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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor%20activated%20solely%20by%20a%20synthetic%20ligand
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A receptor activated solely by a synthetic ligand (RASSL) or designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD), is a class of artificially engineered protein receptors used in the field of chemogenetics which are selectively activated by certain ligands. They are used in biomedical research, in particular in neuroscience to manipulate the activity of neurons.
Originally differentiated by the approach used to engineer them, RASSLs and DREADDs are often used interchangeably now to represent an engineered receptor-ligand system. These systems typically utilize G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) engineered to respond exclusively to synthetic ligands, like clozapine N-oxide (CNO), and not to endogenous ligands. Several types of these receptors exists, derived from muscarinic or κ-opioid receptors.
Types of RASSLs / DREADDs
One of the first DREADDs was based on the human M3 muscarinic receptor (hM3). Only two point mutations of hM3 were required to achieve a mutant receptor with nanomolar potency for CNO, insensitivity to acetylcholine and low constitutive activity and this DREADD receptor was named hM3Dq. M1 and M5 muscarinic receptors have been mutated to create DREADDs hM1Dq and hM5Dq respectively.
The most commonly used inhibitory DREADD is hM4Di, derived from the M4 muscarinic receptor that couples with the Gi protein. Another Gi coupled human muscarinic receptor, M2, was also mutated to obtain the DREADD receptor hM2D. Another inhibitory Gi-DREADD is th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression
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An impression is the overall effect of something.
Impression or impressions may also refer to:
Biology
Colic impression, a feature of the gall bladder
Duodenal impression, medial to the renal impression
Gastric impression, a feature of the liver
Impression (dental), a dental procedure
Maternal impression, the effect of maternal mental states on foetal development
Renal impression, a feature of the gall bladder
Suprarenal impression, a feature of the gall bladder
Psychology
First impression
Mental impressions (from the Sanskrit "Samskara")
Mental dispositions or conditioned phenomena (from the Buddhist term Saṅkhāra)
Idiomatic expressions
An idiom is a phrase or a fixed expression that has a figurative, or sometimes literal, meaning.
"To make a good first impression"
"To be under the impression of"
Publishing and advertising
Impression (publishing), a print run of a given edition of a work
Impression (online media), a delivered basic advertising unit from an ad distribution point
Cost per impression, cost accounting tool using in e-marketing
Viewable Impression, a metric used to report on number of distributed ads that were viewable
Impression (software), a desktop publishing application for RISC OS systems
Impressions, the in-flight magazine for British Mediterranean Airways
Impressions Media, an American privately-owned publisher of newspapers
Art
Impression, Sunrise, an 1872 painting by Claude Monet
Post-Impressionism, the development of French
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20E.%20Carter
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Herbert Edmund Carter (September 25, 1910 – March 4, 2007) was an American biochemist and educator. He grew up in central Indiana and received his bachelor's degree from DePauw University. He received a Ph.D. in 1934 in organic chemistry from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Career
He remained at Illinois as a member of the faculty and served as head of the department of chemistry and chemical engineering (1954–1967) and later as vice chancellor for academic affairs (1968–1971). It was at the University of Illinois that Carter in collaboration with William C. Rose, determined the structure of threonine.
Following his retirement from Illinois in 1971, he moved to the University of Arizona and established the very successful Office of Interdisciplinary Programs. He recognized that the processes and systems underlying individual disciplines are remarkably similar and interdependent, and concluded that what lies in between disciplines—the area of interdisciplinarity—is where future developments, discoveries, and training programs would flourish. The Herbert E. Carter Travel Award is named in his honor. He created and headed the University Department of Biochemistry (1977–1980). He remained active at the University of Arizona until the age of 94.
Carter was also active in the scientific community. He played important roles as President of the American Society of Biological Che
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio%20Cantoni
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Giulio Leonardo Cantoni (29 September 1915 – 25 July 2005) was the director of the United States' National Institutes of Health's Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, later renamed the Laboratory of General and Comparative Biochemistry.
Early life
Cantoni grew up in Italy and got a medical degree from the University of Milan in 1938. Shortly after the fascists abolished the parliament, and introduced anti-Semitic laws, Cantoni, who was Jewish, fled with his family first to England. As Cantoni was boarding a ship heading for the America, World War II broke out, and as an Italian citizen he was interned in England and later in Canada. Eventually he was released and allowed to go to the United States in July 1941.
Author
After the war, Cantoni wrote a book about his journey during World War II called From Milano to New York; By Way of Hell: Fascism and the Odyssey of a Young Italian Jew.
Scientific career
Cantoni got a job at University of Michigan's medical school, where he worked until he became an assistant professor of pharmacology at Long Island College of Medicine in 1945. In 1948 he moved to the American Cancer Society, and after two years he moved again to Western Reserve University. In 1954 he started the National Institutes of Health's Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology at the National Institute of Mental Health, where he remained as the director until his retirement in 1994. In 1983 he joined the United States National Academy of Sciences.
Research
Cantoni di
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polling%20%28computer%20science%29
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Polling, or interrogation, refers to actively sampling the status of an external device by a client program as a synchronous activity. Polling is most often used in terms of input/output (), and is also referred to as polled or software-driven . A good example of hardware implementation is a watchdog timer.
Description
Polling is the process where the computer or controlling device waits for an external device to check for its readiness or state, often with low-level hardware. For example, when a printer is connected via a parallel port, the computer waits until the printer has received the next character. These processes can be as minute as only reading one bit. This is sometimes used synonymously with 'busy-wait' polling. In this situation, when an operation is required, the computer does nothing other than check the status of the device until it is ready, at which point the device is accessed. In other words, the computer waits until the device is ready. Polling also refers to the situation where a device is repeatedly checked for readiness, and if it is not, the computer returns to a different task. Although not as wasteful of CPU cycles as busy waiting, this is generally not as efficient as the alternative to polling, interrupt-driven .
In a simple single-purpose system, even busy-wait is perfectly appropriate if no action is possible until the access, but more often than not this was traditionally a consequence of simple hardware or non-multitasking operating syst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20portrait
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In mathematics, a phase portrait is a geometric representation of the orbits of a dynamical system in the phase plane. Each set of initial conditions is represented by a different point or curve.
Phase portraits are an invaluable tool in studying dynamical systems. They consist of a plot of typical trajectories in the phase space. This reveals information such as whether an attractor, a repellor or limit cycle is present for the chosen parameter value. The concept of topological equivalence is important in classifying the behaviour of systems by specifying when two different phase portraits represent the same qualitative dynamic behavior. An attractor is a stable point which is also called a "sink". The repeller is considered as an unstable point, which is also known as a "source".
A phase portrait graph of a dynamical system depicts the system's trajectories (with arrows) and stable steady states (with dots) and unstable steady states (with circles) in a phase space. The axes are of state variables.
Examples
Simple pendulum, see picture (right).
Simple harmonic oscillator where the phase portrait is made up of ellipses centred at the origin, which is a fixed point.
Damped harmonic motion, see animation (right).
Van der Pol oscillator see picture (bottom right).
Visualizing the behavior of ordinary differential equations
A phase portrait represents the directional behavior of a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The phase portrait can indicate the stabil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trifluoromethylisocyanide
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Trifluoromethylisocyanide is the chemical compound with the formula CF3NC. It is an isocyanide and a fluorocarbon. Polymerisation occurs even at temperatures below its boiling point of −80 °C. As a ligand in coordination chemistry, this species behaves similarly to carbon monoxide.
The compound trifluoracetonitrile (CF3CN) is an isomer to trifluoromethylisocyanide. The nitrile is more stable, as is the usual case.
References
Isocyanides
Trifluoromethyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip%20Doyce%20Hester
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Phillip ("Phil") Doyce Hester (April 30, 1955 - September 17, 2013) was an American engineer and technology executive.
Life
Hester grew up in Corpus Christi, Texas, and attended Richard King High School. He held a Bachelor of Science and a master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin.
Hester joined IBM around 1977, serving as an engineer, eventually leading the development team for the RS/6000, and as chief technology officer and vice president of systems and technology for IBM's PC division.
In the early 1990s, he co-founded the AIM alliance (originally code-named "Somerset") to promote the PowerPC architecture.
In 2000 Hester co-founded and became chief executive of Newisys, acquired by Sanmina-SCI Corporation.
Hester worked as the chief technology officer and senior vice president of semiconductor company Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) until April 11, 2008.
In December 2009, Hester became the senior vice president of research and development at National Instruments.
Hester died September 17, 2013, in Austin, Texas. He has a son named Will and was married at the time to Joan.
References
1955 births
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
American chief technology officers
2013 deaths
American technology chief executives
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic%20transfer
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Ionic transfer is the transfer of ions from one liquid phase to another. This is related to the phase transfer catalysts which are a special type of liquid-liquid extraction which is used in synthetic chemistry.
For instance nitrate anions can be transferred between water and nitrobenzene. One way to observe this is to use a cyclic voltammetry experiment where the liquid-liquid interface is the working electrode. This can be done by placing secondary electrodes in each phase and close to interface each phase has a reference electrode. One phase is attached to a potentiostat which is set to zero volts, while the other potentiostat is driven with a triangular wave. This experiment is known as a polarised Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions (ITIES) experiment.
See also
Diffusion potential
References
Physical chemistry
Ions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3/8
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3/8 or ⅜ may refer to:
3rd Battalion, 8th Marines
the calendar date March 8 (United States)
the calendar date August 3 (Gregorian calendar)
the fraction (mathematics), three eighths or 0.375 in decimal
a time signature
3/8 (album), a 2007 album by Kay Tse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20loop
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A control loop is the fundamental building block of control systems in general and industrial control systems in particular. It consists of the process sensor, the controller function, and the final control element (FCE) which controls the process necessary to automatically adjust the value of a measured process variable (PV) to equal the value of a desired set-point (SP).
There are two common classes of control loop: open loop and closed loop. In an open-loop control system, the control action from the controller is independent of the process variable. An example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer. The control action is the switching on or off of the boiler. The process variable is the building temperature. This controller operates the heating system for a constant time regardless of the temperature of the building.
In a closed-loop control system, the control action from the controller is dependent on the desired and actual process variable. In the case of the boiler analogy, this would utilize a thermostat to monitor the building temperature, and feed back a signal to ensure the controller output maintains the building temperature close to that set on the thermostat. A closed-loop controller has a feedback loop which ensures the controller exerts a control action to control a process variable at the same value as the setpoint. For this reason, closed-loop controllers are also called feedback controllers.
Open-loop and closed-loop
Fundamenta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy%20of%20information
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The philosophy of information (PI) is a branch of philosophy that studies topics relevant to information processing, representational system and consciousness, cognitive science, computer science, information science and information technology.
It includes:
the critical investigation of the conceptual nature and basic principles of information, including its dynamics, utilisation and sciences
the elaboration and application of information-theoretic and computational methodologies to philosophical problems.
History
The philosophy of information (PI) has evolved from the philosophy of artificial intelligence, logic of information, cybernetics, social theory, ethics and the study of language and information.
Logic of information
The logic of information, also known as the logical theory of information, considers the information content of logical signs and expressions along the lines initially developed by Charles Sanders Peirce.
Study of language and information
Later contributions to the field were made by Fred Dretske, Jon Barwise, Brian Cantwell Smith, and others.
The Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) was founded at Stanford University in 1983 by philosophers, computer scientists, linguists, and psychologists, under the direction of John Perry and Jon Barwise.
P.I.
More recently this field has become known as the philosophy of information. The expression was coined in the 1990s by Luciano Floridi, who has published prolifically in this area with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20L.%20Graham
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Susan Lois Graham (born September 16, 1942) is an American computer scientist. Graham is the Pehong Chen Distinguished Professor Emerita in the Computer Science Division of the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley.
Education and professional career
Born in Cleveland, Graham received her A.B. in mathematics from Harvard in 1964.
She did her graduate work in computer science at Stanford, receiving her M.S. in 1966 and her Ph.D. in 1971 under the supervision of David Gries.
In 1971 she joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley, rising from assistant professor (1971–1976), through associate professor (1976–1981) to full professor from 1981 onwards.
Graham's research projects include:
Harmonia – A language-based framework for interactive software development.
Titanium - A Java-based parallel programming language, compiler, and runtime system.
