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5473 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/13 | 13 | 13 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silius and Plancus.
Events
Abgarus of Edessa is reinstalled as king of Osroene.
Roman Senate passed a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester.
Tiberius made his triumphant procession through Rome after siege of Germany.
Last year of Shijianguo era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty
Strabo publishes his view on the shape of the Earth
Deaths
Empress Wang Zhengjun (b. 71 BC)
10s |
5481 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/30 | 30 | 30 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Longinus.
Events
Kushan Empire is founded
City of Tournai is founded in Belgium
Possible year for the Sermon on the Mount
April 7 - possible date for crucifixion of Jesus
Saint Peter becomes Pope
Phaedrus translates Aesop's fables
Velleius Paterculus writes the general history of the countries known in Antiquity
Births
Nerva, Roman emperor
Quintus Petillius Cerialis, brother-in-law of Vespasian
Praveen Ranjan
Deaths
April 7 - Judas Iscariot, disciple of Jesus
April 7/Good Friday - Jesus (born about 4 BC) - most widely accepted date by modern scholars (traditionally 33)
Shammai, president of the Sanhedrin and talmudic scholar, died 30 C.E.
John the Baptist
30 |
5483 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/50 | 50 | 50 (Roman numerals: L) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Saturday.
It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).
Events
The Romans create a city called Londinium on the River Thames
Deaths
Abgarus of Edessa, king of Osroene
Aulus Cornelius Celsus, writer of De Medicina
Gamliel I, the nasi of the Jewish people in Babylonia
50 |
5489 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%20%28number%29 | 3 (number) | The number three (3) is one more than two and one less than four. It is the first Mersenne prime. Three is an important number for many cultures (groups of people living together). It is also a prime number. It is the first odd prime. In Roman numerals, it is III.
Famous threes
the Three Stooges
the three Doshas (weaknesses) in Ayurvedic medicine in India
the Trimurti (three aspects of God) in Hindu religion
the Holy Trinity in Christian religion
three gifts of the wise men (Magi) who visited Christ at his birth in the Gospel of Matthew.
the three bears in the fairy tale Goldilocks
the three Imperial Regalia of Japan
Integers
Prime numbers |
5496 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%20%28number%29 | 10 (number) | 10 (ten ) is the number that is after nine and before eleven. Most people have ten fingers and ten toes.
Ten is the smallest positive whole number with two digits. Ten is an important number because most people write numbers using multiples of ten. This is called the decimal number system.
In Roman numerals, 10 is written as X.
References
Integers |
5504 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man | Man | A man is a male adult. He is the opposite of a woman. People use the word "man" (one man, two or more men) to talk about gender. Manhood is the period in a male's life after he changes from a boy. A boy is a male child; a female child is called a girl. After boys reach maturity, they can be called a man.
Like most other male mammals, a man inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. The men's rights movement is a group that tries to fight for men's rights and opposes misandry.
Someone who changes gender to male would also be called a man.
Biology and gender
There are some sexual differences between a man and a woman. Men have sex organs which we call "external" (not inside the body). But many parts of the male reproductive system are internal too. The study of male reproduction and sex organs is "andrology".
Men normally have the same illnesses as women, but there are some sexual illnesses which men have only, or more often.
There are more differences between men and women, not only sexual differences.
Some people say men, as a group, are more aggressive than women; they want to fight more. But most research has found that men and women are equally aggressive.
In modern western society, few men wear make-up or clothing of the sort women traditionally wear.
Some examples of secondary sexual characteristics in male humans:
more pubic hair
more facial hair
more body hair
larger hands and feet than women
broader shoulders and chest
larger skull and bone structure
larger brain
greater muscle mass
a more visible Adam's apple and deeper voice
a longer shinbone
Biology is not the only thing which makes people feel they are men, or that other people are men. Perhaps one in 100,000 men were born without a male body. We call these transgender or transsexual men. Some men can have a hormone or chromosomal difference (for example "androgen insensitivity syndrome"). Some men have other intersex conditions. Some of those intersex people who people said were female (girls) when they were born want to change this later in their lives.
Basic English 850 words |
5505 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman | Woman | A woman is an adult female human. The plural of "woman" is "women". Young human females are called "girls". The word "women" is sometimes used to refer to females of any age (as in the phrase "Women's rights") and to men who view themselves as women (as in the phrase "Transgender women").
Women are usually a little smaller than men, and have larger breasts and wider hips. They also usually have less hair on their faces and bodies than men. Most women are able to get pregnant and give birth to babies.
Women have historically been treated differently from men. They have also been expected to act differently. The treatment of and expectations for women have changed with the spread of women's rights in the 20th century.
Rights
Women have historically had less control over their lives than men. They have often been forbidden to own land, vote, hold political office, or choose whom they marry and discouraged from voicing political opinions or attending school. Since the beginning of the 20th century women have gained many rights in most of the developed world.
Women have also historically faced a lot of sexual violence, harassment, and discrimination. The amount of sexual violence, harassment, and discrimination has decreased with the spread of women's rights, but many women still face these problems.
Gender roles
Women have historically been expected to bear and raise children, limit their public lives, and allow their male relatives to make decisions for them. These expectations have changed with the spread of women's rights.
Education
Before modern societies, education of women was limited. In developed countries, most women have access to education, and even perform better than men at many levels. In the United States in 2005 and 2006, women have earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50% of doctorates.
The lack of education in women has been decreasing, and more women today have at least completed tertiary education.
Science, literature, and art
Throughout history, women have made contributions to science, literature, and art. There were many female writers, but many published their work under a male name. In music, women have been composers, songwriters, performers, singers, conductors, scholars, teachers, critics and more.
In the 18th century, biologists began using the symbol for the goddess Venus (♀️) as indicating a female plant or animal. It is often used for women.
References
Basic English 850 words |
5506 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position | Position | Position is a way to explain where something is.
Location
The words which indicate position are called prepositions.
Left, middle, and right
To find which is your left hand side, hold your hands palms down, point your index fingers and stick your thumbs out at right angles. The finger and thumb of your left hand will form a capital letter L.
If the letter L you make is reversed, you found your right hand. Left and right are called opposite sides.
Middle is between up and down and is between left and right.
Middle means the same as center.
encyclopedia Examples
Far and near
Far means that something is a long way away from you. Near means it is close to you. Things can also be near and far other persons and other things.
In sports
In many sports, the term "position" is used to show what occupation a person has on their team. For example, in baseball, positions include catcher, shortstop and pitcher.
In math and physics
The position of something is where that thing is in space and time. Usually people use Cartesian coordinates to write down a position. So a scientist might say that the balloon was at x, y, z when it popped at a certain time.
In society
The position of a person is his status or responsibility in a community or group of people. It is called rank in the army.
In a factory the manager is a typical position.
Basic English 850 words
Geometry |
5508 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right | Right | Right might mean:
A position, the opposite of left
Right, the opposite of wrong in morality
Rights, something a person has that people think should not be taken away from them
Right-wing, a conservative point of view |
5517 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundel%20Castle | Arundel Castle | Arundel Castle is a castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. It was built by Edward the Confessor.
Other websites
Official site
Castles in England
West Sussex |
5522 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious%20Society%20of%20Friends | Religious Society of Friends | The Religious Society of Friends is a group with Christian roots that began in England in the 1650s. The formal title of the group is the Society of Friends or the Religious Society of Friends.
People in the Society of Friends are called "Friends" or Quakers - both mean the same thing. Most Quakers are Christian but the group today includes a few other people. They live all over the world, but the largest groups are in Kenya, the United States of America, Bolivia, Guatemala, the United Kingdom (England), and Burundi.
History
The Society of Friends began in the 1650s in England. A man named George Fox spent several years struggling to figure out how to be a good Christian. He finally heard God's voice telling him that Christ would make it clear to him what he should do. Fox went around preaching to people. He told them they could talk to God themselves - that they did not need a priest or minister to do it for them. He told them that if they listened within themselves they would hear Christ telling them what to do. Fox found other people who had similar experiences. Together they started a religious movement that later became the Religious Society of Friends.
The government of England did not like this new group; at the time it was against the law not to belong to the Church of England. They put a lot of Friends in jail, or made them pay money as a punishment. At first, the word "Quaker" was a name used to make fun of Friends, but after a while those people came to like it and use it for themselves.
Seeking freedom of religion, some Quakers moved away to places like America. A young Quaker named William Penn started a new colony there. He got the land because King Charles II of England owed his father a lot of money. This new colony was called Pennsylvania, and it was a place where people could belong to any religion. Penn wanted people to be fair to each other, and he called the biggest city in his new colony Philadelphia, which means "The City of Brotherly Love." Soon there were many Quakers in America.
The Quakers were very active in America in the nineteenth century (1800s). Many of the leaders of the abolition and women's rights movements, such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, were Quakers.
Today there are about 375,000 Quakers in the world. This number is very small compared to other religious groups. Even so, a lot of people have heard of the Quakers, because they have worked hard to make our world more fair and just.
Worship
Quaker worship services are called "meetings for worship". They start with everybody sitting quietly. This is because they are trying to listen to God. Sometimes, a Quaker will feel that God wants him or her to say something. When this happens, the person stands up and tells everyone. Then they all sit quietly again. At some meetings, a many people will speak. At other meetings, nobody speaks. Quakers feel that a meeting for worship helps them to understand what God wants. Usually, worship lasts about an hour.
Anyone can go to a Quaker meeting.
Quakers also have meetings for worship for weddings and funerals—when two people get married, or if someone dies. When two people get married, the meeting is about them and the life that they will live together. When someone has died, the meeting is about remembering things about the person and the life they had.
Many Quakers in North America, South America, and Africa have a different kind of worship service, like other Christian services. They sing hymns and a pastor gives a sermon. They also have a quiet time, but it does not last as long. These Quakers often have strong Christian beliefs.
And at other times these meetings also decide what Quakers should do - these meetings can be called "meetings for business", but other people call them "meetings for worship for business", because they include parts of both worship and business.
Way of Life
Quakers seek religious truth in their inner experiences. They rely on conscience to guide what they do. They emphasise direct experience of God rather than ritual or ceremony. They believe that priests and rituals are unnecessary and can get between the believer and God. What Quakers say matches what they do.
Almost all Quakers share these beliefs:
There is a piece of God in everybody, so each person is important. This is why Quakers value all people equally, and oppose anything that may harm or threaten them.
God can be found in everyday life as much as during a meeting for worship.
Everybody has an "inner light" that tells them what they should do. The inner light comes from God.
Everybody should try to do what God wants.
We should try not to hurt other people.
We should tell the truth, and not lie. Quakers think that the truth is very important.
We should not spend a lot of money on ourselves, or wear clothes that make us look rich.
We should take care of the world around us—animals, plants, and our planet—so that it is healthy and can be used by people in the future.
References
Protestantism |
5526 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Size | Size | The size of something is how much space the thing takes. It can also be described as how big or small something is.
Sizes can be measured. When a size is measured, it is given a number.
Words for sizes
little
palmer is very small, as in short.
small means "little"
tiny means "very little"
big
large means "big"
huge means "very big"
Small and big are opposites.
Examples
Example 1
A yellow box is 2 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep. The box has a volume of 6 cubic metres.
A green box is 3 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep. The size of the green box is 9 cubic metres.
The green box is larger in size than the yellow box.
Example 2
A red box is 2 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep. The box has a volume of 6 cubic feet.
A blue box is 3 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep. The size of the blue box is 9 cubic feet.
The blue box is larger in size than the red box.
Notes
Basic English 850 words |
5546 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposite | Opposite | Opposite may refer to:
Antonym, a word that means the opposite of a word
Additive inverse, in mathematics, taking the negative ("opposite") of a number
Related pages
Opposition (astronomy and astrology)
Basic English 850 words |
5547 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction | Direction | Direction follows an imaginary line connecting two points.
Something following the line is moving in that direction. People show directions by pointing.
The word direction is made from the root direct meaning to guide.
These are words used to talk about a direction:
Up
Down
Backward
Left
Right
Forward
Northeast
South
Southeast
East
Northeast
West
Related pages
Compass
Navigation
Basic English 850 words |
5548 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation | Starvation | Starvation happens when a living being (like a person or an animal) doesn't eat enough food to live properly. If a living thing is starving for a long period of time, it dies.
Starvation can be seen as an extreme version of hunger. During starvation, the body will slowly but surely become less fat and stop working properly, until the living being dies or eats enough again to stop starving.
There are other effects of starvation. These can include:
Tiredness,
problems with thinking properly,
sudden and extreme changes to emotions,
dehydration (lack of water in the body),
vomitting,
loss of muscles,
a swollen stomach caused by kwashiorkor,
weakness and not being able to stand.
When the body is starving, the body will start eating itself in a final attempt to survive. When there are no muscles and fat left to eat, the person (or animal) dies. People who eat nothing usually die in a few months.
Even when a starving person eats again, they may have permanent damage to their body.
Some people intentionally starve themselves to lose weight, but this is considered a bad idea because it may damage the body.
In history, countries used to use starvation as a form of the death penalty.
In 1944 Ancel Keys started a scientific experiment about starvation to see the impact of starvation on people and to see how people could best recover from starvation. The participants were all men. They ate 1800 calories a day.
Related pages
Hunger
Global Hunger Index
Malnutrition
Anorexia nervosa
References
Hunger
Food and drink |
5549 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Word | Microsoft Word | Microsoft Word or MS Word (often called Word) is a graphical word processing program that users can type with. It is made by the computer company Microsoft. Its purpose is to allow users to type and save documents.
Similar to other word processors, it has helpful tools to make documents.
Spelling & grammar checker, word count (this also counts letters and lines)
Speech recognition
Inserts pictures in documents
Choice of typefaces
Special codes
Web pages, graphs, etc.
Tables
Displays synonyms of words and can read out the text
Prints in different ways
Microsoft Word is a part of Microsoft Office, but can also be bought separately.
History
The program was first released in 1981.
Many of the ideas and features in Microsoft Word came from Bravo, the first graphical writing program.
Microsoft bought the Bravo program, and changed its name to Microsoft Word.
When it first came out, it was not very popular, and did not sell as well as other writing programs like WordPerfect.
Although it was not very popular when it came out, it had a feature called WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), which meant that people can change the visual style of writing (e.g. bold, italics), by selecting and formatting text, when in other programs like WordPerfect, people had to add special 'codes' to change the style of writing. WYSIWYG is now a common feature of all computer writing programs.
Versions
There are versions for Microsoft Word for other operating systems as well as Microsoft Windows. New versions support fewer operating systems, although they always support Windows.
From Microsoft Windows
Word for Windows 1.1, for Windows 3.0 came out in March, 1990.
Word for Windows 1.1a, for Windows 3.1 came out in June, 1990.
Word for Windows 2.0, came out in 1991.
Word for Windows 6.0, came out in 1993.
Word for Windows 95 (sometimes called Word 7), came out in 1995.
Word 97 (sometimes called Word 8), came out in 1997.
Word 2000 (sometimes called Word 9), came out in 1999.
Word 2002 (sometimes called Word 10 or Word XP), came out in 2001.
Word 2007 which required Windows XP Service Pack 2. It was the last version of Microsoft Word to support Windows XP Professional 64-bit edition.
For macOS
Word 1.0 for Mac came out in January 18, 1985.
Word 3.0 for Mac came out in January 31, 1987. (There was no "2.0" version.)
Word 4.0 for Mac came out in November 6, 1990.
Word 5.1 for Mac came out in 1992.
Word 2001 was released in 2000.
Word 2004 was released in May 2004.
Word 2008 was released in January 15, 2008.
Word 2011 was released in October 2010.
Popularity
The program is very popular.
Without configuration the program saved the document in a proprietary file format, so other programs could not open it. When the user sent his document to a friend, the friend needed a copy of Microsoft Word to read the document. Then that friend would probably also save documents in the same secret format of Word. This gave Microsoft Word a dominant position.
Other websites
Official website
www.office.com
Microsoft Office
Word processors |
5553 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant | Ant | Ants are a kind of insect that lives together in large colonies. They are the family Formicidae.
Ants are a lot like wasps and bees. They all came from the same kind of animal a long time ago, but now they are different. There are about 22,000 different kinds of ants, but we only know of 12,500 for sure. Every kind of ant has a thin part in the middle of their body and two long body parts on their heads called antennae.
Ants live in groups that can be big or small. Some kinds of ants live in small groups and eat other animals. Some ants work together in very big groups. These groups can have millions of ants in them that travel outside every day in a big area. Ants are small, but they are very strong. Some ants are strong enough to carry things that are as heavy as 20 ants. Some ants are called workers. Workers dig tunnels and carry food back to the colony so that other ants and the queen ant can eat.
Colonies
The groups that ants live in are called colonies. A colony has a female ant called a queen which lays eggs. Those eggs will grow into more ants. Big colonies of ants have different kinds of ants that grow from the eggs. These are called different castes of ants. Some are workers which do jobs like carrying and digging, and soldiers which fight other animals. Worker and solider ants are females. Another type of ant are drones which are male ants.
Really big ant colonies are sometimes called superorganisms. This means the ants work together so well that they are like little parts of one big animal. Ants cannot live by themselves for very long because they need to work with other ants.
Ants have colonies almost everywhere on planet Earth. Antarctica lacks ants because it's very cold and there's not much food. Small islands may not have ants.
Evolution
The family Formicidae belongs to the order Hymenoptera, which also includes sawflies, bees and wasps. Ants evolved from a lineage within the vespoid wasps.
Phylogenetic analysis suggests that ants arose in the Lower Cretaceous period about 110 to 130 million years ago, or even earlier. One estimate from DNA studies places the origin of ants at ≈140 million years ago (mya). Another study puts it in the Jurassic at 185 ± 36 mya (95% confidence limits).
After the rise of flowering plants about 100 million years ago ants diversified. They became ecologically dominant about 60 million years ago.
In 1966 E.O. Wilson and his colleagues identified the fossil remains of an ant (Sphecomyrma freyi) from the Cretaceous period. The specimen, trapped in amber dating back to more than 80 million years ago, has features of both ants and wasps. Sphecomyrma was probably a ground forager but some suggest that primitive ants were likely to have been predators underneath the surface of the soil.
During the Cretaceous period, a few species of primitive ants ranged widely on the Laurasian super-continent (the northern hemisphere). They were scarce in comparison to other insects, representing about 1% of the insect population.
Ants became dominant after adaptive radiation at the beginning of the Cainozoic. By the Oligocene and Miocene ants had come to represent 20-40% of all insects found in major fossil deposits. Of the species that lived in the Eocene epoch, approximately one in ten genera survive to the present. Genera surviving today comprise 56% of the genera in Baltic amber fossils (early Oligocene), and 92% of the genera in Dominican amber fossils (apparently early Miocene).p23
Termites, though sometimes called white ants, are not ants and belong to the order Isoptera. Termites are actually more closely related to cockroaches and mantids. Termites are eusocial but differ greatly in the genetics of reproduction. The similar social structure is attributed to convergent evolution. Velvet ants look like large ants, but are wingless female wasps.
Development and reproduction
The life of an ant starts from an egg. If the egg is fertilised, the progeny will be female (diploid); if not, it will be male (haploid). Ants develop by complete metamorphosis with the larval stages passing through a pupal stage before emerging as an adult. The larva is fed and cared for by workers.
Food is given to the larvae by trophallaxis, a process in which an ant regurgitates liquid food held in its crop. This is also how adults share food, stored in the 'social stomach', among themselves.
Larvae may also be given solid food brought back by foraging workers, and may even be taken to captured prey in some species. The larvae grow through a series of moults and enter the pupal stage.
The differentiation into queens and workers (which are both female), and different castes of workers, is influenced in some species by the food the larvae get. Genetic influences, and the control of gene expression by the feeding are complex. The determination of caste is a major subject of research.p351, 372
A new worker spends the first few days of its adult life caring for the queen and young. It then does digging and other nest work, and later, defends the nest and forages. These changes are sometimes fairly sudden, and define what are called temporal castes. An explanation for the sequence is suggested by the high casualties involved in foraging, making it an acceptable risk only for ants that are older and are likely to die soon of natural causes.
Mating
Most ant species have a system in which only the queen and breeding females can mate. Contrary to popular belief, some ant nests have multiple queens (polygyny). The life history of Harpegnathos saltator is
exceptional among ants because both queens and some workers
reproduce sexually.
The winged male ants, called drones, emerge from pupae with the breeding females (although some species, like army ants, have wingless queens), and do nothing in life except eat and mate.
The nuptial flight
Most ants produce a new generation each year. During the species specific breeding period, new reproductives, winged males and females leave the colony in what is called a nuptial flight. Typically, the males take flight before the females. Males then use visual cues to find a common mating ground, for example, a landmark such as a pine tree to which other males in the area converge. Males secrete a mating pheromone that females follow. Females of some species mate with just one male, but in some others they may mate with anywhere from one to ten or more different males. Mated females then seek a suitable place to begin a colony. There, they break off their wings and begin to lay and care for eggs. The females store the sperm they obtain during their nuptial flight to selectively fertilise future eggs.
The first workers to hatch are weak and smaller than later workers, but they begin to serve the colony immediately. They enlarge the nest, forage for food and care for the other eggs. This is how new colonies start in most species. Species that have multiple queens may have a queen leaving the nest along with some workers to found a colony at a new site,p143 a process akin to swarming in honeybees.
