in the anti-theta treated adherent and non-adherent fractions of the GVH-SC suspensions respectively. | [
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PMID:26113 | The rapidity of bronchodilatation. A comparison of isoprenaline, terbutaline and rimiterol. | The onset of action of three sympathomimetic drugs (rimiterol 0.2 mg, terbutaline 0.25 mg and isoprenaline 0.08 mg) administered by metered dose inhaler was compared in 12 asthmatics. In order to evaluate side effects of the drugs, a second dose of the aerosols, 8-10 times higher than the first one, was given after 30 min. The effects were measured in terms of VC, FEV1.0, PEF and heart rate. All the substances caused a significant increase in spirometric values within 1.5 min, the results with isoprenaline being slightly better than those with terbutaline. An increased heart rate was observed after the first dose of isoprenaline whereas no further increase was found after the higher dose. Two patients complained of palpitations, one after isoprenaline and one after rimiterol. No other side effects were recorded. It is concluded that there is a small, clinically insignificant, difference in the onset of action of isoprenaline compared with that of the selective beta2-stimulating aerosol, terbutaline. | The rapidity of bronchodilatation. A comparison of isoprenaline, terbutaline and rimiterol. The onset of action of three sympathomimetic drugs (rimiterol 0.2 mg, terbutaline 0.25 mg and isoprenaline 0.08 mg) administered by metered dose inhaler was compared in 12 asthmatics. In order to evaluate side effects of the drugs, a second dose of the aerosols, 8-10 times higher than the first one, was given after 30 min. The effects were measured in terms of VC, FEV1.0, PEF and heart rate. All the substances caused a significant increase in spirometric values within 1.5 min, the results with isoprenaline being slightly better than those with terbutaline. An increased heart rate was observed after the first dose of isoprenaline whereas no further increase was found after the higher dose. Two patients complained of palpitations, one after isoprenaline and one after rimiterol. No other side effects were recorded. It is concluded that there is a small, clinically insignificant, difference in the onset of action of isoprenaline compared with that of the selective beta2-stimulating aerosol, terbutaline. | [
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PMID:26114 | [Role of metabolites in the relationship between pharmacokinetics and the effect of beta blockers. Studies on tolamolol and bufuralol]. | Plasma concentrations of tolamolol and bufuralol (beta-blocking agents) were measured after oral and intravenous administration to healthy volunteers. The plasma levels of their main metabolite was also determined. Simultaneously, the effect of the drugs on the heart rate and blood pressure was monitored under various stimuli (isoproterenol, exercise or orthostatism) and Valsalva maneuver. When given orally, the two drugs are extensively metabolized by a hepatic first-pass effect. After reaching the systemic circulation, they are metabolized in the liver to hydroxylated derivatives with similar pharmacologic activity as the parent molecule. For tolamolol it is possible to demonstrate a good correlation between parent drug blood levels and the pharmacodynamic effect; this relation is less evident for bufuralol. The pharmacokinetic analysis of the behaviour of the two beta-blocking agents and their main metabolite makes it possible to explain this difference in part. The results of the present study emphasize the importance of measuring metabolites when dose-action relationships are investigated. | [Role of metabolites in the relationship between pharmacokinetics and the effect of beta blockers. Studies on tolamolol and bufuralol]. Plasma concentrations of tolamolol and bufuralol (beta-blocking agents) were measured after oral and intravenous administration to healthy volunteers. The plasma levels of their main metabolite was also determined. Simultaneously, the effect of the drugs on the heart rate and blood pressure was monitored under various stimuli (isoproterenol, exercise or orthostatism) and Valsalva maneuver. When given orally, the two drugs are extensively metabolized by a hepatic first-pass effect. After reaching the systemic circulation, they are metabolized in the liver to hydroxylated derivatives with similar pharmacologic activity as the parent molecule. For tolamolol it is possible to demonstrate a good correlation between parent drug blood levels and the pharmacodynamic effect; this relation is less evident for bufuralol. The pharmacokinetic analysis of the behaviour of the two beta-blocking agents and their main metabolite makes it possible to explain this difference in part. The results of the present study emphasize the importance of measuring metabolites when dose-action relationships are investigated. | [
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PMID:26130 | Graft-versus-host reactions within the thyroid gland may evoke pari passu autoimmune thyroiditis. | Unilateral, intraorganal injection of parental lymph node cells into thyroid lobes of F1 hybrid rats elicited an intense, local graft-versus-host reaction within the injected lobes containing massive numbers of lymphocytes. Surprisingly, significant mononuclear cell infiltration was also seen within the contralateral (noninjected) thyroid lobes, even when the isthmus had been divided. The local graft-versus-host reaction spread from the injected gland to involve the regional lymph nodes and spleen. Migration of 51-cr-labeled donor lymph node cells was documented in these same tissue sites; lesser numbers of labeled cells were found in distant lymph nodes, including the contralateral cervical nodes. However, no significant label was found in the contralateral thyroid lobes. Microscopic evaluation of noninjected glands revealed intense infiltration of mononuclear cells around and within follicles, reminiscent of lesions induced by immunization with thyroid extract in Freund's complete adjuvant. The absence of donor cells in the inflammatory reactions within noninjected thyroid lobes raises the possibility of an autoimmune rather than graft-versus-host pathogenesis. | Graft-versus-host reactions within the thyroid gland may evoke pari passu autoimmune thyroiditis. Unilateral, intraorganal injection of parental lymph node cells into thyroid lobes of F1 hybrid rats elicited an intense, local graft-versus-host reaction within the injected lobes containing massive numbers of lymphocytes. Surprisingly, significant mononuclear cell infiltration was also seen within the contralateral (noninjected) thyroid lobes, even when the isthmus had been divided. The local graft-versus-host reaction spread from the injected gland to involve the regional lymph nodes and spleen. Migration of 51-cr-labeled donor lymph node cells was documented in these same tissue sites; lesser numbers of labeled cells were found in distant lymph nodes, including the contralateral cervical nodes. However, no significant label was found in the contralateral thyroid lobes. Microscopic evaluation of noninjected glands revealed intense infiltration of mononuclear cells around and within follicles, reminiscent of lesions induced by immunization with thyroid extract in Freund's complete adjuvant. The absence of donor cells in the inflammatory reactions within noninjected thyroid lobes raises the possibility of an autoimmune rather than graft-versus-host pathogenesis. | [
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PMID:26136 | [Risk of surgery at the height of a gastroduodenal hemorrhage]. | The authors believe that the decrease of mortality in operations for gastroduodenal bleeding does not depend on the time interval between the start of bleeding and surgical interventions, but it depends upon the conditions under which these interventions are carried out. The conditions should approximate the conditions existing in planned gastric surgery as much as possible. In this regard the results of the treatment of 188 cases with massive gastroduodenal bleeding (69 cases aged over 60) are analyzed. The applied method permitted to ensure a sufficient volume of the examination of a case and of his preparation to the operation to avoid "desperate operations" and to decrease considerably the mortality in gastroduodenal bleeding. Among patients under 65 there were no fatal cases. | [Risk of surgery at the height of a gastroduodenal hemorrhage]. The authors believe that the decrease of mortality in operations for gastroduodenal bleeding does not depend on the time interval between the start of bleeding and surgical interventions, but it depends upon the conditions under which these interventions are carried out. The conditions should approximate the conditions existing in planned gastric surgery as much as possible. In this regard the results of the treatment of 188 cases with massive gastroduodenal bleeding (69 cases aged over 60) are analyzed. The applied method permitted to ensure a sufficient volume of the examination of a case and of his preparation to the operation to avoid "desperate operations" and to decrease considerably the mortality in gastroduodenal bleeding. Among patients under 65 there were no fatal cases. | [
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PMID:26139 | [Haemodynamic characterization of a new beta-receptor blocker celiprolol (st1396) at rest and during ergometer exercise compared with propranolol (inderal) (author's transl)]. | A new beta-receptor blocker (Celiprolol) was characterized in man by haemodynamic studies carried out on a random cross-over basis in 6 volunteers before and after intravenous administration of the drug or propranolol. The studies were performed at rest and in response to ergometer exercise. The studies showed that: 1. Celiprolol is a cardio-selective beta-receptor blocker with pronounced intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Hence, Celiprolol increases the heart rate and cardiac output at rest. 2. The heart rate was reduced by Celiprolol during pronounced physical exercise. 3. Celiprolol probably has only a very slight blocking effect on those, beta1-receptors which mediate a positive inotropic effect. 4. The increase in blood pressure during exercise was less pronounced during Celiprolol medication than with propranolol. | [Haemodynamic characterization of a new beta-receptor blocker celiprolol (st1396) at rest and during ergometer exercise compared with propranolol (inderal) (author's transl)]. A new beta-receptor blocker (Celiprolol) was characterized in man by haemodynamic studies carried out on a random cross-over basis in 6 volunteers before and after intravenous administration of the drug or propranolol. The studies were performed at rest and in response to ergometer exercise. The studies showed that: 1. Celiprolol is a cardio-selective beta-receptor blocker with pronounced intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Hence, Celiprolol increases the heart rate and cardiac output at rest. 2. The heart rate was reduced by Celiprolol during pronounced physical exercise. 3. Celiprolol probably has only a very slight blocking effect on those, beta1-receptors which mediate a positive inotropic effect. 4. The increase in blood pressure during exercise was less pronounced during Celiprolol medication than with propranolol. | [
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PMID:26142 | [Experimental study concerning the psychological preparation to parturition (author's transl)]. | The following study reports an application to primae gravidae of two different psychological treatments aiming at reducing the fear of childbearing and facilitating the delivery. The treatments under comparison were systematic desensitization and modification of self instruction, a more cognitive approach. The effects of the two treatments proved to be identical; nevertheless there were significant differences between the results of the women who underwent treatment and those of the control group. Moreover, in our study a certain number of socioeconomic factors turned out to be correlated with the treatment effects. | [Experimental study concerning the psychological preparation to parturition (author's transl)]. The following study reports an application to primae gravidae of two different psychological treatments aiming at reducing the fear of childbearing and facilitating the delivery. The treatments under comparison were systematic desensitization and modification of self instruction, a more cognitive approach. The effects of the two treatments proved to be identical; nevertheless there were significant differences between the results of the women who underwent treatment and those of the control group. Moreover, in our study a certain number of socioeconomic factors turned out to be correlated with the treatment effects. | [
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PMID:26155 | [The influence on efficacy of formaldehyd and phenol against bacterial cells I. Effect of drying, cations and pH-value (author's transl)]. | 1. When cells of E. coli and Staph. aureus are dried, the efficacy of phenol is reduced but the efficacy of formaldehyde is increased. 2. A change of the aw-value by addition of salts changes the efficacy of formaldehyde as well as that of phenol. For these tests the chlorides of various alkali and alkaline earth metals were used in different concentrations. 3. The optimal efficacy of phenol and formaldehyde within the tested concentration gradientis caused by different concentrations of the ions: In low concentrations the efficacy of formaldehyde is optimally increased, the efficacy of phenol, however, attains a minimum at this concentration range. By higher concentrations of ions the efficacy of phenol is increased, that of formaldehyde is reduced. 4. The position of the cations in the periodic system also plays a role in the influence on the efficacy of the phenol and formaldehyde respectively. The cations of the lower periods from the main groups I and II favour the damage to the cells by phenol, the cations of the higher periods favour the damage by formaldehyde. | [The influence on efficacy of formaldehyd and phenol against bacterial cells I. Effect of drying, cations and pH-value (author's transl)]. 1. When cells of E. coli and Staph. aureus are dried, the efficacy of phenol is reduced but the efficacy of formaldehyde is increased. 2. A change of the aw-value by addition of salts changes the efficacy of formaldehyde as well as that of phenol. For these tests the chlorides of various alkali and alkaline earth metals were used in different concentrations. 3. The optimal efficacy of phenol and formaldehyde within the tested concentration gradientis caused by different concentrations of the ions: In low concentrations the efficacy of formaldehyde is optimally increased, the efficacy of phenol, however, attains a minimum at this concentration range. By higher concentrations of ions the efficacy of phenol is increased, that of formaldehyde is reduced. 4. The position of the cations in the periodic system also plays a role in the influence on the efficacy of the phenol and formaldehyde respectively. The cations of the lower periods from the main groups I and II favour the damage to the cells by phenol, the cations of the higher periods favour the damage by formaldehyde. | [
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PMID:26158 | Changes in gastric secretion following administration of preparations affecting the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. | The changes in gastric secretion following administration of different preparations have been studied in a group of 180 patients with duodenal ulcer and chronic gastritis. In patients with hypersecretion the medication with bishpan and inderal as compared with atropine caused considerable shifts in the indices of gastric secretion. Isoproterenol exerted a stimulating influence both on initial hyper- and hyposecretion, while the other preparations studied were shown not to cause any essential rise in gastric secretion in patients with secretory deficiency. Reliable changes of the stimulated gastric secretion were observed only after inderal. The data obtained can be useful when choosing a rational method for the therapy of gastric scretory disorders. | Changes in gastric secretion following administration of preparations affecting the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. The changes in gastric secretion following administration of different preparations have been studied in a group of 180 patients with duodenal ulcer and chronic gastritis. In patients with hypersecretion the medication with bishpan and inderal as compared with atropine caused considerable shifts in the indices of gastric secretion. Isoproterenol exerted a stimulating influence both on initial hyper- and hyposecretion, while the other preparations studied were shown not to cause any essential rise in gastric secretion in patients with secretory deficiency. Reliable changes of the stimulated gastric secretion were observed only after inderal. The data obtained can be useful when choosing a rational method for the therapy of gastric scretory disorders. | [
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PMID:26159 | Cardiovascular effects of local adrenaline infiltration during halothane anaesthesia and adrenergic beta-receptor blockade in man. | Adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agents, alprenolol, propranolol and practolol were given as a prophylactic measure to patients undergoing middle-ear microsurgery where adrenaline was deliberately infiltrated during halothane-N2O/O2 anaesthesia. These three beta blockers did not differ in their action on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, right ventricular pressure, CVP or peripheral pulse wave in equipotent doses, which were 0.04 mg/kg for alprenolol and propranolol and 0.4 mg/kg for practolol in this study. Atropine caused a highly significant increase in heart rate in the spontaneously ventilating group and maintained blood pressure at higher levels, although the latter difference was not significant. Alprenolol and propranolol offered partial protection for over 40 min against adrenaline-induced arrhythmias. Occasionally occuring tachyarrhythmias were easily terminated with a further dose of a beta blocker. The effective half-life of practolol was less than 15 min and doses up to 0.4 mg/kg were unable to prevent arrhythmias during adrenaline challenge. | Cardiovascular effects of local adrenaline infiltration during halothane anaesthesia and adrenergic beta-receptor blockade in man. Adrenergic beta-receptor blocking agents, alprenolol, propranolol and practolol were given as a prophylactic measure to patients undergoing middle-ear microsurgery where adrenaline was deliberately infiltrated during halothane-N2O/O2 anaesthesia. These three beta blockers did not differ in their action on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, right ventricular pressure, CVP or peripheral pulse wave in equipotent doses, which were 0.04 mg/kg for alprenolol and propranolol and 0.4 mg/kg for practolol in this study. Atropine caused a highly significant increase in heart rate in the spontaneously ventilating group and maintained blood pressure at higher levels, although the latter difference was not significant. Alprenolol and propranolol offered partial protection for over 40 min against adrenaline-induced arrhythmias. Occasionally occuring tachyarrhythmias were easily terminated with a further dose of a beta blocker. The effective half-life of practolol was less than 15 min and doses up to 0.4 mg/kg were unable to prevent arrhythmias during adrenaline challenge. | [