Graham was the founding editor of the ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems. Graham has published dozens of research articles and has lectured and published extensively on subjects in computer languages, compilers and programming environments.
She is a member of the United States President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. Among other activities, she chaired the Panel on Open Source Software for High End Computing.
Graham has long been involved with Harvard, culminating with her joining the Harvard Corporation
in 2011.
Hon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjay%20Sarma
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Sanjay E. Sarma (born May 1968) an Indian mechanical engineer who is the Fred Fort Flowers (1941) and Daniel Fort Flowers (1941) professor of mechanical engineering and the Vice President for Open Learning at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is credited with developing many standards and technologies in the commercial RFID industry. Sarma is co-author of The Inversion Factor: How to Thrive in the IOT Economy (MIT Press, 2017), along with Linda Bernardi and the late Kenneth Traub. Sarma also serves on the board of the MOOC provider edX as a representative of MIT.
Early life
Sarma earned his B.Tech. in Mechanical Engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur in 1989, his ME from Carnegie Mellon University in 1992 and his Ph.D. from University of California, Berkeley in 1995.
Personal life
Sarma is the son of the former Secretary, Government of India, Dr. E. A. S. Sarma, respected and recognized for his works for various social causes as also for his contributions in Energy sector. He is married to Dr. Gitanjali Swamy, daughter of Dr. Subramanian Swamy, an Indian politician. They have one daughter.
Career
Sarma began his career at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1996, after working for Schlumberger, Inc. and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories.
Sarma and Dr. David Brock began work on RFID in 1998. In 1999, he co-founded the Auto-ID center at MIT together with Prof. Sunny Siu and Dr. David Brock of MIT, and Kevin Ashton of P&G in order to make the vis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Robinson
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Howard Robinson (born 2 October 1945) is a British philosopher, specialising in various areas of philosophy of mind and metaphysics, best known for his work in the philosophy of perception. His contributions to philosophy include a defense of sense-datum theories of perception and a variety of arguments against physicalism about the mind. He published an alternative version of the popular Knowledge Argument in his book Matter and Sense independently and in the same year as Frank Jackson, but Robinson's thought experiment involves sounds rather than colors. He is Professor of Philosophy at Central European University and recurring visiting professor at Rutgers University.
Education and qualifications
Robinson received his early education at the Manchester Grammar School (1957–1964), going up to the University of Oxford to read P.P.E. at Corpus Christi College (where he earned an Exhibition), graduating in 1967. He read for a research M.Phil. at the University of Nottingham (1968–1968), and continued postgraduate research at Corpus Christi College (1968–1970). In 2000, he was awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Liverpool for his published work (a "Staff Doctorate").
Positions held
After four years at Oriel College, Oxford as full-time stipendiary lecturer in philosophy (1970–1974), he took up a lectureship at the University of Liverpool. He stayed at Liverpool for twenty-six years, becoming first Senior Lecturer then reader, apart from a period as Soros Professor of Philos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20triangle%20%28mathematics%29
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A golden triangle, also called a sublime triangle, is an isosceles triangle in which the duplicated side is in the golden ratio to the base side:
Angles
The vertex angle is:
Hence the golden triangle is an acute (isosceles) triangle.
Since the angles of a triangle sum to radians, each of the base angles (CBX and CXB) is:
Note:
The golden triangle is uniquely identified as the only triangle to have its three angles in the ratio 1 : 2 : 2 (36°, 72°, 72°).
In other geometric figures
Golden triangles can be found in the spikes of regular pentagrams.
Golden triangles can also be found in a regular decagon, an equiangular and equilateral ten-sided polygon, by connecting any two adjacent vertices to the center. This is because: 180(10−2)/10 = 144° is the interior angle, and bisecting it through the vertex to the center: 144/2 = 72°.
Also, golden triangles are found in the nets of several stellations of dodecahedrons and icosahedrons.
Logarithmic spiral
The golden triangle is used to form some points of a logarithmic spiral. By bisecting one of the base angles, a new point is created that in turn, makes another golden triangle. The bisection process can be continued indefinitely, creating an infinite number of golden triangles. A logarithmic spiral can be drawn through the vertices. This spiral is also known as an equiangular spiral, a term coined by René Descartes. "If a straight line is drawn from the pole to any point on the curve, it cuts the curve at precisely t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intruder%20state
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In quantum and theoretical chemistry, an intruder state is a particular situation arising in perturbative evaluations, where the energy of the perturbers is comparable in magnitude to the energy associated to the zero order wavefunction. In this case, a divergent behavior occurs, due to the nearly zero denominator in the expression of the perturbative correction.
Multi-reference wavefunction methods are not immune. There are ways to identity them. The natural orbitals of the perturbation expansion are a useful diagnostic for detecting intruder state effects. Sometimes what appears to be an intruder state is simply a change in basis.
References
Perturbation theory
Theoretical chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinogram
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Sinogram may refer to:
Sinograph, a Chinese character (Hanzi), especially when used in a different language
Radon transform, a type of integral transform in mathematics
A visual representation of the raw data obtained in the operation of computed tomography
See also
Sonogram (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docking%20sleeve
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In mechanical engineering, a docking sleeve or mounting boss is a tube or enclosure used to couple two mechanical components together, or for chilling, or to retain two components together; this permits two equally sized appendages to be connected via insertion and fixing within the construction. Docking sleeves may be physically solid or flexible, their implementation varying widely according to the required application of the device. The most common application is the plastic appendage that receives a screw in order to attach two parts.
References
Mechanical engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20D.%20Mackenzie
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Kenneth D. Mackenzie (born 1937) is an American organizational theorist, former professor at the University of Kansas and management consultant. He is known for his early work on the "Theory of Group Structures" and his later work on organizational design
Biography
Mackenzie received his BA in mathematics with a minor in Physics in 1960 from the University of California, Berkeley, where in 1964 he also obtained his Ph.D. in Business Administration.
After his graduation Mackenzie started his academic career in 1964 at the Carnegie-Mellon University as assistant professor of economics. In 1967 he moved to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1972 he moved to the University of Kansas, where he was appointed Edmund P. Learned Distinguished Professor from January 1972 to January 2006. He further taught at U.C. Berkeley, University of Waterloo, and KU. In 2000 Mackenzie founded the consultancy firm EMAC Assessments, LLC.
Mackenzie has served on numerous editorial boards including Management Science, Organizational studies, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Journal of Management Inquiry, Human Systems Management, and Engineering Management Research.
He has published 19 books and over 100 articles.
Work
Mackenzie research interests have been in the fields of organization theories, organization design processual models, organizational leadership, multi-level research and the discoverer of the organizationa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footing
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Footing may refer to:
A type of foundation, in architecture and civil engineering
Footing (bookkeeping)
Footing (sexual act)
Jogging, a form of running
See also
Footer (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminate%20equation
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In mathematics, particularly in algebra, an indeterminate equation is an equation for which there is more than one solution. For example, the equation is a simple indeterminate equation, as is . Indeterminate equations cannot be solved uniquely. In fact, in some cases it might even have infinitely many solutions. Some of the prominent examples of indeterminate equations include:
Univariate polynomial equation:
which has multiple solutions for the variable in the complex plane—unless it can be rewritten in the form .
Non-degenerate conic equation:
where at least one of the given parameters , , and is non-zero, and and are real variables.
Pell's equation:
where is a given integer that is not a square number, and in which the variables and are required to be integers.
The equation of Pythagorean triples:
in which the variables , , and are required to be positive integers.
The equation of the Fermat–Catalan conjecture:
in which the variables , , are required to be coprime positive integers, and the variables , , and are required to be positive integers satisfying the following equation:
See also
Indeterminate form
Indeterminate system
Indeterminate (variable)
Linear algebra
References
Algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Diversity%20Web
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Animal Diversity Web (ADW) is an online database that collects the natural history, classification, species characteristics, conservation biology, and distribution information on thousands of species of animals. The website includes thousands of photographs, hundreds of sound clips, and a virtual museum.
Overview
The ADW acts as an online encyclopedia, with each individual species account displaying basic information specific to that species. The website uses a local, relational database written by staff and student contributors from the University of Michigan. Each species account includes geographic range, habitat, physical description, development, ecosystem roles, reproduction, life span, communication and perception, behavior, food habits, predation, and conservation status. The organization of the site reinforces past biology knowledge by providing sharp images and showing common phyla on the home page.
The Animal Diversity Web has resources other than its database.
The website also offers a virtual museum and a cell phone app.
The virtual museum contains mostly mammals and has a large collection of skulls that can be virtually handled. The Animal Diversity Web is a non-profit site. It is written largely for college students, and also provides resources for K-12 instructors.
Background
The ADW was created in 1995 by Philip Myers, a former biology professor at the University of Michigan. The site contains over 2,150 accounts of animal species along with over 11,50
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Chamberlin%20%28biologist%29
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Michael John Chamberlin (born June 7, 1937, in Chicago) is a Professor Emeritus of biochemistry and molecular biology at University of California, Berkeley. His research focused on the gene expression in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. He studied how RNA polymerases initiated and terminated transcription. He became a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1986.
Chamberlin has trained leading molecular biologists who now hold positions throughout academia. Some of his former Ph.D. students include Robert Kingston (Harvard), Karen Arndt (U. Pittsburgh), Alice Telesnitsky (U. Michigan), Tom Kerppola (U. Michigan), John Helmann (Cornell), David Arnosti (Michigan State), Leticia Márquez-Magaña (San Francisco State), and Tracy Johnson (UC San Diego). In 2001, Chamberlin was recognized for his lifelong contribution to scientific research and training with the Sigma Xi Monie A. Ferst Award.
References
Living people
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American biochemists
1937 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic%20island
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A genomic island (GI) is part of a genome that has evidence of horizontal origins. The term is usually used in microbiology, especially with regard to bacteria. A GI can code for many functions, can be involved in symbiosis or pathogenesis, and may help an organism's adaptation. Many sub-classes of GIs exist that are based on the function that they confer. For example, a GI associated with pathogenesis is often called a pathogenicity island (PAIs), while GIs that contain many antibiotic resistant genes are referred to as antibiotic resistance islands. The same GI can occur in distantly related species as a result of various types of lateral gene transfer (transformation, conjugation, transduction). This can be determined by base composition analysis, as well as phylogeny estimations.
Computational prediction
Various genomic island predictions programs have been developed. These tools can be broadly grouped into sequence based methods and comparative genomics/phylogeny based methods.
Sequence based methods depend on the naturally occurring variation that exists between the genome sequence composition of different species. Genomic regions that show abnormal sequence composition (such as nucleotide bias or codon bias) suggests that these regions may have been horizontally transferred. Two major problems with these methods are that false predictions can occur due to natural variation in the genome (sometimes due to highly expressed genes) and that horizontally transferred DNA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callionima%20falcifera
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Callionima falcifera is a moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Bruno Gehlen in 1943. It is known from Mexico, Belize, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Jamaica, south through northern South America (north-western and eastern Venezuela).
Description
The wingspan is 68–73 mm.
Biology
The larvae feed on Stemmadenia obovata and probably other Apocynaceae species.
References
F
Moths of Central America
Sphingidae of South America
Moths described in 1943
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPAL%20%28software%29
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The Open Physics Abstraction Layer (OPAL) is an open source realtime physics engine API similar to PAL. It is currently supported only by ODE, but can be extended to run off of other engines. OPAL is free software, released under both the LGPL and the BSD license. It was originally designed and written by Tyler Streeter, Andres Reinot, and Alan Fischer while working at Iowa State University's Virtual Reality Applications Center (VRAC).
OPAL is a high-level interface for low-level physics engines used in games, robotics simulations, and other 3D applications. Features a simple C++ API, intuitive objects (e.g. Solids, Joints, Motors, Sensors), and XML-based file storage for complex objects.
The latest version of OPAL is 0.4.0. On June 23, 2010, OPAL development officially ended.
External links
The official OPAL site
References
2004 software
Computer physics engines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAUST%20%28programming%20language%29
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FAUST (Functional AUdio STream) is a domain-specific purely functional programming language for implementing signal processing algorithms in the form of libraries, audio plug-ins, or standalone applications. A FAUST program denotes a signal processor: a mathematical function that is applied to some input signal and then fed out.
