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Armadillo is a linear algebra software library for the C++ programming language. It aims to provide efficient and streamlined base calculations, while at the same time having a straightforward and easy-to-use interface. Its intended target users are scientists and engineers.
It supports integer, floating point (single and double precision), complex numbers, and a subset of trigonometric and statistics functions. Dense and sparse matrices are supported. Various matrix decompositions are provided through optional integration with Linear Algebra PACKage (LAPACK), Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software (ATLAS), and ARPACK. High-performance BLAS/LAPACK replacement libraries such as OpenBLAS and Intel MKL can also be used.
The library employs a delayed-evaluation approach (during compile time) to combine several operations into one and reduce (or eliminate) the need for temporaries. Where applicable, the order of operations is optimised. Delayed evaluation and optimisation are achieved through template metaprogramming.
Armadillo is related to the Boost Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (uBLAS) library, which also uses template metaprogramming. However, Armadillo builds upon ATLAS and LAPACK libraries, thereby providing machine-dependent optimisations and functions not present in uBLAS.
It is open-source software distributed under the permissive Apache License, making it applicable for the development of both open source and proprietary software. The project is supported by the NICTA research centre in Australia.
An interface to the Python language is available through the PyArmadillo package,
which facilitates prototyping of algorithms in Python followed by relatively straightforward conversion to C++.
Armadillo is a core dependency of the mlpack machine learning library and the ensmallen C++ library for numerical optimization.
Example in C++ 11
Here is a trivial example demonstrating Armadillo functionality:
// Compile with:
// $ g++ -std=c++11 main.cpp -o file_name -O2 -larmadillo
#include <iostream>
#include <armadillo>
#include <cmath>
int main()
{
// ^
// Position of a particle // |
arma::vec Pos = {{0}, // | (0,1)
{1}}; // +---x-->
// Rotation matrix
double phi = -3.1416/2;
arma::mat RotM = {{+cos(phi), -sin(phi)},
{+sin(phi), +cos(phi)}};
Pos.print("Current position of the particle:");
std::cout << "Rotating the point " << phi*180/3.1416 << " deg" << std::endl;
Pos = RotM*Pos;
Pos.print("New position of the particle:"); // ^
// x (1,0)
// |
// +------>
return 0;
}
Example in C++ 98
Here is another trivial example in C++ 98:
#include <iostream>
#include <armadillo>
int main()
{
arma::vec b;
b << 2.0 << 5.0 << 2.0;
// arma::endr represents the end of a row in a matrix
arma::mat A;
A << 1.0 << 2.0 << arma::endr
<< 2.0 << 3.0 << arma::endr
<< 1.0 << 3.0 << arma::endr;
std::cout << "Least squares solution:\n";
std::cout << arma::solve(A,b) << '\n';
return 0;
}
See also
mlpack
List of numerical analysis software
List of numerical libraries
Numerical linear algebra
Scientific computing
References
External links
Articles with example C++ code
C++ numerical libraries
Free computer libraries
Free mathematics software
Free science software
Free software programmed in C++
Free statistical software
Numerical linear algebra
Software using the Apache license
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo%20%28C%2B%2B%20library%29
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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ( ; 26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), widely known in the West as Mohammad Reza Shah (), was the last Shah (King) of the Imperial State of Iran from 1941 until his overthrow in the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Owing to his recognition and status as Iran's final monarch, he is usually known simply as the Shah. Mohammad Reza Shah took the title Shahanshah ("King of Kings") on 26 October 1967 and held several other titles, including that of Aryamehr ("Light of the Aryans") and Bozorg Arteshtaran ("Commander-in-Chief"). He was the second and last monarch of the House of Pahlavi to rule within Iran. His dream of what he referred to as a "Great Civilization" () in Iran led to a rapid industrial and military modernization, as well as economic and social reforms.
Mohammad Reza came to power during World War II after the Anglo-Soviet invasion which forced the abdication of his father, Reza Shah Pahlavi. During Mohammad Reza's reign, the British-owned oil industry was briefly nationalized by the democratically elected Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh with support from Iran's parliament, until an Army coup d'état supported by the UK and the US deposed Mosaddegh, allowing the government to centralize power under the Shah, and brought back foreign oil firms under the Consortium Agreement of 1954. The Shah went on to become a dominant figure in OPEC, promoting a surge in oil prices that crippled Western economies. Mohammad Reza introduced the White Revolution, a series of economic, social, and political reforms aimed at transforming Iran into a global power and modernizing the nation by nationalizing key industries and land redistribution. The regime implemented many Iranian nationalist policies. The Shah initiated major investments in infrastructure, subsidies and land grants for peasant populations, profit sharing for industrial workers, construction of nuclear facilities, the nationalization of Iran's natural resources, and literacy programs which were considered some of the most effective in the world. The Shah also instituted economic policy tariffs and preferential loans to Iranian businesses which sought to create an independent economy for the nation. Manufacturing of cars, appliances, and other goods in Iran increased substantially leading to the creation of a new industrialist class that was considered insulated from threats of foreign competition.
By the 1970s, the Shah was seen as a master statesman and used his growing power to pass the 1973 Sale and Purchase Agreement. These reforms culminated in decades of sustained economic growth that would make Iran one of the fastest-growing economies of both developed and undeveloped nations. During his 37-year rule, Iran spent billions on industry, education, health, and armed forces and enjoyed economic growth rates exceeding the United States, Britain, and France. National income rose 423 times over. The nation saw an unprecedented rise in per capita income rising to the highest level at any point in Iran's history and high levels of urbanization. By 1977, Iran's armed services spending, which the Shah saw as a means to end foreign intervention in Iran, had made the nation the world's fifth strongest military.
By 1978, growing political unrest snowballed into a popular revolution leading to the monarchy's overthrow. The Jaleh Square massacre, where the military killed and wounded dozens of protestors and the Cinema Rex fire, an arson attack in Abadan that was largely but erroneously blamed on SAVAK, leading to protests across Iran, made his position in Iran untenable. The true perpetrators of the Cinema Rex fire, and whether they were pro- or anti-Shah remain unclear. A meeting of western leaders was perceived by the Shah as a withdrawal of their support. He left Iran for exile on 17 January 1979. Despite the Shah telling some Western contemporaries that he would rather leave Iran than fire on his people, the estimated total number of casualties during the Iranian Revolution ranges from 540 to 2,000 (historians' figures) to 60,000 (figures of the Islamic Republic of Iran). With the Revolution, the Iranian monarchy was formally abolished, and Iran was declared an Islamic republic led by Ruhollah Khomeini. The Shah died in exile in Egypt, where he had been granted asylum by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Following his death, his son -- Reza Pahlavi II -- declared himself Shah of Iran in exile. As the successor to his father's legacy, he has since continued to support anti-regime movements both abroad and in Iran.
Early life
Born in Tehran, in the Sublime State of Persia to Reza Khan (later Reza Shah Pahlavi) and his second wife, Tadj ol-Molouk, Mohammad Reza was the eldest son of Reza Khan, who later became the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty, and the third of his eleven children. His father, a former Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Brigade, was Mazandarani origin and born in Alasht, Savadkuh County, Māzandarān Province, his father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856, and mother was a Georgian Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire), whose family had emigrated to mainland Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Khan's birth. Mohammad Reza's mother, Tadj ol-Molouk, was of Azerbaijani origin, being born in Baku, Russian Empire (now Azerbaijan).
Mohammad Reza was born along with his twin sister, Ashraf. However, Shams, Mohammad Reza, Ashraf, Ali Reza, and their older half-sister, Fatimeh, were not royalty by birth, as their father did not become Shah until 1925. Nevertheless, Reza Khan was always convinced that his sudden quirk of good fortune had commenced in 1919 with the birth of his son who was dubbed khoshghadam (bird of good omen). Like most Iranians at the time, Reza Khan did not have a surname. After the 1921 Persian coup d'état which saw the deposal of Ahmad Shah Qajar, Reza Khan was informed that he would need a surname for his house. This led him to pass a law ordering all Iranians to take a surname; he chose for himself the surname Pahlavi, which is the name for the Middle Persian language, itself derived from Old Persian. At his father's coronation on 24 April 1926, Mohammad Reza was proclaimed Crown Prince.
Family
Mohammad Reza described his father in his book Mission for My Country as "one of the most frightening men" he had ever known, depicting Reza Khan as a dominating man with a violent temper. A tough, fierce, and very ambitious soldier who became the first Persian to command the elite Russian-trained Cossack Brigade, Reza Khan liked to kick subordinates in the groin who failed to follow his orders; growing up under his shadow, Mohammad Reza was a deeply scared and insecure boy who lacked self-confidence according to Iranian American historian Abbas Milani.
Reza Khan believed if fathers showed love for their sons, it caused homosexuality later in life, and to ensure his favourite son was heterosexual, denied him any love and affection when he was young, though he later became more affectionate towards the Crown Prince when he was a teenager. Reza Khan always addressed his son as shoma ("sir") and refused to use more informal tow ("you"), and in turn was addressed by his son using the same word. The Polish journalist Ryszard Kapuściński observed in his book Shah of Shahs that looking at old photographs of Reza Khan and his son, he was struck by how self-confident and assured Reza Khan appeared in his uniform while Mohammad Reza appeared nervous and jittery in his uniform standing next to his father. In the 1930s, Reza Khan was an outspoken admirer of Adolf Hitler, though this was less because of any racism and anti-Semitism on his part, but rather because Reza Khan saw Hitler as someone much like himself, namely a man who had risen from an undistinguished background to become a notable leader of the 20th century. Reza Khan often impressed on his son his belief that history was made by great men such as himself, and that a real leader is an autocrat. Reza Khan was a huge barrel-chested and muscular man towering at over , leading his son to liken him to a mountain, and throughout his life, Mohammad Reza was obsessed with height and stature, for example wearing elevator shoes to make himself look taller than he really was, often boasting that Iran's highest mountain Mount Damavand was higher than any peak in Europe or Japan, and he was always most attracted to tall women. As Shah, Mohammad Reza constantly disparaged his father in private, calling him a thuggish Cossack who achieved nothing as Shah, and most notably the son almost airbrushed his father out of history during his reign, to the point that the impression was given the House of Pahlavi began its rule in 1941 rather than 1925.
Mohammad Reza's mother, Tadj ol-Molouk was an assertive woman who was also very superstitious. She believed that dreams were messages from another world, sacrificed lambs to bring good fortune and scare away evil spirits, and clad her children with protective amulets to ward off the power of the evil eye. Tadj ol-Molouk was the main emotional support to her son, cultivating a belief in him that destiny had chosen him for great things, as the soothsayers she consulted had explained her dreams as proving just precisely that. Mohammad Reza grew up surrounded by women, as the main influences on him were his mother, his older sister Shams and his twin sister Ashraf, leading the American psychologist Marvin Zonis to conclude it was "from women, and apparently from women alone" that the future Shah "received whatever psychological nourishment he was able to get as a child". Traditionally, male children were considered preferable to females, and as a boy, Mohammad Reza was often spoiled by his mother and sisters. Mohammad Reza was very close to his twin sister Ashraf who commented: "It was this twinship and this relationship with my brother that would nourish and sustain me throughout my childhood ... No matter how I would reach out in the years to come—sometimes even desperately—to find an identity and a purpose of my own, I would remain inextricably tied to my brother ... always, the center of my existence was, and is, Mohammad Reza".
After becoming Crown Prince, Mohammad Reza was taken away from his mother and sisters to be given a "manly education" by officers selected by his father, who also ordered that everyone including his mother and siblings were to address the Crown Prince as "Your Highness". The result of his upbringing between a loving, if possessive and superstitious mother and an overbearing martinet father was to make Mohammad Reza in the words of Zonis "a young man of low self-esteem who masked his lack of self-confidence, his indecisiveness, his passivity, his dependency and his shyness with masculine bravado, impulsiveness, and arrogance", making him into a person of marked contradictions as the Crown Prince was "both gentle and cruel, withdrawn and active, dependent and assertive, weak and powerful".
Education
By the time Mohammad Reza turned 11, his father deferred to the recommendation of Abdolhossein Teymourtash, the Minister of Court, to dispatch his son to Institut Le Rosey, a Swiss boarding school, for further studies. Mohammad Reza left Iran for Switzerland on 7 September 1931. On his first day as a student at Le Rosey in September 1931, the Crown Prince antagonised a group of his fellow students who were sitting on a bench in a park outside Le Rosey with his demand that they all stand to attention as he walked past, just as everybody did back in Iran, which led to an American student beating up Mohammad Reza, who swiftly learned to accept that no one would stand to attention wherever he went in Switzerland. As a student, Mohammad Reza played competitive football, but the school records indicate that his principal problem as a football player was his "timidity" as the Crown Prince was afraid to take risks. The Crown Prince was educated in French at Le Rosey, and his time there left Mohammad Reza with a lifelong love of all things French. In articles he wrote in French for the student newspaper in 1935 and 1936, Mohammad Reza praised Le Rosey for broadening his mind and introducing him to European civilisation.
Mohammad Reza was the first Iranian prince in line for the throne to be sent abroad to attain a foreign education and remained there for the next four years before returning to obtain his high school diploma in Iran in 1936. After returning to the country, the Crown Prince was registered at the local military academy in Tehran where he remained enrolled until 1938, graduating as a Second Lieutenant. Upon graduating, Mohammad Reza was quickly promoted to the rank of captain, a rank which he kept until he became Shah. During college, the young prince was appointed Inspector of the Army and spent three years travelling across the country, examining both civil and military installations.
Mohammad Reza spoke English, French and German fluently in addition to his native language Persian.
During his time in Switzerland, Mohammad Reza befriended Ernest Perron introducing Mohammad Reza to French poetry and under his influence Chateaubriand and Rabelais became his "favorite French authors". The Crown Prince liked Perron so much that when he returned to Iran in 1936, he brought Perron back with him, installing his best friend in the Marble Palace. Perron lived in Iran until his death in 1961 and as the best friend of Mohammad Reza was a man of considerable behind-the-scenes power. After the Islamic Revolution in 1979, a best-selling book was published by the new regime, Ernest Perron, the Husband of the Shah of Iran by Mohammad Pourkian, alleging a homosexual relationship between the Shah and Perron, which has remained the official interpretation in the Islamic Republic to the present day. Zonis described the book as long on assertions and short on evidence of a homosexual relationship between the two, noted that all of the Shah's courtiers rejected the claim that Perron was the Shah's lover, and argued that strong-willed Reza Khan, who was very homophobic, would not have allowed Perron to move into the Marble Palace in 1936 if he believed Perron was his son's lover.
Early reign
First marriage
One of the main initiatives of Iranian and Turkish foreign policy had been the Saadabad pact of 1937, an alliance bringing together Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan, with the intent of creating a Muslim bloc that, it was hoped, would deter any aggressors. President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey suggested to his friend Reza Khan during the latter's visit to Turkey that a marriage between the Iranian and Egyptian courts would be beneficial for the two countries and their dynasties, as it might lead to Egypt joining the Saadabad pact. In line with this suggestion, Mohammad Reza and Princess Fawzia married. Dilawar Princess Fawzia of Egypt (5 November 1921 – 2 July 2013), a daughter of King Fuad I of Egypt and Nazli Sabri, was a sister of King Farouk I of Egypt. They married on 15 March 1939 in the Abdeen Palace in Cairo. Reza Shah did not participate in the ceremony. During his visit to Egypt, Mohammad Reza was greatly impressed with the grandeur of the Egyptian court as he visited the various palaces built by the Isma'il Pasha, aka "Isma'il the Magnificent", the famously free-spending Khedive of Egypt, and resolved that Iran needed palaces to match those built by Isma'il.