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PMID:26160 | Cardiovascular effects of local adrenaline infiltration during neurolept analgesia and adrenergic beta-receptor blockade in man. | The adrenergic beta-receptor blocking drug, alprenolol, was given together with atropine to 15 patients during neurolept analgesia (NLA) in order to prevent adrenaline-induced cardiac arrhythmias. Four patients operated on without adrenergic beta-receptor blockade formed the control group. Three of them developed tachyarrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, multifocal ventricular extrasystoles and supraventricular tachycardia. All these arrhythmias were terminated by the adrenergic beta-receptor blocking drug, propranolol. The fourth patient developed a temporary sinus tachycardia which did not require any treatment. The adrenergic beta-receptor blockade induced a slight increase in pulse rate with almost no change in arterial blood pressure. The incidence of arrhythmias due to adrenaline infiltration was much less in this group. There was one supraventricular tachycardia and scattered ventricular extrasystoles in two other patients. NLA alone does not protect the heart against adrenaline-induced arrhythmias. It does, however, seem to be compatible with an adrenergic beta-receptor blockade, which in turn provides partial protection against adrenaline-induced arrhythmias. The occasionally developing arrhythmias can then be terminated with specific adrenergic beta blockers. | Cardiovascular effects of local adrenaline infiltration during neurolept analgesia and adrenergic beta-receptor blockade in man. The adrenergic beta-receptor blocking drug, alprenolol, was given together with atropine to 15 patients during neurolept analgesia (NLA) in order to prevent adrenaline-induced cardiac arrhythmias. Four patients operated on without adrenergic beta-receptor blockade formed the control group. Three of them developed tachyarrhythmias, ventricular tachycardia, multifocal ventricular extrasystoles and supraventricular tachycardia. All these arrhythmias were terminated by the adrenergic beta-receptor blocking drug, propranolol. The fourth patient developed a temporary sinus tachycardia which did not require any treatment. The adrenergic beta-receptor blockade induced a slight increase in pulse rate with almost no change in arterial blood pressure. The incidence of arrhythmias due to adrenaline infiltration was much less in this group. There was one supraventricular tachycardia and scattered ventricular extrasystoles in two other patients. NLA alone does not protect the heart against adrenaline-induced arrhythmias. It does, however, seem to be compatible with an adrenergic beta-receptor blockade, which in turn provides partial protection against adrenaline-induced arrhythmias. The occasionally developing arrhythmias can then be terminated with specific adrenergic beta blockers. | [
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PMID:26162 | Qualitative differences between beta-adrenergic and alpha-adrenergic inotropic effects in rat heart muscle. | If beta- and alpha-adrenergic inotropic effects are cyclic AMP dependent and cyclic AMP independent, respectively, they may be qualitatively different. The inotropic effects of beta-receptor stimulation (isoprenaline) and alpha-receptor stimulation (phenylephrine combined with propranolol) were characterized in isolated perfused rat hearts, rat atria and rat papillary muscles. The beta-effect reached its maximum before the alpha-effect. The alpha-effect followed a three-phasic time-course indicating both stimulatory and inhibitory components. The aortic pressure wave (perfused heart) indicated a shorter contraction phase after beta-stimulation than after alpha-stimulation. The time to peak tension (atrium, papillary muscle) was relatively shorter after isoprenaline than after alpha-stimulation, which tended to prolong it. The contraction-relaxation cycles (atrium, papillary muscle) were examined by recording the isometric tension (T), its first (T') and second (T'') deri derivatives. alpha and beta-stimulation both increased Tmax, T'max (maximal rate of tension rise), T'min (maximal rate of tension decline) and T''min (maximal rate of transition from rise to decline of tension). Isoprenaline increased T'min (papillary muscle) and T''min (atrium, papillary muscle) relatively more than did alpha-stimulation, i.e. the relaxing processes were activated relatively more by beta-stimulation. The results indicate different mechanisms for the two adrenergic inotropic effects. The relatively larger activation of relaxation by beta-stimulation is assumed to be caused by clic AMP. | Qualitative differences between beta-adrenergic and alpha-adrenergic inotropic effects in rat heart muscle. If beta- and alpha-adrenergic inotropic effects are cyclic AMP dependent and cyclic AMP independent, respectively, they may be qualitatively different. The inotropic effects of beta-receptor stimulation (isoprenaline) and alpha-receptor stimulation (phenylephrine combined with propranolol) were characterized in isolated perfused rat hearts, rat atria and rat papillary muscles. The beta-effect reached its maximum before the alpha-effect. The alpha-effect followed a three-phasic time-course indicating both stimulatory and inhibitory components. The aortic pressure wave (perfused heart) indicated a shorter contraction phase after beta-stimulation than after alpha-stimulation. The time to peak tension (atrium, papillary muscle) was relatively shorter after isoprenaline than after alpha-stimulation, which tended to prolong it. The contraction-relaxation cycles (atrium, papillary muscle) were examined by recording the isometric tension (T), its first (T') and second (T'') deri derivatives. alpha and beta-stimulation both increased Tmax, T'max (maximal rate of tension rise), T'min (maximal rate of tension decline) and T''min (maximal rate of transition from rise to decline of tension). Isoprenaline increased T'min (papillary muscle) and T''min (atrium, papillary muscle) relatively more than did alpha-stimulation, i.e. the relaxing processes were activated relatively more by beta-stimulation. The results indicate different mechanisms for the two adrenergic inotropic effects. The relatively larger activation of relaxation by beta-stimulation is assumed to be caused by clic AMP. | [
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PMID:26163 | The effect of nifedipine on the sinus and atrioventricular node of the dog heart after beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. | The effect of nifedipine (BAY 1040), a calcium-antagonistic inhibitor of the electromechanical coupling process was tested on atrioventricular conduction and refractoriness of the dog heart in situ by means of His-bundle electrography and programmed electrical stimulation. The animals were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. As the basic effects of the compound can be altered by release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves of heart and vessels, the dogs were pretreated with acebutolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, which decreased heart rate and prolonged atrioventricular conduction and refractoriness. Nifedipine 1,6 and particularly 30 microgram/kg body weight increased the heart rate and decreased atrioventricular conduction time during atrial pacing, whereas atrioventricular conduction time during sinus rhythm and atrioventricular refractoriness were only affected by nifedipine 30 microgram/kg. In this respect, nifedipine differs distinctly from another calcium antagonistic compound, verapamil. | The effect of nifedipine on the sinus and atrioventricular node of the dog heart after beta-adrenergic receptor blockade. The effect of nifedipine (BAY 1040), a calcium-antagonistic inhibitor of the electromechanical coupling process was tested on atrioventricular conduction and refractoriness of the dog heart in situ by means of His-bundle electrography and programmed electrical stimulation. The animals were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. As the basic effects of the compound can be altered by release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves of heart and vessels, the dogs were pretreated with acebutolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent, which decreased heart rate and prolonged atrioventricular conduction and refractoriness. Nifedipine 1,6 and particularly 30 microgram/kg body weight increased the heart rate and decreased atrioventricular conduction time during atrial pacing, whereas atrioventricular conduction time during sinus rhythm and atrioventricular refractoriness were only affected by nifedipine 30 microgram/kg. In this respect, nifedipine differs distinctly from another calcium antagonistic compound, verapamil. | [
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PMID:26164 | Myocardial effects of lithium in vitro. | The myocardial effects of increasing concentrations of ionic lithium were investigated in isolated, spontaneously beating rabbit hearts, which were retrogradely perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing lithium in concentration of 1, 5 or 10 mM. The following functional parameters were continuously recorded: heart rate, amplitude and rate of contraction, coronary flow, myocardial oxygen consumption and ECG. The lowest concentration of 1 mM lithium did not cause any measurable changes in these parameters. A concentration of 5 mM lithium produced a rather slowly developed increase in amplitude and rate of contraction of about 22% without any concomitant increase of oxygen consumption. A delayed increase in the oxygen consumption of about 21%, but accompanied by a significant decrease in contractility however, occurred much later in the experiments, probably as an expression of a decrease in myocardial efficiency. The highest lithium concentration produced similar effects. None of the other parameters measured were markedly influenced by lithium. The positive inotropic effect of lithium on myocardial contractility was very convincingly verified in isolated electrically stimulated rabbit papillary muscles by isometric measurements of the maximum tension produced and the rate of its development. An inhibitory influence of lithium on the positive inotropic effect of increasing frequency of stimulation was observed. Adrenergic beta-receptor blockade did not abolish the positive inotropic effect of lithium. A possible causative influence of lithium on the cellular calcium metabolism is discussed. | Myocardial effects of lithium in vitro. The myocardial effects of increasing concentrations of ionic lithium were investigated in isolated, spontaneously beating rabbit hearts, which were retrogradely perfused with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution containing lithium in concentration of 1, 5 or 10 mM. The following functional parameters were continuously recorded: heart rate, amplitude and rate of contraction, coronary flow, myocardial oxygen consumption and ECG. The lowest concentration of 1 mM lithium did not cause any measurable changes in these parameters. A concentration of 5 mM lithium produced a rather slowly developed increase in amplitude and rate of contraction of about 22% without any concomitant increase of oxygen consumption. A delayed increase in the oxygen consumption of about 21%, but accompanied by a significant decrease in contractility however, occurred much later in the experiments, probably as an expression of a decrease in myocardial efficiency. The highest lithium concentration produced similar effects. None of the other parameters measured were markedly influenced by lithium. The positive inotropic effect of lithium on myocardial contractility was very convincingly verified in isolated electrically stimulated rabbit papillary muscles by isometric measurements of the maximum tension produced and the rate of its development. An inhibitory influence of lithium on the positive inotropic effect of increasing frequency of stimulation was observed. Adrenergic beta-receptor blockade did not abolish the positive inotropic effect of lithium. A possible causative influence of lithium on the cellular calcium metabolism is discussed. | [
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PMID:26161 | [Quantitative hyperpnea in EEG (author's transl)]. | After summarizing the phenomena of respiratory physiology involved in the hyperpnea test, the author studies the quantitative relation between the drop in PECO2 (pressure of CO2 in expired air) and changes in the EEG during hyperpnea. Normal subjects are divided into two groups of a hundred (6 to 19 1/2 years of age; 20 to 59 1/2 years of age). The PECO2 at rest is higher among the young subjects than among the adults, and its decline during hyperpnea is sharper. Thus, children show discrete respiratory acidosis in comparison with adults. The EEG of normal adults is practically unchanged during hyperpnea whereas, in the young group, moderate changes in the profile were observed in 45 out of 100 cases (classified empirically as normal). The PECO2 reaches a lower level in subjects showing EEG changes than in those showing none. All the reported differences are statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The probability of hyperpnea modifying the EEG profile becomes progressively less with age, and may be related to the reduced production of CO2 in older subjects. Epileptic subjects (primary generalized epilepsy) produce more CO2 than normal subjects during the hyperpnea test. The statistical data reported in the study show the importance of the size of the drop in ventilatory CO2 in the determination of EEG changes. The rest of hyperpnea in EEG can therefore be validly interpreted only if capnographic variations are measured. A standard quantitative hyperpnea test of this type should be devised, with specification of the hypocapnia level to be achieved. | [Quantitative hyperpnea in EEG (author's transl)]. After summarizing the phenomena of respiratory physiology involved in the hyperpnea test, the author studies the quantitative relation between the drop in PECO2 (pressure of CO2 in expired air) and changes in the EEG during hyperpnea. Normal subjects are divided into two groups of a hundred (6 to 19 1/2 years of age; 20 to 59 1/2 years of age). The PECO2 at rest is higher among the young subjects than among the adults, and its decline during hyperpnea is sharper. Thus, children show discrete respiratory acidosis in comparison with adults. The EEG of normal adults is practically unchanged during hyperpnea whereas, in the young group, moderate changes in the profile were observed in 45 out of 100 cases (classified empirically as normal). The PECO2 reaches a lower level in subjects showing EEG changes than in those showing none. All the reported differences are statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The probability of hyperpnea modifying the EEG profile becomes progressively less with age, and may be related to the reduced production of CO2 in older subjects. Epileptic subjects (primary generalized epilepsy) produce more CO2 than normal subjects during the hyperpnea test. The statistical data reported in the study show the importance of the size of the drop in ventilatory CO2 in the determination of EEG changes. The rest of hyperpnea in EEG can therefore be validly interpreted only if capnographic variations are measured. A standard quantitative hyperpnea test of this type should be devised, with specification of the hypocapnia level to be achieved. | [
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PMID:26166 | Comparison of beta-adrenoceptors mediating vasodilatation in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. | Blood flow changes in response to various drugs in simulataneously autoperfused canine subcutaneous adipose tissue and gracilis muscle were compared to study the vascular beta-adrenoceptors. Compared to isoprenaline the beta 2-selective agonist salbutamol was 4--6 times more potent as a vasodilator in the muscle than in adipose tissue. Furthermore two beta 1-selective agonists (Tazolol and H80/62) caused vasodilatation in adipose tissue but not in the gracilis muscle. When given by close i.a. injection after beta-adrenoceptor blockade, adrenaline was a more potent vasoconstrictor than noradrenaline in both tissues. Before beta-blockade, however, noradrenaline was the more potent vasoconstrictor in the gracilis muscle whereas adrenaline was more potent in adipose tissue. Intravenous infusion of adrenaline in doses causing vasodilatation in the muscle caused vasoconstriction in adipose tissue whereas intravenous infusion of noradrenaline caused vasoconstriction in both tissues. The present findings suggest that the beta-adrenoceptors mediating vasodilatation in skeletal muscle are mainly ose tissue. Since adrenaline is a much more potent beta2- than beta1-agonist, these differences point to different roles of intravascular adrenaline in the two sites. In skeletal muscle circulating adrenaline is mainly a vasodilator whereas in subcutaneous adipose tissue it mainly acts as a vasoconstrictor. | Comparison of beta-adrenoceptors mediating vasodilatation in canine subcutaneous adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Blood flow changes in response to various drugs in simulataneously autoperfused canine subcutaneous adipose tissue and gracilis muscle were compared to study the vascular beta-adrenoceptors. Compared to isoprenaline the beta 2-selective agonist salbutamol was 4--6 times more potent as a vasodilator in the muscle than in adipose tissue. Furthermore two beta 1-selective agonists (Tazolol and H80/62) caused vasodilatation in adipose tissue but not in the gracilis muscle. When given by close i.a. injection after beta-adrenoceptor blockade, adrenaline was a more potent vasoconstrictor than noradrenaline in both tissues. Before beta-blockade, however, noradrenaline was the more potent vasoconstrictor in the gracilis muscle whereas adrenaline was more potent in adipose tissue. Intravenous infusion of adrenaline in doses causing vasodilatation in the muscle caused vasoconstriction in adipose tissue whereas intravenous infusion of noradrenaline caused vasoconstriction in both tissues. The present findings suggest that the beta-adrenoceptors mediating vasodilatation in skeletal muscle are mainly ose tissue. Since adrenaline is a much more potent beta2- than beta1-agonist, these differences point to different roles of intravascular adrenaline in the two sites. In skeletal muscle circulating adrenaline is mainly a vasodilator whereas in subcutaneous adipose tissue it mainly acts as a vasoconstrictor. | [
