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PMID:26823 | [Possibility of using higher plants in a life-support system on the moon]. | The paper discusses the possibility of repeated termination of plant vegetation by prolonged darkness approximating the lunar night. This may be helpful for the incorporation of higher plants into the life support system of lunar bases, the solar light being used for illumination. In this connection vegetables (beet Bordeaux, turnip Petrovskaya, carrot Chantanet, dill, radish Virovsky white) and wheat (variety Sonora) were cultivated during the lunar light-dark cycle (i. e. 15 day light: 15 day dark). The experiments demonstrated that traditional plant products can be obtained under the conditions of lunar photoperiod. Grain of wheat grown during the lunar photoperiod were tested as seed material for further cultivation under similar conditions. | [Possibility of using higher plants in a life-support system on the moon]. The paper discusses the possibility of repeated termination of plant vegetation by prolonged darkness approximating the lunar night. This may be helpful for the incorporation of higher plants into the life support system of lunar bases, the solar light being used for illumination. In this connection vegetables (beet Bordeaux, turnip Petrovskaya, carrot Chantanet, dill, radish Virovsky white) and wheat (variety Sonora) were cultivated during the lunar light-dark cycle (i. e. 15 day light: 15 day dark). The experiments demonstrated that traditional plant products can be obtained under the conditions of lunar photoperiod. Grain of wheat grown during the lunar photoperiod were tested as seed material for further cultivation under similar conditions. | [
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PMID:26831 | The effect of phospholipase D on the function of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. | Incubations of fresh preparations of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) were carried out at pH 5.7. This pH was necessary for hydrolysis of phospholipids by phospholipase D. The pH did not influence calcium uptake or the activity of calcium-stimulated ATPase of FSR. Treatment of FSR with phospholipase D caused hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipids. The phosphatidic acid produced remained bound to the membrane. Increasing phospholipid cleavage was paralleled by loss of calcium uptake, which was complete when about two-thirds of the membrane phospholipids were hydrolyzed. | The effect of phospholipase D on the function of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Incubations of fresh preparations of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) were carried out at pH 5.7. This pH was necessary for hydrolysis of phospholipids by phospholipase D. The pH did not influence calcium uptake or the activity of calcium-stimulated ATPase of FSR. Treatment of FSR with phospholipase D caused hydrolysis of the membrane phospholipids. The phosphatidic acid produced remained bound to the membrane. Increasing phospholipid cleavage was paralleled by loss of calcium uptake, which was complete when about two-thirds of the membrane phospholipids were hydrolyzed. | [
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PMID:26832 | Multiple forms of acid phosphatase activity in Gaucher's disease. | Although the primary genetic defect in all individuals with Gaucher's disease is a deficiency in glucocerebrosidase activity, the finding of marked elevations in splenic and serum acid phosphatase activity is almost as consistent a finding. Gaucher spleen and serum contain at least two forms of acid phosphatase that can be readily separated by chromatography on columns containing the cation exchange resin Sulphopropyl Sephadex. The major species of acid phosphatase (designated SP-I) contained in Triton X-100 (1% v/v) extracts of Gaucher spleen accounts for 65%--95% of the total activity and has the following properties: (1) it does not bind to the cation exchange column; (2) it exhibitis a pH optimum of 4.5--5.0; (3) it is inhibited by sodium fluoride (15 mM), L(+)-tartaric acid (20 mM), and beta-mercaptoethanol (2.1 M), and (4) it is resistant to inhibition by sodium dithionite (10 mM). The minor acid phosphatase activity (designated SP-II) present in extracts of Gaucher spleen has properties similar to those of the major species of acid phosphatase activity contained in serum from patients with Gaucher's disease: (1) it binds firmly to cation exchange columns (eluted by 0.5 M sodium chloride); (2) it exhibits a pH optimum of 5.0--6.0; (3) it is inhibited by sodium fluoride and sodium dithionite; and (4) it is resistant to inhibition by beta-mercaptoethanol (2.1 M) and L(+)-tartaric acid (20 mM). In addition, a second form of acid phosphatase that is tartrate resistant was found to be elevated in Gaucher serum. This form of serum acid phosphatase did not bind to Sulphopropyl Sephadex, was found to be significantly resistant to beta-mercaptoethanol (2.1 M), and was only partially inhibited by sodium dithionite (10 mM). The findings reported here indicate that at least three distinct forms of acid phosphatase activity are elevated in Gaucher's disease. Furthermore, the minor acid phosphatase activity contained in spleen homogenates has properties very similar to those of the major acid phosphatase activity observed to be present in serum of patients with Gaucher's disease. These data indicate that simple spleen spillage cannot account for the increased levels of serum acid phosphatase in patients with Gaucher's disease. | Multiple forms of acid phosphatase activity in Gaucher's disease. Although the primary genetic defect in all individuals with Gaucher's disease is a deficiency in glucocerebrosidase activity, the finding of marked elevations in splenic and serum acid phosphatase activity is almost as consistent a finding. Gaucher spleen and serum contain at least two forms of acid phosphatase that can be readily separated by chromatography on columns containing the cation exchange resin Sulphopropyl Sephadex. The major species of acid phosphatase (designated SP-I) contained in Triton X-100 (1% v/v) extracts of Gaucher spleen accounts for 65%--95% of the total activity and has the following properties: (1) it does not bind to the cation exchange column; (2) it exhibitis a pH optimum of 4.5--5.0; (3) it is inhibited by sodium fluoride (15 mM), L(+)-tartaric acid (20 mM), and beta-mercaptoethanol (2.1 M), and (4) it is resistant to inhibition by sodium dithionite (10 mM). The minor acid phosphatase activity (designated SP-II) present in extracts of Gaucher spleen has properties similar to those of the major species of acid phosphatase activity contained in serum from patients with Gaucher's disease: (1) it binds firmly to cation exchange columns (eluted by 0.5 M sodium chloride); (2) it exhibits a pH optimum of 5.0--6.0; (3) it is inhibited by sodium fluoride and sodium dithionite; and (4) it is resistant to inhibition by beta-mercaptoethanol (2.1 M) and L(+)-tartaric acid (20 mM). In addition, a second form of acid phosphatase that is tartrate resistant was found to be elevated in Gaucher serum. This form of serum acid phosphatase did not bind to Sulphopropyl Sephadex, was found to be significantly resistant to beta-mercaptoethanol (2.1 M), and was only partially inhibited by sodium dithionite (10 mM). The findings reported here indicate that at least three distinct forms of acid phosphatase activity are elevated in Gaucher's disease. Furthermore, the minor acid phosphatase activity contained in spleen homogenates has properties very similar to those of the major acid phosphatase activity observed to be present in serum of patients with Gaucher's disease. These data indicate that simple spleen spillage cannot account for the increased levels of serum acid phosphatase in patients with Gaucher's disease. | [
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PMID:26851 | [Thermostability of glutamine synthetase in Candida tropicalis feed yeasts in Mg-, Mn- and Co-activated systems]. | The thermostability of glutamine synthetase of Candida tropicalis was studied in systems activated by Mg, Mn and Co. The enzyme was found to be very thermolabile. Its thermostability depended on the nature of a bivalent cation used in the reaction mixture. Metals stabilized the enzyme since preincubation with metal cations increased the thermostability of glutamine synthetase. Purification of the enzyme preparation increased the stabilizing action of bivalent cations (Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+). | [Thermostability of glutamine synthetase in Candida tropicalis feed yeasts in Mg-, Mn- and Co-activated systems]. The thermostability of glutamine synthetase of Candida tropicalis was studied in systems activated by Mg, Mn and Co. The enzyme was found to be very thermolabile. Its thermostability depended on the nature of a bivalent cation used in the reaction mixture. Metals stabilized the enzyme since preincubation with metal cations increased the thermostability of glutamine synthetase. Purification of the enzyme preparation increased the stabilizing action of bivalent cations (Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+). | [
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PMID:26852 | [Effect of the composition of the medium and the conditions of Aspergillus foetidus cultivation on the biosynthesis of glucoamylase]. | The optimal conditions for biosynthesis of exocellular glucoamylase were found in the course of submerged cultivation of Aspergillus foetidus ATCC 14916: pH 4.5 at the beginning of cultivation, cultivation for four days, a temperature of 30 degrees C, and an aeration in the fermenter of 1.5 volumes of the air per 1 volume of the medium with a stirring of 280 rpm. The material can be inoculated either as spores (1 X 10(7) spores per 100 ml of the medium) or a material germinated from spores (5% by volume). The composition of the medium was improved by using waste products of the agricultural industry (wheat and rice bran, yellow maize, etc.). The maximum biosynthesis of glucoamylase under the optimum conditions of cultivation was observed on crushed yellow maize (10--15%): up to 6.8--8.0 units of GIA (g of glucose per hour) per 1 ml of the cultural filtrate which was 3.4--4.0 times higher than on the original medium and 5--10 times higher than for Endomycopsis bispora, Endomycopsis sp. 20--9, Aspergillus niger and other cultures producing glucoamylase. | [Effect of the composition of the medium and the conditions of Aspergillus foetidus cultivation on the biosynthesis of glucoamylase]. The optimal conditions for biosynthesis of exocellular glucoamylase were found in the course of submerged cultivation of Aspergillus foetidus ATCC 14916: pH 4.5 at the beginning of cultivation, cultivation for four days, a temperature of 30 degrees C, and an aeration in the fermenter of 1.5 volumes of the air per 1 volume of the medium with a stirring of 280 rpm. The material can be inoculated either as spores (1 X 10(7) spores per 100 ml of the medium) or a material germinated from spores (5% by volume). The composition of the medium was improved by using waste products of the agricultural industry (wheat and rice bran, yellow maize, etc.). The maximum biosynthesis of glucoamylase under the optimum conditions of cultivation was observed on crushed yellow maize (10--15%): up to 6.8--8.0 units of GIA (g of glucose per hour) per 1 ml of the cultural filtrate which was 3.4--4.0 times higher than on the original medium and 5--10 times higher than for Endomycopsis bispora, Endomycopsis sp. 20--9, Aspergillus niger and other cultures producing glucoamylase. | [
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PMID:26853 | [Cellulase formation by soil yeasts of the genus Trichosporon and by microscopic fungi]. | The production of celulases by a soil yeast belonging to the genus Trichosporon and by microscopic fungi of various systematic groups was studied. The yeast synthesized relatively small amounts of cellulases in contrast to microscopic fungi. The active culture producing cellulases was the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum 7-26. | [Cellulase formation by soil yeasts of the genus Trichosporon and by microscopic fungi]. The production of celulases by a soil yeast belonging to the genus Trichosporon and by microscopic fungi of various systematic groups was studied. The yeast synthesized relatively small amounts of cellulases in contrast to microscopic fungi. The active culture producing cellulases was the fungus Trichoderma longibrachiatum 7-26. | [
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PMID:26855 | [Cultivation of feed yeasts on media with carbohydrates]. | The different culture of yeasts oxidizing hydrocarbons and the accompanying microflora are, under certain physico-chemical conditions, in metabiotic relationships which provide stability of the system. These relationships were studied with yeast cultures belonging to the Candida genus and oxidizing hydrocarbons. The relationships between the hydrocarbon oxidizing yeast Candida guilliermondii and other species of the genus Candida were determined by a combination of active and passive antogonism, as the result of which strains of this species completely dominated in the cenosis of fermenters. | [Cultivation of feed yeasts on media with carbohydrates]. The different culture of yeasts oxidizing hydrocarbons and the accompanying microflora are, under certain physico-chemical conditions, in metabiotic relationships which provide stability of the system. These relationships were studied with yeast cultures belonging to the Candida genus and oxidizing hydrocarbons. The relationships between the hydrocarbon oxidizing yeast Candida guilliermondii and other species of the genus Candida were determined by a combination of active and passive antogonism, as the result of which strains of this species completely dominated in the cenosis of fermenters. | [
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PMID:26856 | [Origin of adifferentiated variants of Streptomyces roseoflavus in submerged culture]. | Adifferentiated Nocardia-like variants (Nv) of Streptomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini, similar in their cultural characteristics with the variant 1-68 described elsewhere (Nikitina, 1968; Kalakoutskii a. Nikitina, 1976), can be obtained not only in the course of growth of the parent culture on a solid medium containing fructose in the form of secondary colonies, but also during submerged cultivation with stirring. Interruptions in aeration do not affect accumulation of the cells of such variants in the medium. A direct correlation has been established between the amount of biomass and the number of Nv colonies when submerged mycelium is inoculated into a solid medium. | [Origin of adifferentiated variants of Streptomyces roseoflavus in submerged culture]. Adifferentiated Nocardia-like variants (Nv) of Streptomyces roseoflavus var. roseofungini, similar in their cultural characteristics with the variant 1-68 described elsewhere (Nikitina, 1968; Kalakoutskii a. Nikitina, 1976), can be obtained not only in the course of growth of the parent culture on a solid medium containing fructose in the form of secondary colonies, but also during submerged cultivation with stirring. Interruptions in aeration do not affect accumulation of the cells of such variants in the medium. A direct correlation has been established between the amount of biomass and the number of Nv colonies when submerged mycelium is inoculated into a solid medium. | [
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PMID:26857 | [Effectiveness of strains of clover nodule bacteria adapted to the acid reaction of the soil]. | The effectiveness and virulence of clover nodule bacterial strains of different origin was studied as they were adapted to acid pH (4.8) of soil in the course of seven years. In spite of their ecological adaptation (strains from acid and neutral soils), the majority of strains (10 among 20) grew well enough upon numerous transfers onto acid media under new conditions. However, only some adapted strains were more effective, than non-adapted ones on acid soil Storage of the strains on acid media for a prolonged time had a positive effect on their virulence, when clover was inoculated on calcareous soil. | [Effectiveness of strains of clover nodule bacteria adapted to the acid reaction of the soil]. The effectiveness and virulence of clover nodule bacterial strains of different origin was studied as they were adapted to acid pH (4.8) of soil in the course of seven years. In spite of their ecological adaptation (strains from acid and neutral soils), the majority of strains (10 among 20) grew well enough upon numerous transfers onto acid media under new conditions. However, only some adapted strains were more effective, than non-adapted ones on acid soil Storage of the strains on acid media for a prolonged time had a positive effect on their virulence, when clover was inoculated on calcareous soil. | [
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PMID:26863 | Isoenzymes of human liver alpha-L-fucosidase: chemical relationship, kinetic studies, and immunochemical characterization. | The chemical relationship of the seven forms of human liver alpha-L fucosidase has been studied by isoelectric focusing of neuraminidase- and sialytransferase-treated preparations of alpha-L-fucosidase. Neuraminidase treatment leads to a decrease in the activity of the more acidic forms (IV-VII) and a concimitant increase in the activity of the more neutral forms (I-II). Incubation of the neuraminidase-treated fucosidase (forms I-III) with radiolabelled cytidine monophosphate-N-3H-acetylneuraminic acid and an enriched preparation of sialytransferase devoid of fucosidase activity led to regeneration of the more acidic fucosidase isoenzymes (IV-VII) with the same isoelectric points and in nearly the same proportion as before neuraminidase treatment. These experiments suggest that the isoenzymes of human liver alpha-L-fucosidase are related, at least in part, by sialic acid residues. The seven isoenzymes of purified human liver alpha-L-fucosidase have been separated by preparative isoelectric focusing and characterized kinetically and immunochemically. Differences in Michaelis constants (Km's) and pH optimum curves were found for some of the isoenzymes. All seven isoenzymes were immunoprecipitated using the IgG fraction of anti-alpha-L-fucosidase antiserum suggesting that the presence of sialic acid residues does not affect the antigenicity of the forms of alpha-L-fucosidase. | Isoenzymes of human liver alpha-L-fucosidase: chemical relationship, kinetic studies, and immunochemical characterization. The chemical relationship of the seven forms of human liver alpha-L fucosidase has been studied by isoelectric focusing of neuraminidase- and sialytransferase-treated preparations of alpha-L-fucosidase. Neuraminidase treatment leads to a decrease in the activity of the more acidic forms (IV-VII) and a concimitant increase in the activity of the more neutral forms (I-II). Incubation of the neuraminidase-treated fucosidase (forms I-III) with radiolabelled cytidine monophosphate-N-3H-acetylneuraminic acid and an enriched preparation of sialytransferase devoid of fucosidase activity led to regeneration of the more acidic fucosidase isoenzymes (IV-VII) with the same isoelectric points and in nearly the same proportion as before neuraminidase treatment. These experiments suggest that the isoenzymes of human liver alpha-L-fucosidase are related, at least in part, by sialic acid residues. The seven isoenzymes of purified human liver alpha-L-fucosidase have been separated by preparative isoelectric focusing and characterized kinetically and immunochemically. Differences in Michaelis constants (Km's) and pH optimum curves were found for some of the isoenzymes. All seven isoenzymes were immunoprecipitated using the IgG fraction of anti-alpha-L-fucosidase antiserum suggesting that the presence of sialic acid residues does not affect the antigenicity of the forms of alpha-L-fucosidase. | [
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PMID:26866 | [On the pharmacological treatment of acute spasmodic laryngitis (Pseudo-Croup) (author's transl)]. | Three aspects of the pharmacological treatment of pseudo-croup are discussed in this article. Sedatives should be given only when close clinical supervision is guaranteed. Otherwise the apparent drowsiness observed in patients passing from stage III to stage IV of the disease may be masked or misinterpreted due to these sedatives. Emetics used occasionally in the USA, and also frequently administered in Europe to the turn of the present century, are no longer used for treatment in Germany. There are no controlled studies showing their effectiveness. In contrast to the common practice in Germany, glucocorticosteroids are less frequently used in the USA. Theoretical considerations suggest their usefulness, but to data there is still no convincing proof of their clinical effectiveness. | [On the pharmacological treatment of acute spasmodic laryngitis (Pseudo-Croup) (author's transl)]. Three aspects of the pharmacological treatment of pseudo-croup are discussed in this article. Sedatives should be given only when close clinical supervision is guaranteed. Otherwise the apparent drowsiness observed in patients passing from stage III to stage IV of the disease may be masked or misinterpreted due to these sedatives. Emetics used occasionally in the USA, and also frequently administered in Europe to the turn of the present century, are no longer used for treatment in Germany. There are no controlled studies showing their effectiveness. In contrast to the common practice in Germany, glucocorticosteroids are less frequently used in the USA. Theoretical considerations suggest their usefulness, but to data there is still no convincing proof of their clinical effectiveness. | [
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PMID:26867 | [Atrial tachycardia with atrio-ventricular block in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. | Atrial tachycardia with atrio-ventricular block is a very rare arrhythmia in infancy and childhood. We saw ten patients between 3 days and fifteen years old. Six of them had a congenital heart disease, in four cases we could'nt find any cardiac or extracardiac illness. In every case digitalis intoxication was excluded. Clinical findings, electrocardiographic features, therapy and prognosis are reported. | [Atrial tachycardia with atrio-ventricular block in infancy and childhood (author's transl)]. Atrial tachycardia with atrio-ventricular block is a very rare arrhythmia in infancy and childhood. We saw ten patients between 3 days and fifteen years old. Six of them had a congenital heart disease, in four cases we could'nt find any cardiac or extracardiac illness. In every case digitalis intoxication was excluded. Clinical findings, electrocardiographic features, therapy and prognosis are reported. | [
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PMID:26865 | [Electrical conductivity of isoionic DNA solutions]. | Conductance of the DNA isoionic solutions obtained from aqueous solutions of its sodium salt using a column with mixed bed ionexchangers has been investigated. It has been found that in Kohlrausch's plots equivalent conductance slightly decreased with polymer concentration. Comparison of the degree of ionization (alpha) calculated from conductance measurements with those calculated from experimental pH values of isoionic solutions at different polymer concentrations revealed that the mobility of dissociating counterations decreases significantly under the influence of the electrostatic potential of the macroion. | [Electrical conductivity of isoionic DNA solutions]. Conductance of the DNA isoionic solutions obtained from aqueous solutions of its sodium salt using a column with mixed bed ionexchangers has been investigated. It has been found that in Kohlrausch's plots equivalent conductance slightly decreased with polymer concentration. Comparison of the degree of ionization (alpha) calculated from conductance measurements with those calculated from experimental pH values of isoionic solutions at different polymer concentrations revealed that the mobility of dissociating counterations decreases significantly under the influence of the electrostatic potential of the macroion. | [