A wide range of reproductive strategies have been noted in ant species. Females of many species are known to be capable of reproducing asexually through parthenogenesis, and one species, Mycocepurus smithii is known to be all-female.
Ant colonies can be long-lived. The queens can live for up to 30 years, and workers live from 1 to 3 years. Males, however, are more transitory, and survive only a few weeks. Ant queens are estimated to live 100 times longer than solitary insects of a similar size.
Ants are active all year long in the tropics but, in cooler regions, survive the winter in a state of dormancy or inactivity. The forms of inactivity are varied and some temperate species have larvae going into the inactive state (diapause), while in others, the adults alone pass the winter in a state of reduced activity.
Uses
It may seem strange that ants have uses, but there are some. Some people use ants for food, medicine and rituals. Some species of ants are used for pest control (they eat pests that destroy food for humans). They can damage crops and enter buildings, though. Some species, like the red imported fire ant, live in places where they came to by complete accident.
Related pages
Leaf-cutter ant
Notes
Further reading
Hölldobler B. and Wilson E.O. 1998. ''Journey to the ants: a story of scientific exploration. Harvard University Press.
Other websites
Global Ant Project
The super-nettles. A dermatologist's guide to ants-in-the-plants
Ant Citizendium |
5555 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors | Scissors | Scissors are a tool used for cutting thin material like:
paper
cardboard
metal foil
thin plastic
food
cloth
rope
wire
hair
nail
Knives are better than scissors for some uses. Unlike a knife, scissors have two sharp edges.
Some types of scissors, like children's scissors, are not very sharp. Children's scissors are often protected with plastic. These are called "Safety Scissors".
Scissors can be made for left-handed or right-handed people. Using scissors made for the wrong hand is very hard for most people.
There are many kinds of scissors used for cutting different materials and shapes.
Basic English 850 words
Cutting tools |
5556 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo | Indigo | Indigo is a shade of blue, more specifically, purplish blue or dark blue.
Isaac Newton named and defined indigo as a spectrum color when he divided up the spectrum into the seven colors of the rainbow. The spectral range of indigo is between 450 and 420 nanometers.
The name of the color indigo originally came from the indigo plant. Indigo is a dye made from the indigo plant, used to dye cloth. Indigo dye also is used to dye denim cloth, which is used to make what are called blue jeans (they should really be called indigo jeans). This shade of indigo is called indigo dye.
The indigo plant originally came from the nation of India. The Ancient Greek language word for the dye is indikon. The Romans used the term indicum, which passed into Italian dialect and eventually into English as the word indigo.
These things are colored indigo:
some grapes
night sky in the mid-evening
blueberries
some small clams
some eggplants
Jenna Rose's jeans
Meaning of indigo
Indigo represents religion, spirituality, sorcery and intuition.
In the Hindu religion, indigo represents the 6th chakra.
Indigo was also the name of a character from the famous toy line, Rainbow Brite.
Comparison of blue, indigo, violet and purple
Tones of indigo color comparison chart
Related pages
List of colors
Navy blue
Prussian blue
References |
5557 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet%20%28color%29 | Violet (color) | Violet is the seventh color of the rainbow--it is the color on the inner edge of the rainbow. Violet is the color between blue and purple. The name of the color comes from the violet, which is a small flower grown in most parts of the world.
The first written use of violet as a color name in English was in 1370.
Meaning of violet
The color violet represents magic.
Violet is a colour of royalty and extravagance, when paired with yellow, which used to represent abundance and wealth.
Comparison of blue, indigo, violet and purple
Tones of violet color comparison chart
Lavender Blush (web color) (Hex: #FFF0F5) (RGB: 255, 240, 245)
Lavender Mist (web color Lavender) (Hex: #E6E6FA) (RGB: 230, 230, 250)
Languid Lavender (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #D6CADD) (RGB: 214, 202, 221)
Lavender Blue-Grey (Hex: #BDBBD7) (RGB: 189, 187, 215)
Lavender Grey (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #C4C3D0) (RGB: 196, 195, 221)
Pale Lavender (Lavender (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #DCD0FF) (RGB: 220, 208, 255)
Lavender Blue (Periwinkle (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #CCCCFF) (RGB: 204, 204, 255)
Pastel Lavender (Mauve (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #E0B0FF) (RGB: 224, 176, 255)
Pale Violet (Pale Blue Purple) (Pale Violet (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #CC99FF) (RGB: 204, 153, 255)
Medium Lavender Grey Lilac (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #C8A2C8) (RGB: 200, 162, 200)
Light Lavender (Wisteria (Crayola)) (Hex: #C9A0DC (RGB: 201, 160, 220)
Lavender Pink (Crayola "Lavender") (Hex: #FBAED2) (RGB: 251, 174, 210)
Lavender Rose (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #FBA0E3) (RGB: 251, 160, 227)
Brilliant Lavender (Electric Lavender) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #F4BBFF (RGB: 249, 192, 255)
Lavender Magenta (web color "violet") (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #EE82EE) (RGB: 238, 130, 238)
Vivid Lavender (Psychedelic Lavender) (Heliotrope (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #DF73FF) (RGB: 223, 115, 255)
Vivid Orchid (Orchid (Crayola colored pencils) (Hex: #CC00FF) (RGB: 204, 0, 255)
Light Blue-Violet (Blue-Violet Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #C77DF3) (RGB: 199, 125, 243)
<li style = "background-color: #b96cca;"> Light Seance (Seance Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #B96CCA) (RGB: 185, 108, 202)<li>
Steel Pink (Crayola Ultra colored pencils) (Hex: #CC33CC) (RGB: 204, 51, 204)
Fandango Pink (Pantone TPX 17-2033) (Hex: #DE5285) (RGB: 222, 82, 133)
Violet-Red (Crayola) (Hex: #F75394) (RGB: 247, 83, 148)
Heather Violet (RAL 4003) (Hex: #DE4C8A) (RGB: 222, 76, 138)
Bright Red-Violet (Xona.com "Violet-Red") (Hex: #D02090) (RGB: 208, 32, 144)
Red-Violet (web color Medium Violet-Red) (Hex: #C71585) (RGB: 199, 21, 133)
Medium Red-Violet (Red-Violet (Crayola)) (Hex: #BB3385) (RGB: 187, 51, 133)
Rose Violet (Pantone TPX 17-2624) (Hex: #C24C92) (RGB: 194, 76, 146)
Medium Lavender Pink (Sky Magenta) (Venus colored pencils) (Hex: #CF71AF) (RGB: 207, 113, 175)
<li style = "background-color: #caabd0;"> Light Medium Violet (Violet Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #CAABD0) (RGB: 202, 171, 208)<li>
Violet Tulle (Pantone TPX 16-3416) (Hex: #C693C7) (RGB: 198, 147, 199)
African Violet (Pantone TPX 16-3520) (Hex: #B284BE) (RGB: 178, 132, 190)
Dull Deep Lavender (Wikipedia Link Lavender) (Hex: #9C87CD) (RGB: 158, 137, 193)
Light Studio (Studio Light (Xona.com color list)) Hex: #B89BDD) (RGB: 184, 155, 221)
Medium Bright Lavender (Bright Ube (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #D19FE8) (RGB: 209, 159, 232)
Bright Lavender (Light Floral Lavender) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #BF94E4) (RGB: 191, 148, 228)
Light Violet (Hex: #B09DB9) (RGB: 176, 157, 185)
Lavender (Floral Lavender) (www.99colors.net) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #B57EDC) (RGB: 181, 126, 220)
Rich Lavender (Deep Floral Lavender) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #A76BCF) (RGB: 170, 97, 204)
<li style = "background-color: #9955BB;"> Deep Rich Lavender (Deep Lilac (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #9955BB) (RGB: 153, 85, 187)<li>
Medium Deep Lavender (Amethyst (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #9966CC) (RGB: 153, 102, 204)
Deep Rich Lavender Grey (Purple Yam) (Ube (www.99colors.net)) (Hex: #8878C3) (RGB: 136, 120, 195)
Deep Lavender (Medium Purple (web color)) (Hex: #9370DB) (RGB: 147, 112, 219)
Lavender Indigo (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #9457EB) (RGB: 148, 87, 235)
Near Violet (Color Wheel Violet) (Hex: #7F00FF) (RGB: 127, 0, 255)
Violet (Middle Violet) (Electric Violet) (Blue Purple) (Hex: #8F00FF) (RGB: 143, 0, 255)
Extreme Violet (Vivid Violet) (Hex: #9F00FF) (RGB: 159, 0, 255)
<li style = "background-color: #9932cc; color: #ffffff"> Dark Orchid (web color) (Hex: #9932CC) (RGB: 153, 50, 204)<li>
Pigment Violet (web color Dark Violet) (Hex: #9400D3) (RGB: 148, 0, 211)
<li style = "background-color: #8806ce; color: #ffffff"> French Violet (Violet (pourpre.com) (Hex: #8806CE) (RGB: 136, 6, 206)<li>
Deep Indigo (web color Blue-Violet) (Hex: #8A2BE2) (RGB: 138, 43, 226)
<li style = "background-color: #7d26cd; color: #ffffff"> Internet Purple (color of "all purple website" www.purple.com) (Hex: #7D26CD) (RGB: 125, 38, 205)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #7b4bab; color: #ffffff"> Light Violent Violet (Violent Violet Light (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #7B4BAB) (RGB: 123, 75, 171)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #7058a3; color: #ffffff"> Light Japanese Violet (Violet (contemporary Japanese traditional colors)) (Hex: #7058A3) (RGB: 112, 88, 163)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #5d5387; color: #ffffff"> Sultan Blue (Nippon Paint) (Hex: #5d5387) (RGB: 93, 83, 135)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #6b3Fa0; color: #ffffff"> Royal Purple (Crayola) (Hex: #6B3FA0) (RGB: 107, 63, 160)<li>
Grape (Crayola) (Hex: #6F2DA8) (RGB: 111, 45, 168)
<li style = "background-color: #731e8f; color: #ffffff"> Seance (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #731E8F) (RGB: 115, 30, 143)<li>
Generic Purple (Hex: #660099) (RGB: 102, 0, 153) (CMYK: 33,100,0,40)
<li style = "background-color: #324ab2; color: #ffffff"> Violet-Blue (Crayola) (Hex: #324AB2) (RGB: 50, 74, 178)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #652dc1; color: #ffffff"> Purple Heart (Crayola) (Hex: #652DC1) (RGB: 101, 45, 93)<li>
Studio (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #714AB2) (RGB: 113, 74, 178)
Dark Lavender (Pantone Color #258) (Hex: #734F96) (RGB: 115, 79, 50)
<li style = "background-color: #8359a3; color: #ffffff"> Violet Purple (Crayola) (Hex: #8359A3) (RGB: 131, 89, 163)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #9678b6; color: #ffffff"> Lavender Purple (Purple Mountain Majesty (Crayola)) (Hex: #9978B6) (RGB: 150, 120, 182)<li>
Old Lavender (Dark Lavender Grey) (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #796878) (RGB: 121, 104, 120)
<li style = "background-color: #8683a1; color: #ffffff"> Pearl Violet (RAL 4011) (Violet Grey) (Hex: #8683A1) (RGB: 134, 131, 162)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #A47d90; color: #ffffff"> Pastel Violet (RAL 4009) (Hex: #A47D90) (RGB: 164, 125, 144)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #856088; color: #ffffff"> Chinese Violet (Pantone TPX 18-3418) (Hex: #856088) (RGB: 133, 96, 136)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #8f5e99; color: #ffffff"> Medium Violet (Violet (Xona.com color list)) (Hex: #8F5E99) (RGB: 143, 94, 153)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #8f509d; color: #ffffff"> Dark Vivid Violet (Vivid Violet (Crayola)) (Hex: #8F509D) (RGB: 143, 80, 157)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #990099; color: #ffffff"> Quinacridone Violet (MIR Acrylics) (Hex: #990099) (RGB: 153, 0, 153)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #934d91; color: #ffffff"> Hyacinth Violet (Pantone TPX 16-3331) (Hex: #934D91) (RGB: 147, 77, 145)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #924e7d; color: #ffffff"> Signal Violet (RAL 4008) (Hex: #924E7D) (RGB: 146, 78, 125)<li>
Twilight Lavender (Crayola Silver Swirls) (Hex: #8A496B) (RGB: 138, 73, 107)
Claret Violet (RAL 4004) (Hex: #6E1C34) (RGB: 110, 28, 52)
Halaya Ube (Purple Yam Jam) (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #663854) (RGB: 102, 56, 84)
Japanese Violet (Violet (Japanese traditional colors)) (Hex: #5B3256) (RGB: 91, 50, 86)
Imperial (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #602F6B) (RGB: 96, 47, 107)
English Violet (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #563C5C) (RGB: 86, 60, 92)
Clairvoyant (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #480656) (RGB: 72, 6, 86)
<li style = "background-color: #4c2882; color: #ffffff"> Dark Violet (Spanish Violet) (Dark Blue Purple) (Violet (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #4C2882) (RGB: 76, 40, 130)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #3e2f84; color: #ffffff"> Vulgar Purple (Grape Jelly) (Hex: #3E2F84) (RGB: 62, 47, 132)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #290c5e; color: #ffffff"> Violent Violet (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #290C5E) (RGB: 41, 12, 94)<li>
Russian Violet (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #32174D) (RGB: 50, 23, 77)
Jagger (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #350E47) (RGB: 53, 14, 87)
Black Currant (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #32293A) (RGB: 50, 41, 58)
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References |
5558 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm%20IV%20of%20Scotland | Malcolm IV of Scotland | Malcolm IV of Scotland (20 March 1141- December 9, 1165) was the grandson of David I of Scotland. He succeeded his grandfather as King of Scotland in 1153. He never married or had children. Not much is known about him.
References
1140s births
1165 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland |
5561 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20I%20of%20Scotland | David I of Scotland | David I of Scotland (1084 – May 24, 1153) was the son of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.
1084 births
1153 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland |
5562 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Margaret%20of%20Scotland | Saint Margaret of Scotland | Saint Margaret of Scotland (c. 1045 - 16 November 1093) was married to Malcolm III of Scotland. She was the mother of David I of Scotland, Alexander I of Scotland and Edgar. She was the daughter of Edward the Exile, and the granddaughter of Edmund Ironside. She was probably born in Hungary.
Margaret died four days after her husband.
Other websites
Margaret of Scotland at the University of Pittsburgh
Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Margaret of Scotland
1045 births
1093 deaths
Christian saints
Kings and Queens consort of Scotland |
5565 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20I%20of%20Scotland | Alexander I of Scotland | Alexander I of Scotland (c. 1078 - 23 April 1124) was the son of Malcolm Canmore and Saint Margaret of Scotland. He became the King of Scotland in 1107. In the same year, he married Sybilla, who was an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England.
1078 births
1124 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland |
5566 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20I%20of%20England | Henry I of England | Henry I of England (c. 1068 C.E. - 1 December 1135 C.E.), also called Henry Beauclerc (meaning good scholar), was the King of England. He ruled from, 1100 until his death in 1135. Henry was born in Selby, Yorkshire. He was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and Queen Matilda of Flanders. Henry was the only child born in England. His mother had come to England for her coronation in 1068.
Henry was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. His parents probably raised him to go into the Church when he was old enough. On William's death in 1087, Henry's two older brothers were each left half of their father's kingdom. Robert Curthose became Duke of Normandy. William Rufus became king of England. But Henry, still a minor, was left with no inheritance. Henry purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert. But Robert and William Rufus forced him out in 1091. Henry gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin. He then allied himself with William against Robert. Henry was present when William died in a hunting accident in 1100. Robert was away on Crusade. Henry, who was present when William was killed, rushed to seize the English throne for himself.
As King, Henry tried to make social reforms. He issued the Charter of Liberties which is considered a predecessor of the Magna Carta. He put back in place some of the laws of Edward the Confessor.
Henry and his wife had two children, Matilda and William Adelin. William died in the White Ship sinking on November 25, 1120. Henry also fathered more illegitimate children than any other English King. Estimates by various historians place the number between 20 and 25.
Henry died in 1135. He was visiting his daughter and grandchildren in Normandy. After his death, his daughter Mathilda and his nephew, Stephen, argued over who would become the ruler of England, and started a civil war called The Anarchy.
References
Other websites
Children of Henry I
1068 births
1135 deaths
Anglo-Normans
House of Normandy |
5568 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20the%20Conqueror | William the Conqueror | William the Conqueror (–1087), also known as William I of England, was a French statesman and warlord. He was the first Norman King of England (1066–1087). He was also the Duke of Normandy from 1035 until his death.
At the Battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold Godwinson, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. That event is shown on the Bayeux Tapestry. He changed the course of both Norman and English history. He and Harold fought to see who would have the English throne. Harold was killed at the battle of Hastings in 1066.
Early life and minority
William was the son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy by his concubine Herleva. He was born in Falaise, Normandy in 1027 or 1028. William became the Duke of Normandy when his father died in 1035. In 1034 or 1035 Duke Robert wanted to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He made his noblemen swear to make his young son William their duke if he was killed.
But William's minority rule of Normandy did not start well. Some Normans did not want a boy as their duke. Robert II Archbishop of Rouen was a powerful man in Normandy. He protected William. King Henry I of France also approved of William. In 1037, Archbishop Robert died. Without his support Norman nobles began fighting among themselves. Some wanted William out of the way and tried to kill him. One of William's servants was killed in the very room where William slept. Two more of William's protectors died during this time. Normandy was in complete disorder.
In 1042 William held a church council in Normandy. At that council the church made a new law called the Truce of God. It was to help stop all the private wars. There could be no fighting on feast days or fast days. No fighting was allowed from Thursday night until Monday morning. The punishment for breaking the truce was excommunication. William probably reached the age of majority in about 1044. He no longer needed tutors. He could now rule on his own.
Duke of Normandy
Val-es-Dunes
The private wars continued into 1046. William's rule depended on the loyalty of his viscounts. By the fall of 1046 many of the families in lower Normandy began plotting to replace William as duke. Guy of Burgundy, William's cousin, was sent to William's court in hopes he would do well there. William gave Guy castles at Brionne and Vernon. But Guy wasn't happy with this and decided he should rule Normandy himself. He became the leader of what was by now an open revolt. Two of William's viscounts joined Guy. William realized this was a serious threat and he asked King Henry for help. The French king came right away and brought a large army. The combined armies of Duke William and King Henry met the rebels at Val-es-Dunes. The rebels were defeated and Guy fled to his castle at Brionne. William kept the castle cut off from food or supplies until Guy gave up in 1049. The duke forgave his cousin, but Guy soon returned to Burgundy. William's victory at Val-es-Dunes gave him some control of Normandy.
A church council met in October 1047 near the battlefield to consider a new Truce of God. No private wars would be allowed from Wednesday evening through Monday morning. Also no such fighting was allowed during Advent, Lent, Easter and Pentecost. This followed other such truces in place elsewhere in France. But the king and duke were both excluded from this truce. They were allowed to wage war during these times to keep the peace. William's peace in Normandy was now supported by the church.
Rise to power
The battle of Val-es-Dunes was the start of William's rise to power. As the king had stepped in it was more his victory than William's. But William's nobles now began to see him as a leader. He could now think about taking a wife. Shortly before 1049 William decided to marry Matilda of Flanders. She was the daughter of Baldwin V of Flanders and Adela of France, who was the daughter of King Robert II of France. Before it could take place Pope Leo IX refused to allow the marriage. He did not give a reason but the two were cousins. Some time between 1050 and 1052 the two married anyway. But it wasn't until 1059 that another pope, Nicholas II, lifted the ban on their marriage.
While William was building his power in Normandy things were changing around him. King Henry had supported him and William had helped the king against the count of Anjou. About 1052 Count Geoffrey of Anjou and the king suddenly made peace. Just as suddenly the king turned on William. At the same time two of William's uncles, Archbishop Mauger and Count William of Arques rebelled against their nephew. William fought his uncle at the castle at Arques. King Henry now led a large force (army) into Normandy to help Count William of Arques. But Duke William met him in battle and won. Without the king's army to help, the castle had to give up. Duke William sent his two uncles away from Normandy.
In 1054 the king again entered Normandy with a large hostile force. He split his army in two and led the southern forces himself. His brother Odo led the second force east of the Seine river. This time William had all of Normandy supporting him. He had everything that could be used as food removed ahead of the French armies. This would cause them difficulty in keeping their soldiers fed. William also split his soldiers into two armies. William's forces watched the king's armies looking for any chance to attack. When Odo's forces reached the town of Mortimer they found plenty of food and drink. This caused his forces to relax and enjoy themselves. The commanders of William's second army caught them by surprise and killed most of Odo's soldiers. Those who did survive were taken prisoner and held for ransom. When the king got the news that his brother's army had been destroyed his army was struck with panic. The king and his men left Normandy as fast as they could. King Henry I agreed to a peace that lasted three years. But in 1058 the king broke the peace and invaded Normandy again. Just as before William kept the king's army close but waited for the best time to strike. This came as the French army was crossing the Dives river at Varaville. The king had already crossed the river and watched as his army was destroyed as they entered the water. He took what remained of his army and left Normandy for good. The king died a short time later. The new king, his young son Phillip, was under the care of William's father-in-law, Baldwin V. France was no longer hostile to Normandy and this allowed William the freedom to expand.
