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874123 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeva%20Ahtisaari | Eeva Ahtisaari | Eeva Irmeli Ahtisaari (née Hyvärinen, born 18 June 1936) is a Finnish teacher and historian. He was the First Lady of Finland from 1994 to 2000. She is married to the 10th President of Finland Martti Ahtisaari.
References
1936 births
Living people
Finnish writers
First Ladies of Europe
Historians |
874124 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bells%2C%20Texas | Bells, Texas | Bells is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas |
874125 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester%2C%20Texas | Dorchester, Texas | Dorchester is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas |
874126 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20prime%20ministers%20of%20Finland | List of prime ministers of Finland | This is a list of prime ministers of Finland since the establishment of that office in 1917.
List of prime ministers
Source:
|}
References |
874127 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knollwood%2C%20Texas | Knollwood, Texas | Knollwood is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas |
874128 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadler%2C%20Texas | Sadler, Texas | Sadler is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas |
874129 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southmayd%2C%20Texas | Southmayd, Texas | Southmayd is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas |
874130 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitesboro%2C%20Texas | Whitesboro, Texas | Whitesboro is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States.
Cities in Texas |
874165 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juha%20Sipil%C3%A4 | Juha Sipilä | Juha Petri Sipilä (; born 25 April 1961) is a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 2015 to 2019. He was the leader of the Centre Party from 2012 to 2019.
References
1961 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland |
874166 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%20Kiviniemi | Mari Kiviniemi | Mari Johanna Kiviniemi (born 27 September 1968) is a Finnish politician. She is the second female Prime Minister of Finland from 2010 to 2011.
On 25 August 2014, she became Deputy Secretary-General of the OECD.
References
1968 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Finland
OECD |
874167 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esko%20Aho | Esko Aho | Esko Tapani Aho (born 20 May 1954) is a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 1991 to 1995.
References
1954 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Finland
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland |
874168 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu%20Vehvil%C3%A4inen | Anu Vehviläinen | Anu Helena Vehviläinen (born 9 September 1963) is a Finnish politician for the Centre Party. She became Speaker of the Finnish Parliament in 2020. She was Finland's Minister of Local Government and Public Reforms from 2015 to 2019 as Minister of Transport from May to June 2019; and as Minister of Transport from 2007 to 2011.
References
1963 births
Living people
Speakers of the Parliament of Finland |
874169 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli%20Rehn | Olli Rehn | Olli Ilmari Rehn (; born 31 March 1962) is a Finnish politician. He became Governor of the Bank of Finland in 2018. He is a member of the Centre Party.
Rehn was Minister of Economic Affairs in Juha Sipilä's cabinet from 2015 until 2016, the European Commissioner for Enlargement from 2004 to 2010 and European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro from 2010 to 2014.
References
1962 births
Living people
European Union politicians
Finnish politicians |
874170 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Austin | Greater Austin | Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos (or Greater Austin) is a five county metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Texas.
Austin, Texas
Metropolitan areas of the United States |
874172 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekka%20Haavisto | Pekka Haavisto | Pekka Olavi Haavisto (born 23 March 1958) is a Finnish politician. He is a member of the Green League. He became the Minister for Foreign Affairs since 2019.
Haavisto ran for President of Finland in 2012 and 2018. Haavisto became the first openly gay candidate to run for the presidency of Finland.
References
1958 births
Living people
LGBT politicians
Finnish politicians
Gay men |
874173 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacienda%20Heights%2C%20California | Hacienda Heights, California | Hacienda Heights is an unincorporated suburban community in Los Angeles County, California, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California |
874174 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Warfield | Paul Warfield | Paul Dryden Warfield (born November 28, 1942) is an American former professional football player. He was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) from 1964 to 1977 for the Cleveland Browns and Miami Dolphins.
References
1942 births
Living people
Cleveland Browns players
Miami Dolphins players
Sportspeople from Ohio
American football wide receivers |
874176 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20McDivitt | James McDivitt | James Alton McDivitt (born June 10, 1929) is an American former test pilot, United States Air Force (USAF) pilot, aeronautical engineer, and NASA astronaut. He flew in the Gemini and Apollo programs.
References
1929 births
Living people
American aviators
American engineers
American astronauts
Scientists from Chicago |
874178 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidemarie%20Wieczorek-Zeul | Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul | Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (born 21 November 1942) is a German politician. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). From 1979 until 1987, she was a member of the European Parliament. Between 1998 until 2009, she was Federal Minister of Economic Cooperation and Development.
References
1942 births
Living people
Former MEPs
MEPs for Germany
People from Frankfurt
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Politicians from Hesse
Government ministers of Germany
Women politicians |
874180 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20presidents%20of%20Finland | List of presidents of Finland | This article is a list of presidents of Finland.
List of presidents
Other websites
Official site
The Constitution of Finland |
874185 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risto%20Ryti | Risto Ryti | Risto Heikki Ryti (; 3 February 1889 – 25 October 1956) was a Finnish politician. He was the fifth President of Finland from 1940 to 1944. He was also the 14th Prime Minister of Finland between 1939 until 1940.
References
Other websites
Finnish Literature Society, Biographical Centre: Ryti, Risto (1889–1956) covered by Martti Turtola
Helsingin Sanomat: A silent president has his say covered by Markku Jokisipilä
1889 births
1956 deaths
Presidents of Finland
Prime Ministers of Finland |
874189 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium%20dioxide | Titanium dioxide | Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania , is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula . When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally, it is made from ilmenite, rutile, and anatase. It has a lot of uses, including paint, sunscreen, and food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. 9 million tonnes of it were made in the world in 2014. It is used in around two-thirds of all pigments, and pigments based on the oxide have a total value of around $13.2 billion.
References
Oxides |
874192 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najla%20Bouden%20Romdhane | Najla Bouden Romdhane | Najla Bouden Romdhane (; born 1958) is a Tunisian geologist, academic and politician. She has been the designated Prime Minister of Tunisia since 29 September 2021. She is set to be the the first female prime minister in the Arab world. She was Minister for Higher Education in 2011.
References
1958 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Tunisia
Academics
Geologists |
874197 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omayr | Omayr | Omayr () also known by the kunya Abu Nasrani () and Abu Wahab () was a Christian soldier, who fought in the Battle of Karbala. Omayr either belonged to the tribe of Banu al-Alim or the tribe of Banu Kalb. He is known as the 'Christian Martyr of Karbala'.
Before being a soldier, Omayr was a well known businessman of Kufa. Omayr is well-known for his courage and soldierly experience. Omayr was a tall and masculine man with broad shoulders, who was held with very high esteem among his people.
Biography
Some sources suggest that Omayr's full name was Abdullah ibn Omayr ibn Wahab ibn Abu Wahab al-Kalbi (). Al-Tabari suggests that Omayr was from the Banu al-Alim tribe.
According to Abu Makhnaf, when Kufis were preparing to fight Husayn, Omayr confronted them and asked them about their intentions. Kufis told that they would fight Husayn and Omayr then went to his wife Wahab bint Abd and informed her of his intention. It is reported that Umm Wahab said: "God has guided you to a good path, do so and take me with you". So he went out with his wife at night and joined Husayn.