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PMID:26870 | [Treatment of hypertension with a combination of pyridopyridazine derivative with a beta-receptor blocker. Studies on the hemodynamic course (author's transl)]. | 22 pateints with a fixed, sometimes therapy-resistant (N = 18) hypertension were treated with a new antihypertensive agent, the pyridopyridazine derivative BQ 22-708 and hemodynamically investigated. 14 hypertensives received single oral doses of between 5 and 15 mg, 8 other patients also received additional treatment with a beta-receptor blocker (0.8 mg pindolol i.v.) or calcium antagonist (10 mg verapamil i.v.). In hypertension which is only poorly controllable or resistant, therapy with BQ 22-708 combined with beta-receptor offers a genuine alternative medication. | [Treatment of hypertension with a combination of pyridopyridazine derivative with a beta-receptor blocker. Studies on the hemodynamic course (author's transl)]. 22 pateints with a fixed, sometimes therapy-resistant (N = 18) hypertension were treated with a new antihypertensive agent, the pyridopyridazine derivative BQ 22-708 and hemodynamically investigated. 14 hypertensives received single oral doses of between 5 and 15 mg, 8 other patients also received additional treatment with a beta-receptor blocker (0.8 mg pindolol i.v.) or calcium antagonist (10 mg verapamil i.v.). In hypertension which is only poorly controllable or resistant, therapy with BQ 22-708 combined with beta-receptor offers a genuine alternative medication. | [
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PMID:26871 | [Cardiac neurosis in everyday general medical practice (author's transl)]. | From results of the study of 37 patients with cardiac neurosis, new conceptual relationships to explain this condition are developed. Cardiac neurosis is explained as a disturbance of the "psycho-neurovegetative self-regulation mechanism" (servomechanisms). The authors show how such a conception, which has been borrowed from the servomechanism technique, may favourably influence the diagnosis and therapy of this condition. It has been tried in that way to link the two opposites: organic and functional causes. Some therapeutic approaches adapted to the structure of everyday general medical practice are suggested. | [Cardiac neurosis in everyday general medical practice (author's transl)]. From results of the study of 37 patients with cardiac neurosis, new conceptual relationships to explain this condition are developed. Cardiac neurosis is explained as a disturbance of the "psycho-neurovegetative self-regulation mechanism" (servomechanisms). The authors show how such a conception, which has been borrowed from the servomechanism technique, may favourably influence the diagnosis and therapy of this condition. It has been tried in that way to link the two opposites: organic and functional causes. Some therapeutic approaches adapted to the structure of everyday general medical practice are suggested. | [
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PMID:26872 | Variable content of histaminase, L-dopa decarboxylase and calcitonin in small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Biologic and clinical implications. | To ascertain whether the content of endocrine markers is constant in small-cell carcinoma of the lung, levels of three markers of medullary thyroid carcinoma were studied in this tumor. Histaminase was increased in six of six primary tumors (three to 14,000 times), L-dopa decarboxylase in four of six (six to 30 times), and calcitonin in one of one (eight times) over levels in adjacent lung. Marker levels in mediastinal metastases reflected those in primary tumors in four of five patients. However, in four of seven, multiple hepatic metastases contained low to absent levels despite simultaneously high values in chest lesions. Immunohistochemical studies of histaminase revealed that within each primary tumor different cells contained different amounts of the enzyme. Since marker content varied between tumor cells, between primary tumors and between metastases in individual patients we conclude that circulating levels of these three markers cannot be expected necessarily to mirror tumor burden in patients with small-cell lung tumors. | Variable content of histaminase, L-dopa decarboxylase and calcitonin in small-cell carcinoma of the lung. Biologic and clinical implications. To ascertain whether the content of endocrine markers is constant in small-cell carcinoma of the lung, levels of three markers of medullary thyroid carcinoma were studied in this tumor. Histaminase was increased in six of six primary tumors (three to 14,000 times), L-dopa decarboxylase in four of six (six to 30 times), and calcitonin in one of one (eight times) over levels in adjacent lung. Marker levels in mediastinal metastases reflected those in primary tumors in four of five patients. However, in four of seven, multiple hepatic metastases contained low to absent levels despite simultaneously high values in chest lesions. Immunohistochemical studies of histaminase revealed that within each primary tumor different cells contained different amounts of the enzyme. Since marker content varied between tumor cells, between primary tumors and between metastases in individual patients we conclude that circulating levels of these three markers cannot be expected necessarily to mirror tumor burden in patients with small-cell lung tumors. | [
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PMID:26878 | Current problems in the control of mosquitoes. | Since the incidence of mosquito-borne disease was drastically reduced by the use of DDT in the 1950s, the problem has again worsened and no single method of eradication seems likely to achieve lasting success. It now seems that the best hope lies in the combination of various methods of chemical control and perhaps genetic control to rid the Third World of its most important disease sector. | Current problems in the control of mosquitoes. Since the incidence of mosquito-borne disease was drastically reduced by the use of DDT in the 1950s, the problem has again worsened and no single method of eradication seems likely to achieve lasting success. It now seems that the best hope lies in the combination of various methods of chemical control and perhaps genetic control to rid the Third World of its most important disease sector. | [
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PMID:26888 | [Value of brain metabolic studies in post-traumatic coma]. | In 34 comatose patients in the acute phase, the mean hemispheric CBF is lowered as well as the CMRO2, with a quite good relation between these values and the coma level and prognostic so. The cerebral response to a PaCO2 range indicates a quite good relation with the coma level (the lowest value in the most severe comas). The cerebral autoregulation study, using Aramine induced hypertension, can separate the cases with a present autoregulation and the cases with a loss of autoregulation (the most severe and the poorest prognosis). In dynamic conditions (variation of the PaCO2 or Aramine induced hypertension), the change in CMRO2 is interesting : rather good prognosis among the patients with a normal metabolic autoregulation - poor prognosis among those whose metabolic autoregulation is lost. | [Value of brain metabolic studies in post-traumatic coma]. In 34 comatose patients in the acute phase, the mean hemispheric CBF is lowered as well as the CMRO2, with a quite good relation between these values and the coma level and prognostic so. The cerebral response to a PaCO2 range indicates a quite good relation with the coma level (the lowest value in the most severe comas). The cerebral autoregulation study, using Aramine induced hypertension, can separate the cases with a present autoregulation and the cases with a loss of autoregulation (the most severe and the poorest prognosis). In dynamic conditions (variation of the PaCO2 or Aramine induced hypertension), the change in CMRO2 is interesting : rather good prognosis among the patients with a normal metabolic autoregulation - poor prognosis among those whose metabolic autoregulation is lost. | [
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PMID:26891 | [Alkaline urine in the aged]. | Considering the frequent finding of alkalinity in the urines of elderly people of both sexes, we can propose many hypothesis among which the most probable seems a latent renal failure with secondary hyperparathyroidism and consequent alkalinization of the urines. We can presume that such a frequent alkalinity of the urines in old subjects has an important role in the frequent infectious of the urinary tract of elderly people. | [Alkaline urine in the aged]. Considering the frequent finding of alkalinity in the urines of elderly people of both sexes, we can propose many hypothesis among which the most probable seems a latent renal failure with secondary hyperparathyroidism and consequent alkalinization of the urines. We can presume that such a frequent alkalinity of the urines in old subjects has an important role in the frequent infectious of the urinary tract of elderly people. | [
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PMID:26893 | [Hemodynamic effects of antihypertensive drugs]. | The physiopathology of hypertension is not fully understood, though the haemodynamic pictures accompanying the various arterial forms have been established. Clinical employment of antihypertensive drugs should tend to correct these pictures and the extent to which this is true is examined in the light of the latest evidence with respect to the drugs most commonly used. | [Hemodynamic effects of antihypertensive drugs]. The physiopathology of hypertension is not fully understood, though the haemodynamic pictures accompanying the various arterial forms have been established. Clinical employment of antihypertensive drugs should tend to correct these pictures and the extent to which this is true is examined in the light of the latest evidence with respect to the drugs most commonly used. | [
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PMID:26895 | Urinary sulfate excretion in children with classic renal tubular acidosis. | These studies quantitat the significantly elevated sulfate excretion in the urine of children with classic renal tubular acidosis as compared to six weight-matched controls (1.4 +/-0.5 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.2 mEq/kg/day;p less than 0.05). This sulfate loss may result in a subclinical sulfate deficiency which may contribute to a chondroitin sulfate metabolic disorder.,and thus contribute to the growth failure in children with real tubular acidosis. Futhermore, elevated urinary sulfate excretion may be an early diagnostic finding in infancy prior to the manifestation of renal acidification defects. It is not known whether the sulfate loss is related to a primary renal tubular defect or secondary to metabolic acidosis, although the increased sulfate excretion persisting after correction of metabolic acidosis would tend to suggest a primary defect. However, the normal plasma sulfate concentration and the relatively short period of study permit no definitive answer at this time. | Urinary sulfate excretion in children with classic renal tubular acidosis. These studies quantitat the significantly elevated sulfate excretion in the urine of children with classic renal tubular acidosis as compared to six weight-matched controls (1.4 +/-0.5 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.2 mEq/kg/day;p less than 0.05). This sulfate loss may result in a subclinical sulfate deficiency which may contribute to a chondroitin sulfate metabolic disorder.,and thus contribute to the growth failure in children with real tubular acidosis. Futhermore, elevated urinary sulfate excretion may be an early diagnostic finding in infancy prior to the manifestation of renal acidification defects. It is not known whether the sulfate loss is related to a primary renal tubular defect or secondary to metabolic acidosis, although the increased sulfate excretion persisting after correction of metabolic acidosis would tend to suggest a primary defect. However, the normal plasma sulfate concentration and the relatively short period of study permit no definitive answer at this time. | [
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PMID:26896 | Hydrogen ion production secondary to metabolism of sulfur-amino acids and organic acids. | The rate of acid production in infants and young children was quoted to be 1-2 mEq/kg/day but in fact, the sole reference used in all these instances did not permit such quantitation. In order to evaluate the rate of endogenous acid production, we applied the quantitative technique of Lennon et al. in the following normal subjects, where column A represents hydrogen ion released from metabolism of sulfur-containing amion acids; column B represents hydrogen ion released from incomplete oxidation of organic acids; the sum A and B gives an estimation of endogenous net acid production (NAP). | Hydrogen ion production secondary to metabolism of sulfur-amino acids and organic acids. The rate of acid production in infants and young children was quoted to be 1-2 mEq/kg/day but in fact, the sole reference used in all these instances did not permit such quantitation. In order to evaluate the rate of endogenous acid production, we applied the quantitative technique of Lennon et al. in the following normal subjects, where column A represents hydrogen ion released from metabolism of sulfur-containing amion acids; column B represents hydrogen ion released from incomplete oxidation of organic acids; the sum A and B gives an estimation of endogenous net acid production (NAP). | [
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PMID:26899 | The effect of atropine on the lower esophageal sphincter in late pregnancy. | Intraluminal gastroesophageal pressure and pH studies have been performed on 8 nonpregnant women, 10 pregnant women with heartburn, and 10 pregnant women without heartburn. Each patient was tested under resting conditions and after intravenous injection of 0.6 mg atropine. In both groups of pregnant patients the intragastric pressure was found to be higher than that of the nonpregnant subjects. The stomach to lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) gradient under resting conditions was least in the pregnant patients with heartburn. After the administration of atropine, a fall in the LESP occurred in all 3 groups of patients which was most profound in the nonpregnant subjects and in the pregnant patients without heartburn. These changes and the pH recordings of the lower esophagus indicate the adverse effect that atropine has on the competency of the LESP both in pregnancy and in the nonpregnant state. Atropine should therefore be used with caution as a premedicant and preferably combined with metoclopramide (Maxolon). | The effect of atropine on the lower esophageal sphincter in late pregnancy. Intraluminal gastroesophageal pressure and pH studies have been performed on 8 nonpregnant women, 10 pregnant women with heartburn, and 10 pregnant women without heartburn. Each patient was tested under resting conditions and after intravenous injection of 0.6 mg atropine. In both groups of pregnant patients the intragastric pressure was found to be higher than that of the nonpregnant subjects. The stomach to lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) gradient under resting conditions was least in the pregnant patients with heartburn. After the administration of atropine, a fall in the LESP occurred in all 3 groups of patients which was most profound in the nonpregnant subjects and in the pregnant patients without heartburn. These changes and the pH recordings of the lower esophagus indicate the adverse effect that atropine has on the competency of the LESP both in pregnancy and in the nonpregnant state. Atropine should therefore be used with caution as a premedicant and preferably combined with metoclopramide (Maxolon). | [
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PMID:26900 | Deceleration/contraction ratios as an index of fetal health during labor. | Internal FHR tracings of 259 patients with variable decelerations and 49 with late decelerations were analyzed for frequency and severity of the pattern in an attempt to correlate with fetal pH or Apgar score at 1 minute. A significant increase in the risk of fetal acidosis was associated with a frequency of greater than 30% variable decelerations and 20% late decelerations. It also increased with the increase of severity of the pattern. Variable decelerations are not good predictors of Apgar scores less than or equal to 6 at 1 minute, but late decelerations are predictive when they occur more than 20% of the time. The fetus with variable decelerations a normal pH can be observed through the first stage of labor with a high degree of confidence. However, when a 20% or more moderate-to-severe late deceleration/contraction ratio is present, intervention is necessary even if scalp blood pH is normal. The FHR deceleration/uterine contraction (UC) ratio is a simple bedside technique for assessing fetal outcome. | Deceleration/contraction ratios as an index of fetal health during labor. Internal FHR tracings of 259 patients with variable decelerations and 49 with late decelerations were analyzed for frequency and severity of the pattern in an attempt to correlate with fetal pH or Apgar score at 1 minute. A significant increase in the risk of fetal acidosis was associated with a frequency of greater than 30% variable decelerations and 20% late decelerations. It also increased with the increase of severity of the pattern. Variable decelerations are not good predictors of Apgar scores less than or equal to 6 at 1 minute, but late decelerations are predictive when they occur more than 20% of the time. The fetus with variable decelerations a normal pH can be observed through the first stage of labor with a high degree of confidence. However, when a 20% or more moderate-to-severe late deceleration/contraction ratio is present, intervention is necessary even if scalp blood pH is normal. The FHR deceleration/uterine contraction (UC) ratio is a simple bedside technique for assessing fetal outcome. | [
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PMID:26901 | gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in sheep serum: normal values and an evaluation of its potential for detecting liver involvement in experimental lupinosis. | A brief survey of the literature on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) activity is included in this study. The levels of activity in the serum of normal Merino sheep (13,6-32,4 mI.U/ml) were ascertained as a preliminary to following the activity through the entire course of experimentally induced ovine lupinosis, a hepatotoxicosis caused by Phomopsis leptostromiformis (Kühn) Bubák. The response of the serum level of gamma-GT activity to the course of the disease was compared with that of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and 2 liver function tests for the purpose of assessing its potential application in the study of this mycotoxicosis. Because the levels of activity of gamma-GT were more valuable for the early diagnosis of low grade acute intoxication and the detection of chronic liver involvement while those of GOT gave better information on the development of severe acute hepato-cellular damage, these 2 enzymes, considered together, were found to give the best information on the course of the toxicosis. The changes in gamma-GT activity during various stages of intoxication were also related to the histopathological lesions in the liver. | gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity in sheep serum: normal values and an evaluation of its potential for detecting liver involvement in experimental lupinosis. A brief survey of the literature on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) activity is included in this study. The levels of activity in the serum of normal Merino sheep (13,6-32,4 mI.U/ml) were ascertained as a preliminary to following the activity through the entire course of experimentally induced ovine lupinosis, a hepatotoxicosis caused by Phomopsis leptostromiformis (Kühn) Bubák. The response of the serum level of gamma-GT activity to the course of the disease was compared with that of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and 2 liver function tests for the purpose of assessing its potential application in the study of this mycotoxicosis. Because the levels of activity of gamma-GT were more valuable for the early diagnosis of low grade acute intoxication and the detection of chronic liver involvement while those of GOT gave better information on the development of severe acute hepato-cellular damage, these 2 enzymes, considered together, were found to give the best information on the course of the toxicosis. The changes in gamma-GT activity during various stages of intoxication were also related to the histopathological lesions in the liver. | [
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PMID:26902 | The metabolic profile of adult Fasciola hepatica obtained from rafoxanide-treated sheep. | Sheep infected with adult Fasciola hepatica were drenched with rafoxanide. At 4, 8, 16 and 24 h after drenching the sheep were killed and the flukes removed, washed and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. The content of key metabolites in the fermentation pathway were determined and compared with those in control F. hepatica, whose hosts were not treated with rafoxanide. Rafoxanide decreased glycogen, malate, NADH and ATP levels. The level of other metabolites in the pathway increased for the first 8-16 h after rafoxanide treatment. The marked decrease in ATP and glycogen, and the increase in total [NAD+]/[NADH] and [oxaloacetate]/[malate], together with the changed content of other metabolites, led to the conclusion that the mode of action of rafoxanide against F. hepatica in vivo is by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. | The metabolic profile of adult Fasciola hepatica obtained from rafoxanide-treated sheep. Sheep infected with adult Fasciola hepatica were drenched with rafoxanide. At 4, 8, 16 and 24 h after drenching the sheep were killed and the flukes removed, washed and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. The content of key metabolites in the fermentation pathway were determined and compared with those in control F. hepatica, whose hosts were not treated with rafoxanide. Rafoxanide decreased glycogen, malate, NADH and ATP levels. The level of other metabolites in the pathway increased for the first 8-16 h after rafoxanide treatment. The marked decrease in ATP and glycogen, and the increase in total [NAD+]/[NADH] and [oxaloacetate]/[malate], together with the changed content of other metabolites, led to the conclusion that the mode of action of rafoxanide against F. hepatica in vivo is by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. | [