Normandy and England
In 1002 Ethelred King of England married Emma, sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy. The alliance formed by this marriage had far reaching effects. When Canute came to the throne of England in 1016, he took Emma of Normandy as his wife. Her two sons by her former marriage fled to Normandy for their own safety. Edward, the older son, stayed in Normandy for many years at the court of the dukes. The last duke who protected him there was his cousin William. Edward became King of England in 1042. in 1052 Edward made William his heir. In 1065 Harold Godwinson was in Normandy. While he was there he promised Duke William he would support him as successor to the English throne. On 5 January 1066 Edward the king died. But Harold did not respect his oaths. The next day, the day of the funeral, Harold Godwinson was crowned King of England. The story was that on his deathbed, the king had changed his mind, and promised Harold the throne. Harold was not royalty himself and had no legal claim on the throne. For weeks William must have known Edward was dying. But the news of the king's death and Harold's taking the throne must have been a surprise to others.
Norman invasion of England
Prelude
William began his plans for invasion almost as soon as he received news of the events in England. He called a meeting of his greatest men. William made plans to gather a large army from all over France. His influence and wealth meant he could mount a large campaign. His first task was to build a fleet of ships to carry his army across the English Channel. Then he started gathering an army. His friendship with Brittany, France, and Flanders meant he did not have to rely only on his own army. He hired and paid soldiers from many parts of Europe. William asked for and got the support of the pope who gave him a banner to carry into battle. At the same time Duke William was planning his invasion, so too was Harold Hardrada. The king of England knew both would be coming but he kept his ships and forces in the south of England where William might land.
William may have had as many as 1,000 ships in his invasion fleet. They had favorable winds to leave Normandy on the night of 27 September 1066. William's ship, the Mora, was a gift of his wife, Matilda. It led the fleet to the landing at Pevensey the next morning. As soon as he landed William got news of King Harold's victory over the Norwegian king at Stamford Bridge in the north of England. Harold also received news that William had landed at Pevensey and came south as quickly as he could. The king rested at London for a few days before taking his army to meet William and his French forces.
Battle of Hastings
King Harold's army took up a position on an east-west ridge north of Hastings. The ridge itself was called Senlay Hill. They found the Norman army marching up the valley in front of them. While Harold had more soldiers, they were tired from the forced march from London. William formed his lines at the base of the hill facing the shield wall of the English. He sent his archers halfway up the slope to attack the English. He sent his mounted knights to the left and right to find any weak spots. At first William's knights tried to break through the shield wall with the weight of their horses. But they were attacking uphill and could not gain any speed. Harold's front line simply stood fast and was able to fend off any attacks. William's army began to fall back with rumors of Duke William's death. William removed his helmet so his men could see he was still alive. When William saw that many of Harold's men were following his knights back down the hill he used a trick he had learned years before. He turned suddenly and charged the oncoming English foot soldiers who had no chance against mounted knights.
This tactic worked at least two more times during the battle and made Harold's shield wall weaker. Now William used something new. Where his attacks by knights and soldiers had been separate movements he now used them together. Where his archers had not succeeded against the shield wall he had them shoot high into the air so the arrows came down on top of the English. This may be where king Harold was killed by an arrow through his eye. The shield wall finally broke and the Normans were on top of them. By nightfall the English were either dead on the field or being hunted down by William's troops. William called his troops back and they all spent the night camped on the battlefield.
Aftermath
The battle was won but the English still had smaller armies which had not joined King Harold at Hastings. They had lost their king but were still trying to reorganize. William rested his army for five days before moving towards London. His line of march took him through several towns he either captured or destroyed. When William reached London the English resisted for a short time but in the end surrendered. On Christmas day in 1066 William was crowned King of England. His victory at Hastings gave Duke William the nickname he has been known by ever since: 'William the Conqueror'.
King of England
Early reign
William chose to be crowned at Christmas. This was partly because he thought the English would be less likely to riot at this high feast day. It was also a good choice because he believed it was God's will he be king. Now the king, William spent a few months in England. He then returned to Normandy leaving England in the hands of two capable men. These were his half-brother Odo, the Bishop of Bayeux and William FitzOsbern. Odo was made the Earl of Kent while FitzOsbern became the earl of Hereford. The remaining three English earls were left in place. When William sailed back to Normandy with him were many of his followers. Many of his soldiers who had been paid and others he wished to keep track of. In particular these were the English Archbishop Stigand and Edgar Atheling. He also brought his remaining three English earls, Edwin, Morcar and Waltheof. This was so none of them could start a revolt while he was away. William had his duties at home to take care of. Also many of his soldiers needed to come back to keep the duchy safe.
When William returned to London in December of 1067 he began to find out what problems had come up while he was gone. Hertfordshire had been raided by Mercians. Then Exeter had not accepted the rule of the new king. William raised money from all those parts of England that would pay. He also called out English levies. Exeter surrendered after one of its hostages was blinded. After he subdued Devon and Cornwall all seemed quiet. At Winchester William sent for his wife Matilda who was crowned Queen of England there at Pentecost.
By summer more rebellions had broken out. At the same time others were fleeing England. Edgar Atheling along with his mother and sisters left for Scotland where they were welcomed. In the North strong anti-Norman groups were gathering around York. Earl Edwin and his brother Morcar left William's court to join the rebels in the north. William then built a castle at Warwick. This caused the Earls and others to give in to William. Other castles followed. William then entered York where others came to him and submitted. He then negotiated with the king of Scots to prevent any invasions of England from the north. But his campaign in the North was not as effective as he thought. In 1069 a second uprising developed into a war. The men William left in charge had been killed. A small Norman force was holding out in York when William came to their aid. After building another castle William left Earl William FitzOsbern in charge. For the next five months the north was quiet. But the northern English leaders had sent word to King Swein in Denmark offering him the crown if he could defeat the Normans. Swein sent a Danish fleet to England.
In the summer of 1069 the Danish fleet appeared off the coast of Kent. It moved up the coast towards the north, raiding as it went. William and his army were in the south guarding against any incursions. Finally the fleet joined the English rebels on the banks of the River Humber. The remaining English earls all deserted William and joined the combined English-Danish forces. They moved against the Norman garrison at York and killed all but a few women and children. William Malet, a Norman who had lived in England before 1066 was also spared.
Harrying of the north
William's northern army was wiped out and York was in ruins. At the same time smaller rebellions were breaking out in Wales and southwest England. William knew he was in trouble. He began by calling in all his commanders and troops to combine his forces. The king knew that with a smaller army he had to deal with one group of rebels at a time. He sent William FitzOsbern and Brian of Brittany to deal with Exeter. William himself fought an army moving in from the east. In both cases the Norman armies were victorious. He now moved on the northern armies that had destroyed York. But he was unable to get any farther north than Pontefract. After trying for several weeks William bribed the Danish Fleet to withdraw from York for the winter. They agreed and returned to the mouth of the Humber to winter there. William was now able to move up to York. He rebuilt the castles there. He then had his forces spread out and destroy everything useful for the English and Danish army to feed itself. The result was widespread famine and the people of the area either left or starved to death. This was William's infamous harrying of the North. The result of all this was the surrender of his English Earls and most of the rebels in England. The few remaining groups were quickly crushed by William's army. But one group proved more stubborn. This was at Chester and after a forced march during Winter, William surprised them before they were ready. After their surrender he built two more castles there then returned to Winchester.
Ruling England and Normandy
William never again had to lay waste to a county as he did to Yorkshire. He had dealt with the main threats to his rule but some had only been solved in part. The Danish fleet came back in 1070 this time led by King Swen. They joined a small group of rebels on the Isle of Ely led by Hereward the Wake. Again William bribed the Danes to leave and then dealt with the rebels. Hereward was never heard from again.
William now had to rule both England and Normandy. He found he had to be present to keep things under control. When he was in Normandy trouble often broke out in England. When in England, though, Normandy was being ruled by his wife Matilda. But Fulk Rechin, the new count of Anjou, had taken Maine from William's control. William had to take it back in 1073.
In 1082 William arrested his half-brother Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and Earl of Kent. The reasons are uncertain but Odo was trying to raise an army to march on Rome. His plan was to become the next Pope. William put him on trial on the Isle of Wight. In addition to other crimes was that of trying to raise an army among William's soldiers. As William pointed out, they were needed for the defense of England. Odo protested that not even a king could judge him. As a bishop only the Pope could. William replied that he wasn't seizing a bishop, he was seizing his earl who he left in charge during his absence. Odo was imprisoned in Normandy for the rest of his life.
In 1083 Queen Matilda died and was buried in Caen. The two had been very close and only disagreed over their son Robert Curthose. Robert had repeatedly rebelled against his father yet kept in contact with his mother. This caused a rift between them. Philip I of France had found it difficult for his vassal to become a king like himself and so resented William. Not strong enough to fight William himself, when Robert Curthose rebelled against his father, King Philip helped him.
In the summer of 1085 William learned that Canute IV of Denmark was getting a fleet ready to sail against England. William came back to England in the Autumn with many soldiers. He had to pay them and feed them, at great cost. It may have been at this time he realized he had no records of what was owed him as king. He didn't know if he was collecting all the taxes that were due.
Domesday Book
At his Christmas court at Gloucester in 1085 William asked that a great survey be taken in every part of England. The king wanted to know how many people lived in his realm. He wanted to know the size of every property, what each was worth, and how much income it brought in. No such survey had ever been made in England before. It was unique in its details and its contribution to English history. The Domesday Book was the first public record in England.
The text of the book fit into two volumes. The first covered thirty-one counties. It was called 'Great Domesday' because of its size. The second covered the counties of Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk and was called 'Little Domesday'. The facts were recorded by several panels made up of bishops and earls. Each panel collected information on several counties. William was presented with a large collection of written records on 1 August 1086. This became the Domesday Book, though it wouldn't be bound into books for almost another century.
Last years
William died when he was in Rouen, France from injuries he had received from falling off a horse he owned.
Family
William and his wife Matilda of Flanders had at least nine children.
Robert (–1134), Duke of Normandy succeeded his father.
Richard (–.
William (–1100). Succeeded his father as King of England.
Henry (1068–1135). Succeeded his brother William as King of England.
Agatha; promised in marriage to Alfonso VI of León and Castile but died before the wedding.
Adeliza.
Cecily (–1127), Abbess of Holy Trinity, Caen.
Adela († 1137), married Stephen I, Count of Blois.
Constance († 1090), married Alan IV, Duke of Brittany.
Matilda.
Notes
References
1020s births
1087 deaths
Kings and Queens of England
House of Normandy
Anglo-Normans
Dukes and duchesses
Accidental deaths |
5569 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda%20of%20Flanders | Matilda of Flanders | Matilda of Flanders (c. 1031 - November 2, 1083) was the wife of William I of England. She was Duchess of Normandy and Queen of England.
Early life
Matilda was the daughter of Baldwin V of Flanders and Adela of France, who was the daughter of king Robert II of France. Historians think she was born about 1031. Care was given to her education so she would become known for her learning as much as for her great beauty. Matilda, like other princesses of her day, was very skilled at fine needlework. Matilda was well respected because she was a part of a large Royal family. She was related to many kings in Europe including Charlemagne. Matilda was a very small woman in size, some reports said she was only four feet two inches high (129.5 Centimeters).
Duchess of Normandy
Matilda was married to William probably between 1051 and 1052 while she was still a teenager. Ever since he became duke of Normandy as a boy, William had to fight to keep Normandy. When William was born his mother and father were not married so he had the stigma of being a bastard. By marrying Matilda, who was the niece of the king of France, William gained respect in Europe.
When William was getting ready to attack England, Matilda had a ship built for him called the Mora. While William was in England and after he became King of England in 1066, Matilda stayed behind to rule Normandy while William was away.
Queen of England
A year later, in 1067, Matilda was able to join her husband in England and she was crowned Queen of England. It helped William that Matilda was related to an earlier English king, Alfred the Great. This was important to the English people to think Matilda was herself part English. Matilda died on 3 Nov 1083 when she was about 52 years old.
Family
Together they had ten children, including:
William II of England
Adela of Normandy, who was the mother of Stephen of England
Henry I of England
Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy after his fathers death
References
1031 births
1083 deaths
House of Normandy
Kings and Queens consort of England |
5571 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20II%20of%20France | Robert II of France | Robert II of France (March 27, 972 - July 20, 1031) was born in Orleans, France. He was the son of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine. He was married to Constance of Arles.
Robert was succeeded by his son Henry I of France. Robert is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica.
972 births
1031 deaths
Capetian dynasty
Kings and Queens of France
Orléans
People from Centre-Val de Loire |
5574 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20of%20Aquitaine | Adelaide of Aquitaine | Adelaide of Aquitaine (c.945-1004) was the Queen of Hugh Capet and the daughter of William III of Aquitaine. She was the sister of William IV of Aquitaine.
945 births
1004 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of France |
5576 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20III%20of%20Aquitaine | William III of Aquitaine | William III of Aquitaine (c. 915 – April 3, 963) became the Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitiers in 935. He was the son of Ebalus of Aquitaine.
William's nickname was Towhead.
William was married to Adela of Normandy. He was the father of Adelaide of Aquitaine, who became Queen of France when she married Hugh Capet. He was succeeded by his son, William IV of Aquitaine.
915 births
963 deaths
William III of Aquitaine |
5577 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica%20of%20Saint-Denis | Basilica of Saint-Denis | The Basilica of Saint-Denis is a basilica near Paris, France. It is famous for its architecture and as the burial place for many Kings of France. It is in the suburb of Saint Denis, which is in the north of Paris. Since 1966, it is the cathedral of the diocese of Saint-Denis. It is located in the Greater Paris area, about from Paris.
The Basilica is named after Saint Denis. Saint Denis is the patron saint of France. He was also the first Bishop of Paris.
The Basilica was a Romanesque building. In 1136 the Abbot Suger (1081 - 1155) began replacing the building, bit by bit, beginning with the west front and then with a new east end. The east end is said to be the first building in the Gothic style. It was not completed until the 13th century.
The current organ of the basilica is the first organ built by Aristide Cavaille-Coll. With 4200 pipes, it contains a lot of innovations, opening the romantic area. The French organist Pierre Pincemaille, titular between 1987 and 2018, set up lots of recitals and recorded 8 CDs with this instrument.
People who are buried in Saint Denis Basilica
Other websites
L'Internaute Magazine: Diaporama
Cathedrals in France
Île-de-France
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in France |
5578 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic%20cathedrals | Gothic cathedrals | Gothic cathedrals are important examples of gothic architecture. Gothic architecture was a way of planning and designing buildings that began in Western Europe in the Late Middle Ages. Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture, in France in the 12th century. The architecture spread across Europe and lasted until the 16th century when Renaissance architecture became popular.
The single most characteristic feature of Gothic architecture is the pointed arch. This is the main difference from Romanesque architecture which had rounded arches. Other important features are the ribbed vault, flying buttress, and windows with patterns of stone lace called tracery.
Many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe are Gothic architecture. It is also the architecture of many castles, and palaces. It is also found in some town halls, universities, and some houses.
Many church buildings still remain from this time. Even the smallest Gothic churches are often beautiful, while many of the larger Gothic churches and cathedrals are thought to be priceless works of art. Many are listed with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as World Heritage Sites.
In the 19th century, the Gothic style became popular again, particularly for building churches and universities. This style is called Gothic Revival architecture.
About the word "Gothic"
Gothic architecture was at first called "the French Style" ().
The word "Gothic" was used later during the Renaissance as an insult, relating to the uncivilized ancient Goths, Germanic-people documented living near lower Vistula river.
An Italian writer named Giorgio Vasari used the word "Gothic" in the 1530s, because he thought buildings from the Middle Ages were not carefully planned and measured like Renaissance buildings or the buildings of ancient Rome. He said that, as the barbaric Goths had destroyed the classical world, so this "modern art" had destroyed the architecture of the twelfth century. After Vasari, many other people used the word "Gothic" to describe architecture with pointed arches.
Background
Towns, states and countries
At the end of the 12th century, Western Europe was divided into different states. Many of these were beginning to become the countries that exist today.
The Holy Roman Empire ruled a big part of Europe including the modern countries of Germany, The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, eastern France and much of northern Italy, apart from Venice. Emperor Charlemagne began the Holy Roman Empire in 800 AD.
The modern countries of France and Spain were each divided into different kingdoms. England was ruled by a king whose family also had a lot of land in France. Norway was influenced by England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by German states.
Trade between towns and states began to make the towns grow larger. Germany, Holland and Belgium had many big towns that grew peacefully, often trading with each other. Because of the peace and wealth of these towns, they showed their pride by building huge town halls, often with very tall towers.
In England and France, most people did not live in towns. They lived on farms. Rich nobleman or lord owned these farms. The house of the lord was called a manor house. Italy was mostly split up into small city states which often fought each other. Cities often had high walls and many of the houses built at this time were tall, high towers.
The Church
In Western Europe, in the Middle Ages, almost everyone belonged to the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church has one head - the Pope. During the Middle Ages, one language was used in churches all across Europe - Ecclesiastical Latin, sometimes called Church Latin, which had developed from ancient Latin.
The churches of each area had a local bishop who came under the Pope. . Each Bishop had a throne where he could sit when priests and people came to him. A church which has a Bishop's throne is called a "cathedral". Cathedrals were usually the biggest and most beautiful churches.
In the early Middle Ages, many monasteries were built all over Europe. A group of holy men lived and worked and prayed there. Monks belonged to different "orders" which had different rules. The biggest number of monasteries were homes to the monks of the Benedictine Order. Their monasteries were generally in towns and they often built very big churches called "Abbeys" for the monks and the townspeople to worship in. Other orders of monks, like the Cistercians, did not live near towns. Nowadays their abbeys are seen as beautiful ruins in the English countryside.
In France, there were also Benedictines, as well as Cluniac Orders. The great monastery at Cluny, built in the Romanesque style, was the biggest in Europe. The abbey and other buildings were very well planned so for hundreds of years other monasteries were influenced by that plan.
In the 13th century St. Francis of Assisi started the Franciscans, who were often called the "Grey Friars" because of their grey-brown robes. The Dominicans were founded by St. Dominic in Toulouse and Bologna. The Dominicans built many of Italy's Gothic churches.
Abbot Suger and the first Gothic building
Abbot Suger was the head of a large monastery just north of Paris in France. The monastery had a large church, the Abbey of Saint-Denis. There was also a royal palace where the French kings sometimes stayed. Abbot Suger was a close friend to two kings, Louis VI and Louis VII.
In 1127 Suger decided to rebuild the great abbey Church of Saint-Denis. He began by changing the "West Front" or facade This side of the church was about 200 years old and had only one small door. Suger planned for three big doors like the arches on the Arch of Constantine in Rome. These large entrances let in all the crowds on special Holy Days. The facade also had a big round window in the centre, called a rose window, which was the first one in France.
Abbot Suger did not rebuild the church inside the west doors where most of the ordinary people stood. Next, he rebuilt the eastern end. Suger wanted the east facade to make people think of Heaven. He wanted it to be very light and bright, with very big windows of beautifully coloured glass. He looked at all the most modern designs, and all the clever things that other architects had done. He put all the new ideas together in one building. It was the first building of the new "Gothic" style. It was not yet called Gothic at this time. It was called "the French Style".
The new East End was dedicated or "given to God" on June 11, 1144. Other architects soon copied the design for other big churches and cathedrals in northern France. After Abbot Suger's death, the rest of the church was also rebuilt in the new style, and got two more much larger and more decorated rose windows, one on either side.
The style soon spread to England and through France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain and northern of Italy and Sicily.
Architectural features of Gothic churches
Note:- The architectural vocabulary words are written in bold type and are explained and/or shown on the plan and cross-section.
Romanesque architecture
"Romanesque" was the style of architecture in Europe before the "Gothic" style. Gothic architecture grew out of Romanesque architecture. There was not a clean break between the two styles. Many of the features of Gothic architecture did not begin in the Gothic period. They were already there in Romanesque architecture, and slowly changed to become Gothic. The main changes were the pointed arch and the flying buttress. These two developments allowed many other changes to happen.
Romanesque buildings had thick walls, small windows, round arches and flat buttresses. Gothic buildings had thinner walls, larger windows, pointed arches and large buttresses.
All the types of buildings, and the general shape of the buildings were already there in the Romanesque period. The types of buildings were:- the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall and the gatehouse.
Before the 20th century, the landmark building in almost every town was a church, cathedral, abbey, or town hall with its tall tower or spire rising high above all the houses. Many of these buildings were from the Middle Ages and were Romanesque or Gothic in style.
Plans
The groundplan of most Gothic churches is shaped like a cross. The long nave makes the body of the church and, crossing it, the arms are called the transept. On the other side of the transept is the chancel which is often called the choir because that is where the priest and the choir sing the services.
The nave usually has a passageway or aisle on either side. Sometimes there are two aisles on each side. The nave is usually a lot taller than the aisles, and has high windows which light up the central space. The upper part of the building, where these windows are, is called the clerestory (or clear storey). (It is pronounced "clair-rest-tree")
Some Gothic churches in Germany and Austria and also Milan Cathedral (which was built in the German style) often have nave and aisles of almost the same height and are called "hallenkirke" (hall church). The Cathedral of St. Stephen of Vienna is an example.