Omayr was inspired by Husayn’s spiritual charisma and was reluctant to leave him despite of being aware about the consequences of staying with Husayn. In the Battle of Karbala, when Omayr asked for the permission for fighting, Husayn granted him permission believing him to be match for both the challengers.
Omayr stepped into the battlefield and the challengers asked his identity to which he introduced himself. However they could not recognize him and asked either Zuhayr ibn Qayn, Habib ibn Muzahir or Burayr to fight them. Yasir was standing nearby to whom Omayr said "You son of the adulteress! Do you not wish to fight me?!" saying this he attacked Yasir and engaged him in a sword duel but at the same time Salim charged at him with his sword. Omayr while protecting himself lost fingers of his left hand and in retaliatory attack he killed Salim and Yasir. After killing both of them he moved back to Husayn while reciting Martial poetry. Omayr's wife Umm Wahab witnessed Omayr's assassination.
Omayr participated in the retaliatory attack when Al-Shimr attacked Al Husayn's right wing. Omayr in that engagement killed 31 of them, of which 19 were horsemen and 12 were footmen. His right hand was severed by Hani ibn Thabit and left hand by Bakr ibn Hayy having left without arms, he was taken captive and according to some sources, was a put on a cross. Then, Omayr's head was cut off and thrown towards Husayn's camp. According to Al-Tabari, Omayr became the second martyr in the Battle of Karbala. After Omayr's head was thrown, his mother picked it up, took it and wiped her son's blood from it and then ran in the direction of the enemy forces. Husayn sent her back saying that she was exempted from participating in Jihad. Omayr's wife Wahab bint Abd went to his corpse and wiped out the dust and the dirt from his head as well as his face. At this time, Shimr ibn Dhil's servant Rustam striked the woman's head with a spear, causing Umm Wahab to be killed. After Wahab bint Abd was also killed, Omayr's mother is reported to have said "You wicked people! I bear witness that the Christians in their churches are better people than you".
Legacy
Omayr is highly honored by both Muslims and Christians for his sacrifice in the Battle of Karbala. He is believed to be buried in the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala. Every year, Muslims, as well as Christians, visit the site for commemoration on Ashura.
References |
874220 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s%20League%20for%20Women%27s%20Suffrage%20%28United%20Kingdom%29 | Men's League for Women's Suffrage (United Kingdom) | The Men's League for Women's Suffrage was a society formed in 1907 in London and was part of the women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom. These men wanted women to be allowed to vote.
History
Henry Brailsford, Charles Corbett, Henry Nevinson, Laurence Housman, C. E. M. Joad, Hugh Franklin, Henry Harben, Gerald Gould, Charles Mansell-Moullin, Israel Zangwill and 32 others started the society in London in 1907. Graham Moffat founded the Northern Men's League for Women's Suffrage in Glasgow in 1907. Moffat wrote a suffrage propaganda play, The Maid and the Magistrate.
Bertrand Russell stood as a suffrage candidate in the 1907 Wimbledon by election.
Related pages
Women's Social and Political Union, which included male members in the "Men’s Political Union."
Women's suffrage
References
Other websites
Women's suffrage societies
1907 establishments in England
Feminism
Organisations based in London |
874221 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintaro%20Abe | Shintaro Abe | was a Japanese politician. He was a leading member of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). He was foreign minister from 1982 to 1986. He was the father of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.
Abe was hospitalized in January 1991. He died of heart failure at a Tokyo hospital on May 15, 1991 at aged 67.
References
1924 births
1991 deaths
Japanese politicians
Deaths from heart failure |
874223 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Million%20Dollar%20Hotel | The Million Dollar Hotel | The Million Dollar Hotel is a 2000 German American British drama movie directed by Wim Wenders and starring Jeremy Davies, Milla Jovovich, Mel Gibson, Jimmy Smits, Gloria Stuart, Amanda Plummer, Julian Sands, Peter Stormare, Conrad Roberts. It also features the music of Bono.
Other websites
2000 drama movies
German drama movies
American drama movies
British drama movies
Movies directed by Wim Wenders |
874225 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Rickshaw%20Revolution | Red Rickshaw Revolution | The Red Rickshaw Revolution (RRR) is a project for women's empowerment in India. The Vodafone Foundation, India, launched it. It helps women with social development in India. It began when three women left Delhi to go to Mumbai to raise money for NGOs working to empower Indian women. They rode a red autorickshaw. This trip of 1500 km began on 9 March 2013 and ended on 18 March 2013. The rickshaw passed through Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
Participants
Laura Turkington started the Red Rickshaw Revolution. She was then Director of the in India. Carina Deegan supported this activity of the foundation. Sunita Chaudhary was the first female auto rickshaw driver in Delhi NCR.
Events
The red rickshaw passed through cities like Alwar, Jaipur, Ajmer, Rajsamand, Shamlaji, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Daman and Mumbai. The Revolution raised funds for three NGOs- Apne Aap Women’s Collective (AAWC), Breakthrough and Corp India. The initiative also aims to educate women about their rights and share the stories of successful women.
References
Other websites
Organizations based in Asia
Women's rights |
874229 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilemma%20of%20Two%20Angels | Dilemma of Two Angels | Dilemma of Two Angels (French: Impasse des Deux Anges) is a 1948 French crime comedy movie directed by Maurice Tourneur and starring Paul Meurisse, Simone Signoret, Marcel Herrand, Paul Demange, Jacques Castelot, Marcelle Praince, Paul Amiot, Reggie Nalder, Lucas Gridoux.
Other websites
1948 movies
1940s crime movies
1940s comedy movies
French crime movies
French comedy movies
Movies directed by Maurice Tourneur |
874236 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27%20al-tawarikh | Jami' al-tawarikh | The Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh (Persian/Arabic: , ) is a work of literature and history, produced in the Mongol Ilkhanate. Written by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318 AD) at the start of the 14th century, large coverage of the work has caused it to be called "the first world history". It was in three volumes and published in Arabic and Persian versions.
The surviving portions total approximately 400 pages of the original work. The work describes cultures and major events in world history from China to Europe; in addition, it covers Mongol history, as a way of establishing their cultural legacy.
The early illustrated manuscripts represent "one of the most important surviving examples of persian art in any medium", and are the largest surviving body of early examples of the Persian miniature.
Contents
The Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh consists of four main sections of different lengths:
The Taʾrīkh-ī Ghazānī, the most extensive part, which includes:
The Mongol and Turkish tribes: their history, genealogies and legends
The history of the Mongols from Genghis Khan up to the death of Mahmud Ghazan
The second part includes:
The history of the reign of Öljaitü up to 1310 (no known copy)
The history of the non-Mongol peoples of Eurasia (a universal history from the time of Creation, following the organization of work of the Abbasid historian al-Tabari in his History of the Prophets and Kings, often referred to as at-Tabari's HIstory, and to the historic Muslim history of Qazi Beiza'i in the Neẓām al-tawārīkh:
Adam and the patriarchs
the kings of the pre-Islamic Iran
Muhammad and the Caliphs (Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid Caliphates)
the Islamic dynasties of Persia (Ghaznavids, the shahs of Khwarezm, the Isma'ili state of Alamut)
the Turkic peoples,
the History of China
Jewish history,
Frangistan (ie., Europe, primarily the Papal States and Holy Roman Empire)
the Indians.