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PMID:26908 | A basis for migraine therapy- the autonomic theory reappraised. | The concept that migraine results from an initial vasoconstriction due to increased release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerves to cranial blood vessels has been reappraised in the light of recently acquired knowledge of the mechanisms of action of drugs used in the treatment of migraine, physiological and pharmacological evidence implicating noradrenaline, and the observations by others that several migraine variants may be associated with some degree of sympathetic overactivity. If the theory is correct, it suggests that both prophylaxis and management of the acute condition should be possible by means of selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonism. The use of drugs with potentially dangerous vasoconstrictor properties appears to be unnecessary. The suggestion is made that the increased adrenergic activity might result from changes within the hypothalamus. | A basis for migraine therapy- the autonomic theory reappraised. The concept that migraine results from an initial vasoconstriction due to increased release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerves to cranial blood vessels has been reappraised in the light of recently acquired knowledge of the mechanisms of action of drugs used in the treatment of migraine, physiological and pharmacological evidence implicating noradrenaline, and the observations by others that several migraine variants may be associated with some degree of sympathetic overactivity. If the theory is correct, it suggests that both prophylaxis and management of the acute condition should be possible by means of selective alpha-adrenoceptor antagonism. The use of drugs with potentially dangerous vasoconstrictor properties appears to be unnecessary. The suggestion is made that the increased adrenergic activity might result from changes within the hypothalamus. | [
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PMID:26910 | [Changes in the urinary excretion of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, leucine aminopeptidas and alkaline phosphatase in the combined action of ethylene glycol and high temperature]. | Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma--GTP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) excretion in rats is followed in dynamics (2, 8, 15, 30 and 90 days) upon isolated and combined treatment with ethylene glycol (EG) at dose 1/8 LD50 and temperature of the environment 35 degrees C. Under the effect of high temperature an increase in the excretion of enzymes in the early observation terms is noted. The independent application of the noxa causes a reduction in gamma--GTR and LAP excretion, and an increase in AP. The temperature factor attenuates the toxic effect of EG relative to the enzymes under study at the end of the observation period. Changes in gamma--GTP excretion are considered as the earliest and most sensitive sign of tubular lesions. | [Changes in the urinary excretion of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase, leucine aminopeptidas and alkaline phosphatase in the combined action of ethylene glycol and high temperature]. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma--GTP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) excretion in rats is followed in dynamics (2, 8, 15, 30 and 90 days) upon isolated and combined treatment with ethylene glycol (EG) at dose 1/8 LD50 and temperature of the environment 35 degrees C. Under the effect of high temperature an increase in the excretion of enzymes in the early observation terms is noted. The independent application of the noxa causes a reduction in gamma--GTR and LAP excretion, and an increase in AP. The temperature factor attenuates the toxic effect of EG relative to the enzymes under study at the end of the observation period. Changes in gamma--GTP excretion are considered as the earliest and most sensitive sign of tubular lesions. | [
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PMID:26912 | Mode of action of colicin Ia: effect of colicin on the Escherichia coli proton electrochemical gradient. | By use of the technique of flow dialysis, the membrane potential (deltapsi) and pH gradient (deltapH) have been measured in colicin Ia-treated Escherichia coli K-12 cells and in membrane vesicles prepared from such cells. Although such cells and vesicles are able to generate a transmembrane deltapH at pH 5.5, they do not generate a transmembrane deltapsi. Glucose-6-phospate uptake by cells is shown to be stimulated at pH 5.5 and inhibited at pH 7.5 by colicin Ia treatment. On the other hand, proline uptake is demonstrated to be inhibited progressively at pH 5.5, 6.6, and 7.5 in colicin Ia-treated cells. These data provide strong evidence for a colicin Ia-induced membrane deplorization and indicate that the membrane becomes permeable to ion(s) other than protons after treatment with colicin Ia. | Mode of action of colicin Ia: effect of colicin on the Escherichia coli proton electrochemical gradient. By use of the technique of flow dialysis, the membrane potential (deltapsi) and pH gradient (deltapH) have been measured in colicin Ia-treated Escherichia coli K-12 cells and in membrane vesicles prepared from such cells. Although such cells and vesicles are able to generate a transmembrane deltapH at pH 5.5, they do not generate a transmembrane deltapsi. Glucose-6-phospate uptake by cells is shown to be stimulated at pH 5.5 and inhibited at pH 7.5 by colicin Ia treatment. On the other hand, proline uptake is demonstrated to be inhibited progressively at pH 5.5, 6.6, and 7.5 in colicin Ia-treated cells. These data provide strong evidence for a colicin Ia-induced membrane deplorization and indicate that the membrane becomes permeable to ion(s) other than protons after treatment with colicin Ia. | [
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PMID:26913 | Proposed temperature-dependent conformational transition in D-amino acid oxidase: a differential scanning microcalorimetric study. | A number of authors have reported observations on D-amino acid oxidase [D-amino acid: O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.3.3.] that they have interpreted in terms of a temperature-dependent conformational transition having a van't Hoff enthalpy amounting to more than 1 cal per g of protein (1 cal = 4.184J). No indication of this transition is obtained by using a differential scanning calorimeter having a sensitivity considerably in excess of that required to detect such a transition. The implications of this discrepancy are discussed. | Proposed temperature-dependent conformational transition in D-amino acid oxidase: a differential scanning microcalorimetric study. A number of authors have reported observations on D-amino acid oxidase [D-amino acid: O2 oxidoreductase (deaminating), EC 1.4.3.3.] that they have interpreted in terms of a temperature-dependent conformational transition having a van't Hoff enthalpy amounting to more than 1 cal per g of protein (1 cal = 4.184J). No indication of this transition is obtained by using a differential scanning calorimeter having a sensitivity considerably in excess of that required to detect such a transition. The implications of this discrepancy are discussed. | [
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PMID:26914 | Elimination of cooperativity in aspartate transcarbamylase by nitration of a single tyrosine residue. | In a previous report [Landfear, S. M., Lipscomb, W. N. & Evans, D.R. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 3988--3996] we demonstrated that tetranitromethane can be employed to nitrate a limited number of tyrosine residues in aspartate transcarbamylase (carbamoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2); such modification eliminates cooperativity, feedback inhibition, and enzymatic activity, and reduces binding of the feedback inhibitor cytidine triphosphate. Cooperativity is lost more rapidly than other properties, and this loss correlates with the nitration of a single tyrosine residue. In this paper, we describe the saturation kinetics of hybrid species constructed from nitrated subunits of one type (either catalytic or regulatory) and native subunits of the other type. We conclude that the modification responsible for loss of cooperativity is on the catalytic subunit. The tryptic peptide containing this modification has been isolated and identified. | Elimination of cooperativity in aspartate transcarbamylase by nitration of a single tyrosine residue. In a previous report [Landfear, S. M., Lipscomb, W. N. & Evans, D.R. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 3988--3996] we demonstrated that tetranitromethane can be employed to nitrate a limited number of tyrosine residues in aspartate transcarbamylase (carbamoylphosphate:L-aspartate carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2); such modification eliminates cooperativity, feedback inhibition, and enzymatic activity, and reduces binding of the feedback inhibitor cytidine triphosphate. Cooperativity is lost more rapidly than other properties, and this loss correlates with the nitration of a single tyrosine residue. In this paper, we describe the saturation kinetics of hybrid species constructed from nitrated subunits of one type (either catalytic or regulatory) and native subunits of the other type. We conclude that the modification responsible for loss of cooperativity is on the catalytic subunit. The tryptic peptide containing this modification has been isolated and identified. | [
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PMID:26915 | Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: in vitro effects on guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic GMP concentration, and ion transport in small intestine. | A partially purified preparation of the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli caused a rapid and persistent increase in electric potential difference and short-circuit current when added in vitro to the luminal surface of isolated rabbit ileal mucosa. As little as 1 ng/ml produced an easily detectable response. Under short-circuit condition, the enterotoxin abolished net Cl- absorption; this change was half that produced by theophylline, which stimulated net secretion. The enterotoxin did not change cyclic AMP concentration but caused large and persistent increases in cyclic GMP concentration. The electrical and nucleotide responses exhibited similar and unusually broad concentration-dependences and maximal effects could not be demonstrated. Theophylline elevated cyclic GMP concentration 3-fold both in the presence and absense of the enterotoxin, suggesting no effect of the toxin on cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. Guanylate cyclase [GTP pyrophosphatelyase(cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.2] activity in a crude membrane fraction from intestinal epithelial cells was stimulated 7-fold by the enterotoxin. These results suggest that guanylate cyclase stimulation is the basis for the toxin's diarrheagenic effect. | Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: in vitro effects on guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic GMP concentration, and ion transport in small intestine. A partially purified preparation of the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli caused a rapid and persistent increase in electric potential difference and short-circuit current when added in vitro to the luminal surface of isolated rabbit ileal mucosa. As little as 1 ng/ml produced an easily detectable response. Under short-circuit condition, the enterotoxin abolished net Cl- absorption; this change was half that produced by theophylline, which stimulated net secretion. The enterotoxin did not change cyclic AMP concentration but caused large and persistent increases in cyclic GMP concentration. The electrical and nucleotide responses exhibited similar and unusually broad concentration-dependences and maximal effects could not be demonstrated. Theophylline elevated cyclic GMP concentration 3-fold both in the presence and absense of the enterotoxin, suggesting no effect of the toxin on cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. Guanylate cyclase [GTP pyrophosphatelyase(cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.2] activity in a crude membrane fraction from intestinal epithelial cells was stimulated 7-fold by the enterotoxin. These results suggest that guanylate cyclase stimulation is the basis for the toxin's diarrheagenic effect. | [
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PMID:26916 | Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation using mouse bone marrow and spleen cells fractionated by lectins. | Mouse bone marrow and spleen cells were fractionated with the aid of soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin. A test for spleen colony-forming units in the isolated fractions showed that the hemopoietic stem cells are agglutinated by both of these lectins. The capacity of the agglutinated fractions to reconstitute lethally irradiated allogeneic mice was investigated. A sequential fractionation of splenocytes from SWR donors by soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin, or a single fractionation by soybean agglutinin of splenocytes from BALB/c donors, afforded a cell fraction that successfully reconstituted lethally irradiated (BALB/c X C57BL/6)F1 mice, without complications due to graft-versus-host reaction. | Hemopoietic stem cell transplantation using mouse bone marrow and spleen cells fractionated by lectins. Mouse bone marrow and spleen cells were fractionated with the aid of soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin. A test for spleen colony-forming units in the isolated fractions showed that the hemopoietic stem cells are agglutinated by both of these lectins. The capacity of the agglutinated fractions to reconstitute lethally irradiated allogeneic mice was investigated. A sequential fractionation of splenocytes from SWR donors by soybean agglutinin and peanut agglutinin, or a single fractionation by soybean agglutinin of splenocytes from BALB/c donors, afforded a cell fraction that successfully reconstituted lethally irradiated (BALB/c X C57BL/6)F1 mice, without complications due to graft-versus-host reaction. | [
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PMID:26917 | Beneficial and detrimental actions of histamine H1- and H2-receptor antagonists in circulatory shock. | This study explores the use of both histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptor antagonists in two different forms of circulatory shock and suggests that histamine may be involved in more than one way in the pathophysiology of circulatory shock. Various single doses of diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine, and burimamide were administered intravenously to Wistar rats subjected to hemorrhagic or bowel ischemia shock. Cumulative survival and mortality, as well as arterial blood pressures and microhematocrits, were monitored. Pretreatment of the animals with the three different H(1)-receptor antagonists exerted significant protection against both forms of shock. Rats pretreated with the H(2)-receptor antagonist, burimamide, demonstrated an exacerbated mortality after induction of shock. Animals pretreated with H(1)-receptor antagonists showed significantly higher mean arterial blood pressure, greater compensatory rebound of blood pressure after induction of shock, and greater responses to transfusion after hemorrhage than control, shocked animals. Similarly, rats pretreated with the H(1)-receptor blockers demonstrated significantly greater compensatory hemodilution which continued late in shock. In marked contrast, rats pretreated with burimamide exhibited opposite effects after hemorrhage and bowel ischemia, i.e., significant falls in blood pressure, lack of compensatory rebound and response to transfusion of shed blood, and a progressive hemoconcentration. This report clearly demonstrates beneficial actions of histamine H(1)-receptor antagonists and detrimental effects of H(2)-receptor antagonists on survival and other parameters in these forms of circulatory shock. | Beneficial and detrimental actions of histamine H1- and H2-receptor antagonists in circulatory shock. This study explores the use of both histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptor antagonists in two different forms of circulatory shock and suggests that histamine may be involved in more than one way in the pathophysiology of circulatory shock. Various single doses of diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, promethazine, and burimamide were administered intravenously to Wistar rats subjected to hemorrhagic or bowel ischemia shock. Cumulative survival and mortality, as well as arterial blood pressures and microhematocrits, were monitored. Pretreatment of the animals with the three different H(1)-receptor antagonists exerted significant protection against both forms of shock. Rats pretreated with the H(2)-receptor antagonist, burimamide, demonstrated an exacerbated mortality after induction of shock. Animals pretreated with H(1)-receptor antagonists showed significantly higher mean arterial blood pressure, greater compensatory rebound of blood pressure after induction of shock, and greater responses to transfusion after hemorrhage than control, shocked animals. Similarly, rats pretreated with the H(1)-receptor blockers demonstrated significantly greater compensatory hemodilution which continued late in shock. In marked contrast, rats pretreated with burimamide exhibited opposite effects after hemorrhage and bowel ischemia, i.e., significant falls in blood pressure, lack of compensatory rebound and response to transfusion of shed blood, and a progressive hemoconcentration. This report clearly demonstrates beneficial actions of histamine H(1)-receptor antagonists and detrimental effects of H(2)-receptor antagonists on survival and other parameters in these forms of circulatory shock. | [
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PMID:26918 | Biochemical and immunochemical study of lysyl oxidase in experimental hepatic fibrosis in the rat. | Lysyl oxidase catalyzes the crosslinking of collagen and elastin. Lysyl oxidase activity was measured and localized in rat liver during the evolution of hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4. Enzyme activity measured with DL-[6-3H]-lysine-labeled collagen substrates in liver and plasma increased sharply after approximately 3 wk of injection, reached a maximum at 6 wk, and then decreased. The increase in activity correlated histologically with early connective tissue septa formation, and the magnitude of increase was significantly greater than that found for the intracellular collagen biosynthetic enzymes protocollagen prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase. Indirect immunofluorescence studies showed that lysyl oxidase was present in association with collagen in the extracellular space. However, it was not possible to correlate the distribution pattern with a particular liver cell type. These observations suggest that serial measurements of lysyl oxidase activity in liver or plasma may be useful for correlating changes in connective tissue formation with histologic connective tissue deposition. | Biochemical and immunochemical study of lysyl oxidase in experimental hepatic fibrosis in the rat. Lysyl oxidase catalyzes the crosslinking of collagen and elastin. Lysyl oxidase activity was measured and localized in rat liver during the evolution of hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4. Enzyme activity measured with DL-[6-3H]-lysine-labeled collagen substrates in liver and plasma increased sharply after approximately 3 wk of injection, reached a maximum at 6 wk, and then decreased. The increase in activity correlated histologically with early connective tissue septa formation, and the magnitude of increase was significantly greater than that found for the intracellular collagen biosynthetic enzymes protocollagen prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase. Indirect immunofluorescence studies showed that lysyl oxidase was present in association with collagen in the extracellular space. However, it was not possible to correlate the distribution pattern with a particular liver cell type. These observations suggest that serial measurements of lysyl oxidase activity in liver or plasma may be useful for correlating changes in connective tissue formation with histologic connective tissue deposition. | [
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PMID:26919 | Ontogenetic appearance and disappearance of tyrosine hydroxylase and catecholamines in the rat embryo. | The ontogenetic pattern of noradrenergic differentiation in rat embryonic autonomic neuroblasts was defined in vivo. Noradrenergic specialization was examined by documenting the immunohistochemical appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase [Tyr-OH; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; L-tyrosine,-tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2] and the development of histofluorescence due to catecholamine (CA). Tyr-OH and CA were undetectable in the dorsal neural crest or the ventrally migrating crest cells and first appeared at 12.5 days of gestation (36--37 somite stage) in sympathoblasts that had formed sympathetic ganglion primordia. Fluorescence intensity and the number of fluorescent cells increased progressively thereafter. In addition, Tyr-OH and CA transiently appeared in scattered presumptive neuroblasts in the gut. The enzyme and transmitter were first detectable at 11.5 days of gestation and thereafter decreased progressively so that, by 14.5 days, only rare cells were encountered. There was remarkable synchrony in the appearance and disappearance of Tyr-OH and CA. These observations suggest that a number of noradrenergic transmitter mechanisms develop simultaneously in the differentiating neuroblast. The relevance of these results to the elucidation of developmental regulatory mechanisms is discussed. | Ontogenetic appearance and disappearance of tyrosine hydroxylase and catecholamines in the rat embryo. The ontogenetic pattern of noradrenergic differentiation in rat embryonic autonomic neuroblasts was defined in vivo. Noradrenergic specialization was examined by documenting the immunohistochemical appearance of tyrosine hydroxylase [Tyr-OH; tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; L-tyrosine,-tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.16.2] and the development of histofluorescence due to catecholamine (CA). Tyr-OH and CA were undetectable in the dorsal neural crest or the ventrally migrating crest cells and first appeared at 12.5 days of gestation (36--37 somite stage) in sympathoblasts that had formed sympathetic ganglion primordia. Fluorescence intensity and the number of fluorescent cells increased progressively thereafter. In addition, Tyr-OH and CA transiently appeared in scattered presumptive neuroblasts in the gut. The enzyme and transmitter were first detectable at 11.5 days of gestation and thereafter decreased progressively so that, by 14.5 days, only rare cells were encountered. There was remarkable synchrony in the appearance and disappearance of Tyr-OH and CA. These observations suggest that a number of noradrenergic transmitter mechanisms develop simultaneously in the differentiating neuroblast. The relevance of these results to the elucidation of developmental regulatory mechanisms is discussed. | [