In some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the transept does not stick out beyond the aisles. In English cathedrals the transepts always stick out a long way and sometimes there are two transepts as at Salisbury Cathedral.
It is at the eastern end that Gothic churches are the most different from each other.
In England the eastern end it is usually long and often has two parts. It is usually square or has a "Lady Chapel", a place to pray to the Virgin Mary.
In France the eastern end is often polygonal and has by a passage for walking called an ambulatory. Often French churches have a ring of chapels called a chevette. German churches are often like those of France at the eastern end.
In Italy, there is no long chancel jutting out beyond the transept. There is usually just a semicircular chapel as at Florence Cathedral.
Features of the Gothic style
Pointed arches
Very high towers and spires and roofs
Clustered columns: tall columns that looked like a group of thin columns bundled together
Ribbed vaults: arched ceilings made of stone. In the Gothic style they were held up by stone ribs.
A skeleton of stonework with great big glass windows in between.
Tracery: carved stone lace in the windows and on the walls
Stained glass: richly colored glass in the windows, often with pictures telling stories
Buttresses: narrow stone walls jutting out from the building to help hold it up
Flying buttresses: buttresses that help to hold the vault up. They are made with an arch that jumps over a lower part of the building to reach the outside wall.
Statues: of Saints, Prophets and Kings around the doors
Many sculptures, sometimes of animals and legendary creatures. Gargoyles spout water from the roof.
Grand facade
The "facade" or West Front of a large church or cathedral is designed to make a big impression on the worshippers. One of the best known is Notre Dame de Paris.
In the centre of the facade is the main door or portal, often with two side doors as well. In the arch of the middle door is often an important piece of sculpture, usually "Christ in Majesty". Sometimes there is a stone post in the middle of the doorway where there is a statue of the "Madonna and Child". There are many other carved figures in niches set all around the portals. Sometimes there are hundreds of stone figures carved all across the front of the building.
Above the middle door there is a large window, which is usually a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral, but not in England, Scotland, Belgium or Scandinavia where there will nearly always be a very large pointed window to let in lots of light.
In Italy, the facade is often decorated with coloured marble and mosaic made of little coloured tiles, and not so many statues, as at Orvieto Cathedral
The facade of a French cathedral and many English, Spanish and German cathedrals usually has two towers.
Height
Large Gothic churches and cathedrals are often very tall. On the inside, the nave is usually at least twice as high as it is wide, which gives the church a very tall narrow look. Some of the churches in France and Germany have naves that are three times as high as they are wide. Cologne Cathedral is an example. The tallest nave is at Beauvais Cathedral which is 157.5 feet high. Westminster Abbey is 102 feet high.
On the outside most Gothic churches, both big and small, have at least one tower. In Italy there are domes on the churches, and the tower stands to one side. But in most other countries, cathedrals generally have two towers and quite often have three. Some have even more. Laon Cathedral was planned to have seven, but they were not all built.
Sometimes there is just one tower with a huge spire as at Salisbury. Lincoln Cathedral had the tallest spire of the Middle Ages at 527 feet (160 metres).
Because a pointed arch points upwards, it makes people look upwards. In Gothic architecture, the whole building is designed to make people look up. There are long narrow columns, long narrow windows and high pointed roofs. On the inside the arches of the roof rise up like branches. On the outside, there are often lots of fancy bits along the edge of the roof and on the tops of buttresses and above the windows. These are called pinnacles. Milan Cathedral has hundreds of them.
Light
Gothic architecture usually has a lot of windows. Sainte Chapelle is a famous example. At Gloucester Cathedral in England, the East window is as big as a tennis court. Milan Cathedral also has windows of about the same size.
The flying buttresses which arch across the roof of the aisle were used to support the roof above the windows, so the walls did not have to be so thick.
The columns of the inside, the ribs of the vault (or roof) and the flying buttresses, made a strong stone skeleton. in between these parts, the walls and the filling of the vaults could be of lighter thinner material. Between the narrow buttresses, the walls could be opened up into large windows.
Through the Gothic period, because of the pointed arch, Gothic windows were able to change from simple openings to very rich designs. The windows were very often filled with stained glass which made coloured light in the building, and was used for story-telling pictures.
The pointed arch
Pointed arches were used in Persian architecture, and from 641 AD onwards, they were a feature of Islamic architecture. Knowledge of the pointed arch spread into Europe through the Crusaders who travelled to the Middle East from 1096 onwards. Also, Islamic forces had taken over parts of Spain, where they built cities and Mosques with pointed arches.
Architectural historians think that the pointed arch was also used by some European architects because it was a very strong way of making an arch.
In Gothic Architecture, the pointed arch is used in every place where an arch is needed, both for strength and for decoration. Gothic openings such as doorways, windows, arcades and galleries have pointed arches. A row of arches is called an arcade. A row of arches that is up high on a building is a gallery.
Rows of pointed arches were used to decorate walls. This is known as blind arcading. Often walls were made with tall narrow arched openings in them that could be used to stand statues in. An opening like this is called a niche which is pronounced "neesh".
Vaulted roofs with pointed arches
An arched roof built of bricks or stone is called a vault. In the Romanesque period before the Gothic, some churches had vaulted roofs. They were always based on perfectly semi-circular shapes. There were two main ways to make a nave vault in the Romanesque period. A vault could be long like a tunnel. Churches with this type of vault were always rather dark. Or it could be square, like two tunnels crossing each other. This meant that the columns that carried the vault always had to be placed on a perfectly square ground plan, which was not always possible.
One of the good things about pointed arches was that they could be narrow and tall, or flattened and wide. Using pointed arches, architects could make vaults of very different shapes. They did not even have to be rectangular. A Gothic architect could make a vault with one side narrow, two sides wide and the last side even wider. They could make a vault with three sides or five sides quite easily, by using pointed arches.
The vaults were made of ribs which met each other at the highest part of the vault. In between the ribs were sloping surfaces of stone or brick that could be much thinner and lighter than the ribs. At first the pattern made by the ribs was quite plain, like Romanesque vaults, but architects, particularly in England, soon started adding small ribs in between the main ones and making different patterns. Some vaults like this can also be seen in Spain and Germany, but not usually in France or Italy.
Different shapes of Gothic arches
In the Gothic period the shape and style of pointed arches changed. But the changes were not the same in every country.
With pointed arches, windows could be made very large. Architects made many designs of pointed arches crossing each other in different ways. These designs were often used in windows, which look as if they are filled with beautiful stone lace. This is called "tracery". The stone tracery was used to hold the glass in place. An Architectural Historian can often tell just how old a part of a building is by looking at the window tracery design.
Lancet arch
The simplest Gothic arch is a long opening with a pointed arch known in England as the lancet. A "lancet" is a sharp knife, so these windows are knife-shaped. Very often lancet windows are put together in a group of three or five.
Salisbury Cathedral is famous for the beauty of its Lancet Gothic Architecture. In England the style is called "Early English Gothic". York Cathedral in England has a group of five lancet windows that are 50 feet high and are still full of ancient glass. They are called the Five Sisters.
These simple windows are also found at Chartres Cathedral and Laon Cathedral in France. They are the most usual sort of Gothic windows in Italy.
Equilateral arch
Many Gothic openings have tops that are based upon an equilateral triangle. The Equilateral Arch has a very pleasing look and gives a wide opening useful for doorways, arcades and big windows.
These arches are often filled with tracery in circular designs. In England this style is called Geometric Decorated Gothic. It can be seen at many English and French Cathedrals, for example Lincoln cathedral in England and Notre Dame in Paris.
Flamboyant arch
Some Gothic windows have designs in the tracery, or even in the top of the window itself, that rises up like a flame. This is called Flamboyant Gothic. Tracery like this makes a very rich and lively effect.
Some of the most beautiful and famous windows of Europe have this type of tracery. It can be seen at St Stephen's Vienna, Sainte Chapelle in Paris, at the Cathedrals of Limoges and Rouen in France, and at Milan Cathedral in Italy. In England the most famous windows like this are the West Window of York Minster with its design based on the Sacred Heart, the East Window at Carlisle Cathedral and the East window of Selby Abbey. Architectural Historians sometimes argue about which of these is the most beautiful.
Flame-shaped arches are not as strong as ordinary pointed arches. It is never used for making a vaulted roof. If this shape is used to make a doorway, there is generally another stronger arch around it. Another way is to make a square topped door that has Flamboyant decoration over the top. In France there are many doorways, both in churches and in houses, that are like this. They are rare in England but there is one at Rochester Cathedral.
In England the Flamboyant style was used wall arcading and niches. The most famous examples in are in the Lady Chapel at Ely, the Screen at Lincoln and the facade of Exeter Cathedral. In German and Spanish Gothic architecture the Flamboyant style is often used for opnwork stone screens. The famous "pulpit" in Vienna Cathedral is made like this.
Depressed arch
The Depressed arch is wide and looks as if it has been pushed almost flat. When arches like this are used to make great big windows they need to be supported by many tall thin vertical shafts and horizontal transoms, so that the window looks as if it has been divided up into a grid (lots of rectangles). This sort of decoration is used on walls as well. In England the style is called Perpendicular Gothic style.
At Gloucester Cathedral the Perpendicular East Window is said to be as large as a tennis court. There are three very famous large chapels in this style- King's College Chapel, Cambridge; St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle; Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey. The other famous example is Bath Abbey.
Decoration
A Gothic cathedral was designed to be like a model of the universe. Everything about the building was designed to tell a message about God.
The statues, the decoration, stained glass windows and wall paintings told Bible stories such as how God created the world and how he rules over everything that is in the universe, the seasons of the year and the stars in the sky.
Carvings near the door often show the signs of the Zodiac because the patterns of stars in the sky were very important to farming people who did not have calendars to tell them when to plant and when to harvest.
Above the main door is often a sculpture of Jesus on a throne, judging the people of the Earth. Many pictures and sculptures are there to remind people to live good lives because they never know what will happen next.
Many churches were very richly decorated, both inside and out. the statues were often painted in bright colours but nowadays only tiny bits remain at Chartres cathedral and some other places. Wooden ceilings were usually brightly coloured. Sometimes the stone columns were painted as well.
Regional differences
Even though some things about Gothic architecture stay the same, other things look different in different countries.
Building materials
Different building materials were found in different parts of Europe. This is one of the differences in the architecture between different places.
In France, there was limestone. It was good for building because it was soft to cut, but got much harder when the air and rain got on it. It was usually a pale grey colour. France also had beautiful white limestone from Caen which was perfect for making very fine carvings.
England had coarse limestone, red sandstone and dark green Purbeck marble which was often used for architectural decorations like thin columns.
In Northern Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Baltic countries and northern Poland there was no good building stone, but there was clay for making bricks and tiles. So many of these countries have Brick Gothic churches and even Brick Gothic castles.
In Italy, limestone was used for city walls and castles, but brick was used for other buildings. Because Italy had lots of beautiful marble in many different colours, many buildings have fronts or "facades" decorated in coloured marble. Some churches have very rough brick facades because the marble was never put on. Florence Cathedral, for example, did not get its marble facade until the 1800s.
In some parts of Europe, there were many tall straight trees that were good for making very large roofs. But in England, by the 1400s, the long straight trees were running out. Many of the trees were used for building ships. The architects had to think of a new way to make a wide roof from short pieces of timber. That is how they invented the hammer-beam roofs which are one of the beautiful features seen in many old English churches.
France
French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium are often very high, both inside and outside. The transepts do not stick out far. The facades in France nearly always have three doors, a rose window and two towers. There are often facades with doors on the transepts as well as the front.
England
The thing that makes English cathedrals different from the others is that they are long, and look horizontal, like big ocean liners.
English cathedrals nearly all took hundreds of years to build, and every part is in a style that is quite different to the next part. (Only Salisbury Cathedral was not built in lots of styles.)
The West window is very large and is never a rose window. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the middle of the building, which may have a big spire.
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire
In Germany the towers and spires are often enormously large. Sometimes they are so big that it was impossible to finish them until modern times. The spires are quite different to English spires because they are made of lacy "openwork".
There are also many hallenkirke (or hall-churches) which have no clerestorey windows. The nave and the aisles are about the same height.
Spain and Portugal
Like an English Cathedral, a Spanish or Portuguese Gothic Cathedral is often built in many different styles. They are often wide. Spanish cathedrals often have chapels all around them. The roof often has many different types of towers and spires. Often the central towers are polygonal.
Italy
Italian Gothic cathedrals use lots of colour, both outside and inside. On the outside, the facade is often decorated with marble. On the inside, the walls are often painted plaster. The columns and arches are often decorated with bright coloured paint. There are also mosaics with gold backgrounds and beautifully tiled floors is geometric patterns.
The facades often have an open porch with a wheel windows above it. There is often a dome at the centre of the building. The bell tower is hardly ever attached to the building, because Italy has quite a few earthquakes. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favorite way of decorating the churches is fresco (wall painting).
Related pages
Castle
Gothic Revival architecture
Notes
References
, from Project Gutenberg
Other websites
GothicMed. A virtual museum of Mediterranean Gothic architecture
Photographs of 1,700 gothic and romanesque churches
Gothic architecture
de:Gotik#Baukunst |
5579 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral | Cathedral | A cathedral is a Christian church that is the seat of a Bishop. As cathedrals are the seat of a bishop, they are central church of a diocese. Only those Christian denominations that have bishops have cathedrals. Cathedrals can be found in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican as well as some Lutheran churches.
In the Greek Orthodox Church, the terms "kathedrikos naos" (literally: "cathedral shrine") and "metropolis" (literally "mother city") are both used to describe the same thing. "Metropolis" is more common, but both terms are officially used.
There are variations on the use of the term "cathedral"; for example, some pre-Reformation cathedrals in Scotland now within the Church of Scotland still retain the term cathedral, despite the Church's Presbyterian polity which does not have bishops. As cathedrals are often particularly impressive buildings, the term is often used incorrectly to refer to any large important church. Some diocese, however, have other churches that are bigger than the cathedral.
Several cathedrals in Europe, such as Strasbourg, and in England at York, Lincoln and Southwell, are referred to as Minster (German: Münster) churches, from Latin monasterium, because the establishments were served by canons living in community or may have been an abbey, prior to the Reformation. The other kind of great church in Western Europe is the abbey.
Definition
The word cathedral is derived from the Latin noun "cathedra" (seat or chair), and refers to the presence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne. In the ancient world, the chair was the symbol of a teacher and thus of the bishop's role as teacher, and also of an official presiding as a magistrate and thus of the bishop's role in governing a diocese.
The word cathedral, though now grammatically used as a noun, is originally the adjective in the phrase "cathedral church", from the Latin "ecclesia cathedralis". The seat marks the place set aside in the prominent church of the diocese for the head of that diocese and is therefore a major symbol of authority.
Many cathedrals are very old.
Cathedrals which are not the seat of a bishop
Some churches are called cathedral, but they are not the seat of a bishop. This may be because the way the church is organised changed over time. This is the case for Our Lady of Sorrows Church, Poprad, in Slovakia, for example. In Slovak language, this church is called cathedral. It is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spiš. This diocese was re-organised several times. Currently, the cathedral of the diocese is St. Martin's Cathedral (Spišská Kapitula). Churches that formerly were a diocesan seat may be called concathedral, co-cathedral, or pro-cathedral.
References
Gallery |
5580 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron%20saint | Patron saint | A patron saint is someone who has devoted their whole life to something greater than themselves. They are someone who worked hard to make the world a better place. Catholics traditionally take a name of a patron saint to help them throughout their life.
Here is a list of patron saints and the things that they are the patron saint of:
Countries
Saint Andrew (Scotland, Russia)
Catherine of Siena Italy and Europe
Saint David (Wales)
Saint Denis (France)
Saint George (Canada, England, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Ethiopia, Aragon, Catalonia, Moscow)
Francis of Assisi Italy
Saint Patrick (Ireland)
Saint Piran (Cornwall)
Saint James (Spain)
Saints |
5581 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20David | Saint David | Saint David (c. 512 - 587) is the patron saint of Wales. He was a Welsh bishop in the 6th century. He is usually represented standing on a little hill, with a dove on his shoulder. He is commemorated on 1 March. The earliest mention of St. David is found in a tenth-century manuscript Of the "Annales Cambriae", which assigns his death to A.D. 601.
Related pages
Saint David's Day
References
Catholic Online
512 births
587 deaths
British priests
British Roman Catholics
Christian saints
Roman Catholic bishops
Roman Catholic priests
Welsh Christians |
5582 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20George | Saint George | Saint George (c. 275/280 – April 23, 303) is the patron saint of England and some other countries. There is no reliable history about St. George yet. On St George's day some people in England wear a red rose, or put an English flag in their window. The Saint George's Cross is the flag of England: white with a red cross.
According to a legend, Saint George of Lydda killed a dragon and saved the lives of many people.
A legend
A city called Silene had a large lake, where a plague-bearing dragon who breathed fire and disease lived. The dragon poisoned all the countryside. To please the dragon, the people of Silene gave it a sheep every day, for food, and when there were no more sheep, they gave their children to the dragon. The children were chosen by a lottery.
One year the lottery chose the King's daughter. The King, sad and desperate, asked the people to take all his gold and silver, and half of his empire - but only if his daughter could be saved. The people refused. The daughter was sent out to the lake, dressed in white as a bride, to be a fine meal for the dragon.
Not knowing this, Saint George was riding past the lake on the same day. The princess, terrified and trembling, tried to send him away, but George said he would stay and protect her.
The dragon came suddenly out of the lake while they were speaking. George made the Sign of the Cross gesture, jumped on his horse and advanced toward the dragon. He used his long spear to hurt the dragon badly. Then he asked the princess to throw her long pretty belt to him. He put the silk belt around the dragon's neck.
Now, the dragon followed the girl like a humble pet follows its master.
The Princess and Saint George took the dragon back to the city of Silene, where the people were terrified to see the dragon enter. But Saint George told them not to be scared. He said that if the people became Christians and went to Church to be baptized, he would kill the dragon immediately.
The king and the people of Silene converted to Christianity, George killed the dragon with his sword, 'Ascalon', and its body was taken out of the city on carts.
Fifteen thousand men were baptized, not counting women and children.
On the site where the dragon died, the king built a Church for the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint George. From the altar in the church came a fountain of holy water. The water cured any disease.
Symbolism
The story of Saint George and the Dragon symbolizes good winning over evil. Compare Book of Revelation chapters 12-13.
It is the subject of a lot of art through many centuries. In Sweden, the Princess symbolizes the nation of Sweden, and the dragon represents a foreign army of enemies. The story was passed from parent to child through songs in Russia. It was also made into the story 'The Reluctant Dragon' by Ken Ransom, which was made into a Disney film.
Patron Saint
St. George's Day is also England's National Day, April 23, but this is not a holiday in the UK. He is the patron saint of many other countries, too - including Greece, Palestine, Georgia, Portugal and Russia. Moscow has 41 Churches with the name of Saint George, and the Moscow city Coat of Arms, or symbol, is of Saint George on a horse killing the dragon. Saint George is the patron saint of the Boy Scouts of America.
3rd-century births
303 deaths
George
England
Legends |
5583 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Andrew | Saint Andrew | Saint Andrew is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and the patron saint of Scotland, Romania, Ukraine and several other countries. He was crucified on a cross that was turned sideways to look like an "X". The Saint Andrew's flag is the official flag of Scotland.
On St Andrew's Day, many people in Scotland wear a thistle.
Related pages
Twelve Apostles
References
Early Christian saints
Twelve Apostles
1st-century births
1st-century deaths |
5584 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Patrick | Saint Patrick | Saint Patrick (about 402 - March 17, probably 491 or 493) is the patron saint of Ireland. He was born in a village in Roman Britain. Saint Patrick came from a Christian family. He was the son of Calpornius, who was a deacon. According to the autobiographical Confessio of Patrick, when he was about sixteen years old, he was captured by Irish pirates. They took him from his home in Britain and sold him as a slave in Ireland. His work was to take care of animals. He lived there for six years and learned the local language. He then escaped and returned to his family.
After becoming a cleric, he returned to northern and western Ireland as a missionary. Because he knew the language he could preach to the people. He also married couples when the king prohibited it.
He brought Christianity to Ireland. He converted many pagans to Christianity. He also challenged many of their leaders and druids such as Aodhan the Brave also known as Chief Aodhan. St.Patrick eventually converted Chief Aodhan and they worked together to convert many other pagans.
St. Patrick's Day is celebrated every year on March 17 in his honour.
Saint Patrick's Bell
There is a bell in the National Museum of Ireland that was made around the time of Saint Patrick's life. There is no evidence that Saint Patrick owned the bell but the Irish have believed for 1400 years that the bell belonged to Saint Patrick. One of the kings of Ulster who was the high king of Ireland at the time had a beautiful cover made out of gold and gems to preserve the bell. The names of the bishops of Ireland were engraved on the cover. The style of the letters on the cover were used to make the first typewriters. It is believed that the bell was rung by Saint Patrick to let people know it was time for church.