Mohammad Reza's marriage to Fawzia produced one child, a daughter, Princess Shahnaz Pahlavi (born 27 October 1940). Their marriage was not a happy one as the Crown Prince was openly unfaithful, often being seen driving around Tehran in one of his expensive cars with one of his girlfriends. Mohammad Reza's dominating and extremely possessive mother saw her daughter-in-law as a rival to her son's love, and took to humiliating Princess Fawzia, whose husband sided with his mother. A quiet, shy woman, Fawzia described her marriage as miserable, feeling very much unwanted and unloved by the Pahlavi family and longing to go back to Egypt. In his 1961 book Mission For My Country, Mohammad Reza wrote the "only happy light moment" of his entire marriage to Fawzia was the birth of his daughter.
Deposition of his father
In the midst of World War II in 1941, Nazi Germany began Operation Barbarossa and invaded the Soviet Union, breaking the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. This had a major impact on Iran, which had declared neutrality in the conflict. In the summer of 1941, Soviet and British diplomats passed on numerous messages warning that they regarded the presence of a number of Germans administering the Iranian state railroads as a threat, implying war if the Germans were not dismissed. Britain wished to ship arms to the Soviet Union via Iranian railroads, and statements from the German managers of the Iranian railroads that they would not cooperate made both Moscow and London insistent that the Germans Reza Khan had hired to run his railroads had to be sacked at once. As his father's closest advisor, the Crown Prince Mohammad Reza did not see fit to raise the issue of a possible Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, blithely assuring his father that nothing would happen.
The Iranian American historian Abbas Milani wrote about the relationship between the Reza Khan and the Crown Prince: "As his father's now constant companion, the two men consulted on virtually every decision". Later that year British and Soviet forces occupied Iran in a military invasion, forcing Reza Shah to abdicate. On 25 August 1941, British and Australian naval forces attacked the Persian Gulf while the Soviet Union conducted a land invasion from the north. On the second day of the invasion with the Soviet air force bombing Tehran, Mohammad Reza was shocked to see the Iranian military simply collapse, with thousands of terrified officers and men all over Tehran taking off their uniforms in order to desert and run away despite the fact they had not seen combat yet. Reflecting the panic, a group of senior Iranian generals called the Crown Prince to receive his blessing to hold a meeting to discuss how best to surrender. When Reza Khan learned of the meeting, he flew into a rage and attacked one of his generals, Ahmad Nakhjavan, striking him with his riding crop, tearing off his medals and was about to personally execute him when his son persuaded him to have the general court-martialed instead. The collapse of the Iranian military in the summer of 1941 that his father had worked so hard to build up humiliated his son, who vowed that he would never see Iran defeated like that again, which explained Mohammad Reza's later obsession with military spending.
Ascension to the throne
On 16 September 1941, Prime Minister Forughi and Foreign Minister Ali Soheili attended a special session of parliament to announce the resignation of Reza Shah and that Mohammad Reza was to replace him. The next day, at 4:30pm, Mohammad Reza took the oath of office and was received warmly by parliamentarians. On his way back to the palace, the streets filled with people welcoming the new Shah jubilantly, seemingly more enthusiastic than the Allies would have liked. The British would have liked to put a Qajar back on the throne, but the principal Qajar claimant to the throne was Prince Hamid Mirza, an officer in the Royal Navy who did not speak Persian, so the British had to accept Mohammad Reza as Shah. The main Soviet interest in 1941 was to ensure political stability to ensure Allied supplies, which meant accepting Mohammad Reza's ascension to the throne. Subsequent to his succession as king, Iran became a major conduit for British and, later, American aid to the USSR during the war. This massive supply effort became known as the Persian Corridor.
Much of the credit for orchestrating a smooth transition of power from the King to the Crown Prince was due to the efforts of Mohammad Ali Foroughi. Suffering from angina, a frail Foroughi was summoned to the Palace and appointed prime minister when Reza Shah feared the end of the Pahlavi dynasty once the Allies invaded Iran in 1941. When Reza Shah sought his assistance to ensure that the Allies would not put an end to the Pahlavi dynasty, Foroughi put aside his adverse personal sentiments for having been politically sidelined since 1935. The Crown Prince confided in amazement to the British minister that Foroughi "hardly expected any son of Reza Shah to be a civilized human being", but Foroughi successfully derailed thoughts by the Allies to undertake a more drastic change in the political infrastructure of Iran.
A general amnesty was issued two days after Mohammad Reza's accession to the throne on 19 September 1941. All political personalities who had suffered disgrace during his father's reign were rehabilitated, and the forced unveiling policy inaugurated by his father in 1935 was overturned. Despite the young king's enlightened decisions, the British minister in Tehran reported to London that "the young Shah received a fairly spontaneous welcome on his first public experience, possibly rather [due] to relief at the disappearance of his father than to public affection for himself". During his early days as Shah, Mohammad Reza lacked self-confidence and spent most of his time with Perron writing poetry in French.
In 1942, Mohammad Reza met Wendell Willkie, the Republican candidate for the U.S. presidency in the 1940 election who was now on a world tour for President Roosevelt to promote his "one world" policy; Willkie took him flying for the first time. The prime minister, Ahmad Qavam, had advised the Shah against flying with Wilkie, saying he had never met a man with a worse flatulence problem, but the Shah took his chances. Mohammed Reza told Willkie that when he was flying he "wanted to stay up indefinitely". Enjoying flight, Mohammad Reza hired the American pilot Dick Collbarn to teach him how to fly. Upon arriving at the Marble Palace, Collbarn noted that "the Shah must have twenty-five custom-built cars...Buicks, Cadillacs, six Rolls-Royces, a Mercedes". During the Tehran conference in 1943, the Shah was humiliated when he met Joseph Stalin, who visited him in the Marble Palace and did not allow the Shah's bodyguards to be present, with the Red Army alone guarding the Marble Palace during Stalin's visit.
Opinion of his father's rule
Despite his public professions of admiration in later years, Mohammad Reza had serious misgivings about not only the coarse and roughshod political means adopted by his father, but also his unsophisticated approach to affairs of state. The young Shah possessed a decidedly more refined temperament, and amongst the unsavory developments that "would haunt him when he was king" were the political disgrace brought by his father on Teymourtash; the dismissal of Foroughi by the mid-1930s; and Ali Akbar Davar's suicide in 1937. An even more significant decision that cast a long shadow was the disastrous and one-sided agreement his father had negotiated with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) in 1933, one which compromised the country's ability to receive more favourable returns from oil extracted from the country.
Relationship with his exiled father
Mohammad Reza expressed concern for his exiled father who had previously complained to the British governor of Mauritius that living on the island was both a climatic and social prison. Attentively following his life in exile, Mohammad Reza would object to his father's treatment to British at any opportunity. The two sent letters to one another, although delivery was often delayed, and Mohammad Reza commissioned his friend, Ernest Perron, to hand-deliver a taped message of love and respect to his father, bringing back with him a recording of his voice:
My dear son, since the time I resigned in your favour and left my country, my only pleasure has been to witness your sincere service to your country. I have always known that your youth and your love of the country are vast reservoirs of power on which you will draw to stand firm against the difficulties you face and that, despite all the troubles, you will emerge from this ordeal with honour. Not a moment passes without my thinking of you and yet the only thing that keeps me happy and satisfied is the thought that you are spending your time in the service of Iran. You must remain always aware of what goes on in the country. You must not succumb to advice that is self-serving and false. You must remain firm and constant. You must never be afraid of the events that come your way. Now that you have taken on your shoulders this heavy burden in such dark days, you must know that the price to be paid for the slightest mistake on your part may be our twenty years of service and our family's name. You must never yield to anxiety or despair; rather, you must remain calm and so strongly rooted in your place that no power may hope to move the constancy of your will.
The young Shah
In 1945–46, the main issue in Iranian politics were the Soviet-sponsored separatist government in Iranian Azerbaijan and Kurdistan, which greatly alarmed the Shah. He repeatedly clashed with his prime minister Ahmad Qavam, whom he viewed as too pro-Soviet. At the same time, the growing popularity of the Tudeh Party also worried Mohammad Reza, who felt there was a serious possibility of a coup by the Tudeh. In June 1946, Mohammad Reza was relieved when the Red Army pulled out of Iran. In a letter to the Azerbaijani Communist leader Ja'far Pishevari, Stalin stated that he had to pull out of Iran as otherwise the Americans would not pull out of China, and he wanted to assist the Chinese Communists in their civil war against the Kuomintang. However, the Pishevari regime remained in power in Tabriz, and Mohammad Reza sought to undercut Qavam's attempts to make an agreement with Pishevari as way of getting rid of both. On 11 December 1946, the Iranian Army led by the Shah in person entered Iranian Azerbaijan and the Pishevari regime collapsed with little resistance, with most of the fighting occurring between ordinary people who attacked functionaries of the Pishevari regime who had behaved brutally. In his statements at the time and later, Mohammad Reza credited his easy success in Azerbaijan to his "mystical power". Knowing Qavam's penchant for corruption, the Shah used that issue as a reason to sack him. By this time, Fawzia had returned to Egypt, and despite efforts to have King Farouk persuade her to return to Iran she refused to go, which led Mohammad Reza to divorce her on 17 November 1948.
A qualified pilot, Mohammad Reza was fascinated with flying and the technical details of aeroplanes, and any insult to him was always an attempt to "clip my wings". Mohammad Reza directed more money to the Imperial Iranian Air Force than any branch of the armed forces, and his favourite uniform was that of the Marshal of the Imperial Iranian Air Force. Zonis wrote that Mohammad Reza's obsession with flying reflected an Icarus complex, also known as "ascensionism", a form of narcissism based on "a craving for unsolicited attention and admiration" and the "wish to overcome gravity, to stand erect, to grow tall ... to leap or swing into the air, to climb, to rise, to fly."
Mohammad Reza often spoke of women as sexual objects who existed only to gratify him, which led to his 1973 exchange with Fallaci, who vehemently objected to his attitudes towards women. As a regular visitor to the nightclubs of Italy, France and the United Kingdom, Mohammad Reza was linked romantically to several actresses including Gene Tierney, Yvonne De Carlo and Silvana Mangano.
At least two unsuccessful assassination attempts were made against the young Shah. On 4 February 1949, he attended an annual ceremony to commemorate the founding of Tehran University. At the ceremony, Fakhr-Arai fired five shots at him at a range of c. three metres. Only one of the shots hit the king, grazing his cheek. Fakhr-Arai was instantly shot by nearby officers. After an investigation, it was thought that Fakhr-Arai was a member of the Tudeh Party, which was subsequently banned. However, there is evidence that the would-be assassin was not a Tudeh member but a religious fundamentalist member of Fada'iyan-e Islam. The Tudeh were nonetheless blamed and persecuted.
The Shah's second wife was Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary, a half-German, half-Iranian woman and the only daughter of Khalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiary, Iranian Ambassador to West Germany, and his wife, the former Eva Karl. She was introduced to the Shah by Forough Zafar Bakhtiary, a close relative of Soraya's, via a photograph taken by Goodarz Bakhtiary, in London, per Forough Zafar's request. They married on 12 February 1951, when Soraya was 18 according to the official announcement; however, it was rumoured that she was actually 16, the Shah being 32. As a child she was tutored and brought up by Frau Mantel, and hence lacked proper knowledge of Iran, as she herself admits in her personal memoirs, stating, "I was a dunce—I knew next to nothing of the geography, the legends of my country, nothing of its history, nothing of Muslim religion."
Oil nationalisation and the 1953 coup
By the early 1950s, the political crisis brewing in Iran commanded the attention of British and American policy leaders. Following the 1950 Iranian legislative election, Mohammad Mosaddegh was appointed prime minister in 1951. He was committed to nationalising the Iranian petroleum industry controlled by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) (as Anglo-Persian Oil Company, or APOC, had become). Under the leadership of Mosaddegh and his nationalist movement, the Iranian parliament unanimously voted to nationalise the oil industry—thus shutting out the immensely profitable AIOC, which was a pillar of Britain's economy and provided it political clout in the region.
At the start of the confrontation, American political sympathy was forthcoming from the Truman Administration. In particular, Mosaddegh was buoyed by the advice and counsel he was receiving from the American Ambassador in Tehran, Henry F. Grady. However, eventually American decision-makers lost their patience, and by the time the Republican administration of President Dwight D. Eisenhower entered office, fears that communists were poised to overthrow the government became an all-consuming concern; these concerns were later dismissed as "paranoid" in retrospective commentary on the coup from U.S. government officials. Shortly prior to the 1952 presidential election in the United States, the British government invited Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer Kermit Roosevelt Jr., to London to propose collaboration on a secret plan to force Mosaddegh from office. This would be the first of three "regime change" operations led by Allen Dulles (the other two being the successful CIA-instigated 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état and the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba).
Under the direction of Kermit Roosevelt Jr., a senior CIA officer and grandson of former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, the American CIA and British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) funded and led a covert operation to depose Mosaddegh with the help of military forces disloyal to the government. Referred to as Operation Ajax, the plot hinged on orders signed by Mohammad Reza to dismiss Mosaddegh as prime minister and replace him with General Fazlollah Zahedi, a choice agreed on by the British and Americans.
Despite the high-level coordination and planning, the coup initially failed, causing the Shah to flee to Baghdad, and then to Rome. During his time in Rome, a British diplomat reported about a monarch who spent most of his time in nightclubs with Queen Soraya or his latest mistress: "He hates taking decisions and cannot be relied on to stick to them when taken. He has no moral courage and succumbs easily to fear". To get him to support the coup, his twin sister Princess Ashraf — who was much tougher than he and publicly questioned his manhood several times — visited him on 29 July 1953 to berate him into signing a decree dismissing Mossaddegh. After a brief exile in Italy, he returned to Iran, this time through a successful second attempt at a coup. A deposed Mosaddegh was arrested and tried. The king intervened and commuted the sentence to three years, to be followed by life in internal exile. Zahedi was installed to succeed Mosaddegh.
Before the first attempted coup, the American Embassy in Tehran reported that Mosaddegh's popular support remained robust. The Prime Minister requested direct control of the army from the Majlis. Given the situation, alongside the strong personal support of Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden for covert action, the American government gave the go-ahead to a committee, attended by the Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, Director of Central Intelligence Allen Dulles, Kermit Roosevelt, Henderson, and Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson. Kermit Roosevelt returned to Iran on 13 July 1953, and again on 1 August 1953, in his first meeting with the king. A car picked him up at midnight and drove him to the palace. He lay down on the seat and covered himself with a blanket as guards waved his driver through the gates. The Shah got into the car and Roosevelt explained the mission. The CIA bribed him with $1 million in Iranian currency, which Roosevelt had stored in a large safe—a bulky cache, given the then-exchange rate of 1,000 rial to 15 dollars.