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PMID:26925 | Bacteriorhodopsin: lipid environment and conformational changes. | The polar lipids of the purple membrane were exchanged for different phosphatidylcholine species. The resulting complexes had the same protein to lipid-phosphorus ratio as the natural membrane, but only about 0.5-1.0 mole of original lipid was still present per mole of bacteriorhodopsin. In such complexes the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle is slowed down 10-20 times, but the strong protein-protein interaction is not abolished. Due to the slow rate of the photocycle we were able to measure in the light the ratio between net proton release and net accumulation of the last intermediate of the photocycle, the unprotonated M412. This ratio was not constant and equal to 1.0, as expected for a single deprotonation reaction, but varied with pH from 1.5 to 0.4. The variable ratio suggests that light-induced conformational changes occur in the nonchromophore part of the protein, which shift the pKa values of unidentified groups so as to cause binding or release of additional protons. A similar conclusion was drawn from experiments on the kinetics of proton transfer by bacteriorhodopsin in subbacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium and in reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin proteoliposomes. However, in this case light-induced association and dissociation of additional protons occurs simultaneously on different sides of the membrane. | Bacteriorhodopsin: lipid environment and conformational changes. The polar lipids of the purple membrane were exchanged for different phosphatidylcholine species. The resulting complexes had the same protein to lipid-phosphorus ratio as the natural membrane, but only about 0.5-1.0 mole of original lipid was still present per mole of bacteriorhodopsin. In such complexes the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle is slowed down 10-20 times, but the strong protein-protein interaction is not abolished. Due to the slow rate of the photocycle we were able to measure in the light the ratio between net proton release and net accumulation of the last intermediate of the photocycle, the unprotonated M412. This ratio was not constant and equal to 1.0, as expected for a single deprotonation reaction, but varied with pH from 1.5 to 0.4. The variable ratio suggests that light-induced conformational changes occur in the nonchromophore part of the protein, which shift the pKa values of unidentified groups so as to cause binding or release of additional protons. A similar conclusion was drawn from experiments on the kinetics of proton transfer by bacteriorhodopsin in subbacterial particles of Halobacterium halobium and in reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin proteoliposomes. However, in this case light-induced association and dissociation of additional protons occurs simultaneously on different sides of the membrane. | [
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PMID:26926 | Proteins containing reductively aminated disaccharides: chemical and immunochemical characterization. | Synthetic glycoproteins can be prepared by reductive amination of proteins and reducing carbohydrates in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. The reaction proceeds readily in aqueous solution at pH 6--9 to give high degrees of substitution. The degree of substitution can be determined by amino acid analysis, as the 2 degrees amine linkage formed with the epsilon-amino groups of lysine is stable to acid-catalyzed protein hydrolysis conditions. Antisera have been obtained to bovine serum albumin conjugates containing reductively aminated cellobiose, lactose, and maltose. Preliminary experiments demonstrate that antiserum to the cellobiose-BSA conjugate is hapten-specific, and the structural features of the hapten recognized by the antibodies were established by hapten inhibition experiments. These studies demonstrate that antibodies recognize both the terminal beta-glucosyl and acyclic reduced glucosyl residues. | Proteins containing reductively aminated disaccharides: chemical and immunochemical characterization. Synthetic glycoproteins can be prepared by reductive amination of proteins and reducing carbohydrates in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. The reaction proceeds readily in aqueous solution at pH 6--9 to give high degrees of substitution. The degree of substitution can be determined by amino acid analysis, as the 2 degrees amine linkage formed with the epsilon-amino groups of lysine is stable to acid-catalyzed protein hydrolysis conditions. Antisera have been obtained to bovine serum albumin conjugates containing reductively aminated cellobiose, lactose, and maltose. Preliminary experiments demonstrate that antiserum to the cellobiose-BSA conjugate is hapten-specific, and the structural features of the hapten recognized by the antibodies were established by hapten inhibition experiments. These studies demonstrate that antibodies recognize both the terminal beta-glucosyl and acyclic reduced glucosyl residues. | [
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PMID:26933 | Intruder-evoked aggression in isolated and nonisolated mice: effects of psychomotor stimulants and L-dopa. | Adult male Swiss-Webster mice were housed either singly (isolated) or with a female (nonisolated). Aggressive behavior was evoked by introducing a group-housed male mouse (intruder) into the home cage of the isolated or nonisolated mouse (resident).d-Amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, cocaine, and L-dopa decreased attack and threat behavior by resident mice, the isolates requiring 2--4 times higher drug doses for the antiaggressive effects than the nonisolates, d-Amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate caused intruder mice to be more frequently attacked by their non-treated resident opponents, to escape more often, to assume the defensive upright posture less, and to move about more often. L-Dopa nonspecifically de creased all elements of agonistic and nonagonistic behavior, while the amphetamines and methylphenidate suppressed attacks, increased escapes, decreased upright postures, and increased nonagonistic locomotion. By contrast, cocaine's antiaggressive effects were remarkably specific, i.e., not accompanied by changes in other behavioral elements. | Intruder-evoked aggression in isolated and nonisolated mice: effects of psychomotor stimulants and L-dopa. Adult male Swiss-Webster mice were housed either singly (isolated) or with a female (nonisolated). Aggressive behavior was evoked by introducing a group-housed male mouse (intruder) into the home cage of the isolated or nonisolated mouse (resident).d-Amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylphenidate, cocaine, and L-dopa decreased attack and threat behavior by resident mice, the isolates requiring 2--4 times higher drug doses for the antiaggressive effects than the nonisolates, d-Amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate caused intruder mice to be more frequently attacked by their non-treated resident opponents, to escape more often, to assume the defensive upright posture less, and to move about more often. L-Dopa nonspecifically de creased all elements of agonistic and nonagonistic behavior, while the amphetamines and methylphenidate suppressed attacks, increased escapes, decreased upright postures, and increased nonagonistic locomotion. By contrast, cocaine's antiaggressive effects were remarkably specific, i.e., not accompanied by changes in other behavioral elements. | [
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PMID:26942 | Effect of thoracentesis on arterial oxygen tension. | The acute effects of thoracentesis on arterial oxygenation were observed in 19 studies on 17 patients. Arterial blood samples were obtained prior to, immediately after, and 1 h after thoracentesis. Unpredictable changes in the arterial oxygen tension, ranging from -22 to +19 mm Hg were found immediately following thoracentesis. It was concluded that significant hypoxemia may result from thoracentesis due to aberration of ventilation-perfusion relationships. It is further suggested that oxygen therapy be routinely administered during and immediately after the procedure. | Effect of thoracentesis on arterial oxygen tension. The acute effects of thoracentesis on arterial oxygenation were observed in 19 studies on 17 patients. Arterial blood samples were obtained prior to, immediately after, and 1 h after thoracentesis. Unpredictable changes in the arterial oxygen tension, ranging from -22 to +19 mm Hg were found immediately following thoracentesis. It was concluded that significant hypoxemia may result from thoracentesis due to aberration of ventilation-perfusion relationships. It is further suggested that oxygen therapy be routinely administered during and immediately after the procedure. | [
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PMID:26943 | Mean whole body intracellular pH in unanesthetized dogs: a revised method. | An improved method of calculating the mean whole body intracellular pH (pHi) by means of DMO in unanesthetized dogs is described. The elemination of DMO from the body fluid is assumed to follow a simple exponential decay with a time constant k1. The distribution of DMO into the extracellular and intracellular water is described by an exponential function (1-exp(-k2t)). From experiments in 9 unanesthetized dogs it was found that k1 = 0.008 h-1 and k2 = 1.325 h-1. Mean pHi was 7.08 +/- 0.05 at Pa(c02) = 4.1 kPa (31 mm Hg). The average difference between arterial blood and pHi was 0.35. No statistically different pHi values were found with data from arterial or mixed venous blood. Even after 24 h the method still yields reasonable values for pHi. | Mean whole body intracellular pH in unanesthetized dogs: a revised method. An improved method of calculating the mean whole body intracellular pH (pHi) by means of DMO in unanesthetized dogs is described. The elemination of DMO from the body fluid is assumed to follow a simple exponential decay with a time constant k1. The distribution of DMO into the extracellular and intracellular water is described by an exponential function (1-exp(-k2t)). From experiments in 9 unanesthetized dogs it was found that k1 = 0.008 h-1 and k2 = 1.325 h-1. Mean pHi was 7.08 +/- 0.05 at Pa(c02) = 4.1 kPa (31 mm Hg). The average difference between arterial blood and pHi was 0.35. No statistically different pHi values were found with data from arterial or mixed venous blood. Even after 24 h the method still yields reasonable values for pHi. | [
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PMID:26944 | The influence of low, normal and high Pa(O2) on the respiratory effects of Pa(CO2) oscillations in anaesthetised cats. | The present study examines the influence of oxygen tension on the recurrent tidal volume changes caused by oscillations in arterial P(CO2). The oscillations have a period equal to two respiratory cycles, and are produced by giving alternately CO2 -enriched and CO2 -free gas mixtures. The results show alternation of the tidal volume with the same incidence (is greater than 50%) at low, normal and high oxygen tensions. However, the magnitudes of the breath-by-breath changes are significantly greater at low oxygen tension than at normal oxygen tension. Under high oxygen tension breath-by-breath tidal volume changes are indistinguishable from those at normal oxygen tension. | The influence of low, normal and high Pa(O2) on the respiratory effects of Pa(CO2) oscillations in anaesthetised cats. The present study examines the influence of oxygen tension on the recurrent tidal volume changes caused by oscillations in arterial P(CO2). The oscillations have a period equal to two respiratory cycles, and are produced by giving alternately CO2 -enriched and CO2 -free gas mixtures. The results show alternation of the tidal volume with the same incidence (is greater than 50%) at low, normal and high oxygen tensions. However, the magnitudes of the breath-by-breath changes are significantly greater at low oxygen tension than at normal oxygen tension. Under high oxygen tension breath-by-breath tidal volume changes are indistinguishable from those at normal oxygen tension. | [
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PMID:26945 | Respiratory characteristics of opossum (Didelphis virginiana) blood during chronic anemia. | In five adult opossums (Didelphis virginiana), blood hemoglobin concentration was lowered from 12.3g% to 6.4g% by daily bleeding. Blood P50 rose significantly (P is less than 0.05) from 44.5 mm Hg to 47.4 mm Hg and the concentration of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) increased from 14.17 mumol/g Hb to 20.90 mumol/g Hb. The observed shift in blood oxygen affinity was of similar magnitude to that recorded in humans with a similar degree of anemia, but the concomitant rise in DPG concentration was greater in opossums than in humans. In the opossum the shift in P50 with anemia can be attributed entirely to the action of DPG as a non diffusible intraerythrocytic anion. | Respiratory characteristics of opossum (Didelphis virginiana) blood during chronic anemia. In five adult opossums (Didelphis virginiana), blood hemoglobin concentration was lowered from 12.3g% to 6.4g% by daily bleeding. Blood P50 rose significantly (P is less than 0.05) from 44.5 mm Hg to 47.4 mm Hg and the concentration of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) increased from 14.17 mumol/g Hb to 20.90 mumol/g Hb. The observed shift in blood oxygen affinity was of similar magnitude to that recorded in humans with a similar degree of anemia, but the concomitant rise in DPG concentration was greater in opossums than in humans. In the opossum the shift in P50 with anemia can be attributed entirely to the action of DPG as a non diffusible intraerythrocytic anion. | [
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PMID:26946 | Oxygen transport in chicken embryos under hypothermal exposure. | Fertile hens' eggs incubated for 16 days at 38 degrees C were abruptly exposed to a temperature of 30 degrees C for 2 h and then determinations of blood gas parameters and the O2 dissociation curve were performed. In addition, O2 uptake was measured. Under hypothermal exposure the O2 dissociation curve showed a marked leftward shift in accordance with the increase in pH. The O2 saturation in arterialized blood of the allantoic vein reached almost 100%, and the blood S(O2) of the allantoic artery also increased up to about 50% in contrast with about 20% in normothermal controls. The blood flow rate through the chorioallantoic capillary plexus seemed to be almost identical with that of normothermal embryos. Because of the increased O2 affinity and the decreased O2 consumption, the systemic venous O2 reserve should be raised by hypothermal exposure. In connection with this conjecture, the redistribution of blood flow and O2 quantity by hypothermal exposure were calculated using the same circulation model as used in normothermal embryos. The result came closer to fetal lambs than to normothermal embryos. | Oxygen transport in chicken embryos under hypothermal exposure. Fertile hens' eggs incubated for 16 days at 38 degrees C were abruptly exposed to a temperature of 30 degrees C for 2 h and then determinations of blood gas parameters and the O2 dissociation curve were performed. In addition, O2 uptake was measured. Under hypothermal exposure the O2 dissociation curve showed a marked leftward shift in accordance with the increase in pH. The O2 saturation in arterialized blood of the allantoic vein reached almost 100%, and the blood S(O2) of the allantoic artery also increased up to about 50% in contrast with about 20% in normothermal controls. The blood flow rate through the chorioallantoic capillary plexus seemed to be almost identical with that of normothermal embryos. Because of the increased O2 affinity and the decreased O2 consumption, the systemic venous O2 reserve should be raised by hypothermal exposure. In connection with this conjecture, the redistribution of blood flow and O2 quantity by hypothermal exposure were calculated using the same circulation model as used in normothermal embryos. The result came closer to fetal lambs than to normothermal embryos. | [
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PMID:26947 | Comparison of efflux rates of hydrogen and lactate ions from isolated muscles in vitro. | Relative rates of efflux of hydrogen and lactate ions from skeletal muscle in vitro were determined on isolated rat diaphragms and frog satorius muscles. After a period of lacate accumulation by stimulation in vitro, muscles were suspended in a small volume of Ringer solution for different time periods lasting up to 60 min. The pH change in the solution was monitored continuously. After the predetermined time period, samples of the muscle and the Ringer solution were analysed for lactate content. Results showed that in both types of muscles the rate of efflux of hydrogen ions exceeded that of lactate ions by factors of about 14 and 50 in the case of diaphragm and sartorius muscles respectively. Because of this difference observed in the efflux kinetics of hydrogen and lactate ions, it is evident that the lactate content of a body compartment does not represent the absolute hydrogen ion load of the same compartment, particularly during the early phase of the efflux process. | Comparison of efflux rates of hydrogen and lactate ions from isolated muscles in vitro. Relative rates of efflux of hydrogen and lactate ions from skeletal muscle in vitro were determined on isolated rat diaphragms and frog satorius muscles. After a period of lacate accumulation by stimulation in vitro, muscles were suspended in a small volume of Ringer solution for different time periods lasting up to 60 min. The pH change in the solution was monitored continuously. After the predetermined time period, samples of the muscle and the Ringer solution were analysed for lactate content. Results showed that in both types of muscles the rate of efflux of hydrogen ions exceeded that of lactate ions by factors of about 14 and 50 in the case of diaphragm and sartorius muscles respectively. Because of this difference observed in the efflux kinetics of hydrogen and lactate ions, it is evident that the lactate content of a body compartment does not represent the absolute hydrogen ion load of the same compartment, particularly during the early phase of the efflux process. | [
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PMID:26965 | [Détermination of salivary pH by contact pH metry. Study of ph on the tongue and of the orifices of Wharton's and Stenon's ducts]. | The authors describe an electrochemical technique for the measurement of salivary pH by contact. They present a critical study fo 167 cases. The values obtained are characteristic in terms of age and the site of determination (dorsal surface of the tongue, orifice of Wharton's or Stenon's ducts). | [Détermination of salivary pH by contact pH metry. Study of ph on the tongue and of the orifices of Wharton's and Stenon's ducts]. The authors describe an electrochemical technique for the measurement of salivary pH by contact. They present a critical study fo 167 cases. The values obtained are characteristic in terms of age and the site of determination (dorsal surface of the tongue, orifice of Wharton's or Stenon's ducts). | [
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PMID:26966 | The electrical potential difference and impedance between CSF and blood in unanesthetized man. | The electrical potential difference (PD) between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood has been studied extensively in animals. To obtain data from man the PD and impedance were recorded from the lumbar subarachnoid space of thirteen unanaesthetized patients with a presumably normal blood--brain barrier. The spontaneous PD ranged from 1 mV to 5 mV, CSF positive to blood. Hyperventilation and CO2-inhalation changed the PD with a mean slope of deltaPD/deltapHa of --4.16 mV/pH. The CSF-blood PD in unanaesthetized man is similar in direction to that found in dogs, goats and rats, but its sensitivity to change in arterial pH may be less. | The electrical potential difference and impedance between CSF and blood in unanesthetized man. The electrical potential difference (PD) between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood has been studied extensively in animals. To obtain data from man the PD and impedance were recorded from the lumbar subarachnoid space of thirteen unanaesthetized patients with a presumably normal blood--brain barrier. The spontaneous PD ranged from 1 mV to 5 mV, CSF positive to blood. Hyperventilation and CO2-inhalation changed the PD with a mean slope of deltaPD/deltapHa of --4.16 mV/pH. The CSF-blood PD in unanaesthetized man is similar in direction to that found in dogs, goats and rats, but its sensitivity to change in arterial pH may be less. | [
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PMID:26968 | A short duration renal acidification test. | As earlier investigations of renal acidification capacity were poorly standardized it was considered important to develop a clinically useful method. The ability of the kidneys to acidify urine was studied in 19 normal persons by short ammonium chloride loading. Ammonium chloride was given in a dose of 150 mmol/m2 body surface in one of four different ways: whole tablets, crushed tablets, capsules and in solution. The degree of acidosis developed in each subject was measured in arterialized capillary blood samples. Urine was analysed for pH, titratable acid, ammonium ions (TA and NH4+) and phosphate. The excretion of TA, NH4+ and phosphate increased with the degree of acidosis in blood whilst urine pH decreased. The critical level appeared to lie around a base excess of -6 mmol/l below which all subjects could acidify their urine to a pH below 5.0. For clinical applications a frame of reference with tolerance limits is given for acidification capacity related to the degree of acidosis expressed as base excess. | A short duration renal acidification test. As earlier investigations of renal acidification capacity were poorly standardized it was considered important to develop a clinically useful method. The ability of the kidneys to acidify urine was studied in 19 normal persons by short ammonium chloride loading. Ammonium chloride was given in a dose of 150 mmol/m2 body surface in one of four different ways: whole tablets, crushed tablets, capsules and in solution. The degree of acidosis developed in each subject was measured in arterialized capillary blood samples. Urine was analysed for pH, titratable acid, ammonium ions (TA and NH4+) and phosphate. The excretion of TA, NH4+ and phosphate increased with the degree of acidosis in blood whilst urine pH decreased. The critical level appeared to lie around a base excess of -6 mmol/l below which all subjects could acidify their urine to a pH below 5.0. For clinical applications a frame of reference with tolerance limits is given for acidification capacity related to the degree of acidosis expressed as base excess. | [
