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Barretto Junior was a 523-ton barque built in Calcutta in 1818 that served as a supply ship and transport vessel. She is best known for supplying Franklin's lost expedition.
History
Early history
Barretto Junior was built in 1818 in Calcutta (modern day Kolkata, West Bengal). The builders were likely the Portuguese-descended Barretto family, wealthy India-based merchants who founded Barretto & Co. Joseph Barretto Junior joined in 1806, and purchased two ships: one for operation between Cape of Good Hope and London and one for operation between Macau and other parts of China. The first records of the ship by name was by the Asiatic Journal which reported her in Madras (modern day Chennai) in 1819. By 1839, she appeared in the United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine, which reported it was transporting British troops to Gibraltar. In 1845, her owner was Joseph Somes of London, and her master was Iden Huggins.
Franklin expedition
Royal Navy lieutenant Edward Griffiths was put in charge of Barretto Junior on 18 April 1845, and placed under orders of John Franklin at the Woolwich Dockyard, to help preparation for his expedition to chart the Northwest Passage. Barretto Junior was to carry stores of supplies, provision, and clothing which would be transferred to the expedition ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror once they had arrived in the arctic. This allowed a larger amount of supplies to be brought on the expedition without overburdening the main vessels, and helped safeguard supplies for the journey across the Atlantic. Barretto Junior also carried live cattle to be slaughtered for fresh meat.
Barretto Junior was accompanied by two steam tugs that helped tow Erebus and Terror to Greenland: HMS Rattler and HMS Blazer. All five ships arrived in Disko Bay on 4 July 1845, and Barretto Junior's stores were transferred to the two expedition ships. On 12 July 1845, Barretto Junior took on all mail from the personnel of the expedition. Among these was a scientific paper entitled "On the Anatomy of Forbesia," written by Harry Duncan Spens Goodsir, which was published posthumously by his brother John Goodsir five years later. Five men of the expedition also returned to England aboard Barretto Junior: William Aitken (marine, Terror), John Brown (able seaman, Terror), Thomas Burt (armourer, Erebus), Robert Carr (armourer, Terror) and James Elliot (sailmaker, Terror).
Barretto Junior returned to Deptford, Kent on 11 August 1845 and Griffith reported that Franklin's men were confident and in good health.
Convict transport
From December 1845 through the 1850s, Barretto Junior operated as a convict transfer, bringing female convicts from England to Van Diemen's Land (modern day Tasmania) in Australia. Most of the women were young first-time offenders, mostly convicted for theft, and the ship's conditions were dangerous, with prevalent disease, malnourishment, and abuse. On a July 1850 voyage, three women and two children died before reaching land, and the ship was caught in a hurricane off the Cape of Good Hope. One of the women, 23 year old Elizabeth Wilson, committed suicide by jumping overboard and drowning. Between this 1850 voyage and 1859, the ship instead started transporting cargo rather than people.
Sinking
Barretto Junior was carrying 750 tons of coal to Mayotte when on 25 October 1859, she struck a reef and sank. Eleven of the eighteen crew died, with the survivors being picked up by a vessel called Brisk.
See also
Convict ships to Tasmania
Personnel of Franklin's lost expedition
List of shipwrecks in October 1859
References
1818 ships
Shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean
Convict ships to Tasmania
Franklin's lost expedition
Ships built in Kolkata |
Baksa Kembang is one of the classical Banjar dances from South Kalimantan, Indonesia which is functioned as a dance to welcome guests. This dance is usually played by female dancers as a single dancer or it can be on the condition that the number of dancers must be odd.
Baksa Kembang dance was originally a dance that was only performed in the royal environment to welcome guests of honor or royal relatives. But along with developments, this dance became popular in the community when the Sultanate of Banjar began to open access for the public to watch this dance performance, so the Baksa kembang dance became popular in the community and became one of the regional cultures in South Kalimantan.
Performance
Baksa Kembang are equipped with selendang (scarves) that are used to dance so that when dancing they look elegant and charming. One of the characteristics of the Baksa Kembang dance costume is the crown on its head called the gajah gemuling, which is a crown decorated with two small bogam flowers and woven young coconut leaves which are often called halilipan.
The movements in this dance depict like beautiful teenage girls playing in a flower garden. They picked some flowers which were then arranged into bogam flowers and they carried them while dancing gracefully and beautifully. In the show, the dancers carry a pair of bogam flowers in their hands, namely a series of roses, jasmine, kantil and ylang flowers. This bogan flower will be presented to guests who come after the dance is finished.
Today
Baksa Kembang dance can now be found at various welcoming events, traditional events and cultural festivals in South Kalimantan. Along with the development, many creations are added in each of these dance performances, for example in the creation of clothing or additional movements. This is done as a preservation of this art and so that the performances that are presented look attractive.
See also
Srimpi
Gending Sriwijaya
Dance in Indonesia
References
Dances of Indonesia |
Izidorio Oliveira (11 October 1928 – 8 August 2021) was a Brazilian politician.
Biography
From 1995 till 1999, he served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies.
Oliveira died of respiratory complications from COVID-19 at the age of 75.
References
1934 births
2021 deaths
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Goiás
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Goiás |
The Central constituency (No.55) is a Russian legislative constituency in Krasnoyarsk Krai. Until 2007 the constituency covered central Krasnoyarsk as well as exclave city Norilsk, however, in 2015 it expanded into Krasnoyarsk suburbs, grabbing territory from Krasnoyarsk and Achinsk constituencies.
Members elected
Election results
1993
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Valery Kolmakov
|align=left|Independent
|
|17.58%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vladimir Ivanov
|align=left|Liberal Democratic Party
| -
|14.49%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
1995
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Nellya Zhukova
|align=left|Independent
|
|35.30%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Viktor Sitnov
|align=left|Independent
|
|21.80%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Raisa Karmazina
|align=left|Our Home – Russia
|
|10.36%
|-
|style="background-color:#959698"|
|align=left|Oleg Pashchenko
|align=left|Derzhava
|
|5.31%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Yevgeny Strigin
|align=left|Independent
|
|5.16%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Larisa Nechayeva
|align=left|Liberal Democratic Party
|
|4.90%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Oleg Nifantyev
|align=left|Independent
|
|3.13%
|-
|style="background-color:#2C299A"|
|align=left|Valery Lukinykh
|align=left|Congress of Russian Communities
|
|2.17%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vera Avdeyeva
|align=left|Independent
|
|2.02%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vladimir Minin
|align=left|Independent
|
|0.41%
|-
|style="background-color:#000000"|
|colspan=2 |against all
|
|8.46%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
1999
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Aleksandr Klyukin
|align=left|Independent
|
|24.89%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Veniamin Sokolov
|align=left|Independent
|
|15.33%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Andrey Yavisya
|align=left|Independent
|
|8.43%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Valery Kirilets
|align=left|Yabloko
|
|6.78%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Nellya Zhukova (incumbent)
|align=left|Independent
|
|5.74%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Nikolay Rybkin
|align=left|Independent
|
|5.14%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Nadezhda Safonova
|align=left|Independent
|
|4.23%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Albert Zhukov
|align=left|Independent
|
|3.47%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vladimir Rachin
|align=left|Russian All-People's Union
|
|1.11%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Aleksandr Kashin
|align=left|Independent
|
|0.81%
|-
|style="background-color:#020266"|
|align=left|Boris Turutin
|align=left|Russian Socialist Party
|
|0.80%
|-
|style="background-color:#000000"|
|colspan=2 |against all
|
|21.58%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
2003
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Raisa Karmazina
|align=left|United Russia
|
|45.21%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Nikolay Smyk
|align=left|Communist Party
|
|9.90%
|-
|style="background-color:#00A1FF"|
|align=left|Natalya Sysoyeva
|align=left|Party of Russia's Rebirth-Russian Party of Life
|
|8.99%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Valentin Danilov
|align=left|Independent
|
|6.42%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Oleg Koledov
|align=left|Liberal Democratic Party
|
|5.08%
|-
|style="background-color:#000000"|
|colspan=2 |against all
|
|22.75%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
2016
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|align=left|Pyotr Pimashkov
|align=left|United Russia
|
|40.78%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Aleksandr Gliskov
|align=left|Liberal Democratic Party
|
|18.36%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Ivan Serebryakov
|align=left|Patriots of Russia
|
|11.63%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Pyotr Vychuzhanin
|align=left|Communist Party
|
|10.00%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Maksim Markert
|align=left|A Just Russia
|
|4.23%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Natalia Podolyak
|align=left|The Greens
|
|3.25%
|-
|style="background:"|
|align=left|Anton Gurov
|align=left|Communists of Russia
|
|3.15%
|-
|style="background-color: "|
|align=left|Yevgeny Baburin
|align=left|People's Freedom Party
|
|2.04%
|-
|style="background-color: "|
|align=left|Anatoly Urdayev
|align=left|Rodina
|
|1.72%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
2021
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|align=left|Aleksandr Drozdov
|align=left|United Russia
|
|29.21%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vasily Yermakov
|align=left|Communist Party
|
|17.81%
|-
|style="background-color: " |
|align=left|Denis Terekhov
|align=left|New People
|
|12.65%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Mikhail Trebin
|align=left|The Greens
|
|9.07%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Maksim Markert
|align=left|A Just Russia — For Truth
|
|8.64%
|-
|style="background:"|
|align=left|Andrey Seleznyov
|align=left|Communists of Russia
|
|8.25%
|-
|style="background-color: "|
|align=left|Gennady Torgunakov
|align=left|Party of Pensioners
|
|5.74%
|-
|style="background-color: "|
|align=left|Maksim Bombakov
|align=left|Yabloko
|
|2.75%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
Notes
References
Russian legislative constituencies
Politics of Krasnoyarsk Krai |
The (French) or (Dutch) is a square in Brussels, Belgium. It was created following the covering of the river Senne (1867–1871). It is named in honour of André-Napoléon Fontainas (1807–1863), a former mayor of the City of Brussels.
The square lies at the conjunction of the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan to the north with the / to the south, in the Midi–Lemonnier or Stalingrad Quarter (southern part of the City of Brussels). It is served by the premetro (underground tram) station Anneessens on lines 3 and 4.
History
Early history
The Place Fontainas was laid out following the covering of the river Senne (1867–1871), as part of the major urban works by the architect Léon Suys under the tenure of the then-mayor of the City of Brussels, Jules Anspach.
Located at the junction of the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan (then called the /) and the /, the square occupies the site of the former Small Island (, ) formed by two arms of the Senne, an old link between the / and the /. The bent end of the latter now forms the western side of the square.
In his 1865 project, Suys planned to erect a monumental fountain on the square, which was to break the monotony of the boulevards, but it was abandoned for budgetary reasons.. Since 1871, the square has borne the name of the liberal politician and former mayor of the City of Brussels André-Napoléon Fontainas.
1970s to present
Due to the presence of gay bars on and around the Rue du Marché au Charbon, the Place Fontanais became the centre of gay prostitution in Brussels from the early 1970s. Men from all walks of life came there to pick up often young prostitutes (between 14 and 25 years old). After the police ended a prostitution network with Macedonian children aged 12 to 14 in 1995–96, gay prostitution in the square no longer caused any particular problems.
Since its creation in the 19th century, the square has often changed appearance. Nevertheless, it retains a large number of fin de siècle buildings. Since 29 June 2015, it has been part of a large pedestrian zone in central Brussels (). On that occasion, it was partially restored to its original appearance and was repaved. Decorated with plantations and equipped with numerous benches, it once again constitutes a pleasant space.
See also
Neoclassical architecture in Belgium
History of Brussels
Belgium in "the long nineteenth century"
References
Notes
Bibliography
Squares in Brussels
City of Brussels
19th century in Brussels |
Haddon Norman Salt (born 18 October 1928) is a British-American businessman, best known for founding the fast food fish and chips chain H. Salt Esq. Fish & Chips and for acting as the company's brand ambassador, spokesman and symbol. Salt followed his father and grandfather's careers, becoming a master fish cook and purveyor of fish and chips.
"I came over not simply to start a restaurant, but to introduce America to fish and chips, as grandiose as that dream sounds now". When Salt arrived in America in 1964, Britishers ate an average of 100 pounds of fish per year, while Americans ate only 10 pounds per year. Salt said "The way some of it is handled, I can see why".
Salt opened his first fish and chips shop in California in 1965. His business was acquired by the Kentucky Fried Chicken corporation in 1969. The sale made Salt the third largest stockholder in KFC, at the time the world's largest fast-food company.
KFC was not successful in large scale expansion of the H. Salt Esq. chain and sold the brand and business in 1972. Salt explained the brand's failure, saying "They started lowering the standards of the quality of the fish, and so the (sales) volumes of the restaurants went down and people stopped buying franchises, so that was the end of it. And it didn't grow any more."
Salt left the company in 1972.
Early life
Salt was born October 18, 1928, in Stanfree, Derbyshire, England, the only child of Charles Haddon and May (née London) Salt. Diagnosed with a terminal ailment at 8 years old, doctors said nothing could be done. In 2016, Salt said "My parents turned to Christian Science and its primitive healing philosophy by which you could measure the outcome. Now at 88 and healthy, I look at Christianity from a scientific viewpoint."
Salt attended private school in England. At 16, he worked at "Salt's Sea Fresh", his father's fish and chip store at the family's seaside resort in Skegness, Lincolnshire, England where he saw enthusiastic acceptance and demand for fish and chips from USAF airmen stationed at nearby RAF East Kirkby station. He spent two years in the Royal Navy. Salt married Grace Lawson in 1949 and the couple emigrated to Canada with $37. After three years and a series of odd jobs, they returned to Skegness where Salt went back to work, helping at his father's fish and chips shop.
Emigration from Great Britain
In 1960, Salt purchased a restaurant in England, sold it in 1964 and emigrated with his wife and three children to California with $10,000. "I decided to bring the business here because all the tourists told me if they had fish and chips in America like I cooked them, I'd have a great business". "Frankly, our family and friends thought my wife Grace and I a bit daft to chuck it all for a dream".
Fish and chips career in America
Salt entered the restaurant business in America, first purchasing the Griddle, an existing 24-hour diner located at Fourth and Tamalpais in San Rafael, California in November, 1964. Salt sold the Griddle diner in San Rafael in January, 1966.
Fish and chip store expansion
Salt next opened "Salt's English Fish & Chips Shop", initially offering "take home" service at 813 Bridgeway in Sausalito, California in August 1965.
Salt's wife Grace managed their first fish and chip shop in Sausalito, while Salt opened another store in Berkeley. It was reported that the Salts planned "to establish a number of franchised shops in various locations throughout the Bay Area and perhaps even more extensively". By 1966, the Sausalito store was selling fish and chips in a checked paper basket and encouraging customers to "eat fish as you walk along... very common in England".
By 1967, Salt owned two more fish and chip stores, one in Sunnyvale and one in Santa Cruz. They were now named "H. Salt, Esq. Authentic English Fish and Chips Shoppe".
Sales plan for fish frying ranges
Salt was the sole US and Canadian sales agent for Henry Nuttall fish and chip frying ranges and related equipment. Salt specified Nuttall equipment for his franchised fish and chip stores. Salt often referred to the brand during news interviews. "...I believe you must have the proper cooking equipment. We insist on special stoves to get the heat up proper and even enough to turn out decent fish and chips. We import our stoves from Henry Nuttall in Britain, a master at the art of making frying ranges". The Nuttall ranges used by Salt were 18 feet long and had glass fronts so patrons could watch their orders being cooked. Salt said the ranges were "the heart of the operation".
Growth from franchised stores
When Salt sold his first franchise store in San Rafael, he was negotiating the sale of three additional franchises in Menlo Park, San Jose and Walnut Creek. Salt had settled on "that fertile field of franchises - Southern California".
By October 1968, there were 45 H. Salt, Esq. locations in Southern California. 44 of those were franchised. 30 additional stores were under construction and a total of 100 were planned "before the end off the year". Salt was referred to as "president of the world's largest chain of fish and chips stores". The company also had offices in Los Angeles, California and Chicago, Illinois.
Unique interlocking franchise fees
An H. Salt Esq. franchise in 1968 cost approximately $22,000 (). A prospective franchisee had to have $10,000 to $12,000 in cash and could finance the rest. Salt reasoned "A man may walk away from a $5,000 investment if things get tough, but he probably has $10,000 only once in his life and he'll fight to protect it". The average H. Salt Esq. store at the time made $100,000 per year and a franchisee netted an average $25,000 annually before taxes.
However, Salt's franchise fee structure required more from a franchisee than a simple 5% franchise fee on gross sales. Salt pointed out that 5% wouldn't cover his ongoing overhead. "We are spending more than five percent on marketing and promotion and we are marketing oriented". In addition to a franchise fee, Salt required franchisees to purchase all of their raw products and equipment from him. He said "After all, franchising is just distributing", and he pointed out his insistence on offering consistently high quality food required the high quality ingredients specified by him. A franchisee agreed to purchase everything their store needed from Salt.
Insistence on providing customers both quality food and experience
Salt understood he was dealing with potential American customers who had little experience with fish and chips. He knew he had to offer the highest quality product and experience in order to convert the public. He said he "must be frank in stating that there might be a wait for an order simply because we fry on request to assure the product is piping hot which is the only way to enjoy fish and chips". Customer service was important to Salt as well. "We impress upon our proprietors the importance of genuinely caring for the interests of our customers".
Managed sources and quality of fish
Salt's stores used cod from Iceland and haddock from Boston, Massachusetts. He said "You need the frigid waters of the Atlantic to turn the trick. That's why we get our fish from Iceland". Salt hired Capt. Ingolfur Moller as the chain's quality control coordinator who monitored the quality of the fish caught by the Icelandic fishing fleets. Salt said "the fish must be treated with loving care".
Training franchisees in the art of fish and chips
Salt spent "several weeks" training each owner at the outset of learning his franchise operation. "The making of fish and chips is really considered an art in Great Britain and we are determined it should remain an art in America". "It is a delicate product that must be made well or not at all". Salt's attention to detail extended to the kind and quality of malt vinegar he specified, Penistone Pure Malt Vinegar, brewed by British Vinegars in Penistone, England.
Salt's marketing built awareness and demand
Salt quickly built a strong brand identity through his carefully crafted marketing. After branding the franchise using his personal identity, he immediately started using area newspaper and radio advertising to build awareness and demand for his fish and chips. Building on the British tradition of wrapping fish and chips in pages of newsprint, Salt used special food wrapping paper printed with London Times newspaper articles to give his orders a feeling of authenticity. Salt advertised his stores would accept "either British or American currency".
Naming the brand
When Salt decided to start franchising his fish and chips stores, marketing advisers suggested he use "a real English name such as 'British' or 'London', or 'Picadilly' or 'Old English'" to name his brand. He disagreed, saying "I turned thumbs down on the idea. In England, as you may know, a good shop carries the name of the merchant. A man who takes pride in the product he is offering the public and who personally stands behind it. It is not a matter of ego but of responsibility to your customers... Therefore, I insisted my name be on the sign".
"English" store design
Salt wanted his stores to remind American customers of England but made concessions in their design. "They (the shops) are 'English' to the point where it will not conflict with the food service Americans have come to expect. We even accept British and American currency, but we refuse to clutter them up".
Service personnel behind the glass windowed store fryer counters wore uniforms that reminded customers of traditional British street vendors - red or white aprons, white caps and vintage white maid's caps.
Acquired by Kentucky Fried Chicken in 1969
Salt had 129 franchised stores in operation with annualized sales "in excess of $10 million" () when Kentucky Fried Chicken offered him $12 1/2 million dollars in KFC stock () and a "joint agreement to open 200 units in seven states".
Negotiating the sale of H. Salt. Esq. Fish & Chips
Salt discussed the reasons and process involved in his 1968 decision to sell his business to KFC in the New York Times film documentary "The King of Fish and Chips":
Salt's company, Salt Enterprises, based in San Francisco, California would become "a wholly-owned subsidiary of KFC" and "receive an undisclosed amount of KFC common stock for all issued and outstanding capital stock of Salt Enterprises". KFC president and chief executive John Y. Brown said "this is a sound step toward (KFC) diversification". The transaction made Salt the third largest holder of KFC stock. At that time, KFC was the world's largest fast-food company.
When the deal was consummated, KFC said they planned to have 1,000 combined company-owned and franchised H. Salt Fish & Chips stores by 1973. KFC newspaper ads offered franchise opportunities, saying: In the copy, Salt claimed "I'll do for English fish and chips what the colonel did for chicken". Salt would "continue as president of the company, which will be a Kentucky Fried Chicken subsidiary" and "will perform a publicity role like other corporate figureheads".
Agressive franchise program begins, abruptly stops, restarts
KFC immediately started to change Salt's business model, The company began a series of confusing and contradictory changes to the fish and chips franchise operation, promoting franchises priced 450% higher than those sold by Salt, then abruptly buying back those franchises and just as quickly restarting a different franchise format.
KFC promotes H. Salt Esq. Fish & Chips franchise opportunities
In 1969, KFC heavily promoted H. Salt Esq. franchise opportunities in newspaper and magazine print ads. Comparing KFC's having built 2,400 units since 1957, the company claimed they had "invested capital in opening and operating over 400 (H.Salt Esq.) units in 18 markets". The ads promised franchisees would receive "the proven ingredients they need for profitable operation" with "management and operational guidance by the world's most experienced franchise operators, exclusive fish-fry equipment, a quality-controlled source of Icelandic fillets, secret batter ingredients and expert training to make your employees master fish fryers". Current and former KFC franchisees were given "first crack" at purchasing H. Salt Esq. franchises.
KFC increased franchise fees 450%
KFC increased the fee to franchise an H. Salt Esq. Fish & Chips store from $20,000 to $90,000 (). The first store to open under the terms of the new agreement was in Louisville, Kentucky. When an H. Salt Esq. store opened in Dayton, Ohio in November, 1969, the store saw a first day total of 2,300 orders of fish and chips.
Changes to store format and menu
In 1970 the footprint of new H. Salt Esq. stores was expanded to include 34 seats. "We found that a lot of people like to sit down to eat, rather than carry out, so we will be taking this approach in the new units".
In 1971, KFC pared back additions to the H. Salt fish and chips menu. Salt said "We tried shrimp... but it spoiled the taste of the fish". After Salt left the company in 1972, KFC once again added shrimp and other seafood to the H. Salt Fish & Chips menu.
Corporate buy-back of existing franchises
KFC quickly started a buy-back program of franchised H. Salt Esq. stores in late 1969, quickly purchasing previously franchised units. By November, 1969, KFC owned 464 H. Salt Esq. outlets.
Franchises once again offered
One year later, KFC recommenced offering franchises for existing and new H. Salt Esq. locations. Salt was quoted as preferring franchised operations over the company store model. "The franchisee does a better job... We made a mistake with so many company stores, but that is changed".
KFC acquired by Heublein
In July 1971, KFC president John Y. Brown sold the company to the Connecticut-based Heublein, a packaged food and liquor corporation, for $285 million (). The business model moving forward called for the closing or franchising of 168 H. Salt Esq. outlets. Salt's contract as "chairman of the fish and chips division" would be assumed by Hueblein according to the sale agreement.
"The Colonel's" store format offered H. Salt Fish & Chips
"The Colonel's", a new small-scale franchise store format initiated by KFC in 1971 was meant for communities of less than 10,000. The stores sold H. Salt Fish & Chips as well as Kentucky Fried Chicken, hamburgers, milk shakes, soft ice cream and "tasty sandwiches created by Colonel Sanders".
End of Salt's involvement with H. Salt Fish & Chips
Salt reflecting on his franchise's end
"All my life, everything I touched turned to gold. Then suddenly, it went the other way. They weren't selling chicken, they were selling Colonel Sanders. They weren't selling fish, they were selling me. They really didn't grasp what the idea was. I was trying to get middle class people into business, give them the joy of self-employment. They (KFC) didn't get that. They worked on me big time, they didn't work on the company. They started lowering the standards of the quality of the fish, and so the (sales) volumes of the restaurants went down and people stopped buying franchises, so that was the end of it. And it didn't grow any more. I don't feel responsible. I don't feel guilty. I did sell out".
Other activities
Musician
Salt was an early musician, teaching himself the fiddle and the saxophone "for independence money". He felt he wasn't being paid enough while working for his father. He played "semi-professionally in dance bands from the age of 12" and was a member of the Royal Marines Band Service. He joined the Lake County (California) Symphony Orchestra in 1995, playing violin. Salt owns and plays a Zeta Music Systems electric violin.
Cutting horse supporter and competitor
In the 1970s, Salt developed an interest in cutting horses, becoming a breeder, rider and supporter of the breed and associated equine activities in California and across America. In 1971, Salt's quarter horse "Joe Duhan", ridden by Matlock Rose ranked fifth in the Open Horse category of that year's National Cutting Horse Association World Championship. Salt's horse "Joy Joe", ridden by NCHA Hall of Fame rider Leon Harrel was the 1974 winner of the National Cutting Horse Futurity.