The Communists staged massive demonstrations to hijack Mosaddegh's initiatives, and the United States actively plotted against him. On 16 August 1953, the right wing of the Army attacked. Armed with an order by the Shah, it appointed General Fazlollah Zahedi as prime minister. A coalition of mobs and retired officers close to the Palace executed this coup d'état. They failed dismally and the Shah decided to leave the country. Ettelaat, the nation's largest daily newspaper, and its pro-Shah publisher, Abbas Masudi, were against him, calling the defeat "humiliating".
During the following two days, the Communists turned against Mosaddegh. Opposition against him grew tremendously. They roamed Tehran, raising red flags and pulling down statues of Reza Shah. This was rejected by conservative clerics like Kashani and National Front leaders like Hossein Makki, who sided with the king. On 18 August 1953, Mosaddegh defended the government against this new attack. Tudeh partisans were clubbed and dispersed.
The Tudeh party had no choice but to accept defeat. In the meantime, according to the CIA plot, Zahedi appealed to the military, claimed to be the legitimate prime minister and charged Mosaddegh with staging a coup by ignoring the Shah's decree. Zahedi's son Ardeshir acted as the contact between the CIA and his father. On 19 August 1953, pro-Shah partisans—bribed with $100,000 in CIA funds—finally appeared and marched out of south Tehran into the city centre, where others joined in. Gangs with clubs, knives, and rocks controlled the streets, overturning Tudeh trucks and beating up anti-Shah activists. As Roosevelt was congratulating Zahedi in the basement of his hiding place, the new Prime Minister's mobs burst in and carried him upstairs on their shoulders. That evening, Henderson suggested to Ardashir that Mosaddegh not be harmed. Roosevelt gave Zahedi US$900,000 left from Operation Ajax funds.
Mohammad Reza returned to power, but never extended the elite status of the court to the technocrats and intellectuals who emerged from Iranian and Western universities. Indeed, his system irritated the new classes, for they were barred from partaking in real power.
The Shah asserts himself: from playboy to authoritarian
In the aftermath of the 1953 coup d'état, Mohammad Reza was widely viewed as a figurehead monarch, and General Fazlollah Zahedi, the Prime Minister, saw himself and was viewed by others as the "strong man" of Iran. Mohammad Reza feared that history would repeat itself, remembering how his father was a general who had seized power in a coup d'état in 1921 and deposed the last Qajar shah in 1925, and his major concern in the years 1953–55 was to neutralise Zahedi. American and British diplomats in their reports back to Washington and London in the 1950s were openly contemptuous of Mohammad Reza's ability to lead, calling the Shah a weak-willed and cowardly man who was incapable of making a decision. The contempt in which the Shah was held by Iranian elites led to a period in the mid-1950s where the elite displayed fissiparous tendencies, feuding amongst themselves now that Mossadegh had been overthrown, which ultimately allowed Mohammad Reza to play off various factions in the elite to assert himself as the nation's leader.
The very fact that Mohammad Reza was considered a coward and insubstantial turned out be an advantage as the Shah proved to be an adroit politician, playing off the factions in the elite and the Americans against the British with the aim of being an autocrat in practice as well as in theory. Supporters of the banned National Front were persecuted, but in his first important decision as leader, Mohammad Reza intervened to ensure most of the members of the National Front brought to trial, such as Mosaddegh himself, were not executed as many had expected. Many in the Iranian elite were openly disappointed that Mohammad Reza did not conduct the expected bloody purge and hang Mosaddegh and his followers as they had wanted and expected. In 1954, when twelve university professors issued a public statement criticising the 1953 coup, all were dismissed from their jobs, but in the first of his many acts of "magnanimity" towards the National Front, Mohammad Reza intervened to have them reinstated. Mohammad Reza tried very hard to co-opt the supporters of the National Front by adopting some of their rhetoric and addressing their concerns, for example declaring in several speeches his concerns about the Third World economic conditions and poverty which prevailed in Iran, a matter that had not much interested him before.
Mohammad Reza was determined to copy Mosaddegh, who had won popularity by promising broad socio-economic reforms, and wanted to create a mass powerbase as he did not wish to depend upon the traditional elites, who only wanted him as a legitimising figurehead. In 1955, Mohammad Reza dismissed General Zahedi from his position as prime minister and appointed his archenemy, the technocrat Hossein Ala' as prime minister, whom he in turn dismissed in 1957. Starting in 1955, Mohammad Reza began to quietly cultivate left-wing intellectuals, many of whom had supported the National Front and some of whom were associated with the banned Tudeh party, asking them for advice about how best to reform Iran. It was during this period that Mohammad Reza began to embrace the image of a "progressive" Shah, a reformer who would modernise Iran, who attacked in his speeches the "reactionary" and "feudal" social system that was retarding progress, bring about land reform and give women equal rights.
Determined to rule as well as reign, it was during the mid 1950s that Mohammad Reza started to promote a state cult around Cyrus the Great, portrayed as a great Shah who had reformed the country and built an empire with obvious parallels to himself. Alongside this change in image, Mohammad Reza started to speak of his desire to "save" Iran, a duty that he claimed he had been given by God, and promised that under his leadership Iran would reach a Western standard of living in the near future. During this period, Mohammad Reza sought the support of the ulema, and resumed the traditional policy of persecuting those Iranians who belonged to the Baháʼí Faith, allowing the chief Baháʼí temple in Tehran to be razed in 1955 and bringing in a law banning the Baháʼí from gathering together in groups. A British diplomat reported in 1954 that Reza Khan "must have been spinning in his grave at Rey. To see the arrogance and effrontery of the mullahs once again rampant in the holy city! How the old tyrant must despise the weakness of his son, who allowed these turbulent priests to regain so much of their reactionary influence!" By this time, the Shah's marriage was under strain as Queen Soraya complained about the power of Mohammad Reza's best friend Ernest Perron, whom she called a "shetun" and a "limping devil". Perron was a man much resented for his influence on Mohammad Reza and was often described by enemies as a "diabolical" and "mysterious" character, whose position was that of a private secretary, but who was one of the Shah's closest advisors, holding far more power than his job title suggested.
In a 1957 study compiled by the U.S. State Department, Mohammad Reza was praised for his "growing maturity" and no longer needing "to seek advice at every turn" as the previous 1951 study had concluded. On 27 February 1958, a military coup to depose the Shah led by General Valiollah Gharani was thwarted, which led to a major crisis in Iranian-American relations when evidence emerged that associates of Gharani had met American diplomats in Athens, which the Shah used to demand that henceforward no American officials could meet with his opponents. Another issue in Iranian-American relations was Mohammad Reza's suspicion that the United States was insufficiently committed to Iran's defense, observing that the Americans refused to join the Baghdad Pact, and military studies had indicated that Iran could only hold out for a few days in the event of a Soviet invasion.
In January 1959, the Shah began negotiations on a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union, which he claimed to have been driven to by a lack of American support. After receiving a mildly threatening letter from President Eisenhower warning him against signing the treaty, Mohammad Reza chose not to sign, which led to a major Soviet propaganda effort calling for his overthrow. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev ordered Mohammad Reza assassinated. A sign of Mohammad Reza's power came in 1959 when a British company won a contract with the Iranian government that was suddenly cancelled and given to Siemens instead. An investigation by the British embassy soon uncovered the reason why: Mohammad Reza wanted to bed the wife of the Siemens sales agent for Iran, and the Siemens agent had consented to allowing his wife to sleep with the Shah in exchange for winning back the contract that he had just lost. On 24 July 1959, Mohammad Reza gave Israel de facto recognition by allowing an Israeli trade office to be opened in Tehran that functioned as a de facto embassy, a move that offended many in the Islamic world. When Eisenhower visited Iran on 14 December 1959, Mohammad Reza told him that Iran faced two main external threats: the Soviet Union to the north and the new pro-Soviet revolutionary government in Iraq to the west. This led him to ask for vastly increased American military aid, saying his country was a front-line state in the Cold War that needed as much military power as possible.
The Shah and Soraya's marriage ended in 1958 when it became apparent that, even with help from medical doctors, she could not bear children. Soraya later told The New York Times that the Shah had no choice but to divorce her, and that he was heavy-hearted about the decision. However, even after the marriage, it is reported that the Shah still had great love for Soraya, and it is reported that they met several times after their divorce and that she lived her post-divorce life comfortably as a wealthy lady, even though she never remarried; being paid a monthly salary of about $7,000 from Iran. Following her death in 2001 at the age of 69 in Paris, an auction of the possessions included a three-million-dollar Paris estate, a 22.37-carat diamond ring and a 1958 Rolls-Royce.
Pahlavi subsequently indicated his interest in marrying Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy, a daughter of the deposed Italian king, Umberto II. Pope John XXIII reportedly vetoed the suggestion. In an editorial about the rumours surrounding the marriage of a "Muslim sovereign and a Catholic princess", the Vatican newspaper, L'Osservatore Romano, considered the match "a grave danger", especially considering that under the 1917 Code of Canon Law a Roman Catholic who married a divorced person would be automatically, and could be formally, excommunicated.
In the 1960 U.S. presidential election, the Shah had favoured the Republican candidate, incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, whom he had first met in 1953 and rather liked, and according to the diary of his best friend Asadollah Alam, Mohammad Reza contributed money to the 1960 Nixon campaign. Relations with the victor of the 1960 election, the Democrat John F. Kennedy, were not friendly. In an attempt to mend relations after Nixon's defeat, Mohammad Reza sent General Teymur Bakhtiar of SAVAK to meet Kennedy in Washington on 1 March 1961. From Kermit Roosevelt, Mohammad Reza learned that Bakhtiar, during his trip to Washington, had asked the Americans to support a coup he was planning, which greatly increased the Shah's fears about Kennedy. On 2 May 1961, a teacher's strike involving 50,000 people began in Iran, which Mohammad Reza believed was the work of the CIA. Mohammad Reza had to sack his prime minister Jafar Sharif-Emami and give in to the teachers after learning that the Army probably would not fire on the demonstrators. In 1961, Bakhtiar was dismissed as chief of SAVAK and expelled from Iran in 1962 following a clash between demonstrating university students and the army on 21 January 1962 that left three dead. In April 1962, when Mohammad Reza visited Washington, he was met with demonstrations by Iranian students at American universities, which he believed were organised by U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, the President's brother and the leading anti-Pahlavi voice in the Kennedy administration. Afterwards, Mohammad Reza visited London. In a sign of the changed dynamics in Anglo-Iranian relations, the Shah took offence when he was informed he could join Queen Elizabeth II for a dinner at Buckingham Palace that was given in somebody else's honour, insisting successfully he would have dinner with the Queen only when given in his own honour.
Mohammad Reza's first major clash with Ayatollah Khomeini occurred in 1962, when the Shah changed the local laws to allow Iranian Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, and Baha'i to take the oath of office for municipal councils using their holy books instead of the Koran. Khomeini wrote to the Shah to say this was unacceptable and that only the Koran could be used to swear in members of the municipal councils regardless of what their religion was, writing that he heard "Islam is not indicated as a precondition for standing for office and women are being granted the right to vote...Please order all laws inimical to the sacred and official faith of the country to be eliminated from government policies." The Shah wrote back, addressing Khomeini as Hojat-al Islam rather than as Ayatollah, declining his request. Feeling pressure from demonstrations organised by the clergy, the Shah withdrew the offending law, but it was reinstated with the White Revolution of 1963.
Middle years
The Shah and his enemies
In 1963, Mohammad Reza launched the White Revolution, a series of far-reaching reforms, which caused much opposition from the religious scholars. They were enraged that the referendum approving of the White Revolution in 1963 allowed women to vote, with the Ayatollah Khomeini saying in his sermons that the fate of Iran should never be allowed to be decided by women. In 1963 and 1964, nationwide demonstrations against Mohammad Reza's rule took place all over Iran, with the centre of the unrest being the holy city of Qom. Students studying to be imams at Qom were most active in the protests, and Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as one of the leaders, giving sermons calling for the Shah's overthrow. At least 200 people were killed, with the police throwing some students to their deaths from high buildings, and Khomeini was exiled to Iraq in August 1964.
The second attempt on the Shah's life occurred on 10 April 1965. A soldier shot his way through the Marble Palace. The assassin was killed before he reached the royal quarters, but two civilian guards died protecting the Shah.
According to Vladimir Kuzichkin, a former KGB officer who defected to MI-6, the Soviet Union also targeted the Shah. The Soviets tried to use a TV remote control to detonate a bomb-laden Volkswagen Beetle; the TV remote failed to function. A high-ranking Romanian defector, Ion Mihai Pacepa, also supported this claim, asserting that he had been the target of various assassination attempts by Soviet agents for many years.
The Shah and his court
Mohammad Reza's third and final wife was Farah Diba (born 14 October 1938), the only child of Sohrab Diba, a captain in the Imperial Iranian Army (son of an Iranian ambassador to the Romanov Court in St. Petersburg, Russia), and his wife, the former Farideh Ghotbi. They were married in 1959, and Queen Farah was crowned Shahbanu, or Empress, a title created especially for her in 1967. Previous royal consorts had been known as "Malakeh" (Arabic: Malika), or Queen. The couple remained together for 21 years, until the Shah's death. They had four children together:
Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi (born 31 October 1960), heir to the now defunct Iranian throne. Reza Pahlavi is the founder and leader of National Council of Iran, a government in exile of Iran;
Princess Farahnaz Pahlavi (born 12 March 1963);
Prince Ali Reza Pahlavi (28 April 1966 – 4 January 2011);
Princess Leila Pahlavi (27 March 1970 – 10 June 2001).
One of Mohammad Reza's favourite activities was watching films and his favourites were light French comedies and Hollywood action films, much to the disappointment of Farah who tried hard to interest him in more serious films. Mohammad Reza was frequently unfaithful towards Farah, and his right-hand man Asadollah Alam regularly imported tall European women for "outings" with the Shah, though Alam's diary also mentions that if women from the "blue-eyed world" were not available, he would bring the Shah "local product". Mohammad Reza had an insatiable appetite for sex, and Alam's diary has the Shah constantly telling him he needed to have sex several times a day, every day, or otherwise he would fall into depression. When Farah found out about his affairs in 1973, Alam blamed the prime minister Amir Abbas Hoveyda while the Shah thought it was the KGB. Milani noted that neither admitted it was the Shah's "crass infidelities" that caused this issue. Milani further wrote that "Alam, in his most destructive moments of sycophancy, reassured the Shah—or his "master" as he calls him—that the country was prosperous and no one begrudged the King a bit of fun". He also had a passion for automobiles and aeroplanes, and by the middle 1970s, the Shah had amassed one of the world's largest collection of luxury cars and planes. His visits to the West were invariably the occasions for major protests by the Confederation of Iranian Students, an umbrella group of far-left Iranian university students studying abroad, and Mohammad Reza had one of the world's largest security details as he lived in constant fear of assassination.