Overview
The FAUST programming model combines a functional programming approach with a block diagram syntax:
The functional programming approach provides a natural framework for signal processing. Digital signals are modeled as discrete functions of time, signal processors as second order functions that operate on them, and FAUST's block diagram composition operators, used to combine signal processors together, as third order functions, etc.
Block diagrams, even if purely textual as in FAUST, promote a modular approach to signal processing that complies with sound engineers' and audio developers' habits.
A FAUST program doesn't describe a sound or a group of sounds, but a signal processor. The program source is organized as a set of definitions with at least the definition of the keyword process (the equivalent of main in C):
process = ...;
The FAUST compiler translates FAUST code into a C++ object, which may then interface with other C++ code to produce a full program.
The generated code works at the sample level. It is therefore suited to implement low-level DSP functions like recursive filters. The code may also be embedded. It is self-contain
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUTC
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CUTC may refer to:
Canterbury University Tramping Club, the Canterbury University tramping club based in Christchurch, New Zealand
Canadian Undergraduate Technology Conference
Charles Urban Trading Company
Copper(I)-thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTC), a reagent used in organic chemistry
CUTC (gene), a gene that encodes copper homeostasis protein cutC homolog
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky%20integrator
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In mathematics, a leaky integrator equation is a specific differential equation, used to describe a component or system that takes the integral of an input, but gradually leaks a small amount of input over time. It appears commonly in hydraulics, electronics, and neuroscience where it can represent either a single neuron or a local population of neurons.
Equation
The equation is of the form
where C is the input and A is the rate of the 'leak'.
General solution
The equation is a nonhomogeneous first-order linear differential equation. For constant C its solution is
where is a constant encoding the initial condition.
References
Differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20Frederick%20Hawthorne
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Marion Frederick Hawthorne (August 24, 1928 – July 8, 2021) was an inorganic chemist who made contributions to the chemistry of boron hydrides, especially their clusters.
Early life and education
Hawthorne was born on August 24, 1928, in Fort Scott, Kansas. He received his elementary and secondary education in Kansas and Missouri. Prior to high school graduation, he entered the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri through examination as a chemical engineering student. He then transferred to Pomona College, where he received a B.A. degree in chemistry in 1949. While there he conducted research with Corwin Hansch. Hawthorne completed his Ph.D. in organic chemistry under Donald J. Cram at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1953. He conducted postdoctoral research at Iowa State University with George S. Hammond, before joining the Redstone Arsenal Research Division of the Rohm and Haas Company in Huntsville, Alabama.
Professional career
At the Redstone Arsenal, he worked on the chemistry of boron hydrides making several notable discoveries. In 1962, he moved to the University of California, Riverside as professor of chemistry. He moved to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1969. In 1998, he was appointed University Professor of Chemistry at UCLA. He then returned to his home state of Missouri as head of the International Institute of Nano and Molecular Medicine at University of Missouri.
Hawthorne was long associated with the jo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi%20L.%20Conant
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Levi Leonard Conant (March 3, 1857, Littleton, Massachusetts – October 11, 1916, Worcester, Massachusetts) was an American mathematician specializing in trigonometry.
Education and career
He attended Phillips Academy, Andover and Dartmouth College (B.A., 1879, A.M., 1887) and later Syracuse University (Ph.D., 1893), studying mathematics.
He was professor of mathematics at the Dakota School of Mines from 1887 to 1890, then attended Clark University for a year before beginning teaching at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1891, where he taught for the remainder of his life.
He was head of the Mathematics Department at WPI from 1908 until his death, and was interim president from 1911 to 1913. He married twice, first in 1884 to Laura Chamberlain (died 1911) and again in 1912 to Emma B. Fisher.
On October 11, 1916, aged 59, he was struck by a truck in front of his home and was killed.
The Number Concept
Conant's most significant work was his 1896 book The Number Concept: Its Origin and Development. This was a seminal work in the anthropological and psychological study of numerals, focusing on the analysis of Native American number systems from a generally cultural evolutionist theoretical perspective. Conant's ethnographic data generally reflected the limited development of anthropology at the time.
Conant's characterization of the numeral systems of Native American languages as 'primitive' or 'savage' is not widely accepted today. Conant'
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanium
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In chemistry, methanium is a complex positive ion with formula (metastable transitional form, a carbon atom covalently bonded to five hydrogen atoms) or (fluxional form, namely a molecule with one carbon atom covalently bonded to three hydrogen atoms and one dihydrogen molecule), bearing a +1 electric charge. It is a superacid and one of the onium ions, indeed the simplest carbonium ion.
It is highly unstable and highly reactive even upon having a complete octet, thus granting its superacidic properties.
Methanium can be produced in the laboratory as a rarefied gas or as a dilute species in superacids. It was prepared for the first time in 1950 and published in 1952 by Victor Talrose and his assistant Anna Konstantinovna Lyubimova. It occurs as an intermediate species in chemical reactions.
The methanium ion is named after methane (), by analogy with the derivation of ammonium ion () from ammonia ().
Structure
Fluxional methanium can be visualised as a carbenium ion with a molecule of hydrogen interacting with the empty orbital in a 3-center-2-electron bond. The bonding electron pair in the molecule is shared between the two hydrogen and one carbon atoms making up the 3-center-2-electron bond.
The two hydrogen atoms in the molecule can continuously exchange positions with the three hydrogen atoms in the ion (a conformation change called pseudorotation, specifically the Berry mechanism). The methanium ion is therefore considered a fluxional molecule. The energy barr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20axis
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The medial axis of an object is the set of all points having more than one closest point on the object's boundary. Originally referred to as the topological skeleton, it was introduced in 1967 by Harry Blum as a tool for biological shape recognition. In mathematics the closure of the medial axis is known as the cut locus.
In 2D, the medial axis of a subset S which is bounded by planar curve C is the locus of the centers of circles that are tangent to curve C in two or more points, where all such circles are contained in S. (It follows that the medial axis itself is contained in S.)
The medial axis of a simple polygon is a tree whose leaves are the vertices of the
polygon, and whose edges are either straight segments or arcs of parabolas.
The medial axis together with the associated radius function of the maximally inscribed discs is called the medial axis transform (MAT). The medial axis transform is a complete shape descriptor (see also shape analysis), meaning that it can be used to reconstruct the shape of the original domain.
The medial axis is a subset of the symmetry set, which is defined similarly, except that it also includes circles not contained in S. (Hence, the symmetry set of S generally extends to infinity, similar to the Voronoi diagram of a point set.)
The medial axis generalizes to k-dimensional hypersurfaces by replacing 2D circles with k-dimension hyperspheres. The 2D medial axis is useful for character and object recognition, while the 3D medial axi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Madejski
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Edward Dominik Jerzy Madejski (11 August 1914 – 15 February 1996) was a Polish football goalkeeper and chemistry engineer, who was a graduate of Mining-Metallurgic Academy in Kraków.
For most of his career, Madejski was a goalie of Wisła Kraków; in 11 games for the Poland national football team, letting 33 goals into his net. His debut in white-red Polish jersey took place on 6 September 1936 in Belgrade (Yugoslavia beat Poland 9-3). He was also part of Poland's squad at the 1936 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches. The last game in which he represented Poland was held in Dublin, on 13 November 1938 (Ireland - Poland 3-2).
Madejski was famous for taking part in the 5 June 1938 Brazil vs. Poland match in Strasbourg, in which Poland lost 5-6 to Brazil (during this game Ernst Willimowski scored 4 goals for Poland). At that time Madejski was banned from playing in any Polish Soccer League teams (due to the scandal connected with his transfer from Wisła Kraków to Garbarnia Kraków), so for a year he was not associated with any club.
During the Second World War Madejski participated in various illegal soccer tournaments (all sports in Poland were banned by the German authorities). Arrested by the Gestapo, he spent a few months in the death row.
References
See also
Polish Roster in World Cup Soccer France 1938
1914 births
1996 deaths
Polish men's footballers
Poland men's international footballers
Polonia Bytom players
Wisła Kraków players
1938 FIFA World Cup pl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesis%20%28biology%29
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Kinesis, like a taxis or tropism, is a movement or activity of a cell or an organism in response to a stimulus (such as gas exposure, light intensity or ambient temperature).
Unlike taxis, the response to the stimulus provided is non-directional. The animal does not move toward or away from the stimulus but moves at either a slow or fast rate depending on its "comfort zone." In this case, a fast movement (non-random) means that the animal is searching for its comfort zone while a slow movement indicates that it has found it.
Types
There are two main types of kineses, both resulting in aggregations. However, the stimulus does not act to attract or repel individuals.
Orthokinesis: in which the speed of movement of the individual is dependent upon the stimulus intensity. For example, the locomotion of the collembola, Orchesella cincta, in relation to water. With increased water saturation in the soil there is an increase in the direction of its movement towards the aimed place.
Klinokinesis: in which the frequency or rate of turning is proportional to stimulus intensity. For example the behaviour of the flatworm (Dendrocoelum lacteum) which turns more frequently in response to increasing light thus ensuring that it spends more time in dark areas.
Basic model of kinesis
The kinesis strategy controlled by the locally and instantly evaluated well-being (fitness) can be described in simple words: Animals stay longer in good conditions and leave bad conditions more quickly. If
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ning%20Li%20%28physicist%29
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Ning Li (January 14, 1943 – July 27, 2021) was an Han Chinese scientist holding dual citizenship in both the USA and her birth country of China. She is known for her physics and anti-gravity research. In the 1990s, Li worked as a research scientist at the Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville. In 1999, she left the university to form a company, AC Gravity, LLC, to continue anti-gravity research.
Anti-gravity claims
In a series of papers co-authored with fellow university physicist Douglas Torr and published between 1991 and 1993, she claimed a practical way to produce anti-gravity effects. She claimed that an anti-gravity effect could be produced by rotating ions creating a gravitomagnetic field perpendicular to their spin axis. In her theory, if a large number of ions could be aligned, (in a Bose–Einstein condensate) the resulting effect would be a very strong gravitomagnetic field producing a strong repulsive force. The alignment may be possible by trapping superconductor ions in a lattice structure in a high-temperature superconducting disc. Li claimed that experimental results confirmed her theories. Her claim of having functional anti-gravity devices was cited by the popular press and in popular science magazines with some enthusiasm at the time. In 1997 Li published a paper stating that recent experiments reported anomalous weight changes of 0.05-2.1% for a test mass suspended above a rotating superconductor. Although the s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underactuation
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Underactuation is a technical term used in robotics and control theory to describe mechanical systems that cannot be commanded to follow arbitrary trajectories in configuration space. This condition can occur for a number of reasons, the simplest of which is when the system has a lower number of actuators than degrees of freedom. In this case, the system is said to be trivially underactuated.
The class of underactuated mechanical systems is very rich and includes such diverse members as automobiles, airplanes, and even animals.
Definition
To understand the mathematical conditions which lead to underactuation, one must examine the dynamics that govern the systems in question. Newton's laws of motion dictate that the dynamics of mechanical systems are inherently second order. In general, these dynamics can be described by a second order differential equation:
Where:
is the position state vector is the vector of control inputs is time.
Furthermore, in many cases the dynamics for these systems can be rewritten to be affine in the control inputs:
When expressed in this form, the system is said to be underactuated if:
When this condition is met, there are acceleration directions that can not be produced no matter what the control vector is.
Note that does not explicitly represent the number of actuators present in the system. Indeed, there may be more actuators than degrees of freedom and the system may still be underactuated. Also worth noting is the dependence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Rham%20curve
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In mathematics, a de Rham curve is a certain type of fractal curve named in honor of Georges de Rham.
The Cantor function, Cesàro curve, Minkowski's question mark function, the Lévy C curve, the blancmange curve, and Koch curve are all special cases of the general de Rham curve.
Construction
Consider some complete metric space (generally 2 with the usual euclidean distance), and a pair of contracting maps on M:
By the Banach fixed-point theorem, these have fixed points and respectively. Let x be a real number in the interval , having binary expansion
where each is 0 or 1. Consider the map
defined by
where denotes function composition. It can be shown that each will map the common basin of attraction of and to a single point in . The collection of points , parameterized by a single real parameter x, is known as the de Rham curve.