Salt allowed various NCHA Championship competitions to be held on his 350 acre "H. Salt Esquire Ranch" in Sonoma, California. The ranch featured an indoor, full-size horse show arena. In 1974, a Pacific Coast Cutting Horse Association competition saw 20 of "the nation's top horses and riders" compete for a total of $20,000 () in prize money.
Land developer
In 1975, Salt was president of Mirasol Corporation and a partner in Salt-Ballard Properties. Both businesses were involved in land development in San Rafael, California and Mazatlan, Mexico.
Fish farming and conservation
Salt has had a continued interest in improving fish stocks through farming and conservation. In 1970 he said "It is difficult to order good fish in American restaurants". Salt suggested propagation practices in use at the time in Iceland would allow farming codfish "on a sustained yield basis". He also decried the practice of trawling codfish on long voyages saying the practice "impairs the flavor". Salt preferred the practice of line-caught fishing from smaller boats which allowed for faster freezing of a catch. In 1970, Salt said the fishing industry is "in deplorable condition" and was "dying". He helped establish and finance legislative lobby groups to help the industry. He created two "healthy and successful" fisheries, including Sea Fresh Fisheries, Inc. in 1978, based in Borrego Springs, California.
Awards
1971 • Gold Medal - California State Exposition and Fair "for excellence in product". H. Salt Esq., Fish and Chips earned the award with a 98.8% rating of "Superior".
References
1928 births
Living people
20th-century American businesspeople
American chief executives of food industry companies
American food company founders
American restaurateurs
English emigrants to the United States
Fast food advertising characters
Fast-food chain founders
KFC people
Male characters in advertising |
Zhang Weishuang is a Chinese footballer.
She competed at the 2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship, winning a silver medal. She scored a goal. She competed at the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, where she scored a goal against the United States.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Chinese women's footballers |
Tom Rhys Harries (born 8 October 1992) is a Welsh actor, having had roles in Jekyll and Hyde (2015), Slaughterhouse Rulez (2018), Britannia (2019), and played Manchester DJ Axel Collins in the Netflix series White Lines in 2020, and appears as Walker in the Apple TV+ series Suspicion (2022).
Early life
Tom Rhys Harries was born in Cardiff, Wales, to his mother a scriptwriter and his father a head teacher, and has two sisters. Rhys Harries took a course at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in Cardiff, for which in 2020, he was made an Honorary Associate.
Career
For his work in the theatre, Rhys Harries was named as one of Screen International Stars of Tomorrow in 2012 In the theatre, Rhys Harries made his West End stage debut in 2013 in Jez Butterworth's Mojo (play) alongside Colin Morgan, Rupert Grint, and Ben Whishaw at the Harold Pinter Theatre
Rhys Harries starred in the Guy Ritchie, action comedy The Gentlemen, where he starred alongside Colin Farrell, Hugh Grant, and Matthew McConaughey.
In 2020, Rhys Harries starred as Manchester DJ Axel Collins in the Netflix series White Lines set on the island of Ibiza in the 1990s. The series' whodunnit storyline revolved around his character Axel's death, and was watched by over 20 million viewers.
in 2022, Ryhs Harries appears as Walker in Chris Long directed Apple TV+ series Suspicion, alongside co-stars Uma Thurman and Kunal Nayyar.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Tom Rhys Harries- instagram
Tom Rhys Harries- UA profile
Living people
1992 births
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama
Welsh male television actors
Welsh male film actors
Welsh male stage actors
Male actors from Cardiff
People from Cardiff |
João da Rocha Ribeiro Dias (15 January 1941 – 26 July 2021) was a Brazilian politician.
Biography
From 1991 till 1999, he served as a member of the Senate of Brazil.
Dias died of respiratory complications from COVID-19 at the age of 80.
References
1941 births
2021 deaths
Members of the Federal Senate
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Goiás |
Zhang Xiaoting (born 21 January 1989) is a Chinese female volleyball player.
She competed at the 2012 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship, with her club Bohai Bank Tianjin.
References
External links
Highlights of Xiaoting Zhang's spikes, Middle Blocker, Volleyball - Wang Yoka, 2016
1989 births
Chinese volleyball players
Living people |
Pahokee is a 2019 American documentary film directed by Ivete Lucas and Patrick Bresnan about the small rural town of Pahokee located in the Florida Everglades. The film uses an observational approach to follow four teenagers as they navigate their senior year of high school. The film premiered in the United States at the Sundance Film Festival and internationally at Visions du Réel in Switzerland.
Synopsis
The film follows four high school students at Pahokee High School, a school that is integral to the surrounding community. The film follows Na'Kerria, a high school cheerleader who is hoping to become Miss Pahokee High School. She spends her senior year multi-tasking between working at a fried fish restaurant, cheerleading, campaigning for the pageant, and getting her schoolwork done. Next is Jocabed, the youngest daughter of Mexican immigrants, is a high-achieving student who is working to finish the year at the top of her class and go to her dream school, the University of Florida. Next, Junior is a father to a one-year-old baby girl who is struggling to balance schoolwork, marching band, and the demands of parenthood. Finally, BJ is the football team co-captain who is a budding leader on and off the field. With the help of his parents, he hopes to attend college and possibly play football there.
Reception
As of February 2022 the film has a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Jen Yamato of the Los Angeles Times says, "with a patient and unobtrusive eye, filmmakers Lucas and Bresnan paint impressionistic portraits of a quartet of charismatic teenagers over the course of a pivotal school year.” Variety (magazine) hails the film as, "lively and rousing as a generational snapshot, buoyed by the lovable, resilient kids at its heart." Following the film's premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter said "Pahokee is the best documentary I've seen this Sundance. It's 'America To Me' only verité and in a 112-minute micro.”
Screenings
References
2019 films
2019 documentary films
American films
American documentary films
English-language films |
The 2022 Pan American Wrestling Championships will be the 35th edition of Pan American Wrestling Championships of combined events, and took place from May 5 to 8 in Acapulco, Mexico.
The Senior Pan-American Championships 2022 will now be held in Acapulco, Mexico, instead of Santiago, Chile. Despite the efforts of United World Wrestling and the Chilean Wrestling Federation, the event could not be held as originally scheduled in Santiago from May 5-8, 2022. The requirement decided by the Chilean Ministry of Health did not guarantee the participation of all countries.
Medal overview
Men's freestyle
Greco-Roman
Women's freestyle
References
External links
Official website
Pan American Wrestling Championships
Pan America
Sports competitions in Mexico
Pan American Wrestling Championships
Pan American Wrestling Championships
Wrestling |
The Mayor of Sangli is the elected chief of the Sangali-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation . Digvijay Suryawanshi of the NCP political party is the current Mayor of Sangli
Current mayor
The current mayor is Digvijay Suryawanshi and Deputy Mayor is Umesh Patil.
Mayors of Sangli
References
Cities and towns in Sangli district
Mayors of Sangli |
Major-General Arthur Francis Fisher, (11 July 1899 – August 1972) was a British Army officer who served as acting General Officer Commanding 1st Armoured Division during the Second World War.
Military career
After attending the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Fisher was commissioned into the Royal Field Artillery on 6 June 1918. He became commanding officer of the East Riding of Yorkshire Yeomanry in 1940 and went on to see action in North Africa, becoming commander of 1st Armoured Brigade in March 1942, commander of 4th Armoured Brigade in June 1942 and commander of 22nd Armoured Brigade in July 1942.
He briefly became acting General Officer Commanding 1st Armoured Division when Major-General Alexander Gatehouse was wounded in action in North Africa on 22 July 1942 and remained in the role until relieved on 15 August 1942. He was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order on 17 June 1943. He then became commander of 2nd Armoured Brigade in North Africa later in August 1942 and led his brigade at the Second Battle of El Alamein in October 1942 before becoming Brigadier Royal Armoured Corps for the 2nd Army in 1943 and then deputy director of the Royal Armoured Corps at the War Office in November 1944.
References
External links
Generals of World War II
1899 births
1972 deaths
British Army generals
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Royal Field Artillery officers
British Army brigadiers of World War II
British Army personnel of World War I
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
War Office personnel in World War II |
Domingos de Freitas Diniz Neto (20 March 1933 – 22 March 2021) was a Brazilian politician.
Biography
From 1967 till 1983, he served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies.
Neto died of respiratory complications from COVID-19 at the age of 88.
References
1933 births
2021 deaths
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Maranhão
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Maranhão |
Felipe Alejandro Virzi López (1943 – 3 February 2022) was a Panamanian politician. A member of the Democratic Revolutionary Party, he served as Second Vice President from 1994 to 1999. He died in the Santiago District on 3 February 2022, at the age of 79.
References
1943 births
2022 deaths
Democratic Revolutionary Party politicians
People from Santiago District, Veraguas
Vice presidents of Panama |
Zhang Xiaoyu (born 28 July 1991) is a Chinese female volleyball player.
She competed at the 2012 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship, with her club Bohai Bank Tianjin.
References
1991 births
Chinese volleyball players
Living people |
Nathan Sosa is an American attorney and politician serving as a member of the Oregon House of Representatives from the 30th district. He assumed office on February 1, 2022.
Early life and education
Sosa was raised by his single mother in Las Vegas. When he was 16, he began working at Safeway to help financially support his family. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and a Juris Doctor from the William S. Boyd School of Law at UNLV.
Career
From 2009 to 2014, Sosa worked as an associate attorney at Wright & Weiner. From 2014 to 2018, he was an associate attorney at Corbridge Law Offices P.C. Since 2018, he has worked as an attorney at Vames & Wang in Hillsboro, Oregon. In February 2022, he was appointed to the Oregon House of Representatives by the Washington County Board of Commissioners.
References
Living people
People from Las Vegas
University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni
William S. Boyd School of Law alumni
Oregon Democrats
Nevada lawyers
Oregon lawyers
Lawyers from Hillsboro, Oregon
Politicians from Hillsboro, Oregon
Members of the Oregon House of Representatives |
In total, 25 handballers to date have scored 1000 or more goals for their national teams at senior level.
A vast majority of the players who scored at least 1000 goals, are from the modern era of the sport. This is partly because fewer games were played at international level than today.
Péter Kovács held the record for most goals scored, until Guðjón Valur Sigurðsson beat his record in 2018. France is the country with the most entries on this list, with four players having scored 1000 or more goals. Only two players on this list have played for two different federations. Frank-Michael Wahl scored 1338 goals for East Germany and 74 goals for the German national team, also Talant Duyshebaev, who scored for USSR, Unified Team and Russia and 569 goals for Spain. Only goals scored at the highest international level are included, meaning goals for national junior and youth teams aren't. Only one player scoring more than 1000 goals managed to reach a goals per game ratio 7.0 and above, while the lowest ratio is 3.09. Out of 25 players to score 1000 or more goals in history, only 10 of them have won the World Championship at least once. Ahmed El-Ahmar is the only non-European player to appear on this list.
By player
updated as of February 23. 2022
Players in bold are still active.
See also
List of European Cup and EHF Champions League top scorers
World Men's Handball Championship
European Men's Handball Championship
References
European
Men's |
Gobonamang Prudence Marekwa is a South African politician, trade unionist and police officer who has served as a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa since November 2021, representing the African National Congress.
Early life and education
Marekwa was born in Kimberley. She has a diploma in education as well as certificates in economic development and personnel and training management. She also holds an advanced diploma in public administration and went on to study for a bachelor's degree in business administration.
Career
Marekwa joined her local South African Police Service (SAPS) station in 1991. She completed her training in Hammanskraal in June 1992 and began working for the Kimberley police station. In 1993, she joined the Police and Prisons Civil Rights Union (POPCRU). She became a shop steward for the union two years later. She was elected deputy secretary for the former Diamond Field Branch in 1996. Marekwa became deputy secretary of the provincial interim gender structure in 1997. She served as deputy secretary of the Kimberley branch for two years from 1997 to 1999, before she was elected as branch secretary, a position she held until 2001. In 2001, she was deputy provincial secretary of POPCRU.
Marekwa was elected treasurer of the Congress of South African Trade Unions' (COSATU) Northern Cape and Free State region in 2001 and served in the position until 2008. She also served as the acting provincial secretary of POPCRU in the Northern Cape twice, in 2004 and from December 2005 until October 2007. When COSATU's Northern Cape structure was established in 2008, she was elected provincial treasurer. She currently serves as the second deputy president of POPCRU.
Parliamentary career
Marekwa became a Member of the National Assembly of South Africa for the African National Congress in November 2021.
References
External links
Profile at Parliament of South Africa
Living people
Tswana people
People from the Northern Cape
Year of birth missing (living people)
African National Congress politicians
Members of the National Assembly of South Africa
Women members of the National Assembly of South Africa
21st-century South African women politicians |
William Paul (1678 – 1716), Vicar of Orton, was a nonjuring Church of England clergyman and Jacobite sympathizer, executed for treason.
Life
William Paul, born in 1678, was the eldest son of John Paul, who possessed the small estate of Little Ashby, near Lutterworth, Leicestershire, his mother being a daughter of Mr. Barfoot of Streatfields, Warwickshire. He received his early education at a school kept by Thomas Sargreave, rector of Leire, Leicestershire, and at Rugby, which he entered in 1696. In 1698 he went to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1701, and MA in 1705. Shortly after leaving the university he became curate at Carlton Curlieu, near Harborough, Leicestershire, acting at the same time as chaplain to Sir Geoffrey Palmer. He went thence to Tamworth, Staffordshire, where he was also usher in the free school; and subsequently became curate at Nuneaton, Warwickshire. From Nuneaton he was promoted to the vicarage of Orton-on-the-Hill, Leicestershire, being instituted on 5 May 1709, after taking the oaths to Queen Anne and abjuring the Pretender.
On the outbreak of the rebellion in 1715 he set out with others to join the Jacobite forces in Lancashire. On the way north he was seized by Major Bradshaw, but was again set at liberty by Colonel Noel, a justice of the peace. He succeeded in joining the rebels at Lancaster, and at Preston induced Robert Patten to permit him to read the prayers. This permission, Patten affirms, he granted him unwillingly, because he was in lay dress; and he read prayers three times for the Pretender as King. He left Preston just before it was invested, and, although taken by General Wills, was discharged.
After the rout of the rebels he went south to his own county, and thence to London, where he appeared in coloured clothes, laced hat, full-bottomed wig, and a sword by his side. While in St. James's Park he was accidentally met by Thomas Bird, a justice of the peace for his county, who knew him, and took him prisoner 12 December 1715. He was carried to the Duke of Devonshire's, and thence to Lord Townshend's. After examination he was committed to a messenger's house, and fourteen days afterwards he was sent to Newgate. He was brought to the exchequer bar at Westminster 31 May 1716, when he pleaded not guilty; but when brought again to the bar 15 June he withdrew his former plea, and acknowledged his guilt. After sentence of death was passed he expressed the deepest penitence for his conduct, and wrote letters to the King, the Lord Chief Justice, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, soliciting mercy, in which he asserted that he now detested and abhorred the rebellion from the bottom of his soul. Finding, however, that these professions were ineffectual to save his life, he again entirely changed his attitude. On the scaffold he appeared in the canonical habit of the Church of England; declared that he was a true son of the church, not as it was now – schismatical – and that he died in the real nonjuring one, free from rebellion and schism. He, moreover, asked pardon of all he had scandalised by pleading guilty, and of his God and King for having violated his loyalty "by taking most abominable oaths in defence of usurpation" against his "lawful sovereign King James the third". He was hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn on 13 July. A portrait of Paul has been engraved in an oval along with John Hall, who was executed on the same gallows. The engraver is supposed to have been Vertue.
Sources
A True Copy of the Papers delivered to the Sheriffs of London by William Paul, a Clergyman, and John Hall, Esq., 1716;
The Devil's Martyrs, or Plain Dealing, in answer to the Jacobite Speeches of those two Perjured Rebels, William Paul, a Clergyman, and John Hall, a Justice of the Peace, by John Dunton, 1716;
Last Speech of William Paul, Clergyman, who was Hang'd, Drawn, and Quarter'd, at Tyburn, on the 13th of July, 1716, for High Treason against His Majesty King George, 1716;
Remarks on the Speeches of Wm. Paul, Clerk, and John Hall, of Otterburn, Esq., 1716;
The Thanks of an Honest Clergyman for Mr. Paul's Speech at Tyburn, 1716;
Patten's History of the Rebellion;
Granger's Biographical History of England.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Szechi, Daniel (2006). "Jacobite activists of the 1715 rising (act. 1715–1716)". In Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford UP. n.p. Accessed 5 February 2022.
1678 births
1716 deaths
Anglican priests
People executed by hanging, drawing and quartering |
Tam Chik Sum is a Hong Kong wheelchair fencer. He won the silver medal in the men's épée B event at the 2012 Summer Paralympics held in London, United Kingdom. He also competed in the men's sabre B event. He also competed at the 2016 Summer Paralympics held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
He competed at several editions of the IWAS Wheelchair Fencing World Championships, including 2010, 2011 and 2013, as well as various regional competitions. He won one of the bronze medals at this competition in 2013. He won the silver medal in the men's épée B event at the 2016 IWAS Asian Wheelchair Fencing Championships.
References
Living people
Hong Kong male épée fencers
Hong Kong male sabre fencers
Wheelchair fencers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Wheelchair fencers at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic wheelchair fencers of Hong Kong
Paralympic silver medalists for Hong Kong
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
Paralympic medalists in wheelchair fencing |
Linetta Palamidessi de Castelvecchio Richardson (13 October 1880 – 4 June 1975) was an Italian-British scholar.
Career
Having taught informally at the two women's colleges of the University of Cambridge, she was a lecturer and head of Italian Department at King's College, London from 1916 to 1921. By 1920, four new chairs in Italian were set up in England: the Serena Professorships of Italian. In June 1921, she was elected to the Serena Chair at the University of Birmingham. This made her the first woman to hold a chair at Birmingham and one of the first in Great Britain. However, there were allegations that favouritism won her the position, and the university refused to allow her to hire assistants to teach Italian from scratch while also insisting that the post was only part-time and paid her accordingly. She continued to teach at the university until she retired in 1946.
Personal life
While in London, she converted from Roman Catholicism to Anglicanism and became involved in the Churchmen's Union for the Advancement of Liberal Religious Thought.
In 1929, she married the Reverend Robert Douglas Richardson (1893–1989), an Anglican priest and academic, later a canon of Birmingham Cathedral. Her name is inscribed on a memorial to him in St Mary's Church, Boyton, Wiltshire, where he was rector from 1952 to 1967; the couple instigated restoration of the church in the 1960s.
She died at her home in Corton, near Boyton church, on 4 June 1975.
Selected works
References
1880 births
1975 deaths
Academics of King's College London
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Converts to Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism |
Rosalia Graf (born Rosalia Moser: 1 June 1897 - 21 June 1944) was an Austrian domestic servant and factory worker who became a resistance activist some time after the incorporation of Austria into an enlarged version of Germany in March 1938. On 14 April 1944 both she and her husband faced trial and were convicted of "preparing to commit high treason". They were sentenced to death at the recently reconfigured Vienna district court. On 21 June 1944, within a few minutes of one another, they were executed (along with fourteen others convicted on similar charges), using the guillotine in the execution facility in another part of the extensive court complex site.
Life
Rosalia Moser was born in Breitenbrunn/Fertőszéleskút, the daughter of Mathias Moser, a small-scale farmer, and his wife, Elisabeth. Breitenbrunn, then as now, was a small village located by the marshy northern foreshore of the Neusiedlersee/Fertő (Lake) in the ethnically conflicted Burgenland/Gradišće/Felsőőrvidék region. At the time of her birth it was, within the Austro-Hungarian empire, part of the Kingdom of Hungary (though it would in 1922 pass to the newly reconfigured Austrian Republic following a referendum). School attendance was compulsory: Rosalie Moser attended local school for the stipulated period and then took work as a domestic servant, working at different stages in Hungary and Austria. At some point she relocated to Vienna, becoming an unskilled factory worker.
In 1930 Rosalia Moser married Johann Graf, who had grown up in Vienna, and was working for the city authorities. Rosalia was almost ten years older than her husband. According to later court documents the marriage was childless. They made their home in an apartment at Johnstraße 34/36 in Vienna's west-central Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus quarter. By 1934 Johann and Rosalia Graf were both members of the Social Democratic Party. 1934 is of particular significance as the year during which the Social Democratic Party was outlawed, as part of a broader political transition to what came to be known as "Austrofascism". Any further political involvement by the Grafs would have taken place, as far as possible, "beneath the radar" at the time: court documents submitted in the context of the couple's prosecution in 1944 assert that they continued to use the apartment for "political discussions", notably involving their friends Anton and Emilie Tolnay. The intensity of the "political discussions" increased after the invasion of Poland in September 1939 triggered the outbreak of war, and discussions intensified further in June 1941 when a massive German invasion of the Soviet Union indicated that the implausible non-aggression pact between Berlin and the Moscow was over. In June 1941 Johann and Rosalie Graf announced to comrades their "membership" to the (illegal) Communist Party and, as a sign of solidarity, made their apartment available as accommodation for party comrades needing a safe house, and for clandestine party meetings.
During the night of 1 May 1942 the Grafs took part in a leafleting campaign: this will have involved distributing copies of politically incendiary information sheets in public places, such as park benches, public toilets, train stations, trams and tram stops. Surveillance of government opponents by the security services in Vienna had become ever more effective, and it is likely that the authorities were already aware of the Grafs' opposition activities, but detailed investigation into the provenance and distribution of the anti-Hitler leaflets will have increased their knowledge and the extent of the surveillance to which the couple were subjected. The wording of the leaflet reads like a calculated attempt to provoke the authorities:
"With a great cry, Hitler announces another military offensive. That means a new round of blood sacrifice for our young people. It means, too, more victims from among us, the workers, and more suffering. Workers! Never forget this bloodshed. Fight with us against Hitler! He alone is the murderer of our young people. Sabotage the Hitler war machine whereever you can! At work, do your job as slowly as possible! Every increase in output simply prolongs the war!"
Slightly more than ten weeks after the leafleting incident, on 15 July 1942, Johann and Rosalia Graf were arreste on "suspicion of preparing high reason". Their details were recorded, they were photographed and they were interrogated by the Veinna Gestapo. The senior state prosecutor brought charges against them at the special People's Court on 22 December 1943. Following conviction, they were sentenced to death on 14 April 1944, found guilty of "preparing high treason and advantaging the enemy". Others sentenced to death by the People's Court at the same hearing included Emilie Tolnay and Therese Dworak, whom the authorities had also identified (correctly) as anti-government resistance activists with communist beliefs. (Emilie's husband, Anton Tolnay received a ten-year jail term (but was released a year later when the régime collapsed).
On 21 June 1944 Johann and Rosalia Graf were led to the killing table in the execution department of the Vienna district court complex where they were executed on the guilltine within a few minutes of one another. They were included in a batch of 16 execution victims killed (some sources use the word "murdered") by the Hitler state on that occasion. Others included their co-accused, Therese Dworak and the brothers Johann and Josef Knize. Emilie Tolnay underwent the same fate a few days later, on 5 July 1944.
Notes
References
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
Austrian resistance members
Communist Party of Austria politicians
People condemned by Nazi courts
People executed by Nazi Germany by guillotine
People from Vienna
1897 births
1944 deaths |
Make Me a Believer may refer to:
"Make Me a Believer", a song by Luther Vandross from the album Busy Body, 1983
"Make Me a Believer", a song by Crossfade from the album We All Bleed, 2011
"Make Me a Believer", a song by Andy Mineo from the album Uncomfortable, 2015 |
Andy Nagy (born July 16, 1991) is an American professional basketball referee in the National Basketball Association (NBA), wearing number 83. As of the 2020-21 NBA season Nagy has officiated 53 regular-season games, including 13 regular-season games as a non-staff official during the 2019-20 NBA season. He is in his second season as an NBA referee.
Early life
Nagy was born on July 16, 1991, in Toledo, Ohio. He graduated from St. Francis de Sales High School in Toledo, Ohio.
Officiating career
At 14-years-old Nagy unofficially began his officiating career when his father allowed him to referee a Catholic Youth Organization game during a Christmas tournament. Two years later at the age of 16, Nagy began refereeing high school games and later worked the Ohio Regional Campus Conference. Nagy has nine years of collegiate officiating experience, refereeing both Division I men's and women's basketball in the Atlantic 10, Atlantic Sun, Horizon League and Mid-American conferences.
Before Nagy joined the NBA officiating staff, he officiated six seasons in the NBA G League, where he worked the NBA G League playoffs in 2016, 2017 and 2018, and the NBA G League Finals in 2017 and 2018. Nagy along with Simone Jelks and Suyash Mehta were promoted to the NBA officiating staff on December 23, 2020. As of the 2020-21 NBA season Nagy has officiated 53 regular-season games, including 13 regular-season games as a non-staff official during the 2019-20 NBA season. He is in his second season as an NBA referee.
Personal life
Nagy resides in Sylvania, Ohio, a suburb of Toledo. He graduated from Owens Community College in 2016.
References
External links
National Basketball Referees Association bio
1991 births
Living people
Basketball people from Ohio
Sportspeople from Toledo, Ohio
College men's basketball referees in the United States
National Basketball Association referees
NBA G League referees |
Bátor is a village in Heves County, Hungary.