Milani described Mohammad Reza's court as open and tolerant, noting that his and Farah's two favourite interior designers, Keyvan Khosravani and Bijan Saffari, were openly gay, and were not penalised for their sexual orientation with Khosravani often giving advice to the Shah about how to dress. Milani noted the close connection between architecture and power in Iran as architecture is the "poetry of power" in Iran. In this sense, the Niavaran Palace, with its mixture of modernist style, heavily influenced by current French styles and traditional Persian style, reflected Mohammad Reza's personality. Mohammad Reza was a Francophile whose court had a decidedly French ambiance to it.
Mohammad Reza commissioned a documentary from the French filmmaker Albert Lamorisse meant to glorify Iran under his rule. But he was annoyed that the film focused only on Iran's past, writing to Lamorisse there were no modern buildings in his film, which he charged made Iran look "backward". Mohammad Reza's office was functional whose ceilings and walls were decorated with Qajar art. Farah began collecting modern art and by the early 1970s owned works by Picasso, Gauguin, Chagall, and Braque, which added to the modernist feel of the Niavaran Palace.
Imperial coronation
On 26 October 1967, twenty-six years into his reign as Shah ("King"), he took the ancient title Shāhanshāh ("Emperor" or "King of Kings") in a lavish coronation ceremony held in Tehran. He said that he chose to wait until this moment to assume the title because in his own opinion he "did not deserve it" up until then; he is also recorded as saying that there was "no honour in being Emperor of a poor country" (which he viewed Iran as being until that time).
2,500-year celebrations
As part of his efforts to modernise Iran and give the Iranian people a non-Islamic identity, Mohammad Reza quite consciously started to celebrate Iranian history before the Arab conquest with a special focus on the Achaemenid period. In October 1971, he marked the anniversary of 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy since the founding of the Achaemenid Empire by Cyrus the Great. Concurrent with this celebration, Mohammad Reza changed the benchmark of the Iranian calendar from the Hijrah to the beginning of the First Persian Empire, measured from Cyrus the Great's coronation.
At the celebration at Persepolis in 1971, the Shah had an elaborate fireworks show intended to send a dual message; that Iran was still faithful to its ancient traditions and that Iran had transcended its past to become a modern nation, that Iran was not "stuck in the past", but as a nation that embraced modernity had chosen to be faithful to its past. The message was further reinforced the next day when the "Parade of Persian History" was performed at Persepolis when 6,000 soldiers dressed in the uniforms of every dynasty from the Achaemenids to the Pahlavis marched past Mohammad Reza in a grand parade that many contemporaries remarked "surpassed in sheer spectacle the most florid celluloid imaginations of Hollywood epics". To complete the message, Mohammad Reza finished off the celebrations by opening a brand new museum in Tehran, the Shahyad Aryamehr, that was housed in a very modernistic building and attended another parade in the newly opened Aryamehr Stadium, intended to give a message of "compressed time" between antiquity and modernity. A brochure put up by the Celebration Committee explicitly stated the message: "Only when change is extremely rapid, and the past ten years have proved to be so, does the past attain new and unsuspected values worth cultivating", going on to say the celebrations were held because "Iran has begun to feel confident of its modernization". Milani noted it was sign of the liberalization of the middle years of Mohammad Reza's reign that Hussein Amanat, the architect who designed the Shahyad was a young Baha'i from a middle-class family who did not belong to the "thousand families" that traditionally dominated Iran, writing that only in this moment in Iranian history such a thing was possible.
1973 oil price hike
Prior to the 1973 oil embargo Iran spearheaded OPEC's aim for higher oil prices. When raising oil prices Iran would point out the rising inflation as a means to justify the price increases.
In the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War, Arab states employed an oil embargo in 1973 against Western nations. Although the Shah declared neutrality, he sought to exploit the lack of crude oil supply to Iran's benefit. The Shah held a meeting of Persian Gulf oil producers declaring they should double the price of oil for the second time in a year. The price hike resulted in an “oil shock” that crippled Western economies while Iran saw a rapid growth of oil revenues. Iranian oil incomes doubled to $4.6 billion in 1973–1974 and spiked to $17.8 billion in the following year. As a result, the Shah was established as the dominant figure of OPEC, having control over oil prices and production. Iran experienced an economic growth rate of 33% in 1973 and 40% the next year, and GNP expanded 50% in the next year.
The Shah directed the growth in oil revenues back into the domestic economy. Elementary school education was made free and mandatory, major investments were made in the military, and in 1974, 16 billion dollars were spent on building new schools and hospitals. The Shah's oil coup signaled that the United States had lost the ability to influence Iranian foreign and economic policy. Under the Shah, Iran dominated OPEC and middle eastern oil exports.
Nationalism
By the 19th century, the Persian word Vatan began to refer to a national homeland by many intellectuals in Iran. The education system was largely controlled by Shiite clergy who utilized a Maktab system in which open political discussion of modernization was prevented. However, a number of scholarly intellectuals including Mirzā FathʿAli Ākhundzādeh, Mirzā Āqā Khān Kermāni and Mirzā Malkam Khān began to criticize Islam's role in public life while promoting a secular identity for Iran. Over time studies of Iran's glorious history and present reality of a declined Qajar period led many to question what led to Iran's decline. Ultimately Iranian history was categorized into two periods pre-Islamic and Islamic. Iran's pre-Islamic period was seen as prosperous while the Arab invasions were seen as, ‘a political catastrophe that pummelled the superior Iranian civilization under its hoof.’ Therefore, as a result of the growing number of Iranian intellectuals in the 1800s, the Ancient Persian Empire symbolized modernity and originality, while the Islamic period brought by Arab invasions brought Iran to a period of backwardness.
Ultimately these revelations in Iran would lead to the rise of Aryan nationalism in Iran and the perception of a ‘intellectual awakening’, as described by Homa Katouzian. In Europe, many concepts of Aryan Nationalism were directed at the anti-Jewish sentiment. In contrast, Iran's Aryan nationalism was deeply rooted in Persian history and became synonymous with an anti-Arab sentiment instead. Furthermore, the Achaemenid and Sasanian periods were perceived as the real Persia, a Persia which commanded the respect of the world and was void of foreign culture before the Arab invasions.
Thus, under the Pahlavi state, these ideas of Aryan and pre-Islamic Iranian nationalism continued with the rise of Reza Shah. Under the last Shah, the tomb of Cyrus the Great was established as a significant site for all Iranians. The Mission for My Country, written by the Shah, described Cyrus as ‘one of the most dynamic men in history’ and that ‘wherever Cyrus conquered, he would pardon the very people who had fought him, treat them well, and keep them in their former posts ... While Iran at the time knew nothing of democratic political institutions, Cyrus nevertheless demonstrated some of the qualities which provide the strength of the great modern democracies’. The Cyrus Cylinder also became an important cultural symbol and Pahlavi successfully popularized the decree as an ancient declaration of human rights.
The Shah employed titles like Āryāmehr and Shāhanshāh in order to emphasize Iranian supremacy and the kings of Iran.
The Shah continued on with his father's ideas of Iranian nationalism concluding Arabs as the utmost other. Nationalist narratives which were widely accepted by a majority of Iranians portraying Arabs as hostile to Pahlavi's revival of ‘modern’ and ‘authentic’ Iran.
Economy
In the 1970s, Iran had an economic growth rate equal to that of South Korea, Turkey and Taiwan, and Western journalists all regularly predicted that Iran would become a First World nation within the next generation. Significantly, a "reverse brain drain" had begun with Iranians who had been educated in the West returning home to take up positions in government and business. The firm of Iran National ran by the Khayami brothers had become by 1978 the largest automobile manufacturer in the Middle East producing 136,000 cars every year while employing 12,000 people in Meshed. Mohammad Reza had strong étatist tendencies and was deeply involved in the economy, with his economic policies bearing a strong resemblance to the same étatist policies being pursued simultaneously by General Park Chung-hee in South Korea. Mohammad Reza considered himself to be a socialist, saying he was "more socialist and revolutionary than anyone". Reflecting his self-proclaimed socialist tendencies, although unions were illegal, the Shah brought in labour laws that were "surprisingly fair to workers". Iran in the 1960s and 70s was a tolerant place for the Jewish minority with one Iranian Jew, David Menasheri, remembering that Mohammad Reza's reign was the "golden age" for Iranian Jews when they were equals, and when the Iranian Jewish community was one of the wealthiest Jewish communities in the world. The Baha'i minority also did well after the bout of persecution in the mid-1950s ended with several Baha'i families rising to prominence in the world of Iranian business.
Under his reign, Iran experienced over a decade of double-digit GDP growth coupled with major investments in military and infrastructure.
The Shah's first economic plan was geared towards large infrastructure projects and improving the agricultural sector which led to the development of many major dams particularly in Karaj, Safīdrūd, and Dez. The next economic plan was directed and characterized by an expansion in the credit and monetary policy of a nation which resulted in a rapid expansion of Iran's private sector, particularly construction. From the period 1955–1959, real gross fixed capital formation in the private sector saw an average annual increase of 39.3%. The private sector credit rose by 46 percent in 1957, 61 percent in 1958, and 32 percent in 1959 (Central Bank of Iran, Annual Report, 1960 and 1961). By 1963, the Shah had begun a redistribution of land offering compensation to landlords valued on previous tax assessments, and the land obtained by the government was then sold on favorable terms to Iranian peasants. The Shah also initiated the nationalization of forests and pastures, female suffrage, profit-sharing for industrial workers, privatization of state industries, and formation of literacy corps. These developments marked a turning point in Iranian history as the nation prepared to embark on a rapid and aggressive industrialization process.
1963–1978 represented the longest period of sustained growth in per capita real income the Iranian economy ever experienced. During the 1963–77 period gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by an average annual rate of 10.5% with an annual population growth rate of around 2.7% placing Iran as one of the fasted growing economies in the world. Iran's GDP per capita was $170 in 1963 and rose to $2,060 by 1977. The growth was not just a result of increased oil revenues. In fact, the non-oil GDPs grew by an average annual rate of 11.5 percent, which was higher than the average annual rate of growth experienced in oil revenues. By the fifth economic planning, oil GDP rose to 15.3% strongly outpacing growth rates in oil revenue which only saw .5% growth. From 1963 to 1977 the industrial and the service sectors experienced annual growth rates of 15.0 and 14.3 percent, respectively. The manufacturing of cars, television sets, refrigerators, and other household goods increased substantially in Iran. For instance, over the small period of 1969 to 1977, the number of private cars produced in Iran increased steadily from 29,000 to 132,000 and the number of television sets produced rose from 73,000 in 1969 to 352,000 in 1975.
The growth of industrial sectors in Iran led to substantial urbanization of the country. The extent of urbanization rose from 31 percent in 1956 to 49 percent in 1978. By the mid-1970s Iran's national debt was paid off, turning the nation from a debtor to a creditor nation. The balances on the nation's account for the 1959–78 period actually resulted in a surplus of funds of approximately $15.17 billion. The Shah's fifth five-year economic plan sought to achieve a reduction in foreign imports through the use of higher tariffs on consumer goods, preferential bank loans to the industrialists, maintenance of an overvalued rial, and food subsidies in urban areas. These developments led to the development of a new large industrialist class in Iran and the nation's industrial structure was extremely insulated from threats of foreign competition.
In 1976, Iran saw its largest-ever GDP uptick, thanks in large part to the Shah's economic policies. According to the World Bank, when valued in 2010 dollars, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi improved the country's per-capita GDP to $10,261, the highest at any point in Iran's history.
According to economist Fereydoun Khavand, “During these 15 years, the average annual growth rate of the country fluctuated above 10%. The total volume of Iran's economy increased nearly fivefold during this period. In contrast, during the past 40 years, Iran's average annual economic growth rate has been only about two percent. Considering the growth rate of Iran's population in the post-revolution period, the average per capita growth rate of Iran in the last 40 years is estimated between zero percent and half a percent. Among the main factors hindering the growth rate in Iran are a lack of a favorable business environment, severe investment weakness, very low levels of productivity, and constant tension in the country's regional and global relations.”
Many European, American, and Japanese investment firms sought business ventures and to open up headquarters in Iran. According to one American investment banker:
Relationship with West and Media
By the 1960s and 1970s, Iranian oil revenues experienced rapid growth. By the mid-1960s Iran saw "weakened U.S. influence in Iranian politics" and a strengthening in the power of the Iranian state. According to Homa Katouzian, the perception that the US was the instructor of the Shah's regime due to their support for the 1953 coup contradicted the reality that "its real influence" in domestic Iranian politics and policy "declined considerably". In 1973 the Shah initiated an oil price hike with his control of OPEC further demonstrating the US no longer had influence over Iranian foreign and economic policies. In response to American media outlets critical of him, the Shah claimed that Iran's oil price hikes did little to contribute to the rising inflation in the United States. Pahlavi also implied criticism of the US for not taking the lead on anti-communist efforts.
In 1974 during the oil crisis, the Shah began an atomic nuclear energy policy prompting US Trade Administrator William E. Simon to denounce the Shah as a "nut." In response, US President Nixon publicly apologized to the Shah and through a letter in order to disassociate the president and the United States from the statement. Simon's statement illustrated the growing American tensions with Iran over the Shah's raising of oil prices. Nixon's apology covered up the reality that Shah's ambitions to become the leader in the Persian Gulf Area and the Indian Ocean basin was placing a serious strain on his relationship with the United States, particularly as India had tested its first atomic bomb in May 1974.
Many critics labeled the Shah as a Western and American "puppet", an accusation that has been disproven as unfounded by contemporary scholars due to the Shah's strong regional and nationalist ambitions which often led Tehran to disputes with its Western allies. In particular, the Carter administration which took control of the White House in 1977 saw the Shah as a troublesome ally and sought change in Iran's political system.
By the 1970s, the Shah had become a strongman. His power had dramatically increased both in Iran and internationally, and on the tenth anniversary of the White Revolution, he challenged The Consortium Agreement of 1954 and terminated the agreement after negotiations with the oil consortium resulting in the establishment of 1973 Sale and Purchase Agreement.
Khomeini accused the Shah of false rumors and employed Soviet methods of deception. The accusations were amplified by international media outlets which widely propagated the information and protests were widely shown on Iranian televisions.
Many Iranian students studied across Western Europe and the United States where ideas of liberalism, democracy, and counterculture flourished. Among left-leaning Westerners, the Shah's reign was seen as equivalent to that of right-wing hate figures. Western anti-Shah fervor broadcast by European and American media outlets was ultimately adopted by Iranian students and intellectuals studying the West who accused the shah of Westoxification when it was the students themselves who were adopting Western liberalism they experienced during their studies. These Western ideas of liberalism resulted in utopian visions for revolution and social change. In turn, the Shah criticized Western democracies and equated them to chaos. Furthermore, the Shah chastised Americans and Europeans as being "lazy," and "lacking discipline," and criticized their student radicalism as being caused by Western decline. President Nixon expressed his concern to the Shah that Iranian students in the United States would similarly become radicalized, asking the Shah:
Foreign relations
In 1961, the Francophile Mohammad Reza visited Paris to meet his favourite leader, General Charles de Gaulle of France. Mohammad Reza saw height as the measure of a man and a woman (the Shah had a marked preference for tall women) and the de Gaulle was his most admired leader. Mohammad Reza loved to be compared to his "ego ideal" of General de Gaulle, and his courtiers constantly flattered him by calling him Iran's de Gaulle. During the French trip, Queen Farah, who shared her husband's love of French culture and language, befriended the culture minister André Malraux, who arranged for the exchange of cultural artifacts between French and Iranian museums and art galleries, a policy that remained a key component of Iran's cultural diplomacy until 1979. Many of the legitimising devices of the regime such as the constant use of referendums were modelled after de Gaulle's regime. Intense Francophiles, Mohammad Reza and Farah preferred to speak French rather than Persian to their children. Mohammad Reza built the Niavaran Palace which took up and whose style was a blend of Persian and French architecture.