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PMID:26168 | Proton translocating ATPase: its pump, gate, and channel. | Proton translocating ATPase of oxidative phosphorylation was divided into three functional units: pump, channel, and gate. This was achieved by the use of highly stable pure ATPase obtained from a thermophilic bacterium PS3. The pump and gate were found in a catalytic moiety of the ATPase called TF1, and the channel was in the remaining hydrophobic moiety of the ATPase called TF0 which rendered TF1 sensitive to energy transfer inhibitor such as DCCD. TF1 was composed of five subunits (alpha, 56,000; beta, 53,000; gamma, 32,000; delta, 15,500; epsilon, 11,000 daltons). The essential component of the pump was beta-subunit, since beta gamma-complex or alpha beta delta-complex showed ATPase activity. The gate which blocked passive leakage of protons through TF0 in the proteoliposomes was shown to be gamma delta epsilon-complex in TF1. Both delta- and epsilon-subunits were required to connect alpha beta gamma-complex to TF0. TF0 was identical to the channel and was composed of three kinds of subunits (19,000, 13,500, and 5,400 daltons) and the smallest one was [14C]-DCCD binding protein. When the ATPase was incorporated into vesicles containing highly stable saturated branched phospholipids, ATP-driven electrochemical potential of proton (delta mu H+ = 253mV) and proton gradient driven net synthesis of ATP were demonstrated. For these activities, pump, channel, and gate of proton translocating ATPase were all required. | Proton translocating ATPase: its pump, gate, and channel. Proton translocating ATPase of oxidative phosphorylation was divided into three functional units: pump, channel, and gate. This was achieved by the use of highly stable pure ATPase obtained from a thermophilic bacterium PS3. The pump and gate were found in a catalytic moiety of the ATPase called TF1, and the channel was in the remaining hydrophobic moiety of the ATPase called TF0 which rendered TF1 sensitive to energy transfer inhibitor such as DCCD. TF1 was composed of five subunits (alpha, 56,000; beta, 53,000; gamma, 32,000; delta, 15,500; epsilon, 11,000 daltons). The essential component of the pump was beta-subunit, since beta gamma-complex or alpha beta delta-complex showed ATPase activity. The gate which blocked passive leakage of protons through TF0 in the proteoliposomes was shown to be gamma delta epsilon-complex in TF1. Both delta- and epsilon-subunits were required to connect alpha beta gamma-complex to TF0. TF0 was identical to the channel and was composed of three kinds of subunits (19,000, 13,500, and 5,400 daltons) and the smallest one was [14C]-DCCD binding protein. When the ATPase was incorporated into vesicles containing highly stable saturated branched phospholipids, ATP-driven electrochemical potential of proton (delta mu H+ = 253mV) and proton gradient driven net synthesis of ATP were demonstrated. For these activities, pump, channel, and gate of proton translocating ATPase were all required. | [
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PMID:26165 | Role of serotonin in the regulation of respiratory system function. | Role of serotonin in the regulation of respiratory system function. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 131--138. This study examined respiratory centre reflector excitability, the electrical activity of respiratory muscles, outer breathing, pH and arterial blood gas composition under conditions of experimentally induced serotonin excess or deficiency in 48 dogs. It was found that excess of serotonin in the animals leads a strenghthening of respiratory action in terms of increased respiratory centre bioelectrical excitability, muscular electrical activity and outer respiratory indices, such as frequence, volume and lung ventilation per min. In addition the pH of blood shifted to alkalic and oxygen tension of the blood increased while CO2 tension of the blood decreased. | Role of serotonin in the regulation of respiratory system function. Role of serotonin in the regulation of respiratory system function. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 131--138. This study examined respiratory centre reflector excitability, the electrical activity of respiratory muscles, outer breathing, pH and arterial blood gas composition under conditions of experimentally induced serotonin excess or deficiency in 48 dogs. It was found that excess of serotonin in the animals leads a strenghthening of respiratory action in terms of increased respiratory centre bioelectrical excitability, muscular electrical activity and outer respiratory indices, such as frequence, volume and lung ventilation per min. In addition the pH of blood shifted to alkalic and oxygen tension of the blood increased while CO2 tension of the blood decreased. | [
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PMID:26174 | Increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity in patients with pancreatitis associated with type I and V hyperlipoproteinemia. | Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves were performed from blood of subjects with pancreatitis associated with Type V and Type I hyperlipoproteinemia. The hemoglobin-oxygen affininty was markedly increased with P50 varying from 22.3 to 17.7 mmHg. As the hyperlipoproteinemia subsided the clinical and laboratory signs of pancreatic affection disappeared. The increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and decreased flow of red cells due to hyperchylomicronemia in the microcirculation may lead to tissue hypoxia, which may act as a precipitating injurious factor leading to pancreatitis during severe hyperlipemia. | Increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity in patients with pancreatitis associated with type I and V hyperlipoproteinemia. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves were performed from blood of subjects with pancreatitis associated with Type V and Type I hyperlipoproteinemia. The hemoglobin-oxygen affininty was markedly increased with P50 varying from 22.3 to 17.7 mmHg. As the hyperlipoproteinemia subsided the clinical and laboratory signs of pancreatic affection disappeared. The increased hemoglobin-oxygen affinity and decreased flow of red cells due to hyperchylomicronemia in the microcirculation may lead to tissue hypoxia, which may act as a precipitating injurious factor leading to pancreatitis during severe hyperlipemia. | [
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PMID:26182 | Disturbances of extracellular pK, pNa and pH during no-flow anoxia. | The initial period of no-flow anoxia can be divided in at least two parts. During the first period lasting approximately 1 min., the O2 available in tissue gives rise to CO2 which increases hydrogen ion activity and may lead to Na+ influx2 (presumably due to increased membrane permeability to Na+). In the second period, starting after the first minute, the increase in lactate content leads to further decrease in pH and is accompanied by extensive sodium influx and a distinct potassium efflux. However, it is striking that the isolated perfused rat liver is able to tolerate 1 hour of norm-flow anoxia without severe cellular damage, whereas two minutes of no-flow anoxia lead to a decrease in cellular ATP content by 28%. | Disturbances of extracellular pK, pNa and pH during no-flow anoxia. The initial period of no-flow anoxia can be divided in at least two parts. During the first period lasting approximately 1 min., the O2 available in tissue gives rise to CO2 which increases hydrogen ion activity and may lead to Na+ influx2 (presumably due to increased membrane permeability to Na+). In the second period, starting after the first minute, the increase in lactate content leads to further decrease in pH and is accompanied by extensive sodium influx and a distinct potassium efflux. However, it is striking that the isolated perfused rat liver is able to tolerate 1 hour of norm-flow anoxia without severe cellular damage, whereas two minutes of no-flow anoxia lead to a decrease in cellular ATP content by 28%. | [
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PMID:26185 | Skeletal muscle PO2: indicator of peripheral tissue perfusion in haemorrhagic shock. | The following conclusions can be made on the basis of this work: 1) Measurements of skeletal muscle oxygen tension provide an excellent index of tissue perfusion in haemorrhagic shock. 2) Correction of cardiac output and arterial blood oxygen tension in haemorrhagic shock does not necessarily ensure normal tissue oxygenation. 3) In haemorrhagic shock adequate replacement of blood loss using a balanced salt solution in addition to blood replacement is an integral part of the fluid management. 4) Correction of hypovolemia with an equivalent volume of a plasma expander and subsequent reinfusion of shed blood also returns tissue perfusion to normal. However, this treatment results in marked haemodilution and correction of extracellular fluid loss remains inadequate. | Skeletal muscle PO2: indicator of peripheral tissue perfusion in haemorrhagic shock. The following conclusions can be made on the basis of this work: 1) Measurements of skeletal muscle oxygen tension provide an excellent index of tissue perfusion in haemorrhagic shock. 2) Correction of cardiac output and arterial blood oxygen tension in haemorrhagic shock does not necessarily ensure normal tissue oxygenation. 3) In haemorrhagic shock adequate replacement of blood loss using a balanced salt solution in addition to blood replacement is an integral part of the fluid management. 4) Correction of hypovolemia with an equivalent volume of a plasma expander and subsequent reinfusion of shed blood also returns tissue perfusion to normal. However, this treatment results in marked haemodilution and correction of extracellular fluid loss remains inadequate. | [
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PMID:26195 | Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in rat embryo cells infected with X14 or H-1 parvovirus. | The activity of some enzymes involved in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis was studied in rat embryo cell (REC) cultures infected with X14 or H-1 parvovirus. dCMP aminohydrolase activity of the infected cells was 64--121% greater than that of the mock-infected cells. dTMP synthetase activity was 18% greater in X14 virus-infected cells and 34% lower in H-1 virus-infected cells. These results suggest some differences in the infected cells, as regards the biosynthesis of dTMP. Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase activities appeared nearly unmodified compared to the mock-infected cells. The addition of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) to the cell suspension incubated with [6-14C] orotate increased the specific radioactivity of acid-soluble uracil, 5-fold in the mock-infected cells and 15- --24-fold in the X14 or H-1 virus-infected cells (72 hr p.i.). This result suggests that the lowered pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in infected cells depends to a large extent on the diminished PRPP pool. | Pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in rat embryo cells infected with X14 or H-1 parvovirus. The activity of some enzymes involved in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis was studied in rat embryo cell (REC) cultures infected with X14 or H-1 parvovirus. dCMP aminohydrolase activity of the infected cells was 64--121% greater than that of the mock-infected cells. dTMP synthetase activity was 18% greater in X14 virus-infected cells and 34% lower in H-1 virus-infected cells. These results suggest some differences in the infected cells, as regards the biosynthesis of dTMP. Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase activities appeared nearly unmodified compared to the mock-infected cells. The addition of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) to the cell suspension incubated with [6-14C] orotate increased the specific radioactivity of acid-soluble uracil, 5-fold in the mock-infected cells and 15- --24-fold in the X14 or H-1 virus-infected cells (72 hr p.i.). This result suggests that the lowered pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in infected cells depends to a large extent on the diminished PRPP pool. | [
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PMID:26196 | Increased susceptibility to infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 of cold-adapted L cells. | L cells (L-As subline) have been adapted to a temperature of 4 degrees C. In the cold-adapted cells, designated LC3, greater amounts of infectious herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) were synthesized than in the original L-As cells or in another control L-cell line. Two strains of HSV-1 reached higher infectious titres in LC3 cells grown at 36 degrees C than in those grown at 32 degrees C. The HSV-2 strain tested replicated in LC-3 cells grown at 32 degrees C better than at higher temperature. Increased reproduction of HSV in LC3 cells was not due to enhanced adsorption of virions on the cells as compared with control L cells. The multiplication of cold-adapted LC3 cells was and was not more intensive than of L-As and control L cells, respectively. The virological results are confronted with known physiological properties of cold-adapted cells. | Increased susceptibility to infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 of cold-adapted L cells. L cells (L-As subline) have been adapted to a temperature of 4 degrees C. In the cold-adapted cells, designated LC3, greater amounts of infectious herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) were synthesized than in the original L-As cells or in another control L-cell line. Two strains of HSV-1 reached higher infectious titres in LC3 cells grown at 36 degrees C than in those grown at 32 degrees C. The HSV-2 strain tested replicated in LC-3 cells grown at 32 degrees C better than at higher temperature. Increased reproduction of HSV in LC3 cells was not due to enhanced adsorption of virions on the cells as compared with control L cells. The multiplication of cold-adapted LC3 cells was and was not more intensive than of L-As and control L cells, respectively. The virological results are confronted with known physiological properties of cold-adapted cells. | [
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PMID:26197 | CV-1 monkey kidney cell line -- a highly susceptible substrate for diagnosis and study of arboviruses. | The CV-1 cell line, derived from Cercopithecus aethiops monkey kidneys, acquired in the course of serial passaging an epitheloid morphology and heteroploid karyotype. As compared with Vero and GMK cell lines, the CV-1 line proved to be more susceptible to a broad spectrum of arboviruses belonging to the families Togaviridae and Bunyaviridae. Most of them reached high titres and were markedly cytopathic in CV-1 cells so that all tests based on the cytopathic effect could be carried out. The CV-1 cell line can thus be recommended as an extra-ordinarily suitable substrate for the diagnosis and study of arboviruses. | CV-1 monkey kidney cell line -- a highly susceptible substrate for diagnosis and study of arboviruses. The CV-1 cell line, derived from Cercopithecus aethiops monkey kidneys, acquired in the course of serial passaging an epitheloid morphology and heteroploid karyotype. As compared with Vero and GMK cell lines, the CV-1 line proved to be more susceptible to a broad spectrum of arboviruses belonging to the families Togaviridae and Bunyaviridae. Most of them reached high titres and were markedly cytopathic in CV-1 cells so that all tests based on the cytopathic effect could be carried out. The CV-1 cell line can thus be recommended as an extra-ordinarily suitable substrate for the diagnosis and study of arboviruses. | [
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PMID:26198 | Long-term persistence of cell-mediated and humoral immune response in specifically resistant mice given live attenuated langat (E5 "14") virus. | In a long-term experiment, the features of humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were investigated in mice given intravenously (i.v.) a single dose of live attenuated Langat (E5 "14") virus of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex. The inapparent infection induced in mice specific resistance against challenge with virulent TBE virus, CMI was assayed by the capillary method of murine splenic lymphocyte migrarion inhibition (LMI) in the presence of partially purified TBE vurus. Significant LMI values were observed as early as 4 days after inoculation (p.i.), persisting for at least 15 months. Specific virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies were detected in the pooled serum of mice on the 4th day p.i. by a VN test potentiated with monospecific anti-mouse IgG serum. For the whole experimental period, significant antibody levels were found in the immunized mice which also displayed a complete resistance against 1000 s.c. LD50 of the virulent virus. Organ cultures of brain and spleen from these mice did not yield infections virus. | Long-term persistence of cell-mediated and humoral immune response in specifically resistant mice given live attenuated langat (E5 "14") virus. In a long-term experiment, the features of humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were investigated in mice given intravenously (i.v.) a single dose of live attenuated Langat (E5 "14") virus of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex. The inapparent infection induced in mice specific resistance against challenge with virulent TBE virus, CMI was assayed by the capillary method of murine splenic lymphocyte migrarion inhibition (LMI) in the presence of partially purified TBE vurus. Significant LMI values were observed as early as 4 days after inoculation (p.i.), persisting for at least 15 months. Specific virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies were detected in the pooled serum of mice on the 4th day p.i. by a VN test potentiated with monospecific anti-mouse IgG serum. For the whole experimental period, significant antibody levels were found in the immunized mice which also displayed a complete resistance against 1000 s.c. LD50 of the virulent virus. Organ cultures of brain and spleen from these mice did not yield infections virus. | [