References
Populated places in Heves County |
Eischen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Albert Eischen (1899–1949), Luxembourgian racing cyclist
Clem Eischen (1926–2020), American middle-distance runner
Joey Eischen (born 1970), American baseball player
See also
Eischen Bar, bar and restaurant in Oklahoma City |
Wang Long () is a village located in the area of Yung Shue Wan on the North side of Lamma Island, the third largest island in the territory of Hong Kong.
External links
Delineation of area of existing village Wang Long (Lamma North) for election of resident representative (2019 to 2022)
Antiquities Advisory Board. Historic Building Appraisal. Earth God Shrine, Wang Long, Lamma Island Pictures
Villages in Hong Kong
Lamma Island |
Chapel House is a Grade II listed building in Plympton, Devon, England. Standing at 10a and 10b Fore Street, Plympton's main street, it is believed to have originally been a town house, later developed into a shop with attached house. It dates to the mid-18th century, but contains older remnants.
It is constructed of Killas rubble with limestone dressings. There are keystoned flat arches that are original to the ground-floor doorways.
Although its interior has not been inspected by Historic England, it was evaluated by Time Team in 1999. In the episode, architectural historian Beric Morley discovered, in the kitchen, a late 15th- or early 16th-century slack-head doorway made of granite that had been "laboriously carved" into a moulding. In the long part of the building's L-shape, he found a window of similar style and age.
In the attic, an arched braced roof was shown, the particular style being a West Country special that existed from the end of the 14th century through into the 16th century. A dendochronology sampling dated the timbers to around 1470.
Number 10b is now known as Becket House.
References
Grade II listed buildings in Devon
Buildings and structures in Plympton, Devon
18th-century establishments in England |
Egerbocs is a village in Heves County, Hungary.
References
Populated places in Heves County |
Zhang Xixiang (张惜香 born 27 May 1978) is a Chinese weightlifter.
She competed at the 1995 World Weightlifting Championships winning a silver medal, and 1996 World Weightlifting Championships, winning a gold medal.
References
1978 births
Chinese female weightlifters
Living people |
De Hef (), officially Koningshaven Bridge, is a vertical-lift bridge over the Koningshaven (Kings Harbor) channel at the port of Rotterdam, Netherlands. Built in 1927, the bridge was part of the Breda–Rotterdam railway line until it was decommissioned in 1993. Today, it is a Rijksmonument heritage site.
History
The predecessor bridge dated from 1878. Its configuration as a swing bridge proved an obstacle to shipping (the most notable incident occurring in 1918, when the bridge was struck by the German vessel Kandelfels), and it was replaced by a lift bridge in 1927. It was the first bridge of this kind in western Europe.
The bridge was the subject of a 1928 film by Joris Ivens, titled De brug.
In May 1940, the bridge was heavily damaged during the German bombing of Rotterdam.
Redevelopment
Plans to demolish the railway line and bridge in 1993 were abandoned after widespread protests from local residents. The line was removed but the bridge was left in place as a Rijksmonument national heritage monument.
In November 2014, the disused bridge's lift span was temporarily removed to permit renovation. It was transported to the Merwehaven port, where it was refurbished in 2016, the work funded by the city of Rotterdam. It was reinstalled in February 2017.
In February 2022, Rotterdam announced that the middle section of the bridge would be temporarily removed again, to allow Jeff Bezos's Y721 superyacht to pass through. In response to criticism of this decision, Rotterdam mayor Ahmed Aboutaleb stated in February of that year that no permit had yet been applied for.
Gallery
References
Rijksmonuments in Rotterdam
Railway bridges in the Netherlands
Vertical lift bridges
Bridges in Rotterdam |
Sylvia Soublette Asmussen (February 5, 1924 – January 29, 2020) was a Chilean composer, singer, choirmaster and educator. She won the 1964 Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Gold Medal, the 1997 Critics Award from the Valparaíso Art Critics Circle, the 1998 music medal from the National Music Council, and the Pablo Neruda Order of Artistic and Cultural Merit, which was awarded posthumously.
Early life and family
Soublette was born in Viña del Mar to a musical family. Her brother is the musicologist Gastón Soublette. Their mother, Isabel Asmussen Urrutia, was a singer, and their father, Luis Soublette García-Vidaurre, took them to choral concerts. Their paternal grandmother was composer Rosa García Vidaurre. Sylvia Soublette began singing with her cousins at age 12.
In 1941, while studying at the Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones, she founded the Coro Femenino Viña del Mar. She later founded a male choir at the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso and a mixed one at the same institution in 1945. The next year, she married Gabriel Valdés, then a law student. They had three children (Maximiano, Juan Gabriel and María Gracia) and adopted a fourth (Enrique Bravo, son of their housemaid).
Soublette studied music privately with Alina Piderit and at the Conservatorio Nacional de Música with Federico Heinlein, Clara Oyuela, and Domingo Santa Cruz. She received a scholarship from the French government in 1951 to study at the Paris Conservatory with Darius Milhaud and Olivier Messiaen. After returning to Chile, she studied privately with Juan Orrego Salas.
Career
Soublette taught at university in Valparaíso as well as at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in Santiago. She founded the Ancient Music Ensemble in 1960, directing it until the 1973 military coup in Chile. Following the coup, she and her husband traveled first to the United States, then to Venezuela for two years. There, she met Jose Antonio Abrue, who had developed the youth orchestra program of Venzuela. She formed an early music ensemble in Venezuela, the Ars Musicae. After returning to Chile, Soublette established the San Francisco Musical Center for the study of colonial music in 1981. In 1991, she formed the nonprofit Santiago Music Institute. She toured as the director of various groups throughout Europe, Latin America, and the United States.
Soublette said, "I am a composer, but from another time. Not from the 21st century, but from the 20th century. However, at this point in time, what I feel most like is an educator." Her works were recorded commercially by RCA Victor.
Compositions
Chamber
Preludes (violin and piano)
Suite in Three Movements (flute and piano)
Orchestra
Prelude and Fugue
Piano
Sonatina
Theatre
Alicia in the Country of Mirrors (text inspired by Lewis Carroll)
Le Sicilien (text by Moliere)
Vocal
Aquel Pastorcito (four voices; text by Jose M. Peman)
“Balada” (text by Gabriela Mistral)
“Cancion de Cuna” (text by Gabriela Mistral)
Cancion Madre de Copacabana (soprano and three recorders)
“Del Rosal Vengo” (text by Gil Vicente)
“Donde Estoy?” (soprano)
Eva (cantata on text by Carmen Valle)
Hallazgo (four voices)
“Liuvia” (text by Juana Ibarbourou)
Mass (solo voices, choir and orchestra)
Muy ma Clara que la Luna (soprano and four recorders)
Stabat Mater Dolorosa
Suite Pastoril (soprano, tenor, flute, violin and harp)
Three Choruses for Children
Three Fables (mixed voices)
“Unos Ojos Bellos” (text by Josef Valdivielso)
Hear music by Sylvia Soublette
References
1924 births
2020 deaths
Chilean classical composers
Chilean classical singers
20th-century Chilean women singers
20th-century women composers
People from Viña del Mar |
Barrytown may refer to:
Places
New Zealand
Barrytown – West Coast town on the South Island
Barrytown Flats – coastal plain near Barrytown
United States
Barrytown, Alabama
Barrytown, New York
Other uses
The Barrytown Trilogy – also known as The Barrytown Pentalogy by Roddy Doyle
Barrytown – song by Steely Dan on their Pretzel Logic album |
Elizabeth Shortino is an American economist who is the nominee to serve as United States managing director of the International Monetary Fund.
Education
Shortino earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and business administration from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a Master of Science in international affairs from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, where she specialized in quantitative methods and economic theory.
Career
Shortino began her career as a management consultant for Capgemini and Ernst & Young. For 17 years, she has served in the Office of Management and Budget, United States Department of the Treasury, and Office of the U.S. Executive Director at the International Monetary Fund.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American economists
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
United States Department of the Treasury officials
International Monetary Fund people |
Heart of the Woods is a 2019 romance visual novel developed and published by Studio Élan. The game follows a pair of influencers as they travel to a remote village where ghosts are rumored to reside. The game launched on February 15, 2019, for Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and Linux, with ports later launching in 2021 for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X and Series S, and Nintendo Switch.
Gameplay
The game is a typical visual novel, with the player's main form of interaction being clicking forward through text to progress between scenes. At certain moments, the player can make decisions that can lead to alternate endings for the title.
Development
Earlier in development, the setting was completely different, with it being a time travel story set in a small town. The developers said that they kept "running into plot holes or having trouble making certain parts interesting, so we decided to start from scratch." They maintained that one element kept from the earlier version was "love across time and boundaries". In terms of the soundtrack, the developers focused on using leitmotifs in order to represent certain elements of the game world like snow, and also used silence to highten the dramatic tension of scenes.
Reception
Digitally Downloaded gave the game a positive review, liking how the mystery and romance elements blended together, the reviewer did feel the game had a poor opening, writing that "Heart of the Woods does start slowly... This set-up is more than a little melodramatic, and it meanders its way to its conclusion." NoisyPixel liked the character art of the title, feeling the art helped to make the characters "expressive and fitting to the story", but felt the soundtrack could have been used better throughout the game. NoisyPixel also noted that the game had numerous slowdowns and crashes on the Switch version, leading to an unpleasant experience.
References
2019 video games
Indie video games
Linux games
MacOS games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation 4 games
PlayStation 5 games
Video games about ghosts
Video games about time travel
Video games developed in the United States
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games set in forests
Video games with alternate endings
Western visual novels
Windows games
Xbox One games
Xbox Series X and Series S games
Yuri (genre) video games |
Gulf World Marine Park is a dolphinarium located in Panama City Beach, Florida. It has been open since 1970, and is one of only a few institutes in the United States to house rough-toothed dolphins.
History
Gulf World Marine Park was founded in 1969 by a group of five Alabama businessmen, and they announced their plans to build the park in September of that year. The park's first dolphins, four bottlenose dolphins captured nearby in the Gulf of Mexico, were housed at a motel pool for training. They were moved to Gulf World in the spring of 1970. Gulf World Marine Park opened to the public on Memorial Day of 1970. In 2000, the park underwent an expansion. In 2015, Gulf World Marine Park was acquired by the Dolphin Discovery group, a company that owns a number of swim-with dolphins facilities.
Exhibits
Dolphin Stadium: Currently houses 12 bottlenose dolphins. The dolphins perform scheduled shows at the stadium, and visitors can pay extra for an up-close encounter with them, or to swim with them. As of October 20th, 2021, the dolphin show has been suspended while renovations are made.
Penguin Habitat: Features African penguins. Visitors can pay extra for an up-close encounter with them.
Seal Habitat: Features harbor seals. Visitors can pay extra for an up-close encounter with them.
Sea Lion Stadium: Features California sea lions, which perform in scheduled shows daily. Visitors can pay extra for an up-close encounter with them. The park's four rough-toothed dolphins are also housed here.
Stingray Bay: Houses two species of stingray, cownose rays and Southern stingrays. Visitors can touch and feed the stingrays.
Tortoise Habitat: Features African spurred tortoises.
Tropical Garden Theater: Stadium in which the park's Feathers and Friends Show is held. The show consists of performances from domestic dogs and cats, as well as a variety of birds and reptiles. The majority of these animals are rescues.
References
Zoos in Florida
Aquaria in Florida
1970 establishments in Florida |
Hisonotus laevior is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Lagoa dos Patos system, ranging from Lagoon Mirim to the Jacuí River basin. It is found in slow to moderate-flowing waters with sandy substrate and submerged vegetation. The species reaches 7.5 cm (3 inches) in total length.
References
Loricariidae
Fish described in 1894
Freshwater fish of South America |
Man Cheung Po () is an area of Lantau Island in Hong Kong.
Features
Tsz Hing Monastery () is located at Man Cheung Po.
Access
Man Cheung Po is located at the end of stage 5 and at the start of stage 6 of the Lantau Trail.
References
External links
Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. Man Cheung Po Campsite
Lantau Island |
Bianca Basílio (born 2 February 1996) also known as Bia Basílio is a Brazilian grappler and Brazilian jiu-jitsu competitor. A multiple world champion in coloured belts, Basílio is a twice World Jiu-Jitsu Championship black belt medallist, a three times Abu Dhabi World Pro Champion and the 2019 ADCC Submission Fighting World Champion.
Career
Bianca Barbosa Basílio was born on 2 February 1996 in Franca, Brazil, when she was a young age her family moved and settled in Itaquera. After practicing gymnastic for a few years she discovered Jiu-Jitsu. From the age of 12 she started training with Diogo Almeida, the co-founder of Almeida JJ, at a social project in the back of his house. After receiving her orange belt brother Caio Almeida took over her training. At 15 she won her first world title in the blue belt junior division. In 2016, as a brown belt, Basílio won the Brazil Nationals, the Pan-American Championship and the World Jiu-Jitsu Championship, resulting in her promotion to black belt in December of the same year by her teachers, Caio and Diego Almeida.
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu competitive summary
Main Achievements at black belt level:
2nd Place IBJJF World Championship (2019 / 2021)
IBJJF Pan-American Champion (2017 / 2021)
2nd Place IBJJF Pan Champion (2018)
3rd Place IBJJF Pan Championship (2018, 2019, 2021)
Abu Dhabi World Pro Champion (2018 / 2019 / 2021)
Abu Dhabi Grand Slam Tour Champion (2019)
Main Achievements (Coloured Belts):
IBJJF World Champion (2014 /2015 purple, 2016 brown)
IBJJF European Champion (2015 purple)
IBJJF Pan Champion (2015 purple, 2016 brown)
IBJJF Juvenile Pan Champion (2013 blue)
IBJJF Juvenile World Champion (2012–2013 blue)
IBJJF Juvenile Brazilian Nationals Champion (2013 blue)
2nd Place AJP Abu Dhabi Pro (2015–2016 brown/black)
2nd Place IBJJF Pan Championship (2015 purple)
2nd Place IBJJF Brazilian Nationals (2015 purple)
3rd Place IBJJF World Championship (2014 purple)
3rd Place IBJJF Pan Championship (2014 purple)
3rd Place IBJJF Brazilian Nationals (2016 brown)
Grappling competitive summary
ADCC World Champion (2019)
Notes
References
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Living people
1996 births
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
World Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Championship medalists
Female Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners |
The 2021 Stadium Super Trucks season is the tenth of the Stadium Super Trucks. The season will begin with the Grand Prix of Long Beach.
Matthew Brabham is the defending champion, though it is unknown if he will return as he is competing full-time in Indy Lights.
Schedule
Long Beach, which has hosted SST since the inaugural season in 2013, will serve as the season opener for the first time. Dates at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, Honda Indy Toronto, and Music City Grand Prix are also scheduled in support of the IndyCar Series.
References
Stadium Super Trucks
Stadium Super Trucks |
Zhang Shaoling (born 4 November 1984) is a Macanese female weightlifter, competing in the 75 kg category. She represented Macau at international competitions.
She competed at the 2009 East Asian Games, 2009 Asian Weightlifting Championships, 2009 World Weightlifting Championships winning a bronze medal, 2010 World Weightlifting Championships, 2011 Asian Weightlifting Championships, and 2011 World Weightlifting Championships.
References
External links
Zhang Shaoling of Macau competes in the women's 69kg Group A weightlifting REUTERS/Lee Jae-Won
HONG KONG, Dec 10, 2009 Zhang Shaoling (C) of China s Macao, Liu Chunhong (L) of China
Zhang Shaoling of Macao attempts a lift during the women's 69kg... News Photo - Getty Images
1984 births
Living people
Macau female weightlifters |
Alicia Nicki Washington is an American computer scientist, author, and professor at Duke University. She is the author of the book Unapologetically Dope. She was the first Black woman to earn a Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science from North Carolina State University in 2005.
Early life and education
Washington learned how to code from her mother, who was a programmer at IBM, while growing up in Durham, North Carolina.
Washington said that at 12, she was told by her teacher that she "gave blacks a bad rep." She has also highlighted racist student reviews of her collegiate teaching referring to her as "rude" or "disrespectful".
Washington attended undergraduate school at Johnson C. Smith University, obtaining a Bachelor of Science in mathematics in 2000. She earned her Master of Science in 2002 and her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in 2005 in Computer Science (CS) from North Carolina State University (NC State).
Career
2006-2020
Washington joined Winthrop University in 2006 as an associate professor of CS, the faculty's first Black woman in the field.
In 2015, she became an associate professor of CS at Howard University. At Howard, Washington helped develop Google's "Google In Residence" program.
Duke University (2020-present)
Washington joined Duke University's faculty as a professor of CS in June 2020.
Washington, along with Dr. Shaundra Daily and PhD candidate Cecilé Sadler, created the Cultural Competence in Computing (3C) Fellows Program.
In 2021, Washington and Daily were awarded a $10 million grant from the National Science Foundation to establish Duke University's Alliance for Identity-Inclusive Computing Education (AIICE).
Selected publications
See also
Timnit Gebru
Khalia Braswell
Deborah Raji
Joy Buolamwini
References
External links
Profile at Duke University
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American writers
American software engineers
American women computer scientists
American women engineers
American women scientists
Computer programmers
Duke University faculty
Google people
Howard University people
Johnson C. Smith University alumni
Living people
North Carolina State University alumni
People from Durham, North Carolina
Software engineers
Winthrop University people
Women computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
The Lodge is a Grade II listed building in Plympton, Devon, England. Standing at 103 Fore Street, the western end of Plympton's main street, it is a detached villa dating to the early- or mid-19th century.
It has a dry slate hipped roof with projecting eaves. It has a double-depth floor plan, believed to include two rooms at the front either side of a central entrance hall.
In 1999, the property's front garden was excavated by Time Team, after presenter Tony Robinson pointed out to Mick Aston, from their helicopter hovering above Fore Street, that the property was the only one set back from the road. Carenza Lewis received permission from the homeowner to dig an exploratory trench in her lawn, having seen a row of buildings on the same property on 18th-century maps.
References
Grade II listed buildings in Devon
Buildings and structures in Plympton, Devon
19th-century establishments in England |
Lipolt Krajíř of Krajek (died 1433) was a Bohemian military leader. In April 1420, he was appointed military governor of České Budějovice by Sigismund of Luxembourg. He played a prominent role in the Hussite Wars against the Taborites, and was known for his conflicts with Oldrich II of Rosenberg.
Lipolt was born to Konrád II of Krajek and had two brothers; Konrád III and Jan I. His family held estates in Lower Austria, Styria, Carinthia, Moravia, and Bohemia. He is mentioned 1381 as part of the retinue of King Wenceslas IV during a diplomatic trip
to England.
Lipolt became one of the premier leaders in the Hussite Wars. Albert II of Germany trusted his experience, and he was granted the highest position of military leadership in 1426. He participated in engagements such as the Battle of Waidhofen and the Battle of Tábor.
References
1433 deaths
15th-century Bohemian people
Medieval Bohemian nobility |
Rainer Hannig (19 August 1952 – 29 January 2022) was a German Egyptologist.
Biography
Hannig studied Egyptology, lexicography, and linguistics and earned a master's degree from the University of Tübingen in 1979. From 1984 to 1987, he was a guest professor in Egyptology at the Institute for the History of Ancient Civilizations and the Northeast Normal University. From 1998 to 2000, he worked at the Roemer- und Pelizaeus-Museum Hildesheim. During this time, he led excursions to Egypt with the German Research Foundation. He discovered the tomb of Iri-en-achti, a king of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt.
In 2002, Hannig directed the project Wesirgrab-Projekt alongside Günter Dreyer at the German Archaeological Institute, which took place in a cemetery near the Pyramids of Giza. In 2003, he began teaching Egyptology as an honorary professor at the University of Marburg. He was the author of Hannig-Lexica, a series of dictionaries which contained a complete collection of Ancient Egyptian words, such as Egyptian hieroglyphs and hieratics. In January 2022, Ägyptisches Wörterbuch III. Neues Reich was in the stages of being published. In June 2020, he published a website dedicated to research on the Voynich manuscript.
Hannig died on 29 January 2022, at the age of 69.
Publications
Pseudopartizip und sDm.n=f. Der Kernbereich des mittelägyptischen Verbalsystems (1991)
Die Sprache der Pharaonen. Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch (1995)
Wortschatz der Pharaonen in Sachgruppen. Kulturhandbuch Ägyptens (1999)
Altes Reich und Erste Zwischenzeit (2003)
Mittleres Reich und Zweite Zwischenzeit (2006)
Zur Paläographie der Särge aus Assiut (2006)
References
1952 births
2022 deaths
German archaeologists
German educators
German Egyptologists
University of Marburg faculty
People from Hildesheim (district) |
The 2017–18 Air Force Falcons men's ice hockey season was the 50th season of play for the program and the 12th season in the Atlantic Hockey conference. The Falcons represented the United States Air Force Academy and were coached by Frank Serratore, in his 21st season.
Season
After a program-best season, Air Force entered the season with a preseason ranking, a rarity for an Atlantic Hockey school. Early on it appeared that the Falcons were going to live up to the expectations when new starting goaltender, Billy Christopoulos, filled in ably for the departed Shane Starett. However, after beginning 5–1–1, the team's offense faltered and the Falcons went through a rough patch in November and December. The defense kept Air Force in most of their games, but the Falcons were finding it difficult to score. By the end of the year, the team found itself under .500 and wallowing near the bottom of the conference standings.
Christopoulos raised his game in the second half of the season, keeping the opposition to 2 goals or fewer on most nights. The offense, too, redoubled its efforts and the Falcons began to score once more. Slowly, the team climbed out of the cellar and moved up the standings. By the end of February, Air Force had miraculously pulled into a 3-way tie for 3rd place in the conference and entered the Atlantic Hockey Tournament with a bye into the quarterfinal round.
Conference tournament
As their postseason began, Air Force's only chance at making the NCAA Tournament was to win their conference. To do that, they would first have to overcome Army on the road. After winning the first game 5–3, the Falcons got into a defensive struggle with the Black Knights. Despite firing 33 shots on goal, Army netminder Cole Bruns turned everything aside and tied the series with a 1–0 victory. The Falcons increased the pressure in the deciding 3rd game, but again Bruns wouldn't let anything get past him. Fortunately, Christopoulos was equal to the task and the teams entered overtime with a clean scoresheet. Air Force continued the barrage, firing five shots on goal in less than 7 minutes with the last finally registering. Senior alternate captain Tyler Ledford won the game and sent the Falcons to the semifinals.
After arriving in Rochester, the Air Force offense kept up its shot total while Christopoulos remained stout in goal. The Falcons dispatched Canisius to reach their second consecutive title game and found a surprise waiting for them; the 7th-seed, Robert Morris had overcome long odds to reach the final and were riding high after taking down top-seeded Mercyhurst. Air Force put the Colonials in their place at the start, scoring twice in the first three minutes and ending the first period up 3–0. Robert Morris made a valiant effort to try and come back in the final 40 minutes, but Christopoulos was far too strong in net and the Falcons won the match by a comfortable 5–1 margin, earning the program's 7th Atlantic Hockey championship and a trip back to the NCAA tournament.
NCAA tournament
Though the team had been good over the preceding two and a half months, it was no surprise when Air Force was given the lowest seed for the tournament. That entitled the Falcons to a date with #1 St. Cloud State. The game started slowly but the Air Force needed to kill of two penalties in the later half of the first period to keep the Huskies from getting a lead. Early in the second, Ledford scored twice in the span of just over 3:30 to give the Falcons a surprising 2–0 lead. Afterwards, St. Cloud woke up and began attacking the Air Force goal. Christopoulos turned aside 18 shots in the middle frame to keep the Huskies from scoring. The upperclassmen continued to stymie St. Cloud State in the third but finally allowed the puck to get past him with just under 3 minutes left in regulation. The Huskies pulled their goalie in a desperate attempt to tie the game, but Air Force managed to collect two empty-net goals to win the match 4–1.
One win away from its first Frozen Four, the team was completely outplayed in the first period against Minnesota–Duluth. Air Force was outshot 0–14 and allowed two goals. The Bulldogs pulled back and played a defensive game in the final 40 minutes but that gave the Falcons a chance to tie the match. Though they only managed 12 shots in that time, Evan Giesler scored a power play goal in the middle part of the third period to cut the lead in half and the Falcons desperately tried to score the tying goal. Unfortunately, it wasn't to be and the Falcons were knocked out in the quarterfinal round.
Departures
Recruiting
Roster
Standings
Schedule and results
|-
!colspan=12 style=";" | Exhibition
|-
!colspan=12 style=";" | Regular Season
|-
!colspan=12 style=";" |
|- align="center" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
|colspan=12|Air Force Won Series 2–1
|-
!colspan=12 style=";" |
Scoring statistics
Goaltending statistics
Rankings
USCHO did not release a poll in Week 24.