Saint Patrick and the snakes
There are no snakes in Ireland but there is a legend that at the time of Saint Patrick there were lots of snakes and he chased them all into the Irish Sea. Some say that this legend came to be because pagans had tattoos of snakes and Saint Patrick got rid of the pagans by teaching Christianity and therefore drove out the snakes from Ireland.
Holy Trinity and the Shamrock
St. Patrick is credited with teaching the Irish about the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. He used a three-leafed shamrock as an illustration of "three-in-one". For this reason, shamrocks are a central symbol for St. Patrick’s Day.
References
Other websites
Some facts about Saint Patrick
The history of ringing Saint Patrick's bell in modern times
A list of catholic patron saints
402 births
490s deaths
Patrick
Slaves |
5585 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/491 | 491 |
Deaths
March 17 – Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland (possibly died this year, could also have died in the year 493) |
5586 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%2017 | March 17 |
Events
Up to 1900
45 BC - In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
180 - Marcus Aurelius dies, leaving Commodus as sole Emperor of the Roman Empire.
624 - Led by the Prophet Muhammad, the Muslims of Medina defeat the Quraysh of Mecca in the Battle of Badr.
1328 - Isabella of France, on behalf of her 15-year-old son, Edward III of England, recognizes the independence of Scotland, ending the first of the Scottish Wars of Independence.
1337 - Edward, the Black Prince becomes Duke of Cornwall, the first Duchy in England.
1452 - The Battle of Los Alporchones is fought in the context of the Spanish Reconquista between the Emirate of Granada and the combined forces of the Kingdom of Castile and Murcia, resulting in a Christian victory.
1667 - Siege of Valenciennes: During the Franco-Dutch War, ends with France's taking over of the city.
1776 - American Revolution: British forces evacuate Boston, Massachusetts, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city.
1780 - American Revolution: George Washington grants the Continental Army a holiday on St. Patrick's Day, in solidarity with the Irish people.
1800 - British ship HMS Queen Charlotte sinks after a fire on board off Livorno, Tuscany, Italy, killing 673 people.
1805 – Italy becomes a Kingdom for the first time, with Napoleon Bonaparte becoming King.
1842 - The Relief Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is formed.
1860 - The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase in the New Zealand Land Wars.
1861 – The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed, making Italy a united nation. It lasts until 1946, when a majority of voters supports becoming a Republic.
1891 – The USS Utopia collides with the HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar, and sinks, killing 562 people.
1899 - William Henry Pickering discovers Saturn's moon Phoebe.
1901 2000
1921 - The Second Republic of Poland adopts the March Constitution.
1939 - Second Sino-Japanese War: The Battle of Nanchang between the Republic of China's Kuomintang and Japan begins.
1941 – In Washington, DC, the National Gallery of Art is opened.
1945 – World War II: The Ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, Germany, collapses, shortly after its capture.
1948 - The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels.
1950 - Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley announce the creation of element 98, which they name Californium.
1957 – A plane crash in Cebu, Philippines, kills 25 people, including President Ramon Magsaysay.
1958 - The United States launches the Vanguard 1 satellite.
1959 - Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama, escapes Tibet to India.
1960 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the National Security Council directive on the anti-Cuban covert action program that will ultimately lead to the Bay of Pigs invasion.
1963 – The Gunung Agung volcano on Bali, Indonesia, erupts, killing around 1,300 people.
1966 - A missing American hydrogen bomb is found off the Mediterranean Sea coast of Spain.
1968 - As a result of nerve gas testing in Skull Valley, Utah, US, over 6,000 sheep are found dead.
1969 – Golda Meir becomes Prime Minister of Israel.
1988 - Avianca Flight 410, a Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, crashes into a mountainside in Eastern Colombia, near the Venezuelan border, killing 143 people.
1988 - Eritrean War of Independence: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on three sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in the opening action of the Battle of Afabet.
1991 - Diego Maradona is found to have taken cocaine and is banned from football for 15 months.
1992 – A referendum in South Africa approves the end of Apartheid.
1992 - A suicide car bombing at Israel's Embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, kills 29 people.
2000 - More than 800 members of the Ugandan cult Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in what is considered to be a mass murder and suicide, orchestrated by the leaders of the cult.
From 2001
2003 – Robin Cook resigns from the British cabinet over plans to go to war in Iraq.
2004 - Unrest occurs in Kosovo. 22 people are killed, and 220 injured, as 35 Serbian Orthodox Shrines in Kosovo and 2 mosques in Belgrade and Nis, Serbia, are destroyed.
2008 – New York Governor Eliot Spitzer resigns over a prostitution scandal. David Paterson replaces him.
2009 – Marc Ravalomanana resigns as President of Madagascar, as Andry Rajoelina takes over, following weeks of unrest.
2011 - 2011 Libyan civil war: The United Nations Security Council authorizes military intervention to protect civilians in Libya, as well as a no-fly zone over Libya.
2013 - A meteorite hits the Moon.
2018 - Russia expels 23 British diplomats (after the UK did the same with 23 Russian diplomats on March 14) and also decides to close the British Consulate in Saint Petersburg and end the work of the British Council in Russia. This is because of an ongoing diplomatic row between the two countries over the poisoning of former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in Salisbury.
Births
Up to 1900
765 – Harun al-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph (d. 809) (N.S March 27 on Gregorian calendar)
1231 - Emperor Shijo of Japan (d. 1242)
1473 – King James IV of Scotland (d. 1513)
1537 - Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japanese general and politician (d. 1598)
1628 - François Girardon, French sculptor (d. 1715)
1665 - Elisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre, French musician, harpsichordist and composer (d. 1829)
1676 - Thomas Boston, Scottish church leader (d. 1732)
1686 - Jean-Baptiste Oudry, French painter, engraver and tapestry designer (d. 1755)
1725 - Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish-American military and political leader
1777 - Patrick Bronte, father of the Brontë sisters (d. 1861)
1777 - Roger Brooke Taney, 5th Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (d. 1864)
1780 - Thomas Chalmers, Scottish theologian, religious reformer and writer (d. 1847)
1794 - Gabriel Antonio Pereira, President of Uruguay (d. 1861)
1804 - Jim Bridger, American explorer (d. 1881)
1813 – King Kamehameha III of Hawaii (d. 1854) (March 17 was official birthday)
1822 – Sa'id, Khedive (Viceroy) of Egypt (d. 1854)
1832 - Walter Q. Gresham, United States Secretary of State (d. 1895)
1834 – Gottlieb Daimler, German engineer and inventor (d. 1900)
1846 - Kate Greenaway, English writer and illustrator (d. 1901)
1849 - Charles F. Brush, American inventor and entrepreneur (d. 1929)
1856 - Mikhail Vrubel, Russian painter (d. 1910)
1858 - Policarpo Bonilla, President of Honduras (d. 1926)
1862 - Silvio Gesell, Belgian merchant and economist (d. 1930)
1865 – Gabriel Narutowicz, President of Poland (d. 1922)
1868 - Nathan E. Kendall, 23rd Governor of Iowa (d. 1936)
1872 - Konstantinos Skarlatos, Greek shooter (d. 1969)
1876 - Frederick Ayres, American composer (d. 1926)
1877 - Otto Gross, Austrian psychoanalyst (d. 1920)
1879 - Jim Nance McCord, Governor of Tennessee (d. 1968)
1880 – Lawrence Oates, English Antarctic explorer (d. 1912)
1881 – Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist (d. 1973)
1883 - Urmuz, Romanian writer (d. 1923)
1884 – Alcide Nunez, American jazz clarinettist (d. 1934)
1885 - Ralph Rose, American athlete (d. 1913)
1886 - Princess Patricia of Connaught (d. 1974)
1888 - Paul Ramadier, French politician (d. 1961)
1889 - Harry Clarke, Irish stained-glass artist and book illustrator (d. 1931)
1892 - Sayed Darwish, Egyptian singer and composer (d. 1923)
1900 – Alfred Neumann, American movie composer (d. 1970)
1901 1950
1902 – Bobby Jones, American golfer (d. 1971)
1906 - Brigitte Helm, German actress (d. 1996)
1907 – Miki Takeo, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1988)
1907 - Jean Van Houtte, Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1991)
1907 - John O. Pastore, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 2000)
1911 - Vello Kaaristo, Estonian cross-country skier (d. 1965)
1912 - Bayard Rustin, American Civil rights activist (d. 1987)
1914 - Juan Ongania, Argentine military officer and politician (d. 1995)
1915 - Ray Ellington, British singer (d. 1985)
1919 – Nat King Cole, American singer (d. 1965)
1920 - Jose Tomas Sanchez, Filipino cardinal (d. 2012)
1921 – Meir Amit, Israeli politician and general (d. 2009)
1922 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Bengali founder (d. 1975)
1925 - Gabriele Ferzetti, Italian actor (d. 2015)
1926 - Siegfried Lenz, German writer (d. 2014)
1927 - Francisco Gonzalez Ledesma, Spanish writer (d. 2015)
1927 - Patrick Allen, British actor (d. 2006)
1929 - Peter L. Berger, Austrian philosopher (d. 2017)
1930 – James Irwin, American astronaut (d. 1991)
1933 – Penelope Lively, British writer
1933 - Heather Armitage, British athlete
1935 - Oscar Panno, Argentine chess player
1936 - Ken Mattingly, American admiral, pilot and astronaut
1937 - Adam Wade, American singer, drummer and actor
1937 - Galina Samsova, Russian ballet dancer
1938 – Rudolf Nureyev, Russian dancer and choreographer (d. 1993)
1938 – Keith O'Brien, former Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh and cardinal (d. 2018)
1939 – Giovanni Trapattoni, Italian footballer and manager
1939 - Robin Knox-Johnston, British yachtsman
1939 - Bill Graham, Canadian politician
1940 - Mark White, 40th Governor of Texas (d. 2017)
1940 - Jim Telfer, Scottish rugby player
1941 - Paul Kantner, American musician (d. 2016)
1942 – John Wayne Gacy, American serial killer (d. 1994; executed by lethal injection)
1943 - Jim Weatherly, American singer-songwriter
1943 - Bakili Muluzi, former President of Malawi
1944 - John Sebastian, American singer, songwriter and guitarist
1944 - Juan Ramon Veron, Argentine footballer and coach
1944 - Cito Galston, American baseball player
1945 – Michael Hayden, General USAF, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
1945 - Elis Regina, Brazilian singer (d. 1982)
1947 - Yury Chernavsky, Russian composer and producer
1948 - William Gibson, American writer
1949 – Patrick Duffy, American actor
1949 - Pat Rice, Irish footballer and coach
1949 - Hartmut Briesenick, East German athlete (d. 2013)
1949 - Stuart Rose, English businessman
1951 1975
1951 – Donald Findlay, Scottish lawyer
1951 - Sydne Rome, American actress
1951 - Kurt Russell, American actor
1954 - Lesley-Anne Down, English actress and singer
1955 – Cynthia McKinney, American politician
1955 – Gary Sinise, American actor
1955 - Mark Boone Junior, American actor
1956 - Rory McGrath, English comedian and writer
1957 - Michael Kelly, American journalist (d. 2003)
1958 - José-Manuel Abascal, Spanish middle-distance runner
1958 - Christian Clemenson, American actor
1960 - Ruth Langsford, English television presenter
1960 - Michael Whitaker, English equestrian
1961 - Sam Bowie, American basketball player
1961 - Casey Siemaszko, American actor
1961 - Dana Reeve, American actress and activist (d. 2006)
1962 – Clare Grogan, Scottish singer and actress
1962 - Rob Sitch, Australian actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1962 - Kalpana Chawla, Indian astronaut (d. 2003)
1964 - Stefano Borgonovo, Italian footballer (d. 2013)
1964 – Lee Dixon, English footballer and pundit
1964 – Rob Lowe, American actor
1964 – Jacques Songo'o, Cameroonian footballer
1966 - Espen Hammer, Norwegian philosopher
1966 - Andrew Rosindell, English politician
1967 - Billy Corgan, American musician
1969 – Alexander McQueen, British fashion designer (d. 2010)
1969 - Bruce Parry, British former soldier, traveler and adventurer
1969 - Patricia Ford, American model
1969 - Edgar Gronspiron, French skier
1972 – Mia Hamm, American soccer player
1972 - Sean Price, American rapper an producer
1973 – Caroline Corr, Irish singer and musician
1974 – Mark Dolan, British television presenter
1975 – Justin Hawkins, British singer (The Darkness)
1975 - Puneeth Rajkumar, Indian actor, singer and producer
1975 - Gina Holden, Canadian actress
1975 - Andrew Martin, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2009)
From 1976
1976 – Stephen Gately, Irish singer (Boyzone) (d. 2009)
1976 - Alvaro Recoba, Uruguayan footballer
1976 - Brittany Daniel, American actress
1976 - Cynthia Daniel, American actress and photographer
1978 - Pilar Rubio, Spanish actress
1978 - Owen Thompson, Scottish politician
1979 - Sharman Joshi, Indian actor
1979 - Stephen Kramer Glickman, American actor and comedian
1979 - Million Wolde, Ethiopian runner
1979 - Stormy Daniels, American pornographic actress
1980 - Katie Morgan, American pornographic actress
1981 - Nicky Jam, American singer and songwriter
1981 - Servet Cetin, Turkish footballer
1982 – Steven Pienaar, South African footballer
1983 – Raul Meireles, Portuguese footballer
1983 - Matteo Paro, Italian footballer
1984 - Ryan Rottman, American actor
1986 – Edin Dzeko, Bosnian footballer
1987 – Bobby Ryan, American ice hockey player
1987 - Rob Kardashian, American television personality
1987 - Ryan Parent, Canadian ice hockey player
1987 - Federico Fazio, Argentine footballer
1988 - Fraser Forster, English footballer
1988 - Rasmus Elm, Swedish footballer
1988 - Grimes, Canadian singer and songwriter
1988 - Jack Monroe, English food writer, journalist and activist
1989 – Shinji Kagawa, Japanese footballer
1989 - Mason Musso, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1990 - Hozier, Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist
1990 - Jean Segura, Dominican baseball player
1991 - Thomas Robinson, American basketball player
1992 - Eliza Bennett, English actress and singer
1992 - John Boyega, English actor
1992 - Yeltsin Tejeda, Costa Rican footballer
1997 - Katie Ledecky, American swimmer
Deaths
Up to 1900
45 BC - Titus Labienus, Roman leader (b. 100 BC)
45 BC - Publius Attius Varus, Roman Governor of Africa
180 – Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor (b. 121)
unknown year (probably 461 or 493) – Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland
659 - Gertrude of Nivelles, Belgian abbess (b. 626)
1040 – Harold Harefoot, King of England
1058 - Lulach, King of the Scots
1199 - Jocelyn of Glasgow, Scottish monk and bishop (b. 1130)
1272 - Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (b. 1220)
1425 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shogun (b. 1407)
1516 - Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1479)
1620 - John Sarkander, Polish-Moravian priest and saint (b. 1576)
1680 - François de Rochefoucauld, French author (b. 1613)
1741 – Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, French poet (b. 1674)
1782 – Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1700)
1830 - Lauren de Gouvion Saint-Cyr, French politician (b. 1764)
1846 - Friedrich Bessel, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1764)
1849 – King William II of the Netherlands (b. 1792)
1853 – Christian Doppler, Austrian physician and mathematician (b. 1803)
1871 - Robert Chambers, Scottish geologist and publisher (b. 1802)
1875 - Ferdinand Laub, Czech violinist and composer (b. 1832)
1886 - Leopold Zunz, German Jewish scientist (b. 1794)
1893 - Jules Ferry, French statesman (b. 1832)
1901 2000
1917 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher (b. 1838)
1921 - Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Russian mathematician and engineer (b. 1847)
1926 - Aleksei Brusilov, Russian general (b. 1853)
1937 – Austen Chamberlain, English statesman (b. 1863)
1941 - Marguerite Nichols, American actress (b. 1895)
1946 - Dai Li, Chinese spymaster (b. 1897)
1956 – Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist (b. 1897)
1956 - Fred Allen, American actor (b. 1894)
1957 – Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippines (b. 1907)
1958 - John Pius Boland, Irish politician and tennis player (b. 1870)
1961 - Susanna M. Salter, American politician (b. 1860)
1962 - Pat Clayton, English soldier and surveyor (b. 1896)
1976 - Luchino Visconti, Italian director (b. 1906)
1980 - Boun Oum, Laotian politician (b. 1912)
1983 – Haldan Keffer Hartline, American physiologist (b. 1903)
1986 - Heinz Nixdorf, German computer pioneer and entrepreneur (b. 1925)
1990 - Capucine, French actress (b. 1931)
1993 – Charlotte Hughes, British supercentenarian (b. 1877)
1993 - Helen Hayes, American actress (b. 1900)
1994 - Mai Zetterling, Swedish actress and singer (b. 1925)
1995 - Sunnyland Slim, American blues musician (b. 1907)
1995 – Ronnie Kray, British gangster (b. 1933)
1996 - Rene Clement, French movie director and screenwriter (b. 1913)
1996 - Terry Stafford, American singer (b. 1941)
1999 - Jean Pierre-Bloch, French resistance activist and politician (b. 1905)
From 2001
2002 - Van Tien Dung, Vietnamese general and politician (b. 1917)
2003 - Su Buqing, Chinese mathematician and educator (b. 1902)
2005 - George F. Kennan, American historian and diplomat (b. 1904)
2006 - Oleg Cassini, American fashion designer (b. 1913)
2006 - G. William Miller, American politician (b. 1925)
2007 - John Backus, American computer scientist (b. 1924)
2007 - Ernst Haefliger, Swiss tenor (b. 1919)
2009 – Clodovil Hernandes, Brazilian politician and television host (b. 1937)
2010 – Alex Chilton, American musician (b. 1950)
2010 - Sid Fleischman, American writer (b. 1920)
2011 – Michael Gough, British actor (b. 1916)
2012 - John Demjanjuk, Ukrainian convicted Nazi war criminal (b. 1920)
2012 - Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, leader of the Egyptian Coptic Church (b. 1923)
2014 - Mareike Carrière, German actress (b. 1954)
2014 - L'Wren Scott, American fashion designer and model (b. 1964)
2014 - Oswald Morris, British cinematographer (b. 1915)
2014 - Antoni Opolski, Polish physicist (b. 1913)
2014 - Mercy Edirisinghe, Sri Lankan actress and singer (b. 1945)
2015 - Shaw Taylor, English television presenter and actor (b. 1924)
2015 - Ashley Adams, Australian Paralympic shooter (b. 1955)
2016 - Shozo Awazu, Japanese judoka (b. 1923)
2016 - Paul Daniels, English magician (b. 1938)
2016 - Meir Dagan, Israeli military officer and intelligence official (b. 1945)
2016 - Solomon Marcus, Romanian mathematician (b. 1925)
2016 - Larry Drake, American actor (b. 1950)
2016 - Marian Kociniak, Polish actor (b. 1935)
2017 - Derek Walcott, Saint Lucian poet and playwright (b. 1930)
2017 - Hugh Hardy, Spanish-American architect (b. 1932)
2017 - Lawrence Montaigne, American actor (b. 1931)
2017 - Auntie Fee, American YouTube personality (b. 1957)
2017 - Inomjon Usmonxo'jayev, Soviet-Uzbek politician (b. 1930)
2018 - Phan Van Khai, former Prime minister of Vietnam (b. 1933)
2018 - Nicholas Edwards, Baron Crickhowell, Welsh politician (b. 1934)
2018 - Mike MacDonald, Canadian comedian (b. 1955)
2019 - Jorge Insunza Becker, Chilean engineer and politician (b. 1936)
2019 - Bill Burlison, American politician (b. 1931)
2019 - Manohar Parrikar, Indian politician (b. 1955)
2019 - Andre Williams, American R&B musician (b. 1936)
Holidays
St. Patrick's Day - celebrating the patron saint of Ireland, celebrated in Ireland and in Irish communities worldwide
Children's Day (Bangladesh)
Days of the year |
5587 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/402 | 402 | 402 is a year in the Common Era. It started on a Wednesday. It was known as year 1155 in some places in the Ab urbe condita.
Births
Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland |
5588 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset | Somerset | Somerset is a county in South West England.
The main town of Somerset was Somerton, but it is now Taunton. There are two cities in Somerset. They are Bath and Wells.
History
The name "Somerset" comes from the Anglo-Saxon phrase Sumorsaete, which was used to describe people from Somerton.
In the past, the northern border of Somerset was the River Avon. However, as the city of Bristol has grown, the border moved south.
In 1974 parts of north Somerset, the city of Bristol and parts of south Gloucestershire were joined into a new county. This county was named Avon. In 1996 Avon was split into 4 parts, which are now unitary authorities. People usually say that 2 of these parts (named North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset) are part of Somerset, even though they have their own councils.
The oldest prison in England which is still used is in a town named Shepton Mallet in Somerset. Somerset also has the world's oldest road which people built. It is called the Sweet Track; it was built in about 3800 BC.
Industry and tourism
There is not much large industry in Somerset, but Bridgwater is a port, and Yeovil is important in building helicopters.
Tourism is an important industry in the county; in 2001 about 23,000 people worked in tourism. Tourists like Somerset because it is very beautiful, with much countryside and few big towns. Somerset has many places to visit:
Part of the Exmoor National Park is in Somerset.