Continuity condition
When the fixed points are paired such that
then it may be shown that the resulting curve is a continuous function of x. When the curve is continuous, it is not in general differentiable.
In the remaining of this page, we will assume the curves are continuous.
Properties
De Rham curves are by construction self-similar, since
for and
for
The self-symmetries of all of the de Rham curves are given by the monoid that describes the symmetries of the infinite binary tree or Cantor set. This so-called period-doubling monoid is a subset of the modular group.
The image of the curve, i.e. the set of points
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20State%20Summer%20School%20for%20Mathematics%20and%20Science
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The California State Summer School for Mathematics and Science (COSMOS) is a summer program for high school students in California for the purpose of preparing them for careers in mathematics and sciences. It is often abbreviated COSMOS, although COSMOS does not contain the correct letters to create an accurate abbreviation. The program is hosted on four different campuses of the University of California, at Davis, Irvine, San Diego, and Santa Cruz.
History
COSMOS was established by the California State Legislature in the summer of 2000 to stimulate the interests of and provide opportunities for talented California high school students. The California State Summer School for Mathematics & Science is modeled after the California State Summer School for the Arts. In the first summer, 292 students enrolled in the program. Each COSMOS campus only holds 150 students, so selection is competitive. It is a great experience in exploring the sciences and a good activity for college applications, especially the University of California application. This program is designed for extremely gifted students who make amazing discoveries in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) areas.
References
State evaluation report of the COSMOS program
External links
Official site
Schools in California
Science education in the United States
Schools of mathematics
Summer schools
Science and technology in California
2000 establishments in California
Mathematics summer camps
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talanta
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Talanta is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in pure and applied analytical chemistry. It was established in 1958 and is published by Elsevier, with 15 issues per year. In addition to original research articles, Talanta also publishes review articles and short communications.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, it received a 2014 impact factor of 3.545, ranking it eleventh out of 74 journals in the category "Chemistry, analytical". As of 2020, its impact factor was 6.057.
References
Chemistry journals
Academic journals established in 1958
English-language journals
Elsevier academic journals
Journals published between 13 and 25 times per year
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20braid%20group
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The loop braid group is a mathematical group structure that is used in some models of theoretical physics to model the exchange of particles with loop-like topologies within three dimensions of space and time.
The basic operations which generate a loop braid group for n loops are exchanges of two adjacent loops, and passing one adjacent loop through another. The topology forces these generators to satisfy some relations, which determine the group.
To be precise, the loop braid group on n loops is defined as the motion group of n disjoint circles embedded in a compact three-dimensional "box" diffeomorphic to the three-dimensional disk. A motion is a loop in the configuration space, which consists of all possible ways of embedding n circles into the 3-disk. This becomes a group in the same way as loops in any space can be made into a group; first, we define equivalence classes of loops by letting paths g and h be equivalent iff they are related by a (smooth) homotopy, and then we define a group operation on the equivalence classes by concatenation of paths. In his 1962 Ph.D. thesis, David M. Dahm was able to show that there is an injective homomorphism from this group into the automorphism group of the free group on n generators, so it is natural to identify the group with this subgroup of the automorphism group. One may also show that the loop braid group is isomorphic to the welded braid group, as is done for example in a paper by John C. Baez, Derek Wise, and Alissa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate%20%28disambiguation%29
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A candidate is a person or thing seeking or being considered for some kind of position:
Candidate may also refer to:
Candidate solution, in mathematics
Candidates Tournament, a qualification event for the World Chess Championship
Candidate (degree)
Film
The Candidate (1959 film), an Argentine drama film
The Candidate (1964 film) by Robert Angus, aka Party Girls for the Candidate, aka The Playmates and the Candidate
The Candidate (1972 film) by Michael Ritchie, with Robert Redford
The Candidate (1980 film) by Stefan Aust, Alexander Kluge, Volker Schlöndorff, Alexander von Eschwege, German title: Der Kandidat
The Candidate (1998 film), Taiwanese film by Neil Peng
The Candidate (2008 film) by Kasper Barfoed, Danish title: Kandidaten
Candidate (2013 film) by Jonáš Karásek, Slovak title: Kandidát
The Realm (2018 film) by Rodrigo Sorogoyen, also known as The Candidate, Spanish title: El reino
Television
"The Candidate" (Arrow), an episode of Arrow
The Candidate (TV series), an Afghan TV series supported by the CEPPS agreement
"The Candidate" (Lost), an episode of the sixth and final season of the television drama Lost
"The Candidate" (Frasier), an episode of Frasier
La candidata, a Mexican telenovela
El Candidato (2020), known as The Candidate in English, a Mexican TV series.
Music
Candidate (band), a British rock group
The Candidate (album), a 1979 album by Steve Harley
"Candidate" (David Bowie song)
"Candidate" (Joy Division song)
See also
Candidate of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilei%20number
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In fluid dynamics, the Galilei number (Ga), sometimes also referred to as Galileo number (see discussion), is a dimensionless number named after Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (1564-1642).
It may be regarded as proportional to gravity forces divided by viscous forces. The Galilei number is used in viscous flow and thermal expansion calculations, for example to describe fluid film flow over walls. These flows apply to condensers or chemical columns.
g: gravitational acceleration, (SI units: m/s2)
L: characteristic length, (SI units: m)
ν: characteristic kinematic viscosity, (SI units: m2/s)
See also
Archimedes number
References
VDI-Wärmeatlas; 5., extended Edition; VDI Verlag Düsseldorf; 1988; page Bc 1 (German)
W. Wagner; Wärmeübertragung; 5., revised Edition; Vogel Fachbuch; 1998; page 119 (German)
External links
Website referring to the Galileo number with calculator
Table of dimensionless numbers (German)
Table of dimensionless numbers (German)
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rcos
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RCOS, Rcos or rCOS may refer to:
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
Royal College of Surgeons of England
Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
RC Optical Systems
Rcos (trigonometric function), an archaic trigonometric function
rCOS (computer sciences), a model in computer sciences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral%20transmission
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Oral transmission, literally meaning "passing by mouth", may refer to:
Oral tradition of stories, texts, music, laws and other cultural elements
Oral gospel traditions, referring specifically to the Christian Gospels
Pathogen transmission in medicine and biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Seberry
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Jennifer Roma Seberry (also published as Jennifer Seberry Wallis, born 13 February 1944 in Sydney) is an Australian cryptographer, mathematician, and computer scientist, currently a professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia. She was formerly the head of the Department of Computer Science and director of the Centre for Computer Security Research at the university.
Education and career
Seberry attended Parramatta High School and got her BSc at University of New South Wales, 1966; MSc at La Trobe University, 1969; PhD at La Trobe University, 1971 (Computational Mathematics); B.Ec. with two years completed at University of Sydney. Her doctoral advisor was Bertram Mond.
Seberry was the first person to teach cryptology at an Australian University (University of Sydney). She was also the first woman Professor of Computer Science in Australia. She was the first woman Reader in Combinatorial Mathematics in Australia.
she had supervised 30 doctorates and had 71 academic descendants. Her notable students have included Peter Eades, Mirka Miller, and Deborah Street.
Service
Seberry was a founding member of the University of Sydney's Research Foundation for Information Technology Information Security Group in 1987. The group grew into the Australian Information Security Association, an Australian representative industry body with over 1000 paid members and branches in most capitals.
Seberry was one of the founders of the Asiacrypt international conference in 1990 (then cal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrydite
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Acrydite is a phosphoramidite that allows the synthesis of oligonucleotides with a methacryl group at the 5' end (less commonly 3' or internal). Acryl oligonucleotides have been tested, but the acryl group is not stable to storage. Acrydite-modified oligonucleotides can react with nucleophiles such as thiols (Michael addition chemistry), this forms the basis of the ez-rays chemistry which was used for microarrays. More importantly, Acrydite-modified oligonucleotides can be incorporated, stoichiometrically, into hydrogels such as polyacrylamide, using standard free radical polymerization chemistry, where the double bond in the Acrydite group reacts with other activated double bond containing compounds such as acrylamide.
History
The idea of acrylamide-modified DNA was developed by T. Christian Boles, while working at Mosaic Technologies, a now-defunct biotechnology company located in Waltham, MA. The IP was licensed, along with a microarray technology ("ez-rays") to Matrix Technologies, of Hudson, NH, which is now part of Thermo Scientific. Acrydite-modified oligonucleotides can be obtained from vendors such as Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT).
Hybrigel
The first use of Acrydite was in a technology called Hybrigel. In Hybrigel, Acrydite-modified oligos are incorporated into a standard polyacrylamide gel system; as complementary ss nucleic acid moves past the immobilized Acrydite oligos, the complementary DNA is captured. Hybrigel-like technology is widely used as a DNA pu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyall%20Hamiltonian
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In quantum chemistry, the Dyall Hamiltonian is a modified Hamiltonian with two-electron nature. It can be written as follows:
where labels , , denote core, active and virtual orbitals (see Complete active space) respectively, and are the orbital energies of the involved orbitals, and operators are the spin-traced operators . These operators commute with and , therefore the application of these operators on a spin-pure function produces again a spin-pure function.
The Dyall Hamiltonian behaves like the true Hamiltonian inside the CAS space, having the same eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the true Hamiltonian projected onto the CAS space.
References
Quantum chemistry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanophotonics
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Nanophotonics or nano-optics is the study of the behavior of light on the nanometer scale, and of the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light. It is a branch of optics, optical engineering, electrical engineering, and nanotechnology. It often involves dielectric structures such as nanoantennas, or metallic components, which can transport and focus light via surface plasmon polaritons.
The term "nano-optics", just like the term "optics", usually refers to situations involving ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared light (free-space wavelengths from 300 to 1200 nanometers).
Background
Normal optical components, like lenses and microscopes, generally cannot normally focus light to nanometer (deep subwavelength) scales, because of the diffraction limit (Rayleigh criterion). Nevertheless, it is possible to squeeze light into a nanometer scale using other techniques like, for example, surface plasmons, localized surface plasmons around nanoscale metal objects, and the nanoscale apertures and nanoscale sharp tips used in near-field scanning optical microscopy (SNOM or NSOM) and photoassisted scanning tunnelling microscopy.
Application
Nanophotonics researchers pursue a very wide variety of goals, in fields ranging from biochemistry to electrical engineering to carbon-free energy. A few of these goals are summarized below.
Optoelectronics and microelectronics
If light can be squeezed into a small volume, it can be absorbed and detected by a small detector. Small
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Manin%20connection
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In mathematics, the Gauss–Manin connection is a connection on a certain vector bundle over a base space S of a family of algebraic varieties . The fibers of the vector bundle are the de Rham cohomology groups of the fibers of the family. It was introduced by for curves S and by in higher dimensions.
Flat sections of the bundle are described by differential equations; the best-known of these is the Picard–Fuchs equation, which arises when the family of varieties is taken to be the family of elliptic curves. In intuitive terms, when the family is locally trivial, cohomology classes can be moved from one fiber in the family to nearby fibers, providing the 'flat section' concept in purely topological terms. The existence of the connection is to be inferred from the flat sections.
Intuition
Consider a smooth morphism of schemes over characteristic 0. If we consider these spaces as complex analytic spaces, then the Ehresmann fibration theorem tells us that each fiber is a smooth manifold and each fiber is diffeomorphic. This tells us that the de-Rham cohomology groups are all isomorphic. We can use this observation to ask what happens when we try to differentiate cohomology classes using vector fields from the base space .
Consider a cohomology class such that where is the inclusion map. Then, if we consider the classes
eventually there will be a relation between them, called the Picard–Fuchs equation. The Gauss–Manin connection is a tool which encodes this informati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%26P
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P&P may refer to:
People & Planet, a UK student campaign network
Photochemistry and Photobiology, an academic journal
Picture-in-picture, a feature of some television receivers and similar devices
Postage and packaging, mail charges
Pride and Prejudice, a novel by Jane Austen
Pride and Prejudice (disambiguation), film adaptations of the Austen novel of the same name
Principles and parameters
SMT placement equipment or pick-and-place machines, surface mount technology equipment
Powell and Pressburger, a film-making partnership
Paper and pencil game, board games and the likes played using pencils or pens
"P & P", a song by Kendrick Lamar from his 2009 extended play, Kendrick Lamar
See also
PNP (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20H.%20Burckhalter
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Joseph H. Burckhalter was a chemist who worked in the field of isothiocyanate compounds. In 1995 he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Burckhalter is also a member of the Medicinal Chemistry Hall of Fame.