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PMID:26199 | Attenuated variants of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: pathomorphological, immunofluorescence and virological studies of infection in Syrian hamsters. | A virulent strain of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus produced in hamsters a lethal infection with severe lesions of nerve cells predominatly in the anterior parts of the brain. Parenchyma necroses occurred in the liver and lymphoid organs. Infectious virus and viral antigen were found in all the organs examined with the greatest accumulation in the brain. Attenuated variants of the virus produced in most hamsters an inapparent infection. In some animals without clinical signs, focal inflammatory-dystrophic lesions were found in the central nervous system (CNS) and the liver, as were immunomorphological changes in the lymphoid tissue. In the latter infectious virus could be detected for 6 days after inoculation (p.i.), whereas in the brain only viral antigen could be found up to 14 days. At 3 and 6 months p.i., no persistence of attenuated virus in the brain and lymphoid tissues could be established by organ culture and co-cultivation methods. Nor was virus antigen detected. No pathomorphological changes or proliferative-hypertrophic astrocyte reaction were found. | Attenuated variants of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus: pathomorphological, immunofluorescence and virological studies of infection in Syrian hamsters. A virulent strain of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus produced in hamsters a lethal infection with severe lesions of nerve cells predominatly in the anterior parts of the brain. Parenchyma necroses occurred in the liver and lymphoid organs. Infectious virus and viral antigen were found in all the organs examined with the greatest accumulation in the brain. Attenuated variants of the virus produced in most hamsters an inapparent infection. In some animals without clinical signs, focal inflammatory-dystrophic lesions were found in the central nervous system (CNS) and the liver, as were immunomorphological changes in the lymphoid tissue. In the latter infectious virus could be detected for 6 days after inoculation (p.i.), whereas in the brain only viral antigen could be found up to 14 days. At 3 and 6 months p.i., no persistence of attenuated virus in the brain and lymphoid tissues could be established by organ culture and co-cultivation methods. Nor was virus antigen detected. No pathomorphological changes or proliferative-hypertrophic astrocyte reaction were found. | [
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PMID:26200 | Transmissible virus dementia. I. An unusual space and time clustering of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and of other organic presenile dementia cases. | A peculiar grouping of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) and of other organic presenile dementia (OPD) cases in a small, prevalently rural area in Czechoslovakia to the east of 19 degrees 35' E and to the north of 48 degrees 15' N was studied. Between August, 1972 and November, 1976, three histologically proven CJD cases, bearing no sporadic of familial patterns, were observed. The distance between their dwellings was 13--17 km. In addition, seven cases of OPD were detected in the same area, two of them being suspected as possible CJD according to clinical evidence. | Transmissible virus dementia. I. An unusual space and time clustering of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and of other organic presenile dementia cases. A peculiar grouping of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) and of other organic presenile dementia (OPD) cases in a small, prevalently rural area in Czechoslovakia to the east of 19 degrees 35' E and to the north of 48 degrees 15' N was studied. Between August, 1972 and November, 1976, three histologically proven CJD cases, bearing no sporadic of familial patterns, were observed. The distance between their dwellings was 13--17 km. In addition, seven cases of OPD were detected in the same area, two of them being suspected as possible CJD according to clinical evidence. | [
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PMID:26201 | Transmissible virus dementia. II. Neurohistology of three, geographically clustered cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. | Histopathological findings in three temporo-spatially linked cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are reported. The patients were males, unrelated and without positive family history. Their mean age at the onset of the disease was 52.3 years. The mean duration of the illness was 6.6 months; the clinical symptomatology differed considerably. Neurohistology revealed in all patients a neuronal loss, intracyoplasmic vacuolation, spongiosis and astrocytosis. Besides the cortical regions, basal ganglia and cerebella were severely affected. All cases were pathologically suggestive of the cortico-striato-cerebella variant of CJD. Attention is drawn to this apparent topical similarity of most pronounced lesions. The possible significance of the pathoanatomical consistency, observed in the cases studied, for the unusual pattern of natural occurrence of CJD is considered. | Transmissible virus dementia. II. Neurohistology of three, geographically clustered cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Histopathological findings in three temporo-spatially linked cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are reported. The patients were males, unrelated and without positive family history. Their mean age at the onset of the disease was 52.3 years. The mean duration of the illness was 6.6 months; the clinical symptomatology differed considerably. Neurohistology revealed in all patients a neuronal loss, intracyoplasmic vacuolation, spongiosis and astrocytosis. Besides the cortical regions, basal ganglia and cerebella were severely affected. All cases were pathologically suggestive of the cortico-striato-cerebella variant of CJD. Attention is drawn to this apparent topical similarity of most pronounced lesions. The possible significance of the pathoanatomical consistency, observed in the cases studied, for the unusual pattern of natural occurrence of CJD is considered. | [
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PMID:26202 | Comparative studies on sindbis virus strains isolated in Slovakia. | Two variants of Sindbis virus strains were distinguished according to the dextran sulphate (DS) marker. Large-plague strains freshly isolated from Cricetus cricetus and Rana ridibunda produced exclusively small plaques after DS treatment. The prototype Sindbis virus strain produced both large and small plaques after DS treatment. Kinetic haemagglutination-inhibition tests revealed a higher reactivity of freshly isolated strains than of the prototype strain. For differentiation of newly isolated strains of Sindbis virus, their sensitivity to sodium deoxycholate is recommended: a freshly isolated strain proved to be resistant to sodium deoxycholate. | Comparative studies on sindbis virus strains isolated in Slovakia. Two variants of Sindbis virus strains were distinguished according to the dextran sulphate (DS) marker. Large-plague strains freshly isolated from Cricetus cricetus and Rana ridibunda produced exclusively small plaques after DS treatment. The prototype Sindbis virus strain produced both large and small plaques after DS treatment. Kinetic haemagglutination-inhibition tests revealed a higher reactivity of freshly isolated strains than of the prototype strain. For differentiation of newly isolated strains of Sindbis virus, their sensitivity to sodium deoxycholate is recommended: a freshly isolated strain proved to be resistant to sodium deoxycholate. | [
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PMID:26203 | T lymphocytes as an indicator in influenza vaccination, influenza and acute respiratory diseases. | Significant differences in T-lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood of normal subject and volunteers vaccinated with live and inactivated influenza vaccines as well as patients with influenza and viral acute respiratory diseases (ARD) were demonstrated. A laboratory test using T lymphocytes was proposed for the evaluation of the safety of live influenza vaccine. | T lymphocytes as an indicator in influenza vaccination, influenza and acute respiratory diseases. Significant differences in T-lymphocyte counts in the peripheral blood of normal subject and volunteers vaccinated with live and inactivated influenza vaccines as well as patients with influenza and viral acute respiratory diseases (ARD) were demonstrated. A laboratory test using T lymphocytes was proposed for the evaluation of the safety of live influenza vaccine. | [
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PMID:26208 | Temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia virus. I. Isolation and preliminary characterization. | Fifty-seven temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of a neurotropic variant of vaccinia virus were obtained. A comparison of the effectiveness of 6 different mutagens showed that in in vivo experiments nitrosomethylurea induced 10%, nitrosoguanidine 8%, and bromodeoxyuridine 2.5% ts mutants. In vitro, at the same degree of inactivation, UV irradiation, hydroxylamine and nitrous acid induced 2.5% ts mutants. Out of 49 mutants studied, 27 had a DNA+ phenotype, 19 a DNA+/-and 3 a DNA- phenotype. Under permissive conditions, two thirds of all the mutants tested formed thermolabile virions. In experiments on genetic recombination, the recombination frequency between different pairs was from 2.8 to 57%. Seven of the mutants were plotted on the virus genetic map in a certain sequence. | Temperature-sensitive mutants of vaccinia virus. I. Isolation and preliminary characterization. Fifty-seven temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of a neurotropic variant of vaccinia virus were obtained. A comparison of the effectiveness of 6 different mutagens showed that in in vivo experiments nitrosomethylurea induced 10%, nitrosoguanidine 8%, and bromodeoxyuridine 2.5% ts mutants. In vitro, at the same degree of inactivation, UV irradiation, hydroxylamine and nitrous acid induced 2.5% ts mutants. Out of 49 mutants studied, 27 had a DNA+ phenotype, 19 a DNA+/-and 3 a DNA- phenotype. Under permissive conditions, two thirds of all the mutants tested formed thermolabile virions. In experiments on genetic recombination, the recombination frequency between different pairs was from 2.8 to 57%. Seven of the mutants were plotted on the virus genetic map in a certain sequence. | [
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PMID:26209 | Pseudotype particles of vesicular stomatitis virus with surface antigens of bovine leukaemia virus--VSV (BLV) -- as a sensitive probe for detecting antibodies in the sera of spontaneously infected cattle. | Phenotypically mixed particles containing the genome of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and envelope antigen corresponding to bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) -- the VSV (BLV) pseudotypes -- can be employed as a rapid, specific and sensitive probe for detecting BLV-neutralizing antibodies in bovine sera. | Pseudotype particles of vesicular stomatitis virus with surface antigens of bovine leukaemia virus--VSV (BLV) -- as a sensitive probe for detecting antibodies in the sera of spontaneously infected cattle. Phenotypically mixed particles containing the genome of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and envelope antigen corresponding to bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) -- the VSV (BLV) pseudotypes -- can be employed as a rapid, specific and sensitive probe for detecting BLV-neutralizing antibodies in bovine sera. | [
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PMID:26210 | Comparative study of virion transcriptase of some influenza virus strains. | The activities, the temperature and pH optima of in vitro functioning and stability upon heating of virion transcriptase of 10 human influenza virus A strains differing in reactogenicity and isolated in different epidemiological situations, and of fowl plague virus (FVP) were compared. As compared with virion transcriptase of human influenza virus strains studied, that of FPV had a higher pH optimum, was capable of functioning in vitro at a higher temperature and was more stable on heating. Freshly isolated and vaccine influenza virus strains on the one hand and strains isolated at the peak and in the end of an epidemic did not differ in the virion transcriptase properties. The virion transcriptase of a strain isolated from a local influenza outbreak was much less active than transcriptase of a highly epiedmic strain. | Comparative study of virion transcriptase of some influenza virus strains. The activities, the temperature and pH optima of in vitro functioning and stability upon heating of virion transcriptase of 10 human influenza virus A strains differing in reactogenicity and isolated in different epidemiological situations, and of fowl plague virus (FVP) were compared. As compared with virion transcriptase of human influenza virus strains studied, that of FPV had a higher pH optimum, was capable of functioning in vitro at a higher temperature and was more stable on heating. Freshly isolated and vaccine influenza virus strains on the one hand and strains isolated at the peak and in the end of an epidemic did not differ in the virion transcriptase properties. The virion transcriptase of a strain isolated from a local influenza outbreak was much less active than transcriptase of a highly epiedmic strain. | [
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PMID:26212 | The benzodiazepines. | The benzodiazepines are remarkably effective anxiolytic drugs. However, they are prone to misuse by both physicians and patients. They should be used in clearly defined clinical situations for short periods, at the lowest possible dosages. Although rare, toxicity can be severe. These agents should be used with caution in persons likely to abuse medication, in the elderly, in patients with glaucoma and in patiens with known hepatic impairment. Sudden cessation may be followed by a withdrawal state. | The benzodiazepines. The benzodiazepines are remarkably effective anxiolytic drugs. However, they are prone to misuse by both physicians and patients. They should be used in clearly defined clinical situations for short periods, at the lowest possible dosages. Although rare, toxicity can be severe. These agents should be used with caution in persons likely to abuse medication, in the elderly, in patients with glaucoma and in patiens with known hepatic impairment. Sudden cessation may be followed by a withdrawal state. | [
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PMID:26213 | Non-specific aorto-arteritis in Singapore with special reference to hypertension. | Aorto-arteritis has recently emerged as a distinct disease entity with involvement of aorta and its major branches by a non-specific inflammation of unknown etiology. Though the distribution of this disease is worldwide, it is more prevalent in Japan, India, and South-east Asia. This paper describes a series of 48 cases seen in Singapore and emphasizes the protean nature of this disease. Though modes of clinical presentation were many, hypertension appeared to be the commonest as it occurred in 33 patients, giving an incidence of 69 per cent. This incidence was much higher than the 48 per cent reported among Europeans and 42 per cent reported among South Africans. It would therefore appear that hypertension was a far more common manifestation of aorto-arteritis among Asians. The commonest cause of hypertension in aorto-arteritis in this series was renovascular, with renal artery stenosis or occlusion occurring in 27 cases (85 per cent). The frequency of involvement of the renal artery is much greater than the 34 per cent reported by the Japanese. Therefore renovascular hypertension should be regarded as a predominant feature of aorto-arteritis in Singapore. | Non-specific aorto-arteritis in Singapore with special reference to hypertension. Aorto-arteritis has recently emerged as a distinct disease entity with involvement of aorta and its major branches by a non-specific inflammation of unknown etiology. Though the distribution of this disease is worldwide, it is more prevalent in Japan, India, and South-east Asia. This paper describes a series of 48 cases seen in Singapore and emphasizes the protean nature of this disease. Though modes of clinical presentation were many, hypertension appeared to be the commonest as it occurred in 33 patients, giving an incidence of 69 per cent. This incidence was much higher than the 48 per cent reported among Europeans and 42 per cent reported among South Africans. It would therefore appear that hypertension was a far more common manifestation of aorto-arteritis among Asians. The commonest cause of hypertension in aorto-arteritis in this series was renovascular, with renal artery stenosis or occlusion occurring in 27 cases (85 per cent). The frequency of involvement of the renal artery is much greater than the 34 per cent reported by the Japanese. Therefore renovascular hypertension should be regarded as a predominant feature of aorto-arteritis in Singapore. | [
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PMID:26214 | Involvement of the cardiac conducting system in panarteritis nodosa. | Histopathological observations on the conduction system of the heart were carried out in three cases of panarteritis nodosa. This specialized tissue was involved in each case secondary to ischemia and/or periarterial extension of the inflammatory process affecting the nutrient arteries of the conducting system. The high risk of disturbances in impulse formation and conduction in patients with panarteritis is emphasized as well as the need for appropriate clinical investigation (protracted cardiac monitoring and control by catheter recording and stimulation) in order to secure early detection and prevention of life-threatening arrhythmias. | Involvement of the cardiac conducting system in panarteritis nodosa. Histopathological observations on the conduction system of the heart were carried out in three cases of panarteritis nodosa. This specialized tissue was involved in each case secondary to ischemia and/or periarterial extension of the inflammatory process affecting the nutrient arteries of the conducting system. The high risk of disturbances in impulse formation and conduction in patients with panarteritis is emphasized as well as the need for appropriate clinical investigation (protracted cardiac monitoring and control by catheter recording and stimulation) in order to secure early detection and prevention of life-threatening arrhythmias. | [