The Shah's diplomatic foundation was the United States' guarantee that it would protect his regime, enabling him to stand up to larger enemies. While the arrangement did not preclude other partnerships and treaties, it helped to provide a somewhat stable environment in which Mohammad Reza could implement his reforms. Another factor guiding Mohammad Reza in his foreign policy was his wish for financial stability, which required strong diplomatic ties. A third factor was his wish to present Iran as a prosperous and powerful nation; this fuelled his domestic policy of Westernisation and reform. A final component was his promise that communism could be halted at Iran's border if his monarchy was preserved. By 1977, the country's treasury, the Shah's autocracy, and his strategic alliances seemed to form a protective layer around Iran.
Although the U.S. was responsible for putting the Shah in power, he did not always act as a close American ally. In the early 1960s, when the State Department's Policy Planning Staff that included William R. Polk encouraged the Shah to distribute Iran's growing revenues more equitably, slow the rush toward militarisation, and open the government to political processes, he became furious and identified Polk as "the principal enemy of his regime." In July 1964, the Shah, Turkish President Cemal Gürsel, and Pakistani President Ayub Khan announced in Istanbul the establishment of the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) organisation to promote joint transportation and economic projects. It also envisioned Afghanistan's joining at some time in the future. The Shah was the first regional leader to grant de facto recognition to the State of Israel. Although when interviewed on 60 Minutes by reporter Mike Wallace, he criticised American Jews for their presumed control over U.S. media and finance; these remarks are widely believed to have only been intended to pacify the Shah's Arab critics, and in any case, bilateral relations between Iran and Israel were not adversely affected. In a 1967 memo to President Lyndon B. Johnson, U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara wrote that "our sales [to Iran] have created about 1.4 million man-years of employment in the U.S. and over $1 billion in profits to American industry over the last five years," leading him to conclude that Iran was an arms market the United States could not do without. In June 1965, after the Americans proved reluctant to sell Mohammad Reza some of the weapons he asked for, the Shah visited Moscow, where the Soviets agreed to sell some $110 million worth of weaponry; the threat of Iran pursuing the "Soviet option" caused the Americans to resume selling Iran weapons. Additionally, British, French, and Italian arms firms were willing to sell Iran weapons, thus giving Mohammad Reza considerable leverage in his talks with the Americans, who sometimes worried that the Shah was buying more weapons than Iran needed or could handle.
Concerning the fate of Bahrain (which Britain had controlled since the 19th century, but which Iran claimed as its own territory) and three small Persian Gulf islands, the Shah negotiated an agreement with the British, which, by means of a public consensus, ultimately led to the independence of Bahrain (against the wishes of Iranian nationalists). In return, Iran took full control of Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Abu Musa in the Strait of Hormuz, three strategically sensitive islands which were claimed by the United Arab Emirates. During this period, the Shah sent one of his most trusted tribal men Sheikh Abdulkarim Al-Faisali and maintained cordial relations with the Persian Gulf states and established close diplomatic ties with Saudi Arabia. Mohammad Reza saw Iran as the natural dominant power in the Persian Gulf region, and tolerated no challenges to Iranian hegemony, a claim that was supported by a gargantuan arms-buying spree that started in the early 1960s. Mohammad Reza supported the Yemeni royalists against republican forces in the Yemen Civil War (1962–70) and assisted the sultan of Oman in putting down a rebellion in Dhofar (1971). In 1971, Mohammad Reza told a journalist: "World events were such that we were compelled to accept the fact that sea adjoining the Oman Sea—I mean the Indian Ocean—does not recognise borders. As for Iran's security limits—I will not state how many kilometers we have in mind, but anyone who is acquainted with geography and the strategic situation, and especially with the potential air and sea forces, know what distances from Chah Bahar this limit can reach".
From 1968 to 1975 the Iraq deported over 60,000 Iraqis of Iranian descent into Iran causing a rise in tensions. Iran's relations with Iraq, however, were often difficult due to political instability in the latter country. Mohammad Reza was distrustful of both the Socialist government of Abd al-Karim Qasim and the Arab nationalist Baath party. He resented the internationally recognised Iran-Iraq border on the Shatt al-Arab river, which a 1937 treaty fixed on the low watermark on the Iranian side, giving Iraq control of most of the Shatt al-Arab. On 19 April 1969, the Shah abrogated the treaty, and as a result Iran ceased paying tolls to Iraq when its ships used the Shatt al-Arab, ending Iraq's lucrative source of income. He justified his move by arguing that almost all river borders all over the world ran along the thalweg (deep channel mark), and by claiming that because most of the ships that used the Shatt al-Arab were Iranian, the 1937 treaty was unfair to Iran. Iraq threatened war over the Iranian move, but when on 24 April 1969 an Iranian tanker escorted by Iranian warships sailed down the Shatt al-Arab without paying tolls, Iraq, being the militarily weaker state, did nothing. The Iranian abrogation of the 1937 treaty marked the beginning of a period of acute Iraqi-Iranian tension that was to last until the Algiers Accords of 1975. The fact that Iraq had welcomed the former SAVAK chief General Teymur Bakhtiar to Baghdad, where he regularly met with representatives of the Tudeh Party and the Confederation of Iranian Students, added to the difficult relations between Iran and Iraq. On 7 August 1970, Bakhtiar was badly wounded by a SAVAK assassin who shot him five times, and he died five days later; Alam wrote in his diary that Mohammad Reza rejoiced at the news.
On 7 May 1972, Mohammad Reza told a visiting President Richard Nixon that the Soviet Union was attempting to dominate the Middle East via its close ally Iraq, and that to check Iraqi ambitions would also be to check Soviet ambitions. Nixon agreed to support Iranian claims to have the thalweg in the Shatt al-Arab recognised as the border and to generally back Iran in its confrontation with Iraq. Mohammad Reza financed Kurdish separatist rebels in Iraq, and to cover his tracks, armed them with Soviet weapons which Israel had seized from Soviet-backed Arab regimes, then handed over to Iran at the Shah's behest. The initial operation was a disaster, but the Shah continued attempts to support the rebels and weaken Iraq. Then, in 1975, the countries signed the Algiers Accord, which granted Iran equal navigation rights in the Shatt al-Arab as the thalweg was now the new border, while Mohammad Reza agreed to end his support for Iraqi Kurdish rebels. The Shah also maintained close relations with King Hussein of Jordan, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, and King Hassan II of Morocco. Beginning in 1970, Mohammad Reza formed an unlikely alliance with the militantly left-wing regime of Colonel Muammar Gaddafi of Libya, as both leaders wanted higher oil prices for their nations, leading Iran and Libya joining forces to press for the "leapfrogging" of oil prices.
The U.S.-Iran relationship grew more contentious as the U.S. became more dependent on Mohammad Reza to be a stabilising force in the Middle East, under the Nixon Doctrine. In a July 1969 visit to Guam, President Nixon had announced the Nixon Doctrine, which declared that the United States would honour its treaty commitments in Asia, but "as far as the problems of international security are concerned ... the United States is going to encourage and has a right to expect that this problem will increasingly be handled by, and the responsibility for it taken by, the Asian nations themselves." The particular Asian nation the Nixon Doctrine was aimed at was South Vietnam, but the Shah seized upon the doctrine, with its message that Asian nations should be responsible for their own defense, to argue that the Americans should sell him arms without limitation, a suggestion that Nixon embraced. A particular dynamic was established in American-Iranian relations from 1969 onward, in which the Americans gave in to whatever Mohammad Reza demanded, as they felt they needed a strong Iran as a pro-American force in the Middle East and could not afford to lose Iran as an ally. Further adding to the Shah's confidence was the Sino-Soviet border conflict of 1969, which forced the Red Army to make a major redeployment to the Chinese border. Mohammad Reza, who always feared the prospect of a Soviet invasion, welcomed the Sino-Soviet war and the resulting reduction of Red Army divisions along the Soviet-Iranian border as giving him more room internationally.
Under Nixon, the United States finally agreed to sever all contact with any Iranians opposed to the Shah's regime, a concession that Mohammad Reza had been seeking since 1958. The often very anti-American tone of the Iranian press was ignored because Mohammad Reza supported the U.S. in the Vietnam War and likewise the Americans ignored the Shah's efforts to raise oil prices, despite the fact it cost many American consumers more. After 1969, a process of "reverse leverage" set in, when Mohammad Reza began to dictate to the United States as the Americans needed him more than he needed the Americans. The American National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger wrote in 1982 that because of the Vietnam War, it was not politically possible in the 1970s for the United States to fight a major war: "There was no possibility of assigning any American forces to the Indian Ocean in the midst of the Vietnam War and its attendant trauma. Congress would have tolerated no such commitment; the public would not have supported it. Fortunately, Iran was willing to play this role." Consequently, the Americans badly needed Iran as an ally, which allowed Mohammad Reza to dictate to them. This experience greatly boosted the Shah's ego, as he felt he was able to impose his will on the world's most powerful nation.
The Americans initially rejected Mohammad Reza's suggestion that they join him in supporting the Iraqi Kurdish peshmerga fighting for independence on the grounds that an independent Kurdistan would inspire the Turkish Kurds to rebel, and they had no interest in antagonising the NATO member Turkey. Some of the Shah's advisers also felt it was unwise to support the peshmerga, saying that if the Iraqi Kurds won independence, then the Iranian Kurds would want to join them. When Nixon and Kissinger visited Tehran in May 1972, the Shah convinced them to take a larger role in what had, up to then, been a mainly Israeli-Iranian operation to aid Iraqi Kurds in their struggles against Iraq, against the warnings of the CIA and State Department that the Shah would ultimately betray the Kurds. He did this in March 1975 with the signing of the Algiers Accord that settled Iraqi-Iranian border disputes, an action taken without prior consultation with the U.S., after which he cut off all aid to the Kurds and prevented the U.S. and Israel from using Iranian territory to provide them assistance.
As a way of increasing pressure on Baghdad, the peshmerga had been encouraged by Iran and the U.S. to abandon guerrilla war for conventional war in April 1974, so the years 1974–75 saw the heaviest fighting between the Iraqi Army and the peshmerga. The sudden cut-off of Iranian support in March 1975 left the Kurds very exposed, causing them to be crushed by Iraq. The British journalist Patrick Brogan wrote that "...the Iraqis celebrated their victory in the usual manner, by executing as many of the rebels as they could lay their hands on." Kissinger later wrote in his memoirs that it was never the intention of the U.S. or Iran to see the peshmerga actually win, as an independent Kurdistan would have created too many problems for both Turkey and Iran; rather, the intention was to "irritate" Iraq enough to force the Iraqis to change their foreign policy.
The Shah also used America's dependence on Middle Eastern oil as leverage; although Iran did not participate in the 1973 oil embargo, he purposely increased production in its aftermath to capitalise on the higher prices. In December 1973, only two months after oil prices were raised by 70 per cent, he urged OPEC nations to push prices even higher, which they agreed to do, more than doubling the price. Oil prices increased 470 per cent over a 12-month period, which also increased Iran's GDP by 50 per cent. Despite personal pleas from President Nixon, the Shah ignored any complaints, claimed the U.S. was importing more oil than any time in the past, and proclaimed that "the industrial world will have to realise that the era of their terrific progress and even more terrific income and wealth based on cheap oil is finished."
Modernisation and evolution of government
With Iran's great oil wealth, the Shah became the preeminent leader of the Middle East, and self-styled "Guardian" of the Persian Gulf. In 1961 he defended his style of rule, saying "When Iranians learn to behave like Swedes, I will behave like the King of Sweden."
During the last years of his regime, the Shah's government became more autocratic. In the words of a U.S. Embassy dispatch: "The Shah's picture is everywhere. The beginning of all film showings in public theaters presents the Shah in various regal poses accompanied by the strains of the National Anthem ... The monarch also actively extends his influence to all phases of social affairs ... there is hardly any activity or vocation in which the Shah or members of his family or his closest friends do not have a direct or at least a symbolic involvement. In the past, he had claimed to take a two-party system seriously and declared, 'If I were a dictator rather than a constitutional monarch, then I might be tempted to sponsor a single dominant party such as Hitler organised'."
However, by 1975, Mohammad Reza had abolished the two-party system of government in favour of a one-party state under the Rastakhiz (Resurrection) Party. This was the merger of the New Iran Party, a centre-right party, and the People's Party, a liberal party. The Shah justified his actions by declaring: "We must straighten out Iranians' ranks. To do so, we divide them into two categories: those who believe in Monarchy, the constitution and the Six Bahman Revolution and those who don't ... A person who does not enter the new political party and does not believe in the three cardinal principles will have only two choices. He is either an individual who belongs to an illegal organisation, or is related to the outlawed Tudeh Party, or in other words a traitor. Such an individual belongs to an Iranian prison, or if he desires he can leave the country tomorrow, without even paying exit fees; he can go anywhere he likes, because he is not Iranian, he has no nation, and his activities are illegal and punishable according to the law." In addition, the Shah had decreed that all Iranian citizens and the few remaining political parties become part of Rastakhiz.
Image and self-image of Mohammad Reza in the 1970s
From 1973 onward, Mohammad Reza had proclaimed his aim as that of the tamaddon-e-bozorg, the "Great Civilisation," a turning point not only in Iran's history, but also the history of the entire world, a claim that was taken seriously for a time in the West. On 2 December 1974, The New Yorker published an article by Paul Erdman that was a conjectural future history entitled "The Oil War of 1976: How The Shah Won the World: The World as We Knew It Came to an End When the Shah Of Iran Decided to Restore The Glory of Ancient Persia with Western Arms". In 1975, U.S. Vice President Nelson Rockefeller declared in a speech: "We must take His Imperial Majesty to the United States for a couple of years so that he can teach us how to run a country." In 1976, a pulp novel by Alan Williams was published in the United States under the title A Bullet for the Shah: All They Had To Do Was Kill the World's Most Powerful Man, whose sub-title reveals much about how the American people viewed the Shah at the time (the original British title was the more prosaic Shah-Mak).