Awards and Honors
References
Air Force Falcons men's ice hockey seasons
Air Force Falcons
Air Force Falcons
Air Force Falcons
Air Force Falcons |
Sophia Laukli (born 8 June 2000) is an American cross-country skier from Yarmouth, Maine. Her highest World Cup finish was fifth in the freestyle 10km event at Val di Fiemme on January 4, 2022. She previously skied for the Middlebury College ski team, where she earned All-American honors placing second in the 5k freestyle, and now races for the University of Utah ski team. She was named in the United States Ski Team for the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
Laukli has dual citizenship through her Norwegian father, and is said to speak fluent Norwegian.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
World Championships
World Cup
Season standings
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
People from Yarmouth, Maine
21st-century American women
Cross-country skiers from Maine
American female cross-country skiers
Cross-country skiers at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Tour de Ski skiers
University of Utah alumni |
Zhang Ying (born 12 February 1988) is a Chinese group rhythmic gymnast. She represented her nation at international competitions.
She competed at the 2005 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.
References
Chinese rhythmic gymnasts
1988 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people) |
Gyanashree Mahathero (, born 18 November 1925) is a Buddhist guru in Bangladesh who is the highest religious guru of the native Buddhists. The Government of Bangladesh awarded him the Ekushey Padak in 2022 for his significant contribution to social service.
Biography
Gyanashree Mahathir was born on 16 November 1925 in the village of Domkhali, North Gujra, Raozan, Chittagong District. He has been staying at Nandankanan Buddhist Monastery in the Chittagong Hill Tracts since 1958.
He became a shramana in 1944 and a monk in 1949. He studied till the entrance. He took the initiative to spread the economic, social, religious and educational life of the Buddhist common people in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. He established many religious and educational institutions in the hilly and plain areas. In 1974, he set up a monastery, where residential schools were set up to provide general education to poor, orphaned and helpless Buddhist children. He established several Buddhist educational centers at Joypurhat and Rangpur.
Award
Ekushey Padak- 2022
References
Living people
1925 births
People from Chittagong District
Recipients of the Ekushey Padak |
Dickenson (or Dickinson), was launched at Philadelphia in 1770. Missing volumes online and missing pages in extant volumes means she first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1776.
The Lieutenant commanding the British tender seized the snow Dickinson (or Dickenson), William Meston, master, on 7 April 1776 at King Road, off Avonmouth in the Bristol Channel. Dickinson had been on her way to Nantes when Dickinsons crew brought her into Bristol. She carried documents describing all the vessels the American rebels were sending to France.
In 1776 a new owner purchased Dickenson and renamed her Saint Joseph.
On 25 September 1776 St Joseph, Y.Barra, master, arrived at Bristol from Bilbao. On 5 December she sailed for St. Andero.
St Joseph was last listed in 1779.
Citations and references
Citations
References
1770 ships
Ships built in Philadelphia |
Gulielma "Guli" Hack ARCM (17 October 1867 – 2 August 1951) was a South Australian pianist, singer and teacher at the Elder Conservatorium, Adelaide.
Biography
Hack was born at Childers Street, North Adelaide, eldest daughter of Charles Hack (1842–1915) and Anne Brooks Hack, née Meyrick (1844–1929). She was a granddaughter of John Barton Hack.
Theirs was a musical family: her father was a tenor in several important choirs.
Student and teacher
Hack was in 1887 the winning candidate for the second Elder Overseas Scholarship to the Royal College of Music. She left by the SS Britannia on 14 January 1888.
Among her tutors was Gustavo Garcia.
She completed the three-year course successfully and was recognised by admission as ARCM, returning by the RMS Victoria in May 1891. She held a concert at the Town Hall on 17 June 1891 and in July joined the staff of I. G. Reimann and Cecil Sharp's Adelaide College of Music as the only woman singing teacher, and when in 1898 the college was merged into the Elder Conservatorium she was appointed to a similar position.
She formed a women's choir which became part of the musical and social fabric of the Conservatorium.
At least two of her students, Mary Trenna Corvan and Clara Kleinschmidt (famous as Clara Serena), were recipients of the same Elder Scholarship. Another, Gwladys Edwards, was a fee-paying student of the RCM.
Hack retired from the Conservatorium in October 1909, on the eve of her marriage, and was given several valuable mementoes by staff and past students. Her successor at the Conservatorium was Harry Winsloe Hall (died 29 April 1936)
The Misses Hack
Her sister Ethel May Hack (1869–1947) was a contralto and piano accompanist, and the pair frequently appeared as "The Misses Hack" in concerts at the Adelaide Town Hall and elsewhere.
As "The Misses Hack" Guli and Ethel lived at 58 South Terrace, Adelaide, teaching languages and music at their own school on Miller Street, North Unley, initially to small children. 1900–1902, then 1903–1906 as "Wayville Private School" at Rose Terrace, Wayville.
She was for many years a valued member of Adelaide Lyceum Club, and died aged 84, a well-loved and highly esteemed figure in Adelaide's music and art circles.
Personal
On 5 March 1910 Hack married William Ashley Magarey (30 January 1868 – 18 October 1929), in 1901 one of her students at the Conservatorium. Magarey was well known as a football administrator, and remembered in the Magarey Medal. They had no children.
Ethel Hack married Bruce Malcolm on 9 January 1902.
References
1867 births
1951 deaths
Australian women educators
Australian music educators
Australian classical pianists
Australian accompanists
Australian contraltos
Associates of the Royal College of Music |
The Police Grounds are a set of cricket grounds in Harare. Located at the Morris Police Depot, the grounds have played host to first-class cricket. The 'A' ground first hosted first-class cricket in 1957, when Rhodesia played the touring Australians. The 'A' ground hosted 29 first-class matches for Rhodesia until 1968, most of which came in the Currie Cup. The 'B' ground began hosting first-class cricket in 1970, with Rhodesia playing against Transvaal. The 'B' ground hosted 27 first-class matches for Rhodesia until 1980, the majority of which came in the Currie Cup. The 'B' ground also played host to seven List A one-day matches from 1970 to 1978.
In addition to hosting cricket matches, the grounds have also hosted rugby union matches for the Zimbabwe rugby union team. It is known as the 'ceremonial home of Zimabwean rugby' and after a break of almost two decades, international rugby returned there in 2016.
Cricket records
NB: The first-class records listed below are a combination of records from both the 'A' and 'B' grounds.
First-class
Highest team total: 537 all out by KwaZulu-Natal v Rhodesia, 1964–65 on 'A' Ground
Lowest team total: 52 all out by Rhodesia v International Cavaliers, 1960–61 on 'A' Ground
Highest individual innings: 254 by Mike Procter for Rhodesia v Western Province, 1970–71 on 'B' Ground
Best bowling in an innings: 8-69 by Joe Partridge for Rhodesia v Natal, 1961–62 on 'A' Ground
Best bowling in a match: 14-101 by Joe Partridge for Rhodesia v Natal, as above
List A
Highest team total: 288 all out by Rhodesia v Natal, 1970–71
Lowest team total: 108 all out by Natal v Rhodesia, as above
Highest individual innings: 102 by Graeme Pollock for International Wanderers v Rhodesia, 1974–75
Best bowling in an innings: 3-21 by Richard Kaschula for Rhodesia v Natal, 1970–71
See also
List of cricket grounds in Zimbabwe
References
External links
Police 'A' Ground at ESPNcricinfo
Police 'B' Ground at ESPNcricinfo
Cricket grounds in Zimbabwe
Rugby union stadiums in Zimbabwe
Harare |
The 1974 Israeli Labor Party leadership election was held on 23 April 1974. It saw the election of Yitzhak Rabin to succeed Golda Meir as the party's leader. Rabin defeated Shimon Peres. It was the first of four leadership contests in which Rabin and Peres challenged eachother (followed by the February 1977, 1980, and 1992 leadership elections).
Rabin was the first sabra (individual that was native to the land where Israel is located) to be elected leader of the Labor Party.
Background
The leadership election took place after Golda Meir was successfully pressured to step down amid public criticism of her government after the Yom Kippur War.
Candidates
Shimon Peres, member of the Knesset since 1959, Minister of Information since 1974, former Minister of Transportation (1970–1974), and former Minister of Imigration Absorbtion (1969–1970)
Yitzhak Rabin, member of the Knesset since 1973, Minster of Labour since 1974, former ambassador to the United States (1968–1973), and former Chief of the General Staff (1964–1968)
In contrast to Peres' lengthy Knesset and Labor Party experience, Rabin had only been a Labor Party member of the Knesset for a few months. Rabin's resume had extensive military background, but little politcal experience. Rabin was, ultimately, the first Labor Party leader not to have first been a member of the party's leadership ranks. Rabin held the backing of the "Old Guard" of the Labor Party. Nevertheless, Peres managed to receive significant support in the vote.
Results
The election was held by secret ballot.
References
Israeli Labor Party leadership elections
Labor Party leadership
Israeli Labor Party leadership election
Yitzhak Rabin
Shimon Peres
Israeli Labor Party leadership election |
The Ballpark is a ballpark in Old Orchard Beach, Maine, United States.
Other venues known as The Ballpark include:
The Ballpark at Hallsville, Hallsville, Texas
The Ballpark at Harbor Yard, Bridgeport, Connecticut
The Ballpark at Jackson, Jackson, Tennessee
The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches, West Palm Beach, Florida
The Ballpark at Arlington, now Choctaw Stadium, Arlington, Texas
The Ballpark at Disney's Wide World of Sports, now The Stadium at the ESPN Wide World of Sports, Kissimmee, Florida
The Ballpark in Grand Prairie, now AirHogs Stadium, Grand Prairie, Texas
The Ballpark at St. Johns, now Jack Kaiser Stadium, New York City
The Ballpark at Venetian Gardens, now Pat Thomas Stadium, Leesburg, Florida |
Michael Caruso is an American magazine editor. He is the fourth editor-in-chief of the Smithsonian magazine, a position he held from 2011 to 2019. He was credited for coining the term "elevator pitch."
Biography
Caruso grew up in Lake Forest, Illinois, and graduated from Columbia University in 1983. His father, Jerome Caruso, is an industrial designer who has designed International Design Excellence Award-winning pieces for Herman Miller, Rockwell International, Motorola and was called "The Man Behind The Kitchen Revolution" by Businessweek.
He joined the journalism industry by working for The New Yorker as a messenger, before becoming executive editor of The Village Voice. He was recruited by Tina Brown to Vanity Fair and served as senior articles editor, during which he worked with the likes of Norman Mailer and Joyce Carol Oates and coined the term "elevator pitch." He served as editor-in-chief of Los Angeles magazine, Details magazine, Men’s Journal, the founding editor of the now-defunct Maximum Golf, and was an editor-at-large at Portfolio magazine.
He was the deputy editor of the WSJ magazine before being hired by the Smithsonian Institution to serve as the fourth editor-in-chief of its magazine, the Smithsonian. As editor-in-chief, Caruso introduced a poetry feature and began organizing issues around themes and commissioned pieces by Ruth Reichl, Mimi Sheraton, David Maraniss, Natalie Angier and Sloane Crosley. His reorganization was described "smart and playful" by Adweek.
References
Living people
People from Lake Forest, Illinois
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Vanity Fair (magazine) people
The Wall Street Journal people
American magazine editors |
The Barrytown Flats are a coastal plain north of Greymouth on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. A series of postglacial shorelines and dunes backed by a former sea cliff, they was originally covered with wetland and lowland forest, including numerous nīkau palms (the southern limit of this species on the West Coast). The sands were extensively sluiced and dredged for gold from the 1860s, centred on the small settlement of Barrytown. The drier areas of the flats have been converted into pasture, but significant areas of forest remain, including Nikau Scenic Reserve. The flats are bordered by Paparoa National Park and the only breeding site of the Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica). There are significant deposits of ilmenite (titanium dioxide) in the Barrytown sands, and there have been several mining proposals, but the possible environmental consequences have been contentious.
Geography
The Barrytown Flats are at 42º 10' S, north of Greymouth on the West Coast of the South Island, and immediately south of the pancake rocks of Dolomite Point, Punakaiki. They are in length north–south, up to wide east–west, bounded by the Tasman Sea to the west and the Paparoa Range to the east. The southern end of the flats is defined by the headland Seventeen Mile Bluff, and their northern end by Razorback Point and the mouth of the Punakaiki River
This coastal plain is mostly below in altitude, reaching at points, and is crossed by numerous creeks and waterways, the most significant from south to north being Fagan Creek, Granite Creek (near Barrytown), Little Granite Creek, Canoe Creek (which roughly bisects the flats), Deverys Creek, Maher Creek, Waiwhero Creek, and Hibernia Creek (which flows into Nikau Scenic Reserve).
Geology
The eastern boundary of the flats consists of former sea cliffs, and the flats themselves were formed after the end of the last glaciation from coastal progradation – the accumulation of sediment washed down from the hills. Gravel fans have been created by creeks, especially Granite Creek and Canoe Creek, and sandy sediment is constantly carried along the coast by wave action, creating an almost straight shoreline. The Barrytown sands contain gold, ilmenite, garnet, and zircon at sufficient levels to be of economic interest.
Flora and fauna
The most significant remnant of the flats' original vegetation is Nikau Scenic Reserve, a 20 ha block stretching from the coast to the post-glacial cliff. The reserve is notable for containing a full sequence of coastal vegetation. Towards the hills it consists of forest dominated by northern rātā (Metrosideros robusta) and rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum), along with kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa), toro (Rapanea salicina), and nīkau (Rhopalostylis sapida). The sand-dune forest is mostly totara (Podocarpus laetus and P. totara). The younger coastal ridges contain totara, kōwhai (Sophora microphylla) and akeake (Olearia avicenniifolia), and on their seaward side gorse, flax (Phormium spp.) and Coprosma propinqua.
In 2008, 80 ha of Barrytown Flats land owned by Rio Tinto, previously earmarked for ilmenite mining, was designated Te Ara Taiko Nature reserve. A restoration project run by the Department of Conservation (DOC) and Conservation Volunteers New Zealand had planted 200,000 trees on the site by February 2020.
History
The beach at Barrytown Flats was known to local Māori as Pakiroa, and was a significant food-gathering site. This area was the first part of New Zealand to be seen by Europeans, when Abel Tasman arrived in December 1642 off Punakaiki and headed north and east along the coast.
When early European explorer Charles Heaphy visited the area in 1846 he described it as an uninhabited strip of swampy flat land covered in rātā, flax, and bush.
The Barrytown Flats were first mined for gold in January 1867, the rush taking place in March in the area of Canoe Creek. Known officially as Pakington, the Canoe Creek diggings consisted of a series of tunnels into the river terraces. Initially profitable, the diggings attracted 1,500 miners by the end of March, dropping to 500 by May and just a few score by the end of 1867. Later gold dredging centred on the small settlement of Seventeen Mile Beach, later renamed Fosbery and in 1881 Barrytown, of which the "All Nations Hotel", a cemetery, and a few dozen houses remain.
Since that time the drier parts of the flats have been cleared of forest and drained by "humping and hollowing", creating pasture. Deep drains and straightening of streams were needed to "bring the land in". The trees on the coastal plain were too small and twisted for good timber, so podocarp forest in the hills was logged – these supplied planks for flumes, which carried water for gold sluicing.
More recent, economic activity has comprised possum trapping, deer farming, dairy, and plantations of Pinus radiata. The pure water source south of Barrytown near the coast led to experimental plantings of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) in the 1990s, and a herd of water buffalo was trialled.
Mining
Gold was first extracted on the Barrytown Flats by small-scale "black-sanding", passing the sand through a sluice box and allowing the gold to settle. Later, in the 1880s and 1900s, water was carried from Canoe Creek to the coast by wooden water races and a 3½ mile pipe and used to sluice the lagoon for gold. Later mining used gold dredges, floating motorised structures which processed large quantities of sand and left rows of tailings.
Gold dredging was conducted from the 1930s up to 1948 by a succession of companies: NZ Gold Options (1931–32), NZ Prospecting and Mining Ltd (1935–37), Whites Electric Dredging Company (1936–41), and Barrytown Dredging Company Ltd (1947–45).
From 1966 interest turned to ilmenite, a mineral containing titanium dioxide, used in the production of white paint. Exploration and mining proposals were put forward by various companies including North Broken Hill Peko Ltd (North Ltd from 1994). In August 2000 Rio Tinto Ltd acquired North Ltd, the company Westland Ilmenite Ltd, and the Barrytown project. Rio Tinto intended to mine ilmenite, and built a four-storey plant north of Barrytown, but decided the project was uneconomic and put the project into 'care and maintenance' mode in 1994. The land was officially gifted to the Punakaiki Coastal Restoration Project in 2010.
More recently Australian-owned Barrytown Joint Ventures Ltd applied for consents to mine ilmenite on 114 ha of private land between Canoe Creek and Deverys Creek. Over eight years up to 156,000 tonnes of sand per year would be extracted to a depth of 10–15 m, 24 hours a day, and processed on site, with the ore being transported to Westport or Greymouth for export. Locals had expressed concerns about noise, light pollution, heavy vehicle traffic, and tāiko being attracted to lights.
References
Plains of New Zealand
Biogeography of New Zealand
Landforms of the West Coast, New Zealand
Grey District
Mining in New Zealand |
Razaq Obe (born February 17, 1976) is a Nigerian technocrat. He is the current Commissioner for Energy and Mines in Ondo State. Hailing from Ilara-Mokin, Ifedore Local Government Area of Ondo State.
Education
Razaq Obe attended the University of Benin from 1998 to 2003, where he studied Petroleum Engineering. While studying at the University, he was actively involved in campus politics which saw him leading various movements against the imposition of several conditions which were against student’s welfare and academic pursuit.
At the University, he served as president of the Nigerian University Engineering Students Association (NUESA). He was also a member of student’s union parliament and vice chairman of the university Congress of the Masses.
He would later proceed to University of Liverpool where he received an M.Sc. in Oil and Gas Project Management in 2012. He also attended the London School of Mediation where he became an Accredited Mediator in the year 2019.
Career
Razaq Obe has over a decade of corporate experience in top companies including Globacom, NNPC and Exxon Mobil [Upstream Nigeria] where he recently retired as Operations Procurement Contract Manager. He was also made a member of Board of the ExxonMobil Employees Savings and Pensions Funds. He likewise served as a member of the Ministerial Committee on Contract Staffing in Nigerian oil and gas industry. This committee was chaired by the Nigerian Minister of State for Labor and Productivity. Earlier, Razaq Obe was in 2007 employed as a Management Executive by the Nigerian telecommunication giant, Globacom. He also had his mandatory one year NYSC service with the Nigerian Gas Company in Warri, which is a subsidiary of Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). Razaq Obe is co-convener of Africa’s Redemption Initiative (Afriniti) which has the vision to re-invent Africa through advocacy and leadership intervention. In the year 2020, he was made the Commissioner for Energy and Mines by the Ondo State Governor, Oluwarotimi Akeredolu SAN.
References
1976 births
Living people
People from Ondo State
University of Benin (Nigeria) alumni
Alumni of the University of Liverpool |
These are the full results of the 2008 European Athletics Indoor Cup which was held on 16 February 2008 at the CSKA Universal Sports Hall in Moscow, Russia.
Men's results
60 metres
400 metres
800 metres
1500 metres
3000 metres
60 metres hurdles
Swedish relay (800/600/400/200 metres)
Pole vault
Triple jump
Women's results
60 metres
400 metres
800 metres
1500 metres
3000 metres
60 metres hurdles
Swedish relay (800/600/400/200 metres)
High jump
Long jump
Shot put
References
European Athletics Indoor Cup
European |
LiquidFriesland was an online platform of the Landkreis Friesland, through which a new form of Citizen participation was to be realized. What was new about LiquidFriesland was in particular the linking of forms of online democracy with the Kommunalverfassung prescribed by Landesrecht. The citizen participation platform launched on November 9, 2012.
With the help of the LiquidFeedback program, the aim was to support the process of democratic will formation and decision-making. Citizens of the Friesland district were able to gain personal access to the program from the age of 16 and participate in Discourse on projects for which the district is responsible as a territorial authority, as well as in voting on these projects.
LiquidFriesland was established by the district council of the county on the initiative of Sven Ambrosy (SPD) unanimously decided. The district council resorted to a model of democracy originating in the United States, which was first discussed in Germany by parts of the Pirate Party of Germany. In 2009, this discussion was the reason for the party-independent development of the software LiquidFeedback by the Public Software Group e. V.
On September 3, 2015, Stephan Eisel, a staff member of the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, stated that since April 10, 2015, the citizen participation platform LiquidFriesland had not registered any activities. At the end of April 2016, the barely used platform was shut down. On December 1, 2016, the relaunch took place. Since then, LiquidFriesland has served as the online platform of the district of Friesland, where citizens can express their suggestions, ideas and criticism.
Procedure
The procedure of participation follows the rules of Liquid Democracy: Citizens can either cast their vote in votes themselves or delegate it to a person they trust in terms of Delegated Voting. This person can increase their voting weight in this way.
In the "Project Description" (see Web links), the procedure is illustrated by a concrete example:The original use of the software, however, was modified for LiquidFriesland: it was initially intended for the formation of wills within parties and other organizations, but not for use in municipalities. LiquidFriesland is the world's first example of such use of a Liquid Democracy tool. Second, LiquidFeedback was originally intended to enable only bottom-up will formation, as is also possible with LiquidFriesland in the form of citizen procedures. In addition, in the LiquidFriesland version of LiquidFeedback, the possibility was realized to ask citizens about projects of the administration in a top-down procedure (administrative procedure).
Legal classification
Due to the requirements of the Lower Saxony Gemeindeordnung, LiquidFriesland cannot be an instrument of a Direct democracy, i.e. it cannot replace a citizens' petition and a citizens' referendum. Only these instruments can lead to directly legally effective results, which can also override a vote of the county council. Voting results by LiquidFriesland have legally the character of a suggestion in the sense of § 34 of the Lower Saxony Municipal Constitution Act in the case of citizen procedures; in the case of administrative procedures, § 35 of the Act is applied analogously by obtaining opinions. However, the members of the Friesland district council assured that they would take the citizens' votes into account in their votes.
The reaction of German pirates to the LiquidFriesland project causes irritation. Janto Just ("pirate", which moved on the list "citizens for citizens" into the district council of the district Friesland) criticized at first, LiquidFriesland has nothing to do with the direct democracy striven for by it, criticized after the beginning of the project, there "romp the usual suspects" and finally, at the turn of the year 2012–2013, he passed off the success of the project as the success of the Pirate Party. Just's initial assessment is contradicted by large parts of his own party, calling for support for local pilot projects on digital participation modeled on LiquidFriesland. For example, Christopher Lauer, parliamentary group leader of the Pirate Party in the House of Representatives of Berlin, stated as early as August 15, 2012:
Practical experiences and future expectations
LiquidFriesland launched on November 9, 2012. In the fall of 2013, the test phase expired. By May 16, 2013, 706 access codes to LiquidFriesland had been sent out by the district administration. Of these, 473 were converted into active accesses. The number of users participating in the final votes was up to 50 users. For citizen initiatives, the average voting participation was 22.07 users, and for administrative initiatives, 27.86 users. A representative of the district CDU announced at a district council meeting that it would only agree to continue the project if at least an average of 100 to 200 users regularly participated in the voting by the end of the test phase.
In May 2014, Stephan Eisel published his analysis "Liquid Friesland - a failed experiment", referring to the extremely low citizen participation in the platform and triggering heated discussions. In 2015, Eisel even assessed LiquidFriesland as an "Internet corpse."
In response to the September 2014 evaluation report, Sönke Klug, press spokesman for the district of Friesland, stated that success could not be measured by user numbers: "Around 550 people who are interested in district politics, who receive information via newsletter, are considerably more than before who actively exercise their civil rights. From our point of view, this is a great success." Apart from that, District Administrator Ambrosy had already argued in September 2013 at a meeting of the Friesland District Council that rights should not be cancelled if they were not (sufficiently) exercised. Because a democracy lives from the possibility. Its essence is that it grants rights - which one exercises or does not exercise. In October 2015, the SPD/Green group in the Friesland County Council, together with County Administrator Ambrosy, announced that the LiquidFriesland platform was to be "reanimated".
Günter Hoffmann of the Wiener Zeitung pointed out in February 2015 that digital top-down procedures had proven to be a successful model (not only in the district of Friesland). This did not surprise him, he said, because participation platforms originally came from industry. There, they are used in particular by IT companies in product development to bundle the idle and partially decoupled knowledge of employees working separately and to let it flow into product development. In other companies, the software is used for greater customer integration. In this way, trends can be identified at an early stage and innovation cycles can be greatly shortened through continuous feedback, and potential errors can often be detected and corrected more quickly. This development is now also reaching those responsible in the municipalities. Every fourth authority wants to involve its citizens more in administrative decisions and is therefore investing in dialog. According to Hoffmann, small municipalities in particular want to use electronic participation platforms to improve citizen involvement in political and administrative decisions.
Participedia recommends, "To have a future and be a model for other projects of a similar nature, Friesland probably needs to look for ways to make participation attractive to other user groups and over a longer period of time." To increase the attractiveness of LiquidFriesland, all documents submitted to county council members for deliberations in public meetings will be made digitally accessible to all accredited participants starting in 2015.