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PMID:26219 | Drug therapy in the treatment of minimal brain dysfunction. | The pharmacotherapy of minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) is reviewed. Studies using central nervous system (CNS) stimulants (amphetamines and methylphenidate, deanol, pemoline, caffeine), antidepressants (imipramine and desipramine), anticonvulsants (phenytoin and primidone), antianxiety agents (chlordiazepoxide, hydroxyzine, meprobamate), antipsychotic agents (phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones) and miscellaneous agents (benztropine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, megavitamins) are discussed. When drugs are indicated, the CNS stimulants are the agents of choice in the treatment of MBD. The use of tricyclic antidepressants in MBD is regarded as investigational and warrants careful monitoring to minimize toxicities. Anticonvulsants have been ineffective in controlling behavior problems; however, phenytoin may be helpful in auditory perception problems. Anti-anxiety and antipsychotic agents are not as desirable as the CNS stimulants for treatment since they do not decrease distractibility or increase attention spans. | Drug therapy in the treatment of minimal brain dysfunction. The pharmacotherapy of minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) is reviewed. Studies using central nervous system (CNS) stimulants (amphetamines and methylphenidate, deanol, pemoline, caffeine), antidepressants (imipramine and desipramine), anticonvulsants (phenytoin and primidone), antianxiety agents (chlordiazepoxide, hydroxyzine, meprobamate), antipsychotic agents (phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones) and miscellaneous agents (benztropine, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, megavitamins) are discussed. When drugs are indicated, the CNS stimulants are the agents of choice in the treatment of MBD. The use of tricyclic antidepressants in MBD is regarded as investigational and warrants careful monitoring to minimize toxicities. Anticonvulsants have been ineffective in controlling behavior problems; however, phenytoin may be helpful in auditory perception problems. Anti-anxiety and antipsychotic agents are not as desirable as the CNS stimulants for treatment since they do not decrease distractibility or increase attention spans. | [
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PMID:26220 | Acidosis of synovial fluid correlates with synovial fluid leukocytosis. | The antibacterial activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics is significantly reduced by lowering the pH of the incubation medium. Since gram-negative septic arthritis responds poorly to aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy, we sought to determine whether synovial fluid acidosis contributes to this poor outcome. Synovial fluid samples from 22 patients with various forms of acute and chronic arthritis were examined for white blood cell count and pH. A close correlation (r = -0.92, p is less than 0.001) between an increasing white blood cell count and a decreasing pH was demonstrated. Since septic arthritis is associated with high white blood cell counts, in synovial fluid, the resultant low pH may contribute to the poor response to gram-negative septic arthritis treated with aminoglycoside antibiotics. | Acidosis of synovial fluid correlates with synovial fluid leukocytosis. The antibacterial activity of aminoglycoside antibiotics is significantly reduced by lowering the pH of the incubation medium. Since gram-negative septic arthritis responds poorly to aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy, we sought to determine whether synovial fluid acidosis contributes to this poor outcome. Synovial fluid samples from 22 patients with various forms of acute and chronic arthritis were examined for white blood cell count and pH. A close correlation (r = -0.92, p is less than 0.001) between an increasing white blood cell count and a decreasing pH was demonstrated. Since septic arthritis is associated with high white blood cell counts, in synovial fluid, the resultant low pH may contribute to the poor response to gram-negative septic arthritis treated with aminoglycoside antibiotics. | [
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PMID:26221 | Chronic cutaneous graft-versus-host disease in man. | This clinicopathologic study of patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic marrow transplantation emphasizes the most prominent feature of the syndrome, the cutaneous aspects, and describes the ophthalmic-oral sicca syndrome with sialoadenitis and the neurologic findings. Chronic cutaneous GVHD affected 19 of 92 recipients surviving 150 days or more. In 6 patients chronic GVHD presented as a continuation of acute GVHD; in 8 it occurred after the resolution of acute GVHD; and in 5 it arose without preceding acute GVHD, ie, de novo late onset. Two cutaneous types were distinguished. The generalized type affected 16 patients and ran a progressive course resulting in late complications of poikiloderma, diffuse dermal and subcutaneous fibrosis, and contractures. Microscopically, it resembled generalized morphea and lupus erythermatosus hypertrophicus et profundus. The local type affected 3 patients with a more variable picture of poikiloderma, dermal sclerosis, and contractures. Microscopically, it resembled lupus of erythematosus profundus and scleroderma. Guidelines for defining and subclassifying chronic cutaneous GVHD are proposed. | Chronic cutaneous graft-versus-host disease in man. This clinicopathologic study of patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic marrow transplantation emphasizes the most prominent feature of the syndrome, the cutaneous aspects, and describes the ophthalmic-oral sicca syndrome with sialoadenitis and the neurologic findings. Chronic cutaneous GVHD affected 19 of 92 recipients surviving 150 days or more. In 6 patients chronic GVHD presented as a continuation of acute GVHD; in 8 it occurred after the resolution of acute GVHD; and in 5 it arose without preceding acute GVHD, ie, de novo late onset. Two cutaneous types were distinguished. The generalized type affected 16 patients and ran a progressive course resulting in late complications of poikiloderma, diffuse dermal and subcutaneous fibrosis, and contractures. Microscopically, it resembled generalized morphea and lupus erythermatosus hypertrophicus et profundus. The local type affected 3 patients with a more variable picture of poikiloderma, dermal sclerosis, and contractures. Microscopically, it resembled lupus of erythematosus profundus and scleroderma. Guidelines for defining and subclassifying chronic cutaneous GVHD are proposed. | [
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PMID:26222 | Hypnosis and related clinical behavior. | The essential aspect in the experience of the hypnotized person is the altered or distorted perception that is suggested to him. Not all people are capable of the experience, but it is possible that spontaneous distortions occur in those with high hypnotizability. These distortions are frequently experienced as frightening symptoms. The author draws attention to the similarity between hysterical symptoms and events in hypnosis and to the high hypnotic responsivity in hysterical subjects reported in the clinical literature of the nineteenth century. Phobic patients have relatively high hypnotic responsivity. The author believes that it is sometimes possible to predict hypnotizability from clinical behavior, and that hypnotic responsivity can be utilized in psychodynamically sensitive therapy to teach such patients that they can learn to gain control of their symptoms. | Hypnosis and related clinical behavior. The essential aspect in the experience of the hypnotized person is the altered or distorted perception that is suggested to him. Not all people are capable of the experience, but it is possible that spontaneous distortions occur in those with high hypnotizability. These distortions are frequently experienced as frightening symptoms. The author draws attention to the similarity between hysterical symptoms and events in hypnosis and to the high hypnotic responsivity in hysterical subjects reported in the clinical literature of the nineteenth century. Phobic patients have relatively high hypnotic responsivity. The author believes that it is sometimes possible to predict hypnotizability from clinical behavior, and that hypnotic responsivity can be utilized in psychodynamically sensitive therapy to teach such patients that they can learn to gain control of their symptoms. | [
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PMID:26223 | Drug use by the polysurgical patient. | The authors compared the drug use of 23 patients with 5 or more major surgeries (mean number of surgeries = 9.8) with that of a matched control group (mean number of surgeries = 1). Total drug use of the polysurgical patients was 3.7 times greater than that of the controls and involved narcotics, analgesics, barbiturates, and minor tranquilizers. The authors describe the characteristics of polysurgical patients, one of which is chronic pain, and propose a treatment plan that involves psychological intervention for the patient and his or her family. | Drug use by the polysurgical patient. The authors compared the drug use of 23 patients with 5 or more major surgeries (mean number of surgeries = 9.8) with that of a matched control group (mean number of surgeries = 1). Total drug use of the polysurgical patients was 3.7 times greater than that of the controls and involved narcotics, analgesics, barbiturates, and minor tranquilizers. The authors describe the characteristics of polysurgical patients, one of which is chronic pain, and propose a treatment plan that involves psychological intervention for the patient and his or her family. | [
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PMID:26224 | The treatment of severely depressed schizophrenic patients. | The diagnosis and treatment of severe masked depression in schizophrenia is discussed, and the difficulties in management are stressed, with particular reference to drug therapy, E.C.T., and psychotherapy. | The treatment of severely depressed schizophrenic patients. The diagnosis and treatment of severe masked depression in schizophrenia is discussed, and the difficulties in management are stressed, with particular reference to drug therapy, E.C.T., and psychotherapy. | [
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PMID:26225 | [Investigations on the plasm amino acids of old patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. | The amino acids of blood plasma of 43 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 19 controls were investigated by ion exchange chromatography. It was proofed simultaneously whether human more than 60 years old exhibit significantly different amino acid concentrations from younger individuals. It was found that RA patients more than 60 years differ significantly in 23 out of 30 amino acids. Only Asparagine was decreased, all other amino acids were increased. The controls did not show the same uniform direction of results. Older individuals exhibited differences in only 14 amino acids. Phosphoserine, Cystathionine and Arginine were increased to a great extent while Threonine, 1-Methylhistidine and Tryptophane were apparently diminished in this group of age. | [Investigations on the plasm amino acids of old patients with rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. The amino acids of blood plasma of 43 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 19 controls were investigated by ion exchange chromatography. It was proofed simultaneously whether human more than 60 years old exhibit significantly different amino acid concentrations from younger individuals. It was found that RA patients more than 60 years differ significantly in 23 out of 30 amino acids. Only Asparagine was decreased, all other amino acids were increased. The controls did not show the same uniform direction of results. Older individuals exhibited differences in only 14 amino acids. Phosphoserine, Cystathionine and Arginine were increased to a great extent while Threonine, 1-Methylhistidine and Tryptophane were apparently diminished in this group of age. | [
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PMID:26226 | [DNA--"rejoining" in lymphycytes of patients with a minifestation of rheumatoid arthritis in older age (author's transl)]. | Relations between the time of manifestation of the disease and the course of the rheumatoid arthritis were found from the clinic frequently. Patients with later first manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis show clear differences against patients with earlier manifestation of the disease at which the late first manifestation a high activity of the process of the disease exhibit. In males first manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis in middle age of 54,5 years was observed, while in a first manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis in middle age of 47 years a normal course of the disease was found. The difference between the both courses was proved as significantly. In former investigations we could prove that in patients with rheumatoid arthritis the 3H-Thymidin-build in the course of not programmed DNA-synthesis in the DNA of lymphocytes after damage with ionizing was retarded. The rate of not programmed DNA synthesis seems to be in old persons equal. The ligase reaction is possibly diminished because the number of DNA-strand breakes with the age is strong increasing. | [DNA--"rejoining" in lymphycytes of patients with a minifestation of rheumatoid arthritis in older age (author's transl)]. Relations between the time of manifestation of the disease and the course of the rheumatoid arthritis were found from the clinic frequently. Patients with later first manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis show clear differences against patients with earlier manifestation of the disease at which the late first manifestation a high activity of the process of the disease exhibit. In males first manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis in middle age of 54,5 years was observed, while in a first manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis in middle age of 47 years a normal course of the disease was found. The difference between the both courses was proved as significantly. In former investigations we could prove that in patients with rheumatoid arthritis the 3H-Thymidin-build in the course of not programmed DNA-synthesis in the DNA of lymphocytes after damage with ionizing was retarded. The rate of not programmed DNA synthesis seems to be in old persons equal. The ligase reaction is possibly diminished because the number of DNA-strand breakes with the age is strong increasing. | [
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PMID:26227 | [Unexplained accelerated blood cells sedimentation rate in the aged (author's transl)]. | There is one reason for unexplained accelerated blood cells sedimentation rate in the aged, which is often neglected:Polymyalgia arteriitica or Arteriitis temporalis. Long-term therapy with cortison normalizes pains and sedimentation rate. Nevertheless, short-term treatment is a way to diagnose the disease "ex juvantibus". | [Unexplained accelerated blood cells sedimentation rate in the aged (author's transl)]. There is one reason for unexplained accelerated blood cells sedimentation rate in the aged, which is often neglected:Polymyalgia arteriitica or Arteriitis temporalis. Long-term therapy with cortison normalizes pains and sedimentation rate. Nevertheless, short-term treatment is a way to diagnose the disease "ex juvantibus". | [
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PMID:26228 | [Interactions of drugs, used in the treatment of rheumatism in the elderly (author's transl)]. | This paper reviews the possibilities of interactions of drugs, used in the treatment of rheumatism in the elderly. Exspecially glycosides, antikoagulants, diuretics, uricosurics, salicylates, barbiturates and corticosteroides are discussed. | [Interactions of drugs, used in the treatment of rheumatism in the elderly (author's transl)]. This paper reviews the possibilities of interactions of drugs, used in the treatment of rheumatism in the elderly. Exspecially glycosides, antikoagulants, diuretics, uricosurics, salicylates, barbiturates and corticosteroides are discussed. | [
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PMID:26229 | [Scleroderma, an ageing process? I. Clinical and immunological aspects (author's transl)]. | Scleroderma with its different manifestations is mainly a disease of connective tissue and of vascular system. Next the alteration to collagen, which is demonstrable in lesions by decrease of embryonale collagen type III, there are also humoral and cellular phenomens of autoimmunity. In more than 70% of our patients we found antinuclear antibodies, and in most of them, we found with the leukocytemigration--inhibition-test cellular immunphenomenons to RNA, collagen and muscle. There is a small connection between ageing and immunological defense and repair, accordingly of immunocytes and fibroblasts. Further more precise characterization of this cell-compartments under the aspect of a premature ageing could bring a new understanding in the largely unknown etiopathogenese of scleroderma. | [Scleroderma, an ageing process? I. Clinical and immunological aspects (author's transl)]. Scleroderma with its different manifestations is mainly a disease of connective tissue and of vascular system. Next the alteration to collagen, which is demonstrable in lesions by decrease of embryonale collagen type III, there are also humoral and cellular phenomens of autoimmunity. In more than 70% of our patients we found antinuclear antibodies, and in most of them, we found with the leukocytemigration--inhibition-test cellular immunphenomenons to RNA, collagen and muscle. There is a small connection between ageing and immunological defense and repair, accordingly of immunocytes and fibroblasts. Further more precise characterization of this cell-compartments under the aspect of a premature ageing could bring a new understanding in the largely unknown etiopathogenese of scleroderma. | [
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] |
PMID:26230 | [The total alloplasty of the hip in very aged people (author's transl)]. | By means of a short follow-up study about all patients of more than eighty years of age, who had done a total alloplasty of the hip in the BG-Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen/Rhein, this is a report of the problems of surgery in the very aged people, the indication of surgery, the pre- and postoperative management and furthermore on complications and long-time results. | [The total alloplasty of the hip in very aged people (author's transl)]. By means of a short follow-up study about all patients of more than eighty years of age, who had done a total alloplasty of the hip in the BG-Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen/Rhein, this is a report of the problems of surgery in the very aged people, the indication of surgery, the pre- and postoperative management and furthermore on complications and long-time results. | [