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PMID:26969 | Urine acidification capacity in renal stone formers. | A short ammonium chloride loading test was used in the investigation of renal acidification capacity of 51 patients with idiopathic recurrent renal stones containing calcium. Many of these patients had suffered from prolonged and severe stone disease. In 31% of the patients an impaired acidification with varying degrees of severity was found. Eight patients had defects suggesting distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA). One case with the complete and two cases with the incomplete form of RTA were found. A further five patients, who were all able to acidify their urine to an acid pH, had milder defects in the excretion of titratable acid and/or ammonium ions which may indicate an early stage of distal tubular acidosis. Six patients were suspected of having a proximal acidification defect, as they showed delayed responses to the ammonium chloride induced acidosis. | Urine acidification capacity in renal stone formers. A short ammonium chloride loading test was used in the investigation of renal acidification capacity of 51 patients with idiopathic recurrent renal stones containing calcium. Many of these patients had suffered from prolonged and severe stone disease. In 31% of the patients an impaired acidification with varying degrees of severity was found. Eight patients had defects suggesting distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA). One case with the complete and two cases with the incomplete form of RTA were found. A further five patients, who were all able to acidify their urine to an acid pH, had milder defects in the excretion of titratable acid and/or ammonium ions which may indicate an early stage of distal tubular acidosis. Six patients were suspected of having a proximal acidification defect, as they showed delayed responses to the ammonium chloride induced acidosis. | [
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PMID:26970 | Bicarbonate re-absorption in renal stone patients with acidification defects. | A pathological renal response to ammonium chloride loading was found to be common in renal stone formers. In order to elicit further information about the impaired acidification capacity eight patients were investigated by bicarbonate loading. One patient with a mild acidification defect had normal tubular re-absorption of bicarbonate. Five of these eight patients with suspected proximal acidification defect and two patients with impaired distal acidification were found to have a low bicarbonate threshold and an increased, fractionated, bicarbonate excretion at a normal plasma bicarbonate level. Four of the patients with suspected, proximal, acidification defect reached a maximal re-absorption of bicarbonate (Tm) that was low, while three patients did not reach a Tm. These three factors indicate increased bicarbonate wastage from the kidneys. A constantly alkaline urine, such as exists in patients with proximal acidification defect may give rise to an increased risk of the precipitation of renal stones - primarily calcium-phosphate stones. | Bicarbonate re-absorption in renal stone patients with acidification defects. A pathological renal response to ammonium chloride loading was found to be common in renal stone formers. In order to elicit further information about the impaired acidification capacity eight patients were investigated by bicarbonate loading. One patient with a mild acidification defect had normal tubular re-absorption of bicarbonate. Five of these eight patients with suspected proximal acidification defect and two patients with impaired distal acidification were found to have a low bicarbonate threshold and an increased, fractionated, bicarbonate excretion at a normal plasma bicarbonate level. Four of the patients with suspected, proximal, acidification defect reached a maximal re-absorption of bicarbonate (Tm) that was low, while three patients did not reach a Tm. These three factors indicate increased bicarbonate wastage from the kidneys. A constantly alkaline urine, such as exists in patients with proximal acidification defect may give rise to an increased risk of the precipitation of renal stones - primarily calcium-phosphate stones. | [
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PMID:26972 | Immunofluorescent detection of nuclear double-stranded RNA in situ in Vero and mosquito cells. | Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was detected in situ by indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies to dsRNA. It was seen in nuclei of Vero and Aedes albopictus cells, but not in BHK cells, KB cells, chick embryo fibroblasts, or HeLa cells. Reactive dsRNA was present in the nucleoplasm, but not in nucleoli or cytoplasm. Extracted RNA from the whole cell contained from 0.08 percent (BHK) to 0.46 percent (HeLa) dsRNA, as estimated by serological methods. This dsRNA, found in molecules having the size distribution of heterogeneous nuclear RNA, did not renature rapidly after denaturation. The quantity of dsRNA in total extracted RNA did not correlate with the presence or absence of nuclear staining in situ. | Immunofluorescent detection of nuclear double-stranded RNA in situ in Vero and mosquito cells. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was detected in situ by indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies to dsRNA. It was seen in nuclei of Vero and Aedes albopictus cells, but not in BHK cells, KB cells, chick embryo fibroblasts, or HeLa cells. Reactive dsRNA was present in the nucleoplasm, but not in nucleoli or cytoplasm. Extracted RNA from the whole cell contained from 0.08 percent (BHK) to 0.46 percent (HeLa) dsRNA, as estimated by serological methods. This dsRNA, found in molecules having the size distribution of heterogeneous nuclear RNA, did not renature rapidly after denaturation. The quantity of dsRNA in total extracted RNA did not correlate with the presence or absence of nuclear staining in situ. | [
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PMID:26973 | Sodium channel inactivation in squid axon is removed by high internal pH or tyrosine-specific reagents. | In squid axon, internal alkalinization from pH 7.1 to pH 10.2 results in a reversible decrease of the maximum inward current and the steady state sodium channel inactivation. Similar effects were observed after treatment of the axon with tetranitromethane or after iodination with lactoperoxidase. These results suggest that a tyrosine residue is an essential component of the inactivation process in this nerve. | Sodium channel inactivation in squid axon is removed by high internal pH or tyrosine-specific reagents. In squid axon, internal alkalinization from pH 7.1 to pH 10.2 results in a reversible decrease of the maximum inward current and the steady state sodium channel inactivation. Similar effects were observed after treatment of the axon with tetranitromethane or after iodination with lactoperoxidase. These results suggest that a tyrosine residue is an essential component of the inactivation process in this nerve. | [
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PMID:26974 | Histamine H1 receptor-mediated guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate formation by cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells. | Incubation of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells with histamine caused a rapid and marked increase in the formation of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) by these cells. Receptor agonists for H1, but not H2, caused this effect which was reduced by H1 but not by H2 or muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. These results indicate that activation of H1 receptors in these cultured nerve cells stimulated cyclic GMP formation. | Histamine H1 receptor-mediated guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate formation by cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells. Incubation of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells with histamine caused a rapid and marked increase in the formation of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) by these cells. Receptor agonists for H1, but not H2, caused this effect which was reduced by H1 but not by H2 or muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. These results indicate that activation of H1 receptors in these cultured nerve cells stimulated cyclic GMP formation. | [
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PMID:26975 | Long-term changes in dopaminergic innervation of caudate nucleus after continuous amphetamine administration. | Silicone pellets containing d-amphetamine base were implanted subcutaneously in rats. These pellets release amphetamine continuously for at least 10 days. Several days after implantation, swollen dopamine axons concomitant with large decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity were observed in the caudate nucleus. Decreased tyrosine hydroxylase activity was still present 110 days after pellet removal in the caudate but not in several other brain regions, nor in the caudate of rats injected with an equivalent amount of amphetamine in daily injections. This implies that continuous amphetamine administration has a selective neurotoxic effect on dopamine terminals in the caudate. | Long-term changes in dopaminergic innervation of caudate nucleus after continuous amphetamine administration. Silicone pellets containing d-amphetamine base were implanted subcutaneously in rats. These pellets release amphetamine continuously for at least 10 days. Several days after implantation, swollen dopamine axons concomitant with large decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity were observed in the caudate nucleus. Decreased tyrosine hydroxylase activity was still present 110 days after pellet removal in the caudate but not in several other brain regions, nor in the caudate of rats injected with an equivalent amount of amphetamine in daily injections. This implies that continuous amphetamine administration has a selective neurotoxic effect on dopamine terminals in the caudate. | [
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PMID:26976 | Kainic acid lesions of the striatum dissociate amphetamine and apomorphine stereotypy: similarities to Huntingdon's chorea. | Kainic acid lesion of cell bodies in the dorsal striatum enhanced the stereotypy-producing effects of d-amphetamine without affecting the sterotypy produced by the direct receptor agonist apomorphine. This pattern of results parallels that found in patients suffering from Hungtington's chorea, thus strengthening the parallels between the kainic acid animal model and the human disease state initially suggested on biochemical gounds. The present results further suggest a dissociation of the mechanisms involved in the production of stereotypy by these two drugs, perhaps in terms of differential involvement of the striato-nigral negative feedback loop. | Kainic acid lesions of the striatum dissociate amphetamine and apomorphine stereotypy: similarities to Huntingdon's chorea. Kainic acid lesion of cell bodies in the dorsal striatum enhanced the stereotypy-producing effects of d-amphetamine without affecting the sterotypy produced by the direct receptor agonist apomorphine. This pattern of results parallels that found in patients suffering from Hungtington's chorea, thus strengthening the parallels between the kainic acid animal model and the human disease state initially suggested on biochemical gounds. The present results further suggest a dissociation of the mechanisms involved in the production of stereotypy by these two drugs, perhaps in terms of differential involvement of the striato-nigral negative feedback loop. | [
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PMID:26978 | Posterior spinal fusion with Harrington instrumentation using "balanced" anesthesia. | In our experience nitrous oxide-oxygen-morphine-curare anesthesia has proved preferable because of the need for swifly awakening patients after instrumentation to ascertain neurologic status. Adjunctively, doxapram has been used to awaken patients in a predictably short time span. To prevent massive blood loss, hypotension has been attained by pentolinium, trimethaphan camsylate, and sodium nitroprusside. | Posterior spinal fusion with Harrington instrumentation using "balanced" anesthesia. In our experience nitrous oxide-oxygen-morphine-curare anesthesia has proved preferable because of the need for swifly awakening patients after instrumentation to ascertain neurologic status. Adjunctively, doxapram has been used to awaken patients in a predictably short time span. To prevent massive blood loss, hypotension has been attained by pentolinium, trimethaphan camsylate, and sodium nitroprusside. | [
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PMID:26980 | Filariasis in West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. | A survey was carried out among persons residing in 8 villages in the Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia to determine the prevalence of filariasis. Finger tip blood smears were obtained at night from over 3,000 people and microfilariae of Brugia malayi were found in 108 (3.5%) and Wuchereria bancrofti in 10 (0.3%). Most B. malayi (96 carriers) was found in Kakap, a village near the coast, 20 km from the provincial capital of Pontianak. Nine of 10 cases of W. bancrofti were located in Pahauman, a village 130 km northeast of the provincial capital. Periodicity studies indicate the strain of B. malayi to be subperiodic. In Kakap 18% of 226 persons examined had a clinical history of filariasis and elephantiasis was seen in 13%. This is the first report of rural bancroftian filariasis in the area. A few Mansonia species of mosquitoes were examined but none were infected with filarial larvae. | Filariasis in West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. A survey was carried out among persons residing in 8 villages in the Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia to determine the prevalence of filariasis. Finger tip blood smears were obtained at night from over 3,000 people and microfilariae of Brugia malayi were found in 108 (3.5%) and Wuchereria bancrofti in 10 (0.3%). Most B. malayi (96 carriers) was found in Kakap, a village near the coast, 20 km from the provincial capital of Pontianak. Nine of 10 cases of W. bancrofti were located in Pahauman, a village 130 km northeast of the provincial capital. Periodicity studies indicate the strain of B. malayi to be subperiodic. In Kakap 18% of 226 persons examined had a clinical history of filariasis and elephantiasis was seen in 13%. This is the first report of rural bancroftian filariasis in the area. A few Mansonia species of mosquitoes were examined but none were infected with filarial larvae. | [
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PMID:26982 | Cation and hydrogen ion effect on canine acid and gastrin output. | Differential stimulating effects on the parietal cell of dogs by calcium, magnesium and sodium were noted only at an alkaline pH. Acid inhibited the parietal cell, and antral perfusion did not cause gastrin stimulation at any pH level. The pH of the milieu of the parietal cell appears to be a more critical regulator of acid secretion than physiologic antral gastrin variation. | Cation and hydrogen ion effect on canine acid and gastrin output. Differential stimulating effects on the parietal cell of dogs by calcium, magnesium and sodium were noted only at an alkaline pH. Acid inhibited the parietal cell, and antral perfusion did not cause gastrin stimulation at any pH level. The pH of the milieu of the parietal cell appears to be a more critical regulator of acid secretion than physiologic antral gastrin variation. | [
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PMID:26983 | A new model for the study of septic shock. | Septic shock was produced in 28 healthy mongrel dogs by injecting 10(8) Escherichia coli organisms per kilogram into the gallbladder following division of the cystic artery and duct. Based upon the circulatory responses and the mortality, two distinct groups emerged. In one, the cardiac index decreased significantly, and the total peripheral resistance was elevated. In the other, the cardiac index increased significantly, and the total peripheral resistance was significantly lower. The average survival time in the former group was three days and, in the latter, five days. The physiopathology of this model is remarkably similar to that of human septic shock. Studies are planned to further describe this model to increase its utility in the study of septic shock. | A new model for the study of septic shock. Septic shock was produced in 28 healthy mongrel dogs by injecting 10(8) Escherichia coli organisms per kilogram into the gallbladder following division of the cystic artery and duct. Based upon the circulatory responses and the mortality, two distinct groups emerged. In one, the cardiac index decreased significantly, and the total peripheral resistance was elevated. In the other, the cardiac index increased significantly, and the total peripheral resistance was significantly lower. The average survival time in the former group was three days and, in the latter, five days. The physiopathology of this model is remarkably similar to that of human septic shock. Studies are planned to further describe this model to increase its utility in the study of septic shock. | [
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PMID:26989 | Pus, deoxyribonucleic acid, and sputum viscosity. | On 100 sputum specimens selected from patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content has been related to macroscopic type, to total dry weight yield, and to the apparent viscosity of the secretion at 1350 s-1: since DNA may be present, either as fibres or within cells, in one-third of the specimens the contribution of each form to the apparent viscosity was assessed. The effect on sputum viscosity of the addition of DNA in vitro has also been studied. Whereas between mucoid, mucopurulent, and purulent macroscopic types a significant difference in total DNA and dry weight yield has been found, viscosity was not significantly correlated with purulence. Similarly, the concentration of either cells or fibres correlated significantly with total DNA but not with viscosity. The in vitro addition of DNA to sputum caused a significant increase in its viscosity, and reasons for the differences between the iv vivo and in vitro effect are discussed. Certain constituents of purulent sputum tend to increase viscosity and others to reduce it, and the influence of these varies in the several diseases studied. | Pus, deoxyribonucleic acid, and sputum viscosity. On 100 sputum specimens selected from patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content has been related to macroscopic type, to total dry weight yield, and to the apparent viscosity of the secretion at 1350 s-1: since DNA may be present, either as fibres or within cells, in one-third of the specimens the contribution of each form to the apparent viscosity was assessed. The effect on sputum viscosity of the addition of DNA in vitro has also been studied. Whereas between mucoid, mucopurulent, and purulent macroscopic types a significant difference in total DNA and dry weight yield has been found, viscosity was not significantly correlated with purulence. Similarly, the concentration of either cells or fibres correlated significantly with total DNA but not with viscosity. The in vitro addition of DNA to sputum caused a significant increase in its viscosity, and reasons for the differences between the iv vivo and in vitro effect are discussed. Certain constituents of purulent sputum tend to increase viscosity and others to reduce it, and the influence of these varies in the several diseases studied. | [
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PMID:26992 | Androgen concentration and partial characterization of 5alpha reductase in the epididymis of the rhesus monkey. | The 5alpha reductase activity ofthe monkey epididymis was studied. The enzyme was found in particulate subcellular fractions, its distribution closely resembling that of the microsomal marker enzyme NADPH: cytochrome c reductase, suggesting an association of 5alpha reductase with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Maximal enzyme activity was found at pH 5.4 and at 32--37 C. The crude nuclear preparation had a Km: 0.315 x 10(-6)M and Vmax: 168 pmoles/mg protein/h. The microsomal enzyme had a Km: 0.243 x 10(-6)M and Vmax: 828 pmoles/mg protein/h. Neither enzyme preparation was affected by addition to the incubation media of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol. The endogenous androgen concentration in the epididymides of 2 different monkeys, in ng/g wet weight was: DHT 20.81 +/- 1.98; T: 9.0L +/- 2.83; diol: 3.03 +/- 0.41. | Androgen concentration and partial characterization of 5alpha reductase in the epididymis of the rhesus monkey. The 5alpha reductase activity ofthe monkey epididymis was studied. The enzyme was found in particulate subcellular fractions, its distribution closely resembling that of the microsomal marker enzyme NADPH: cytochrome c reductase, suggesting an association of 5alpha reductase with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Maximal enzyme activity was found at pH 5.4 and at 32--37 C. The crude nuclear preparation had a Km: 0.315 x 10(-6)M and Vmax: 168 pmoles/mg protein/h. The microsomal enzyme had a Km: 0.243 x 10(-6)M and Vmax: 828 pmoles/mg protein/h. Neither enzyme preparation was affected by addition to the incubation media of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol. The endogenous androgen concentration in the epididymides of 2 different monkeys, in ng/g wet weight was: DHT 20.81 +/- 1.98; T: 9.0L +/- 2.83; diol: 3.03 +/- 0.41. | [
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PMID:26993 | Study of complex marine sterol mixtures by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry. | Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry (MIKE) is shown to be an efficient and rapid method for the analysis of complex sterol mixtures. The method has been applied to the study of the free sterol fractions of five marine and one freshwater invertebrates. | Study of complex marine sterol mixtures by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry. Mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry (MIKE) is shown to be an efficient and rapid method for the analysis of complex sterol mixtures. The method has been applied to the study of the free sterol fractions of five marine and one freshwater invertebrates. | [
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PMID:26994 | Influence of experimental cryptorchidism on cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme and delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in rat testes. | Testicular cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CSCCE) and delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta5-3beta-HSD) activities were assessed 12 hours and 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days after surgical induction of bilateral cryptorchidism in adult rats. Within 12 hours after surgery CSCCE activity (expressed as dpm of isocaproic acid-14C formed from cholesterol-26-14C/3 hours/testis) was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in cryptorchid testes to approximately 55% of sham-operated control values and remained depressed at less than 50% of control activities 2, 4, 16, and 32 days after surgery. Cryptorchid testis delta5-3beta-HSD activity (measured by a pregnenolone substrate-depletion assay and expressed as mumoles of products/30 minutes/testis) did not differ from controls (P greater than 0.05) 1/2, 2, or 4 days after translocation of testes to the abdominal cavity. By day 8 of cryptorchidism, however, delta5-3beta-HSD activity was reduced to 60% of control values (P less than 0.05) and continued to decline to approximately 30% of controls during the remainder of the experimental period. These observed alterations in enzyme activities suggest an impairment in the ability of cryptorchid rat testes to synthesize androgens and further indicate that testicular CSCCE is more acutely sensitive to the cryptorchid milieu than delta5-3beta-HSD. | Influence of experimental cryptorchidism on cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme and delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in rat testes. Testicular cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CSCCE) and delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta5-3beta-HSD) activities were assessed 12 hours and 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days after surgical induction of bilateral cryptorchidism in adult rats. Within 12 hours after surgery CSCCE activity (expressed as dpm of isocaproic acid-14C formed from cholesterol-26-14C/3 hours/testis) was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) in cryptorchid testes to approximately 55% of sham-operated control values and remained depressed at less than 50% of control activities 2, 4, 16, and 32 days after surgery. Cryptorchid testis delta5-3beta-HSD activity (measured by a pregnenolone substrate-depletion assay and expressed as mumoles of products/30 minutes/testis) did not differ from controls (P greater than 0.05) 1/2, 2, or 4 days after translocation of testes to the abdominal cavity. By day 8 of cryptorchidism, however, delta5-3beta-HSD activity was reduced to 60% of control values (P less than 0.05) and continued to decline to approximately 30% of controls during the remainder of the experimental period. These observed alterations in enzyme activities suggest an impairment in the ability of cryptorchid rat testes to synthesize androgens and further indicate that testicular CSCCE is more acutely sensitive to the cryptorchid milieu than delta5-3beta-HSD. | [