Another popular place is Glastonbury, which has a popular music festival every year.
The Cheddar Gorge has caves which are popular with visitors, and locally made cheese.
Farming is an important industry in Somerset, but not as many people work in this industry today. Somerset is famous for its cider (an alcoholic apple drink) and it has many apple orchards.
Interesting places in Somerset
Politics
Districts of Somerset
The numbers on the map are linked to the numbers below.
South Somerset
Taunton Deane
West Somerset
Sedgemoor
Mendip
Bath and North East Somerset (Unitary)
North Somerset (Unitary)
Cities, towns, and villages
This is a list of the main towns and cities in Somerset:
Other websites
BBC Somerset
Somerset County Council
Bath and North East Somerset Council
North Somerset Council
Travel Information
Ceremonial counties of England |
5589 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury | Glastonbury | Glastonbury is a town in Somerset, England. It is well known for the Glastonbury Festival which happens every year in Glastonbury.
History
Glastonbury is also well-known because of Glastonbury Abbey. This is because Glastonbury Abbey is said to be the place where King Arthur is buried, and it was burned down when King Henry the Eighth got angry at all Catholic monasteries in the country as the Pope would not grant him a divorce. The abbot, Abbot Whiting, was killed on the Tor, a local landmark.
Gallery
Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset |
5590 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury%20Abbey | Glastonbury Abbey | Glastonbury Abbey is in Glastonbury, Somerset, England. It was King Ine of Wessex who decided to build Glastonbury Abbey and out of stone. King Edmund I of England was buried at the Abbey in 946 AD. It is said to be the burial place of King Arthur.
References
Abbeys
Somerset
Churches in England |
5591 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerton | Somerton | Somerton is a town in Somerset. In 2001 there were 4509 people living in Somerton. It is between the towns of Yeovil and Street. It is in the South Somerset District of Somerset.
Somerton was the capital of the Kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 901. It also used to be Somerset's county town, but this is now Taunton.
References
Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset |
5592 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeovil%2C%20Somerset | Yeovil, Somerset | Yeovil is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District. Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo. Yeo Village became Yeovil over time.
Transportation
The town has two railway stations. They are called Yeovil Junction and Yeovil Pen Mill. The town has many villages near by. These are West Coker, East Chinnock, East Coker, Stoford, Evershot, Halstock and Yetminster.
Politics
Yeovil is where the council is based for the district of South Somerset. The town's main employers are GKN Westlands Helicopters.
Sports
Yeovil is home to the giant killer football club Yeovil Town F.C.. The club played against Liverpool F.C in 2004. Yeovil used to be famous for glove-making. This is why the football team are nicknamed The Glovers.
Towns in Somerset
County towns in England |
5593 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater | Bridgwater | Bridgwater is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the District of Sedgemoor.
Towns in Somerset |
5594 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street | Street | See also Street (town)
A street is a piece of land, made flat and often with pavement, so that people can travel on it better. "Street" and "road" may mean the same thing, but "street" is more often used only in a town.
Many streets are the center of local culture or of a specialized activity. New Orleans’ Bourbon Street, for example, is famous for its active nightlife and also for its role as the center of the city’s French Quarter. The Bowery in Manhattan was, at different times, a main highway, a center of underground punk culture, and a specialized shopping district for light fixtures.
Related pages
Avenue
Boulevard
Road
Basic English 850 words |
5595 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton | Taunton | Taunton is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the Taunton Deane District. Taunton is the county town of Somerset. Taunton is on the River Tone and takes its name from the river. Tone town became Taunton.
In 1685, Judge Jefferies was based in Taunton during the Bloody Assizes that followed the Battle of Sedgemoor.
References
Towns in Somerset |
5596 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepton%20Mallet | Shepton Mallet | Shepton Mallet is a town in the county of Somerset, England. It is in the Mendip district.
Shepton Mallet is where the council is based for the Mendip district. It is a pleasant place to go, and has a beautiful countryside.
Towns in Somerset
Mendip
sv:Simon Browne |
5597 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath%2C%20Somerset | Bath, Somerset | Bath is a city in the county of Somerset in England. It is west of London, and southeast of Bristol.
Bath is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city has preserved some of its Roman remains and its 18th century architecture.
History
The city gets its name from the famous Roman baths in the town. The Romans built the baths as part of a spa, in the year 43 BC. They called it Aquae Sulis, which means "The waters of Sulis". Sulis was a local goddess.
During the Middle Ages, it was an important city for buying and selling wool.
Bath became a city in 1585, when Queen Elizabeth I declared it to be one.
Bath has two universities and several schools and colleges.
Bath is where Roald Dahl's short story "The Landlady" takes place. The city is also mentioned in many of Jane Austen's books, like Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, and Pride and Prejudice.
Gallery
References
Other websites
City of Bath website
Spa towns in the United Kingdom
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom |
5598 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells | Wells | Wells is a city in the county of Somerset. It is in the district of Mendip. The only other city in Somerset is Bath. In 2001 there were 10,406 people living in Wells.
Wells Cathedral is in Wells. The cathedral is very popular with visitors to Wells.
The cathedral has a school attached to it. Timothy K. Murray, a composer, was a student there.
The city of Wells is named after springs in the grounds of the Bishop's Palace.
It is the second smallest city in the United Kingdom after St Davids in Wales.
References
Cities in Somerset
Mendip |
5602 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Coker%2C%20Somerset | East Coker, Somerset | East Coker is a village in Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District. East Coker is near the town of Yeovil.
St Michael's church contains the ashes of the poet T. S. Eliot. One of his poems is called East Coker. William Dampier, explorer and buccaneer was born in the village in 1651. He circumnavigated the world four times and published a book about his experiences. Dampier Island and Dampier Straits off Australia are named after him. Along the approach to the church are 12 almshouses built in 1640 by Archdeacon Helyar, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth l.
One of East Coker's famous residents is Trevor Peacock. Trevor Peacock played Jim in The Vicar of Dibley.
Coker, East |
5604 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatworth | Tatworth | Tatworth is a village near Chard in the South Somerset District of Somerset, England. It was settled in 1254, but traces of earlier settlers have been found, such as a Roman villa.
Villages in Somerset |
5605 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chard%20%28Somerset%29 | Chard (Somerset) | Chard is a town in Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District. It is near the border of the county of Devon.
Chard is the birthplace of aviation. It was in Chard, during 1848, that John Stringfellow (1799 - 1883), first demonstrated that powered flight was possible.
In 1685, Chard was one of the towns in which Judge Jefferies held some of the Bloody Assizes after the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion. He stayed in The Choughs, a public house in Chard.
Towns in Somerset |
5606 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewkerne | Crewkerne | Crewkerne is a town in Somerset, England where about 6,700 people live. It is in the South Somerset District.
The first time it is mentioned in history is 899, when king Alfred the Great left the manor to his son Ethelweard. The name Crewkerne comes from the Saxon words Cruce (cross) and earne (cottage), because of the early church there. There was also a mint where coins were made between 978 and 1035. In 1066, the manor belonged to Edith, mistress of Harold Godwinson. After the Norman Conquest, it belonged directly to William the Conqueror.
Other websites
Archaeology of Crewkerne (.pdf file)
Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset |
5607 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoford%2C%20Somerset | Stoford, Somerset | Stoford is a village in the county of Somerset, England. It is in the South Somerset District.
Villages in Somerset |
5608 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Tone | River Tone | The River Tone is a river in the county of Somerset. It flows through the town of Taunton and joins the River Parrett.
Taunton takes its name from the River Tone. Tone town became Taunton.
Rivers of England
Somerset |
5610 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Yeo | River Yeo | The River Yeo is a river in the county of Somerset in the United Kingdom. It flows through the town of Yeovil and joins the River Parrett.
Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo. Yeo Village became Yeovil over time.
Rivers of England |
5614 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Adur | River Adur | The River Adur is a river in the county of Sussex, in England. It starts from South Downs, southern England and ends in the port town of Shoreham-by-Sea.
Other websites
Adur Valley Guide
Rivers of England |
5617 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Aire | River Aire | The River Aire is a river in England. It runs through the counties of North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, although most of it is in West Yorkshire.
The river starts in Malham, and from there flows through (in order) Skipton, Keighley, Shipley, Leeds, Castleford, Knottingley and Airmyn.
Rivers of England |
5620 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Aln | River Aln | The River Aln is a river in the county of Northumberland. It has served as a war zone between the English and the Scots.
Rivers of England |
5623 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Alt | River Alt | The River Alt is a river in the county of Merseyside in England just north of Liverpool. The river begins near Huyton and flows about 28 km northeast to empty into the Irish Sea at the town of Hightown. Other towns along the river include Kirkby, Maghull and Formby. There are 75 km of tributary feeding the river. About 250,000 people live in the area around the river. The northern part of the river forms the boundary between the counties of Merseyside and Lancashire.
Rivers of England |
5626 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Yare | River Yare | The River Yare is a river in the county of Norfolk, England.
The river starts south of Dereham in the county of Norfolk. From there it flows to the east of the world. The river flows along the southern edge of the city of Norwich. The river continues past Norwich into the tidal lake of Breydon Water. Here the Yare is joined by the Rivers Bure and Waveney. It empties into North Sea at Gorleston, Great Yarmouth.Google Chrome
Small coastal boats can sail along the river from Norwich to the North Sea. In the past, the river had a large number of boats carrying goods to Norwich. Larger modern boats cannot get across Breydon Water because it is not deep enough. Because of this, a canal was created at Reedham to provides a connection to the River Waveney.
References
Rivers of England
Norfolk |
5629 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Exe | River Exe | The River Exe is a river in the county of Devon in England. It usually flows directly south through the city of Exeter. The island had many mills making paper and textiles, and also created valuable land by draining the marshlands. The wide estuary of the River Exe is a ria (drowned river valley).
The name of the city of Exeter means "castle on the river Exe".
References
The Leats of Exeter - A Short History
Rivers of England
Devon |
5632 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilminster%2C%20Somerset | Ilminster, Somerset | Ilminster is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District.
Ilminster is on the River Ile and has a large church. The church is known as the Minster. It is from both of these things that Ilminster takes its name. Ile and Minster became Ilminster.
Towns in Somerset |
5633 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Cadbury | South Cadbury | South Cadbury is an archaeological site in south Somerset.
It was dug in the early 1970s, and it showed many times that people lived there. The first was in the early Neolithic (around 4000-3000 BC?) when the hill seems to have been an important place for groups of early farmers who moved around. Most things were found from when late Bronze Age people lived on the hill (around 1200 BC). In the Iron Age the site changed, with many big walls. There are signs that when the Romans came to Britain, they killed many people here. Ruins of a feasting hall built after the Roman time were also found in the dig. There are also legends connecting this place with King Arthur.
History of England
Somerset
Archaeological sites in England |
5635 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchet | Watchet | Watchet is a harbor town in the county of Somerset in England. It gets its name either from the blue wacet dye found in the cliffs, or from British gwo coed or waeced, "under the wood".
History
It is first recorded in the 7th century, when Saint Decuman crossed over from South Wales on a raft with a cow to help the people there. Legend says he was killed there by a violent man who cut off his head. There is a spring of water dedicated to him there.
Coins were minted here for Ethelred II and five other Saxon kings. They have been found as far away as Scandinavia, probably because they were part of the Danegeld - payments made to the Vikings, who attacked Watchet in 918, 977, 988, and destroyed part of it in 997. Harold Godwinson's mother Eleanor fled through this port in 1066.
Watchet is the only place in England to still have the Court leet system, but only in name, with people chosen for ceremonial jobs like port reeve and ale taster.
Other websites
Watchet's rich heritage
Somerset Urban Archaeological Survey
Watchet
Towns in Somerset |
5636 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnham-on-Sea | Burnham-on-Sea | Burnham-on-Sea is a small town in the county of Somerset in England on the mouth of the River Parrett at Bridgwater Bay. Burnham was a small fishing village until the late-18th century when it became popular as a seaside resort. This made the village grow larger into a town.
Towns in Somerset |
5637 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar%20cheese | Cheddar cheese | Cheddar is a type of hard cheese made from cow's milk. It originally was produced in the English village of Cheddar, Somerset. Romans may have brought the recipe to Britain from the Cantal region of France. The first record of cheddar cheese dates back to the 12th century. In 1170, King Henry II bought at a farthing per pound. Charles I (1600–1649) also bought cheese from Somerset. Cheddar cheese traditionally had to be made within of Wells Cathedral.
Cheddar cheese is different from other cheeses in how it is made. After the curds are heated, they are cut and stacked. The stacks are then turned periodically and re-stacked. This process is called cheddaring. Cheddar cheese is sometimes aged in caves for up to 30 months before it is ready to eat.
Cheddar cheese is the most popular cheese in the United Kingdom. It accounts for 51 percent of the country's £1.9 billion annual cheese market. It is the second most popular cheese in the United States, behind mozzarella, with an average annual consumption of per person. The United States produced 3,233,380,000 lbs in 2010, and the UK 258,000 tonnes in 2008. The name "cheddar cheese" is widely used and has no protection within the European Union. Only cheddar produced from local milk within four counties of South West England may use the name "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar."
Cheddar cheese may be used to make cheese on toast.
References
Cheeses |
5638 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatton | Yatton | Yatton is a large village with 9,000 people in the county of Somerset in England. Archaeology in the area has found a Roman villa (country-house) belonging to some rich person who lived here in the late 3rd century, judging from the coins. Records show the land was part of the manor of John the Dane before the Norman Conquest, and Giso, bishop of Wells afterward.
Other websites
Yatton Parish Council
Roman villa
Villages in Somerset |
5639 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwell | Backwell | Backwell is a village in the county of Avon, in North Somerset. 5,455 people live in Backwell. It is 7 miles from Bristol. Nailsea, Flax Bourton, Yatton, Brockley and Barrow Gurney are nearby.
There is a railway station in the village called Nailsea and Backwell. Bristol International Airport is less than three miles away.
References
Villages in Somerset |
5640 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailsea | Nailsea | Nailsea is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England. In 2011, there were 15,630 people living in Nailsea.
References
Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset |
5641 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clevedon | Clevedon | Clevedon is a town in the county of Somerset, in England. The name comes from Old English and means "divided hill". Archaeology shows that many people lived here during the Roman occupation. Just before the Norman Conquest in 1066 it was part of a huge manor held by John (Gunni?) the Dane. At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) it belonged to Matthew of Mortaigne and had only a few people living there. The town of today was not built until around 1800 as a seaside resort.
Other websites
Clevedon Civic Society
Towns in Somerset |
5642 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston-super-Mare | Weston-super-Mare | Weston-super-Mare, sometimes known as just Weston is a sea-side town in Somerset, England. Weston is from the city of Bristol. It also includes the suburbs of Oldmixon, West Wick and Worle. The beach is a popular tourist destination and includes many museums, a pier and an aquarium.
Transport
Weston is linked to the M5 motorway by junction 21 where the daul carriageway A370 goes to the town centre.
Today, the main railway station, which is on a short loop off the Bristol to Exeter line, is called Westo-super-Mare and is situated close to the town centre and less than ten minutes walk from the sea front.
References
Towns in Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset |
5643 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Somerset | South Somerset | South Somerset is a district in the county of Somerset. Its council is based in the town of Yeovil. The district was formed on 1 April 1974 and was originally called Yeovil.
District and borough councils in England
Somerset
1974 establishments in England |
5651 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scone | Scone | A scone is a kind of bread that is baked on a griddle or sheet. Scones are very small, and are in the same group as the crumpet or muffin. It is made of wheat, barley, or oatmeal and baking powder to make it rise. The scone is shaped closely like the North American biscuit, and its recipe is almost the same with it as well. Sometimes scones may have raisins, currants, cheese, or dates in them. In the United States, however, scones include more sweet kind of fillings like cranberries, chocolate chips, or nuts. They can often be found in coffee shops and in a great variety in the British Isles. It is generally thought that scones are best eaten when they are very hot and freshly baked right from the oven, accompanied with melting warm butter.
Etymology
Some think that scone comes from the Gaelic "sgonn", which meant a piece of dough that has been cooked for a couple of minutes, shapeless mass or large mouthful; and the Dutch "schoonbrot", which meant fine white bread; or, for last, the German "sconbrot", which meant fine or beautiful bread. The Oxford English Dictionary believes the German and Dutch is more accurate.
It is sometimes debated on the correct pronunciation for "scone". In Scotland and North England, the word is pronounced as "skawn", or "skahn", while in Southern England, it is pronounced as "skoan" or "skown". The latter pronunciation came from the United States and Canada.
Meanwhile Cambridge Dictionary presents both options as acceptable.
History
Scones are connected traditionally with England, Scotland, and Ireland, but nobody knows which country invented it. However, the first known mention of a scone that was printed is from the translation of The Aenaid (1513) written by a Scottish poet named Gavin Douglas.
Scones are related to the ancient Welsh tradition of cooking small round yeast cakes on stones, that later changed to griddles. First-made scones included oats inside them, and were baked over an open fire. However, today's scones are more like American biscuits. They are made with wheat, and baked in the oven.
The most popular scones are soda scones, wholemeal scones, rich white scones, treacle scones, potato scones, ballater scones and drop scones. Scones usually take about four to ten minutes to bake.
References
Sweet breads |
5659 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara | Ankara | Ankara is the capital city of the country of Turkey. It is in the center of Anatolia. Ankara is the second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a population of 4,319,167 (2005) (Province 5,153,000), and an elevation of 938 meters (3080 feet). It was formerly known as Engürü the city is also the capital of Ankara Province
Ankara is a very modern city. Ankara was made the capital of Turkey in 1923. Ankara is known for its performing arts, home to the State Opera and Ballet, the Presidential Symphony Orchestra and several national theater companies. In Ankara there’s a place called Anitkabir, which is a big hilltop mausoleum that was built to celebrate Kemal Atatürk who was the first president.
History
Ankara is a city that has a lot of history. Ankara was invaded many times. In 546 BCE, Achaemenid Persians was in control of Ankara (approximated date). Ankara was then invaded by the Romans in 25 BCE. At the time, Ankara was controlled by Augustus. Ankara castle was captured by the Crusaders in 1101. Ankara castle was captured again by the Seljuks in 1227. Ankara was controlled again by the Ottomans in 1403. In October 13, 1923 Ankara became the capital of Turkey.
References |
5675 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Gutenberg | Johannes Gutenberg | Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (more commonly known as Johannes Gutenberg) (1390s – 3 February 1468), was a German metal-worker and inventor. He is famous for his work in printing in the 1450s, and is specifically known for inventing typography.
Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany, as the son of a merchant, Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden. Gutenberg's father took the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the place they now lived.
Gutenberg invented a sort of metal alloy for printing; inks; a way to fix type (metal letters) very accurately; and a new sort of printing press. He took the idea for his printing press from the presses wine-makers used. Many people say Gutenberg invented printing with moveable type, but it was already invented in China before that: see printing.
Before movable type, people used block printing, where the printer prints a whole page from one piece of metal or wood. With movable type, the printer makes a letter (A, B, C ...) from a piece of metal or wood, and can use it again and again in different words. Together, all Gutenberg's inventions made printing fast. In Renaissance Europe, the improved information technology made an information explosion – in a short time, people printed many new books about many topics.
The high number of new books was partly because of the popular Bible Gutenberg printed – the Gutenberg Bible. This was the first Bible people made in large numbers; Gutenberg started on 23 February 1455. Gutenberg was not a clever businessman, and did not get much money from his system. He had legal problems, and lost his machines to his partner, Johann Fust. The Archbishop at the time sympathized with Gutenberg because of his contributions to society, so told him that he would receive a pension each year with clothes, wine, and grain. Gutenberg died in Mainz, Germany, in 1468.
In his lifetime Gutenberg was not successful, but his invention was very important. In a short time, news and books were traveling around Europe very fast. Scientists could communicate better, which helped bring the scientific revolution and new technology. More Europeans, not just priests, scribes and scholars, learned to read.
Today, there are still 60 Gutenberg Bibles. They are probably the oldest books that printers made with moveable type.
The Gutenberg Galaxy and Project Gutenberg use Gutenberg's name. The city of Guttenberg, Iowa in the United States is named after him.
References
1390s births
1468 deaths
German inventors
People from Mainz
Publishers |
5680 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20I | Elizabeth I | Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was the Queen of England and Ireland. She was Queen from 17 November 1558 until she died in March 1603. She was also called Good Queen Bess or the Virgin Queen or Gloriana.
She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, and was the last of the Tudor dynasty of monarchs. When Boleyn was disgraced at court and executed, Elizabeth's life became a troubled one, including being locked up in the Tower of London, an old prison, as punishment for not being a male heir.
Despite that, Elizabeth reigned with intelligence and hard work. Her reign was distinguished with great achievements in the arts, trade, and exploration. She ably defended her country through the days of the Spanish Armada. She never married, but claimed that she was married to England. She also had a few other favourites, including the Earl of Leicester. At her death in 1603, King James VI of Scotland was named her successor.
Early life
Elizabeth was born in 1533 at Greenwich, England. She was the daughter of King Henry VIII of England and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. She had an older half-sister Mary, and, later, a younger half-brother Edward.
Elizabeth was given a good education. She could speak and read six languages: her native English, as well as French, Italian, Spanish, Greek, and Latin.