Burckhalter earned a B.S. in chemistry from the University of South Carolina in 1934 and an M.S. in organic chemistry from the University of Illinois, Urbana, in 1938. In 1942, he received his doctorate in medicinal chemistry at the University of Michigan, where he had been a graduate student of Frederick Blicke.
References
1912 births
2004 deaths
Organic chemists
University of South Carolina alumni
University of Michigan alumni
20th-century American inventors
University of Illinois College of Liberal Arts and Sciences alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Klebanov
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Igor R. Klebanov (; ; born March 29, 1962) is an American theoretical physicist. Since 1989, he has been a faculty member at Princeton University where he is currently a Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics and the director of the Princeton Center for Theoretical Science. In 2016, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Since 2022, he is the director of the Simons Collaboration on Confinement and QCD Strings.
Biography
Klebanov grew up in Kharkiv and emigrated to the U.S. with his parents and sister when he was 16.
He received his undergraduate education at MIT (class of 1982) and his Ph.D. degree at Princeton University in 1986 as a student of Curtis Callan.
In his thesis he made advances in the Skyrme model of hadrons, which included the first paper on a Skyrmion crystal.
Klebanov worked as a post-doc in the SLAC Theory Group.
His main contributions to string theory are in matrix model approaches to two-dimensional strings, in brane dynamics, and in the gauge theory-gravity duality.
His work in 1996-97 on relations between branes in supergravity and their gauge theory description anticipated the gauge theory-gravity correspondence.
Klebanov's 1998 paper with his graduate student Steven Gubser, and Alexander M. Polyakov, which made a precise statement of the AdS/CFT duality, is among the top cited papers in theoretical high-energy physics. A series of papers by Klebanov and collaborators on D-branes on the conifold has led to discovery of cascading gauge the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Corfield
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David Neil Corfield is a British philosopher specializing in philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of psychology. He is Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Kent.
Education
Corfield studied mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and later earned his MSc and PhD in the philosophy of science and mathematics at King's College London. His doctoral advisor was Donald A. Gillies.
Work
Corfield is the author of Towards a Philosophy of Real Mathematics (2003), in which he argues that the philosophical implications of mathematics did not stop with Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorems. He has also co-authored a book with Darian Leader about psychology and psychosomatic medicine, Why Do People Get Ill? (2007).
He joined the University of Kent in September 2007 in which he is currently a Senior Lecturer.
He is a member of the informal steering committee of nLab, a wiki-lab for collaborative work on mathematics, physics, and philosophy.
Bibliography
"Assaying Lakatos's Philosophy of Mathematics", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 28(1), 99–121 (1997).
"Beyond the Methodology of Mathematical Research Programmes", Philosophia Mathematica 6, 272–301 (1998).
"Come the Revolution...", critical notice on The Principles of Mathematics Revisited by Jaakko Hintikka, Philosophical Books 39(3), 150–6 (1998).
"The Importance of Mathematical Conceptualisation", Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 32(3), 507–533 (2001).
"Bayesianism in Mathematics",
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Materials%2C%20Minerals%20and%20Mining
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The Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) is a UK engineering institution whose activities encompass the whole materials cycle, from exploration and extraction, through characterisation, processing, forming, finishing and application, to product recycling and land reuse. It exists to promote and develop all aspects of materials science and engineering, geology, mining and associated technologies, mineral and petroleum engineering and extraction metallurgy, as a leading authority in the worldwide materials and mining community.
It is a registered charity governed by royal charter and in 2021 had a gross income of £3.86million. The institute is also a member of the UK Science Council.
In 2019 the institute celebrated 150 years since the establishment of the Iron and Steel Institute, a learned society that IOM3 now encompasses.
Structure
Having resided at Carlton House Terrace off Pall Mall in St James's in central London since 2002, the institute moved to 297 Euston Road on 30 June 2015. The organisation has its education, marketing and knowledge transfer office in Grantham, and its Membership office in Stoke on Trent.
Members of the institute come from a variety of backgrounds, from students to company chief executives. Members qualify for different grades of membership, ranging from Affiliate to Fellow of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (FIMMM), depending on academic qualifications and professional experience. IOM3 has an individual membership
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20Phase%20Equilibria
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Fluid Phase Equilibria is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on physical chemistry and thermodynamics that is published by Elsevier. The articles deal with experimental, theoretical and applied research related to properties of pure components and mixtures, especially phase equilibria, caloric and transport properties of fluid and solid phases. It has an impact factor of 2.775 (2020).
Editors
The current editors are:
Clare McCabe - Editor in Chief. Vanderbilt University Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Ioannis Economou - Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, PO Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
Yoshio Iwai - Kyushu University Faculty of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, 744, Motooka, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
Georgios Kontogeorgis - Technical University of Denmark Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
Ana Soto - University of Santiago de Compostela School of Engineering, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Availability
Fluid Phase Equilibria can be obtained in print or in electronic form.
External links
Elsevier Publisher
Fluid Phase Equilibria Homepage
Chemistry journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Dumbleton
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John of Dumbleton (Latin Ioannes De Dumbleton; c. 1310 – c. 1349) was a member of the Dumbleton village community in Gloucestershire, a southwestern county in England. Although obscure, he is considered a significant English fourteenth-century philosopher for his contributions to logic, natural philosophy, and physics. Dumbleton’s masterwork is his Summa Logicae et Philosophiae Naturalis (Summary of Logic and Natural Philosophy), likely to have been composed just before the time of his death.
Life
John of Dumbleton is recorded to have become a fellow at Merton College, Oxford (ca. 1338–9) and to have studied with the likes of William Heytesbury, Thomas Bradwardine, and Richard Swineshead. These four medieval scholastics held a common bond in that their study interests were in a similar field, but the method of study which brought these fellows into the same sphere of learning was of a more esoteric bent than modern university methods. They were interested in mathematics and logical analysis for the purposes of natural philosophy, theology, and an a priori type of mathematical physics (not to be confused with modern, empirical, experimental physics). Thus, the physics postulations and conjectures made by Dumbleton and his Oxford contemporaries were primarily done without any application of physical experimentation. Dumbleton, along with the other three Merton philosophers, received the moniker 'Calculators' for their adherence to mathematics and logical disputation when solvi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20of%20Chemical%20Industry
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The Society of Chemical Industry (SCI) is a learned society set up in 1881 "to further the application of chemistry and related sciences for the public benefit".
Offices
The society's headquarters is in Belgrave Square, London. There are semi-independent branches in the United States, Canada and Australia.
Aims
The society aims to accelerate the rate of scientific innovations being commercialised by industry to benefit society. It does this through promoting collaborations between scientists and industrialists, running technical and innovation conferences, building communities across academia and industry and publishing scientific content through its journals and digital platforms.
It also promotes science education.
History
On 21 November 1879, Lancashire chemist John Hargreaves canvassed a meeting of chemists and managers in Widnes, St Helens and Runcorn to consider the formation of a chemical society. Modelled on the successful Tyne Chemical Society already operating in Newcastle, the newly proposed South Lancashire Chemical Society held its first meeting on 29 January 1880 in Liverpool, with the eminent industrial chemist and soda manufacturer Ludwig Mond presiding.
It was quickly decided that the society should not be limited to just the local region and the title 'the Society of Chemical Industry’ was finally settled upon at a meeting in London on 4 April 1881, as being 'more inclusive'. Held at the offices of the Chemical Society, now the headquarters of the Royal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Smith%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201979%29
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Paul Daniel Smith (born 17 December 1979) is an English football coach and former player. He is currently head of Academy goalkeeper coaching at League Two club Colchester United.
Education
Smith holds A-levels in PE, Home Economics, Sociology, Advanced Mathematics, Biology and Geography.He studied at the Glyn school in Ewell, Epsom.
Career
Early playing career
Smith was born in Epsom and made an appearance for his hometown club on the final day of the 1997–98 Isthmian League Third Division season. He continued his career at Charlton Athletic, but was released in the summer of 1999, after one year as a professional. After a short period with Walton & Hersham, Smith moved to Carshalton Athletic in late 1999, but moved to Brentford in August 2000 after they spotted Smith guesting for Crawley Town in a pre-season friendly against The Bees. At Brentford, he made 104 appearances.
Southampton
In January 2004, to address financial problems at Brentford, Smith was sold to Southampton for a fee reported to be £250,000, with additional add on fees totalling £250,000. At Southampton, he was initially deputy to Antti Niemi, but, following Niemi's departure, Smith took over as their number one. However, he found himself further down the pecking order with the arrival of Bartosz Białkowski and Kevin Miller.
Nottingham Forest
In search of first team football, Smith signed for League One side Nottingham Forest for around £500,000 in July 2006. He established himself ahead of Rune Peders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato%20Maximilian%20Guldberg
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Cato Maximilian Guldberg (11 August 1836 – 14 January 1902) was a Norwegian mathematician and chemist. Guldberg is best known as a pioneer in physical chemistry.
Background
Guldberg was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. He was the eldest son of Carl August Guldberg (1812–92) and Hanna Sophie Theresia Bull (1810–54). He was the brother of nurse and educator Cathinka Guldberg as well as mathematician Axel Sophus Guldberg.
He attended Aug. Holths private latinskole in Christiania. Guldberg studied mathematics and physics at the University of Christiania and took his diploma in 1859. That same year he received the Crown Prince's gold medal (Kronprinsens gullmedalje) for a dissertation in pure mathematics. He received a travel and education scholarship in 1861, studying applied mathematics and machine learning in (Germany), Switzerland and France.
Career
Guldberg first taught at Hartvig Nissens skole in Christiania. Gulberg worked at the Royal Frederick University becoming a college fellow in 1867 and received a professorship in applied mathematics in 1869.
Together with his brother-in-law, Peter Waage, he proposed the law of mass action. This law attracted little attention until, in 1877, Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff arrived at a similar relationship and experimentally demonstrated its validity.
In 1890, he published what is now known as the Guldberg rule, which states that the normal boiling point of a liquid is two-thirds of the critical temperature when measured on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPA
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ISPA may refer to:
Indian Space Association (ISpA)
Institute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics
Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession, part of the European Union Regional policy
International Sleep Products Association
Internet Service Providers Association (disambiguation)
Internet Service Providers Association (United Kingdom)
Internet Service Providers Association (South Africa)
Iranian Students Polling Agency
Immunization of School Pupils Act, vaccination law in Ontario, Canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20language
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Hybrid language may refer to:
A multi-paradigm programming language, a programming language that draws on elements from more than one programming paradigm, in computer science
In natural language, a mixed language deriving from several languages simultaneously
Any result of language contact
See also
Hybrid (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Kanwisher
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Nancy Gail Kanwisher FBA (born 1958) is the Walter A Rosenblith Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an investigator at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research. She studies the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying human visual perception and cognition.
Academic background
Nancy Kanwisher received her BS in biology from MIT in 1980 and her PhD in Brain and Cognitive Sciences from MIT in 1986. After obtaining her PhD working with Mary C. Potter, she then did her post-doctoral work with Anne Treisman at UC-Berkeley. Before returning to MIT as a faculty member in 1997 in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Kanwisher served as a faculty member at both UCLA and Harvard University.
Kanwisher is a member and associate editor for journals in areas of cognitive science, including Cognition, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Journal of Neuroscience, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, and Cognitive Neuropsychology. She has also written on other subjects, including an article in the Huffington Post and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2010 about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Kanwisher once shaved her head while teaching a lecture on neuroanatomy to point out the functional regions of the brain so her students could visualize the concepts.
Achievements and awards
Kanwisher has received numerous accolades for her academic endeavors. She founded the McG
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refinable%20function
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In mathematics, in the area of wavelet analysis, a refinable function is a function which fulfils some kind of self-similarity. A function is called refinable with respect to the mask if
This condition is called refinement equation, dilation equation or two-scale equation.
Using the convolution (denoted by a star, *) of a function with a discrete mask and the dilation operator one can write more concisely:
It means that one obtains the function, again, if you convolve the function with a discrete mask and then scale it back.
There is a similarity to iterated function systems and de Rham curves.