The Shu'ab-i panjganah ("Five genealogies, of the Arabs, Jews, Mongols, Franks, and Chinese"). This text exists in two copies of the manuscript in the library of the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul (ms 2937), but has only been published on microfilm.
The Suwar al-aqalim, a geographical compendium. Unfortunately, it has not survived in any known manuscript.
Author
Rashid-al-Din Hamadani was born in 1247 at Hamadan, Iran into a Jewish family.
Description
Sources
To write the Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh, Rashid al-din based his work on many written and oral sources, some of which can be identified:
From Iran, it is very similar to work by Ata-Malik Juvayni, a Persian historian who wrote an account of the Mongol Empire entitled Tārīkh-i Jahāngushāy "History of the World-Conqueror". Also from Iran, the Shahnameh is drawn upon.
Contemporary manuscripts
The Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh was the center of an industry for a time, no doubt in part due to the political importance of its author. The workshop was ordered to produce one manuscript each in Arabic and Persian every year, which were to be distributed to different cities. Although approximately 20 of the first generation of manuscripts were produced, very few survive, which are described below. Other later copies were made from the first set, with some illustrations and history added to match current events.
Edinburgh folios
The Edinburgh part has a page size of 41.5 × 34.2 cm, with a written area of 37 × 25 cm, and contains 35 lines per page written in Naskhi calligraphy. There are some omissions: folios 1, 2, 70 to 170, and the end; and it is dated to 1306-1307, in a later inscription, which is nonetheless accepted. The text comprises four parts: the history of Persia and pre-Islamic Arabia, the story of the Prophet and Caliphs, the history of the Ghaznavids, Seljuks and Atabeys, and the history of the sultans of Khwarezm. This part of the manuscript was discovered in the 1800s by Duncan Forbes, who found it among the papers of Colonel John Baillie, so this section is sometimes referred to as "Baillie's collection".
Seventy rectangular miniatures adorn the manuscript, which reflect the cosmopolitan nature of Tabriz at the time of its production. In this capital, a crossroads of trade routes and influences, and a place of great religious tolerance, Christian, Chinese, Buddhist and other models of painting all arrived to feed the inspiration of the artists.
Khalili folios
A new painter appears for the portraits of Chinese leaders, which uses special techniques that seem to mimic those of Yuan mural painters (according to S. Blair): an attention to line and wash, and the use of black and bright red. This artist seems to be very familiar with China. The folios are dated 1314, and it was transcribed and illustrated in Tabriz under the supervision of Rashid al-Din.
Persian manuscripts
There are two early 14th century copies in Persian in the Topkapi Palace Library, Istanbul.
MS H 1653, made in 1314, which includes later additions on the Timurid era for Sultan Shah Rukh. The full collection, known as the Majmu'ah, contains Bal'ami's version of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari's chronicle, the Jāmiʿ al-tawārīkh, and Nizam al-Din Shami's biography of Timur. The portions of the Jāmiʿ cover most of the history of the Muhammad and the Caliphate, plus the post-caliphate dynasties of the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs, Khwarazmshahs and Is'mailis, and the Turks. It contains 68 paintings in the Ilkhanid style.
MS H 1654, made in 1317, which includes 118 pictures, including 21 pages of portraits of Chinese emperors. It was copied for Rashid al-Din, and like H 1653 was later owned by Shahrukh.
Later versions and manuscripts
References
Citations
Sources
"Rashid al-Din Tabib", in Encyclopedia of Islam, Brill, 1960 (2nd edition)
Allen, Terry, Byzantine Sources for the Jāmiʿ al-Tawārīkh of Rashīd Al-Dīn, 1985, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 15, pp. 121–136,
S. Blair, A compendium of chronicles : Rashid al-Din’s illustrated history of the world, 1995, 2006 (contains a complete set of the folios from Khalili collection, with discussion of the work as a whole)
Further reading
Other websites
Online text:
Hillenbrand, Robert, "Propaganda in the Mongol ‘World History’", 2010 Aspects of Art Lecture, British Academy
Paul Lunde and Rosalind Mazzawi, A History of the World, Saudi Aramco World, January 1981, describing the copy now in the Khalili collection
Folios from the Jami' al-tavarikh, Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Edinburgh pages in an exhibition at Cambridge
Online scan of the Edinburgh manuscript
Khalili Collection: The Jami‘ al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din
Devatasutra in the Arabic Compendium of Chronicles of Rashid al-Din
14th-century books
Persian literature
Persian art
History books |
874240 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranati%20Nayak | Pranati Nayak | Pranati Nayak is an Indian gymnast. She was born on 6 April 1995. She won a bronze medal in the vault event at the 2019 Asian Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Until 2019, Minara Begum was Nayak's trainer and teacher. When Minara Begum retired from the Sports Authority of India, Nayak trained with Laxman Manohar Sharma. She was the only Indian gymnast to qualify for the 2020 Olympics. Her father is a bus driver.
Nayak earned a continental quota spot to the 2020 Summer Olympics after the cancellation of the 2021 Asian Championships.
References
Other websites
FIG athlete profile
1995 births
Living people |
874244 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve%20Always%20Loved%20You | I've Always Loved You | I've Always Loved You is a 1946 American romantic drama movie directed by Frank Borzage and starring Philip Dorn, Catherine McLeod, Elizabeth Patterson, Vanessa Brown, Maria Ouspenskaya, Felix Bressart, Adele Mara. It was distributed by Republic Pictures.
Other websites
1946 drama movies
1940s romance movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies directed by Frank Borzage |
874245 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Dog%20Shep | My Dog Shep | My Dog Shep is a 1946 American drama movie directed by Ford Beebe and starring Flame, William Franum, Russell Simpson, Sarah Padden, Al St. John, Tom Neal, Craig Reynolds, Paul E. Burns. It was followed by Shep Comes Home in 1948 also directed by Ford Beebe.
Other websites
1946 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Ford Beebe |
874250 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callimedusa%20duellmani | Callimedusa duellmani | The purple and orange leaf frog (Calllimedusa duellmani) is a frog that lives in Peru. Scientists have only seen it in one place.
References
Frogs
Animals of South America |
874251 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20Marvel%20%28movie%29 | Captain Marvel (movie) | Captain Marvel is a 2019 American superhero movie based on Marvel Comics, featuring the character Carol Canves / Captain Marvel. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The movie starring by Brie Larson, Samuel L. Jackson, Ben Mendelsohn, Lee Pace, and much more.
A sequel called The Marvels, released in 2022.
2019 movies
2010s superhero movies
American superhero movies
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
English-language movies |
874276 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nari%20Shakti%20Puraskar | Nari Shakti Puraskar | Nari Shakti Puraskar () is an annual award. It is given by the Ministry of Women and Child Development of the Government of India. They give it to women or groups who do good work for women's empowerment. It is the highest level of award given to women in India. The President of India gives the awards on International women's day (March 8). There is usually an event at the Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi.
The awards started in 1999. During that time, a title Stree Shakti Puraskar () was used. Later, in 2015, the present title was used.