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PMID:26231 | [Age and time of hospitalization (author's transl)]. | A reduction of the time of hospitalization has been repeatedly considered as a cost-saving possibility in the projects of reforming the hospital system. The time of hospitalization of older patients is longer than that of younger patients. Every plan to reduce it fails for lack of flanking institutions, such as geriatric hospitals, nursing homes, etc. However, all age groups include a small number of patients staying in hospital for long periods of time and taking therfore a disproportionately large share in the nursing day total. This fact is proved by statistic data on 11,875 internal cases admitted to the Nuremberg hospitals. The transformation of the complex acute-case hospital into a graded ward system could create a possibility of accommodating, and attending to, this small group of people in better medical conditions and on better financial terms. | [Age and time of hospitalization (author's transl)]. A reduction of the time of hospitalization has been repeatedly considered as a cost-saving possibility in the projects of reforming the hospital system. The time of hospitalization of older patients is longer than that of younger patients. Every plan to reduce it fails for lack of flanking institutions, such as geriatric hospitals, nursing homes, etc. However, all age groups include a small number of patients staying in hospital for long periods of time and taking therfore a disproportionately large share in the nursing day total. This fact is proved by statistic data on 11,875 internal cases admitted to the Nuremberg hospitals. The transformation of the complex acute-case hospital into a graded ward system could create a possibility of accommodating, and attending to, this small group of people in better medical conditions and on better financial terms. | [
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PMID:26232 | [Suicides in patients of a geriatric hospital (author's transl)]. | Problems of suicide during treatment in an internal geriatric hospital are discussed. Particular attention is given to possibilities of preventation. | [Suicides in patients of a geriatric hospital (author's transl)]. Problems of suicide during treatment in an internal geriatric hospital are discussed. Particular attention is given to possibilities of preventation. | [
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PMID:26233 | [Cause and incidence of suicides and attempted suicides by patients over 65 years old in psychiatric hospitals (author's transl)]. | Case reports of 184 suicides and attempted suicides in the six hospitals of the Landschaftsverband Rheinland from 1964-1974 were analyzed. 25 patients were over 65 years old. The combination of almost 30 variables revealed no significant constellation caused by old age. Furthermore no criterias could be found to assess increased suicidal tendency of hospitalized patients. Two conclusions are of importance. 1. The risk of suicides in hospitals does not increase by loosening of restrictions and open environment. 2. The concept of hospital suicide should include the time after being discharged and enlarge on other institutions which are involved in the psychiatric care system. A center of crisis intervention is disucssed which offers its services to different institutions for the purpose of suicide prophylaxis. | [Cause and incidence of suicides and attempted suicides by patients over 65 years old in psychiatric hospitals (author's transl)]. Case reports of 184 suicides and attempted suicides in the six hospitals of the Landschaftsverband Rheinland from 1964-1974 were analyzed. 25 patients were over 65 years old. The combination of almost 30 variables revealed no significant constellation caused by old age. Furthermore no criterias could be found to assess increased suicidal tendency of hospitalized patients. Two conclusions are of importance. 1. The risk of suicides in hospitals does not increase by loosening of restrictions and open environment. 2. The concept of hospital suicide should include the time after being discharged and enlarge on other institutions which are involved in the psychiatric care system. A center of crisis intervention is disucssed which offers its services to different institutions for the purpose of suicide prophylaxis. | [
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PMID:26234 | [Historical aspects of suicide in the old age (author's transl)]. | Beginning with a very different attitude of the antiquity taken up to suicide, which was normally not regarded as a self-murdering but as a voluntary departing this life and as such as a philosophically based act of liberty especially by members of the stoic system who not seldom commited suicide themselves, another estimation is discussed which was exercised by the Pythagoreans and the members of the Aristotele's doctrine. They rejected suicide as immoral. The suicide in the old age was regarded under the different aspects of old age and his positive and negative evaluation. As predecessor of the absolute refusal of suicide in the Christian era can be mentioned Cicero, who had regarded suicide in a special paper on the old age as the desertion without order of the commander-in-chief. However with the renaissance this attitude against the suicide changed and now the first time in the Christian era the possibility was discussed that very dangerously ill patients could end their pains by suicide. In the time of enlightenment more and more people thought, that very much cases of suicide were committed in severe illness. Especially suicide in the old age was regarded more and more as a psychiatric problem. There were new aspects contributed by medical statistics which could shown clearly the increase of tendency to suicide in the higher age of men. Today the question is vividly discussed if suicide in the old age is more the result of special environmental factors in the sense of isolation or economic instability or is produced by pathological processes in the brain such as cerebral sclerosis. | [Historical aspects of suicide in the old age (author's transl)]. Beginning with a very different attitude of the antiquity taken up to suicide, which was normally not regarded as a self-murdering but as a voluntary departing this life and as such as a philosophically based act of liberty especially by members of the stoic system who not seldom commited suicide themselves, another estimation is discussed which was exercised by the Pythagoreans and the members of the Aristotele's doctrine. They rejected suicide as immoral. The suicide in the old age was regarded under the different aspects of old age and his positive and negative evaluation. As predecessor of the absolute refusal of suicide in the Christian era can be mentioned Cicero, who had regarded suicide in a special paper on the old age as the desertion without order of the commander-in-chief. However with the renaissance this attitude against the suicide changed and now the first time in the Christian era the possibility was discussed that very dangerously ill patients could end their pains by suicide. In the time of enlightenment more and more people thought, that very much cases of suicide were committed in severe illness. Especially suicide in the old age was regarded more and more as a psychiatric problem. There were new aspects contributed by medical statistics which could shown clearly the increase of tendency to suicide in the higher age of men. Today the question is vividly discussed if suicide in the old age is more the result of special environmental factors in the sense of isolation or economic instability or is produced by pathological processes in the brain such as cerebral sclerosis. | [
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PMID:26235 | [Causes, motivations and tendencies of suicidal acts in old age (author's transl)]. | The conditioning problems of suicidal acts of aged people were described by demonstrating the results of investigations in 125 patients (over 65 years). The control group consisted of 3004 suicidal patients below 65 years. Depression has been the prevailing psychiatric diagnosis (50% in contrast to 33% in the control group). 24% of the patients alleged conflicts with partners or other relatives as a motivation for the suicidal act. Fear of somatic illness or social isolation follows next. It is remarkable that vocational or economical conflicts were not mentioned. At last prevention problems were discussed. The need for modifying the attitude toward the aged was stressed. | [Causes, motivations and tendencies of suicidal acts in old age (author's transl)]. The conditioning problems of suicidal acts of aged people were described by demonstrating the results of investigations in 125 patients (over 65 years). The control group consisted of 3004 suicidal patients below 65 years. Depression has been the prevailing psychiatric diagnosis (50% in contrast to 33% in the control group). 24% of the patients alleged conflicts with partners or other relatives as a motivation for the suicidal act. Fear of somatic illness or social isolation follows next. It is remarkable that vocational or economical conflicts were not mentioned. At last prevention problems were discussed. The need for modifying the attitude toward the aged was stressed. | [
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PMID:26236 | [Social psychological aspects of suicide in the old age (author's transl)]. | Referring to Emile Durkheim's classical appraoch the normative aspects of suicide are emphasized, regarding suicidal behavior not as a purely individual phenomenon but as always co-determined by the normative expectations of a person's social environment. Starting from the dramatic increase of suicide rates with age combined with a marked decrease in non-letal suicide attempts it is argued that normally suicide-inhibiting social norms become less effective as a person appraoches old age, thus weakening the appellative motivation components of suicidal behavior and strengthening evasive strivings. Results of 2 representative studies are reported which tend to support these as well as a number of more specific hypotheses. Moreover, some aspects in the attitude to younger persons to suicidal acts of old people seem even compatible with the assumption of latent suicide-facilitating expectations. | [Social psychological aspects of suicide in the old age (author's transl)]. Referring to Emile Durkheim's classical appraoch the normative aspects of suicide are emphasized, regarding suicidal behavior not as a purely individual phenomenon but as always co-determined by the normative expectations of a person's social environment. Starting from the dramatic increase of suicide rates with age combined with a marked decrease in non-letal suicide attempts it is argued that normally suicide-inhibiting social norms become less effective as a person appraoches old age, thus weakening the appellative motivation components of suicidal behavior and strengthening evasive strivings. Results of 2 representative studies are reported which tend to support these as well as a number of more specific hypotheses. Moreover, some aspects in the attitude to younger persons to suicidal acts of old people seem even compatible with the assumption of latent suicide-facilitating expectations. | [
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PMID:26237 | [Isolation, loneliness and suicidal ideas in the aged (author's transl)]. | The relationship between various dimensions of social isolation, loneliness and suicidal ideas among a group of 406 respondents over 65 years of age were analyzed. The survey findings show that suicidal ideas emerge as a result of both, a loss of or a social denial to intimate and highly valued personal relationships. Generally, these suicidal ideas are connected to feelings of loneliness which are unrelated to the quantity of other social contacts. It seems to be of particular relevance whether the disengagement occurred voluntarily and whether the personal life style showed consistency of persistency resp. Based on these findings the fundamental problems of a social psychological approach to gerontology are discussed. These problems arise out of the more or less perfect correspondence between objective indicators of a social situation and its subjective correlates. | [Isolation, loneliness and suicidal ideas in the aged (author's transl)]. The relationship between various dimensions of social isolation, loneliness and suicidal ideas among a group of 406 respondents over 65 years of age were analyzed. The survey findings show that suicidal ideas emerge as a result of both, a loss of or a social denial to intimate and highly valued personal relationships. Generally, these suicidal ideas are connected to feelings of loneliness which are unrelated to the quantity of other social contacts. It seems to be of particular relevance whether the disengagement occurred voluntarily and whether the personal life style showed consistency of persistency resp. Based on these findings the fundamental problems of a social psychological approach to gerontology are discussed. These problems arise out of the more or less perfect correspondence between objective indicators of a social situation and its subjective correlates. | [
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PMID:26239 | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Experimental aspects]. | In a personal statement the author takes the view that gerontology and geriatrics deal with the same fundamental biological phenomenon, namely loss of adaptability and of the capacity to maintain the parameters of homeostasis. Two focal points of recent research in gerontology are cell cultures and the central nervous system. Work with cell cultures has so far been unexpectedly disappointing as far as basic understanding of the ageing process in vivo is concerned. Biochemical, morphological, physiological and pharmacological investigations into the ageing brain have on the other hand provided a wealth of new data which promise major insights into basic mechanisms of the ageing process. Aim of all gerontologocal research must be an "old age worth living" rather than a speculative search for a prolongation of lifespan. | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Experimental aspects]. In a personal statement the author takes the view that gerontology and geriatrics deal with the same fundamental biological phenomenon, namely loss of adaptability and of the capacity to maintain the parameters of homeostasis. Two focal points of recent research in gerontology are cell cultures and the central nervous system. Work with cell cultures has so far been unexpectedly disappointing as far as basic understanding of the ageing process in vivo is concerned. Biochemical, morphological, physiological and pharmacological investigations into the ageing brain have on the other hand provided a wealth of new data which promise major insights into basic mechanisms of the ageing process. Aim of all gerontologocal research must be an "old age worth living" rather than a speculative search for a prolongation of lifespan. | [
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PMID:26240 | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Epidemiological aspects]. | Using the methods of comparing statistical data from the population in different countries on should have in mind that the age distribution could differ very much according to her biological and social structure. As example serves the system of social indicators applied by several supranational bodies in order to develop an instrument for measure the "quality of life". Life expectancy and and disability rates in different age groups are among those methods. National statistics do not use only mortability rates and to some extend also morbidity rates but also scaled values about the amount of activities in daily living. Sociomedical figures like the number of restricted-activity, bed-disability, school-loss, and workloss days per person per year seem to give more appropriate data for this purpose than the biomedical counts of the past. On would recognize--at least in the angloamerican countries--that there is a newer trend to find indicators for epidemiological studies and statistics applicable by non-medical personnel as disability components for an index of health in age. | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Epidemiological aspects]. Using the methods of comparing statistical data from the population in different countries on should have in mind that the age distribution could differ very much according to her biological and social structure. As example serves the system of social indicators applied by several supranational bodies in order to develop an instrument for measure the "quality of life". Life expectancy and and disability rates in different age groups are among those methods. National statistics do not use only mortability rates and to some extend also morbidity rates but also scaled values about the amount of activities in daily living. Sociomedical figures like the number of restricted-activity, bed-disability, school-loss, and workloss days per person per year seem to give more appropriate data for this purpose than the biomedical counts of the past. On would recognize--at least in the angloamerican countries--that there is a newer trend to find indicators for epidemiological studies and statistics applicable by non-medical personnel as disability components for an index of health in age. | [
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PMID:26241 | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Psychological aspects]. | The present paper is based on the analysis of congress reports and gerontological journals and points up new trends in gerontological research. Quantitatively, there was an increase in the number of psycho-gerontological publications. However, relatively seen, they represent an almost unchanged percentage of the contributions to gerontological literature on the whole. Predominant themes in USA and West Germany are discussed. There is, on the one hand, an increasing differentiation and specialization of methodical contribution and, on the other hand, an increasing number of contributions which neglect the methodical aspect. A trend toward practically oriented research is shown, as can be seen in intervention gerontology. Aging is seen as a phanomena with biological, social, and ecological determinants. In conclusion the universality and generality of aging is questioned, the concept of a differential gerontology is proposed and so a greater consideration of the individuality of the aging process is found to be necessary. | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Psychological aspects]. The present paper is based on the analysis of congress reports and gerontological journals and points up new trends in gerontological research. Quantitatively, there was an increase in the number of psycho-gerontological publications. However, relatively seen, they represent an almost unchanged percentage of the contributions to gerontological literature on the whole. Predominant themes in USA and West Germany are discussed. There is, on the one hand, an increasing differentiation and specialization of methodical contribution and, on the other hand, an increasing number of contributions which neglect the methodical aspect. A trend toward practically oriented research is shown, as can be seen in intervention gerontology. Aging is seen as a phanomena with biological, social, and ecological determinants. In conclusion the universality and generality of aging is questioned, the concept of a differential gerontology is proposed and so a greater consideration of the individuality of the aging process is found to be necessary. | [