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PMID:26995 | Lack of correlation between splenic and marrow hematopoiesis following irradiation or irradiation and transplantation in mice. | Differences were seen in the relative importance of spleen and marrow in early erythroid regeneration of lethally irradiated mice given spleen or marrow cell transplants compared with that in sublethally irradiated mice with surviving endogenous hematopoietic cells. Radioactive iron uptake was predominantly in the spleen of mice with transplants and in the marrow of endogenously recovering mice. Visable spleen colony counts increased from day 4 to day 7 and plateaued through day 10 in the transplant system, but shoed a small abortive rise with a 5-day peak, followed by a steady increase from days 6 to 10 in the endogenous system. Comparisons of peroxidase-positive cells (granulocytes) in the marrow of femurs and humeri and iron uptake in marrow and spleen suggested that repopulation of the marrow and spleen were independent, while that of different areas of the marrow was interrelated. The interrelationship of the rate of marrow regeneration was closer in the endogenous than in the transplant system. | Lack of correlation between splenic and marrow hematopoiesis following irradiation or irradiation and transplantation in mice. Differences were seen in the relative importance of spleen and marrow in early erythroid regeneration of lethally irradiated mice given spleen or marrow cell transplants compared with that in sublethally irradiated mice with surviving endogenous hematopoietic cells. Radioactive iron uptake was predominantly in the spleen of mice with transplants and in the marrow of endogenously recovering mice. Visable spleen colony counts increased from day 4 to day 7 and plateaued through day 10 in the transplant system, but shoed a small abortive rise with a 5-day peak, followed by a steady increase from days 6 to 10 in the endogenous system. Comparisons of peroxidase-positive cells (granulocytes) in the marrow of femurs and humeri and iron uptake in marrow and spleen suggested that repopulation of the marrow and spleen were independent, while that of different areas of the marrow was interrelated. The interrelationship of the rate of marrow regeneration was closer in the endogenous than in the transplant system. | [
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PMID:26998 | Human red cell content of cyclic nucleotides and cations upon beta-adrenergic blockade. | The content of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) and Mg2+, Zn2+,Na+ and K+ was determined in human erythrocytes and after beta-adrenergic blockade in healthy individuals. The figures for cAMP and cGMP were 4.20 and 3.36 nmoles/ l intracellular volume, respectively. Only slight effects on the cyclic nucleotide content as well as on cation content were seen upon beta-blockade in the erythrocytes. It is concluded that the single determination of red cell cAMP is not a sufficient indicator of beta-adrenergic blockade. The determination of cAMP in combination with cGMP, Zn2+ and Na+ might reflect a beta-adrenergic blockade. | Human red cell content of cyclic nucleotides and cations upon beta-adrenergic blockade. The content of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) and Mg2+, Zn2+,Na+ and K+ was determined in human erythrocytes and after beta-adrenergic blockade in healthy individuals. The figures for cAMP and cGMP were 4.20 and 3.36 nmoles/ l intracellular volume, respectively. Only slight effects on the cyclic nucleotide content as well as on cation content were seen upon beta-blockade in the erythrocytes. It is concluded that the single determination of red cell cAMP is not a sufficient indicator of beta-adrenergic blockade. The determination of cAMP in combination with cGMP, Zn2+ and Na+ might reflect a beta-adrenergic blockade. | [
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PMID:26999 | Denervation supersensitivity of the urethra to alpha-adrenergics in the chronic neurogenic bladder. | The response of the urethral pressure profile to the administration of various autonomic drugs was compared between a group of eight patients with chronic neurogenic bladder as evidenced by denervation supersensitivity to besacholineR and a group of 10 control subjects. A supersensitive response to the administration of an alpha-stimulant with a rise of maximum urethral pressure of 10 mmHg or more above the control urethral pressure was uniformly observed in the urethra of patients with chronically denervated bladders. Mechanisms of supersensitivity are postulated and the significance of alpha-adrenergic innervation of the urethra are stressed. These results appear to add pharmacological evidence of alpha-adrenergic predominance in the urethra which is now believed to be dually innervated. | Denervation supersensitivity of the urethra to alpha-adrenergics in the chronic neurogenic bladder. The response of the urethral pressure profile to the administration of various autonomic drugs was compared between a group of eight patients with chronic neurogenic bladder as evidenced by denervation supersensitivity to besacholineR and a group of 10 control subjects. A supersensitive response to the administration of an alpha-stimulant with a rise of maximum urethral pressure of 10 mmHg or more above the control urethral pressure was uniformly observed in the urethra of patients with chronically denervated bladders. Mechanisms of supersensitivity are postulated and the significance of alpha-adrenergic innervation of the urethra are stressed. These results appear to add pharmacological evidence of alpha-adrenergic predominance in the urethra which is now believed to be dually innervated. | [
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PMID:26996 | [Content of adenine nucleotides and creatinephosphate in brain, myocardium, liver and skeletal muscle under combined action of hypercapnia, hypoxia and cooling]. | Cooling of rats under conditions of hypercapina and hypoxia induced no changes in the content of adenine nucleotides in the brain and skeletal muscles and decreased their concentration in the liver and myocardium. The content of creatine phosphate increased in the brain, but had no changes in the other tissues. 48 hours after cooling the amount of adenine nucleotides in the brain was higher as compared with the initial values, that was due to an increase in the ATP concentration; in the other tissues the contents of adenine nucleotides did not differ from that of the intact rats. The repeated action (48 hours after the first influences) caused no changes in the contents of adenine nucleotides in skeletal muscles and decreased them in the myocardium and liver. In the brain their amount and the content of creatinephosphate were increased as related to the intact rats. In the brain and myocardium the level of NADPH decreased after the first action and 48 hours after impact it restored up to the inital values. After repeated impact the level of NADPH in the brain restored up to initial values, in the myocardium it was increased. | [Content of adenine nucleotides and creatinephosphate in brain, myocardium, liver and skeletal muscle under combined action of hypercapnia, hypoxia and cooling]. Cooling of rats under conditions of hypercapina and hypoxia induced no changes in the content of adenine nucleotides in the brain and skeletal muscles and decreased their concentration in the liver and myocardium. The content of creatine phosphate increased in the brain, but had no changes in the other tissues. 48 hours after cooling the amount of adenine nucleotides in the brain was higher as compared with the initial values, that was due to an increase in the ATP concentration; in the other tissues the contents of adenine nucleotides did not differ from that of the intact rats. The repeated action (48 hours after the first influences) caused no changes in the contents of adenine nucleotides in skeletal muscles and decreased them in the myocardium and liver. In the brain their amount and the content of creatinephosphate were increased as related to the intact rats. In the brain and myocardium the level of NADPH decreased after the first action and 48 hours after impact it restored up to the inital values. After repeated impact the level of NADPH in the brain restored up to initial values, in the myocardium it was increased. | [
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PMID:27000 | Uropharmacology: VII. Ganglionic stimulating and blocking agents. | A classification of the various ganglionic stimulants and blockers is presented, and their pharmacologic effects on the urinary bladder and urethra are discussed. Ganglionic stimulating drugs are of considerable interest in investigational work but are not presently used therapeutically. Ganglionic blockers include hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium, mecamylamine emepronium, pentolinium, chlorisondamine, and pemipidine. Of the numerous ganglionic blocking drugs that have appeared on the therapeutic scene, only mecamylamine, pentolinium, and trimethaphan are currently official. | Uropharmacology: VII. Ganglionic stimulating and blocking agents. A classification of the various ganglionic stimulants and blockers is presented, and their pharmacologic effects on the urinary bladder and urethra are discussed. Ganglionic stimulating drugs are of considerable interest in investigational work but are not presently used therapeutically. Ganglionic blockers include hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium, mecamylamine emepronium, pentolinium, chlorisondamine, and pemipidine. Of the numerous ganglionic blocking drugs that have appeared on the therapeutic scene, only mecamylamine, pentolinium, and trimethaphan are currently official. | [
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PMID:26997 | [Immobilized form of Streptomyces griseus proteases complex]. | The immobilized form of proteases complex of Str. griseus actinomycete is obtained by means of glutaric aldehyde with aminoethyl cellulose. Hydrolysis of synthetic substrates showed that the system of peptide hydrolases is bound, but the ratio of activities as compared to the initial proteolytic complex changes, pH-optimum of the total proteolytic activity, pH- and temperature optima of stability are not changed with immobilization. On the whole no essential stabilization of the complex was observed. After five repeated cycles of the immobilized form utilization of the activity loss accounts for 40-60%. | [Immobilized form of Streptomyces griseus proteases complex]. The immobilized form of proteases complex of Str. griseus actinomycete is obtained by means of glutaric aldehyde with aminoethyl cellulose. Hydrolysis of synthetic substrates showed that the system of peptide hydrolases is bound, but the ratio of activities as compared to the initial proteolytic complex changes, pH-optimum of the total proteolytic activity, pH- and temperature optima of stability are not changed with immobilization. On the whole no essential stabilization of the complex was observed. After five repeated cycles of the immobilized form utilization of the activity loss accounts for 40-60%. | [
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PMID:27001 | [Biochemical and hematological changes in the blood of horses after the "Velká Pardubická" steeple chase]. | Blood parameters were studied in two groups of horses in the "Velká Pardubická" steeple-chase in 1974, 1975 and 1976. After the race, the levels of lactate showed a manifold increase; an increase was also ascertained in the levels of glucose, sodium, potassium, haemoglobin, in the haematocrit value and in the number of erythrocytes. The following parameters significantly dropped: the levels of acid-base balance - pH, base excess, bicarbonate levels. It was proved that the values of the same parameters in horses during training were incomparably lower. It is advisable to examine horses thoroughly during training and to use the results of training for the evaluation of their condition before difficult races. | [Biochemical and hematological changes in the blood of horses after the "Velká Pardubická" steeple chase]. Blood parameters were studied in two groups of horses in the "Velká Pardubická" steeple-chase in 1974, 1975 and 1976. After the race, the levels of lactate showed a manifold increase; an increase was also ascertained in the levels of glucose, sodium, potassium, haemoglobin, in the haematocrit value and in the number of erythrocytes. The following parameters significantly dropped: the levels of acid-base balance - pH, base excess, bicarbonate levels. It was proved that the values of the same parameters in horses during training were incomparably lower. It is advisable to examine horses thoroughly during training and to use the results of training for the evaluation of their condition before difficult races. | [
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PMID:27011 | Automated antibody detection in a low ionic strength (glycine) medium. | Modifications were introduced into the low ionic strength system of Lalezari. Glycine was added in place of acidified glucose and the sensitisation and aggregation phases were segregated. In the automated glycine system a stable baseline is readily obtained as strong cell aggregation, with risk of cell adhesion to coil walls, is restricted to the last few turns of the aggregation phase. The automated glycine system is sensitive to a concentration of 0.0015 microgram/ml of anti-D diluted in saline and to 0.006 microgram/ml of anti-D in serum. Antibodies of a broad range of specificity are detectable. | Automated antibody detection in a low ionic strength (glycine) medium. Modifications were introduced into the low ionic strength system of Lalezari. Glycine was added in place of acidified glucose and the sensitisation and aggregation phases were segregated. In the automated glycine system a stable baseline is readily obtained as strong cell aggregation, with risk of cell adhesion to coil walls, is restricted to the last few turns of the aggregation phase. The automated glycine system is sensitive to a concentration of 0.0015 microgram/ml of anti-D diluted in saline and to 0.006 microgram/ml of anti-D in serum. Antibodies of a broad range of specificity are detectable. | [
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PMID:27006 | [Protein inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in the retina in hereditary degeneration]. | Thermostable protein fraction from retina of rats with hereditary retinal dystrophy (Hunter and Campbell strains) did not inhibit cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. At the same time an inhibitory component, found in retina of Wistar rat, rabbit, frog and lamprey, was similar to the component from bovine retina. Quantity of the inhibitory component in normal rat retina decreased considerably within postnatal period (12 days--3 months). Thermostable proteins, isolated from Campbell rat retina, differed from that of Hunters' one by electrophoretic properties while both preparations were dissimilar to the protein of normal rat. Protein bands, containing inhibitory component from dystrophic rat retina, appear to be less distinct as compared to those of normal rat. These proteins, eluated from the bands of Campbell rats, activated phosphodiesterase but the preparations from Hunter rats did not influence on it. | [Protein inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in the retina in hereditary degeneration]. Thermostable protein fraction from retina of rats with hereditary retinal dystrophy (Hunter and Campbell strains) did not inhibit cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. At the same time an inhibitory component, found in retina of Wistar rat, rabbit, frog and lamprey, was similar to the component from bovine retina. Quantity of the inhibitory component in normal rat retina decreased considerably within postnatal period (12 days--3 months). Thermostable proteins, isolated from Campbell rat retina, differed from that of Hunters' one by electrophoretic properties while both preparations were dissimilar to the protein of normal rat. Protein bands, containing inhibitory component from dystrophic rat retina, appear to be less distinct as compared to those of normal rat. These proteins, eluated from the bands of Campbell rats, activated phosphodiesterase but the preparations from Hunter rats did not influence on it. | [
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PMID:27010 | [Increase in tryptic digestibility of dietary proteins in the stomach]. | The trypsin assailability of food proteins (bread, dried milk and egg powder pastes) subjected for different periods of time to the action of the gastric juice directly in the stomach was studied by taking account of the specific topography of its content. It is shown that foodstuffs proteins can be increasingly assailable with trypsin as a result of the action exerted upon them in the stomach by the secretion of its glands. For different food proteins and at different time after feeding the animals as well as in different layers of the gastric contents this effect manifests itself dissimilarly. The trypsin assailability of food proteins increases in the layer near the mucosa and in the antral layers of the gastric contents. A higher trypsin assailability of food proteins is directly related to the level of the proteins hydrolysis in the stomach, to the acidity of the gastric contents and, especially, to its proteolytic activity. | [Increase in tryptic digestibility of dietary proteins in the stomach]. The trypsin assailability of food proteins (bread, dried milk and egg powder pastes) subjected for different periods of time to the action of the gastric juice directly in the stomach was studied by taking account of the specific topography of its content. It is shown that foodstuffs proteins can be increasingly assailable with trypsin as a result of the action exerted upon them in the stomach by the secretion of its glands. For different food proteins and at different time after feeding the animals as well as in different layers of the gastric contents this effect manifests itself dissimilarly. The trypsin assailability of food proteins increases in the layer near the mucosa and in the antral layers of the gastric contents. A higher trypsin assailability of food proteins is directly related to the level of the proteins hydrolysis in the stomach, to the acidity of the gastric contents and, especially, to its proteolytic activity. | [
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PMID:27009 | [Dynamics and mechanism of mineral metabolic disorders in excessive phosphorus content in the diet]. | Keeping rats on a ration with a 1:3 proportion of calcium and phosphorus for 2 weeks results in hyperprosphatemia, hypocalcemia and renal calcinosis with uremia. When putting these animals on a food ration with the calcium and phosphorus ratio of 1:1 the concentration of these elements in the blood quickly returns back to normal, while renal calcinosis continues for the whole period of observation (7 months). The growing animals are more sensitive to a phosphorus excess than are the adult ones. An excessive consumption of phosphorus leads to its increased excretion with the urine with concurrent diminution of the calcium excretion. The blood and urine pH then experiences no change, whereas the ability of the turned inside out segments of the small intestine to absorb calcium as against the concentration gradient (active transport) in vitro not only does not diminish, but initially even goes up. It is suggested that the excess phosphorus content in the food ration tends to directly derange absorption of calcium in the intestines, this resulting in the development of hypocalciemia, hyperparathyroidism and calcinosis of the viscera and tissues. | [Dynamics and mechanism of mineral metabolic disorders in excessive phosphorus content in the diet]. Keeping rats on a ration with a 1:3 proportion of calcium and phosphorus for 2 weeks results in hyperprosphatemia, hypocalcemia and renal calcinosis with uremia. When putting these animals on a food ration with the calcium and phosphorus ratio of 1:1 the concentration of these elements in the blood quickly returns back to normal, while renal calcinosis continues for the whole period of observation (7 months). The growing animals are more sensitive to a phosphorus excess than are the adult ones. An excessive consumption of phosphorus leads to its increased excretion with the urine with concurrent diminution of the calcium excretion. The blood and urine pH then experiences no change, whereas the ability of the turned inside out segments of the small intestine to absorb calcium as against the concentration gradient (active transport) in vitro not only does not diminish, but initially even goes up. It is suggested that the excess phosphorus content in the food ration tends to directly derange absorption of calcium in the intestines, this resulting in the development of hypocalciemia, hyperparathyroidism and calcinosis of the viscera and tissues. | [
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PMID:27019 | Metabolism of atenolol in man. | 1. The disposition and metabolism of 1-(4-carbamoyl[14C]methylphenoxy)-3-isopropylaminopan-2-ol (atenolol, Tenormin) has been studied in man following oral and intravenous doses. 2. Approx. 50% of an oral dose was eliminated in urine; the major radiolabelled component was atenolol (approx. 90%). Faecal extracts also contained largely unchanged atenolol, with small amounts of more polar metabolites. Biliary excretion of atenolol and its metabolites is not a major route of elimination in man. Metabolism of the compound is not extensive and route-dependent modes of metabolism do not appear to complicate the position. 3. Atenolol appeared to be the only major radiolabelled component in blood. 4. Oral doses of atenolol are incompletely absorbed (range 46-62%), even when formulated as a solution. 5. 1-[4-(C-Carbamoylhydroxymethyl)phenoxy]-3-isopropylaminopropan-2-ol was a minor urinary metabolite, which has only one tenth the activity of the parent compound as a beta-adrenergic blocking agent in the rat. 6. Pharmacological activity in man appears to be due to atenolol alone. | Metabolism of atenolol in man. 1. The disposition and metabolism of 1-(4-carbamoyl[14C]methylphenoxy)-3-isopropylaminopan-2-ol (atenolol, Tenormin) has been studied in man following oral and intravenous doses. 2. Approx. 50% of an oral dose was eliminated in urine; the major radiolabelled component was atenolol (approx. 90%). Faecal extracts also contained largely unchanged atenolol, with small amounts of more polar metabolites. Biliary excretion of atenolol and its metabolites is not a major route of elimination in man. Metabolism of the compound is not extensive and route-dependent modes of metabolism do not appear to complicate the position. 3. Atenolol appeared to be the only major radiolabelled component in blood. 4. Oral doses of atenolol are incompletely absorbed (range 46-62%), even when formulated as a solution. 5. 1-[4-(C-Carbamoylhydroxymethyl)phenoxy]-3-isopropylaminopropan-2-ol was a minor urinary metabolite, which has only one tenth the activity of the parent compound as a beta-adrenergic blocking agent in the rat. 6. Pharmacological activity in man appears to be due to atenolol alone. | [