There are eight categories for the award, 6 for institutions and 2 for individual women. The institutional awards have cash prizes of rupees 2 lakhs INR. The individual awards have rupees 1 lakh INR.
Institutional categories
All the six institutional categories are named after popular notable women in Indian history.
Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Award:- This award is named after Ahilyabai Holkar who was an 18th century Queen of Malwa Kingdom. This award is given to the best Private Sector Organization (PSO) or public sector undertaking for promoting the welfare of women.
Kannagi Devi Award:- This award is named after Kannagi. She is an important character in the Tamil epic Silapathikaram. This award is given to the best state for improving the Child Sex Ratio (CSR).
Mata Jijabai Award:- This award is named after Mata Jijabai. She is the mother of Shivaji, and founder of the Maratha Empire in the 17th century. This award is given to the best urban local body for providing services and facilities to women.
Rani Gaidinliu Zeliang Award:- This award is named after Rani Gaidinliu. She was a 20th century Naga political and spiritual leader from Manipur. This award is given to the Civil Society Organization (CSO) for good works for the betterment and well being of women.
Rani Lakshmi Bai Award:- This award is named after Rani Lakshmi Bai, the warrior queen of Jhansi kingdom. This award is given to the best institutions for research and development in women's empowerment.
Rani Rudramma Devi Award:- This award is named after Rani Rudramma Devi, the 13th century warrior queen of the Kakatiya dynasty in the Deccan Plateau. It is given to two district Panchayats and two village Panchayats. It is for the work regarding women's welfare.
Individual categories
The two individual categories of the award are:
Award for courage and bravery
Award for making outstanding contributions to women's endeavour, community work, or making a difference, or women's empowerment
References
Other websites
India
Women's rights |
874281 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamory | Polyamory | Polyamory is the practice of being in a romantic or sexual relationship with more than one partner. People who are polyamorous may be in an open relationship or may be in a closed group, which is also known as polyfidelity. The word polyamory can be used as an umbrella term for relationships that are not monogamous, have multiple partners, or are non-exclusive.
Practice of polyamory
Polyamory can take many different forms, depending on the preferences of the people consenting.
Relationships |
874288 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFMS | GFMS | GFMS (formally Gold Fields Mineral Services) are research and consultancy company for metal markets. Since 2011 they have been part of Thomson Reuters. As well as other commodities, they research gold, silver, platinum, palladium, and copper trading.
History
The consultancy’s main publication is the annual Gold Survey, which began in 1967. Consolidated Gold Fields, a mining conglomerate that was later taken over by Hanson plc in 1989, originally started the Gold Survey. After the take over, a company was formed the same year to continue the survey.
Between 1994 and 1998, the company was owned by Gold Fields of South Africa.
Between 1998 and 2003, the company was known as Gold Fields Mineral Services Limited.
In 1998, members of the research team completed a management buy out of GFMS from GFSA, and the consultancy gained full independence. In 2002, GFMS became an associate member of the London Bullion Market Association.
In August 2011, GFMS was purchased by Thomson Reuters. The execute chairperson Philip Klapwijk left the company.
Reports
In 2011, GFMS estimated 240 tonnes net sale of gold.
The company estimated that electronic waste recycling increase 14% between 2000 and 2014. In 2016, they report a silver supply deficit.
In March 2017, GFMS reported that India's gold imports had increased to 50 tonnes; 82% higher than 2016.
References |
874296 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerdata%20Limited | Emerdata Limited | Emerdata Limited is a political consulting company in London, formed in 2017. Ex-employees of Cambridge Analytica and SCL moved to successor firms, these companies dissolved with acquisition by holding company Emerdata Limited. The company is now owned by Rebekah Mercer and Jennifer Mercer according to Cambridge Analytica's bankruptcy filing in New York. Cambridge Analytica was before owned by their family, including their father Robert Mercer, a computer scientist. In July 2018 the Emerdata director was Jacquelyn James-Varga. The Federal Trade Commission of the United States has imposed to sue Cambridge Analytica after misusing data scraped from 87 million social media users. The company was soon bought by Emerdata Limited after the news on misappropriation of digital assets was publicized.
References
2017 establishments in Europe
Companies of England |
874299 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati%20Reddy | Arundhati Reddy | Arundhati Reddy is an Indian cricket player. She was born on 4 October 1997. In August 2018, she joined in the Indian Women's team for a series against Sri Lanka. On 19 September 2018, she played her first T20 International cricket (WT20I) against Sri Lanka.
In October 2018, she joined the Indian team for the 2018 ICC Women's World T20 tournament in the West Indies. In January 2020, she was selected in Indian team for the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup in Australia.
In May 2021, she was a member of Indian women's cricket team for a single match against the England women's cricket team.
References
Other websites
Indian people
1997 births
Cricketers
Living people |
874309 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon%20Bay%2C%20Wisconsin | Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin | Sturgeon Bay is a city in and the county seat of Door County, Wisconsin, United States. 9,144 people lived here at the 2010 census.
References
Cities in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
Door County, Wisconsin |
874327 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordighera | Bordighera | Bordighera is a comune in the Province of Imperia in the Liguria region in Italy. It is on the Italian Riviera.
Twin towns
Villefranche-sur-Mer, France, since 1956
Neckarsulm, Germany, since 1963
Settlements in Liguria |
874330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albenga | Albenga | Albenga is a comune in the Province of Savona in the Liguria region in Italy.
Settlements in Liguria |
874332 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avegno%2C%20Liguria | Avegno, Liguria | Avegno is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Genoa in the Liguria region in Italy.
Settlements in Liguria |
874333 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo%20Ligure | Campo Ligure | Campo Ligure is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Genoa in the Liguria region in Italy.
Settlements in Liguria |
874337 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargagli | Bargagli | Bargagli is a comune in the Metropolitan City of Genoa in the Liguria region in Italy.
Settlements in Liguria |
874340 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Szozda | Stanisław Szozda | Stanisław Szozda (25 September 1950 – 23 September 2013) was an elite Polish cyclist. He was born in Dobromierz, but since 1959 up until his death he has been living in Prudnik, where he graduated from primary school (1964) and agricultural engineering (1969). He started his career in the cycling club Zarzewie Prudnik. Franciszek Surmiński was his trainer there.
He won two Olympic silver medals at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics. He ended his career after a spinal injury caused by a fall during the 1978 Peace Race.
Szozda died on 23 September 2013 at a hospital in Wrocław, Poland from stomach cancer, aged 62.
References
1950 births
2013 deaths
Polish Olympic medalists
Olympic silver medalists
Polish sportspeople
Polish cyclists
Deaths from stomach cancer |
874342 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckarsulm | Neckarsulm | Neckarsulm is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is part of the district of Heilbronn.
Neckarsulm has about 26,400 inhabitants and is near Stuttgart.
Schwarz Group, which operates the grocery retailers Lidl and Kaufland, is headquartered in Neckarsulm.