The Landkreis Görlitz emphasizes in the open-ended investigation of the question of whether LiquidFriesland is a model worth imitating for it that "the analysis of already existing participation formats with regard to their degree of effectiveness as well as the involvement and qualification of the population already during the introduction of such an instrument [...] are conditions for the sustainable success of such a format".
Imitators
In February 2015, the Landkreis Rotenburg (Wümme) launched the citizens' platform ROW, modeled on LiquidFriesland; in March 2017, it was decided to abolish it and replace it with an online form in the Suggestions and Criticism section on the homepage of the district administration. At the same time, the cities of Seelze and Wunstorf activated comparable platforms.
External links
Liquid-Friesland
Gastzugang zu Liquid-Friesland
Landkreis Friesland: LiquidFriesland – Bürgerverfahren verfolgen
Landkreis Friesland: LiquidFriesland – Verwaltungsverfahren verfolgen
Landkreis Friesland: Liquid Friesland – Medienberichte
Bürgerbeauftragter Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: LiquidFriesland (PDF; 1,6 MB)
Landkreis Friesland: Liquid Friesland – Evaluierungsbericht. Juni 2013
Landkreis Friesland: LiquidFriesland – Sachstand und Ausblick. 3. September 2015
Sources
Friesland (district)
Pages with unreviewed translations |
The Public Authority for Special Economic Zones and Free Zones (OPAZ) is a governmental body in the Sultanate of Oman. The Royal Decree No 105/2020 established OPAZ in August 2020. The main function of the authority is to oversee the Special Economic Zone at Duqm, Al Mazunah Free Zone, Salalah Free Zone, Sohar Free Zone and any other special economic zone or free zone.
The headquarter of OPAZ is located in Muscat.
Main Function
OPAZ main function is proposing policies and strategic plans related to special economic zones and free zones that comes under its supervision
The detailed functions of OPAZ can be found on their website here.
OPAZ Zones
Sohar Free Zone
Special Economic Zone at Duqm
Salalah Free Zone
Al Mazunah Free Zone
References
Economy of Oman
Special economic zones |
Adrian Jenzer (born 5 March 1967) is a Swiss former footballer who played in the 1990s. He played as midfielder.
Football career
Jenzer played for local amateur club Rapid Ostermundigen and then joined FC Basel's first team for their 1991–92 season under head coach Ernst August Künnecke. After playing in five test games Jenzer played his domestic league debut for his new club in the home game in the St. Jakob Stadium on 24 July 1991 as Basel played a 1–1 draw with Yverdon-Sports. He scored his first goal for the club on 15 October in the home game in the St. Jakob Stadium against Urania Genève Sport as Basel won 3–1.
Jenzer stayed with the club for two season. Between the years 1991 and 1993 Jenzer played a total of 44 games for Basel scoring a total of 8 goals. 29 of these games were in the Nationalliga A, 5 in the Swiss Cup and 10 were friendly games. He scored 4 goals in the domestic league, the other 4 were scored during the test games.
References
Sources
Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel.
Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage
FC Basel players
Swiss footballers
Association football midfielders
Swiss Super League players
Swiss Challenge League players
1899 births
Living people |
The 1983 VMI Keydets football team was an American football team that represented the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1983 NCAA Division I-AA football season. In their 13th year under head coach Bob Thalman, the team compiled an overall record of 2–9 with a mark of 1–5 in conference play, placing sixth in the SoCon.
Schedule
References
VMI
VMI Keydets football seasons
VMI Keydets football |
Man in the Arena: Tom Brady, or simply Man in the Arena, is a 2021 American sports documentary miniseries co-produced by ESPN Films, Religion of Sports, and 199 Productions. Directed by Gotham Chopra and Erik LeDrew, the series centers on the career of Tom Brady, with particular focus on his tenure as the New England Patriots starting quarterback.
The series ran weekly from November 16, 2021 through January 11, 2022 on ESPN+.
Premise
As described by ESPN's trailer description, Man in the Arena spotlights "Brady's first-hand account of the most iconic moments of his NFL career, including each of his 9 Super Bowl appearances with the New England Patriots," in addition to smaller, yet pivotal moments during his career.
Production and release
Development
Co-director Gotham Chopra previously created Tom vs Time (2018), a miniseries about Brady's off-season training regimen and home life. Following the end of Tom vs Time, Chopra stated that there were no plans to create a second season. Shortly prior to signing with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in March 2020, Brady announced the launch of 199 Productions, a media company designed to produce original documentaries, feature films, and television series.
On May 21, 2020, ESPN released an official trailer for Man in the Arena. The Man in the Arena title is derived from a quote from one of former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's speeches. When announcing the series, Brady explained in a tweet:
I have quoted Theodore Roosevelt's "Man in the Arena" speech since I saw it painted on our weight room wall at UM in 1995. It's a constant reminder to ignore the noise, buckle my chinstrap, and battle through whatever comes my way.
ESPN Films co-produced the miniseries along with Chopra's "Religion of Sports" and Brady's 199 Productions company. NFL Films was also involved with the documentary's production.
Upon its announcement, many sports media publications likened the documentary to The Last Dance, which premiered on ESPN in April 2020, and centered on Michael Jordan. Chopra, however, stated: "It's not Tom Brady's Last Dance. It's not that. That may or may not exist 20 years from now, I don't know. There's this sort of immediacy to this... The premise [of The Last Dance] was telling stories about the seasons, whereas [Brady's], it does feel a little bit more real time."
Originally announced as nine-episode miniseries, a tenth episode was eventually confirmed. Each episode goes through each of Brady's Super Bowl appearance seasons, although Brady went to a tenth Super Bowl after the series went into production. Following the release of the ninth episode, Chopra stated that a tenth episode was still in production and would be released sometime in the spring of 2022.
Release
The series' first nine episodes ran weekly from November 16, 2021 to January 11, 2022. The series' tenth episode was slated to be released on January 19, but was delayed.
Episodes
Reception
Sally Jenkins, a columnist for The Washington Post commented on the series, writing: "The documentary is worth watching if only to study how Brady creates equanimity for himself. It's his attempt to overdub the noise, 'the Real Housewives conversation,' as he puts it."
References
2021 American television series debuts
2022 American television series endings
2020s American documentary television series
2020s American television miniseries
American football television series
ESPN Films films
New England Patriots
Tom Brady |
Maria Vindevoghel (born 11 October 1957) is a Belgian shop steward in the Confederation of Christian Trade Unions and politician of the Workers' Party of Belgium.
Biography
Maria Vindevoghel grew up in a farming family in West Flanders. At 20, she moved to Brussels at Molenbeek-Saint-Jean.
Vindevoghel became an aircraft cleaner at Sabena. After the bankruptcy of this airline in 2001, she gained some notoriety as a spokeswoman for Sabena employees. Proceedings were brought before the Labour Court by the ex-Sabenians because the government Verhofstadt I would not have respected the social plan. The Belgian Government argued that the Federal Government had indeed made a mistake, but also put the 31 former employees of the bankrupt airline in the wrong.
She then became a cleaner at baggage handler FlightCare. In the summer of 2005, she was fired there, according to the management of FlightCare because of repeated violations of safety regulations. However, she managed to successfully challenge her dismissal at the labor court, with the judge stating that there was discrimination. From 2007 to 2017, Vindevoghel worked at the trade union ACV, where she focused on women's work and the aviation sector. She took early retirement in 2017. She also engaged with civil movement Heart over Hard.
In the federal elections, she appeared in the electoral district of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde with her own electoral list 'Movement for Action, Resistance and an Independent Alternative' (MARIA), which however did not reach the electoral threshold. The list received 4,298 preferred votes (0.51%) for the Chamber of Representatives in the Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde constituency and 2142 (0.67%) in the Leuven constituency. In Schaerbeek in 2003, MARIA initially received 4096 additional votes because of a voting computer error caused by cosmic radiation. In the federal elections of May 2019, she was again a candidate as Lijsttrekker of the PVDA-PTB list in the constituency of Brussels-Capital. She became elected to the House of Representatives.
She claimed a commitment to Feminism and Anti-racism.
Federal deputy
In the federal parliamentary elections 2019, she was elected as a Workers' Party of Belgium member of parliament in the Chambre des représentants. She deals with issues related to mobility, public enterprises and federal institutions within the PTB group.
Parliamentary activities
On 20 June 2019, during her swearing in at the Chambre, she mixed Dutch and French ("Ik zweer de observer de grondwet) so as not to choose one of the language groups. She was forced to take the oath again, however, and did so in Dutch, joining the Dutch-speaking group.
On 19 March 2020, Vindevoghel, together with the Workers' Party of Belgium, New Flemish Alliance and Vlaams Belang groups in the House of Representatives voted against the confidence to the Wilmès II Government.
Parliamentary activities
On 20 June 2019, when taking the oath in the House of Representatives, she mixed Dutch and French in order not to choose one of the language groups ("Ik zweer de observer de grondwet"). However, she was forced to take the oath again and did so in Dutch, joining the Dutch language group.
On 19 March 2020, Vindevoghel, together with the PVDA, N-VA and Vlaams Belang groups, voted against the confidence in the Wilmès II in the Lower House.
Bibliography
Ik beschuldig... in naam van de Sabeniens; EPO; 2003; ISBN 9064452938
Fiche Maria Vindevoghel PVDA
PARDOEN Tom; PVDA-verkozenen Nadia Moscufo en Maria Vindevoghel van de werkvloer naar het Parlement: 'Er heerst echt woede op straat, van wie weinig heeft tegen wie veel heeft'; Humo; 3 June 2019
References
1957 births
Members of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)
Living people
21st-century Belgian politicians
21st-century women politicians
Flemish politicians |
Lorraine Miller (January 5, 1922 – February 6, 1978) was an American actress. She is best known for appearing in the film The White Gorilla (1945).
Miller was the daughter of Charles W. Miller, an electrical engineer. She attended Michigan State College before she became an actress. When she arrived in California she stayed at the "Studio Club", a residence for young actresses. Her roommate there was Donna Reed.
In 1944, a photograph of Miller that was printed on postcards resulted in a lawsuit. She sued Photo Specialty Company, Samuel Goldwyn, and others for $50,000, saying that the widely distributed postcards harmed her career, reduced her earning power, and embarrassed her. Taken when Miller worked for Goldwyn, the photograph showed Miller in black lingerie on a white fur rug and had the caption "Samuel Goldwyn's Most Cuddlesome Blonde". The lawsuit said that Miller had not given her consent for use of the image.
On Broadway, Miller appeared in Happy Birthday (1946) and Magdalena (1948).
She married American film actor and director Edward Buzzell on December 10, 1949, in Palm Springs, California.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Rotten Tomatoes profile
1922 births
1978 deaths
People from Michigan
Actresses from Michigan
American film actresses
20th-century American actresses
American stage actresses
Broadway theatre people |
Hastings Unitarian Church, also known as Hastings Unitarian and Free Christian Church, is a place of worship for Unitarians in the town and borough of Hastings, one of six local government districts in the English county of East Sussex. It has been in continuous use since it was built in 1868, having been founded the previous year by prominent Unitarian John Bowring for a congregation which had met in hired premises since 1858. The church, designed by George Beck, is Neoclassical in style and has an 18th-century organ.
History
A Unitarian congregation was founded in Hastings in 1858. At first, members met for worship in a music hall and then from 1860 at the Swan Hotel (where the town's first Baptists had also worshipped in the late 1830s until Wellington Square Baptist Church was built). In 1867 the congregation was able to open a permanent place of worship. John Bowring, a political economist, member of parliament, Governor of Hong Kong, polyglot, hymnwriter and one of "the most famous Unitarians of his time", was the founder. The chapel was built in the middle of a terrace of houses on South Terrace, near Hastings railway station, by G. Clarke Jones to the design of architect George Beck. It opened in 1868, one of many Unitarian places of worship to be completed during a period when "confidence flowed into the movement" and rapid growth was taking place. A particular feature of this era was the opening of chapels in many seaside resorts such as Hastings, primarily to serve wealthy retirees.
In the 1870s the Unitarian chapel at Northiam, about north of Hastings, began to be served as a mission station from Hastings Unitarian Church. This chapel, which had 18th-century origins, had been closed for some time but was rebuilt and formally reopened in 1879.
The chapel has a Snetzler organ built 1760 which has previously been used in three other Unitarian churches. It was first installed at a chapel built in 1794 at Bunting Nook near Sheffield to replace a private chapel at Norton Hall. When this was demolished in 1853, it was moved to the Unitarian church at Banbury, from where it went to Westgate Chapel in Lewes. It was then bought and installed in the chapel at Hastings in 1930. William Hill & Son & Norman & Beard Ltd. restored the organ in 1995, and Matthew Copley made further repairs in 2010.
Architecture
By the mid-19th century the Gothic Revival style had become very common for Nonconformist chapels and meeting houses, just as it had for Church of England parish churches. Unitarian chapels of this era were typically in this style, too: "the story of chapel architecture in the later 19th century is the story of the Gothic Revival". In parts of Sussex, though, chapels with a plain Classical or Neoclassical appearance, harking back to the Georgian era with their pediments and stuccoed façades, persisted until late in the Victorian era. Hastings Unitarian Church is an example of this, along with (among others) Galeed Strict Baptist Chapel, Brighton (1868) and All Saints United Reformed Church, Burgess Hill (1881).
The church has been described as a Neoclassical or Classical building with rendered brick walls, now painted. Its date, 1868, makes it "a very late example" of this style: the Pevsner Architectural Guides describe it as being "in the style of 20 years previously". It is a "plain, small" chapel topped with a pediment and with a three-bay façade with tall arched windows and tapering pilasters. There are similar arched windows on the rear elevation, some of which have stained glass. Inside, both side walls have an arcade of four blank arches. The pulpit is of carved wood and cast iron, and two cast iron pillars of the Corinthian order hold up the gallery.
Administration
The church is registered for worship in accordance with the Places of Worship Registration Act 1855; its number on the register is 18508. Under the name Unitarian Christian Church it was registered for the solemnisation of marriages in accordance with the Marriage Act 1836 on 2 December 1872.
See also
List of places of worship in Hastings
References
Bibliography
1867 establishments in England
Unitarian chapels in England
Churches completed in 1868
Churches in Hastings |
Susumu Noguchi (June 1, 1908May 1, 1961) was a Japanese professional boxer who was best known for winning the Japanese Welterweight title.
In June 1931, Susumu Noguchi tried bombing Junnosuke Inoue's residence. Susumu Noguchi served a short prison sentence.
In 1933 Noguchi was arrested for trying to assassinate the politician Wakatsuki Reijirō, an important Japanese politician when the minister departed at Ueno Station in Tokyo in protest of the London Naval Treaty.
Susumu Noguchi is the founder of Noguchi boxing gym which produced notable Japanese boxers such as Hitoshi Misako and Hiroyuki Ebihara.
Personal life
Susumu Noguchi had two sons, flyweight boxer Kyō Noguchi and Osamu Noguchi, founder of the sport Kickboxing.
References
External links
Noguchi Gym
1908 births
1961 deaths
People from Tokyo
Welterweight boxers
Japanese male boxers |
The Golden West is an historic building in Portland, Oregon, United States. Located at the intersection of Broadway and Everett in northwest Portland's Pearl District, the structure is also known as the Broadmoor Hotel, Golden West Hotel, and New Golden West Building.
According to KOIN, the building is "one of the most important landmarks in Portland's Black history" and was "the center of Black life in Portland" during the early 1900s. The city has nominated the structure for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places.
References
External links
Golden West at Central City Concern
Golden West Hotel at the Oregon Encyclopedia
African-American history in Portland, Oregon
Buildings and structures in Portland, Oregon
Pearl District, Portland, Oregon |
Susan Ellen Shore is an audiologist who is the Merle Lawrence Collegiate Professor of Otolaryngology at the University of Michigan. She was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2021.
Early life and education
Shore was an undergraduate student at the University of the Witwatersrand. She first specialized in pathology and audiology, before starting a master's in hearing science. Her research considers dichotic listening. After completing her doctorate, she joined the Kresge Hearing Research Institute at Louisiana State University. Her doctoral research involved studying how the cochlear responds to frequency-varying signals. After earning her doctorate, Shore joined the University of Pittsburgh as research fellow.
Research and career
In 2005, Shore joined Michigan Medicine, where she started a research group investigating auditory processing. She was particularly interested in the contributions of multi-sensory systems. Shore identified that certain neurons, which receive input from the face and head, were sensitive to touch. These somatosensory neurons (fusiform cells) send signals to the cochlear nucleus and make it respond to sound. She showed that the somatosensory neurons interact with the nucleus even more acutely after deafness, likely to compensate for the conventional cochlea input. The increase in somatosensory excitations (activity in the fusiform cells) can result in the development of tinnitus. Tinnitus impacts around 15% of Americans. As Chair of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the American Tinnitus Association, Shore called for the United States House of Representatives to supported the Tinnitus Research and Treatment Act.
Shore has investigated synaptic plasticity and the longitudinal nature of these neural changes. She proposed a precise pattern of simulations can be used to reverse this process. This strategy, targeted bimodal auditory-somatosensory stimulation, involved a series of sounds coupled with precisely timed electrical pulses. This combination can launch a process called stimulus-timing dependent plasticity. Specifically, the Auricle (or Michigan Tinnitus Device) looks to reprogram the fusiform cells.
Shore was named the Merle Lawrence Collegiate Professor of Otolaryngology Research at the University of Michigan in 2021.
Awards and honors
2003 Lydia Adams de Witt Award for Women in Science and Engineering
2017 National Institutes of Health Award
2019 STAT Madness
2021 Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Selected publications
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
Audiologists
Louisiana State University alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science |
Santa Maria Regina Pacis a Monte Verde is a 20th-century parochial church and titular church in Monteverde, central Rome.
History
The first church for the Monteverde area was built in 1915. The present church was begun in 1925 but construction was stopped until 1931; construction was not complete until 1941. Thirty Jews were hidden in the church for a month during the Second World War.
The mosaic of the Virgin and Child was added by Silvio Novaro in 1949–54. From 1959 twenty-two paintings depicting the life of Mary were added; they were destroyed in a fire in 1980.
On 30 April 1969, it was made a titular church to be held by a cardinal-priest. Pope John Paul II visited in 1983.
Cardinal-protectors
Joseph Parecattil (1969–1987)
Antony Padiyara (1988–2000)
Francisco Alvarez Martínez (2001–2022)
References
External links
Titular churches
Rome Q. XII Gianicolense
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1942
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy |
"Bessarabia, Romanian land" (), "Bessarabia is Romanian land" () or "Bessarabia is Romania" (, also ) is a popular and commonly used Romanian nationalist and irredentist slogan posing claims over the geographical region of Bessarabia, today divided between the Republic of Moldova and parts of Ukraine. According to the Romanian newspaper Adevărul, the use of this slogan as a patriotic catchphrase started in 2006 from a group of anonymous young Romanians from Bucharest.
The slogan has been often used in demontrations and events supporting the unification of Moldova and Romania. It is also seen with frequency in graffiti and stickers on walls and other places throughout Romania, although it is also used in Moldova. The phrase has had several notable uses at various times, such as at a protest organized by the Romanian political party Noua Dreaptă ("New Right") against the Bucharest Pride edition of May 2010, in a huge banner during a football match between France and Romania on 5 September 2010 in the Stade de France and for vandalizing a synagogue in Chișinău, the capital of Moldova, along antisemitic and Nazi symbolry. Furthermore, it was used during the Centenary March of 2018.
Notable individuals and entities that have used this slogan include the Romanian activist and politician George Simion and the Romanian politician Rareș Bogdan but also the Romanian party Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), of which Simion is a co-president. Romanian historian Lucian Boia has shown himself against the use of the phrase, saying that, in his opinion, it is not appropiate to say that "Bessarabia is Romania" because Moldova "has its own history and its own challenges" and because, at the time of his declarations, most Moldovans preferred to remain independent rather than uniting with Romania as indicated by certain polls, although he admitted the similarities between the two countries.
The slogan has also been applied to other former regions of Romania, such as Bukovina by the Romanian historian in an article for the Romanian radio station Radio România Cultural and Transnistria by the Romanian politician in a newspaper article for Adevărul. It has also been used for regions already part of Romania, such as Transylvania by the former Social Democratic Party (PSD) president Victor Ponta and Dobruja for a contest organized for students by the council of the Tulcea County.
See also
"Kosovo is Serbia"
References
External links
Bessarabia
Romanian nationalism
Romanian nationalism in Moldova
Romanian irredentism
Romanian political catchphrases
Moldova–Romania relations |
Omar Veluz is a Mexican-American actor, recording artist, songwriter, music producer and dancer. He has worked with numerous artists and musicians, including The Perry Twins, Alejandra Guzmán, Pilar Montenegro and Olya Polyakova.
Biography
Veluz was born in Ciudad Obregón in Sonora, Mexico. He was born to a musician and pianist father. Veluz began playing the viola at the age of 9, but then switched to violin when he was 12 and by 17, he began a professional dance career.
In 2007, Veluz received his Bachelor of Architecture degree from the University of Arizona. While at university, he performed with the Arizona Opera Company. After graduation, he toured with the China National Dance Tour, the tour won the Music Video Audience Choice Award by the University of Arizona's Outreach Program. In 2008, he relocated to Los Angeles to work as an architect but eventually started to dance professionally again.
Veluz began singing at 27, he studied with Argentine opera singer, Carlos De Antonis, and Andrew Pirozzi. In 2019, his cover of Send Me an Angel remixed by The Perry Twins, peaked at #23 on Billboard's Dance Club Songs.
In 2021, he wrote, produced as well as sang Do You Really Wanna for the 2021 horror film Sacre Us, the song which featured Ivan Mendez, peaked at #25 on the MusicWeek Commercial Pop chart.
Discography
Singles:
Send Me an Angel — 2019
Do You Really Wanna — 2021
Extended play
Fantasy — 2019
Gold — 2019
Feel My Rage — 2019
Dejate — 2019
Fiesta — 2019
References
External links
Living people
Mexican male film actors
Mexican male singers
Mexican musicians
Mexican male singer-songwriters
Mexican singer-songwriters
English-language singers from Mexico
21st-century Mexican singers
21st-century Mexican male singers |
The Historical Complex of the Great Convention () is a colonial construction located in Ocaña, Colombia. It consists of the temple of San Francisco, the adjacent convent and the square of the Gran Convención. Its construction began in 1584 by the Franciscan religious order. The complex has a museum with historical artifacts. The Historical Complex is a property of cultural interest of national character.
History
The construction of the building began in 1533 and took about 50 years to complete. The building is considered the first cloister in Ocaña of the Franciscan communities, whose objective was to evangelize the indigenous population of the area. The building was used for liturgical ceremonies as well as for the instruction of young people, mainly teaching grammar and rhetoric. On April 9, 1928, the convention was held at the temple. During the convention, after a religious ceremony, Francisco Soto made a speech that contained some criticisms of the government of Simón Bolívar. The purpose of the convention was to reform the 1821 Cúcuta Charter. In 1849, after liberal policies and the creation of the province of Ocaña, the convent was suppressed and the building was given to the municipality for educational purposes. The historic complex was declared a national heritage site in 1937. By means of Law 10 of 1977 issued by the National Government, a museum was created in the historical complex under the supervision of the Academy of History of Ocaña, after the law was issued, part of the building was remodeled and the objects of the Convention were recovered.
Collections
The building contains artifacts from politicians who attended the 18th century convention. The museum documents the disagreements between supporters of Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander. The building contains a historical archive, as well as collections of documents and books. The museum contains an oil painting of Barbara Vicenta Lemus Jácome, a woman who attended the Convention in 1828, which was restored by the painter José Miguel Navarro Soto, this painting is in the museum of the Historical Complex.
References
Ocaña, Norte de Santander
Buildings and structures in Norte de Santander Department |
Heartbreak High is an Australian drama created by Michael Jenkins and Ben Gannon, which follows the lives of students and staff at a multicultural Sydney high school.
The show ran from 1994 to 1996 on Network Ten and 1997 to 1999 on ABC, which some episodes airing on BBC2 in the UK ahead of their local release.
Series overview
Episodes
Series 1 (1994)
Heartbreak High premiered on Network Ten on February 27, 1994, and initially aired weekly at 6:30pm Sundays. The show's producers repeatedly clashed with the network over its content, with the gay-bashing storyline in episode 14 deemed inappropriate for its timeslot and prompting a scheduling change to 7:30pm Wednesdays. Episodes 37 and 38 were aired together as a 2 hour season finale on Sunday November 27, 1994 at 8:30pm.
Series 2 (1995)
For its second series, Heartbreak High was moved to a G-rated timeslot and aired weekly at 5:30pm Sundays. This led to episode 42 being pulled from its original run due to its HIV storyline, deemed inappropriate for its new timeslot. The episode had its world premiere in the UK on BBC2 on Tuesday October 3, 1995 at 6:25pm, and eventually aired in Australia on Sunday December 30, 1995 at 7.30pm, after the third series had concluded.
Series 3 (1995)
Series 4 (1996)
After the show was cancelled by Network Ten, Heartbreak High was entirely funded by BBC2 for series four, who aired the show weekly at 6.25pm Tuesdays. Six months after its UK premiere, Network Ten aired the season in a soap opera format, with episodes split into two and airing across four nights (Mondays to Thursdays) at 11.30pm.