The operator is linear.
A refinable function is an eigenfunction of that operator.
Its absolute value is not uniquely defined.
That is, if is a refinable function,
then for every the function is refinable, too.
These functions play a fundamental role in wavelet theory as scaling functions.
Properties
Values at integral points
A refinable function is defined only implicitly.
It may also be that there are several functions which are refinable with respect to the same mask.
If shall have finite support
and the function values at integer arguments are wanted,
then the two scale equation becomes a system of simultaneous linear equations.
Let be the minimum index and be the maximum index
of non-zero elements of , then one obtains
Using the discretization operator, call it here, and the transfer matrix of , named , this can be written concisely as
This is again a fixed-p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essentially%20surjective%20functor
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In mathematics, specifically in category theory, a functor
is essentially surjective (or dense) if each object of is isomorphic to an object of the form for some object of .
Any functor that is part of an equivalence of categories is essentially surjective. As a partial converse, any full and faithful functor that is essentially surjective is part of an equivalence of categories.
Notes
References
External links
Functors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay%20Uzer
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Ahmet Turgay Uzer is a Turkish-born American theoretical physicist and nature photographer.
Regents' Professor Emeritus at Georgia Institute of Technology following Joseph Ford (physicist). He has contributed in the field of atomic and molecular physics, nonlinear dynamics and chaos significantly. His research on interplay between quantum dynamics
and classical mechanics, in the context of chaos is considered to be novel in molecular and theoretical physics and chemistry.
Academic career
Turgay Uzer completed his bachelor's degree at Turkey's prestigious Middle East Technical University. According to Harvard University Library his doctoral thesis was entitled "Photon and electron interactions with diatomic molecules." He defended his dissertation and graduated from Harvard University in 1979.
Before joining Georgia Tech in 1985 as an associate professor, he worked as a research fellow at University of Oxford 1979/81, Caltech 1982/1983, and as a research associate at University of Colorado 1983/85. Currently, he is a faculty member with the Center for Nonlinear Science and
full professor of physics at Georgia Tech.
His research areas are quite broad, but he has focused on the dynamics of intermolecular energy transfer, reaction dynamics, quantal manifestations of classical mechanics, quantization of nonlinear systems, computational physics, molecular physics, applied mathematics.
Awards
Uzer was Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Foundation Fellow in 1993–1994 at
Max Pla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard%20Weigel
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Erhard Weigel (16 December 1625 – 20 March 1699) was a German mathematician, astronomer and philosopher.
Biography
Weigel earned his M.A. (1650) and his habilitation (1652) from the University of Leipzig. From 1653 until his death he was professor of mathematics at Jena University. He was the teacher of Leibniz in summer 1663, and other notable students. He also worked to make science more widely accessible to the public, and what would today be considered a populariser of science.
He concurred with Jakob Ellrod's "Mittel-Calendar", and with the advocacy of Leibniz and others, that the date of Easter should be based on the astronomical measurement of the spring equinox and the next full moon. He followed Jakob Ellrod to the Imperial Diet in Regensburg to advocate the use of the Mittel-Calendar or New Gregorian calendar.
Timeline
1625 born in Weiden in der Oberpfalz, son of clothier Michael Weigel and Anna Weigel
1627–28 seizures of the Upper Palatinate through imperial troops starting with recatholicization; escape of the Weigel family from Wunsiedel to Ansbach-Bayreuth
1638–44 teen years at grammar school in Wunsiedel
1644–46 Lutheran high school in Halle (Saale) and simultaneous activity with the astronomer Bartholomäus Schimpfer, who teaches him mathematics
1646 temporary return to Wunsiedel; mathematics and astronomy instruction with archdeacon Jakob Ellrod
1647–50 studies at the University of Leipzig
1650 MA in philosophy: De ascensionibus et descensionibus ast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiamante
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Adiamante is a 1996 science fiction novel written by L. E. Modesitt, Jr. It is outside the span of his series work but maintains several of his main themes, including justification of pre-emptive force, nanotechnology, a nearly destroyed but rebuilt Earth, misuse of technology leading to man's downfall, internalized information networks, and shortening or slurring of the names of present-day cities, countries and ethnic groups, along with historical events.
Plot summary
After gaining amazing power over genetics and technology, three sects of humanity have developed and split after a civil war on earth forced them apart. Now, far into the future, the deported sect has returned to force their rule on the remaining citizens of earth.
The Sects
The demis
Perhaps a shortened form of demigod. Demis are the product of generations of genetic engineering with integrated and non-intrusive cybernetics. Demis tend to use a more subtle but no less forceful approach than their cyb cousins. Demis focus more on acceptance of ‘whole body reality’ and used the precursor technology to achieve a sort of gestalt-consciousness. It is implied that this technology led to great self-understanding and awareness. Demis occasionally have draff offspring. There are no cybs born to demis.
The cybs
A shortened form of cyborg. Cybs are the descendants of people who integrated their consciousness with computers and whose objective is to lead a life bound strictly by machine-like logic and precision. Whil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBM
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LBM may refer to:
Laboratory of biomechanics of Arts et Métiers ParisTech
Interleaved Bitmap Format filename extension
Lattice Boltzmann methods in fluid dynamics
Pound (mass), lbm or lbm
Lean body mass
Location-based media
London Borough of Merton, UK
Laser beam machining
Logical Business Machines, a defunct computer company
Little Brown Mushroom, a publishing house founded by Alec Soth
Live bivalve mollusc
Lumber and Building Materials
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20planning
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Motion planning, also path planning (also known as the navigation problem or the piano mover's problem) is a computational problem to find a sequence of valid configurations that moves the object from the source to destination. The term is used in computational geometry, computer animation, robotics and computer games.
For example, consider navigating a mobile robot inside a building to a distant waypoint. It should execute this task while avoiding walls and not falling down stairs. A motion planning algorithm would take a description of these tasks as input, and produce the speed and turning commands sent to the robot's wheels. Motion planning algorithms might address robots with a larger number of joints (e.g., industrial manipulators), more complex tasks (e.g. manipulation of objects), different constraints (e.g., a car that can only drive forward), and uncertainty (e.g. imperfect models of the environment or robot).
Motion planning has several robotics applications, such as autonomy, automation, and robot design in CAD software, as well as applications in other fields, such as animating digital characters, video game, architectural design, robotic surgery, and the study of biological molecules.
Concepts
A basic motion planning problem is to compute a continuous path that connects a start configuration S and a goal configuration G, while avoiding collision with known obstacles. The robot and obstacle geometry is described in a 2D or 3D workspace, while the motion is re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomsk%20State%20University%20of%20Architecture%20and%20Construction
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The Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building () is located in Tomsk, Russia in Western Siberia. TSUAB provides fundamental and applied training of students within bachelor, master and specialist programs in architecture and civil engineering.
History
TSUAB history dates back to 1901 when the First Siberian Merchant School was established. During Revolution and Civil War the school turned from specialized educational establishment into higher education institution: at Kolchak time it was occupied by Academy of General Staff of Russian Army evacuated from Moscow, further at Soviet times it turned into First Siberian Applied Polytechnic Institute.
To raise prestige of secondary specialized schools in 1923 when they were subjected to reformation, the school was reorganized in the First Siberian Polytechnic College named after K.A. Timiryazev. Industrial development in 1930 defines the necessity of fast growth in the number of technical schools and Tomsk Polytechnic College is divided into many new Tomsk technical schools, Polytechnic College is disestablished.
One of them, Tomsk Milling-Elevator Technical School (training specialists-technicians and site engineers for construction of elevators in Siberia), was located in buildings on Solyanaya Square. However, next year in 1931 governmental decree was issued to reorganize technical school into Tomsk Milling-Elevator Institute. In 1939 another governmental decision relocates the Institute back to Moscow. In 1943 it
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20subgroup%20conjecture
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In mathematics, the surface subgroup conjecture of Friedhelm Waldhausen states that the fundamental group of every closed, irreducible 3-manifold with infinite fundamental group has a surface subgroup. By "surface subgroup" we mean the fundamental group of a closed surface not the 2-sphere. This problem is listed as Problem 3.75 in Robion Kirby's problem list.
Assuming the geometrization conjecture, the only open case was that of closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds. A proof of this case was announced in the summer of 2009 by Jeremy Kahn and Vladimir Markovic and outlined in a talk August 4, 2009 at the FRG (Focused Research Group) Conference hosted by the University of Utah. A preprint appeared in the arxiv.org server in October 2009. Their paper was published in the Annals of Mathematics in 2012. In June 2012, Kahn and Markovic were given the Clay Research Awards by the Clay Mathematics Institute at a ceremony in Oxford.
See also
Virtually Haken conjecture
Ehrenpreis conjecture
References
3-manifolds
Conjectures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Kuffler
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Stephen William Kuffler (August 24, 1913 – October 11, 1980) was a Hungarian-American neurophysiologist. He is often referred to as the "Father of Modern Neuroscience". Kuffler, alongside noted Nobel Laureates Sir John Eccles and Sir Bernard Katz gave research lectures at the University of Sydney, strongly influencing its intellectual environment while working at Sydney Hospital. He founded the Harvard neurobiology department in 1966, and made numerous seminal contributions to our understanding of vision, neural coding, and the neural implementation of behavior. He is known for his research on neuromuscular junctions in frogs, presynaptic inhibition, and the neurotransmitter GABA. In 1972, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.
Honors and awards
Kuffler was widely recognized as an original and creative neuroscientist. In addition to numerous prizes, honorary degrees, and special lectureships from countries over the world, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960, National Academy of Sciences in 1964, the Royal Society as Foreign Member in 1971, and the American Philosophical Society in 1978. In 1964 he was named the Robert Winthrop professor of neurophysiology and neuropharmacology. From 1966 to 1974 he was the Robert Winthrop professor of neurobiology, and in 1974 he became John Franklin Enders university professor.
A detailed, affectionate, and authoritative account of Stephen Kuffler's life and work has been pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-PLOR
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X-PLOR is a computer software package for computational structural biology originally developed by Axel T. Brunger at Yale University. It was first published in 1987 as an offshoot of CHARMM - a similar program that ran on supercomputers made by Cray Inc. It is used in the fields of X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (NMR) analysis.
X-PLOR is a highly sophisticated program that provides an interface between theoretical foundations and experimental data in structural biology, with specific emphasis on X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solution of biological macro-molecules. It is intended mainly for researchers and students in the fields of computational chemistry, structural biology, and computational molecular biology.
See also
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
Molecular mechanics
References
External links
The program's reference manual hosted at Oxford University
Molecular dynamics software
Computer libraries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceptive%20phase
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In biology and sexology, the proceptive phase is the initial period in a relationship when organisms are "courting" each other, prior to the acceptive phase when copulation occurs. Behaviors that occur during the proceptive phase depend very much on the species, but may include visual displays, movements, sounds and odors.
The term proceptivity was introduced into general sexological use by Frank A. Beach in 1976 and refers to behavior enacted by a female to initiate, maintain, or escalate a sexual interaction. There are large species differences in proceptive behavior. The term has also been used to describe women's roles in human courtship, with a meaning very close to Beach's. A near synonym is proception.
The term proceptive phase refers to pre-consummatory, that is, pre-ejaculatory, behavior and focuses attention on the active role played by the female organism in creating, maintaining, and escalating the sexual interaction.
See also
Mating
References
External links
Additional sexological and historical material by the sexologist John Money
Reproduction in animals
Mating
Animal sexuality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameness%20theorem
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In mathematics, the tameness theorem states that every complete hyperbolic 3-manifold with finitely generated fundamental group is topologically tame, in other words homeomorphic to the interior of a compact 3-manifold.
The tameness theorem was conjectured by . It was proved by and, independently, by Danny Calegari and David Gabai. It is one of the fundamental properties of geometrically infinite hyperbolic 3-manifolds, together with the density theorem for Kleinian groups and the ending lamination theorem.
It also implies the Ahlfors measure conjecture.
History
Topological tameness may be viewed as a property of the ends of the manifold, namely, having a local product structure. An analogous statement is well known in two dimensions, that is, for surfaces. However, as the example of Alexander horned sphere shows, there are wild embeddings among 3-manifolds, so this property is not automatic.