References
Other websites
Cities in Baden-Württemberg |
874352 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rfles-Esbach | Dörfles-Esbach | Dörfles-Esbach is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874353 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebersdorf%20bei%20Coburg | Ebersdorf bei Coburg | Ebersdorf bei Coburg (officially: Ebersdorf b.Coburg) is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874354 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fheirath | Großheirath | Großheirath is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874355 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grub%20am%20Forst | Grub am Forst | Grub am Forst (officially: Grub a.Forst) is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874357 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20green%20toad | European green toad | European green toad is a species of toads found in steppes, mountainous seats. These species are placed in genus Bufotes.
References
Toads |
874358 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%2C%20Washington | Milton, Washington | Milton is a city in King and Pierce counties in the U.S. state of Washington.
Cities in Washington (U.S. state) |
874360 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%2C%20Washington | Pacific, Washington | Pacific is a city in King and Pierce counties in the U.S. state of Washington.
Cities in Washington (U.S. state) |
874363 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anneux | Anneux | Anneux () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 266 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
874364 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C5%93ullin | Annœullin | Annœullin () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 10,486 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
874365 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82a%20Prudnicka | Biała Prudnicka | Biała Prudnicka is a town in Poland in Opole Voivodeship in Prudnik County. About 2,500 people live there. Its area is about 15 km².
Towns in Poland |
874366 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anstaing | Anstaing | Anstaing () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 1,511 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
874367 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3wek | Głogówek | Głogówek is a town in Poland in Opole Voivodeship in Prudnik County. About 5,600 people live there. Its area is about 22 km².
Towns in Poland |
874368 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenti%C3%A8res | Armentières | Armentières () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 24,778 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
874369 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubers | Aubers | Aubers () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 1,655 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
874370 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comines%2C%20Nord | Comines, Nord | Comines is a commune. It is in the Nord department in northern France.
References
Communes in Nord |
874371 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warneton | Warneton | Warneton is a commune. It is in the Nord department in northern France.
References
Communes in Nord |
874372 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comines | Comines | Comines can mean:
Comines-Warneton, a municipality in Hainaut, Belgium
Comines, Nord, a commune in the Nord department, France
Philippe de Commines or de Comines (1447-1511), writer and diplomat in the courts of Burgundy and France |
874373 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monchecourt | Monchecourt | Monchecourt is a commune. It is in the Nord department in northern France.
References
Communes in Nord |
874374 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzin | Anzin | Anzin () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 13,303 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
874378 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlata%20Kala | Hemlata Kala | Hemlata Kala is an Indian cricket player. She was born on 15 August 1975 in Agra, Uttar Pradesh. She has played seven women's test matches and 74 women's one-day internationals. She is a right-hand batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler.She plays her domestic cricket for North Central Railway.
In July 1999, she played her first international test match against England.
In June 1999, she played her first One-Day International against Ireland.
Records
8th Most runs in a test match innings (by batting position) (110)
10th Most hundreds in a test career (2)
4th Highest partnership for the fifth wicket (133)
10th Highest test career batting average (50.30)
1st Fifties in consecutive test matches (5)
References
Indian people
1975 births
Cricketers |
874384 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%20feminism | Islamic feminism | Feminism is the idea that different sexes and genders are equal in society, that no sex or gender is better or worse than another. Feminism wants women and men to have equal status and equal rights in society. Islamic feminism tries to bring these ideas to countries in which most people are Muslim.
People who are in favor of the idea also say that there are several countries with Muslim majorities, where women had important roles: There were female heads of state, prime ministers, and state secretaries. Examples of such women are Lala Shovkat of Azerbaijan, Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan, Mame Madior Boye of Senegal, Tansu Çiller of Turkey, Kaqusha Jashari of Kosovo, and Megawati Sukarnoputri of Indonesia. In Bangladesh, Khaleda Zia was elected the country's first female prime minister in 1991. She served as prime minister until 2009. Sheikh Hasina replaced her. Hasina is still prime minister in 2021. This makes Bangladesh the country with the longest continuous female premiership.
Unlike other feminists, which are usually secular, Islamic feminists want to use Islam and its teachings for their ideas.
One of the things Islamic feminists want to reach is that men and women are truly equal in all aspects of daily life, and in society. They also want to include non-Muslims in their view and debate. Islamic scholars see Islamic feminism as more radical as secular feminism, because it uses Islam with the Quran as its most important text. As a "school of thought" it refers to people such as Morocccan sociologist Fatema Mernissi and scholars such as Amina Wadud and Leila Ahmed.
Definitions
Islamic feminists
Islamic feminists read the religious texts with a feminist perspective. They can ground their arguments in Islam and its teachings. They want gender justice and the full equality of women and men in the personal and public sphere. They also want to include non-Muslims in this discussion.
Islamic scholars see Islamic feminism as more radical than secular feminism. They also think that Islamic feminism is part of the teachings of Islam with the Quran as its central text.
Recently, more people have been talking about the concept of Islamic feminism. Different groups in societies which are influenced by Islam wanted to get more support for some of their ideas and policies. In addition, educated Muslim women want their role in society to be more important.
Umm Yasmin, of the Centre for Muslim Minorities and Islam, says that feminism is often mistaken as a western movement. According to Yasmin, Muslim feminists have been active since the early nineteenth century. They do not want to change the religion of Islam, but rather "promote gender equality within a secular society". Yasmin also says that Muslim feminists have adapted their view: Islam can be seen in context, in order to speak about men and women being equal; for Islam doesn't condone violence against women. Since the nineteenth century, both men and women have questioned the legal system regarding the Sharia Laws: These laws say that women should wear a veil. They limit their education, and have an effect on women's seclusion, polygyny and concubinage. In this context, seclusion means that women need to stay at home, and that they need to ask for permission to see or talk to other people outside the family. Many Muslim women wanted to change these laws. They have started schools for girls, and have been opposed to veiling and one man being married to several women. In support of Yasmin's argument, Fatema Mernissi says that the fact that the ideal Muslim woman is shown as "silent and obedient" has nothing to do with the message of Islam. In her view, conservative Muslim men manipulated the religious texts of the Qu'ran to keep their patriarchal system. They did this to prevent women from breaking free, also sexually; with it, they justified a strict veiling and a limitation of women's rights.
Feminism in Islam
Margot Badran says that Islamic feminism gets its understanding and mandate from the Qu'ran. According to her, it "seeks rights and justice for women, and for men, in [all] their existence." In her writings, she explains that radical Islamists have corrupted Islam with the image of patriarchy and oppression to women. This image is what the rest of the world sees and understands Islam to be. Asma Barlas shares Badran's views. In her works, she discusses the difference between secular and Islamic feminism. According to her, "in countries where Muslims make up 98% of the population, it is not possible to avoid questioning 'its basic beliefs.'"
Fatima Seedat agrees with both Barlas and Badran about the importance of feminism in the Islamic world. According to her, the term “Islamic feminism” is unnecessary since feminism is a “social practice, not merely of personal identity.” Seedat thinks that bringing Islam and feminism together creates more conflict. It allows Islamists to interpret the Qur'an to suit their political needs.
She believes it is important to show how feminism has existed in the Qur'an. In her view, keeping Islam and feminism separate is better for everyone. In the same article, “Feminism, and Islamic Feminism: Between Inadequacy and Inevitability”, Seedat explains that the fact that such a term exists, separates Muslims and isolates them from the rest of the world and the feminist movement. In her essay, she states that it is important to share what Islam has to offer feminism with the rest of the world. For this reason, Muslims who are feminists should not refer to themselves as Islamic feminists.