When she was thirteen and a half years old, on 28 January 1547, King Henry died. Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward, became King Edward VI of England. He died age 15. Mary succeeded him in 1553, and after Queen Mary's death in 1558, Elizabeth became Queen.
Achievements as Queen
Mary I had brought back the Roman Catholic religion in England. Elizabeth returned the nation to the Church of England of her father. She did however retain some of the Catholic traditions. She wanted her subjects to make it look like they were being Protestant even if they were not.
The years of Elizabeth's reign had many artistic achievements. William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, and other writers created enduring drama and poetry. Composers Thomas Tallis and William Byrd worked at Elizabeth's court.
During her reign, many men sought adventure abroad. Elizabeth rented a slave ship to John Hawkins and gave him weapons and equipment to keep slave trading. Sir Francis Drake, Sir Walter Raleigh, Humphrey Gilbert, and other "sea dogs" looted Spanish ships. They also sailed to the Americas. In 1580, Drake became the first Englishman to sail around the world. The expeditions of these men prepared England for an age of discovery and international trade and owning other parts of the world. In 1600, Elizabeth herself established a trading company known as the East India Company that became an important tool of the British Empire.
Spanish Armada
England and Spain had long quarrelled. Elizabeth encouraged Protestants in the Spanish-held Netherlands to rebel against Spain. She also encouraged her "sea dogs" to raid Spanish ships. In 1588, King Philip II of Spain sent an armada (a large fleet of ships) to invade England.
Elizabeth met her troops at Tilbury telling them: "I know I have the body of a weak, feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king – and of a King of England too".
The Spanish Armada was met by England's smaller ships on 29 July 1588. They defeated the Armada. The Armada was driven by southwest winds to the north. The English fleet harried it up the east coast of England. The Armada returned to Spain round the north of Scotland and south around Ireland. It was hit by bad weather near Scotland and Ireland, and some ships were wrecked on those coasts. More than a third of the ships did not return to Spain.
Queen's noblemen
Elizabeth never married, and she had no children. However, she was fond of several noblemen in her court. Prominent among these noblemen was Robert Dudley, the 1st Earl of Leicester. Later, she turned to Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. He wanted to overthrow the government of the Queen. He was defeated and executed.
Elizabeth's death
Elizabeth died at Richmond Palace on 24 March 1603. The Protestant King of Scotland James VI became King of England. He was the son of her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots.
Elizabeth I was the last Tudor monarch, and reigned for 44 years. Her accession date was a national holiday for two hundred years.
References
Other websites
Elizabeth I -Citizendium
1533 births
1603 deaths
1600s in England
16th century in England
English Anglicans
House of Tudor
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
Slavers |
5681 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate%20Blanchett | Cate Blanchett | Catherine Elise Blanchett (; born 14 May 1969) is an Australian actress, producer, and theatre director. She was born in Ivanhoe, Victoria, Australia.
In 1998 she won an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for playing Elizabeth I in Elizabeth. In 2005 she won Best Supporting Actress for playing Katharine Hepburn in Martin Scorsese's The Aviator.
Regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, she is noted for her versatile roles in blockbusters, independent films, and in her stage work in various theatre productions. She has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and three British Academy Film Awards.
Filmography
References
Satellite Award winners
1969 births
Living people
Actors from Melbourne
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners |
5687 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie%20Minogue | Kylie Minogue | Kylie Ann Minogue, (; born 28 May 1968) is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress, sometimes known simply as Kylie. She became popular in the late 1980s, because of her role in the Australian television soap opera Neighbours, before becoming a dance-pop singer.
Early life
Minogue was born in Melbourne to a Welsh immigrant mother and Irish-Australian father. Her sister Dannii Minogue is also a singer and actress, and her brother Brendan works as a cameraman.
Career
She was signed to a contract by British songwriters and producers Stock, Aitken & Waterman, she got hit records throughout the world. Her popularity began to decline by the early 1990s and she left Stock, Aitken & Waterman in 1992. For years she tried to become an independent performer and songwriter. Her projects were widely talked about, but her albums resulted in the lowest sales of her career.
In 2000, Minogue became popular again as a dance-pop singer and became well known for her sexual music videos and elaborate concerts. She has one of the longest and most successful careers in pop music, and she has become one of the most recognisable celebrities and sex symbols. In Australia, she holds the record for the highest concert ticket sales for a woman, and has had nine singles at number one on the ARIA Singles Chart.
Personal life
Breast cancer
On 17 May 2005, Minogue was diagnosed with breast cancer. She was on tour at the time, and the rest of it had to be cancelled. Minogue had surgery for it on 21 May 2005 at a hospital in Malvern, Victoria, and started chemotherapy soon afterwards. She finished her chemotherapy treatment in January 2006 but still needed six more weeks of radiotherapy to stop any new cancerous tumours from growing.
Relationships
Minogue was in a relationship with Andres Velencoso from 2008 until 2013.
Minogue began a relationship with Joshua Sasse in 2015. The couple became engaged in February 2016. They said in February 2017 that they had split up.
Discography
Kylie (1988)
Enjoy Yourself (1989)
Rhythm of Love (1990)
Let's Get to It (1991)
Kylie Minogue (1994)
Impossible Princess (1997)
Light Years (2000)
Fever (2001)
Body Language (2003)
X (2007)
Aphrodite (2010)
Kiss Me Once (2014)
Kylie Christmas (2015)
Kylie Christmas: Snow Queen Edition (2016)
Golden (2018)
References
Other websites
Official website
1968 births
Living people
Actors from Melbourne
Australian child actors
Australian movie actors
Australian pop singers
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Breast cancer survivors
Musicians from Melbourne
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Officers of the Order of Australia |
5688 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20Imbruglia | Natalie Imbruglia | Natalie Jane Imbruglia (born 4 February 1975) is an Australian actress and singer-songwriter.
Imbruglia was born in Sydney, New South Wales to an Anglo-Australian mother and Italian-Australian father.
Imbruglia began acting in Australian television commercials and was in spots for Coca-Cola and the popular Australian snack Twisties. By age 16, she left high school to start a career in acting. She soon had the chance to play a regular role on the Australian soap opera Neighbours. She left the show to move to London in 1994.
She received an MTV Award for Best New Artist in 1998. She had 3 Grammy Award nominations in 1999. That same year, she also won two Brit Awards for Best International Newcomer and Best International Female. She has sold over 9 million albums worldwide.
Discography
Left of the Middle (1997)
White Lilies Island (2001)
Counting Down the Days (2005)
Come to Life (2009)
Movie career
Television
Awards and nominations
References
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian pop musicians
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian television actors
Musicians from Sydney
Singers from New South Wales
1975 births
Living people
Officers of the Order of Australia |
5689 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole%20Kidman | Nicole Kidman | Nicole Mary Kidman, AC (born 20 June 1967) is an Australian-American actress, singer and film producer. She began acting in movies in 1983. She starred in various Australian movies and television shows. Her first major role was in Dead Calm in 1989.
Her performance in the musical Moulin Rouge! (2001) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She later won the award in this category for playing Virginia Woolf in The Hours (2002).
Kidman appeared as Atlanna, Aquaman's mother, in the 2018 DC Comics-Warner Bros. movie Aquaman (2018). She played Lucille Ball in the 2021 biographical drama movie Being the Ricardos. She won a Golden Globe Award and earned an Academy Award nomination in 2022 for her role as Ball.
Early life
Nicole Kidman was born in Honolulu, Hawaii while her Australian parents were temporarily in the United States on educational visas. Kidman can therefore claim citizenship in Australia and the United States. Her father, Antony David Kidman (1938-2014) was a biochemist, clinical psychologist, and author. Her mother, Janelle Ann (née Glenny), is a nursing instructor who edits her husband's books and was a member of the Women's Electoral Lobby. Kidman is of Scottish and Irish ancestry. At the time of Kidman's birth, her father was a graduate student at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He soon became a visiting fellow at the National Institute of Mental Health of the United States. Opposed to the war in Vietnam, which was causing social unrest in both Australia and the United States, Kidman's parents participated in anti-war protests while they were living in Washington, D.C. The family returned to Australia when Kidman was four and her parents now live on Sydney's North Shore. Kidman has a younger sister, Antonia Kidman, a journalist and TV presenter.
Career
Kidman's first movie was in 1983. It was called BMX Bandits. Her first famous movie was Dead Calm in 1989.
Her first major movie was called Days of Thunder, which also starred Tom Cruise. They fell in love during the filming of that movie and married. Kidman was then in more movies like Flirting, Billy Bathgate, Far and Away, Malice, My Life and To Die For. All of these movies were successes.
She was then in movies like Batman Forever and Practical Magic. In 1999 she starred in a movie with Cruise called Eyes Wide Shut. They played a married couple in the movie. It was the last movie directed by director Stanley Kubrick. They separated and divorced after making Eyes Wide Shut.
Since Kidman and Cruise divorced, she has been in movies including: Moulin Rouge!, The Others, Cold Mountain, The Stepford Wives and Bewitched.
Personal life
She was married to Tom Cruise until 2001. She is now married to Keith Urban.
Movie
References
Other websites
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Honolulu
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
American voice actors
Australian movie actors
Australian movie producers
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1967 births
Living people |
5690 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Jackman | Hugh Jackman | Hugh Michael Jackman AC (born 12 October 1968) is an Australian actor, singer and producer. He plays on different roles and various genres of movies like romance, superhero, musical, drama, action and comedy.
Early and personal life
Jackman was born on 12 October 1968 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia to English parents. He is best known for his long-running role as Wolverine in the X-Men movie series. His performances in The Fountain, Les Misérables and Prisoners garnered strong critical acclaim.
His work in Les Misérables earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and a Golden Globe Award in 2013. In theater, he won a Tony Award for his role in The Boy from Oz.
A four-time host of the Tony Awards, winning an Emmy Award for one of these appearances, Jackman also hosted the 81st Academy Awards on 22 February 2009.
Jackman married Deborra-Lee Furness in 1996 in Melbourne. The couple adopted a son and daughter. Jackman has been described as one of the world's most attractive man, by various media outlets and his perceived sex appeal has been picked up by many sources, including Empire, who named him one of the sexiest stars in movie history and People, who named him one of the World's Most Beautiful People. In 2008 Jackman won People's Sexiest Man Alive.
Jackman appeared on Forbes's annual Celebrity 100 list of the 100 most powerful celebrities and In 2013, he topped Forbes'''s Most Powerful Actors list.
Jackman plays multiple sports, plays the guitar, piano and violin and does dancing. He is also a philanthropist.
In November 2013, Jackman announced he had skin cancer removed from his nose. He had a second cancer removed from his nose in May 2014, and said that the cancer will always return.
MoviesErskineville Kings (1999)Paperback Hero (1999)X-Men (2000)Kate & Leopold (2001)Someone Like You (2001)Swordfish (2001)X2 (2003)Profile of a Serial Killer (2004)Van Helsing (2004)Van Helsing: The London Assignment (2004)The Prestige (2006)The Fountain (2006)Scoop (2006)X-Men: The Last Stand (2006)Deception (2008)Australia (2008)X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009)X-Men: First Class (2011)Real Steel (2011)Les Misérables (2012)The Wolverine (2013)Prisoners (2013)X-Men: Days of Future Past (2014)Chappie (2015)Pan (2015)Eddie the Eagle (2016)X-Men: Apocalypse (2016)Logan (2017)The Greatest Showman (2017)Missing Link (2019)
Video GamesVan Helsing (2004)X-Men: The Official Game (2006)X-Men Origins: Wolverine (video game) (2009)
TheatreThe Season at Sarsaparilla (Australia-1994)Thark (Australia-1994)Beauty And The Beast (Australia-1995)Sunset Boulevard (Australia-1996)Oklahoma! (West End-1998)Carousel (Broadway-2002)The Boy From Oz (Broadway-2003)The Boy From Oz Arena Spectacular (Australia-2006)A Steady Rain (Broadway-2009)Hugh Jackman, in Performance (California-2011)Hugh Jackman, in Concert (Canada-2011)Hugh Jackman, Back On Broadway (Broadway-2011)The River (Broadway-2014)Broadway To Oz'' (Australia-2015)
‘’The Music Man‘’ (Broadway 2022)
Awards and nominations
References
Other websites
1968 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian movie producers
Australian singers
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Companions of the Order of Australia
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Musical theater actors
People's Choice Award winners
Saturn Award winners
Skin cancer survivors
Television producers
Tony Award winning actors |
5691 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%20Gibson | Mel Gibson | Mel Colm-Cille Gerard Gibson (born January 3, 1956) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter. He is mostly known for his roles in action movies. Some of his most famous roles are in Mad Max (1979), Gallipoli (1981), The Bounty (1984), Lethal Weapon (1987), and Braveheart (1995). He directed The Passion of the Christ in 2004. He loosely based it on the visions of St. Catherine Emmerich.
Gibson was born in Peekskill, New York, United States. His father, Hutton Gibson, was a veteran soldier during World War II and was also a famous writer. His family moved to Australia in 1968, when he was 12. He studied acting at the National Institute of Dramatic Art in Sydney. He also has Irish citizenship.
Awards and accomplishments
Australian Film Institute Awards: Best Actor in a Lead Role, for Tim (1979) and Gallipoli (1981)
Academy Award: Best Picture, for Braveheart (1995)
Academy Award: Best Director, for Braveheart (1995)
People's Choice Awards: Favorite Motion Picture Actor (1991, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2004)
People's Choice Awards: Favorite Motion Picture Star in a Comedy (2001)
ShoWest Award: Male Star of the Year (1993)
ShoWest Award: Director of the Year (1996)
American Cinematheque Gala Tribute: American Cinematheque Award (1995)
Hasty Pudding Theatricals: Man of the Year (1997)
Australian Film Institute Awards: Global Achievement Award (2002)
Honorary Doctorate Recipient and Undergraduate Commencement Speaker, Loyola Marymount University (2003)
World's most powerful celebrity by US business magazine Forbes (2004)
Hollywood Reporter Innovator of the Year (2004)
Honorary fellowship in Performing Arts by Limkokwing University (2007)
Outstanding Contribution to World Cinema Award at the Irish Film and Television Awards (2008)
References
Other websites
Gibson, Mel at the Open Directory Project
1956 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from New York
American movie actors
American television actors
Movie directors from New York
Movie producers from New York
Order of Australia
People from Peekskill, New York
People's Choice Award winners
Screenwriters from New York |
5692 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie%20Portman | Natalie Portman | Natalie Portman (born Neta-Lee Hershlag; ; June 9, 1981) is an Israeli-American actress and filmmaker. She was born in Jerusalem, Israel. Portman is an only child. She lived in Washington, D.C. and Connecticut before coming to Long Island, New York with her parents. In 1999, she graduated from Syosset High School. Portman attended Harvard University, studying Psychology. In 2010, She won the Academy, BAFTA and Golden Globe Awards for "Best Actress" for her acting in the movie Black Swan.
She is most famous for starring in Star Wars Episodes I, II and III as Padme in the early 21st century. She has also appeared on Saturday Night Live.
Movies
Song to Song (2017)
Planetarium (2016)
Jackie (2016)
Pride and Prejudice and Zombies (2016)
Jane Got a Gun (2016)
A Tale of Love and Darkness (2015)
Knight of Cups (2015)
The Seventh Fire (2015)
Thor: The Dark World (2013)
Thor (2011)
Your Highness (2011)
No Strings Attached (2011)
Black Swan (2010)
Hesher (2010)
Brothers (2009)
New York, I Love You (2009)
The Other Woman (2009)
The Other Boleyn Girl (2008)
Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007)
The Darjeeling Limited (2007)
My Blueberry Nights (2007)
Goya's Ghosts (2006)
Paris, je t'aime (2006)
V for Vendetta (2005)
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Closer (2004)
Garden State (2004)
Cold Mountain (2003)
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002)
Where the Heart Is (2000)
Anywhere but Here (1999)
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)
Mars Attacks! (1996)
Everyone Says I Love You (1996)
Beautiful Girls (1996)
Heat (1995)
Léon aka The Professional (1994)
Awards
2002 - Teen Choice Awards, Choice Movie Actress: Drama/Action Adventure: Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
2005 - Golden Globe Awards, Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Closer
2005 - National Board of Review Awards, Best Acting by an Ensemble: Closer
2005 - San Diego Film Critics Society Awards, Best Supporting Actress: Closer
2007 - The Constellation Awards, Best Female Performance in a 2006 Science Fiction Film, TV Movie, or Mini-Series: V for Vendetta
2007 - Saturn Awards, Best Actress: V for Vendetta
2010 - Academy Awards, Best Actress: Black Swan
2010 - BAFTA Awards, Best Actress: Black Swan
2010 - Golden Globe Awards, Best Actress - Motion Picture: Black Swan
References
Other websites
1981 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Movie producers from New York City
Movie directors from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Israeli movie actors
Israeli television actors
Israeli stage actors
Israeli movie producers
Israeli movie directors
Israeli screenwriters
Israeli voice actors
Israeli Jews
Jewish American actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Jerusalem
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners |
5695 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson%20Hannigan | Alyson Hannigan | Alyson Lee Hannigan is an American actress. She was born March 24, 1974 in Washington, D.C. She moved to Atlanta, Georgia when she was 2 years old to live with her mother. She started to act in commercials for McDonalds, Six Flags amusement parks and Oreo cookies when she was small. When she was 11, she went to Los Angeles with her mother to go to school and become famous. She started getting noticed with her roles in Buffy the Vampire Slayer as Willow Rosenberg and in the American Pie movies as Michelle Flaherty. She is currently on the television series How I Met Your Mother.
Other websites
The Indy Channel interview (February 15, 2006)
Sun Times interview (July 21, 2005)
1974 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta, Georgia
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Whedonverse |
5696 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Alba | Jessica Alba | Jessica Marie Alba (born April 28, 1981) is a businesswoman, American television and movie actress, and model. She started her business, The Honest Company, in 2011. Alba made her first movie, Camp Nowhere, at age 13 and in the television drama series Dark Angel (2000–2002). Alba later acted in several movies, such as Honey (2003), Sin City (2005) and Good Luck Chuck (2007). Alba has won several awards for her acting. These awards include the "Choice Actress" award at the Teen Choice Award and a Saturn Award. Both of these awards were for her acting in the series Dark Angel.
She has been listed in the "Hot 100" section of Maxim magazine every year from 2003 to 2007, and she was voted "Sexiest Woman in the World" by FHM in 2007. In March 2007, a picture of her was used on the cover of Playboy. Playboy did not ask her if they could use the picture or tell her they were going to use it. This caused a lawsuit that was later dropped.
Early life
Alba was born in Pomona, California. Her mother, Catherine, is of Danish, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, English, German and French Canadian ancestry and her father, Mark, is Mexican American, and is of Indigenous Mexican, Sephardic Jewish, Spanish and Mayan ancestry. She has a younger brother named Joshua. Alba's father was in the Air Force and his career caused them to live in many different places. They lived in Biloxi, Mississippi and Del Rio, Texas before returning to California at age 9. When she was young, Alba was ill many times. She had a collapsed lung twice, had pneumonia four or five times each year and had problems with her appendix and tonsils. She was in hospitals for much of her childhood. This meant Alba did not spend much time with other children. Alba has also said that she had obsessive-compulsive disorder when she was a child. The disorder affected her much less when her family moved to California. She graduated from high school when she was 16 years old. After high school, she went to the Atlantic Theater Company.
Career
Alba wanted to act since she was five. She took her first acting class at age twelve. An acting agent signed her nine months later. Her first movie work was a small role in the 1994 movie Camp Nowhere. At first, she was only hired for two weeks but ended up working for two months because another actress dropped out.
Alba starred in two national television commercials when she was a child. One of these was for Nintendo and the other was for J.C. Penney. She played Jessica in three episodes of the Nickelodeon comedy series The Secret World of Alex Mack. Alba was then Maya in the television series Flipper. Her mother was a lifeguard and had taught Jessica to swim before she could walk. She is a certified scuba diver.
In 1998, she acted in Brooklyn South, in two episodes of Beverly Hills, 90210 and in an episode of The Love Boat: The Next Wave. After Alba graduated from high school, she studied acting with William H. Macy and his wife, Felicity Huffman, at the Atlantic Theater Company.
She became more famous in Hollywood in 1999 after acting in the Drew Barrymore romantic comedy Never Been Kissed, and as the main female character in the 1999 comedy-horror movie Idle Hands. She was chosen from a group of 1,200 actresses for the role of the genetically-engineered soldier, on the FOX sci-fi television series Dark Angel. The series ran for two seasons from 2000 until 2002. Alba was nominated for a Golden Globe for her work on that series. When she trained to be in Dark Angel, Alba had to exercise very much and she starved herself. She said "A lot of girls have eating disorders and I did too. I got obsessed with it." She also had obsessive compulsive disorder and panic attacks. She said she has been cooking for herself since the age of twelve so she would not become as fat as her family members.
Some of Alba's most famous movie roles are a dancer in Sin City and as Marvel Comics character Sue Storm, the Invisible Woman in the Fantastic Four. She also acted in Into the Blue in 2005 and Good Luck Chuck a few years later. In 2008, Alba played her first horror-movie role in The Eye, a remake of the Hong Kong original. In February, she hosted an Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences's ceremony. Later in the year, she starred in The Love Guru.