Series 5 (1996–97)
Series five premiered in the UK on BBC2 and aired weekly at 6.25pm Tuesdays. ABC picked up the show for its Australian release, and again split the episodes into two, airing them across four nights (Mondays to Thursdays) at 6pm.
Series 6 (1997–98)
Series 7 (1998–99)
Notes
References
External links
Season 1 episodes at tvguide.com
Season 2 episodes at tvguide.com
Season 3 episodes at tvguide.com
Season 4 episodes at tvguide.com
Season 5 episodes at tvguide.com
Season 6 episodes at tvguide.com
Season 7 episodes at tvguide.com
Lists of Australian drama television series episodes |
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons – Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems refers to a group of experts created by the United Nations in order to study legal, ethical, societal and moral questions that arise from the increased use of autonomous robots to carry weapons and to be programmed to engage in combat in various situations that might arise, including battles between countries, or in patrolling border areas or sensitive areas, or other similar roles.
See also
Robot
Robotics
References
External links
Official UN Website
Robotics |
Andrea Koevska (; born 14 February 2000) also known under the mononym Andrea, is a Macedonian singer. She will represent North Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 with "Circles".
Early life
Andrea was born in Skopje on 14 February 2000. At the age of five, she was inspired by the musical scene in Harlem, New York.
Career
While posting short videos of herself singing famous pop and rock songs, producer Aleksandar Masevski noticed her and offered Andrea to collaborate with him.
2022: Eurovision Song Contest
In 2022, Andrea won the national selection for North Macedonia, Za Evrosong 2022, winning a tiebreaker against Viktor's "Superman", winning the international jury as Andrea got 12 points, while Viktor only received 8.
Artistry
Influences
While living in New York, she was exposed to a variety of genres that inspire her music today, such as Gospel, R&B, Pop, and Pop-Punk. She has also cited Lauryn Hill and Hayley Williams as being some of her musical inspirations.
Personal life
Andrea's mother is a physician and her father is a law professor. Her grandfather, who died when she was nine, is said to have been the primary source of Andrea's passion in music. When she is not recording music or performing, Andrea is practicing her love of the martial art Muay Thai or taking care of her dog Moe.
Discography
Singles
"I Know" (2020)
"I Don't Know Your Name" (2020)
"Talk To Me" (2021)
"Circles" (2022)
References
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2022
21st-century Macedonian singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for North Macedonia
2000 births
Living people
Macedonian women singers |
The Jefferson County Conference is a high school athletic conference comprising eleven high schools in Jefferson County, Missouri. The conference is split into large and small schools in some sports.
Members
References
Missouri high school athletic conferences
High school sports conferences and leagues in the United States |
Apacuana ()—also transliterated as Apacuane, Apakuama or Apakuana—was a 16th-century woman of the Quiriquires (also known as Kirikires), a branch of the Carib people that inhabited the Valles del Tuy region (then known by the Spanish as Salamanca), in present-day Venezuela, notable for her leading role in a failed indigenous uprising against Spanish colonization in 1577. Her story was presented nearly a century and a half later by writer José de Oviedo y Baños in his 1723 book The Conquest and Settlement of Venezuela, a foundational work on the country's history. Introduced by the author as an "elderly sorceress and herbalist", Apacuana is considered to have been a piache, that is, a curandera, a term used in Hispanic America to call a healer or shaman. She was the mother of Guásema, who served as cacique—a term used to dessignate indigenous tribal chiefs in Hispanic America—while several modern writers consider her to have been a cacica (feminine form of the title) as well.
Apacuana was highly regarded in her community, both as a healer and as a political leader, which allowed her to instigate an attack against two Spanish colonists as they traversed their territory. In response to the attack, a military unit led by Sancho García was sent from the nearby Spanish settlement of Caracas to punish the natives. In the territory of the Quiriquires, García's company set fire to several settlements and managed to thwart a surprise attack by an army formed from an alliance between different indigenous groups. Among the prisoners trapped during this combat—from which the Spanish emerged victorious—was Apacuana, who was tortured and hung in full view of the Quiriquires, prompting them to reportedly ask for peace. Nevertheless, the Quiriquires continued to offer resistance to the Spanish, most notably in 1660.
Although often ignored by the hegemonic historiography of Venezuela, Apacuana is regarded a national symbol of indigenous resistance, as well as a notable figure in the country's women's history. On International Women's Day 2017, the national government transferred the symbolic remains of the indigenous leader to the National Pantheon of Venezuela, where the main figures of the country's history rest. In 2018, a seven-meter statue of Apacuana was placed in Caracas, causing controversy by replacing an old monument that was considered by some as a symbol of the city.
Background
The story of Apacuana comes from José de Oviedo y Baños' book The Conquest and Settlement of Venezuela (in Spanish: Historia de la conquista y población de la Provincia de Venezuela), a foundational work on Venezuelan history written around 1710, nearly a century and a half after it happened. Oviedo y Baños' main historical source is Fray Pedro Simón's book Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias Occidentales (1626). He also went through the books of the Caracas town hall (Spanish: Ayuntamiento de Caracas) while serving as Alcalde de primer voto in 1710, a judicial and administrative title in the Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas responsible for the administration of justice within their municipal jurisdiction.
Apacuana belonged to the indigenous Quiriquires (also transliterated as Kirikires), a branch of the Carib people that lived in the Valles del Tuy, the valley around the Tuy River, in the north-central region of Venezuela. The other ethnic groups that inhabited the area at the time the Spanish arrived were the Arbacos, Caracas, Chagaragatos, Mariches, Meregotos, Taramainas, Tarmas and Teques. In various sections of the book, Oviedo y Baños indicates the location of the Quiriquires. In one passage, he says that the group inhabited an extensive area located in the "thick mountains" on the banks of the Tuy River, which divided their territory from that of the Mariches. Oviedo y Baños also states that the territory of the Quiriques bordered that of the Teques, writing: "Their towns extended along the banks of the Tuy for more than twenty-five leagues, up to the western boundary with the Tumusa tribe". They also bordered the Arbacos and Meregotos. These indigenous groups maintained political autonomy, but they allied with each other to resist the Spanish invasion.
Account
Apacuana's name has also been transliterated as Apacuane, Apakuama or Apakuana. Writer Emilio Salazar claims that the name Apakuama comes from the Cumanagoto language, meaning "beautiful mountain", and formed by the words apak ("mountain") and uama ("beautiful"). Oviedo y Baños introduces her as an "elderly sorceress and herbalist". Therefore, she is considered to have been a piache, that is, a curandera, a term used in Hispanic America to call a healer or shaman. Today, Apacuana is also described as a cacica, the feminine form of cacique, an exonym used to dessignate indigenous tribal chiefs in Hispanic America. She was the mother of the cacique Guásema, also transliterated as Guacema. Apacuana was highly respected in her community, both for her role as a sorceress as well as political leader, which allowed her to instigate an attack against the Spanish.
In 1577, under the idea of Apacuana, the Quiriquires attacked the Spanish encomenderos Garci-González and Francisco Infante as they traversed their territory. In the conquest era of the 15th century, the comenderos were the holders of a grant awarded by the Spanish Crown called encomienda, which gave them the monopoly on the labor of particular groups of indigenous peoples. The badly wounded Garci-González managed to carry the also injured Francisco Infante on his shoulders and reach Caracas, causing the outrage of the mayors and residents of the town. In response, they sent a force of 50 Spaniards and some Teques, led by the prominent Caracas neighbor Sancho García, to the territory of the Quiriquires in order to punish them.
Upon entering the territory of the Quiriquires, García's mission was constantly attacked by ambushes from warriors who guarded the roads, although they managed to eventually reach the settlement where Garci-González and Francisco Infante had been attacked. Finding the settlement empty, Garcia burned it down, as well as all the others he encountered on the valley. Meanwhile, the natives organized themselves and planned a surprise attack on the military unit. However, the Spaniards became aware of the plan after finding an indigenous man and torturing him to extract a confession. The unit headed to the place where the natives would gather before the attack, where they found some caciques—among them Acuareyapa—with around 500 warriors waiting for more to arrive. During the battle, the natives were scattered or killed, while others were taken prisoner, among them Apacuana. Recounting the capture and subsequent death of Apacuana, Oviedo y Baños wrote:
Sancho García, exhausted from this assault, gathered with his men at the quebrada, where among several prisoners captured that night, one was immediately recognized as Apacuana, Cacique Guásema's mother. She had been the primary instigator of the uprising, and as a result of her efficacious counsel the Indians had conceived their daring treachery. As punishment, Sancho García ordered her to be hanged and left hanging for all to see, so that her cadaver would move the other Indians to horror. This action brought complete pacification of that rebellious tribe, as the natives, in terror at Apacuana's torture, and broken by the loss of more than two hundred warriors, at first retired to the sierras on the other side of the Tuy but soon returned to solicit peace.
Aftermath
Despite the supposed peace that followed the violent execution of Apacuana, the Quiriquires continued to offer resistance to the Spanish in the following years. According to Fray Pedro Simón, they abandoned their lands around the 1580s, relocating to the south of Lake Maracaibo. From then on, the lake could not be navigated without an escort of soldiers. In 1599, the Quiriquires attacked captain Domingo Lizona in Lake Maracaibo, stealing their merchandise and killing the ship's crew. The following year, on July 22, 1600, the group famously assaulted the Spanish settlement of San Antonio de Gibraltar with a force of 500 men and 140 canoes, looting it and setting fire to all its houses.
Legacy
Writer Luis Manuel Urbaneja Achelpohl tells the story of Apacuana in his short story "Los abuelos", first published in 1909. She is also the subject of playwright César Rengifo's work Apacuana y Cuaricurián, a so-called "dramatic poem" that premiered in 1975. Rengifo created a ficticious son for Apacuana named Cuaricurán, an artist that refuses to join the war. Since 2015, the Compañía Nacional de Teatro (CNT; English: National Theater Company) of Venezuela gives an annual playwright award named after the indigenous leader.
On March 8, 2017—on the occasion of International Women's Day—the national government transferred the symbolic remains of Apacuana, along with those of the African slaves Hipólita and Matea, to the National Pantheon of Venezuela, where the main figures of the country's history rest.
In December 2018, the government of Caracas placed a seven-meter statue of Apacuana on the Valle-Coche highway, the entrance to the capital from the center and west of the country, replacing that of the León de Caracas, a standing lion symbolizing the founding of the city. The plaque on the monument states that Apacuana's "legacy shakes the patriarchal history of the West, fueling the spirit of rebellion in all our generations."
The role of women during the indigenous resistance to Spanish colonization is a subject largely ignored by Venezuelan historians, and Apacuana is one of the few known figures along with Urimare. Thus, her name is often invoked by researchers focused on the country's women's history. On the occasion of the new monument, historian Iraida Vargas Arenas reflected on the historiographic treatment of Apacuana's figure:
The deed of Apacuana teaches us that for almost 5 centuries, (...) women continue to play leading roles in the history of Venezuela. (...) Until now, traditional Venezuelan historiography has used the same androcentric discourse that has served to hide the heroic deed of Apacuana for centuries. Hiding women's actions in history is a byproduct of a history written by men; we can say that by hiding the participation of women, an attempt was made to deny the historicity of their struggles. For this reason, many of these struggles were excluded from the historical memories that our peoples possess, since they are male memories, full of male characters and male actions.
See also
India Juliana
Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
List of people who were executed
List of uprisings led by women
List of women who led a revolt or rebellion
Women's history
Women in Venezuela
References
Bibliography
External links
MINPPPI (in Spanish), official website of the Cabinet of Venezuela's Ministry of Popular Power for Indigenous Peoples
16th-century indigenous people of the Americas
16th-century rebels
16th-century Venezuelan women
Executed people
History of Venezuela
Indigenous leaders of the Americas
Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
Indigenous women of the Americas
Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish Empire
Violence against Indigenous women |
List of managers
The team has had 63 coaches.
References
managers
Al-Zawraa |
Viveka Erlandsson is a Swedish mathematician specialising in low-dimensional topology and geometry, and known in particular for extending the work of Maryam Mirzakhani on counting geodesics on hyperbolic manifolds. She is a lecturer at the University of Bristol.
Education and career
Erlandsson earned a bachelor's degree in applied mathematics from San Francisco State University in 2004, and continued at the same university for a master's degree in 2006. She became a lecturer at Baruch College and Hunter College in the City University of New York system, while pursuing a doctorate in mathematics through the City University of New York, which she completed in 2013. Her dissertation, The Margulis region in hyperbolic 4-space, was supervised by Ara Basmajian.
After postdoctoral research at Aalto University and the University of Helsinki in Finland, she became a lecturer in mathematics at the University of Bristol in 2017.
Book
Erlandsson is the coauthor of the book Geodesic Currents and Mirzakhani’s Curve Counting, with Juan Souto, to be published by Springer in 2022.
Recognition
Erlandsson is the 2021 winner of the Anne Bennett Prize of the London Mathematical Society, given to her "for her outstanding achievements in geometry and topology and her inspirational active role in promoting women mathematicians".
References
External links
Home page
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Swedish mathematicians
Swedish women mathematicians
San Francisco State University alumni
Baruch College faculty
Hunter College faculty
City University of New York alumni
Academics of the University of Bristol |
The United Kingdom and the League of Nations played central roles in the diplomatic history of the interwar period 1920-1939 and the search for peace. British activists and political leaders help plan and found the League of Nations, provided much of the staff leadership, and Britain (alongside France) played a central role in most of the critical issues facing the League. The League of Nations Union was an important private organization that promoted the League in Britain. By 1924 the League was broadly popular and was featured in election campaigns. The Liberals were most supportive; the Conservatives least so.. From 1931 onward, major aggressions by Japan, Italy, Spain and Germany effectively ruined the League in British eyes.
Eric Drummond, Secretary-General, 1920-1933
Between 1918 and 1919, he was a member of the British delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, where he was engaged in the drafting of the Covenant of the League of Nations. In 1919 he accepted the position of the Secretary-General of the League of Nations, on the recommendation of Lord Cecil.
Before the 1919 Paris Peace Conference in 1919, much work had been put into finding a suitable candidate for secretary-general of the newly-established League of Nations. Cecil, who played a key role in drafting the Covenant and organising the League, initially wanted a person with a background in politics for the post; there were several suitable candidates, but none accepted his proposal. He believed that only somebody of the highest ability would be sufficient for this role. However, after it transpired that the office holder would not be given as many powers as initially thought, Cecil reconsidered and sought to find somebody who was a well-trained civil servant and less known as a big political figure. He first approached Maurice Hankey, who for some time showed interest in the position but in the end rejected the offer only ten days before the Paris plenary session. In the event that Hankey would turn down the offer, Cecil and the American Edward M. House had developed a contingency plan to substitute Hankey with Sir Eric Drummond.
As early as 1915, Drummond expressed himself favourably towards the establishment of an international organisation. As such, Drummond was involved in negotiations regarding the establishment of the League of Nations. In addition, he was also a British national, which Cecil valued very highly. Drummond was an experienced diplomat and had earned a high reputation during his 19 years at the Foreign Office, which helped him to be considered the best choice available.
After some initial doubt in which Drummond expressed anxiety about organising the League, he finally accepted the proposal. At the Paris Peace Conference's plenary session on 28 April 1919, the conference accepted the appointment of Drummond as the first secretary-general of the League of Nations.
Establishment of permanent secretariat (1919–1920)
One of the secretary-general's major deeds was the establishment of a permanent and strictly international secretariat. No such thing had ever been attempted, and prewar secretariats had largely been confined to the national sphere as regards who supplied them and the civil servants who worked there. The creation of an international civil service was problematic, and administrative leaders thought it unthinkable that such a body would ever be united, loyal or efficient. By August 1920 the secretariat was fully established.
The secretariat's personnel came from over 30 countries and differed in language, religion and training. They were all appointed by the League, not by national governments. That once again underscored the difference between the new international body and previous national secretariats. In all, the secretariat came to consist of seven sections: a Mandate Section, an Economic and Financial Section, a Section for Transit and Communication, a Social Section, a Political Section, a Legal Section and an International Bureau Section.
Leadership style
Drummond approached the role conservatively. His somewhat-subdued role in the British Foreign Office easily transferred over to the position of secretary-general. He was not a major political figure and so did not seek to turn the office into a reflection of his personality.
Drummond set about creating the administrative divisions for the League. He took no risk in his appointments to senior positions in the League of Nations and chose to appoint only members who supported their nation's government and gave the positions only to members of leading states.
Drummond was regarded as taking great care with issues and taking his position very seriously. He would read everything that came to his desk and would often call meetings regularly to discuss various issues. The meetings would often take place with various members of governments, which managed to established contact by his appointments to the League. Drummond thus became aware of sensitive information from various governments and nongovernmental organisations but became someone who could be trusted by various politicians worldwide.
He was widely regarded as shying away from the public and political spotlight, despite the high-profile nature of his position. He, however, was believed to be highly political behind the scenes but was often forced to do to appease various nations and because of often lacking support from many governments. One example was his 1920s dealings with Benito Mussolini's policies towards the Balkans, Africa and Europe. Drummond was unable to condemn any of Mussolini's policies publicly, as he did not have the backing of Britain and France. He wanted to maintain good relations with Italy, which helped to render him somewhat impotent.
Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League, but he also appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League, he largely decided how he would run the office since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. Drummond became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and he would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.
National links of League officers
The ideal underpinning the secretariat and those working there was one much resembling a Weberian understanding of bureaucracy, the idea of a non-political, neutral, effective and efficient bureaucrat. Drummond admitted, "It is not always those who secure public praise to whom thanks are mainly due, and the work unknown to the public which is done behind the scenes is often a large factor in the success which has been obtained".
The ideal was not always upheld, and national preferences were never really abandoned. New under-secretaries-general who were appointed were more often than not of the same nationality, with candidates of smaller powers excluded. Drummond did not practice what he preached, which created small national islands from which the appointed officials conducted national, rather than international, politics.
In 1929, the Assembly decided to make a thorough investigation of the secretariats, the International Labour Organization and the Permanent Court of International Justice. The minority report showed that the political influence in substantive issues by the secretariats and its main officers was enormous and could not be overlooked. However, that was not recognised by Drummond before the 1950s and until then had readily defended the notion of nonpolitical character of international secretariats.
Despite the political character of the international civil service, the Secretariat came to be widely recognised as an instrument of the highest efficiency and the structural framework became a model for future international civil services, such as seen in the United Nations.
Role during crises
During Drummond's secretary-generalship there were several crises that called for his attention. The League of Nations' Council relied on the willingness of its members to use their militaries to apply its collective security mandate during crises. Many of them centred on border disputes from the collapse of empires after the First World War. As the League got involved in such matters throughout the 1920s with members and non-members alike, Drummond was at the centre of the talks and the negotiations. The League was involved in disputes in Latin America, the Baltics and then China. Peter Yearwood argues that although Drummond was an idealist, as were most other people, he also 'made use' of his connections in politics. Drummond was widely regarded as somebody who shied away from the public and political limelight, despite the high-profile nature of his position. He managed to achieve that but was believed to be highly political behind the scenes. He was often forced to appease various nations because he often lacked support from governments.
One example was his dealings with Benito Mussolini's policies in the 1920s towards the Balkans, Africa and the rest of Europe. Drummond was unable to give a public condemnation of Mussolini's policies, as he had the backing of neither Britain nor France and wanted to maintain good relations with Italy. That was one of the many reasons that helped to render him a somewhat impotent leader.
Drummond had to perform his function behind the scenes of the League of Nations. He took great care to maintain world peace, as was hoped during the creation of the League of Nations, but he appeased nations, rather than keeping them in check against international law. Despite the limitations coming from outside the League of Nations, he largely decided how he would run the office within it, since he was very seldom under any kind of supervision. He became regarded as a central hub within the League of Nations for most issues, and would often pick the ones that interested him the most and delegate the lesser issues to his staff. He could thus be regarded as a leader who used the office for his own political interests.
Another factor that partly drove Drummond's ambitions and his way of handling the crises presented before him was his religion. He was a devout Catholic, which had a significant impact in his dealings with the Polish–Lithuanian War early in his career. He strongly urged a plebiscite to which Poland could agree, most Poles being Catholic. Also, Drummond seemed to be pro-active. On the crisis between Russia and Finland over the latter's independence gained after the First World War, Drummond was one of the first to consider a possible solution.
Another important factor of his secretary-generalship was his willingness to step beyond the boundaries given to him in his position. During the crisis over the Chaco War near the end of Drummond's career at the League, he was praised for being a helpful mediator and for doing more than his position allowed.
Mukden Incident
One of the less successful moments for Drummond was one of the most prominent crises of Drummond's career, the Mukden Incident. China allegedly blew up part of a railroad, which Japan then used as an excuse to invade Manchuria. China appealed to the League for measures against Japan.
According to Michael E. Chapman, Drummond's initial response was not that of an imperialistic western leader but that of a bureaucrat. Somewhat limited in his powers, he looked towards the two most powerful Western nations in the region, Britain and the United States, which more or less stated that they were 'too busy' to deal with the crisis at hand.
When the crisis reached its peak, Stimson advised Drummond to "strengthen and support treaty obligations" the Japanese action had caused British discomfort. He was advised to try not to arouse nationalist feelings in Japan. Drummond wanted to be an active player in the crisis but was mostly outplayed by Henry Stimson and Hugh R. Wilson.
Public opinion in Britain
British public opinion was generally favorable toward the League, providing its major basis of popular and financial support. However Conservatives were generally suspicious, especially regarding the danger of naval disarmament to its control of the oceans. David Lloyd George, prime Minister until 1922, believed that the League without the United States was a member was a worthless and probably dangerous organization. He quietly made sure that it dealt with minor items of little importance, and this approach was largely supported by the other powerful member France. (Russia and Germany were not members at first.) The league was heavily a European organization, at a time when most of Asia and Africa was in the control of European powers. The independent nations of the Latin America were all members, but they rarely took leadership roles. Indeed, the Covenant had acknowledged the Monroe doctrine, to the effect that the nations of the Western hemisphere could handle their own affairs without recourse to the League of Nations.
League of Nations Union
In every member nation, organizations were formed to generate public support and publicity for the League of Nations. The most successful support organization worldwide was the League of Nations Union (LNU) in Great Britain.
The LNU was formed by the merger of the League of Free Nations Association in the U.S. and the League of Nations Society in Britain. They were already working for the establishment of a new and transparent system of international relations, human rights, and for world peace through disarmament and universal collective security, rather than traditional approaches such as the balance of power and the creation of power blocs through secret treaties.
The LNU promoted international justice, collective security and a permanent peace between nations based upon the ideals of the League of Nations. By the mid-1920s, it had over a quarter of a million subscribers. By contrast the comparable French organization was one-fourth the size. LNU's paid membership peaked in 1931 at 407,000 in 2,982 local branches, 295 junior clubs, and 3,058 local Protestant church chapters (heavily based in Nonconformist churches). After 1931 membership steadily declined.
By the 1940s, after the disappointments of the international crises of the 1930s and the descent into World War II, membership fell to about 100,000. There was another problem. Pacifists were less and less willing to maintain membership as the LNU in the 1930s more and more proposed economic sanctions and suggested military sanctions against aggressive nations.
Activities
According to B. J. C. McKercher, LNU had considerable success in leading the mainstream of British society to its cause, including labour, the churches and the principal newspapers. LNU was most influential in the Liberal Party, although that party was rapidly losing MPs. It had great strength in the Labour Party, which was growing. It was weakest in the Conservative Party, which dominated politics in the 1930s. Most Conservatives were deeply suspicious of the LNU's support for pacifism and disarmament,. The three main leaders were Gilbert Murray (an Oxford professor), Lord Robert Cecil (who helped Woodrow Wilson design the League of Nations Covenant in 1919), and the general secretary, J. C. Maxwell Garnett.
In terms of impact on the government, Birn argues that it helped push the government to admit Germany to the League in 1926, impose an arms embargo during the Far Eastern crisis of 1933, and to impose sanctions against Italy in 1935. These were exceptional, Birn argues, because these were rare instances wherte the LNU got its way in controversial issues.
Peace Ballot
The most famous operation of the LNU was its organisation of the Peace Ballot of 1935. It asked British adults to decide on questions relating to international disarmament and collective security. The Peace Ballot was a private operation not an official government-sponsored referendum. More than eleven million people participated in it, representing strong support for the aims and objectives of the League of Nations, influencing policy makers and politicians. The results were publicised worldwide. The vote for military action against international aggressors, as a matter of last resort, was almost three-to-one.
Educational programmes
The LNU was highly successful in reaching schools; teachers were eager to join. It provided publications, films, speakers and lesson plans that were endorsed by Local Education Authorities, and the National Union of Teachers. Brian J. Elliott shows the material downplayed simple moralism, criticized narrow nationalism and gave historical studies a broad European perspective.
British role in major panels
Conference of Ambassadors
"The Conference of Ambassadors of the Principal Allied and Associated Powers" was an inter-allied organization of the Allies of World War I following World War I. Formed in Paris in January 1920, it was the successor of the Supreme War Council and was soon incorporated into the League of Nations. It became less active after the Locarno Treaties of 1925 and formally ceased to exist in 1931.