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PMID:26242 | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Sociological aspects]. | Some new trends of the following theoretical models of the sociology of aging are discussed: 1. Models of life cycle which allow a clearer differentiation between the age groupings. 2. The logic of the scientific analysis and the lack of further analysis of the specific sociological content of the disengagement theory. 3. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of roles in the old age and age cohorts. 4. The significance of exchange-theory to analyse the special social situation of the elderly. 5. New results discussing the situation of the elderly as a minority group or subculture. 6. Organisational analysis of the welfare programs of the elderly. | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Sociological aspects]. Some new trends of the following theoretical models of the sociology of aging are discussed: 1. Models of life cycle which allow a clearer differentiation between the age groupings. 2. The logic of the scientific analysis and the lack of further analysis of the specific sociological content of the disengagement theory. 3. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of roles in the old age and age cohorts. 4. The significance of exchange-theory to analyse the special social situation of the elderly. 5. New results discussing the situation of the elderly as a minority group or subculture. 6. Organisational analysis of the welfare programs of the elderly. | [
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PMID:26243 | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Psychiatric aspects]. | The author puts a survey of new books, book's contributions, and recurrent publications of Geropsychiatry in last years. Special extracts are engaged with epidemiological investigations, clinical and diagnostical factors of presenile and senile dementia, and longitudinal studies of depressive disorders and schizophrenia. Sexual deviations, problems of therapy (Lithium, psychotherapy), and problems of expert opinion in older age are reported. | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Psychiatric aspects]. The author puts a survey of new books, book's contributions, and recurrent publications of Geropsychiatry in last years. Special extracts are engaged with epidemiological investigations, clinical and diagnostical factors of presenile and senile dementia, and longitudinal studies of depressive disorders and schizophrenia. Sexual deviations, problems of therapy (Lithium, psychotherapy), and problems of expert opinion in older age are reported. | [
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PMID:26244 | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Morphological aspects]. | Ageing develops during the whole life with differences on cells, tissues and organs, and begins if their capacities for adaptations and compensations decrease. Theories about ageing are insufficiently. That results from the further development of ageing research in morphology also. Parenchymal cells are reduced in all organs, in favour of an enhanced connective tissue content, the function of the single parenchymal and mesenchymal cell is not diminished coincidently in ageing. In the most organs are young and old cells in every age stage (but more old cells in senile age). The most cells don't live endless, but they can be regenerated. Their organelles possess own biological half life times, which are very shorter than their cell life times. Ageing-typical increase of the total content of connective tissue, esp. of collagen in many organs is combined with alterations of the proteoglycan and collagen metaoblism rates and patterns (collagen types included), and are thereby connected with age dependent changes of the several functions of the cells, tissues and organs. Everybody, and esp. the physician has to know that the mean age of the population (and of the patients) becomes higher. So we need the morphological research in gerontology also, as demonstrated and summarized in this review. | [Trends in modern international gerontological research. Morphological aspects]. Ageing develops during the whole life with differences on cells, tissues and organs, and begins if their capacities for adaptations and compensations decrease. Theories about ageing are insufficiently. That results from the further development of ageing research in morphology also. Parenchymal cells are reduced in all organs, in favour of an enhanced connective tissue content, the function of the single parenchymal and mesenchymal cell is not diminished coincidently in ageing. In the most organs are young and old cells in every age stage (but more old cells in senile age). The most cells don't live endless, but they can be regenerated. Their organelles possess own biological half life times, which are very shorter than their cell life times. Ageing-typical increase of the total content of connective tissue, esp. of collagen in many organs is combined with alterations of the proteoglycan and collagen metaoblism rates and patterns (collagen types included), and are thereby connected with age dependent changes of the several functions of the cells, tissues and organs. Everybody, and esp. the physician has to know that the mean age of the population (and of the patients) becomes higher. So we need the morphological research in gerontology also, as demonstrated and summarized in this review. | [
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PMID:26245 | [Glucose absorption from the small intestine in rats of different ages (authors transl)]. | Glucose absorption from the ageing rat's small intestine was studied "in vivo" using the recirculation-perfusion method of Sheff and Smyth. Different initial concentrations were used and animals of various ages (6 mo., 12 mo. and more than 27 mo. old) tested for their glucose uptake from the total small intestine (including duodenum) in the course of a twenty-minute period. Glucose was estimated by the modified o-toluidine method of Hultman. The (reciprocal) absorption data, reduced on dried intestine weight units were plotted by the Lineweaver -- Burk (regression) equations and the Km and Vmax indices derived. The results show that there is an apparent increase of the Km value in case of the old rats. Regarding the Km as an apparent affinity constant of the glucose for the carrier transport, ageing induces a considerable loss in affinity and a concomitant increase of the maximum absorptive capacity (Vmax) possible by the transfer capacity of the ageing small gut. The interpretation of the data suggest that the role of the probable age-dependent changes of diffusion-components cannot be ruled out. | [Glucose absorption from the small intestine in rats of different ages (authors transl)]. Glucose absorption from the ageing rat's small intestine was studied "in vivo" using the recirculation-perfusion method of Sheff and Smyth. Different initial concentrations were used and animals of various ages (6 mo., 12 mo. and more than 27 mo. old) tested for their glucose uptake from the total small intestine (including duodenum) in the course of a twenty-minute period. Glucose was estimated by the modified o-toluidine method of Hultman. The (reciprocal) absorption data, reduced on dried intestine weight units were plotted by the Lineweaver -- Burk (regression) equations and the Km and Vmax indices derived. The results show that there is an apparent increase of the Km value in case of the old rats. Regarding the Km as an apparent affinity constant of the glucose for the carrier transport, ageing induces a considerable loss in affinity and a concomitant increase of the maximum absorptive capacity (Vmax) possible by the transfer capacity of the ageing small gut. The interpretation of the data suggest that the role of the probable age-dependent changes of diffusion-components cannot be ruled out. | [
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PMID:26246 | Bone mineral content of the healthy aged. | Using Norland-Cameron photon-absorption technique, bone mineral content of 436 healthy aged was measured and compared with that of 198 healthy, aged 21-50. Bone mineral content of postmenopausal females decreased continuously with age and bone mineral content of males began to decrease at age over 70. Bone width and menopausal age seemed to be important factors influencing bone mineral content, but previous physical activity seemed to have no effect on the bone mineral content of the aged. | Bone mineral content of the healthy aged. Using Norland-Cameron photon-absorption technique, bone mineral content of 436 healthy aged was measured and compared with that of 198 healthy, aged 21-50. Bone mineral content of postmenopausal females decreased continuously with age and bone mineral content of males began to decrease at age over 70. Bone width and menopausal age seemed to be important factors influencing bone mineral content, but previous physical activity seemed to have no effect on the bone mineral content of the aged. | [
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PMID:26247 | Gerontological aspects of hyperostosis frontalis interna. | Authors discuss hyperostosis frontalis interna observed in a large number of aged persons, on the basis of age and sex distribution as well as its clinical and roentgenomorphological analysis. In various forms of the ossification of the frontal bone no significant difference was found between the localisation of hyperostosis and the clinical symptoms. On other hand, there is a direct correlation between the extension and severity of hyperostosis and the frequency of occurence of the associated symptoms (obesity, hypertension). They found the aetiological classification more adequate than the morphological categorization of Moore. Their cases are discussed 1. as partial phenomenon of the Morgagni's syndrome; 2. as independent alteration, showing no other symptoms; 3. as transitionary forms inserted between the two groups mentioned above. They discuss also the question of senile, compensatory hyperostosis frontalis interna. On the basis of the study of a large autopsy material they support the opinion that there is a direct connection of this form with old age. | Gerontological aspects of hyperostosis frontalis interna. Authors discuss hyperostosis frontalis interna observed in a large number of aged persons, on the basis of age and sex distribution as well as its clinical and roentgenomorphological analysis. In various forms of the ossification of the frontal bone no significant difference was found between the localisation of hyperostosis and the clinical symptoms. On other hand, there is a direct correlation between the extension and severity of hyperostosis and the frequency of occurence of the associated symptoms (obesity, hypertension). They found the aetiological classification more adequate than the morphological categorization of Moore. Their cases are discussed 1. as partial phenomenon of the Morgagni's syndrome; 2. as independent alteration, showing no other symptoms; 3. as transitionary forms inserted between the two groups mentioned above. They discuss also the question of senile, compensatory hyperostosis frontalis interna. On the basis of the study of a large autopsy material they support the opinion that there is a direct connection of this form with old age. | [
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PMID:26248 | [Further data on the isolation of the aged (authors transl)]. | Author's studies performed on 100 aged persons over sixty revealed the factors which play a role in the decline of the interpersonal connections. From his results, he suggests two forms of the communication-decrease during senessence. One form is a factor of exogen origin, which comes into existence as a result of deprivation effects, respectively. On the other hand, the second one is of intra-individual origin, whose nature formed by special characteristics of personality. These are typical of the individual during whole life. Both forms verify that in certain cases favourable, compensating components must be taken into account, however, sometimes this effect could be inauspicious. Separating the two forms is of great importance from the point of geriatrics, as well. | [Further data on the isolation of the aged (authors transl)]. Author's studies performed on 100 aged persons over sixty revealed the factors which play a role in the decline of the interpersonal connections. From his results, he suggests two forms of the communication-decrease during senessence. One form is a factor of exogen origin, which comes into existence as a result of deprivation effects, respectively. On the other hand, the second one is of intra-individual origin, whose nature formed by special characteristics of personality. These are typical of the individual during whole life. Both forms verify that in certain cases favourable, compensating components must be taken into account, however, sometimes this effect could be inauspicious. Separating the two forms is of great importance from the point of geriatrics, as well. | [
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PMID:26249 | Immuno-electronmicroscopic studies after influenza vaccination of young and old individuals. | Authors examined the lymphocytes of young and old individuals after influenza vaccination. They stated that membrane bound surface IgG and IgM were detectable on the lymphocytes and occasionally on lymphoblasts in both the old and young age groups. In both age-groups intracytoplasmic tubulo-reticular structures (TRS) were seen in the lymphocytes and lymphoblasts. In young individuals TRS was present in the peroxidase positive cells, in the contrary in old persons TRS was never found in cells with surface immunoglobulins. In the TRS themselves peroxidase positive IgG and IgM could be detected. | Immuno-electronmicroscopic studies after influenza vaccination of young and old individuals. Authors examined the lymphocytes of young and old individuals after influenza vaccination. They stated that membrane bound surface IgG and IgM were detectable on the lymphocytes and occasionally on lymphoblasts in both the old and young age groups. In both age-groups intracytoplasmic tubulo-reticular structures (TRS) were seen in the lymphocytes and lymphoblasts. In young individuals TRS was present in the peroxidase positive cells, in the contrary in old persons TRS was never found in cells with surface immunoglobulins. In the TRS themselves peroxidase positive IgG and IgM could be detected. | [
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PMID:26250 | Autoantibodies in aged individuals. | Authors determined in 282 individuals autoantibodies in 132 T and B lymphozytes. Theirs results were as follows: 1. The frequency of the presence of autoantibodies increases with age. 2. In the presence of autoantibodies the absolute T and B lymphocyte counts of aged persons markedly decrease; the absolute T and B lymphozyte counts of young adult people do not change by existing autoantibodies. 3. There is a significant difference between the absolute T cell counts of aged and young adult age groups, both age-groups having autoantibodies. 4. Comparing the frequency of occurence of autoantibodies in aged healthy persons and in aged ones with cardiovascular changes and being in the habit of smoking and consuming alcohole, respectively, a significant difference could be demonstrated; in the latter group the frequency was much higher. | Autoantibodies in aged individuals. Authors determined in 282 individuals autoantibodies in 132 T and B lymphozytes. Theirs results were as follows: 1. The frequency of the presence of autoantibodies increases with age. 2. In the presence of autoantibodies the absolute T and B lymphocyte counts of aged persons markedly decrease; the absolute T and B lymphozyte counts of young adult people do not change by existing autoantibodies. 3. There is a significant difference between the absolute T cell counts of aged and young adult age groups, both age-groups having autoantibodies. 4. Comparing the frequency of occurence of autoantibodies in aged healthy persons and in aged ones with cardiovascular changes and being in the habit of smoking and consuming alcohole, respectively, a significant difference could be demonstrated; in the latter group the frequency was much higher. | [
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PMID:26251 | Age-related change of the absolute number of IgG-, and IgM-bearing B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in human peripheral blood following influenza vaccination. | The absolute number of IgG-, and IgM-bearing B lymphocytes and of T lymphocytes was determined in the peripheral blood of 12 old (over 60 years) and 11 young (20 to 40 years) healthy persons before vaccination and 6 days and 6 weeks, respectively after vaccination. It has been found that as opposed to an approximately fivefold increase of IgG bearing cells in young persons, the increase did hardly reach double of the original value in old individuals. The absolute number of T lymphocytes participating in the immune reaction showed a transitory increase in young persons, while a gradual decrease has been observed in old individuals. In healthy elderly persons the administration of 10 U Honkong 5/72-B killed influenza virus as in vivo antigen stimulus resulted in a reduced proliferation of IgG carrier lymphocytes participating in antibody production. | Age-related change of the absolute number of IgG-, and IgM-bearing B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes in human peripheral blood following influenza vaccination. The absolute number of IgG-, and IgM-bearing B lymphocytes and of T lymphocytes was determined in the peripheral blood of 12 old (over 60 years) and 11 young (20 to 40 years) healthy persons before vaccination and 6 days and 6 weeks, respectively after vaccination. It has been found that as opposed to an approximately fivefold increase of IgG bearing cells in young persons, the increase did hardly reach double of the original value in old individuals. The absolute number of T lymphocytes participating in the immune reaction showed a transitory increase in young persons, while a gradual decrease has been observed in old individuals. In healthy elderly persons the administration of 10 U Honkong 5/72-B killed influenza virus as in vivo antigen stimulus resulted in a reduced proliferation of IgG carrier lymphocytes participating in antibody production. | [