In 2010, Alba appeared in five movies including Little Fockers and The Killer Inside Me. The following year she appeared in Spy Kids 4, a sequel to Spy Kids.
Public image
In 2007, Maxim Magazine listed Alba as number 2 in their "Top 100", after Lindsay Lohan. GQ had her picture on their June covers. In May, after eight million votes, FHM (UK and US editions) named Alba the winner as "2007’s Sexiest Woman in the World". She received the Teen Choice Award for Choice Actress and Saturn Award for Best Actress (TV) for her role in Dark Angel, along with a Golden Globe nomination. In 2006, she received an MTV Movie Award for "Sexiest Performance" for Sin City.
Some people have said Alba's acting was bad. She was nominated for a 2007 Razzie Award for Worst Actress for her work in Awake, Good Luck Chuck, and Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer.
On the cover of the March 2006 issue, Playboy magazine named Alba among its 25 Sexiest Celebrities and the "Sex Star of the Year". She took Playboy to court for using a picture of her without her permission. However, she later dropped the lawsuit when she got a personal apology from Playboy owner Hugh Hefner. He agreed to make donations to two charities that Alba supports.
Personal life
Alba was raised in the Roman Catholic religion. When she was a teenager she became a born-again Christian. However, she left the church after four years because she believed that she was being judged by the way she looked. She has said that she still believes in God even though she is not a member of the church. Alba has not performed naked. She was given the option to appear nude in Sin City by the movie's directors, Frank Miller and Robert Rodriguez. She said no to the offer saying, "I don't do nudity. I just don't. Maybe that makes me a bad actress. Maybe I won't get hired in some things. But I have too much anxiety".
While filming Dark Angel, Alba began a romance with another member of the cast, Michael Weatherly. This caused controversy because he was 12 years older than she was. He asked her to marry him on her twentieth birthday but she said no. They eventually broke up after a four-year relationship. When talking about children, she said, "I'm really girly when it comes to kids. I've been surrounded by children my whole life because I'm the oldest of 15 cousins - I've been changing (nappies) since I was six... I want to have a couple, for sure.". Alba is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.
Alba married Cash Warren on May 19, 2008 in Los Angeles, California. She met him while making Fantastic Four in 2004. On June 7, 2008, Alba gave birth to a baby girl called Honor Marie Warren. She also does some charity work, including clothes charity Clothes Off Our Back and women's charity Step Up Women's Network. On August 13, 2011, she gave birth to her second daughter, Haven Garner Warren.
Filmography
References
Other websites
1981 births
Living people
Actors from Beverly Hills, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Democrats (United States)
Models from California
People from Pomona, California |
5697 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%20Pitt | Brad Pitt | William Bradley "Brad" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an Academy Award-winning American actor and movie producer.
Early life
William Bradley Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to Jane Etta (née Hillhouse), a school counsellor, and William Alvin Pitt, who ran a trucking company. The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Doug (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969). He was born into a conservative household. He was raised as Southern Baptist. Pitt has described Springfield as "Mark Twain country, Jesse James country", having grown up with "a lot of hills, a lot of lakes".
Career
Pitt's television debut came in May 1987 with a two-episode role on the NBC soap opera Another World. In 1995 Pitt won two MTV Movie Awards for his role in Interview with the Vampire. He played Tyler Durden in Fight Club. Pitt produced the 2013 movie 12 Years a Slave. He also played a small role in the movie.
He starred in two Quentin Tarantino movies: Inglourious Basterds and Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.
In 2020, he won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his role in Once Upon a Time in Hollywood.
References
Other websites
People from Shawnee, Oklahoma
Saturn Award winners
Academy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1963 births
Living people
Actors from Oklahoma
Actors from Missouri
Movie producers from Missouri
American movie actors
People from Springfield, Missouri
American television actors
American voice actors |
5698 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Aniston | Jennifer Aniston | Jennifer Joanna Aniston (born March 11, 1969) is an American actor, movie producer, and television producer. She is best known for her starring role on the television program Friends. For this she won an Emmy Award, and a Golden Globe Award. Since then she has been in many different movies.
Early life
Jennifer Aniston was born on February 11, 1969, in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of John Aniston and Nancy Dow. Her father is Greek and a native of Crete, while her mother was born in New York City. Dow died of a stroke in May 2016. One of her maternal great-grandfathers was an Italian immigrant, and her mother's other ancestry is Scottish, Irish, and a small amount of Greek. Aniston has two half-brothers, John Melick, her maternal older half-brother, and Alex Aniston, her younger paternal half-brother. Aniston's godfather was actor Telly Savalas, one of her father's best friends.
Personal life
She was married to Brad Pitt from 2000 until they divorced in 2005. They acted together in the episode "The One with the Rumor" on Friends. She began a relationship with Justin Theroux in 2011. The couple married in 2015 in Bel Air, Los Angeles.
On February 15, 2018, Aniston and Theroux announced that they were separating after two years of marriage and seven years as a couple.
Movies
References
Other websites
Official website
Official Warner Brothers Friends site
1969 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors |
5699 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Love%20Hewitt | Jennifer Love Hewitt | Jennifer Love Hewitt (born February 21, 1979) is an American actress and singer. She is most known for playing "Sarah Reeves" in the Fox television series Party of Five from (1995-1999), and as "Julie James" in the I Know What You Did Last Summer movies. She also played "Melinda Gordon" on the CBS television series Ghost Whisperer.
Biography
Early life and career
Hewitt was born in Waco, Texas. Her father is Herbert Daniel Hewitt. Her mother was Patricia Mae (née Shipp, died 2012). She moved to Garland, Texas in 1987. Hewitt grew up in Killeen, Texas. After the divorce of her parents, Hewitt and her only sibling, Todd Hewitt, grew up with her mother.
As a young girl, Hewitt liked music. At the age of three, she sang The Greatest Love of All at a livestock show. By the time she was five, Hewitt did tap dancing and ballet. At the age of ten she moved to Los Angeles, California, with her mother for a career in both acting and singing.
After moving to Los Angeles, Hewitt was in more than twenty television commercials. She was a child actor on the Disney Channel variety show Kids Incorporated (1989–1991). Hewitt became a young star after getting the role of 'Sarah Reeves' on the Fox Television show Party of Five (1995–1999). She joined the cast during its second season.
Movie and music career
Hewitt's first movie role was in the independent movie Munchie (1992). Hewitt became very well known after a lead role in the horror movie I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997). She also played in the sequel I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998). Other movie roles included the high school comedy Can't Hardly Wait (1998) and the romantic comedy Heartbreakers (2001). In 2002, she worked with Jackie Chan in the action comedy The Tuxedo.
She has released four albums with some success, mostly in Europe and Japan. Her first album was released in Japan, where she is widely known.
Personal life
Hewitt married actor Brian Hallisay in 2013. The couple's daughter named Autumn James Hallisay, born on November 26, 2013. Their son named Atticus James Hallisay, born on June 24, 2015.
Hewitt's movies
References
Other websites
Jennifer Love Hewitt Bio at CBS - Ghost Whisperer
Actors from Texas
American child actors
American movie actors
American movie producers
American pop musicians
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
People from Waco, Texas
Singers from Texas
1979 births
Living people |
5700 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie%20Holmes | Katie Holmes | Katherine Noelle "Katie" Holmes (born December 18, 1978) is an American actress. She was born in Toledo, Ohio. She was "Joey" on the WB network TV show Dawson's Creek. Her mother's name is Katherine Ann Holmes
Personal life
Holmes dated her Dawson's Creek co-star Joshua Jackson early in the show's run. Holmes met actor Chris Klein in 2000. Klein and Holmes were engaged in late 2003. In early 2005 she and Klein ended their relationship.
Weeks after her relationship with Klein ended, Holmes began dating actor Tom Cruise. She and Cruise married on November 18, 2006. On April 18, 2006 their daughter named Suri was born.
In June 2012, Holmes filed for divorce. This was the first divorce for Holmes and the third for Cruise.
Legal issues
In early March 2011, Holmes filed a $50 million libel lawsuit against the Star. They had a cover story which made it seem that she took drugs. The suit was settled on April 27, 2011. The Star wrote a public apology in the May 6, 2011 issue. They also made a "substantial" donation to Katie's charity Dizzy Feet Foundation.
Awards
In June 2011 Katie Holmes received the Women in Film Max Mara Face of the Future Award.
Movies and television
References
Other websites
1978 births
Living people
Actors from Toledo, Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
Scientologists |
5701 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigourney%20Weaver | Sigourney Weaver | Sigourney Weaver (born as Susan Alexandra Weaver on October 8, 1949, in New York City) is an American actress.
Weaver played the role of Lieutenant Ellen Ripley in the movie series Alien, in the four movies Alien, Aliens, Alien³, and Alien: Resurrection. She is also well known for playing Dana Barrett in the movies Ghostbusters and Ghostbusters II or for the role Dian Fossey in the movie Gorillas in the Mist.
She was the first person to win two Golden Globe acting awards in the same year.
Filmography
References
Other websites
1949 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from New York City
American voice actors
HuffPost writers and columnists |
5702 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey%20Hepburn | Audrey Hepburn | Audrey Hepburn (4 May 1929 – 20 January 1993) was a Belgian-born British actress admired for her charm and elegance.
Early life
Born in Brussels, Belgium, to an English father and a Dutch mother who were divorced in 1935. She grew up in Arnhem municipality in the Netherlands during the war, with her mother and two maternal half-brothers. When World War II ended, she and her mother moved to England. There, she studied ballet, and began working as a model and appearing in bit parts in the theatre and in movies.
Career
Hepburn got her first major break in 1951, when she was chosen by French writer Colette to play the lead role in the English version of her play Gigi on Broadway.
This led to her being cast in the lead female part in the movie Roman Holiday (1953), opposite Gregory Peck. The movie made her an instant international star. Her performance won her the Academy Award, the Golden Globe Award and the BAFTA for best actress. She then appeared in a string of successful romantic comedies, such as Sabrina (1954), Love in the Afternoon (1957), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), Charade (1963), How to Steal a Million (1967), etc. She also appeared in two musicals; Funny Face (1957) and My Fair Lady (1964) and tackled more dramatic roles in movies such as War and Peace (1956), The Nun's Story (1959), The Children's Hour (1961), Two for the Road (1967) and the thriller Wait Until Dark (1967).
After an eight years absence from the screen to take care of her family, she returned with Robin and Marian (1976), opposite Sean Connery. She also appeared in Bloodline (1979) and They All Laughed (1981) but retired for good shortly after.
In later life, she worked as a Goodwill Ambassasor for UNICEF and hosted a television series The Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn.
She was married twice; first to actor/director Mel Ferrer in 1954, with whom she had a son Sean (b. 1960), and second to Italian psychiatrist Doctor Andrea Dotti in 1969, with whom she had a second son Luca (b. 1970). Both marriages ended in divorce.
Death and legacy
Hepburn died of appendix cancer in January 1993. Her elder son, Sean Ferrer, later wrote a book about his mother, called Audrey Hepburn: an elegant spirit. The asteroid 4238 Audrey is named after her.
Other websites
Official web site by the Audrey Hepburn Children's Fund
Audrey Hepburn's Gravesite
1929 births
1993 deaths
Deaths from appendix cancer
Actors from Brussels
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Cancer deaths in Switzerland
Deaths from colorectal cancer
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors |
5704 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine%20Hepburn | Katharine Hepburn | Katharine Houghton Hepburn (May 12, 1907 – June 29, 2003) was an American actress. Her career lasted 66 years. She is thought of as one of the top screen actresses in movie history. She was nominated for 12 Academy Awards, winning four.
Hepburn was born in Hartford, Connecticut and went to Bryn Mawr College. She got her degree in 1928 and started on Broadway that same year.
In 1932 she got a role in the George Cukor movie A Bill of Divorcement, with John Barrymore. She was very successful in the early 1930s, but then she became unpopular. She became popular again with the movie The Philadelphia Story. In 1942 she starred in Woman of the Year with Spencer Tracy. They made eight more movies together, including Adam's Rib and Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. They also had an off-screen romance that lasted until Tracy's death in 1967, but they never married because Tracy did not want to divorce his wife. Before this, Hepburn was married to Ludlow Ogden Smith from 1928-1934, and also had relationships with Leland Hayward and Howard Hughes.
Her autobiography, Me: Stories of My Life, came out in 1991. She died on June 29, 2003 at 2:50 p.m., at Fenwick, the Hepburn family home, in Old Saybrook, Connecticut. She was 96.
Stage work
These Days - 1928
Art and Mrs. Bottle - 1930
The Warrior's Husband - 1932
The Lake - 1933
The Philadelphia Story - 1939
Without Love - 1942
As You Like It - 1950
The Millionairess - 1952
The Merchant of Venice; Measure for Measure; The Taming of the Shrew - 1955, On tour in Australia with the Old Vic
The Merchant of Venice; Much Ado About Nothing - 1957, Stratford, Connecticut Shakespeare Theatre
Antony and Cleopatra, Twelfth Night - 1960, Stratford, Connecticut Shakespeare Theatre
Coco - 1969
A Matter of Gravity - 1976
The West Side Waltz - 1981
Filmography
Further reading
1907 births
2003 deaths
Actors from Hartford, Connecticut
American autobiographers
American LGBT people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Cancer deaths in Connecticut
Emmy Award winning actors
LGBT actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners |
5711 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Kay%20Ogden | Charles Kay Ogden | Charles Kay Ogden (1 June 1889 – 21 March 1957) was an English linguist, philosopher, psycholinguist and writer. He is a well-known book writer about the controlled language called Basic English. He is known for his work with I. A. Richards on The Meaning of Meaning (1923). He also translated Tractatus, a book by Ludwig Wittgenstein, into English.
Other websites
C.K. Ogden biography
1889 births
1957 deaths
English writers
English philosophers
British linguists |
5713 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%20Save%20the%20Queen | God Save the Queen | "God Save the Queen" has been the national anthem of the United Kingdom since 1745. Its also the royal anthem of the Commonwealth realms, played alongside their official national anthems. Its composer remains unknown to this date.
When the ruling monarch is a king instead of a queen, the title of the anthem then becomes "God Save the King".
The tune for "God Save the Queen" was used in many countries as a national anthem. Apart from the German state, many of which were linked to Great Britain by marriage, Liechtenstein and Switzerland used the tune. Switzerland changed to a different tune in the 1960s. Liechtenstein still uses the tune.
The tune is both American and British. In the 1930s the United States chose an official anthem. "The Star-Spangled Banner" was chosen instead of the equally popular "My Country 'tis of Thee" which used the "God Save the Queen" tune.
Lyrics
Standard version
God save our gracious Queen,
Long live our noble Queen,
God save the Queen:
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us:
God save the Queen.
O Lord, our God, arise,
Scatter her enemies,
And make them fall.
Confound their politics,
Frustrate their knavish tricks,
On thee our hopes we fix:
God save us all.
Thy choicest gifts in store,
On her be pleased to pour;
Long may she reign:
May she defend our laws,
And ever give us cause
To sing with heart and voice
God save the Queen.
Original lyrics: "God Save the King"
God save great George our king
God save our noble king,
God save the king!
Send him victorious
Happy and glorious
Long to reign over us
God save the king!
Latin verse
O Deus optime
Salvum nunc facito
Regem nostrum
Sic laeta victoria
Comes et gloria
Salvum iam facito
Tu dominum.
French version used in Canada
Dieu protège la Reine
De sa main souveraine !
Vive la Reine !
Qu'un règne glorieux,
Long et victorieux
Rende son peuple heureux.
Vive la Reine !
Māori version used in New Zealand
Me tohu e t'Atua
To matou Kuini pai:
Kia ora ia
Meinga kia maia ia,
Kia hari nui, kia koa,
Kia kuini tonu ia,
Tau tini noa.
References
National anthems
British music
British monarchy |
5714 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion | Lion | The lion (Panthera leo) is a large mammal of the Felidae (cat) family. Some large males weigh over . Today, wild lions live in sub-Saharan Africa and in Asia. Lions are adapted for life in grasslands and mixed areas with trees and grass. The relatively small females are fast runners over short distances, and coordinate their hunting of herd animals.
Lions have disappeared from North Africa and southwest Asia in historic times. Until the late Pleistocene, about 10,000 years ago, the lion was the most widespread large land mammal after humans. They were found in most of Africa, across Eurasia from western Europe to India, and in the Americas from the Yukon to Peru. The lion is now a vulnerable species. There was a decline in its African range of 30–50% over two decades in the second half of the 20th century. Habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern.
Lions are often called the "king of the beasts". They are used as symbols representing courage. They appear in heraldry more often than any other animal. They are an icon of courage and royalty.
Lions live for 10 to 14 years when they are in the wild. When they are captured, they can live longer than 20 years. In the wild, males do not usually live longer than 10 years. This is because wounds from fighting with other males make their lives shorter. They usually live in savanna and grassland. These areas do have bushes and trees, but lions are mainly adapted to catch prey on grasslands. Compared to other cats, lions are social. A group of lions is called a pride. In a pride of lions, there are related females, their young, and one or two adult males. Groups of female lions often hunt together.
Lions are carnivores and scavengers. Lions are apex predators. Lions eat antelope, buffalo, zebras, warthogs, wildebeest, birds, hares, turtles and fish. Lions scavenge animals either dead from natural causes (disease) or killed by other predators. They keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, because this means there is a dead or injured animal close by.
Adaptations
They have an archetypal roar which is used to communicate with other group members and warn different intruders of territorial boundaries.
They have long, retractable claws which help the lion to grab and hold prey. They also have a rough tongue that helps them peel the skin of prey animals away from flesh and flesh away from bone. Across their belly, they have loose skin which allows the species to be kicked by prey with little chance of an injury.
Description
There are about 30,000 lions left in the wild in Africa. Only 350 lions (of the Asiatic lion subspecies) are left in Asia. They live in the Gir Forest in the state of Gujarat, India.
Lions hunt many animals, such as gnus and antelopes. Male lions usually weigh between . Large lions have reached . Females (lionesses) are usually . Mature male lions are the only cats with a mane. The lion has a long body, short legs, large claws, big head, and a yellowish-brown coat.
Behavior
Lions live in groups that are called prides. 10 to 40 lions may live in a pride. Each pride has a home area that is called its territory. Lions do not allow other carnivores (meat-eating animals) to hunt in their territory. A territory can be as large as .
The lions' roar is distinct to each individual. It is used for territorial marking and warning off other lions in separate prides (or lone individuals). This however, is usually carried out by competing males. Other male lions will challenge the alpha of the pride to a fight in order to take their spot of dominance if they win. Lions actually have prides in order to strengthen their species throughout the generations (Boothalingam 2018).
Lions are not as built for extreme speed as cheetahs are, but hunt in packs. This is unusual in cats. The females usually do the hunting for the pride. However the males can sometimes help if needed, to take down large animals. After lions have brought down a prey, they suffocate it by biting the front of its face to prevent it breathing. Lions prey are zebra and deer. Lions also have long retractable claws which act like grappling hooks, to keep hold of the prey.
Even though a lion is good at killing prey for food, they are not among the most dangerous animals for humans.
Breeding
A lioness is ready to have young when she is 2–3 years old. Young lions are called cubs. Cubs are born after 3 1/2 months. The cubs are born blind; their eyes do not open until they are about a week old, and cannot see well until they are about two weeks old. Lions do not have a den (home) where they would live for a long time. The lioness conceals the cubs in thick bush, gullies, or rocky outcrops. If the hiding place has been seen by other predators, then the lioness will move the cubs to a new hiding place. The cubs will be introduced to the pride at about 6 weeks old. The cubs are very vulnerable when the lioness goes out to hunt and needs to leave the cubs behind. Also, when a new male takes over a pride from another male, he usually kills all of the cubs. The cubs' mothers will then mate with the new pride male, which means that the first batch of new cubs will be his offspring. A litter of 2-6 cubs are born. Usually, only 1-2 cubs survive until introduced to the pride, at which point they are protected by the whole pride.
In zoos, lions have been known to breed with tigers. If the parents are a male lion and a female tiger, the offspring is called a liger. If the parents are a male tiger and a female lion, the offspring is called a tigon.
Lions in heraldry
Lions appear in heraldry more often than any other animal. They traditionally symbolise courage, valour and royalty.
References
Other websites
Panthera
Mammals of Africa
Felines |
5716 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray%20S.K. | Galatasaray S.K. | Galatasaray is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. They started in 1905.
In 2000, they became the first Turkish club to win both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in the same year.
The team's colors are red and yellow. Turkish people also call it "Cim Bom". Their mascot is a lion. The Turk Telecom Stadium is their stadium, and is also known as Aslantepe; Lion Hill. It is an all-seater stadium. It can hold 52,652 people.
Galatasaray is one of the "big five" clubs in Turkey. The other clubs are Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, Trabzonspor and Bursaspor. They have won the Spor Toto Super League 22 times and Ziraat Turkish Cup 18 times. As of January 2016, the Chairman is Mustafa Cengiz, and the coach is Domènec Torrent.
Squad
Out on loan
References
Other websites
Official website of Galatasaray
Turkish football clubs |
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