The Conference consisted of ambassadors of the United States Great Britain, Italy, and Japan accredited in Paris and French minister of foreign affairs. The American ambassador attended as an observer because the United States was not an official party to the Treaty of Versailles. French diplomat René Massigli was its secretary-general for its entire existence. It was chaired by French foreign ministers, among them Georges Clemenceau, Raymond Poincaré and Aristide Briand.
The most important British action in the Conference was brokering an agreement in 1923 between Italy and Greece in the Corfu incident. When brigands murdered several Italian diplomats on the Greek island of Corfu, the Mussolini government issued an overnight ultimatum, bombarded the island, and demanded a large cash payment. Britain brokered a settlement that favored the Italians. Most historians consider it a failure that underlined the basic weakness of the League of Nations when dealing with a powerful member. A minority opinion of historians argues that British action was suitable and honourable.
British role in major proposals
Åland Islands dispute of 1920–21
When Finland was part of Russia, it controlled the Åland Islands. In 1920 now that Finland was independent, Sweden called on the principle of self-determination, pointing out the island population was 90% Swedish and wished to join Sweden. The British took the lead in setting terms for negotiations before the League of Nations. It ruled in favour of Finland in 1921.
Admission of Albania and Bulgaria
After extensive debate on the question of admitting Albania and Bulgaria, Lord Cecil proved most convincing, and secured their admission in late 1920.
Admission of Germany
The admission of Germany was much more complicated. Britain under Lloyd George strongly recommended admission, but France was bitterly hostile. The Germans misplayed their diplomacy so badly that the British gave up trying. The 1924 Locarno agreement enabled German admission, but there were further delays caused by a crisis over giving a permanent seat on the Council to Spain or Brazil. Germany was finally admitted in 1926 and given the permanent seat in question. David Carlton argues that Foreign Minister Austen Chamberlain badly mismanaged Britain's role, defied public opinion inside Britain, and made many Europeans hostile to Britain.
Treaty of Mutual Guarantee
disarmament was a high priority for the League but it proved increasingly difficult to come up with a solution. The problem is that if almost everyone was disarmed, the remaining armed power would be very dangerous. In the context of Europe in the 1920s, the fear was that Germany could quickly rearm, threaten the neighbor, and the disarmed members of the League would be helpless to stop it. Lord Cecil (at the time a delegate from South Africa) proposed a solution in 1922 called the Treaty of Mutual Guarantee. Every country that signed, and had reduced its armaments according to the agreed schedule, would be protected. If anyone attacked it, the Treaty would guarantee that the victim would be immediately support by all the other signatories. France and Britain, although quarreling on many other issues, supported the proposal. As the other nations debated the proposal, confusion and difficulty arose – some governments said the proposal went too far, others said it did not go far enough, and few were actually satisfied with it. Latin American states ignored the issue. The report of the Permanent Elements Commission, representing military leaders, said such a treaty would never work. Finally in September 1923 a French draft retitled the "Treaty of Mutual Assistance" was supported by majority, with a large dissenting minority. At the time Italy and Greece were at swords' point, so the proposed treaty was not just a hypothetical solution to imaginary problems. Lord Cecil, now a member of the British government, built up support. The new version would empower the Consul to designate an aggressor, apply economic sanctions, mobilize military forces, and supervise their action. This indeed is what happened in 1950 when the United Nations entered the Korean War, but at this point there was little enthusiasm from any government. The Soviet Union and United States rejected the proposed treaty. Germany was critical. Italy and France gave support. The British dominions were opposed. The death blow came in Geneva on 4 September 1924 when Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald rejected it and called instead for a system of arbitrating disputes.
Geneva Protocol of 1924
A draft treaty was assembled in 1923 that made aggressive war illegal and bound the member states to defend victims of aggression by force. Since the onus of responsibility would, in practice, be on the great powers of the League, it was vetoed by Great Britain, who feared that this pledge would strain its own commitment to police its British Empire.
The "Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes" was a proposal by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and his French counterpart Édouard Herriot. It set up compulsory arbitration of disputes and created a method to determine the aggressor in international conflicts. All legal disputes between nations would be submitted to the World Court. It called for a disarmament conference in 1925. Any government that refused to comply in a dispute would be named an aggressor. Any victim of aggression was to receive immediate assistance from League members.
British Conservatives condemned the proposal for fear that it would lead to conflict with the United States, which also opposed the proposal. The British Dominions strongly opposed it. The Conservatives came to power in Britain and in March 1925 the proposal was shelved and never reintroduced.
Notes
See also
International relations (1919–1939)
Interwar Britain
United Kingdom and United Nations
Further reading
Barros, James. Office Without Power: Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond 1919–1933 (Oxford 1979).
Bendiner, Elmer. A time for angels : the tragicomic history of the League of Nations (1975); well-written popular history. online
Birn, Donald S. The League of Nations Union, 1918-1945 (1981)
Brierly, J. L. and P. A. Reynolds. "The League of Nations" The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. XII, The Shifting Balance of World Forces (2nd ed. 1968) Chapter IX, .
, by the Englishman who helped found the League.
Chaudron, Gerald. New Zealand in the League of Nations: The Beginnings of an Independent Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 (2014)
Chaudron, Gerald. "New Zealand’s international initiation: Sir James Allen at the League of Nations 1920–1926." Political Science 64.1 (2012): 62-80 online.
Clavin, Patricia. Securing the world economy: the reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920–1946 (Oxford UP, 2013).
Clavin, Patricia. "The Ben Pimlott Memorial Lecture 2019—Britain and the Making of Global Order after 1919." Twentieth Century British History 31.3 (2020): 340-359.
Dykmann, Klaas. "How International was the Secretariat of the League of Nations?." International History Review 37#4 (2015): 721–744.
Egerton, George W. Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations: Strategy, Politics, and International Organization, 1914–1919 (U of North Carolina Press, 1978).
Farmer, Alan. British Foreign and Imperial Affairs 1919–39 (2000)
Feiling, Keith. The Life of Neville Chamberlain (1947) online
Gill, George. The League of Nations : from 1929 to 1946 (1996) online
Ginneken, Anique H.M. van. Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations (2006) excerpt and text search
Gram-Skjoldager, Karen, and Haakon A. Ikonomou. "Making Sense of the League of Nations Secretariat–Historiographical and Conceptual Reflections on Early International Public Administration." European History Quarterly 49.3 (2019): 420–444.
Grant, Kevin. "The British empire, international government, and human rights." History Compass 11.8 (2013): 573-583
Henig, Ruth. The Peace that Never was: A History of the League of Nations (Haus Publishing, 2019), a standard scholarly history.
Holmila, Antero, and Pasi Ihalainen. "Nationalism and internationalism reconciled: British concepts for a new world order during and after the World Wars." Contributions to the History of Concepts 13.2 (2018): 25-53 online.
Housden, Martyn. The League of Nations and the organisation of peace (2012) online
Ikonomou, Haakon, Karen Gram-Skjoldager, eds. The League of Nations: Perspectives from the Present (Aarhus University Press, 2019). online review
Johnson, Gaynor. Lord Robert Cecil: Politician and Internationalist (London, 2013) excerpt
Joyce, James Avery. Broken star : the story of the League of Nations (1919-1939) (1978) online
Kaiga, Sakiko. Britain and the Intellectual Origins of the League of Nations, 1914–1919 (Cambridge University Press, 2021).
Kaiga, Sakiko. "The Use of Force to Prevent War? The Bryce Group's “Proposals for the Avoidance of War,” 1914–15." Journal of British Studies 57.2 (2018): 308-332. online
Kahlert, Torsten. "Pioneers in international administration: a prosopography of the directors of the League of nations secretariat." New Global Studies 13.2 (2019): 190–227.
Lloyd, Lorna. "'On the side of justice and peace': Canada on the League of Nations Council 1927–1930." Diplomacy & Statecraft 24#2 (2013): 171–191.
McCarthy, Helen. The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, citizenship and internationalism, c. 1918–45 (Oxford UP, 2011). online review
Macfadyen, David, et al. eds. Eric Drummond and his Legacies: The League of Nations and the Beginnings of Global Governance (2019) excerpt
Medlicott, W. N. British foreign policy since Versailles, 1919–1963 (1968). pp 46-80, 359 online
Mowat, Charles Loch. Britain Between the Wars, 1918–1940 (1955), 690pp; thorough scholarly coverage; emphasis on politics; also online free to borrow
Myers, Denys P. Handbook of the League of Nations : a comprehensive account of its structure, operation and activities (1935) online.
Northedge, F. S. The troubled giant: Britain among the great powers, 1916–1939 (1966), 657pp online
Northedge, F.S The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946 (Holmes & Meier, 1986).
Ostrower, Gary B. The League of Nations: From 1919 to 1929 (1996) online, brief survey
Pedersen, Susan. The guardians : the League of Nations and the crisis of empire (2015) online; in-depth scholarly history of the mandate system.
Reynolds, David. Britannia Overruled: British Policy and World Power in the Twentieth Century (2nd ed. 2000) excerpt and text search, major survey of British foreign policy to 1999
Steiner, Zara. The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919-1933 (Oxford University Press, 2005).
Steiner, Zara. The triumph of the dark: European international history 1933-1939 (Oxford University Press, 2011).
Swart, William J. "The League of Nations and the Irish Question." Sociological Quarterly 36.3 (1995): 465–481.
Taylor, A. J. P. English History, 1914–1945 (Oxford History of England) (1965) excerpt and text search, Witty and scholarly survey; online free to borrow
Temperley, A.C. The Whispering Gallery Of Europe (1938), highly influential account of League esp disarmament conference of 1932–34. online
Thorne, Christopher G. The limits of foreign policy; the West, the League, and the Far Eastern crisis of 1931-1933 (1972) online
online free; the standard scholarly history
Webster, Andrew. Strange Allies: Britain, France and the Dilemmas of Disarmament and Security, 1929-1933 (Routledge, 2019).
Wilson, Peter. "Gilbert Murray and International Relations: Hellenism, liberalism, and international intellectual cooperation as a path to peace." Review of International Studies 37.2 (2011): 881-909. online
Winkler, Henry R. Paths Not Taken: British Labour & International Policy in the 1920s (1994) online
Winkler, Henry R. "The Development of the League of Nations Idea in Great Britain, 1914-1919." Journal of Modern History 20.2 (1948): 95-112 online
Yearwood, Peter J. Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925 (Oxford UP, 2009).
Yearwood, Peter. "‘On the Safe and Right Lines’: The Lloyd George Government and the Origins of the League of Nations, 1916–1918." Historical Journal 32.1 (1989): 131-155.
Yearwood, Peter J. "'Consistently with Honour'; Great Britain, the League of Nations and the Corfu Crisis of 1923." Journal of Contemporary History 21.4 (1986): 559-579.
Yearwood, Peter J. "‘Real securities against new wars’: Official British thinking and the origins of the League of Nations, 1914–19." Diplomacy and Statecraft 9.3 (1998): 83-109.
Yearwood, Peter. "“A Genuine and Energetic League of Nations Policy”: Lord Curzon and the New Diplomacy, 1918–1925." Diplomacy & Statecraft 21.2 (2010): 159-174.
Historiography and memory
Elliott, Brian J. "The League of Nations Union and history teaching in England: a study in benevolent bias." History of Education 6.2 (1977): 131-141.
Gram-Skjoldager, Karen, and Haakon A. Ikonomou. "Making Sense of the League of Nations Secretariat–Historiographical and Conceptual Reflections on Early International Public Administration." European History Quarterly 49.3 (2019): 420–444.
Jackson, Simon. "From Beirut to Berlin (via Geneva): The New International History, Middle East Studies and the League of Nations." Contemporary European History 27.4 (2018): 708–726. online
Pedersen, Susan "Back to the League of Nations." American Historical Review 112.4 (2007): 1091–1117. in JSTOR
Petruccelli, David. "The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism: The Legacies of the League of Nations Reconsidered." Journal of World History 31.1 (2020): 111-136 excerpt.
Primary sources
League of Nations. Staff of the Secretariat: report presented by the British representative, Mr. A.J. Balfour, and adopted by the Council of the League of Nations, meeting in Rome, on 19th May, 1920 (1920) online
Medlicott, W. N. et al. eds. Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 (HMSO, 1946), primary sources; many volumes online
Wells, H.G. "British nationalism and the league of nations" (1918) online
Wiener, Joel H. ed. Great Britain: foreign policy and the span of empire, 1689-1971; a documentary history (vol 4 1972) online
League of Nations
History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom |
Pomaderris delicata, commonly known as delicate pomaderris, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rhamnaceae and is endemic to a restricted area of New South Wales. It is a shrub with hairy young stems, elliptic leaves, and clusters of golden-yellow flowers.
Description
Pomaderris delicata is a shrub that typically grows to a height of , its young stems densely covered with greyish-yellow, star-shaped hairs. The leaves are elliptic, long and wide on a petiole long with triangular stipules long at the base but that fall off as the leaf develops. The upper surface of the leaves is glabrous and the lower surface densely covered with star-shaped hairs. The flowers are golden-yellow and hairy, borne in pyramid-shaped clusters or twenty to more than fifty, the clusters long on the ends of branchlets. The floral cup is in diameter, the sepals long and the petals long. Flowering occurs in October and the fruit is long.
Taxonomy
Pomaderris delicata was first formally described in 1997 by Neville Grant Walsh and Fiona Coates and the description was published in the journal Muelleria from specimens collected by Walsh near Goulburn in 1995. The specific epithet (delicata) refers to the "dainty appearance of the plant".
Distribution and habitat
Delicate pomaderris grows in moist forest in sheltered places near streams between Nerrigundah and Brogo in south-eastern New South Wales.
Conservation status
Pomaderris delicata is listed as "critically endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and the New South Wales Government Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. The main threats to the species include road and infrastructure works, and its small population size.
References
delicata
Flora of New South Wales
Plants described in 1997 |
Leigh Robert Hochberg is an American neurologist, neuroscientist, and neuroengineer. He is the Director of the Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery at Massachusetts General Hospital and Professor of Engineering at Brown University. He is also affiliated with the VA RR&D Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology. Hochberg is known with his involvement in BrainGate and brain-computer interface research more broadly. In 2021, he lead a clinical trial demonstrating the first high-bandwidth wireless human brain-computer interface.
Hochberg earned his Bachelor of Science in neuroscience from Brown University in 1990. He completed his MD and Ph.D. at Emory University in 1999.
Awards and fellowships
Society for Neuroscience, Member
American Academy of Neurology, Fellow
American Neurological Association, Fellow
References
External links
Neurotree: Leigh Hochberg
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Brown University alumni
Emory University alumni
Emory University School of Medicine alumni
Brown University faculty
American neuroscientists
American neurologists |
Muharrem Shabani (born 1949) is a politician in Kosovo. He was a member of the Assembly of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo in 1989-90 and served as deputy speaker. In 1990, he was prominent among a group of Albanian delegates that supported Kosovo becoming a republic within Yugoslavia, and he played a key role in establishing a parallel assembly when the official parliament was shut down in July 1990. Shabani later served as the mayor of Vushtrri after the 1998-99 Kosovo War.
Early life and career
Shabani was born in Vučitrn (Albanian: Vushtrri) in what was then the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija in the People's Republic of Serbia, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He graduated from the University of Pristina Faculty of Law and was president of the municipal court in Vushtrri in the 1980s.
Politician
Shabani became an appointed member of the Kosovo assembly in June 1989, shortly after Serbia introduced a new constitution that restricted the province's autonomy. He served as deputy speaker. The following year, Albanian representatives in the assembly planned to introduce a motion to declare Kosovo as having the status of a republic within Yugoslavia. When the assembly was pre-emptively shut down, 114 Albanian delegates met separately to establish a parallel institution and declare Kosovo a republic. Shabani read the declaration of Kosovo's republic status; he later recounted that concerns were raised about the possibility of sniper fire from surrounding buildings. Because of worsening political conditions, he left Kosovo and lived in exile for most of the 1990s.
Mayor of Vushtrri and after
Shabani became politically active again in Vushtrri as a member of the Democratic League of Kosovo (Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës, LDK) following the Kosovo War. He appeared in the seventh position on the party's electoral list in the 2000 Kosovan local elections and received a mandate in the municipal assembly when the list won twenty out of thirty-one mandates. He became mayor in late 2001 and was confirmed in office after the LDK won another local majority victory in the 2002 local elections.
In 2004, Shabani promised representatives of the Vushtrri's Serb community that his government would reconstruct homes and religious sites destroyed in the 2004 unrest in Kosovo as soon as possible.
The LDK experienced a number of splits after the death of its founder Ibrahim Rugova in 2006; Shabani was among those who left the party. Kosovo introduced the direct election of mayors in the 2007 local elections, and Shabani sought re-election as the leader of his own "Democratic Union" group. He was defeated in the second round of voting by Bajram Mulaku of the Democratic Party of Kosovo (Partia Demokratike e Kosovës, PDK). He later joined the Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (Aleanca për Ardhmërinë e Kosovës, AAK) and ran for mayor under its banner in the 2009 local elections. He was again defeated by Mulaku in the second round.
Shabani appeared on the AAK's list for the Assembly of Kosovo in the 2010 parliamentary election but was not elected. In the 2013 local elections, he ran for mayor of Vushtrri with a dual endorsement from the AAK and the Democratic League of Dardania (Lidhja Demokratike e Dardanisë, LDD). Once again, he was defeated by Mulaku in the second round.
Shortly before the 2014 Kosovan parliamentary election, Shabani unexpectedly joined the PDK. He appeared in the seventieth position on the party's coalition list and was not elected as the list won thirty-seven seats. He was later a spokesperson for Kosovo's finance ministry.
Electoral record
Local
Notes
References
1949 births
Living people
Kosovo Albanians
People from Vučitrn
Members of the Assembly of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo
Members of the Assembly of Kosovo (1990s parallel institution)
Mayors of places in Serbia
Mayors of places in Kosovo
Democratic League of Kosovo politicians
Alliance for the Future of Kosovo politicians
Democratic Party of Kosovo politicians |
The shortlists for the 2021 CONCACAF Awards were announced on 4 February 2022.
Men's football awards
Player of the Year
Women's football awards
Player of the Year
References
CONCACAF Awards
Awards
CONCACAF |
Ha Fa Shan () is a village in Tsuen Wan District, Hong Kong.
Access
Ha Fa Shan is located along the Yuen Tsuen Ancient Trail.
External links
Delineation of area of existing village Ha Fa Shan (Tsuen Wan) for election of resident representative (2019 to 2022)
Villages in Hong Kong
Tsuen Wan District |
Héctor is a 2004 Spanish family drama film directed by Gracia Querejeta starring Nilo Mur as the title character and Adriana Ozores. The film won the Best Picture Award at the Málaga Film Festival and scooped four nominations to the 19th Goya Awards.
Plot
Set in Madrid, the plot tracks the vicissitudes of the adaptation of a 16-year-old teenager (Héctor) to a new home and living with his aunt and uncle (Tere and Juan) in the wake of the death of her mother due to an accident, as well as coping with loss and the arrival of his father Martín (unacquainted with Héctor) from Mexico.
Cast
Production
The screenplay was penned by Gracia Querejeta and . worked as cinematographer whereas took over editing. Produced by Elías Querejeta PC, DeAPlaneta and Ensueño Films, it had the participation of Canal+, Antena 3, TeleMadrid, Canal Sur, TVC, TVG, TVV, TV Canaria, Castilla-La Mancha Televisión. The film was shot in Madrid and its surroundings. Shooting wrapped by April 2003.
Release
The film was presented at the Málaga Spanish Film Festival (FMCE) in April 2004. Distributed by Warner Sogefilms, Héctor was theatrically released in Spain on 7 May 2004.
Reception
Jonathan Holland of Variety deemed the film to be "a wonderfully observed, intense family drama in which virtually every scene pulsates with warmth, compassion and intelligence".
Mirito Torreiro of Fotogramas rated the film with 3 out of 5 stars, praising the Querejeta's search for new territories while considering the "hieratic" register Mur was required to play as a negative point.
Accolades
|-
| align = "center" rowspan = "2" | 2004 || rowspan = "2" | 7th Málaga Spanish Film Festival || colspan = "2" | Golden Biznaga for Best Film || || rowspan = "2" |
|-
| Silver Biznaga for Best Actress || Adriana Ozores ||
|-
| align = "center" rowspan = "13" | 2005 || rowspan = "9" | 60th CEC Medals || colspan = "2" | Best Film || || rowspan = "9" |
|-
| Best Director || Gracia Querejeta ||
|-
| Best Actress || Adriana Ozores ||
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || Pepo Oliva ||
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || Nuria Gago ||
|-
| Best Original Screenplay || David Planell, Gracia Querejeta ||
|-
| Best Editing || Nacho Ruiz Capillas ||
|-
| Best Music || Ángel Illarramendi ||
|-
| Best Newcomer || Nilo Mur ||
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 19th Goya Awards || Best Supporting Actor || Unax Ugalde || || rowspan = "4" |
|-
| Best New Actress || Nuria Gago ||
|-
| Best New Actor || Nilo Mur ||
|-
| Best Original Score || Ángel Illarramendi ||
|}
See also
List of Spanish films of 2004
References
2000s Spanish-language films
Films shot in Madrid
Films set in Madrid
2004 drama films
Spanish drama films
2000s coming-of-age drama films
Spanish coming-of-age drama films
Films directed by Gracia Querejeta |
Nadine Marsh-Edwards (born 1960 or 1963) is an English film producer. She has been described as "a pivotal force in developing a black British cinema".
Life
Marsh-Edwards graduated from Goldsmiths College before cofounding the Sankofa Film and Video Collective with Isaac Julien, Maureen Blackwood, Martina Attille and Robert Crusz in 1983. She produced films made by several others in the collective before moving to a more commercial success with Gurinder Chadha's 1994 film Bhaji on the Beach.
In 2010 Marsh-Edwards founded the production company Greenacre Films with Amanda Jenks. It became a division of Wall to Wall Media in 2012. In 2015 Ealing Studios acquired a stake. The company produced the 2018 Netflix original film Been So Long. In 2019 they announced a first-look TV deal with Banijay. They also announced work on TV adaptations of two novels by Indian writer Thrity Umrigar, The Space Between Us and its sequel The Secrets Between Us, as well as work with screenwriter Misan Sagay on Battersea Rise, an aspirational period thriller series focusing on a Victorian-era black family. In 2020 they were announced as producers of Unsaid Stories, a four-part series of short dramas examining racial inequality for ITV. In 2021 Greenacre entered into a partnership to help produce a biopic by Frances-Anne Solomon about the life of Claudia Jones. In 2021 a collaboration was announced between Greenacre Films and Akala, for a BBC3 documentary based on Akala's book Natives: Race and Class in the Ruins of Empire.
In 2018 Marsh-Edwards accused the London nightclub Drama of charging black women twice as much as white women, tweeting "They need to be reminded that it's London 2018 not Mississippi 1962". Her allegations prmpted other accusation of racism at the nightclub, and were investigated by Westminster Council. ITV also commissioned Greenacre to produce a six-part drama, Riches, written by Abby Ajayi.
Filmography
(as director) A Women's Place, 1983.
(as assistant editor) Majdhar, dir. by Ahmed Alauddin Jamal, 1984.
(as editor) Territories, dir. by Isaac Julien, 1986.
(as production manager and editor)The Passion of Remembrance, dir. by Isaac Julien, 1986.
(as producer) Perfect Image?, dir. by Maureen Blackwood, 1988
(as production manager) Dreaming Rivers, dir by Martina Attille, 1988
(as producer and casting) Looking for Langston, dir. by Isaac Julien, 1989
(as producer) A Nice Arrangement, dir. by Gurinder Chadha, 1991
(as producer) Young Soul Rebels, dir. by Isaac Julien, 1992
(as producer) A Family Called Abrew, dir. by Maureen Blackwood, 1992
(as executive producer) Flight of the Swan, dir. by Ngozi Onwurah, 1992
(as executive producer) Home away from Home, dir. by Maureen Blackwood, 1993
(as producer) The Posse – Armed and Dangerous, dir. by Liddy Oldroyd, 1993
(as producer) Bhaji on the Beach, dir. by Gurinder Chadha, 1994.
(as executive producer) Fathers, Sons, and Unholy Ghosts, dir. by Danny Thompson, 1994
(as a partner in Xencat Productions) Jump the Gun, dir. by Les Blair, 1997.
(as executive producer) Lucky Day, dir. by Brian Tilley, 1999
(As executive producer) Husk, dir. by Jeremy Handler, 1999
(as executive producer) Portrait of a Young Man Drowning, dir. by Teboho Mahlatsi, 1999.
(as co-producer) Hijack Stories, dir. by Oliver Schmitz, 2000
(as executive producer) Nasty Neighbours, dir. by Debbie Isett, 2001
(as development executive) An Englishman in New York, dir. by Richard Laxton, 2009
(as producer) Been So Long, dir. by Tinge Krishnan, 2018.