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PMID:27022 | On the evolution of an oligocephalic enzyme. glutamine-chorismate-amidotransferase-free anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferases from mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium. | (1) A procedure has been described for the purification of two glutamine-chorismate-amidotransferase-free anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferases from mutant strains TAX6trpR782 and trpAB1653trpR782 of Salmonella typhimurium. (2) The native enzymes tend to aggregate forming polymers of molecular weights 333,000 in the case of TAXtrpR782 and 220,000 and larger than 1X10(6) in the case of trpAB1653trpR782. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate the polymer of trpAB1653trpR782 dissociates into a single component with molecular weight of 72,000. (3) In contrast to anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase of the wild type component II, the glutamine-chorismate-amidotransferase-free proteins do not complex with component I. They do however show catalytical similarities with the wild type with respect to anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase activity. | On the evolution of an oligocephalic enzyme. glutamine-chorismate-amidotransferase-free anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferases from mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium. (1) A procedure has been described for the purification of two glutamine-chorismate-amidotransferase-free anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferases from mutant strains TAX6trpR782 and trpAB1653trpR782 of Salmonella typhimurium. (2) The native enzymes tend to aggregate forming polymers of molecular weights 333,000 in the case of TAXtrpR782 and 220,000 and larger than 1X10(6) in the case of trpAB1653trpR782. In the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate the polymer of trpAB1653trpR782 dissociates into a single component with molecular weight of 72,000. (3) In contrast to anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase of the wild type component II, the glutamine-chorismate-amidotransferase-free proteins do not complex with component I. They do however show catalytical similarities with the wild type with respect to anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase activity. | [
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PMID:27028 | [Analytical data of flunitrazepam (rohypnol), a new benzodiazepine-derivative, in special consideration of its metabolites (author's transl)]. | The article describes analytical data (TLC, GLC, IR, UV and MS) of flunitrazepam, 7-amino-flunitrazepam, desmethylflunitrazepam, 3-hydroxyflunitrazepam, 7-amino-desmethyl-flunitrazepam and many other benzodiazepine-derivatives, especially aminobenzophenones. Also extraction from biological specimen is reported. | [Analytical data of flunitrazepam (rohypnol), a new benzodiazepine-derivative, in special consideration of its metabolites (author's transl)]. The article describes analytical data (TLC, GLC, IR, UV and MS) of flunitrazepam, 7-amino-flunitrazepam, desmethylflunitrazepam, 3-hydroxyflunitrazepam, 7-amino-desmethyl-flunitrazepam and many other benzodiazepine-derivatives, especially aminobenzophenones. Also extraction from biological specimen is reported. | [
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PMID:27046 | [On the distribution of myxobacteria in the temperate South America (author's transl)]. | 60 soil samples from Southern Chile, mainly from forests and grassland, yielded six species of myxobacteria. In forest soils Myxococcus coralloides and Myxococcus fulvus occur frequently, in grassland soils Myxococcus coralloides and Archangium gephyra are predominating. Myxococcus virescens, Melittangium lichenicola, and Cytobacter fuscus have been observed rarely. It is pointed out that due to climate factors a high soil acidity causes the low nuber of myxobacter species. A comparison with the number of species in substrates from important plant formations over various climates is given. | [On the distribution of myxobacteria in the temperate South America (author's transl)]. 60 soil samples from Southern Chile, mainly from forests and grassland, yielded six species of myxobacteria. In forest soils Myxococcus coralloides and Myxococcus fulvus occur frequently, in grassland soils Myxococcus coralloides and Archangium gephyra are predominating. Myxococcus virescens, Melittangium lichenicola, and Cytobacter fuscus have been observed rarely. It is pointed out that due to climate factors a high soil acidity causes the low nuber of myxobacter species. A comparison with the number of species in substrates from important plant formations over various climates is given. | [
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PMID:27047 | [Neuraminidase activity of nonpathogenic Neisseria]. | It was revealed earlier by the authors that N. meningitidis of the principal serological groups A, B, and C possessed neuraminidase activity. In the present work it was shown that this sign was genus-specific, and that this property was also possessed by the representatives of nonpathogenic neisseria habituating in the nasopharynx, However, the enzymatic activity in nonpathogenic neisseria was less pronounced than in meningococci, and required more prolonged contact of the enzymatic-substrate mixture for its detection. There was revealed a direct relationship between the neuraminidase activity and the growth phase of the microorganisms, whose maximum coincided with the exponential phase of bacterial growth, this apparently being associated with the extracellular character of its origin. | [Neuraminidase activity of nonpathogenic Neisseria]. It was revealed earlier by the authors that N. meningitidis of the principal serological groups A, B, and C possessed neuraminidase activity. In the present work it was shown that this sign was genus-specific, and that this property was also possessed by the representatives of nonpathogenic neisseria habituating in the nasopharynx, However, the enzymatic activity in nonpathogenic neisseria was less pronounced than in meningococci, and required more prolonged contact of the enzymatic-substrate mixture for its detection. There was revealed a direct relationship between the neuraminidase activity and the growth phase of the microorganisms, whose maximum coincided with the exponential phase of bacterial growth, this apparently being associated with the extracellular character of its origin. | [
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PMID:27048 | [Study of hemosensitization characteristics for the purpose of standardizing erythrocyte flagellin diagnostica]. | The work is devoted to the study of conditions required for the purpose of creation of standard and the most active preparations of erythrocytic H-diagnostic agents. The dependence of binding of the H-antigen by erythrocytes on the pH and the ionic power of the medium was investigated. It was demonstrated that in the process of erythrocyte sensitization with flagellin of great importance were electrostatic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic powers. | [Study of hemosensitization characteristics for the purpose of standardizing erythrocyte flagellin diagnostica]. The work is devoted to the study of conditions required for the purpose of creation of standard and the most active preparations of erythrocytic H-diagnostic agents. The dependence of binding of the H-antigen by erythrocytes on the pH and the ionic power of the medium was investigated. It was demonstrated that in the process of erythrocyte sensitization with flagellin of great importance were electrostatic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic powers. | [
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PMID:27049 | [Method of culturing typhoid microorganisms with automatic regulation of glucose feed]. | A system of oxygen-glucose inverse relationship is not acceptable for cultivation of typhoid bacilli with a high reproductive rate and glucose utilization. The elaborated method of automatic glucose supply during typhoid bacilli cultivation permits to lead the process under the optimal conditions by pH and the residual glucose concentration. | [Method of culturing typhoid microorganisms with automatic regulation of glucose feed]. A system of oxygen-glucose inverse relationship is not acceptable for cultivation of typhoid bacilli with a high reproductive rate and glucose utilization. The elaborated method of automatic glucose supply during typhoid bacilli cultivation permits to lead the process under the optimal conditions by pH and the residual glucose concentration. | [
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PMID:27050 | [Acid-base balance during dosed fasting of schizophrenic patients with residual manifestations of organic lesions of the central nervous system]. | The indices of acid-alkaline blood balance was studied in the dynamics of dosed hungering in 29 patients with sluggish schizophrenia and 16 patients with residual signs oforganic lesions of the CNS. There were differences in the pH index, standard and buffer bicarbonates alkaline deficiency which indicated to different degrees of acidosis in this group of patients. Significant differences in the acid-alkaline indices during hunger were seen in the different groups of patients depending upon the existence or absence of hypothalamic disorders (without consideration of their nosological affinity). The existence of hypothalamic disorders requires a more careful consideration when prescribing hunger therapy (the first session should not exceed 10-14 days). | [Acid-base balance during dosed fasting of schizophrenic patients with residual manifestations of organic lesions of the central nervous system]. The indices of acid-alkaline blood balance was studied in the dynamics of dosed hungering in 29 patients with sluggish schizophrenia and 16 patients with residual signs oforganic lesions of the CNS. There were differences in the pH index, standard and buffer bicarbonates alkaline deficiency which indicated to different degrees of acidosis in this group of patients. Significant differences in the acid-alkaline indices during hunger were seen in the different groups of patients depending upon the existence or absence of hypothalamic disorders (without consideration of their nosological affinity). The existence of hypothalamic disorders requires a more careful consideration when prescribing hunger therapy (the first session should not exceed 10-14 days). | [
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PMID:27051 | Polymorphism of the cobalt-activated acylase in human tissues. | A method was elaborated for obtaining polyacrylamide gel zymograms of the cobalt-activated acylase after electrophoresis. Two fractions of the acylase showing activity towards N-chloroacetyl-gamma-L-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide were found in human kidney, liver and intestine. The two fractions isolated from liver differ in substrate specificity, heat resistance, response to metal ions, inhibition by deaminated dipeptides, and in molecular weight. They differ also from other N-acylamino acid amidohydrolases: aminoacylase (EC 3.5.1.14) and aspartoacylase (EC 3.5.1.15). | Polymorphism of the cobalt-activated acylase in human tissues. A method was elaborated for obtaining polyacrylamide gel zymograms of the cobalt-activated acylase after electrophoresis. Two fractions of the acylase showing activity towards N-chloroacetyl-gamma-L-glutamyl-beta-naphthylamide were found in human kidney, liver and intestine. The two fractions isolated from liver differ in substrate specificity, heat resistance, response to metal ions, inhibition by deaminated dipeptides, and in molecular weight. They differ also from other N-acylamino acid amidohydrolases: aminoacylase (EC 3.5.1.14) and aspartoacylase (EC 3.5.1.15). | [
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PMID:27052 | [Measurements and calculations on aglycon liberation from highly masked CMT selectines with beta-glucuronidase at pH 6. Realization of the principle of transport form-activity in anti-cancer drugs: theory of selectivity]. | The authors describe methods and results on the aglycon liberation from several glucuronides using beta-flucuronidase in vitro. The glucuronides examined are prototypes of new potent anticancer drugs (so-called CMT selectines). Basing on the knowledge of the values and parameters involved theoretical considerations result in evaluation of the anticipated selective action of CMT selectines in artificially hyperacidified cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. The equations derived from certain mathematical simplifications are presented. The calculated high selectivity S approximately 20 can only be realized in vivo if the "masking index" s as to toxic action and renal clearance of a chosen CMT selectine is greater than 20. In fact, the hitherto known CMT selectines exhibit sufficiently high masking indices that the realization of a true transportation form/active form principle using different cancerotoxic agents as aglycones can be assumed. | [Measurements and calculations on aglycon liberation from highly masked CMT selectines with beta-glucuronidase at pH 6. Realization of the principle of transport form-activity in anti-cancer drugs: theory of selectivity]. The authors describe methods and results on the aglycon liberation from several glucuronides using beta-flucuronidase in vitro. The glucuronides examined are prototypes of new potent anticancer drugs (so-called CMT selectines). Basing on the knowledge of the values and parameters involved theoretical considerations result in evaluation of the anticipated selective action of CMT selectines in artificially hyperacidified cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. The equations derived from certain mathematical simplifications are presented. The calculated high selectivity S approximately 20 can only be realized in vivo if the "masking index" s as to toxic action and renal clearance of a chosen CMT selectine is greater than 20. In fact, the hitherto known CMT selectines exhibit sufficiently high masking indices that the realization of a true transportation form/active form principle using different cancerotoxic agents as aglycones can be assumed. | [
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PMID:27053 | [Effect of rapid changes of the oxygenation state and other external parameters on the long-term behavior of the energy metabolism in the erythrocyte]. | The red blood cell when transported through the circulatory system is exposed to a steady (approximately periodical) change of environmental conditions causing a permanent fluctuation of its important metabolic parameters. In a simple theoretical model it is demonstrated that a rapid oscillation of such parameters may stabilize a metabolic state which will collapse when this oscillation breaks off. The hypothesis is advanced that parameter oscillations caused by the physiological function of the red blood cell may be of importance for the maintenance of its energy metabolism and that the break-off of these oscillations may be a potential cause for the metabolic collapse, e.g. in stored blood. | [Effect of rapid changes of the oxygenation state and other external parameters on the long-term behavior of the energy metabolism in the erythrocyte]. The red blood cell when transported through the circulatory system is exposed to a steady (approximately periodical) change of environmental conditions causing a permanent fluctuation of its important metabolic parameters. In a simple theoretical model it is demonstrated that a rapid oscillation of such parameters may stabilize a metabolic state which will collapse when this oscillation breaks off. The hypothesis is advanced that parameter oscillations caused by the physiological function of the red blood cell may be of importance for the maintenance of its energy metabolism and that the break-off of these oscillations may be a potential cause for the metabolic collapse, e.g. in stored blood. | [
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PMID:27056 | Reversibility of the blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by acute hypertension. | An acute hypertensive episode of short duration (less than 3 min) induced by i.v. injection of angiotensin in rats resulted in a blood-brain barrier dysfunction that was rapidly reversible. Thus, no macroscopic extravasation was seen when Evans blue was given 10 or 20 min after angiotensin. A faint fluorescence (Evans blue-albumin) was seen in the walls of some intracerebral arterioles in a few rats given the tracer 10 min after angiotensin. | Reversibility of the blood-brain barrier dysfunction induced by acute hypertension. An acute hypertensive episode of short duration (less than 3 min) induced by i.v. injection of angiotensin in rats resulted in a blood-brain barrier dysfunction that was rapidly reversible. Thus, no macroscopic extravasation was seen when Evans blue was given 10 or 20 min after angiotensin. A faint fluorescence (Evans blue-albumin) was seen in the walls of some intracerebral arterioles in a few rats given the tracer 10 min after angiotensin. | [
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PMID:27055 | [Adult metachromatic leucodystrophy (author's transl)]. | A new adult case of metachromatic leucodystrophy (MLD) is reported. The earliest clinical signs are psychiatric in contra-distinction with the prevalent neurological signs observed in infantile or juvenile MLD. Although the occurrence of psychiatric features in adolescents or adults does not at first suggest MLD, it is easy to ascertain the diagnosis by combining the enzymatic assay of arylsulfatase A on leucocytes or cultured fibroblasts with the morphological study of nerve bundles. Such a discovery has of course a major importance in genetic counselling. | [Adult metachromatic leucodystrophy (author's transl)]. A new adult case of metachromatic leucodystrophy (MLD) is reported. The earliest clinical signs are psychiatric in contra-distinction with the prevalent neurological signs observed in infantile or juvenile MLD. Although the occurrence of psychiatric features in adolescents or adults does not at first suggest MLD, it is easy to ascertain the diagnosis by combining the enzymatic assay of arylsulfatase A on leucocytes or cultured fibroblasts with the morphological study of nerve bundles. Such a discovery has of course a major importance in genetic counselling. | [
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PMID:27060 | Measurement of cerebral blood flow in the fetal lamb with a note on the flow-distribution. | The cerebral blood flow was measured in the acutely exteriorized fetal lamb by 133Xenon washout and microsphere distribution techniques. The measurements were performed at different blood gas levels. Regional cerebral blood flow was calculated from the microsphere distribution for five different parts of the brain. This gave estimates for blood flow in both the grey and white matter of the hemispheres, which were in close agreement with the cerebral blood flow estimated by the 133Xe washout technique. The microsphere distribution shows that the fetal cerebral hemisphere has a low blood flow compared to the basel parts of the brain and that this difference is increased during hypoxia and hypercarbia. | Measurement of cerebral blood flow in the fetal lamb with a note on the flow-distribution. The cerebral blood flow was measured in the acutely exteriorized fetal lamb by 133Xenon washout and microsphere distribution techniques. The measurements were performed at different blood gas levels. Regional cerebral blood flow was calculated from the microsphere distribution for five different parts of the brain. This gave estimates for blood flow in both the grey and white matter of the hemispheres, which were in close agreement with the cerebral blood flow estimated by the 133Xe washout technique. The microsphere distribution shows that the fetal cerebral hemisphere has a low blood flow compared to the basel parts of the brain and that this difference is increased during hypoxia and hypercarbia. | [
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PMID:27057 | Identification of beta-adrenoceptors and histamine receptors in the cat nasal vasculature. | The responses of the nasal capacitance vessels of the cat were recorded following intra-arterial injections of beta-adrenoceptor agonists and histamine H1-and H2-receptor agonists. Isoprenaline evoked vasodilation and propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) caused a parallel shift to the right of the isoprenaline log dose-response curve. Histamine, 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine (H1-agonist) and 4-methylhistamine (predominantly H2-agonist) all evoked vasodilation. Metiamide (H2-antagonist) produced a further small parallel shift to the right of the histamine log dose-response curve after the administration of mepyramine (H1-antagonist). It is concluded that the nasal capacitance vessels of the cat contain beta 2-adrenoceptors and H1-and H2-histamine receptors. | Identification of beta-adrenoceptors and histamine receptors in the cat nasal vasculature. The responses of the nasal capacitance vessels of the cat were recorded following intra-arterial injections of beta-adrenoceptor agonists and histamine H1-and H2-receptor agonists. Isoprenaline evoked vasodilation and propranolol (beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) caused a parallel shift to the right of the isoprenaline log dose-response curve. Histamine, 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine (H1-agonist) and 4-methylhistamine (predominantly H2-agonist) all evoked vasodilation. Metiamide (H2-antagonist) produced a further small parallel shift to the right of the histamine log dose-response curve after the administration of mepyramine (H1-antagonist). It is concluded that the nasal capacitance vessels of the cat contain beta 2-adrenoceptors and H1-and H2-histamine receptors. | [