The conjecture was raised in the form of a question by Albert Marden, who proved that any geometrically finite hyperbolic 3-manifold is topologically tame. The conjecture was also called the Marden conjecture or the tame ends conjecture.
There had been steady progress in understanding tameness before the conjecture was resolved. Partial results had been obtained by Thurston, Brock, Bromberg, Canary, Evans, Minsky, Ohshika. An important sufficient condition for tameness in terms of splittings of the fundamental group had been obtained by Bonahon.
The conjecture was proved in 2004
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%20landscape
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An energy landscape is a mapping of possible states of a system. The concept is frequently used in physics, chemistry, and biochemistry, e.g. to describe all possible conformations of a molecular entity, or the spatial positions of interacting molecules in a system, or parameters and their corresponding energy levels, typically Gibbs free energy. Geometrically, the energy landscape is the graph of the energy function across the configuration space of the system. The term is also used more generally in geometric perspectives to mathematical optimization, when the domain of the loss function is the parameter space of some system.
Applications
The term is useful when examining protein folding; while a protein can theoretically exist in a nearly infinite number of conformations along its energy landscape, in reality proteins fold (or "relax") into secondary and tertiary structures that possess the lowest possible free energy. The key concept in the energy landscape approach to protein folding is the folding funnel hypothesis.
In catalysis, when designing new catalysts or refining existing ones, energy landscapes are considered to avoid low-energy or high-energy intermediates that could halt the reaction or demand excessive energy to reach the final products.
In glassing models, the local minima of an energy landscape correspond to metastable low temperature states of a thermodynamic system.
In machine learning, artificial neural networks may be analyzed using analogous appr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio%20bootes
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Papilio bootes, the tailed redbreast, is a swallowtail butterfly found in Asia. Within their wide distribution about four population variants have been named as subspecies. They have been placed within the Menelaides clade by a 2015 phylogenetics study.
Description
Male upperside velvety black. Forewing with pale internervular streaks that do not reach the terminal margin and only obscurely extend into the cell. Hindwing with similar streaks in interspaces 5 and 6, but the ground colour of the cell and of the lower and posterior portions of the wing uniform; interspaces 3 and 4 with elongate somewhat oval white spots at base, an admarginal red spot at tornus and at apex of interspace 2, and similar white spots intermixed with a few reddish scales as follows: one at apex of interspace 3, two near apex of tail, one on each side of vein 4, and a fourth at apex of interspace 4; the cilia black, touched with white in the middle of the interspaces; over the red tornal spot is a minute red crescent mark. Underside similar; the pale adnervular streaks on the forewing are more prominent and extend well into the cell; two or three red spots at extreme base of costa. Hindwing: ground colour as on the upperside, but in interspaces 6 and 7 silky black with a slight greenish lustre: markings as on the upperside, but the base of the wing dark red crossed by the black veins, the tornal red spot with a much broader lunular mark above it, and similar lunules above the admarginal spots in int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20matrix
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In applied mathematics, the transfer matrix is a formulation in terms of a block-Toeplitz matrix of the two-scale equation, which characterizes refinable functions. Refinable functions play an important role in wavelet theory and finite element theory.
For the mask , which is a vector with component indexes from to ,
the transfer matrix of , we call it here, is defined as
More verbosely
The effect of can be expressed in terms of the downsampling operator "":
Properties
See also
Hurwitz determinant
References
(contains proofs of the above properties)
Wavelets
Numerical analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmagupta%27s%20problem
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This problem was given in India by the mathematician Brahmagupta in 628 AD in his treatise Brahma Sputa Siddhanta:
Solve the Pell's equation
for integers .
Brahmagupta gave the smallest solution as
.
See also
Brahmagupta
Indian mathematics
List of Indian mathematicians
Pell's equation
Indeterminate equation
Diophantine equation
External links
Brahmagupta
Diophantine equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan%20Kulakowski
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Bohdan Kulakowski (1942 – 22 March 2006) was professor of mechanical engineering, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University. Kulakowski was an internationally recognized expert in automatic control systems, computer simulations and control of industrial processes, systems dynamics, vehicle/road dynamic interaction and transportation systems. His fuzzy logic algorithm for avoiding skidding accidents was recognized in 2000 by Discover magazine as one of its top 10 technological innovations of the year.
Kulakowski received his master's degree from Warsaw Technical University and his doctoral degree from the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw.
He held several management positions in Polish research institutions, including head of the Process Control Division in the Computer Centre for Building Industry and of the Division of Automatic Control research group, Institute of Glass and Ceramics, both in Warsaw. He was also a lecturer in electrical engineering at Warsaw Technical University and in 1974 held a United Nations postdoctoral position at the University of York in the United Kingdom.
Kulakowski moved to Penn State in 1979 as a senior Fulbright Scholar in mechanical engineering. He became a member of the University faculty in 1982 and served as head of the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute (PTI) from 1992 to 2003.
He was highly regarded for his teaching at Penn State, winning numerous awards. His honors include the University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Rosenkranz
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George Rosenkranz (born György Rosenkranz; 20 August 1916 – 23 June 2019) was a pioneering Hungarian-born (later Mexican) scientist in the field of steroid chemistry, who used native Mexican plant sources as raw materials. He was born in Hungary, studied in Switzerland and emigrated to the Americas to escape the Nazis, eventually settling in Mexico.
At Syntex corporation in Mexico City, Rosenkranz assembled a research group of organic chemists that included future leaders from around the world, such as Carl Djerassi, Luis E. Miramontes and Alejandro Zaffaroni. Revolutionary advances in the understanding of steroid drugs and their production occurred under Dr Rosenkranz's direction. Syntex synthesized a progestin used in some of the first combined oral contraceptive pills and numerous other useful steroids. Under Rosenkranz's leadership, Syntex became "a powerful international force in the development of steroidal pharmaceuticals", and "a pioneer of biotechnology" in the San Francisco Bay Area. Rosenkranz stepped down as CEO in 1982, at the age of 65.
In 2012, he was awarded the Biotechnology Heritage Award, in recognition of his significant contributions to the development of biotechnology through discovery, innovation, and public understanding. He turned 100 in August 2016.
Rosenkranz was also an American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) Grand Life Master at his hobby of duplicate bridge, with more than 13,000 masterpoints and 12 NABC titles (below). He wrote or co-wrote mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Moskowitz
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Paul A. Moskowitz works at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in New York. Moskowitz is a graduate of Stuyvesant High School in New York City, received a Ph.D. in physics at New York University, and has held research and teaching positions at the Université Grenoble, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, and at the University of Colorado Boulder. His early work in the area of nuclear physics resulted in the publication of the Moskowitz-Lombardi rule.
Moskowitz is an expert on the physics of RFID and is an inventor. Dr. Moskowitz has been awarded over one hundred United States patents. He has represented IBM at the Hardware Action Group of EPCglobal. Moskowitz's area of research has centered on privacy for wireless technology, including innovation of the "Clipped Tag" for RFID consumer privacy. The Wall Street Journal has cited the Clipped Tag on its list of 2006 Technology Innovation Winners. In 2007, the RFid Gazette selected Moskowitz as one of nine individuals who are among the top 25 influencers in the RFID industry.
The Clipped Tag for consumer privacy
The privacy-protecting RFID tag, the "Clipped Tag" has been suggested by IBM as a consumer privacy mechanism. The clipped tag puts the option of privacy protection in the hands of the consumer. It provides a visible means of enhancing privacy protection by allowing the transformation of a long-range tag into a proximity tag that still may be read, but only at short range – less than a few inches or centimeters.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Hawley%20Tucker
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Richard Hawley Tucker (October 29, 1859 – March 31, 1952) was an American astronomer.
Biography
He was born in Wiscasset, Maine, to a ship-owning and seafaring family. After a brief stint at sea starting at age 14, he attended Lehigh University, where he studied civil engineering but became interested in the study of astronomy. He graduated in 1879 and became an assistant at Dudley Observatory. He remained there for four years, and briefly worked with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
In 1883 he joined Lehigh as an instructor of mathematics and astronomy. A year later he was offered a position with the Argentine National Observatory, where he would assist in a survey of the southern night sky. He remained there for nine years, then joined the staff of Lick Observatory in 1893. He remained at Lick until 1908, operating the Meridian Circle program to make precise measurements of star positions.
In 1908 he would travel to San Luis, Argentina as part of an expedition to measure the positions of stars in the southern part of the sky. These measurements were to be incorporated into a catalog for Dudley Observatory. During his time there he made 20,800 observations of stars.
After his work in Argentina, he returned to Lick Observatory. In 1914 he married Ruth Standen, a secretary at Lick. He remained at the observatory until he retired in 1926, when he became Astronomer Emeritus. He spent his retirement years in Palo Alto, California.
During his career he published
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIPES
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PIPES is the common name for piperazine-N,N-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), and is a frequently used buffering agent in biochemistry. It is an ethanesulfonic acid buffer developed by Good et al. in the 1960s.
Applications
PIPES has two pKa values. One pKa (6.76 at 25 °C) is near the physiological pH which makes it useful in cell culture work. Its effective buffering range is 6.1-7.5 at 25 °C. The second pKa value is at 2.67 with a buffer range of from 1.5-3.5. PIPES has been documented minimizing lipid loss when buffering glutaraldehyde histology in plant and animal tissues. Fungal zoospore fixation for fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy were optimized with a combination of glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde in PIPES buffer. It has a negligible capacity to bind divalent ions.
See also
MOPS
HEPES
MES
Tris
Common buffer compounds used in biology
Good's buffers
References
Buffer solutions
Sulfonic acids
Piperazines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20State%20Medical%20University
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The Siberian State Medical University, SibMed (Russian: «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет», СибГМУ) is a public medical school in Tomsk, Russia. It was founded in May, 1878 by the decree of the Emperor Alexander II. Today, Siberian State Medical University provides undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate degrees in biochemistry, biophysics, general medicine, pediatrics, dentistry, pharmacy, and nursery fields. It is one of the few universities in Russia that has its own hospital that is not only providing medical care for citizens in Tomsk Region and other regions but, also, is a training center for students and medical professionals. It has more than 6 500 students that come from 39 countries worldwide. In 2017, SibMed obtained the status of the only flagship medical university in Russia.
History
Siberian Imperial University 1888-1930
Siberian Imperial University in Tomsk was founded in 1878. It was the ninth university opened in Russia at that time. The university started fully functioning only in 1888 when the construction activities were over. For more than ten years the Faculty of Medicine was the only faculty in the university. Shortly after the Faculty started operating, the construction of a university hospital and infectious diseases unit begun. In 1893, a Hygiene Unit was opened. Later, Imperial University grew to include an Outpatient Clinic and Bacteriological Institute. In 1907, three store buildings were given to Anatomy Institute that had
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadge%20hierarchy
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In descriptive set theory, within mathematics, Wadge degrees are levels of complexity for sets of reals. Sets are compared by continuous reductions. The Wadge hierarchy is the structure of Wadge degrees. These concepts are named after William W. Wadge.
Wadge degrees
Suppose and are subsets of Baire space ωω. Then is Wadge reducible to or ≤W if there is a continuous function on ωω with . The Wadge order is the preorder or quasiorder on the subsets of Baire space. Equivalence classes of sets under this preorder are called Wadge degrees, the degree of a set is denoted by []W. The set of Wadge degrees ordered by the Wadge order is called the Wadge hierarchy.
Properties of Wadge degrees include their consistency with measures of complexity stated in terms of definability. For example, if ≤W and is a countable intersection of open sets, then so is . The same works for all levels of the Borel hierarchy and the difference hierarchy. The Wadge hierarchy plays an important role in models of the axiom of determinacy. Further interest in Wadge degrees comes from computer science, where some papers have suggested Wadge degrees are relevant to algorithmic complexity.
Wadge's lemma states that under the axiom of determinacy (AD), for any two subsets of Baire space, ≤W or ≤W ωω\. The assertion that the Wadge lemma holds for sets in Γ is the semilinear ordering principle for Γ or SLO(Γ). Any defines a linear order on the equivalence classes modulo complements. Wadge's le
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20transporter
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In biology, a transporter is a transmembrane protein that moves ions (or other small molecules) across a biological membrane to accomplish many different biological functions including, cellular communication, maintaining homeostasis, energy production, etc. There are different types of transporters including, pumps, uniporters, antiporters, and symporters. Active transporters or ion pumps are transporters that convert energy from various sources—including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), sunlight, and other redox reactions—to potential energy by pumping an ion up its concentration gradient. This potential energy could then be used by secondary transporters, including ion carriers and ion channels, to drive vital cellular processes, such as ATP synthesis.