The great wealth generated by Iran's oil encouraged a sense of nationalism at the Imperial Court. The Empress Farah recalled of her days as a university student in 1950s France about being asked where she was from:When I told them Iran ... the Europeans would recoil in horror as if Iranians were barbarians and loathsome. But after Iran became wealthy under the Shah in the 1970s, Iranians were courted everywhere. Yes, Your Majesty. Of course, Your Majesty. If you please, Your Majesty. Fawning all over us. Greedy sycophants. Then they loved Iranians. Mohammad Reza shared the Empress's sentiments as Westerners came begging to his court looking for his largesse, leading him to remark in 1976:
Now we are the masters and our former masters are our slaves. Everyday they beat a track to our door begging for favors. How can they be of assistance? Do we want arms? Do we want nuclear power stations? We have only to answer, and they will fulfill our wishes. Because the House of Pahlavi were a parvenu house as Reza Khan had begun his career as a private in the Persian Army, rising up to the rank of general, taking power in a coup d'état in 1921, and making himself Shah in 1925, Mohammad Reza was keen to gain the approval of the older royal families of the world, and was prepared to spend large sums of money to gain that social acceptance.
Amongst the royalty that came to Tehran looking for the Shah's generosity were King Hussein of Jordan, the former King Constantine II of Greece, King Hassan II of Morocco, the princes and princesses of the Dutch House of Orange, and the Italian Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy, whom the Shah had once courted in the 1950s. He coveted the British Order of the Garter, and had, prior to courting Maria Gabriella, inquired about marrying Princess Alexandra of Kent, granddaughter of King George V, but in both cases he was rebuffed in no uncertain terms. As an Iranian, Mohammad Reza greatly enjoyed supporting the Greek branch of the House of Glücksburg, knowing the Greeks still celebrated their victories over the Persians in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. He enjoyed close relations with Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, as demonstrated by the fact that he was the guest of honour at the Persepolis celebrations in 1971. Ethiopia and Iran, along with Turkey and Israel, were envisioned as an "alliance of the periphery" that would constrain Arab power in the greater Middle East.
In an era of high oil prices, Iran's economy boomed while the economies of the Western nations were trapped in stagflation (economic stagnation and inflation) after the 1973–74 oil shocks, which seemed to prove the greatness of Mohammad Reza both to himself and to the rest of the world. In 1975, both the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and the French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing made pleading phone calls to Mohammad Reza asking him for loans, which ultimately led the Shah to give a US$1 billion loan to the United Kingdom and another US$1 billion to France. In a televised speech in January 1975 explaining why he was lending Britain a sum equal to US$1 billion, Mohammad Reza declared in his usual grandiose style: "I have known the most dark hours when our country was obliged to pass under the tutelage of foreign powers, amongst them England. Now I find that England has not only become our friend, our equal, but also the nation to which, should we be able, we will render assistance with pleasure," going on to say that since he "belonged to this [European] world," he did not want Europe to collapse economically. As Britain had often dominated Iran in the past, the change in roles was greatly gratifying to Mohammad Reza.
Courtiers at the Imperial court were devoted to stroking the Shah's ego, competing to be the most sycophantic, with Mohammad Reza being regularly assured he was a greater leader than his much admired General de Gaulle, that democracy was doomed, and that based on Rockefeller's speech, that the American people wanted Mohammad Reza to be their leader, as well as doing such a great job as Shah of Iran. According to historian Abbas Milani, all of this praise boosted Mohammad Reza's ego, and he went from being a merely narcissistic man to a megalomaniac, believing himself a man chosen by Allah Himself to transform Iran and create the "Great Civilisation." When one of the Shah's courtiers suggested launching a campaign to award him the Nobel Peace Prize, he wrote on the margin: "If they beg us, we might accept. They give the Nobel to kaka siah ["any black face"] these days. Why should we belittle ourselves with this?" Befitting all this attention and praise, Mohammad Reza started to make increasingly outlandish claims for the "Great Civilisation", telling the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci in a 1973 interview with L'Europeo:Halfway measures, compromises, are unfeasible. In other words, either one is a revolutionary or one demands law and order. One can't be a revolutionary with law and order. And even less with tolerance ... when Castro came to power, he killed at least 10,000 people ... in a sense, he was really capable, because he's still in power. So am I, however! And I intend to stay there, and to demonstrate that one can achieve a great many things by the use of force, show even that your old socialism is finished. Old, obsolete, finished ... I achieve more than the Swedes ... Huh! Swedish socialism! It didn't even nationalize forests and water. But I have ... my White Revolution ... is a new original kind of socialism and ... believe me, in Iran we're far more advanced than you and we really have nothing to learn from you. In an interview with Der Spiegel published on 3 February 1974, Mohammad Reza declared: "I would like you to know that in our case, our actions are not just to take vengeance on the West. As I said, we are going to be a member of your club". In a press conference on 31 March 1974, Mohammad Reza predicted what Iran would be like in 1984, saying:In the cities, electric cars would replace the gas engines and mass transportation systems would be switched to electricity, monorail over the ground or electric buses. And, furthermore, in the great era of civilization that lies ahead of our people, there will be least two or three holidays a week. In 1976, Mohammad Reza told the Egyptian journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal in an interview: "I want the standard of living in Iran in ten years' time to be exactly on a level with that in Europe today. In twenty years' time we shall be ahead of the United States".
Reflecting his need to have Iran seen as "part of the world" (by which Mohammad Reza meant the western world), all through the 1970s he sponsored conferences in Iran at his expense, with for example in one week in September 1975 the International Literacy Symposium meeting in Persepolis, the International Congress of Philosophy meeting in Mashhad and the International Congress of Mithraic Studies meeting in Tehran. He also sought to hold the 1984 Summer Olympics in Tehran. For most ordinary Iranians, struggling with inflation, poverty, air pollution, having to pay extortion payments to the police who demanded money from even those performing legal jobs such as selling fruits on the street, and daily traffic jams, the Shah's sponsorship of international conferences were just a waste of money and time. Furthermore, conferences on pre-Islamic practices such as the cult of Mithra fuelled religious anxieties. Though Mohammad Reza envisioned the "Great Civilisation" of a modernised Iran whose standard of living would be higher than those of the United States and at the forefront of modern technology, he did not envision any political change, making it clear that Iran would remain an autocracy.
Achievements
In his "White Revolution" starting in the 1960s, Mohammad Reza made major changes to modernise Iran. He curbed the power of certain ancient elite factions by expropriating large and medium-sized estates for the benefit of more than four million small farmers. He took a number of other major measures, including extending suffrage to women and the participation of workers in factories through shares and other measures. In the 1970s, the governmental programme of free-of-charge nourishment for children at school known as "Taghziye Rāyegan" (Persian: تغذیه رایگان lit. free nourishment) was implemented. Under the Shah's reign, the national Iranian income showed an unprecedented rise for an extended period.
Improvement of the educational system was made through the creation of new elementary schools. In addition, literacy courses were set up in remote villages by the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces, this initiative being called "Sepāh-e Dānesh" (Persian: سپاه دانش) meaning "Army of Knowledge". The Armed Forces were also engaged in infrastructural and other educational projects throughout the country "Sepāh-e Tarvij va Ābādāni" (Persian: سپاه ترویج و آبادانی lit. army for promotion and development) as well as in health education and promotion "Sepāh-e Behdāsht" (Persian: سپاه بهداشت lit. "army for hygiene"). The Shah instituted exams for Islamic theologians to become established clerics. Many Iranian university students were sent to and supported in foreign, especially Western, countries and the Indian subcontinent.
Between 1967 and 1977, the number of universities increased in number from 7 to 22, the number of institutions of advanced learning rose from 47 to 200, and the number of students in higher education soared from 36,742 to 100,000. Iran's literacy programs were among the most innovative and effective anywhere in the world, so that by 1977 the number of Iranians able to read and write had climbed from just 27 percent to more than 80 percent.
In the field of diplomacy, Iran realised and maintained friendly relations with Western and East European countries as well as the state of Israel and China and became, especially through its close friendship with the United States, more and more a hegemonial power in the Persian Gulf region and the Middle East.
As to infrastructural and technological progress, the Shah continued and developed further the policies introduced by his father. His programmes included projects in technologies such as steel, telecommunications, petrochemical facilities, power plants, dams and the automobile industry. The Aryamehr University of Technology was established as a major new academic institution.
International cultural cooperation was encouraged and organised, such as the 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire and Shiraz Arts Festival. As part of his various financial support programmes in the fields of culture and arts, the Shah, along with King Hussein of Jordan made a donation to the Chinese Muslim Association for the construction of the Taipei Grand Mosque.
The Shah also led a massive military build-up and began the construction of many nuclear facilities. By 1977, Iran was considered the fifth strongest nation in the world according to a report by Georgetown University. The Shah announced the days of foreign exploitation in Iran were over and exclaimed statements such as:
The Shah sought to protect Iran's interests through various means such as funding foreign rebellions in Iraq, military support in Oman, financial/military action, and diplomacy, promoting the CIA to conclude that:
Despite criticism from western critics, the Shah was seen as a master statesman through his domestic reforms, popular base in Iran, successful opposition to radical Arab neighbors, and ambitions for regional stability and prosperity, particularly in the two superpowers and other European powers. The fall of the Pahlavi order in 1979 removed the Shah's stabilizing efforts, leading to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the destabilization of Pakistani politics, the emergence of Saudi Arabia as a major oil power, the rise of Saddam Hussein and Ba'athists in regional conflicts, and the subsequent Wahhabi-Salafi militancy.
Under the Shah's leadership, Iran experienced an impressive transformation of the economy. From 1925 to 1976 Iran's economy had grown 700 times, per capita 200 times, and domestic capital formation 3,400 times most of which occurred during the reign of the second Pahlavi Monarch, Mohammadreza Pahlavi. Iran enjoyed an average annual industrial growth rate of over 20% from 1963 to 1976. From 1965 to 1976 Iranian per capita income rose 8 times from $195 to $1,600. By 1978 per capita income surpassed $2,400. Much of the growth was not due to oil income. Among the OPEC oil-producing nations experts agreed only Iran's growth was due to an intelligent development plan while the growth seen in nations such as Saudi Arabia and Libya was solely based upon oil revenues. Iran's growth was expected to continue, with half of the Iranian families expected to own cars by 1985, per capita income reaching $4,500 ($ adjusted for inflation), Iran would produce twenty million tons of steel annually, one million tons of aluminum, one million cars, three million television sets, one million tons of paper, and a large number of engineers.
During the Shah's rule, Iran's average income level was nearing that of Western European nations, and Iranians experienced an unprecedented amount of prosperity and opportunity with an emerging middle class. Iran's growing prosperity coupled with goals of independence allowed for increasing autonomy from Western nations like the US. From 1963 to 1977 Iran experienced an average annual growth rate of 10.5% making it one of the world's fastest-growing economies and Iran experienced its largest GDP growth ever. The economic growth was not simply based on oil, in fact, nonoil revenues grew at a faster rate of 11.5% annually.
During the 1960s and 1970s, Iran's society and the economy experienced a great transformation as a result of rapid industrialization. The state invested in infrastructure to develop industry and provided financial capital resulting in profitable conditions for private Iranian companies. As a result, Iran's development across the industrialization scale, technological advancement, economic growth, urbanization, and per capita income increase was extraordinary compared to other developing nations. World Bank data during this period reveals Iran had an annual real growth rate of 9.6% for middle-income categories which was the highest of any other country in the developing world. Investment, savings, consumption, employment, and per capita income also demonstrated exceptional growth. Gross domestic investment grew at an average yearly rate of 16% and reached 33% of the GDP by 1977-1978. Iranian consumption grew on average by 18% a year. Iran's middle class was far larger than any other developing country. Iran's economic growth was compared to that of rapidly industrializing Asian countries such as South Korea. Since the revolution, Iran's economic growth and rapid industrialization have plummeted.
During the early 1970s, with the success of the Shah's White Revolution, Iran had become a country of economic opportunity, and its international status was rising. From 1959 and 1970 the Gross national product (GNP) approximately tripled rising from $3.8 to $10.6 billion and by the late 1960s Iran become one of the middle east's most flourishing spots for investment among foreign investors due to financial stability and rise in purchasing power. Many foreign powers struggled to compete for relations with Iran due to the rising potential of its growing marketplace. Iran Air also became one of the fastest growing airlines in the world and many Iranian construction companies some funded by the state had been involved in many construction projects such as Pre-Fab Inc. which created the precast concrete benches for the Āryāmehr Stadium.
Revolution
Spark
The overthrow of the Shah came as a surprise to almost all observers. The first militant anti-Shah demonstrations of a few hundred started in October 1977, after the death of Khomeini's son Mostafa. On 7 January 1978, an article Iran and Red and Black Colonization was published in the newspaper Ettela'at attacking Ruhollah Khomeini, who was in exile in Iraq at the time; it referred to him as a homosexual, a drug addict, a British spy and claimed he was an Indian, not an Iranian. Khomeini's supporters had brought in audio tapes of his sermons, and Mohammad Reza was angry with one sermon, alleging corruption on his part, and decided to hit back with the article, despite the feeling at the court, SAVAK and Ettela'at editors that the article was an unnecessary provocation that was going to cause trouble. The next day, protests against the article began in the holy city of Qom, a traditional centre of opposition to the House of Pahlavi.
Cancer patient
Mohammad Reza was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 1974. As it worsened, from the spring of 1978, he stopped appearing in public, with the official explanation being that he was suffering from a "persistent cold." In May 1978, the Shah suddenly cancelled a long-planned trip to Hungary and Bulgaria. He spent the entire summer of 1978 in Ramsar Palace in the Caspian Sea resort, where two of France's most prominent doctors, Jean Bernard and Georges Flandrin, treated his cancer. To try to stop his cancer, Bernard and Flandrin had Mohammad Reza take prednisone, a drug with numerous potential side effects including depression and impaired thinking.
As nationwide protests and strikes swept Iran, the court found it impossible to get decisions from Mohammad Reza, as he became utterly passive and indecisive, content to spend hours listlessly staring into space as he rested by the Caspian Sea while the revolution raged. The seclusion of the Shah, who normally loved the limelight, sparked all sorts of rumors about the state of his health and damaged the imperial mystique, as the man who had been presented as a god-like ruler was revealed to be fallible. A July 1978 attempt to deny the rumors of Mohammad Reza's declining health (by publishing a crudely doctored photograph in the newspapers of the Emperor and Empress walking on the beach) instead further damaged the imperial mystique, as most people realised that what appeared to be two beach clogs on either side of the Shah were merely substitutes inserted for his airbrushed aides, who were holding him up as he now had difficulty walking by himself.
In June 1978, Mohammad Reza's French doctors first revealed to the French government how serious his cancer was, and in September the French government informed the American government that the Shah was dying of cancer; until then, U.S. officials had no idea that Mohammad Reza had even been diagnosed with cancer four years earlier. The Shah had created a very centralised system in which he was the key decision-maker on all issues, and as historian Abbas Milani noted, he was mentally crippled in the summer of 1978 owing to his tendency to be indecisive when faced with a crisis which, combined with his cancer and the effects of the anti-cancer drugs, made his mood "increasingly volatile and unpredictable. One day, he was full of verve and optimism and the next day or hour he fell into a catatonic stupor," bringing the entire government to a halt. Milani wrote that the Shah was in 1978 "beset with depression, indecision and paralysis, and his indecision led to the immobilisation of the entire system." Empress Farah grew so frustrated with her husband that she suggested numerous times that he leave Iran for medical treatment and appoint her regent, saying she would handle the crisis and save the House of Pahlavi. The very masculine Mohammad Reza vetoed this idea, saying he did not want Farah to be "Joan of Arc," and it would be too humiliating for him as a man to flee Iran and leave a woman in charge.