Moroccan writer and sociologist, Fatema Mernissi wrote the essay Beyond the Veil. In it, she explores the oppressive status of women in Islam, sexual ideology and gender identity through the perspective of Moroccan society and culture. Beyond the Veil argues against the discourse on women's sexuality by breaking their silence with providing a voice against the dominance of male patriarchy.
Context in the Quran
The following qoutes show the parts of Qu'ran to put feminism in context:
“O mankind! Fear your Lord Who (initiated) your creation from a single soul, then from it created its mate, and from these two spread (the creation of) countless men and women.”
(Qur’an, 4:1)Allah created both men and women as peers. They were formed from the same soul and the same spiritual nature with neither superior to the other, as shown in the above verse"وَٱللَّهُ جَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَٰجًا وَجَعَلَ لَكُم مِّنْ أَزْوَٰجِكُم بَنِينَ وَحَفَدَةً وَرَزَقَكُم مِّنَ ٱلطَّيِّبَٰتِ أَفَبِٱلْبَٰطِلِ يُؤْمِنُونَ وَبِنِعْمَتِ ٱللَّهِ هُمْ يَكْفُرُونَ "
النحل ١٦:٧٢
"And Allah has made for you spouses of your own kind, and given you through your spouses children and grandchildren. And He has granted you good, lawful provisions. Are they then faithful to falsehood and ungrateful for Allah’s favours? (72)" An-Nahl 16:72''وَٱلْمُؤْمِنُونَ وَٱلْمُؤْمِنَـٰتُ بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلِيَآءُ بَعْضٍ ۚ يَأْمُرُونَ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ وَيَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ ٱلْمُنكَرِ وَيُقِيمُونَ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَيُؤْتُونَ ٱلزَّكَوٰةَ وَيُطِيعُونَ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥٓ ۚ أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ سَيَرْحَمُهُمُ ٱللَّهُ ۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ عَزِيزٌ حَكِيمٌ''
9:71
The believers, both men and women, support each other; they order what is right and forbid what is wrong; they keep up the prayer and pay the prescribed alms; they obey God and His Messenger. God will give His mercy to such people: God is almighty and wise. — Abdul Haleem'' 3:195 فَٱسْتَجَابَ لَهُمْ رَبُّهُمْ أَنِّى لَآ أُضِيعُ عَمَلَ عَـٰمِلٍ مِّنكُم مِّن ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنثَىٰ ۖ بَعْضُكُم مِّنۢ بَعْضٍ ۖ فَٱلَّذِينَ هَاجَرُوا۟ وَأُخْرِجُوا۟ مِن دِيَـٰرِهِمْ وَأُوذُوا۟ فِى سَبِيلِى وَقَـٰتَلُوا۟ وَقُتِلُوا۟ لَأُكَفِّرَنَّ عَنْهُمْ سَيِّـَٔاتِهِمْ وَلَأُدْخِلَنَّهُمْ جَنَّـٰتٍ تَجْرِى مِن تَحْتِهَا ٱلْأَنْهَـٰرُ ثَوَابًا مِّنْ عِندِ ٱللَّهِ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ عِندَهُۥ حُسْنُ ٱلثَّوَابِ ''
3:195
Then their Lord responded to them, "I do not waste the deed of any doer among you, any male or female. The one of you is as the other (Literally: some of you from some others). So, the ones who emigrated, and were driven out of their residences, and were hurt in My way, and fought, and were killed, indeed I will definitely expiate them of their odious deeds, and indeed I will definitely cause them to enter Gardens from beneath which Rivers run." A requital from (the Providence of) Allah; and Allah has in His Providence the fairest requital. — Dr. Ghali
Nineteenth century
Khawla bint al-Azwar, was a legendary female Muslim warrior/soldier during the life of the prophet Mohammad. Her brother, Dhiraar al-Azwar, trained her to fight and she fought with him in many battles. Because soldiers wore loose clothing, and wrapped themselves in cloth to protect themselves from the sand and dust, the fact that she was a woman was not known. After she had shown her talent and skill in fighting, she told the men who were close by.
History and context
According to Ahmed Elewa and Laury Silvers, many people have used Islamic tradition of the past 150 years to try to correct social errors done against Muslim women. According to them, a new form of Islamic law is being developed, to forbid practices such as female genital mutilation. People developing this law also want to make family codes (Personal law) equal, allow women to become clergy, or to help in mosques in other ways. They want women to be able to become judges in civil and religious institutions. Elewa and Silvers say that modern scholars see their work as restoration of rights provided by God and the prophet but denied by society.
As of the 2020s, there are many changes in the Muslim world. States where Islam is an important religion are often run by a single ruler, or a small group of people. These stats will need to change so that people can elect who represents them. Such a process is called democratic. When they go through this change, they will need to look to improve the situation of the people as to human rights, social justice and gender equality. Islamic feminists play an important role in this process. For example, in 2012, Jordanian women protested against laws that allowed the charge of rape to be dropped, if the rapist marries his victim, Tunisian women marched for equality for women in a new constitution, Saudi women protested against the ban against car driving, Sudanese women created a silent wall of protest demanding freedom for arrested women. Elizabeth Segran describes the Islamic feminist struggle of Malaysian activist Zainah Anwar. Segran says that just talking about human rights mentioned in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) does not create a direct response with ordinary women. Islam is the source of their values. For this reason, integrating human rights frameworks with Islam makes sense.
Islamists
Islamists are advocates of political Islam. In their view the Quran and hadith want to establish a caliphate, an Islamic government. Some islamists say that women should have rights in public life. They do however not challenge gender inequality in the personal, private sphere.
Su'ad al-Fatih al-Badawi, a Sudanese academic and Islamist politician, has argued that feminism is incompatible with taqwa (the Islamic idea of piety). In al-Badawi's view, Islam and feminism are mutually exclusive. Margot Badran of Georgetown University's Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding (now the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding) argues that Islam and feminism are not mutually exclusive and that "Islamic feminism, which [takes] its understanding and mandate from the Qur'an, seeks rights and justice for women, and for men, in [all] of their existence. Islamic feminism is both highly contested and firmly embraced."
Nineteenth and twentieth century
Modern ideas of Islamic feminism started in the 19th century.. The Iranian poet Táhirih was the first modern woman to undertake Qur'anic exegesis. She was born and raised in a traditional Muslim family. Later, she became a prominent member of the Bábí Faith. During this time was openly against polygyny, the wearing of the veil, and other restrictions put on women. One of her most notable quotes are her final words before her execution in August 1852, "You can kill me as soon as you like, but you cannot stop the emancipation of women."