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PMID:27061 | Alprenolol fails to antagonize the metabolic changes following repeated thyroxine injections in the rat. | Repeated injections of rat with 1-thyroxine (50 microgram/kg daily for 5 five-day weeks) retarded the weight gain of the animals and increased the absolute and relative size of the heart, adrenals and interscapular brown adipose tissue. In the myocardium and thigh muscle, thyroxine treatment resulted in elevated activity of oxidative enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, while the activities of glycolytic enzymes remained unchanged. Glycogen content of the heart was decreased following thyroxine regime. In the brown fat, on the other hand, thyroxine injections resulted in a reduction of the activity of oxidative enzymes. This reduction can be accounted for by the decreased protein (enzyme) content of the tissue due to deposition of fat. Furthermore, thyroxine treatment delayed the body cooling of the rats swimming in water at 25 degrees C and enhanced hyperthermic response to injected noradrenaline. All these changes, which were not observable in rats treated with daily alprenolol (20 mg/kg) injections, were as pronounced in rats injected with alprenolol together with thyroxine as in rats injected with thyroxine only. It is concluded that beta blockers do not antagonize the metabolic changes due to hyperthyroidism. | Alprenolol fails to antagonize the metabolic changes following repeated thyroxine injections in the rat. Repeated injections of rat with 1-thyroxine (50 microgram/kg daily for 5 five-day weeks) retarded the weight gain of the animals and increased the absolute and relative size of the heart, adrenals and interscapular brown adipose tissue. In the myocardium and thigh muscle, thyroxine treatment resulted in elevated activity of oxidative enzymes, succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, while the activities of glycolytic enzymes remained unchanged. Glycogen content of the heart was decreased following thyroxine regime. In the brown fat, on the other hand, thyroxine injections resulted in a reduction of the activity of oxidative enzymes. This reduction can be accounted for by the decreased protein (enzyme) content of the tissue due to deposition of fat. Furthermore, thyroxine treatment delayed the body cooling of the rats swimming in water at 25 degrees C and enhanced hyperthermic response to injected noradrenaline. All these changes, which were not observable in rats treated with daily alprenolol (20 mg/kg) injections, were as pronounced in rats injected with alprenolol together with thyroxine as in rats injected with thyroxine only. It is concluded that beta blockers do not antagonize the metabolic changes due to hyperthyroidism. | [
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PMID:27064 | Acute and long-term salt depletion and beta-blockade: plasma renin activity response and its relation to blood pressure reduction in long-term treatment. | The changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) during short-term salt depletion (and peroral furosemide on the first day) and after bolus injection of propranolol were compared to the change during long-term treatment with diuretic and with propranolol in 19 patients with benign primary hypertension. A highly significant correlation was found between PRA on short-term and long-term salt depletion (r=0.02). A highly significant correlation was likewise found between initial PRA and decrement of PRA after bolus injection of or long-term treatment with propranolol. Only a weak inverse correlation was found between PRA reached during short-term salt depletion or long-term diuretic treatment and the fall in diastolic BP during long-term treatment (r=0.60). No significant correlation was found between decrease in PRA on propranolol (bolus/long-term) and diastolic BP reduction. It is concluded that the short-term PRA response to salt depletion and propranolol in the individual patient gives a good prediction of the PRA level on long-term diuretic or propranolol treatment, but is of no value in predicting the BP reduction during treatment. | Acute and long-term salt depletion and beta-blockade: plasma renin activity response and its relation to blood pressure reduction in long-term treatment. The changes in plasma renin activity (PRA) during short-term salt depletion (and peroral furosemide on the first day) and after bolus injection of propranolol were compared to the change during long-term treatment with diuretic and with propranolol in 19 patients with benign primary hypertension. A highly significant correlation was found between PRA on short-term and long-term salt depletion (r=0.02). A highly significant correlation was likewise found between initial PRA and decrement of PRA after bolus injection of or long-term treatment with propranolol. Only a weak inverse correlation was found between PRA reached during short-term salt depletion or long-term diuretic treatment and the fall in diastolic BP during long-term treatment (r=0.60). No significant correlation was found between decrease in PRA on propranolol (bolus/long-term) and diastolic BP reduction. It is concluded that the short-term PRA response to salt depletion and propranolol in the individual patient gives a good prediction of the PRA level on long-term diuretic or propranolol treatment, but is of no value in predicting the BP reduction during treatment. | [
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PMID:27069 | Stereochemical studies of hydrogen incorporation from nucleotides with fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. | The biosynthesis of fatty acids from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA was investigated with an enzyme preparation which was purified 100-fold from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. Fatty acids synthesized in the presence of D2O and stereospecifically deuterated NADPH and NADH were isolated and analyzed by mass chromatography to examine the localization of deuterium in the molecule. The following results were obtained: 1) HB hydrogen of NADPH was used for beta-ketoacyl reductase. 2) HB hydrogen of NADH was used for enoyl reductase. 3) Hydrogen atoms from water were found on the even-numbered methylene carbon atoms (2-hydrogen atoms per carbon atom) and some were also found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon. 4) Hydrogen atoms from NADPH were found on odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms (1-hydrogen per carbon). 5) Hydrogen atoms from NADH were also found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms, but the number of incorporated hydrogen atoms was less than expected. The exchange of HB hydrogen of NADH with water catalyzed by enoyl reductase was suspected. 6) The exchange of methylene hydrogen atoms of malonyl-CoA with proton of water was suggested by 13C NMR analysis. | Stereochemical studies of hydrogen incorporation from nucleotides with fatty acid synthetase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. The biosynthesis of fatty acids from malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA was investigated with an enzyme preparation which was purified 100-fold from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes. Fatty acids synthesized in the presence of D2O and stereospecifically deuterated NADPH and NADH were isolated and analyzed by mass chromatography to examine the localization of deuterium in the molecule. The following results were obtained: 1) HB hydrogen of NADPH was used for beta-ketoacyl reductase. 2) HB hydrogen of NADH was used for enoyl reductase. 3) Hydrogen atoms from water were found on the even-numbered methylene carbon atoms (2-hydrogen atoms per carbon atom) and some were also found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon. 4) Hydrogen atoms from NADPH were found on odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms (1-hydrogen per carbon). 5) Hydrogen atoms from NADH were also found on the odd-numbered methylene carbon atoms, but the number of incorporated hydrogen atoms was less than expected. The exchange of HB hydrogen of NADH with water catalyzed by enoyl reductase was suspected. 6) The exchange of methylene hydrogen atoms of malonyl-CoA with proton of water was suggested by 13C NMR analysis. | [
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PMID:27072 | Studies on the function of the activator of sulphatase A. | The activator of sulphatase A is necessary for the enzymic degradation of sulphatides to cerebrosides at ionic concentrations in the physiological range (1). Activation is probably due to the reversible formation of a one-to-one complex between activator and sulphatides (1,2). Formation of this complex is partly inhibited by cerebrosides due to competitive binding (2), as well as by phospholipids (e.g. lecithin or phosphatidylserine). Inhibition of the complex formation between activator and sulphatides by cerebrosides and phosphatidyl-serine depends on the concentration of the lipids and is of the same order of magnitude as the inhibition (by these lipids) of the enzymic degradation of sulphatides in the presence of activator (1). Moreover the degradation rate of sulphatides increases with the concentration of activator-sulphatide complex in the reaction mixture (1) indicating that the activator-sulphatide complex is the substrate for the enzyme in the degradation of sulphatides by sulphatase A. | Studies on the function of the activator of sulphatase A. The activator of sulphatase A is necessary for the enzymic degradation of sulphatides to cerebrosides at ionic concentrations in the physiological range (1). Activation is probably due to the reversible formation of a one-to-one complex between activator and sulphatides (1,2). Formation of this complex is partly inhibited by cerebrosides due to competitive binding (2), as well as by phospholipids (e.g. lecithin or phosphatidylserine). Inhibition of the complex formation between activator and sulphatides by cerebrosides and phosphatidyl-serine depends on the concentration of the lipids and is of the same order of magnitude as the inhibition (by these lipids) of the enzymic degradation of sulphatides in the presence of activator (1). Moreover the degradation rate of sulphatides increases with the concentration of activator-sulphatide complex in the reaction mixture (1) indicating that the activator-sulphatide complex is the substrate for the enzyme in the degradation of sulphatides by sulphatase A. | [
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PMID:27085 | Renal consequences of narcotic abuse. | Heroin addiction is associated with several severe and occasionally fatal renal complications. Acute renal failure consequent to rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria, when treated supportively, carries a good prognosis. Staphylococcal or other bacterial septicemia may in itself prove fatal and is associated with a proliferative immune complex, acute glomerulonephritis, which generally follows the course and prognosis of septicemia. The necrotizing angiitis reported in heroin addicts still is largely undefined. Focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis is the most common pathologic finding in the syndrome of heroin-associated nephropathy (HAN). Typically, HAN presents with massive proteinuria and progresses rapidly to renal failure. Presumptive evidence supports the premise that heroin or its vehicles elicits immunologically mediated renal damage. The antigen still is unidentified. Removing the antigenic challenge by stopping heroin injection apparently interdicts the progression of renal disease. Renal transplantation can be effectively accomplished in patients with HAN without early recurrence if patients discontinue the use of heroin. | Renal consequences of narcotic abuse. Heroin addiction is associated with several severe and occasionally fatal renal complications. Acute renal failure consequent to rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria, when treated supportively, carries a good prognosis. Staphylococcal or other bacterial septicemia may in itself prove fatal and is associated with a proliferative immune complex, acute glomerulonephritis, which generally follows the course and prognosis of septicemia. The necrotizing angiitis reported in heroin addicts still is largely undefined. Focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis is the most common pathologic finding in the syndrome of heroin-associated nephropathy (HAN). Typically, HAN presents with massive proteinuria and progresses rapidly to renal failure. Presumptive evidence supports the premise that heroin or its vehicles elicits immunologically mediated renal damage. The antigen still is unidentified. Removing the antigenic challenge by stopping heroin injection apparently interdicts the progression of renal disease. Renal transplantation can be effectively accomplished in patients with HAN without early recurrence if patients discontinue the use of heroin. | [
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PMID:27086 | The effect of cyclophosphamide and methotrexate on the 'field effect' or unresponsiveness observed in the rat and mouse GvHR. | The Field effect is the decreased biological response to a second challenge in the graft versus host reaction (GvHR). Treatment of recipeint rats or mice during the initial GvHR by methotrexate or cyclophosphamide effected the secondary unresponsivienss. Methotrexate and cyclophosphamide demonstrated different temporal responses indicating different mechanisms of their immunosuppresdive activities. | The effect of cyclophosphamide and methotrexate on the 'field effect' or unresponsiveness observed in the rat and mouse GvHR. The Field effect is the decreased biological response to a second challenge in the graft versus host reaction (GvHR). Treatment of recipeint rats or mice during the initial GvHR by methotrexate or cyclophosphamide effected the secondary unresponsivienss. Methotrexate and cyclophosphamide demonstrated different temporal responses indicating different mechanisms of their immunosuppresdive activities. | [
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PMID:27087 | Conditions for the formation of cyclic compounds between pyridoxal phosphate and 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-hydroxytryptophan. | 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) form cyclic compounds (probably of the tetrahydro-beta-carboline type) with pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). In the first step of reaction a Schiff's base is formed; during incubation it is transformed into a cyclic compound with a maximum absorption spectrum at 330 nm. The degree of cyclization depends on pH and substrate concentrations. One mole of 5HT or 5HTP reacts with one mole of coenzyme. The velocity of cyclization increased with an excess of either 5HT (5HTP) or PLP, without any change in the mole to mole ratio. The formation of cyclic compounds was confirmed by the use of isotopes, separation from substrates being achieved by high-voltage electrophoresis. | Conditions for the formation of cyclic compounds between pyridoxal phosphate and 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-hydroxytryptophan. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5HT) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) form cyclic compounds (probably of the tetrahydro-beta-carboline type) with pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). In the first step of reaction a Schiff's base is formed; during incubation it is transformed into a cyclic compound with a maximum absorption spectrum at 330 nm. The degree of cyclization depends on pH and substrate concentrations. One mole of 5HT or 5HTP reacts with one mole of coenzyme. The velocity of cyclization increased with an excess of either 5HT (5HTP) or PLP, without any change in the mole to mole ratio. The formation of cyclic compounds was confirmed by the use of isotopes, separation from substrates being achieved by high-voltage electrophoresis. | [
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PMID:27090 | Effect of prior antibiotic therapy on concentrations of bacteria in CSF. | A prospective study was done to determine the effect of prior antibiotic therapy on concentrations of bacteria in CSF at the time of diagnosis. Concentrations of Haemophilus influenzae type b in CSF of partially treated patients were significantly smaller than in CSF of untreated patients. This was also true of patients with meningococcal meningitis, but no difference was observed between patients with pneumococcal meningitis. The identification of H influenzae by Gram stain of CSF was significantly decreased by prior antibiotic therapy. Measurable levels of antibiotic (penicillins, aminoglycosides) were present in CSF of ten of 23 patients. Two partially treated patients were diagnosed by detection of meningococcal antigen in CSF by counterimmunoelectrophoresis although cultures of CSF were sterile. Both of these patients had measurable levels of penicillin in CSF. These data indicate that prior antibiotic therapy significantly decreases the concentration of H influenzae type b and meningococcus in CSF and therefore decreases the usefulness of CSF Gram stain. Partial therapy may sterilize the CSF of some patients. | Effect of prior antibiotic therapy on concentrations of bacteria in CSF. A prospective study was done to determine the effect of prior antibiotic therapy on concentrations of bacteria in CSF at the time of diagnosis. Concentrations of Haemophilus influenzae type b in CSF of partially treated patients were significantly smaller than in CSF of untreated patients. This was also true of patients with meningococcal meningitis, but no difference was observed between patients with pneumococcal meningitis. The identification of H influenzae by Gram stain of CSF was significantly decreased by prior antibiotic therapy. Measurable levels of antibiotic (penicillins, aminoglycosides) were present in CSF of ten of 23 patients. Two partially treated patients were diagnosed by detection of meningococcal antigen in CSF by counterimmunoelectrophoresis although cultures of CSF were sterile. Both of these patients had measurable levels of penicillin in CSF. These data indicate that prior antibiotic therapy significantly decreases the concentration of H influenzae type b and meningococcus in CSF and therefore decreases the usefulness of CSF Gram stain. Partial therapy may sterilize the CSF of some patients. | [
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PMID:27091 | Effect of bile acids and pH on the release of enteropeptidase in man. | Bile acids increase the release of human enteropeptidase as well as other brush-border enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase) from duodenal mucosa, as had been shown earlier in experimental animals. The action of bile acids is independent of their known enhancing effect on enteropeptidase activity. The pH of duodenal juice is an important, hitherto unrecognized, factor in the release mechanism of brush-border enzymes. All of the above enzymes tested were released to a markedly greater extent at pH 8.2 than 6.3, regardless of the presence or absence of bile acid. Contrary to some results obtained with animal tissue, by other investigators, our experiments with human duodenal mucosa indicate that enteropeptidase, under all conditions tested, is released at a rate considerably greater than that for alkaline phosphatase or leucine aminopeptidase. The looser association of enteropeptidase with cellular components relative to that of other brush-border enzymes, as indicated by our observations, may be related to the unique function of enteropeptidase as the trigger enzyme of protein digestion. | Effect of bile acids and pH on the release of enteropeptidase in man. Bile acids increase the release of human enteropeptidase as well as other brush-border enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase) from duodenal mucosa, as had been shown earlier in experimental animals. The action of bile acids is independent of their known enhancing effect on enteropeptidase activity. The pH of duodenal juice is an important, hitherto unrecognized, factor in the release mechanism of brush-border enzymes. All of the above enzymes tested were released to a markedly greater extent at pH 8.2 than 6.3, regardless of the presence or absence of bile acid. Contrary to some results obtained with animal tissue, by other investigators, our experiments with human duodenal mucosa indicate that enteropeptidase, under all conditions tested, is released at a rate considerably greater than that for alkaline phosphatase or leucine aminopeptidase. The looser association of enteropeptidase with cellular components relative to that of other brush-border enzymes, as indicated by our observations, may be related to the unique function of enteropeptidase as the trigger enzyme of protein digestion. | [
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PMID:27092 | The pediatric corner: the varied manifestations of Crohn's disease in children and adolescents. | Thirty children less than 15 years of age with Crohn's disease are reported. The mean age of onset was nine years and five months. Delay in diagnosis may stem from the varying modes of presentation. The mean delay in diagnosis was two years. Chronic diarrhea and/or recurrent abdominal pain associated with extraintestinal manifestations, particularly abnormalities of growth and development suggests the possibility of Crohn's disease in the pediatric age group. Involvement of the terminal ileum occurred in 29 of the 30 patients. In addition, colonic disease occurred in 13 and jejunal involvement in one. Four patients presented with an acute onset of their disease. A favorable response to either medical or surgical therapy occurred in all four. Twenty-six patients had an insidious onset and tended to have a chronic course despite either medical and/or surgical therapy. Thirteen patients had an intestinal resection, with recurrence occurring in three from 1-4 years postoperatively. To date there has been one death. | The pediatric corner: the varied manifestations of Crohn's disease in children and adolescents. Thirty children less than 15 years of age with Crohn's disease are reported. The mean age of onset was nine years and five months. Delay in diagnosis may stem from the varying modes of presentation. The mean delay in diagnosis was two years. Chronic diarrhea and/or recurrent abdominal pain associated with extraintestinal manifestations, particularly abnormalities of growth and development suggests the possibility of Crohn's disease in the pediatric age group. Involvement of the terminal ileum occurred in 29 of the 30 patients. In addition, colonic disease occurred in 13 and jejunal involvement in one. Four patients presented with an acute onset of their disease. A favorable response to either medical or surgical therapy occurred in all four. Twenty-six patients had an insidious onset and tended to have a chronic course despite either medical and/or surgical therapy. Thirteen patients had an intestinal resection, with recurrence occurring in three from 1-4 years postoperatively. To date there has been one death. | [
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PMID:27093 | Effect of a new antacid on basal and meal-stimulated gastric secretion. | Our study of the comparative neutralizing effectiveness of four antacids on the acidity and pH of the basal gastric secretion in 32 patients showed that using the conventional doses of two tablets of Rolaids, two tablets of Di-Gel, 15 ml. of Maalox liquid or two tablets of Conquel, they are equal in their acid neutralizing capacity. The duration of action for 45-60 minutes. Conquel, in a dose of two tablets, was a potent buffer for the peptone-meal stimulated secretion. The duration of action lasted for longer than two hours. | Effect of a new antacid on basal and meal-stimulated gastric secretion. Our study of the comparative neutralizing effectiveness of four antacids on the acidity and pH of the basal gastric secretion in 32 patients showed that using the conventional doses of two tablets of Rolaids, two tablets of Di-Gel, 15 ml. of Maalox liquid or two tablets of Conquel, they are equal in their acid neutralizing capacity. The duration of action for 45-60 minutes. Conquel, in a dose of two tablets, was a potent buffer for the peptone-meal stimulated secretion. The duration of action lasted for longer than two hours. | [
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