Black Friday
The Shah-centred command structure of the Iranian military, and the lack of training to confront civil unrest, was marked by disaster and bloodshed. There were several instances where army units had opened fire, the most significant being the events on 8 September 1978.
The regime falls apart
Hoping to calm the situation, on 2 October 1978, the Shah granted a general amnesty to dissidents living abroad, including Ayatollah Khomeini. But by then it was too late. October 1978 was characterized by extreme unrest and open opposition to the monarchy; strikes paralyzed the country, and in early December a "total of 6 to 9 million"—more than 10% of the country—marched against the Shah throughout Iran. In October 1978, after flying over a huge demonstration in Tehran in his helicopter, Mohammad Reza accused the British ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons and the American ambassador William H. Sullivan of organising the demonstrations, screaming that he was being "betrayed" by the United Kingdom and the United States. The fact that the BBC's journalists tended to be very sympathetic towards the revolution was viewed by most Iranians, including Mohammad Reza, as a sign that Britain was supporting the revolution. This impression turned out to be crucial, as the Iranian people had a very exaggerated idea about Britain's capacity to "direct events" in Iran. In a subsequent internal inquiry, the BBC found many of its more left-wing journalists disliked Mohammad Reza as a "reactionary" force and sympathised with a revolution seen as "progressive". Mohammad Reza spent much of his time working out various conspiracy theories about who was behind the revolution, with his favourite candidates being some combination of Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union. Milani wrote that Mohamad Reza's view of the revolution as a gigantic conspiracy organised by foreign powers suggested that there was nothing wrong with Iran, and the millions of people demonstrating against him were just dupes being used by foreigners, a viewpoint that did not encourage concessions and reforms until it was too late. For much of 1978, Mohammad Reza saw his enemies as "Marxist" revolutionaries rather than Islamists. The Shah had exaggerated ideas about the power of the KGB, which he thought of as omnipotent, and often expressed the view that all of the demonstrations against him had been organised in Moscow, saying only the KGB had the power to bring out thousands of ordinary people to demonstrate. In October 1978, the oil workers went on strike, shutting down the oil industry and with it, Mohammad Reza's principal source of revenue. The Iranian military had no plans in place to deal with such an event, and the strike pushed the regime to the economic brink.
The revolution had attracted support from a broad coalition ranging from secular, far-left nationalists to Islamists on the right, and Khomeini, who was temporarily based in Paris after being expelled from Iraq, chose to present himself as a moderate able to bring together all the different factions leading the revolution. On 3 November, a SAVAK plan to arrest about 1,500 people considered to be leaders of the revolution was submitted to Mohammad Reza, who at first tentatively agreed, but then changed his mind, disregarding not only the plan, but also dismissing its author, Parviz Sabeti. On 5 November 1978, Mohammad Reza went on Iranian television to say, "I have heard the voice of your revolution" and promise major reforms. In a major concession to the opposition, on 7 November 1978, Mohammad Reza freed all political prisoners while ordering the arrest of the former prime minister Amir-Abbas Hoveyda and several senior officials of his regime, a move that both emboldened his opponents and demoralised his supporters. On 21 November 1978, the Treasury Secretary of the United States Michael Blumenthal visited Tehran to meet Mohammad Reza and reported back to President Jimmy Carter, "This man is a ghost", as by now the ravages of his cancer could no longer be concealed. In late December 1978, the Shah learned that many of his generals were making overtures to the revolutionary leaders and the loyalty of the military could no longer be assured. In a sign of desperation, the following month Mohammad Reza reached out to the National Front, asking if one of their leaders would be willing to become prime minister.
The Shah was especially interested in having the National Front's Gholam Hossein Sadighi as prime minister. Sadighi had served as interior minister under Mosaddegh, had been imprisoned after the 1953 coup, and pardoned by Mohammad Reza on the grounds that he was a "patriot". Sadighi remained active in the National Front and had often been harassed by SAVAK but was willing to serve as prime minister under Mohammad Reza in order to "save" Iran, saying he feared what might come after if the Shah was overthrown. Despite the opposition of the other National Front leaders, Sadighi visited the Niavaran palace several times in December 1978 to discuss the terms under which he might become prime minister, with the main sticking point being that he wanted the Shah not to leave Iran, saying he needed to remain in order to ensure the loyalty of the military. On 7 December 1978, it was announced that President Carter of the U.S., President Giscard d'Estaing of France, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of West Germany and Prime Minister James Callaghan of the United Kingdom would meet in Guadeloupe on 5 January 1979 to discuss the crisis in Iran. For Mohammad Reza this announcement was the final blow, and he was convinced that the Western leaders were holding the meeting to discuss how best to abandon him.
End of monarchy
On 16 January 1979, Mohammad Reza Shah made a contract with Farboud and left Iran at the behest of Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar (a longtime opposition leader himself), who sought to calm the situation. As Mohammad Reza boarded the plane to take him out of Iran, many of the Imperial Guardsmen wept while Bakhtiar did little to hide his disdain and dislike for the Shah. Spontaneous attacks by members of the public on statues of the Pahlavis followed, and "within hours, almost every sign of the Pahlavi dynasty" was destroyed. Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK, freed all political prisoners, and allowed Ayatollah Khomeini to return to Iran after years in exile. He asked Khomeini to create a Vatican-like state in Qom, promised free elections, and called upon the opposition to help preserve the constitution, proposing a "national unity" government including Khomeini's followers. Khomeini rejected Bakhtiar's demands and appointed his own interim government, with Mehdi Bazargan as prime minister, stating that "I will appoint a state. I will act against this government. With the nation's support, I will appoint a state." In February, pro-Khomeini revolutionary guerrilla and rebel soldiers gained the upper hand in street fighting, and the military announced its neutrality. On the evening of 11 February, the dissolution of the monarchy was complete.
Criticism of reign and causes of his overthrow
The US State Department drew criticism for doing little to communicate with Tehran or discourage protest and opposition to the Shah. The intelligence community within the US has also been subject due to criticism particularly for reporting to President Jimmy Carter, “Iran is not in a revolutionary or even a ‘pre-revolutionary’ situation.” President Jimmy Carter was also blamed for his lack of support for the Shah while failing to deter opposition. Within Iran, the revolution is widely believed to have been a British plot to overthrow the Shah. This theory would come to be known as the 1979 Iranian Revolution Conspiracy Theory. The theory was supported by the Shah of Iran who believed his increasing control over oil markets and his 1973 nationalization of Iranian oil prompted international oil companies to unseat him.
An Amnesty International assessment on Iran for 1974–1975 stated:
At the Federation of American Scientists, John Pike writes:
Explanations for the overthrow of Mohammad Reza include his status as a dictator put in place by a non-Muslim Western power, the United States, whose foreign culture was seen as influencing that of Iran. Additional contributing factors included reports of oppression, brutality, corruption, and extravagance. Basic functional failures of the regime have also been blamed—economic bottlenecks, shortages and inflation; the regime's over-ambitious economic programme; the failure of its security forces to deal with protests and demonstrations; and the overly centralised royal power structure.
International policies pursued by the Shah in order to increase national income by remarkable increases in the price of oil through his leading role in the Organization of the Oil Producing Countries (OPEC) have been stressed as a major cause for a shift of Western interests and priorities, and for a reduction of their support for him reflected in a critical position of Western politicians and media, especially of the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter regarding the question of human rights in Iran, and in strengthened economic ties between the United States of America and Saudi Arabia in the 1970s.
In October 1971, Mohammad Reza celebrated the twenty-five-hundredth anniversary of the Iranian monarchy; The New York Times reported that $100 million was spent on the celebration. Next to the ancient ruins of Persepolis, the Shah gave orders to build a tent city covering , studded with three huge royal tents and fifty-nine lesser ones arranged in a star-shaped design. French chefs from Maxim's of Paris prepared breast of peacock for royalty and dignitaries from around the world, the buildings were decorated by Maison Jansen (the same firm that helped Jacqueline Kennedy redecorate the White House), the guests ate off Limoges porcelain and drank from Baccarat crystal glasses. This became a major scandal, as the contrast between the dazzling elegance of the celebration and the misery of the nearby villages was so dramatic that no one could ignore it. Months before the festivities, university students went on strike in protest. Indeed, the cost was so sufficiently impressive that the Shah forbade his associates to discuss the actual figures. However, he and his supporters argued that the celebrations opened new investments in Iran, improved relationships with the other leaders and nations of the world and provided greater recognition of Iran.
Other actions that are thought to have contributed to his downfall include antagonising formerly apolitical Iranians—especially merchants of the bazaars—with the creation in 1975 of a single-party political monopoly (the Rastakhiz Party), with compulsory membership and dues, and general aggressive interference in the political, economic, and religious concerns of people's lives; and the 1976 change from an Islamic calendar to an Imperial calendar, marking the conquest of Babylon by Cyrus as the first day, instead of the migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina. This supposed date was designed so that the year 2500 would fall on 1941, the year when his own reign started. Overnight, the year changed from 1355 to 2535. During the extravagant festivities to celebrate the 2500th anniversary, the Shah was quoted as saying at Cyrus's tomb: "Rest in peace, Cyrus, for we are awake".
It has been argued that the White Revolution was "shoddily planned and haphazardly carried out", upsetting the wealthy while not going far enough to provide for the poor or offer greater political freedom. In 1974, Mohammad Reza learned from his French doctors that he was suffering from the cancer that was to kill him six years later. Though this was such a carefully guarded secret that not even the Americans were aware of it (as late as 1977 the CIA submitted a report to President Carter describing the Shah as being in "robust health"), the knowledge of his impending death left Mohammad Reza depressed and passive in his last years, a man no longer capable of acting.
Some achievements of the Shah—such as broadened education—had unintended consequences. While school attendance rose (by 1966 the school attendance of urban seven- to fourteen-year-olds was estimated at 75.8%), Iran's labour market was slow to absorb the high number of educated youth. In 1966, high school graduates had "a higher rate of unemployment than did the illiterate", and the educated unemployed often supported the revolution.
Exile
During his second exile, Mohammad Reza traveled from country to country seeking what he hoped would be temporary residence. First, he flew to Aswan, Egypt, where he received a warm and gracious welcome from President Anwar El-Sadat. He later lived in Marrakesh, Morocco, as a guest of King Hassan II. Mohammad Reza loved to support royalty during his time as Shah and one of those who benefitted had been Hassan, who received an interest-free loan of US$110 million from his friend. Mohammad Reza expected Hassan to return the favour, but he soon learned Hassan had other motives. Richard Parker, the U.S. ambassador to Morocco, reported, "The Moroccans believed the Shah was worth about $2 billion, and they wanted to take their share of the loot". After leaving Morocco, Mohammad Reza lived in Paradise Island, in the Bahamas, and in Cuernavaca, Mexico, near Mexico City, as a guest of José López Portillo. Richard Nixon, the former president, visited the Shah in summer 1979 in Mexico. A U.S. doctor, Benjamin Kean, who examined Mohammad Reza in Cuernavaca later wrote:There was no longer any doubt. The atmosphere had changed completely. The Shah's appearance was stunningly worse ... Clearly he had obstructive jaundice. The odds favored gallstones, since his fever, chills and abdominal distress suggested an infection of the biliary tract. Also he had a history of indigestion. Besides the probable obstruction – he now had been deeply jaundiced for six to eight weeks – he was emaciated and suffering from hard tumor nodes in the neck and a swollen spleen, signs that his cancer was worsening, and he had severe anemia and very low white blood counts. The Shah suffered from gallstones that would require prompt surgery. He was offered treatment in Switzerland but insisted on treatment in the United States. President Carter did not wish to admit Mohammad Reza to the U.S. but came under pressure from many quarters, with Henry Kissinger phoning Carter to say he would not endorse the SALT II treaty that Carter had just signed with the Soviet Union unless the former Shah was allowed into the United States, reportedly prompting Carter more than once to hang up his phone in rage in the Oval Office and shout "Fuck the Shah!". As many Republicans were attacking the SALT II treaty as a U.S. give-away to the Soviet Union, Carter was anxious to have the endorsement of a Republican elder statesman like Kissinger to fend off this criticism. Mohammad Reza had decided not to tell his Mexican doctors he had cancer, and the Mexican doctors had misdiagnosed his illness as malaria, giving him a regime of anti-malarial drugs that did nothing to treat his cancer, which caused his health to go into rapid decline as he lost . In September 1979, a doctor sent by David Rockefeller reported to the State Department that Mohammad Reza needed to come to the United States for medical treatment, an assessment not shared by Kean, who stated that the proper medical equipment for treating Mohammad Reza's cancer could be found in Mexico and the only problem was the former Shah's unwillingness to tell the Mexicans he had cancer. The State Department warned Carter not to admit the former Shah into the U.S., saying it was likely that the Iranian regime would seize the U.S. embassy in Tehran if that occurred. Milani suggested there was a possible conflict of interest on the part of Rockefeller, noting that his Chase Manhattan Bank had given Iran a $500 million loan under questionable conditions in 1978 (several lawyers had refused to endorse the loan) which placed the money in an account with Chase Manhattan, that the new Islamic republic had been making "substantial withdrawals" from its account with Chase Manhattan, and that Rockefeller wanted Mohammad Reza in the US, knowing full well it was likely to cause the Iranians to storm the U.S. embassy, which in turn would cause the U.S. government to freeze Iranian financial assets in America—such as the Iranian account at Chase Manhattan.
On 22 October 1979, President Jimmy Carter reluctantly allowed the Shah into the United States to undergo surgical treatment at the New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center. While there, Mohammad Reza used the name of "David D. Newsom", Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs at that time, as his temporary code name, without Newsom's knowledge. The Shah was taken later by U.S. Air Force jet to Kelly Air Force Base in Texas and from there to Wilford Hall Medical Center at Lackland Air Force Base. It was anticipated that his stay in the United States would be short; however, surgical complications ensued, which required six weeks of confinement in the hospital before he recovered. His prolonged stay in the United States was extremely unpopular with the revolutionary movement in Iran, which still resented the United States' overthrow of Prime Minister Mosaddegh and the years of support for the Shah's rule. The Iranian government demanded his return to Iran, but he stayed in the hospital. Mohammad Reza's time in New York was highly uncomfortable; he was under a heavy security detail as every day, Iranian students studying in the United States gathered outside his hospital to shout "Death to the Shah!", a chorus that Mohammad Reza heard. The former Shah was obsessed with watching news from Iran, and was greatly upset at the new order being imposed by the Islamic Republic. Mohammad Reza could no longer walk by this time, and for security reasons had to be moved in his wheelchair under the cover of darkness when he went to the hospital while covered in a blanket, as the chances of his assassination were too great.