Egyptian jurist Qasim Amin wrote the book Women's Liberation (Tahrir al-Mar'a), in 1899. This book probably started the feminist movement in Egypt. In his work, Amin criticized some of the practices which were common in his society at the time: These were polygyny, the veil, and purdah, i.e. sex segregation in Islam, amongst others. He condemned them as un-Islamic and contradictory to the true spirit of Islam. His work had an enormous influence on women's political movements throughout the Islamic and Arab world
Amin had a big effect on modern-day Islamic feminist movements. Despite this, present-day scholar Leila Ahmed considers his works both androcentric and colonialist. Muhammad 'Abdu, an Egyptian nationalist and proponent of Islamic modernism, could easily have written the chapters of his work that show honest considerations of the negative effects of the veil on women. Amin also uses many male misconceptions about women: In his view, women are unable to experience love. Women also talk about their husbands when they are not present. He also thinks that Muslim marriage is based on ignorance and sensuality, of which women were the main source.
Amin was not the first to criticize the society he lived in. There were many women who did. The women's press in Egypt started voicing such concerns since its very first issues in 1892. Egyptian, Turkish, Iranian, Syrian and Lebanese women and men had been reading European feminist magazines even a decade earlier, and discussed their relevance to the Middle East in the general press.
Twentieth century
Aisha Abd al-Rahman, used her pen name Bint al-Shati ("Daughter of the Riverbank"), when she wrote. She was the second modern woman to do Quranic exegesis. She didn't think of herself as a feminist. Despite this, her works have feminist themes. She began producing her popular books in 1959, the same year that Naguib Mahfouz published his allegorical and feminist version of the life of Muhammad. She wrote biographies of early women in Islam, including the mother, wives and daughters of the Prophet Muhammad, as well as literary criticism. Fatema Mernissi has argued that much of the suppression of women's rights in Islamic societies is the result of political motivation and its consequent manipulative interpretation of hadith, which is against the egalitarian Islamic community of men and women Muhammad had in mind.
Some versions of modern Islamic feminism do not use hadith at all, and only focus on the priciples written down in the Qu'ran. Riffat Hassan has advocated one such movement. She started a theology where what are seen as universal rights for humanity outlined in the Qur'an are prioritized over contextual laws and regulations. In addition, she claims, that if only the Qu'ran is taken as scripture, there is no story that women were created after men, or a story that they started the "Fall of Man". Other Muslim feminists have criticized this idea: They say it is too picky and ignores other elements of the Muslim tradition that could be helpful in making Islamic society more egalitarian.
Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan
The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) is a women's organization based in Quetta, Pakistan.
It promotes women's rights and secular democracy. The organization wants to involve women of Afghanistan in both political and social activities. In this way, they should get their human rights. RAWA will also continuing the struggle against the government of Afghanistan. RAWA thinks the Afghan government should be based on democratic and secular ideas - not fundamentalist - principles, in which women can participate fully.
A group of intellectuals led by Meena founded the group in 1977. At the time, Meena did not use a last name. They founded the organization to promote equality and education for women. Even if Meena was assassinated because of her views, RAWA continues to "give voice to the deprived and silenced women of Afghanistan". Before 1978, RAWA focused mainly on women's rights and democracy, but after the coup of 1978, directed by Moscow, and the 1979 Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan, "Rawa became directly involved in the war of resistance, advocating democracy and secularism from the outset". In 1979 RAWA campaigned against the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, and organized meetings in schools to mobilize support against it, and in 1981, launched a bilingual feminist magazine, Payam-e-Zan (Women's Message). RAWA also founded Watan Schools to aid refugee children and their mothers, offering both hospitalization and the teaching of practical skills.
Twenty-first century
In 2015 a group of Muslim activists, politicians, and writers issued a Declaration of Reform. This declaration also supports women's rights and states in part, "We support equal rights for women, including equal rights to inheritance, witness, work, mobility, personal law, education, and employment. Men and women have equal rights in mosques, boards, leadership and all spheres of society. We reject sexism and misogyny." The Declaration also announced the founding of the Muslim Reform Movement organization to work against the beliefs of Middle Eastern terror groups. In 2015 Asra Nomani and others placed the Declaration on the door of the Islamic Center of Washington.
Feminism in the Middle East is over a century old. The war on terror in Afghanistan directly affected it. It continues to grow and fight for women's rights and equality in all conversations of power and everyday life. There is currently a debate about what the status of women in Islam should be like. Both conservative and Islamic femininists use the same sources for their arguments: The Quran, the hadith, and prominent women in Muslim history. Feminists say that early Islam was more egalitarian; conservatives say that the gender assymmetries are "divinely ordained".
Further reading
17–23 January 2002, Issue No.569.
Interview with Prof Margot Badran.
n:7.
In this special feature, a successful Belgian-Algerian Muslim woman recounts what it was like growing up immersed in two cultures with divergent views of women.
Women and Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online
Canadian Council of Muslim Women Several examples of closely argued essays for female equality, based on the Qur'an.
The Modern Muslimah Forum å
Foreign Affairs Committee of the National Council of Resistance of Iran. Women, Islam, and Equality, an ebook
Article for Domes
"A Declaration of the Rights of Women in Islamic Societies", SecularIslam.com, undated
Articles by a South African Islamic feminist
References
Feminism
Islam
Pages with unreviewed translations |
874389 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o%20Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o | São Cristóvão | São Cristóvão is an Brazilian city in the state of Sergipe. 91,093 people lived here in 2020 and its area is 436.863 km².
Cities in Sergipe |
874390 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzgrund | Itzgrund | Itzgrund is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874391 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautertal%2C%20Bavaria | Lautertal, Bavaria | Lautertal is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874392 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeder | Meeder | Meeder is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874393 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnefeld | Sonnefeld | Sonnefeld is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874394 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untersiemau | Untersiemau | Untersiemau is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874396 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylomantis%20aspera | Hylomantis aspera | The rough leaf frog (Hylomantis aspera) is a frog that lives in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Guyana, Brazil, Venezuela, French Guiana, and Ecuador, and it is most common in Suriname. Scientists have seen it up in the mountains, between 280 and 1000 meters above sea level.
References
Frogs
Animals of South America |
874398 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weitramsdorf | Weitramsdorf | Weitramsdorf is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874400 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederf%C3%BCllbach | Niederfüllbach | Niederfüllbach is a municipality in the district of Coburg in Bavaria in Germany.
References
Other websites
Coburg (district) |
874402 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrynomedusa | Phrynomedusa | Phrynomedusa is a genus of tree frogs from Brazil. They live in the Southeast and South parts of Brazil. Scientists used to think these frogs were part of the genus Phyllomedusa, and thy called them the "Phyllomedusa fimbriata group." They are called colored leaf frogs and monkey frogs in English.
Ecology and conservation
Phrynomedusa frogs live in mountain streams and nearby ponds in the Atlantic Forest. The female frogs lay their egg clutches in cracks in the rocks above the water; the tadpoles grow in the water.
Phrynomedusa are rare and humans do not know much about them. Except for P. appendiculata and P. marginata, scientists have only seen a few individual frogs from each species. Conservationists are sure that two species live in protected areas, but they do not know about the other frogs.
Description
Phrynomedusa are small tree frogs: adult males are from nose to rear end, and females . The iris has two colors: a horizontal dark stripe in middle of the eye with dark yellow in the upper and lower surfaces. The back of this frog is smooth. There is only a little webbing on its front and back feet. They do not have flash colors on their sides, thighs, or othe rbody parts, like other phyllomedusid frogs do. Males frogs have vocal sacs and vocal slits.