References
External links
1960 births
Living people
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
English film producers |
Félix Auger-Aliassime defeated Stefanos Tsitsipas in the final, 6–4, 6–2 to win the singles title at the 2022 Rotterdam Open. It was his maiden ATP Tour title, following eight runner-up finishes in prior finals. Tsitsipas fell to 0–8 in ATP Tour 500 finals.
Andrey Rublev was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Auger-Aliassime. Rublev reached his 11th consecutive quarterfinal at an ATP 500 tournament.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
Qualifying
Seeds
Qualifiers
Lucky loser
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
References
External links
Main draw
Qualifying draw
2022 ATP Tour
Rotterdam Open |
Jesús "Chus" Ruiz Suárez (born 20 January 1997) is a Spanish footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for AD Alcorcón.
Club career
Born in Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Ruiz joined RCD Espanyol's youth setup in 2014, from UE Cornellà. On 25 June 2016, after finishing his formation, he returned to his previous club and was assigned to the main squad in Segunda División B.
Ruiz made his senior debut on . The following 7 August, after being mainly used as a backup, he moved to Tercera División side UD Ibiza.
On 28 July 2018, after achieving promotion to the third level but again as a backup, Ruiz was loaned to SD Tarazona in the fourth division, for one year. He returned to Ibiza after being an undisputed starter for the club, and was transferred to RCD Mallorca on 18 July 2019; he was initially assigned to the reserves also in the fourth tier.
On 31 August 2020, Ruiz returned to Tarazona, with the club now in the third division, but left on 18 September to join AD Alcorcón, being initially a third-choice option behind Dani Jiménez and Samu Casado.
Ruiz remained a third-choice behind Jiménez and José Aurelio Suárez for the 2021–22 campaign, but on 4 February 2022, after Jiménez left for CD Leganés and Suárez moved to Tokushima Vortis, he made his professional debut by starting in a 1–3 away loss against Burgos CF in the Segunda División.
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
People from Baix Llobregat
Spanish footballers
Footballers from Catalonia
Association football goalkeepers
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
UE Cornellà players
UD Ibiza players
SD Tarazona footballers
RCD Mallorca B players
AD Alcorcón footballers |
Connecticut Scenic Byways are scenic byways that have been officially designated by the State of Connecticut in the state. The law creating scenic byways by the state came into effect in 1989.
Connecticut Scenic Byways
References
External links
State map of Scenic Byways
Scenic Byways
Connecticut |
Luitpold (also known as Liutpold, Liupold, Luipold; died 7 December 1059) was archbishop of Mainz from 1051 to 1059.
Luitpold was born no later than 990. It is not known for sure what his background was; he owned property in the Bamberg area and may have been of Babenberg descent. After being educated in Fulda, he served as provost of Bamberg from 1021 until Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor made him archbishop of Mainz and Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire after the death of Bardo. In Mainz, Luitpold founded the Benedictine abbey . When Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor was crowned at Aachen by Herman II, the archbishop of Cologne, Luitpold protested, claiming the right to crown as an exclusive for the archbishops of Mainz.
Luitpold died on 7 December 1059 and was buried in St Jacob Abbey.
Notes
Sources
1059 deaths
Archbishops of Mainz |
Lichexanthone is an organic compound in the structural class of chemicals known as xanthones. Lichexanthone was first isolated and identified by Japanese chemists from a species of leafy lichen in the 1940s. The compound is known to occur in many lichens, and it is important of the taxonomy of species in several genera, such as Pertusaria and Pyxine. More than a dozen lichen species have a variation of the word lichexanthone incorporated as part of their binomial name. The presence of lichexanthone in lichens causes them to fluoresce a greenish-yellow colour when shone with a long-wavelength UV light; this feature is used to help identify some species. Lichexanthone is also found in several plants (many are from the families Annonaceae and Rutaceae), and some species of fungi that do not form lichens.
In lichens, the biosynthesis of lichexanthone occurs through a set of enzymatic reactions that start with the molecule acetyl-CoA and sequentially add successive units, forming a longer chain that is cyclized into a double-ring structure. Although it has been suggested that lichexanthone functions in nature as a photoprotectant—protecting resident algal populations (photobionts) in lichens from high-intensity solar radiation—its complete ecological function is not fully understood. Some biological activities of lichexanthone that have been demonstrated in the laboratory include antibacterial, larvicidal, and sperm motility-enhancing activities. Many lichexanthone derivatives are known, some produced naturally in lichens, and others created synthetically; like lichexanthone, some of these derivatives also have biological activities.
History
Lichexanthone was first reported by Japanese chemists Yasuhiko Asahina and Hisasi Nogami in 1942. They isolated the chemical from Parmelia formosana (known today as Hypotrachyna osseoalba), a lichen that is widespread in Asia. Another early publication described its isolation from Parmelia quercina (now Parmelina quercina). Lichexanthone was the first xanthone to be reported from lichens, and it was given its name by Asahina and Nogami for this reason.
Asahina and Nogami used a chemical method called potash fusion (decomposition with a hot solution of the strong base potassium hydroxide) on lichexanthone to produce orcinol. The earliest syntheses of lichexanthone used orsellinic aldehyde and phloroglucinol as starting reactants in the Tanase method. This method, one of six standard ways of synthesising xanthone derivatives, enables the creation of partially methylated polyhydroxyxanthones. In the reaction, the two starting reactants, in the presence of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid, produce a fluorone derivative that is subsequently reduced to give a xanthene derivative, which, after subsequent methylation and oxidation, lead to a xanthone with three methoxy groups. Afterwards, one of the methoxy groups is demethylated to yield lichexanthone. A simpler synthesis, starting from everninic acid (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid) and phloroglucinol, was proposed in 1956. These early syntheses also functioned to helped confirm the structure of lichexanthone before spectral methods of analysis were widely available. In 1977, Harris and Hay proposed a biogenetically modelled synthesis of lichexanthone starting from the polycarbonyl compound 3,5,7,9,11,13-hexaoxotetradecanoic acid. In this synthesis, an aldol cyclization between positions 8 and 13 followed by a Claisen cyclization between positions 1 and 6 leads to the formation of a group of compounds that includes lichexanthone.
Properties
Lichexanthone is a member of the class of chemical compounds called xanthones. Specifically, it is a 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1, a methyl group at position 8 and methoxy groups at positions 3 and 6. Its chemical formula is 1-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-8-methylxanthen-9-one. Lichexanthone has a molecular formula of C16H14O5, and a molecular mass of 286.27 grams per mole. In its purified crystalline form, it exists as long yellow prisms with a melting point of . An ethanolic solution of lichexanthone reacts with iron(III) chloride to produce a purple colour; an acetic acid solution containing lichexanthone will emit a greenish fluorescence after adding a drop of concentrated sulfuric acid. The presence of the compound in lichens causes them to fluoresce yellow under long wavelength UV light, a property that is used as a tool in lichen species identification.
The mass spectra of lichexanthone was reported in 1968. A 2009 study on the electrochemical reduction of the compound used techniques such as cyclic voltammetry with rotating disc and rotating ring electrodes, and controlled-potential electrolysis to characterise the reduction mechanism of lichexanthone, and to better understand the nature of its chemical reactivity. The complete proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectral assignments for lichexanthone were reported in 2010, as well as its crystal structure using X-ray diffraction. Its structure is part of the monoclinic crystal system, in the space group called P21/c.
Biological activities
Various biological activities of lichexanthone, studied using in vitro experiments, have been recorded in the scientific literature. The antimicrobial activity of the bark-dwelling lichen Marcelaria benguelensis is largely attributed to the presence of lichexanthone. Chemically unmodified lichexanthone has weak antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. aurum. However, a dihydropyrane derivative of lichexanthone had antimycobacterial activity that was comparable to that of drugs commonly used to treat tuberculosis. Lichexanthone has a strong antibacterial effect towards Bacillus subtilis, and also inhibits the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, no antiparasitic activity was detected against either Plasmodium falciparum or Trypanosoma brucei. Nor did it have any cytotoxic activity against a variety of cancer cell lines.
In laboratory tests, the presence of lichexanthone enhances the motility of human sperm. This bioactivity is relevant to the field of medicinal chemistry, as there are only a few compounds known to have this effect. The chemical also has larvicidal activity against second-instar larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, a vector of the Dengue virus.
Biosynthesis
In lichens, biosynthesis of lichexanthone occurs through the acetate-malonate metabolic pathway, which uses acetyl coenzyme A as a precursor. In this pathway, polyketides are created by the sequential reactions of a variety of polyketide synthases. These enzymes control a number of enzymatic reactions through several coordinated active sites on a large multienzyme protein complex. The structure of lichen xanthones is derived by linear condensation of seven acetate and malonate units with one orsellinic acid-type cyclisation. The two rings are joined by a ketonic carbon and by an ether-oxygen arising from cyclodehydration (i.e., a dehydration reaction leading to the formation of a cyclic compound). The exact mechanism is not known, but this ring closure might proceed through a benzophenone intermediate that could dehydrate to yield the central pyrone core of lichexanthone.
In 1993 a standardized high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was described to identify many lichen-derived substances, including 55 xanthones; the work showed that many xanthone isomers had different retention times and that this technique could be used to identify complex mixtures of structurally similar derivatives. The technique was later refined to couple the HPLC output with a photodiode array detector to screen for xanthones based on their specific ultraviolet–visible spectra. In this way, lichexanthone can be detected by comparing its relative retention time, retention time, and checking for the presence of three peaks representing wavelengths of maximum absorption (λmax) at 208, 242, and 310 nm.
Occurrence
Although first isolated from foliose (leafy) Parmelia species, lichexanthone has since been found in a wide variety of lichens. For example, in the foliose genus Hypotrachyna, it is found in about a dozen species; when present, it usually completely replaces other cortical substances common in that genus, like atranorin and usnic acid. The presence or absence of lichexanthone is a character used in classifying species of the predominantly tropical genus Pyxine; of about 70 species in the genus, 20 contain lichexanthone. This represents the largest group of foliose lichens with the compound, as it is generally restricted to some groups of tropical crustose lichens, chiefly pyrenocarps and Graphidaceae. The large genus Pertusaria relies heavily on thallus chemistry to distinguish and classify species, some of which differ only in the presence or absence of a single secondary chemical. Lichexanthone, norlichexanthone, and their chlorinated derivatives are common in this genus.
Although normally considered a secondary metabolite of lichens, lichexanthone has also been isolated from several plants, listed here organized by family:
Annonaceae: Annona muricata, Guatteria blepharophylla, Rollinia leptopetala
Clusiaceae: Garcinia forbesii
Euphorbiaceae: Croton cuneatus
Gentianaceae: Anthocleista djalonensis
Hypericaceae: Vismia baccifera var. dealbata
Meliaceae: Trichilia rubescens
Melastomataceae: Henriettella fascicularis
Olacaceae: Minquartia guianensis
Polygonaceae: Ruprechtia tangarana
Rutaceae: Clausena excavata, Feroniella lucida, Zanthoxylum microcarpum, Z. valens, Z. setulosum, Z. tetraspermum
Sapindaceae: Cupania cinerea
Lichexanthone has also been reported to occur in the bark of Faramea cyanea, although in that case it was suspected to have originated from a lichen growing on the bark. Additionally, two non-lichenised fungus species, Penicillium persicinum and Penicillium vulpinum, can synthesize lichexanthone.
Xanthones are known to have strong UV-absorbing properties. In experiments using laboratory-grown mycobionts from the lichen Haematomma fluorescens, the synthesis of lichexanthone was induced when young mycelia was exposed to long wavelength UV light (365 nm) for three to four hours every week over a time span of three to four months. In the natural lichen, the compound is present in both the outer cortical layer of thallus and in the exciple (rim) of the ascomata. It has been suggested that lichexanthone may function as a light filter to protect the UV-sensitive algal layer in lichens from high intensity solar radiation. The presence of the photoprotective chemical in the cortex may allow them to survive in otherwise inhospitable habitats, like on exposed trees in tropical areas or high mountains. It has been pointed out, however, that lichexanthone is also found in lichens living in less stressed environments, and from species that are in families where cortical substances are rare. In some instances, similar or related species exist that lack cortical substances entirely, suggesting that the actual ecological function of lichexanthone is not fully understood.
Related compounds
Norlichexanthone (1,3,6-trihydroxy-8-methylxanthone) differs from lichexanthone in having hydroxy rather than methoxy groups at positions 3 and 6. In (1,6-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-8-methylxanthen-9-one), the methoxy at position 6 of lichexanthone is replaced with a hydroxy. Dozens of chlorinated lichexanthone derivatives have been reported, some isolated from a variety of lichen species, and some produced synthetically. These derivatives are variously mono-, bi-, or trichlorinated with the chlorines at positions 2, 4, 5, and 7. As of 2016, 62 molecules with the lichexanthone scaffold had been described, and another eight additional lichexanthone derivatives were considered "putative"–thought to exist in nature, but not yet discovered in lichens.
The effects of chlorine substituents on some structural and electronic properties of lichexanthones have been studied with quantum mechanical theory, to better understand things such as intramolecular interactions, aromaticity of the three rings, interactions between ionic and halogen bonds, and binding energies of complexes formed between lichexanthone, magnesium ion (Mg+2) and NH3. A series of lichexanthone derivatives were synthesized and assessed for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These derivatives consisted of ω-bromo and ω-aminoalkoxylxanthones; lichexanthone and several derivatives were found to have weak antimycobacterial activity. This chemometrics approach was useful to correlate structural and chemical features with antimycobacterial activity among the group of ω-aminoalkoxylxanthones.
Eponyms
Some authors have explicitly named lichexanthone in the specific epithets of their published lichen species, thereby acknowledging the presence of this compound as an important taxonomic characteristic. These eponyms are listed here, followed by their author citation and year of publication. All of these species occur in Brazil:
Parmotrema lichexanthonicum
Lecanora lichexanthona
Crypthonia lichexanthonica
Cryptothecia lichexanthonica
Buellia lichexanthonica
Chiodecton lichexanthonicum
Enterographa lichexanthonica
Cladonia lichexanthonica
Pertusaria lichexanthofarinosa
Pertusaria lichexanthoimmersa
Pertusaria lichexanthoverrucosa
Caprettia lichexanthotricha
Lecanora lichexanthoxylina
Lepra lichexanthonorstictica – named for both lichexanthone and norstictic acid
In the case of Crypthonia, Chiodecton, Cladonia, and Caprettia, the listed species are the only members of those genera that contain lichexanthone.
References
Xanthones
Methoxy compounds
Lichenology |
Rexford Quartey was a Ghanaian writer and poet. He served as the president of the Ghana Association of Writers, and also the public relations officer of the SIC Insurance Company.
Early life and education
Quartey was born on 6 May 1944 in Accra. He studied at the Accra Academy from 1959 to 1963, and proceeded to the University of Cape Coast (then the University College of Cape Coast), where he studied Mathematics, Physics and Education from 1966 to 1968. While at the university, he was the president of the university's Students' Christian Union in 1967.
Career
While at the university, Quartey was a founding member of the Writers' Club. Following his studies at the University College of Cape Coast, Quartey was attached to the Ministry of Health as a publisher from 1968 to 1969. In 1969, he joined the Benefits section of the Social Security Administration compiling statistics. He remained in this capacity until 1972 when he was attached to the life department of the SIC Insurance Company (then State Insurance Corporation).
He was once the Organising Secretary, later Treasurer, and later President of the National Association of Writers. He was also the regional Organiser of the Writers and Poets Association, Greater Accra.
His poems were published in the Tear-Gas magazine, and the local weekly Radio and TV Times. Some of his works were also broadcast over Radio Ghana External Services. Some of his works have also featured in the African Voices, Our Souls Harvest, Ancestral Desires (Collection of Poems), The Midnight Ordeal (play), and Son of the Sea-God (stories).
Aside writing, he was an insurer. He was the Secretary of the SIC local union in 1974, and later, the public relations officer of the company. He served as the Executive Secretary and Chief Administrator of the Ghana Association of Writers until 2010. He was also the Ghana Association of Writers representative at the National Media Commission, and a founding member and board member of CopyGhana; a body that advocated for the rights of publishers in Ghana.
Honours
He was the recipient of the 1st prize for African Studies, in the All Africa competition at the University of California in 1970.
Personal life
Quartey married Mavis Quenu in 1976. As at 1979, they had a daughter. He died on 29 November 2015, and was buried on 27 February 2016.
His hobbies included; playing tennis, listening to classical and modern music, and writing.
References
1944 births
2016 deaths
Ghanaian male poets
Alumni of the Accra Academy
University of Cape Coast alumni
20th-century Ghanaian poets
20th-century male writers |
Due to open in 2023, the Co-op Live Arena in East Manchester will become the biggest indoor arena in the United Kingdom. It will be larger than the existing (and currently largest) Manchester Arena which is under 2 miles away.
It plans to host live music, sports and entertainment events with a total capacity for 23,500 people.
Developers are planning to include up to 32 bars, a number of restaurants and clubs as part of the complex.
The scheme is being developed by Oak View Group in partnership with The Co-operative Group.
References
External links
Indoor arenas in England
Sports venues in Manchester
Proposed indoor arenas
Proposed sports venues in the United Kingdom |
Fiallo v. Bell, 430 U.S. 787 (1977), was a U.S. Supreme Court case that challenged the constitutionality of Sections 101(b)(1)(D) and 101(b)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952. The Sections gave immigration preference to children or parents of either existing U.S. citizens or of noncitizens residing under lawful permanent resident status. But, as the Court wrote, the statute defined “child” narrowly: “an unmarried person under 21 years of age who is a legitimate or legitimated child, a stepchild, an adopted child, or an illegitimate child seeking preference by virtue of his relationship with his mother”.
The appellants, three sets of unmarried biological fathers, contended that the law was discriminatory to the relationship between natural fathers and their illegitimate child and claimed equal protection and due process violations.
The Supreme Court rejected the appellants’ claims and upheld the Sections, citing Congress' “exceptionally broad power” to admit or exclude non-citizens and acknowledging the intentional political choice of Congress to exclude a select group. As put by Justice Powell, who wrote for the majority, it was not, “the judicial role in cases of this sort to probe and test the justifications for the legislative decision.”
Background
Ramon Fiallo was a United States born citizen, but resident of the Dominican Republic, whose mother petitioned, on his behalf, for his Dominican father to be legally declared his parent. The United States Consul in the Dominican Republic rejected Fiallo’s petition, citing his illegitimacy--his parents were not married nor would be in the future. Fiallo, along with appellant Cleophus Warner--a US citizen with an illegitimate child in the French West Indies--and apellants Trevor and Earl Wilson--permanent residents petitioning for their Jamaican father--sued Attorney General Edward H. Levi in the US District Court for the Eastern District of New York.
The District Court dismissed the suit, alluding to the plenary power of Congress over matters of admission and exclusion of non-residents.
In 1976, the Supreme Court noted probable jurisdiction and accepted the appeal.
Argument
The appellants, represented by Harold R. Tyler Jr., put forth three key arguments against the identified Sections of the 1952 Act:
The statutory exclusion predicated on a father’s marital status, his child’s illegitimacy, and the sex of the parent violated the appellants’ right to equal protection of the law.
The inherent statutory assumption that there is a lack of familial tie (emotional, economic, or otherwise) between fathers and their illegitimate children violates the appellants’ right to due process of the law.
The effect of the statute impairs the appellants’ right to “mutual association, to privacy, to establish a home, to raise natural children, and to be raised by natural fathers.”
Decision
From the outset of the decision, the Court emphasized the “limited scope of judicial inquiry into immigration legislation”, citing previous cases that have recognized Congressional power to expel or exclude aliens as “a fundamental sovereign attribute” (e.g., Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, Fong Yue Ting v. United States).
In asserting a violation of equal protection, the appellants referenced previous border search cases (Almeida-Sanchez v. United States and United States v. Brignoni-Ponce) for the holding that the judiciary is required “to protect the rights of citizens against immigration legislation.” The Court, however, refused to apply that principle to Congress’ authority to regulate alien entrance.
The Court was similarly unconvinced with the appellants’ attempt to apply stricter judicial scrutiny by claiming the discrimination within the statute (i.e., based on sex and illegitimacy) infringes on rights of citizens to familial relationships and denies due process. The Court cited its prior holding in the First Amendment case Kleindienst v. Mandel, in which the Court refused to exercise stricter scrutiny to ensure the executive branch had acted within its bounds to deny immigration. To Fiallo, therefore, the Court applied the same judicial standard it had when a first amendment right was in question.
Finally, given that the 1952 Act was amended in 1957 specifically to add illegitimate children and their mothers, the Court recognized that the omission of illegitimate children and their fathers was an “intentional choice” on the part of Congress. The Court, therefore, asserted that it was not its role to “probe” and “test” the reasons for Congress’ legislative actions.
On April 26th, 1977, the Supreme Court ruled against appellants Fiallo, Warner, and Wilson in a 6-3 majority with Justices Marshall, Brennan, and White dissenting. Justice Marshall was alone in writing a dissenting opinion.
Justice Marshall's Dissent
Justice Marshall asserted that Fifth Amendment rights are still applicable to immigration law and reasons that the mere involvement of immigration should not result in an immediate deferral to Congress under the rationale of plenary power. He also noted that the case “directly involves the rights of citizens, not aliens.” Accordingly, because Fifth Amendment rights are pertinent to immigration and because citizens’ rights are involved, Marshall agreed with the appellants’ contention that the Sections violated equal protection and due process rights.
Justice Marshall also parted with the majority in asserting that the case should have been held to a higher form of judicial scrutiny, reasoning that “freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family life” is a fundamental right and is grounds for strict scrutiny.
Legacy
The Fiallo Court, in asserting that “over no conceivable subject is the legislative power of Congress more complete than it is over the admission of aliens”, built upon the precedent set by cases like Chae Chan Ping v. United States and Fong Yue Ting v. United States in establishing judicial deference and Congressional plenary power in the realm of immigration. Because Fiallo involved the rights of US citizens (i.e., the right to personal choice in family matters), the Court’s decision established Congressional power to legislate immigration policy that affects citizens.
In 1999, as part of Chapter 12 of Title 8 of the United States Code, Congress enacted legislation reversing the Sections of the 1952 Act challenged in Fiallo. Fathers can now petition for their illegitimate child’s permanent residence, if they can prove a “bona fide parent-child relationship.” No such burden of proof is put on mothers.
References
United States immigration and naturalization case law
United States Supreme Court cases
1977 in United States case law |
Karl Ludwig Scheeffer (born 1 June 1859 in Königsberg; died 11 June 1885 in Munich) was a German mathematician and university teacher.
Life
Scheeffer's parents were the protestants Ludwig and Mathilda, née Broscheit.
He first attended a Gymnasium in Königsberg and after his father's death transferred to the .
In 1875, he was accepted at the Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin, where he studied for four years, except two semesters at Heidelberg and Leipzig. On 1 March 1880, he finally received his doctorate from the University of Berlin with the dissertation "Ueber Bewegungen starrer Punktsysteme in einer ebenen n-fachen Mannigfaltigkeit (On motions of rigid point systems in a plane n-fold manifold)". Since initially he did not strive for a university career, he passed the necessary examination for the teaching profession in the subjects of mathematics, physics, philosophical propaedeutics and descriptive natural sciences. After this, he began his pedagogical probationary year at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Berlin at Easter 1881.
During his pedagogical probationary year, Scheeffer realized that he would like to devote his creative energy to science after all. After a trip to the Alps, which was necessary for health reasons, he moved to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. There he habilitated in 1883 or 1884 with the paper "Ueber einige bestimmte Integrale, betrachtet als Funktionen eines komplexen Parameters (On Some Definite Integrals Considered as Functions of a Complex Parameter)" and subsequently became a Privatdozent. While residing in the Briennerstraße, He lectured about "Elements of differential and integral calculus", in the winter term 1884/1885, and on "Selected topic in integral calculus" and "Synthetic geometry" in the summer term 1885, At the age of 26, he died of typhoid fever. Despite the brevity of his life and academic activity, he published a number of important writings and essays.
Selected publications
Ueber einige bestimmte Integrale, betrachtet als Funktionen eines komplexen Parameters. Dreijer, Berlin 1883.
(Part I) — Part II (p.279–296)
References
External links
Record on Scheeffer's Ph.D. thesis at University of Bielefeld
19th-century German mathematicians
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
1859 births
1885 deaths |
Fahmida Shah (born 1966) is a British Asian silk painter.
Life
Fahmida Shah was born in England, in 1966. She has worked as a project co-ordinator for the Bedford Asian Women's Textile Project. In 1993 she took part in the Nehru Gallery's National Textile Project, which solicited embroidered panels from Asian women's groups across Britain for display in the Victoria and Albert Museum. In 1994 she took part in the South Asian Contemporary Visual Arts Festival, staged throughout the West Midlands, as one of three craft makers at the Foyle Gallery, Midlands Arts Centre.
A hand-painted sari by Shah is included in the collection of saris held by Cartwright Hall in Bradford. The sari was shown in Unbound: Visionary Women Collecting Textiles, the 2020 exhibition at Two Temple Place.
References
1966 births
Living people
British painters
British Asian people |
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