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PMID:26252 | Natural antibody level in old age. | Antibacterial antibodies were determined with a passive hemagglutination micromethod using the Boivin extract of eight different strains of bacteria. Correlation between antibody values of different specificities and between the summarized titer values and individual antibody titers were found. A significant decrease in the average of the summarized titer values was observed especially for persons over 70. The possibility of genetic regulation of normal antibody levels is suggested. The question whether the decrease in agglutinating antibody level in old age is due to the decreased activity of the corresponding immunocompetent cells or is secondary to other changes occuring in old age, is discussed. | Natural antibody level in old age. Antibacterial antibodies were determined with a passive hemagglutination micromethod using the Boivin extract of eight different strains of bacteria. Correlation between antibody values of different specificities and between the summarized titer values and individual antibody titers were found. A significant decrease in the average of the summarized titer values was observed especially for persons over 70. The possibility of genetic regulation of normal antibody levels is suggested. The question whether the decrease in agglutinating antibody level in old age is due to the decreased activity of the corresponding immunocompetent cells or is secondary to other changes occuring in old age, is discussed. | [
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PMID:26253 | Influence of methyl xanthine treatment on calcitonin effect. | The presented results clearly demonstrate that theophylline, caffeine and theobromine have a blocking action on calcitonin effect as determined by the elevation of serum calcium level, although different degree of potency was found with each drugs. There is no difference in respect of the serum calcium elevation after a single dose of methyl xanthines or after a 9-10 day lasting treatment. The castration had no additional enhancing effect of the calcitonin resistance of methyl xanthine treated animals. The administration of androgens simultaneously with the methyl xanthine treatment failed to produce improvement of calcitonin sensitivty preventing the elevation of serum calcium after calcitonin injection. So the calcitonin resistance of methyl xanthine treated animals appears to be different to the calcitonin resistance of sex hormone deprived conditions because the latter could be abolished by androgen administration. Theophylline treatment resulted in a slightly but significantly elevated serum calcium comparing to controls without exogeneous calcitonin. This magnitude of elevation remains between the normocalcaemic limits. | Influence of methyl xanthine treatment on calcitonin effect. The presented results clearly demonstrate that theophylline, caffeine and theobromine have a blocking action on calcitonin effect as determined by the elevation of serum calcium level, although different degree of potency was found with each drugs. There is no difference in respect of the serum calcium elevation after a single dose of methyl xanthines or after a 9-10 day lasting treatment. The castration had no additional enhancing effect of the calcitonin resistance of methyl xanthine treated animals. The administration of androgens simultaneously with the methyl xanthine treatment failed to produce improvement of calcitonin sensitivty preventing the elevation of serum calcium after calcitonin injection. So the calcitonin resistance of methyl xanthine treated animals appears to be different to the calcitonin resistance of sex hormone deprived conditions because the latter could be abolished by androgen administration. Theophylline treatment resulted in a slightly but significantly elevated serum calcium comparing to controls without exogeneous calcitonin. This magnitude of elevation remains between the normocalcaemic limits. | [
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PMID:26254 | [Survived brain infarction in old age - clinical and morphological findings. part I: extracranial stenoses of carotis arteries (author's transl)]. | By clinical and post mortem findings we searched for the risk factors, important for brain infarctions in people of nearly 80 years. We were especially interested in the conditions of the extracranial vessels such as the carotid arteries and the murmurs at this point. The number of arterial stenoses in this region, ascertained in younger people is similar in old age. Besides of others factors, caused by old age, the many cases of multiple extracranial stenoses are probably responsible for the overproportional big brain infarctions in this series. In nearly 50% of all stenoses we heard vascular murmurs, mostly in both of the carotid arteries. Despite of some uncertainly of the clinical importance - just in old age many cardiac murmurs of the ejection type with tendency to transmission have been heard - they should give rise to investigate carefully the region of the neck in symptomatic patients. | [Survived brain infarction in old age - clinical and morphological findings. part I: extracranial stenoses of carotis arteries (author's transl)]. By clinical and post mortem findings we searched for the risk factors, important for brain infarctions in people of nearly 80 years. We were especially interested in the conditions of the extracranial vessels such as the carotid arteries and the murmurs at this point. The number of arterial stenoses in this region, ascertained in younger people is similar in old age. Besides of others factors, caused by old age, the many cases of multiple extracranial stenoses are probably responsible for the overproportional big brain infarctions in this series. In nearly 50% of all stenoses we heard vascular murmurs, mostly in both of the carotid arteries. Despite of some uncertainly of the clinical importance - just in old age many cardiac murmurs of the ejection type with tendency to transmission have been heard - they should give rise to investigate carefully the region of the neck in symptomatic patients. | [
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PMID:26255 | [Iatrogenic depression in the aged (author's transl)]. | The increasing number of depressions, especially in old patients, is alarming. Partly these depressions, however, are avoidable since they are of iatrogenic origin. By the example of hormones, antihypertensives, antihistaminics, antirheumatics and even the psychotropic drugs themselves the attention of physicians shall be called to substances which are a potential danger of depression. | [Iatrogenic depression in the aged (author's transl)]. The increasing number of depressions, especially in old patients, is alarming. Partly these depressions, however, are avoidable since they are of iatrogenic origin. By the example of hormones, antihypertensives, antihistaminics, antirheumatics and even the psychotropic drugs themselves the attention of physicians shall be called to substances which are a potential danger of depression. | [
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PMID:26256 | [Laparoscopic findings in aged patients (author's transl)]. | A group of 165 geriatric patients is compared with a control group of 114 younger patients concerning different frequency of laparoscopic diagnoses. As it was suspected from the clinical view aged patients predominently suffered from posthepatic cirrhosis and from cirrhosis of unknown origin, from recurrent cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice, metastases and carcinosis of peritoneal cavity. Younger patients much more frequently showed toxic liver damage starting from fatty liver and ending up with fatty liver cirrhosis. Persistent acute hepatitis non associated with HBSAg was scarcely seen with the aged group. It was a frequent diagnosis with the younger control group. There are explanations given for the differing endoscopic results concerning aged persons and younger control persons. | [Laparoscopic findings in aged patients (author's transl)]. A group of 165 geriatric patients is compared with a control group of 114 younger patients concerning different frequency of laparoscopic diagnoses. As it was suspected from the clinical view aged patients predominently suffered from posthepatic cirrhosis and from cirrhosis of unknown origin, from recurrent cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice, metastases and carcinosis of peritoneal cavity. Younger patients much more frequently showed toxic liver damage starting from fatty liver and ending up with fatty liver cirrhosis. Persistent acute hepatitis non associated with HBSAg was scarcely seen with the aged group. It was a frequent diagnosis with the younger control group. There are explanations given for the differing endoscopic results concerning aged persons and younger control persons. | [
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PMID:26257 | [Results of a comparing study concerning men under 40 years old and above 60 years, affected by myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. | We examined a group of 300 men in the age of under 40 and a comparing group of 300 men in the age of 60 and more years, with clinically or histologically ascertained heart infarct (according to criterions of (WHO). Our work brought the proof that clinically unambiguous heart-infarct in the group of men under 40 years was always connected with the following main risk-factors: 1. hear-infarct of sudden death under 60 years in the family anamnesis. 2. increased hypercholesterinaemy (6.708 mol/1), hypertriglyceridenaemy (2.0g/1) and hyperuricaemy (416.5 u mol/1). 3. Increased smoking of cigarettes (a day 20 cigarettes). Time since the beginning of the attack until ringing up the physician was found out to be longer in the group of men more than 60 years old. Noteworthy is also the age-dependence of the time of out-living after myocard-infarct. | [Results of a comparing study concerning men under 40 years old and above 60 years, affected by myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. We examined a group of 300 men in the age of under 40 and a comparing group of 300 men in the age of 60 and more years, with clinically or histologically ascertained heart infarct (according to criterions of (WHO). Our work brought the proof that clinically unambiguous heart-infarct in the group of men under 40 years was always connected with the following main risk-factors: 1. hear-infarct of sudden death under 60 years in the family anamnesis. 2. increased hypercholesterinaemy (6.708 mol/1), hypertriglyceridenaemy (2.0g/1) and hyperuricaemy (416.5 u mol/1). 3. Increased smoking of cigarettes (a day 20 cigarettes). Time since the beginning of the attack until ringing up the physician was found out to be longer in the group of men more than 60 years old. Noteworthy is also the age-dependence of the time of out-living after myocard-infarct. | [
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PMID:26258 | Infectious mononucleosis in the case of two elderly (80 and 57 years old age) patients. | There are reported two cases of infectious mononucleosis in elderly. In the first case (80 years; probably the oldest in the geriatric literature) the infection provoked a very serious illness and the patient deceased three months after dimission, because of diminished resistance. In the second case the mononucleosis induced an autoimmune haemolytic anemia. The patient's daughter and granddaughter must be treated for complications of an infectious mononucleosis too. | Infectious mononucleosis in the case of two elderly (80 and 57 years old age) patients. There are reported two cases of infectious mononucleosis in elderly. In the first case (80 years; probably the oldest in the geriatric literature) the infection provoked a very serious illness and the patient deceased three months after dimission, because of diminished resistance. In the second case the mononucleosis induced an autoimmune haemolytic anemia. The patient's daughter and granddaughter must be treated for complications of an infectious mononucleosis too. | [
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PMID:26259 | [Results concerning the sensitivity of old patients against digitalis (author's transl)]. | It could be demonstrated that there was an age-dependent increase of digitalisintoxications in correlation with digitalisconcentrations in blood. This phenomenon can be explained with the frequently observed underweight in the senium. Some patients older than 70 years showed symptoms of intoxication in spite of a normal digitalisconcentration in serum. But the presented results did not demonstrate a significant difference between young and old patients concerning the sensitivity against digitalis. Therefore it is necessary to consider the bodyweight for digitalis therapy in older patients. | [Results concerning the sensitivity of old patients against digitalis (author's transl)]. It could be demonstrated that there was an age-dependent increase of digitalisintoxications in correlation with digitalisconcentrations in blood. This phenomenon can be explained with the frequently observed underweight in the senium. Some patients older than 70 years showed symptoms of intoxication in spite of a normal digitalisconcentration in serum. But the presented results did not demonstrate a significant difference between young and old patients concerning the sensitivity against digitalis. Therefore it is necessary to consider the bodyweight for digitalis therapy in older patients. | [
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PMID:26260 | Treatment of painful osteoporosis with fluoride, calcium, and calciferol. | Fourteen women averaging 69.5 years of age with painful osteoporosis of the spine were treated with sodium fluoride, calcium salts and calciferol. At assessment after 5-19 months of therapy 8 patients were free of pains while in 5 women pains had decreased and mobility improved. One patient had unaltered pains. Side effects were few and mild. | Treatment of painful osteoporosis with fluoride, calcium, and calciferol. Fourteen women averaging 69.5 years of age with painful osteoporosis of the spine were treated with sodium fluoride, calcium salts and calciferol. At assessment after 5-19 months of therapy 8 patients were free of pains while in 5 women pains had decreased and mobility improved. One patient had unaltered pains. Side effects were few and mild. | [
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PMID:26261 | [Age-related problems in the procedure of fibrinolytic treatment with streptokinase (author's transl)]. | 600 patients aged 24 to 78 were treated by streptokinase infusions. 38 patients were older and 562 patients younger than 65 years. Most indications of fibrinolytic therapy were chronic arterial occlusions and stenoses. The outcome of lytic treatment was dependent upon the occlusion's age, e.g., occlusions of 0--2 weeks standing were dissolvable in 75%, of 2--6 weeks standing in 57%, and of 6 weeks to 3 months standing in 38%. Very similar results were seen in iliac and aortic occlusions. Stenoses displaying crumbly irregular patterns in the angiogram responded as well to streptokinase infusion. No correlation between lytic success rate and patient's age was seen. Cerebral accidents occurring during fibrinolytic treatment amounted to 1.42% in the age group above 65 years and to 5.26% in the group under 65 years. This difference was significant at p less than 0.036. | [Age-related problems in the procedure of fibrinolytic treatment with streptokinase (author's transl)]. 600 patients aged 24 to 78 were treated by streptokinase infusions. 38 patients were older and 562 patients younger than 65 years. Most indications of fibrinolytic therapy were chronic arterial occlusions and stenoses. The outcome of lytic treatment was dependent upon the occlusion's age, e.g., occlusions of 0--2 weeks standing were dissolvable in 75%, of 2--6 weeks standing in 57%, and of 6 weeks to 3 months standing in 38%. Very similar results were seen in iliac and aortic occlusions. Stenoses displaying crumbly irregular patterns in the angiogram responded as well to streptokinase infusion. No correlation between lytic success rate and patient's age was seen. Cerebral accidents occurring during fibrinolytic treatment amounted to 1.42% in the age group above 65 years and to 5.26% in the group under 65 years. This difference was significant at p less than 0.036. | [
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PMID:26263 | [Problems in teaching gerontological facts to medical students (author's transl)]. | During the medical training the geriatric problems are still not observed enough, and they are not taken into consideration yet in the medical indexes for the different sections of the medical examination either. Geriatrics though, which have to be more extensive because of the multiplicity of the disease, can counteract to the necessary specialicing in the medical schools. | [Problems in teaching gerontological facts to medical students (author's transl)]. During the medical training the geriatric problems are still not observed enough, and they are not taken into consideration yet in the medical indexes for the different sections of the medical examination either. Geriatrics though, which have to be more extensive because of the multiplicity of the disease, can counteract to the necessary specialicing in the medical schools. | [
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PMID:26264 | [Expectations of participants in gerontological in-service courses as a didactic problem (author's transl)]. | In planning and teaching gerontological inservice courses one has to take into account the fact that the participants are adult learners who have certain expectations and interests. In the present article typical expectations are discussed and didactic conclusions for the future organization of in-service courses are drawn. | [Expectations of participants in gerontological in-service courses as a didactic problem (author's transl)]. In planning and teaching gerontological inservice courses one has to take into account the fact that the participants are adult learners who have certain expectations and interests. In the present article typical expectations are discussed and didactic conclusions for the future organization of in-service courses are drawn. | [
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