This page is focused mainly on ion transporters acting as pumps, but transporters can also function to move molecules through facilitated diffusion. Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP and allows molecules, that are unable to quickly diffuse across the membrane (passive diffusion), to diffuse down their concentration gradient through these protein transporters.
Ion transporters are essential for proper cell function and thus they are highly regulated by the cell and studied by researchers using a variety of methods. Some examples of cell regulations and research methods will be given.
Classification and disambiguation
Ion transporters are classified as a super family of transporters that contain 12 families of transp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%27s%20theorem%20on%20forms
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There also is Brauer's theorem on induced characters.
In mathematics, Brauer's theorem, named for Richard Brauer, is a result on the representability of 0 by forms over certain fields in sufficiently many variables.
Statement of Brauer's theorem
Let K be a field such that for every integer r > 0 there exists an integer ψ(r) such that for n ≥ ψ(r) every equation
has a non-trivial (i.e. not all xi are equal to 0) solution in K.
Then, given homogeneous polynomials f1,...,fk of degrees r1,...,rk respectively with coefficients in K, for every set of positive integers r1,...,rk and every non-negative integer l, there exists a number ω(r1,...,rk,l) such that for n ≥ ω(r1,...,rk,l) there exists an l-dimensional affine subspace M of Kn (regarded as a vector space over K) satisfying
An application to the field of p-adic numbers
Letting K be the field of p-adic numbers in the theorem, the equation (*) is satisfied, since , b a natural number, is finite. Choosing k = 1, one obtains the following corollary:
A homogeneous equation f(x1,...,xn) = 0 of degree r in the field of p-adic numbers has a non-trivial solution if n is sufficiently large.
One can show that if n is sufficiently large according to the above corollary, then n is greater than r2. Indeed, Emil Artin conjectured that every homogeneous polynomial of degree r over Qp in more than r2 variables represents 0. This is obviously true for r = 1, and it is well known that the conjecture is true for r = 2 (see, for example, J.-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Poste
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George Henry Poste, CBE FRS, is a former Director of the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University.
Career
Poste is the Del E. Webb Professor of Health Innovation and Chief Scientist at The Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative (CASI) at Arizona State University (ASU). This program integrates research in genomics, synthetic biology and high performance computing to study the altered regulation of molecular networks in human diseases to develop new diagnostic
tests for precision medicine and the remote monitoring of health status using miniaturized body sensors and mobile devices. He assumed this post in 2009. From 2003 to 2009 he directed and built The Biodesign Institute at ASU.
Effective 1 January 2021 he will assume additional leadership of the new Institute for Future Health (IFH) a joint venture between ASU and the University of Arizona in precision health and digital health. This will focus on remote health monitoring technologies with a focus on the use of digital psychiatry and cognitive computing to address the growing burden of mental illness.
He has published more than 400 research papers and edited 14 books on pharmaceutical technologies, cancer and infectious diseases. He has received honorary degrees in science, law and medicine and was awarded the rank of Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for his contributions to research and international security.
He currently serves on the Board of Directors of Exelixis, Caris Life Sciences, MediS
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20theorem
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In mathematics, a classification theorem answers the classification problem "What are the objects of a given type, up to some equivalence?". It gives a non-redundant enumeration: each object is equivalent to exactly one class.
A few issues related to classification are the following.
The equivalence problem is "given two objects, determine if they are equivalent".
A complete set of invariants, together with which invariants are solves the classification problem, and is often a step in solving it.
A (together with which invariants are realizable) solves both the classification problem and the equivalence problem.
A canonical form solves the classification problem, and is more data: it not only classifies every class, but provides a distinguished (canonical) element of each class.
There exist many classification theorems in mathematics, as described below.
Geometry
Classification of Euclidean plane isometries
Classification theorems of surfaces
Classification of two-dimensional closed manifolds
Enriques–Kodaira classification of algebraic surfaces (complex dimension two, real dimension four)
Nielsen–Thurston classification which characterizes homeomorphisms of a compact surface
Thurston's eight model geometries, and the geometrization conjecture
Berger classification
Classification of Riemannian symmetric spaces
Classification of 3-dimensional lens spaces
Classification of manifolds
Algebra
Classification of finite simple groups
Classification of Abelian gro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence%20tests
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In mathematics, convergence tests are methods of testing for the convergence, conditional convergence, absolute convergence, interval of convergence or divergence of an infinite series .
List of tests
Limit of the summand
If the limit of the summand is undefined or nonzero, that is , then the series must diverge. In this sense, the partial sums are Cauchy only if this limit exists and is equal to zero. The test is inconclusive if the limit of the summand is zero. This is also known as the nth-term test, test for divergence, or the divergence test.
Ratio test
This is also known as d'Alembert's criterion.
Suppose that there exists such that
If r < 1, then the series is absolutely convergent. If r > 1, then the series diverges. If r = 1, the ratio test is inconclusive, and the series may converge or diverge.
Root test
This is also known as the nth root test or Cauchy's criterion.
Let
where denotes the limit superior (possibly ; if the limit exists it is the same value).
If r < 1, then the series converges absolutely. If r > 1, then the series diverges. If r = 1, the root test is inconclusive, and the series may converge or diverge.
The root test is stronger than the ratio test: whenever the ratio test determines the convergence or divergence of an infinite series, the root test does too, but not conversely.
Integral test
The series can be compared to an integral to establish convergence or divergence. Let be a non-negative and monotonically decreasing functio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20line
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Critical line may refer to:
In mathematics, a specific subset of the complex numbers asserted by the Riemann hypothesis to be the locus of all non-trivial zeroes of the Riemann zeta function
Critical line theorem, a mathematical theorem saying that the proportion of nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function lying on the critical line is greater than zero
Critical line (thermodynamics), a higher-dimensional equivalent of a critical point
Critical Line, an art exhibition
Critical line method, a procedure in Portfolio optimization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge%20cover
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In graph theory, an edge cover of a graph is a set of edges such that every vertex of the graph is incident to at least one edge of the set.
In computer science, the minimum edge cover problem is the problem of finding an edge cover of minimum size. It is an optimization problem that belongs to the class of covering problems and can be solved in polynomial time.
Definition
Formally, an edge cover of a graph is a set of edges such that each vertex in is incident with at least one edge in . The set is said to cover the vertices of . The following figure shows examples of edge coverings in two graphs (the set is marked with red).
A minimum edge covering is an edge covering of smallest possible size. The edge covering number is the size of a minimum edge covering. The following figure shows examples of minimum edge coverings (again, the set is marked with red).
Note that the figure on the right is not only an edge cover but also a matching. In particular, it is a perfect matching: a matching in which each vertex is incident with exactly one edge in . A perfect matching (if it exists) is always a minimum edge covering.
Examples
The set of all edges is an edge cover, assuming that there are no degree-0 vertices.
The complete bipartite graph has edge covering number .
Algorithms
A smallest edge cover can be found in polynomial time by finding a maximum matching and extending it greedily so that all vertices are covered. In the following figure, a maximum matchin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine%20topology
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In mathematics, fine topology can refer to:
Fine topology (potential theory)
The sense opposite to coarse topology, namely:
A term in comparison of topologies which specifies the partial order relation of a topological structure to other one(s)
Final topology
See also
Discrete topology, the most fine topology possible on a given set
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20modeling
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Geometric modeling is a branch of applied mathematics and computational geometry that studies methods and algorithms for the mathematical description of shapes.
The shapes studied in geometric modeling are mostly two- or three-dimensional (solid figures), although many of its tools and principles can be applied to sets of any finite dimension. Today most geometric modeling is done with computers and for computer-based applications. Two-dimensional models are important in computer typography and technical drawing. Three-dimensional models are central to computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), and widely used in many applied technical fields such as civil and mechanical engineering, architecture, geology and medical image processing.
Geometric models are usually distinguished from procedural and object-oriented models, which define the shape implicitly by an opaque algorithm that generates its appearance. They are also contrasted with digital images and volumetric models which represent the shape as a subset of a fine regular partition of space; and with fractal models that give an infinitely recursive definition of the shape. However, these distinctions are often blurred: for instance, a digital image can be interpreted as a collection of colored squares; and geometric shapes such as circles are defined by implicit mathematical equations. Also, a fractal model yields a parametric or implicit model when its recursive definition is truncated to a finite depth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20L.%20A.%20van%20de%20Snepscheut
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Johannes Lambertus Adriana van de Snepscheut (; 12 September 195323 February 1994) was a computer scientist and educator. He was a student of Martin Rem and Edsger Dijkstra. At the time of his death he was the executive officer of the computer science department at the California Institute of Technology. He was also developing an editor for proving theorems called "Proxac".
In the early morning hours of February 23, 1994, van de Snepscheut attacked his sleeping wife, Terre, with an axe. He then set their house on fire, and died as it burned around him. Terre and their three children escaped their burning home.
Bibliography
Jan L. A. Van De Snepscheut, Gerrit A. Slavenburg, Introducing the notion of processes to hardware, ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, April 1979.
Jan L. A. Van De Snepscheut, Trace Theory and VLSI Design,, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 200, Springer, 1985.
Jan L. A. Van De Snepscheut, What computing is all about. Springer, 1993.
References
External links
Article based on the back story to these events
1953 births
1994 deaths
Van De Snepscheut, Jan L. A.
Dutch computer scientists
Eindhoven University of Technology alumni
People from Oosterhout
Software engineering researchers
Academic staff of the University of Groningen
People from La Cañada Flintridge, California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Mathematical%20Society
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The Australian Mathematical Society (AustMS) was founded in 1956 and is the national society of the mathematics profession in Australia.
One of the Society's listed purposes is to promote the cause of mathematics in the community by representing the interests of the profession to government. The Society also publishes three mathematical journals. In December 2020, Ole Warnaar moved from President-Elect to President, succeeding Jacqui Ramagge, who was elected in 2018.
Society awards
The Australian Mathematical Society Medal
The George Szekeres Medal
The Gavin Brown Prize
The Mahler Lectureship
The B.H. Neumann Prize
Society journals
The society publishes three journals through Cambridge University Press:
Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society
ANZIAM Journal (formerly Series B, Applied Mathematics)
Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society
ANZIAM
ANZIAM (Australia and New Zealand Industrial and Applied Mathematics) is a division of The Australian Mathematical Society (AustMS). Members are interested in applied mathematical research, mathematical applications in industry and business, and mathematics education at tertiary level.
The ANZIAM meeting is held annually at a different location in Australia or New Zealand. The 2020 ANZIAM meeting was held in the Hunter Valley, NSW.
ANZIAM awards three medals to members on the basis of research achievements, activities enhancing applied or industrial mathematics, and contributions to ANZIAM: the J.H. Michel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydioxanone
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Polydioxanone (PDO, PDS) or poly-p-dioxanone is a colorless, crystalline, biodegradable synthetic polymer.
Chemistry
Chemically, polydioxanone is a polymer of multiple repeating ether-ester units. It is obtained by ring-opening polymerization of the monomer p-dioxanone. The process requires heat and an organometallic catalyst like zirconium acetylacetone or zinc L-lactate. It is characterized by a glass transition temperature in the range of −10 and 0 °C and a crystallinity of about 55%. For the production of sutures, polydioxanone is generally extruded into fibers, however care should be taken to process the polymer to the lowest possible temperature, in order to avoid its spontaneous depolymerization back to the monomer. The ether oxygen group in the backbone of the polymer chain is responsible for its flexibility.
Medical use
Polydioxanone is used for biomedical applications, particularly in the preparation of surgical sutures. Other biomedical applications include orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, drug delivery, cardiovascular applications, and tissue engineering. For example, with the use of electrospinning, the flexible nature of PDS allows the control of its structure and can be used in applications such as tissue scaffolding.
It is degraded by hydrolysis, and the end products are mainly excreted in urine, the remainder being eliminated by the digestive system or exhaled as CO2. The biomaterial is completely reabsorbed in 6 months and can be seen
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