Species
There are six species, and one of them is probably extinct:
References
Frogs
Animals of South America |
874403 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrichsthal | Heinrichsthal | Heinrichsthal is a municipality in the district of Aschaffenburg in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.
References
Other websites
Aschaffenburg (district) |
874405 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6sbach | Hösbach | Hösbach is a market town in the district of Aschaffenburg in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.
References
Other websites
Aschaffenburg (district) |
874406 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesberg%2C%20Bavaria | Johannesberg, Bavaria | Johannesberg is a municipality in the district of Aschaffenburg in Lower Franconia, Bavaria, Germany.
References
Other websites
Aschaffenburg (district) |
874407 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtenfels%2C%20Bavaria | Lichtenfels, Bavaria | Lichtenfels is a town in the Upper Franconian region of Bavaria, Germany, the administrative seat of Lichtenfels district. It is mainly known as the German "Basket City".
Geography
It is on the upper path of the river Main, about southeast of Coburg, and northeast of Bamberg. The hilly landscape is called Gottesgarten am Obermain ("God's garden on the upper Main"), referring to the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and Banz Abbey. The Maintal (valley of the Main) goes from East to West. The most important cities of the district are Burgkunstadt, Bad Staffelstein and the district city of Lichtenfels. The Rodach river, a tributary of the Main, runs through the area and reaches its greatest width in the northern part between Hochstadt am Main and Lichtenfels.
The district of Lichtenfels is in the western part of the government region (Regierungsbezirk) of Oberfranken (Upper Franconia). It is surrounded by (from the north and clockwise) the districts of Coburg, Kronach, Kulmbach, Bayreuth and Bamberg.
The southern edge of the Main stretches up to the mountain range of the Franconian Jura (Fränkische Alb) below the Staffelberg close to Bad Staffelstein. The northern edge of the Main stretches up to the Itz-Baunach Highlands.
Administrative division
The town is divided into several districts:
Buch am Forst, Degendorf, Eichig, Gnellenroth, Hammer, Isling, Klosterlangheim, Kösten, Köttel, Krappenroth, Lahm, Mistelfeld, Mönchkröttendorf, Oberlangheim, Oberwallenstadt, Reundorf, Roth, Rothmannsthal, Schney, Schönsreuth, Seehof, Seubelsdorf, Stetten, Stöcken, Tiefenroth, Trieb, Unterwallenstadt und Weingarten.
Twin towns – sister cities
Lichtenfels is twinned with:
Ariccia, Italy (2004)
Cournon-d'Auvergne, France (1992)
Prestwick, Scotland, United Kingdom (1974)
Vandalia, United States (1975)
References
Lichtenfels (district) |
874409 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle%20Floyd | Carlisle Floyd | Carlisle Sessions Floyd (June 11, 1926September 30, 2021) was an American opera composer. Many of his songs were based on his life living in the American South. His best known opera, Susannah (1955), is based on a story from the Biblical Apocrypha. He was born in Latta, South Carolina.
Floyd died in Tallahassee, Florida on September 30, 2021, at the age of 95.
References
1926 births
2021 deaths
American composers
Writers from South Carolina |
874410 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo%20Kishi | Nobuo Kishi | is a Japanese politician. He is a member of the House of Representatives since 2012. He is also the Minister of Defense since 2020.
Kishi is a younger brother of former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, and a grandson of former Prime Minister Nobusuke Kishi.
References
1959 births
Living people
Politicians from Tokyo |
874425 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denain | Denain | Denain is a commune. It is in the Nord department in northern France.
References
Communes in Nord |
874426 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart%20After%20Dark | Bart After Dark | "Bart After Dark" is the 5th episode of The Simpsons 8th season. It was first broadcast on the Fox network on November 24, 1996. In the episode, Homer Simpson makes his son Bart work at a burlesque house. His wife Marge tries to get the house closed when she learns about it.
Richard Appel wrote the episode. Dominic Polcino directed it. The lady Bart works for is voiced by Tress MacNeille. The story of the episode is based on the movie The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. The couch gag is a reference to the album cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. About 8.2 million people watched the episode when it was first broadcast. A song from the episode won an Emmy Award, which was given to Ken Keeler and Alf Clausen. The song was later put in the album Go Simpsonic with The Simpsons.
References
Other websites
The Simpsons episodes
1996 television episodes |
874428 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush%20%281950%20movie%29 | Ambush (1950 movie) | Ambush is a 1950 American western movie. Sam Wood directed the movie. The story comes from a serial of the same name by Luke Short. Robert Taylor, Arlene Dahl, John Hodiak, Don Taylor, Jean Hagen, Leon Ames, John McIntire acted in the movie. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer distributed it.
Other websites
1950 movies
1950s western movies
American western movies
MGM movies
Movies directed by Sam Wood |
874448 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohau%20Channel | Ohau Channel | The Ohau Channel is a river in New Zealand that stems off from the Pacific Ocean and is a supplement to the infamous Rotorua. |
874453 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coyote%20Flats%2C%20Texas | Coyote Flats, Texas | Coyote Flats is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Texas |
874455 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%2C%20Texas | Joshua, Texas | Joshua is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
Cities in Texas |
874459 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar%20Mahila%20Udyog%20Sangh | Bihar Mahila Udyog Sangh | Bihar Mahila Udyog Sangh (BMUS) is a non-governmental organization headquartered in Bihar, India. It undertakes women empowerment, women-led business empowerment and community development in parts of 38 districts across Bihar. It was founded in 1995 by a group of women.
History
BMUS was founded in 1995 by a group of women. It was led by Pushpa Chopra. Bihar Mahila Udyog Sangh is registered organization is the only apex body of Women Entrepreneurs for whole of Bihar. It works as a launching platform, which helps the entrepreneurs to market their products. BMUS mission is to create a strong presence for Women Entrepreneurs in Bihar by sharing knowledge base and creating marketplace for products and services offered by members.
Initiatives
Bihar Mahila Udyog Sangh organize 5 days mela twice in a year, and provides platform to women entrepreneurs in Bihar.
Notable people
Pushpa Chopra
Usha Jha, President
Ranjan Mistry, Advisory Board Member
References
Organizations based in Asia
1995 establishments |
874461 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby%2C%20Mississippi | Crosby, Mississippi | Crosby is a town in Amite and Wilkinson counties in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
Towns in Mississippi |
874463 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodville%2C%20Mississippi | Woodville, Mississippi | Woodville is a town in and the county seat of Wilkinson County, Mississippi, United States.
Towns in Mississippi
County seats in Mississippi |
874464 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster%2C%20Mississippi | Gloster, Mississippi | Gloster is a town in Amite County, Mississippi, United States.
Towns in Mississippi |
874465 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%2C%20Mississippi | Taylor, Mississippi | Taylor is a town in Lafayette County, Mississippi, United States.
Towns in Mississippi |
874467 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleux | Arleux | Arleux () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 3,199 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
874469 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armbouts-Cappel | Armbouts-Cappel | Armbouts-Cappel () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 2,240 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
874473 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arn%C3%A8ke | Arnèke | Arnèke () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 1,594 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
874474 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artres | Artres | Artres () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 1,051 people lived there.
References
Other websites
INSEE commune file
Communes in Nord |
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