There are claims that Reza's admission to the United States resulted in the storming of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and the kidnapping of U.S. diplomats, military personnel, and intelligence officers, which soon became known as the Iran hostage crisis. In the Shah's memoir, Answer to History, he claimed that the United States never provided him any kind of health care and asked him to leave the country. From the time of the storming of the U.S. embassy in Tehran and the taking of the embassy staff as hostages, Mohammad Reza's presence in the United States was viewed by the Carter administration as a stumbling block to the release of the hostages, and as Zonis noted "... he was, in effect, expelled from the country". Mohammad Reza wanted to go back to Mexico, saying he had pleasant memories of Cuernavaca, but was refused. Mexico was a candidate to be a rotating member of the UN Security Council, but needed the vote of Cuba to be admitted, and the Cuban leader Fidel Castro told President José López Portillo that Cuba's vote was conditional on Mexico not accepting the Shah again.
He left the United States on 15 December 1979 and lived for a short time in the Isla Contadora in Panama. This caused riots by Panamanians who objected to the Shah being in their country. General Omar Torrijos, the dictator of Panama, kept Mohammad Reza Shah as a virtual prisoner at the Paitilla Medical Center, a hospital condemned by the former Shah's U.S. doctors as "an inadequate and poorly staffed hospital", and in order to hasten his death allowed only Panamanian doctors to treat his cancer. General Torrijos, a populist left-winger, had only taken in Mohammad Reza under heavy U.S. pressure, and he made no secret of his dislike of Mohammad Reza, whom he called after meeting him "the saddest man he had ever met". When he first met Mohammad Reza, Torrijos taunted him by telling him "it must be hard to fall off the Peacock Throne into Contadora" and called him a "chupon", a Spanish term meaning an orange that has all the juice squeezed out of it, which is slang for someone who is finished.
Torrijos added to Mohammad Reza's misery by making his chief bodyguard a militantly Marxist sociology professor who spent much time lecturing Mohammad Reza on how he deserved his fate because he had been a tool of the "American imperialism" that was ostensibly oppressing the Third World, and charged Mohammad Reza a monthly rent of US$21,000, making him pay for all his food and the wages of the 200 National Guardsmen assigned as his bodyguards. The new government in Iran still demanded his and his wife's immediate extradition to Tehran. A short time after Mohammad Reza's arrival in Panama, an Iranian ambassador was dispatched to the Central American nation carrying a 450-page long extradition request. That official appeal alarmed both the Shah and his advisors. Whether the Panamanian government would have complied is a matter of speculation amongst historians.
In January 1980, the Shah gave his last television interview to British journalist David Frost on Contadora Island that was re-broadcast by ABC in the U.S. on 17 January. The Shah talks about his wealth, his illness, the SAVAK, the torture during his reign, own political mistakes, Khomeini and his threat of extradition to Iran.
The only consolation for Mohammad Reza during his time in Panama were letters from Princess Soraya saying that she still loved him and wanted to see him one last time before he died. Mohammad Reza, in the letters he sent to Paris, declared he wanted to see Soraya one last time as well but said that the Empress Farah could not be present, which presented some complications as Farah was continually by his deathbed.
After that event, the Shah again sought the support of Egyptian president Anwar El-Sadat, who renewed his offer of permanent asylum in Egypt to the ailing monarch. He returned to Egypt in March 1980, where he received urgent medical treatment, including a splenectomy performed by Michael DeBakey. On 28 March 1980, Mohammad Reza's French and U.S. doctors finally performed an operation meant to have been performed in the fall of 1979. Kean recalled: The operation went beautifully. That night, however, was terrible. The medical team-U.S., Egyptian, French-was in the pathology lab. The focus was on the Shah's cancerous spleen, grotesquely swollen to 20 times normal. It was one-foot long, literally the size of a football. But I was drawn to the liver tissues that had also been removed. The liver was speckled with white. Malignancy. The cancer had hit the liver. The Shah would soon die ... The tragedy is that a man who should have had the best and easiest medical care had, in many respects, the worst. By that point, it was arranged by President Sadat that Soraya would quietly visit Mohammad Reza on his deathbed in Egypt without Farah present, but Milani noted the two were "star-crossed lovers" and Mohammad Reza died before Soraya could come to Egypt from her home in Paris.
Illness and death
In 1974 the Shah's doctor, Abdol Karim Ayadi, diagnosed the Shah with splenomegaly after he complained of a swollen abdomen. On 1 May 1974, French Professor Georges Flandrin flew into Tehran to treat the Shah. Upon the first visit, Georges was able to diagnose the Shah with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The Shah's diagnosis of cancer would not be revealed to him until 1978. Medical reports given to the Shah were falsified and altered in order to state that the Shah was in good health to conceal his cancer from him. In 1976, the Shah met with French physicians in Zurich who were disturbed by his abnormal blood count. They discovered he was being treated with a wrong medication, worsening his condition.
In 1979, the Shah left Iran. First, the Shah found refuge in the Bahamas but was later forced to leave. He then sought treatment in Mexico. Multiple recommendations urged the Shah to seek treatment in the United States. In response, the Shah stated:
After some initial denials, the Shah agreed to travel to the U.S. for treatment. He later left the U.S. for Panama. While the Shah was in Panama, one of Ruhollah Khomeini's close advisors, Sadegh Ghotbzadeh had a meeting with Hamilton Jordan, Jimmy Carter's Chief of Staff. Ghotbzadeh requested that the CIA kill the Shah while he was in Panama. Fearing for his life, the Shah left Panama delaying further surgery. He fled to Rabat, Morocco, where he stayed with King Hassan II and then to Cairo, Egypt, with his condition worsening.
Michael DeBakey, an American heart surgeon, was called to perform a splenectomy. Although DeBakey was world-renowned in his field, his experience performing this surgery was limited. When the splenectomy was being performed, the tail of the pancreas was injured. This led to infection and the subsequent death of the Shah in the following days.
In his hospital bed, the Shah was asked to describe his feelings for Iran and its people and to define the country. The Shah, a fervent nationalist, responded "Iran is Iran." After pausing for minutes, he said "Its land, people, and history," and "Every Iranian has to love it." He continued on to repeat "Iran is Iran" over and over. Shortly after, the Shah slipped into a coma and died at 09:15 AM on 27 July 1980 at age 60. He kept a bag of Iranian soil under his death bed.
Egyptian President Sadat gave the Shah a state funeral. In addition to members of the Pahlavi family, Anwar Sadat, Richard Nixon and Constantine II of Greece attended the funeral ceremony in Cairo.
Mohammad Reza Shah is buried in the Al Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, a mosque of great symbolic importance. Also buried there is Farouk of Egypt, Mohammad Reza Shah’s former brother-in-law. The tombs lie to the left of the entrance. Years earlier, his father and predecessor, Reza Shah, had also initially been buried at the Al Rifa'i Mosque.
Legacy
In 1969, Mohammad Reza sent one of 73 Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages to NASA for the historic first lunar landing. The message still rests on the lunar surface today. He stated in part, "we pray the Almighty God to guide mankind towards ever increasing success in the establishment of culture, knowledge and human civilisation". The Apollo 11 crew visited Mohammad Reza during a world tour.
Shortly after his overthrow, Mohammad Reza wrote an autobiographical memoir Réponse à l'histoire (Answer to History). It was translated from the original French into English, Persian (Pasokh be Tarikh), and other languages. However, by the time of its publication, the Shah had already died. The book is his personal account of his reign and accomplishments, as well as his perspective on issues related to the Iranian Revolution and Western foreign policy toward Iran. He places some of the blame for the wrongdoings of SAVAK, and the failures of various democratic and social reforms (particularly through the White Revolution), upon Amir Abbas Hoveyda and his administration.
Hussein-Ali Montazeri, who was once the designated successor to Ruhollah Khomeini, said that the Shah did not kill even 10 per cent of what Ruhollah Khomeini's regime had killed.
Recently, the Shah's reputation has experienced something of a revival in Iran, with some people looking back on his era as a time when Iran was more prosperous and the government less oppressive. Journalist Afshin Molavi reported that some members of the uneducated poor—traditionally core supporters of the revolution that overthrew the Shah—were making remarks such as, "God bless the Shah's soul, the economy was better then", and found that "books about the former Shah (even censored ones) sell briskly", while "books of the Rightly Guided Path sit idle". On 28 October 2016, thousands of people in Iran celebrating Cyrus Day at the Tomb of Cyrus, chanted slogans in support of him, and against the current Islamic regime of Iran and Arabs, and many were subsequently arrested.
Religious beliefs
From his mother, Mohammad Reza inherited an almost messianic belief in his own greatness and that God was working in his favour, which explained the often passive and fatalistic attitudes that he displayed as an adult. In 1973, Mohammad Reza told the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci:A king who does not need to account to anyone for what he says and does is unavoidably doomed to loneliness. However, I am not entirely alone, because a force others can't perceive accompanies me. My mystical force. Moreover, I receive messages. I have lived with God besides me since I was 5 years old. Since, that is, God sent me those visions.
Mohamed Reza often spoke in public and in private from childhood onward of his belief that God had chosen him for a "divine mission" to transform Iran, as he believed that dreams he had as a child of the Twelve Imams of Shia Islam were all messages from God. In his 1961 book Mission for My Country, Mohammad Reza wrote: From the time I was six or seven, I have felt that perhaps there is a supreme being, who is guiding me. I don't know. Sometimes the thought disturbs me because then, I ask myself, what is my own personality, and am I possessed of free will? Still, I often reflect, if I am driven-or perhaps I should say supported-by another force, there must be a reason. In his biography of the Shah, Marvin Zonis has argued that Mohammad Reza really believed in these claims of divine support. Shia Islam has no tradition of describing Shahs being favoured with messages from all, very few Shahs had ever claimed that their dreams were divine messages, and most people in the West laughed at Mohammad Reza's claim that his dreams were messages from God. Reza Khan, who was less religious, dismissed these visions as nonsense, and told his son to have more common sense.
Fereydoon Hoveyda, a veteran diplomat who served as the Iranian ambassador to the United Nations (1971–1979), and the brother of Amir-Abbas Hoveyda, the Prime Minister under the Shah (1965–1977) executed after the Islamic revolution, and himself a critic of the régime who died in exile, says that "when it comes to religion and spirituality, many passages of the monarch's and Khomeini's publications are interchangeable", which he perceives as the continuity of the Iranian civilization, where the religion changes but the spirit remains.
Wealth
Mohammad Reza inherited the wealth built by his father Reza Shah who preceded him as king of Iran and became known as the richest person in Iran during his reign, with his wealth estimated to be higher than 600 million rials and including vast amounts of land and numerous large estates especially in the province of Mazandaran obtained usually at a fraction of their real price. Reza Shah, facing criticism for his wealth, decided to pass on all of his land and wealth to his eldest son Mohammad Reza in exchange for a sugar cube, known in Iran as habbe kardan. However, shortly after obtaining the wealth Mohammad Reza was ordered by his father and then king to transfer a million toman ($500,000) to each of his siblings. By 1958, it was estimated that the companies possessed by Mohammad Reza had a value of $157 million (in 1958 USD) with an estimated additional $100 million saved outside Iran. Rumours of his and his family's corruption began to surface which greatly damaged his reputation. This formed one of the reasons for the creation of the Pahlavi Foundation and the distribution of additional land to the people of some 2,000 villages inherited by his father, often at very low and discounted prices. In 1958, using funds from inherited crown estates, Mohammad Reza established the Pahlavi Foundation which functioned as a tax-exempt charity and held all his assets, including 830 villages spanning a total area of 2.5 million hectares. According to Business Insider, Mohammad Reza had set up the organisation "to pursue Iran's charitable interests in the U.S." At its height, the organisation was estimated to be worth $3 billion; however, on numerous occasions, the Pahlavi Foundation was accused of corruption. Despite these charges, in his book Answer to History, Pahlavi affirms that he "never made the slightest profit" out of the Foundation.
In a 1974 interview which was shown in a documentary titled Crisis in Iran, Mohammad Reza told Mike Wallace that the rumours of corruption were "the most unjust thing that I have heard," calling them a "cheap accusation" whilst arguing the allegations were not as serious as those regarding other governments, including that of the United States. In November 1978, after Pahlavi dismissed Prime Minister Jafar Sharif-Emami and appointed a military government, he pledged in a televised address "not to repeat the past mistakes and illegalities, the cruelty and corruption." Despite this, the royal family's wealth can be seen as one of the factors behind the Iranian revolution. This was due to the oil crises of the 1970s which increased inflation resulting in economic austerity measures which made lower class workers more inclined to protest.
Mohammad Reza's wealth remained considerable during his time in exile. While staying in the Bahamas he offered to purchase the island that he was staying on for $425 million (in 1979 USD); however, his offer was rejected by the Bahamas which claimed that the island was worth far more. On 17 October 1979, again in exile and perhaps knowing the gravity of his illness, he split up his wealth amongst his family members, giving 20% to Farah, 20% to his eldest son Reza, 15% to Farahnaz, 15% to Leila, 20% to his younger son, in addition to giving 8% to Shahnaz and 2% to his granddaughter Mahnaz Zahedi.
On 14 January 1979, an article titled "Little pain expected in exile for Shah" by The Spokesman Review newspaper found that the Pahlavi dynasty had amassed one of the largest private fortunes in the world; estimated then at well over $1 billion. It also stated that a document submitted to the ministry of justice, in protest of the royal family's activity in many sectors of the nation's economy, detailed the Pahlavis dominating role in the economy of Iran. The list showed that the Pahlavi dynasty had interests in, amongst other things, 17 banks and insurance companies, including a 90 per cent ownership in the nation's third-largest insurance company, 25 metal enterprises, 8 mining companies, 10 building materials companies, including 25 per cent of the largest cement company, 45 construction companies, 43 food companies, and 26 enterprises in trade or commerce, including a share of ownership in almost every major hotel in Iran; the Pahlavis also had major interests in real estate. Mohammad Reza was also known for his interest in cars and had a personal collection of 140 classic and sports cars including a Mercedes-Benz 500K Autobahn cruiser, one of only six ever made. The first Maserati 5000 GT was named the Shah of Persia, it was built for Mohammad Reza, who had been impressed by the Maserati 3500 and requested Giulio Alfieri, Maserati's chief engineer, to use a modified 5-litre engine from the Maserati 450S on the 3500GT's chassis.
Titles, styles, honours, and emblems
Titles, styles and honours
Mohammad Reza was Sovereign of many orders in Iran and received honours and decorations from around the world. Mohammad Reza used the style His Majesty until his imperial coronation in 1967, ascending to the title of Shahanshah, when he adopted the style His Imperial Majesty. Mohammad Reza also held many supplementary titles such as Bozorg Artestaran, a military rank superseding his prior position as captain. On 15 September 1965, Mohammad Reza was granted the title of Aryamehr ('Light of the Aryans') by an extraordinary session of the joint Houses of Parliament.
Arms
From 24 April 1926, until his accession, Mohammad Reza's arms notably consisted of two Shahbaz birds in the centre, a common symbol during the Achaemenid period, with the Pahlavi Crown placed above them. Upon his accession, he adopted his father's coat of arms which included a shield composed of the Lion and the Sun symbol in first quarter, the Faravahar in the second quarter, the two-pointed sword of Ali (Zulfiqar) in third quarter and the Simurgh in the fourth quarter. Overall, in the centre is a circle depicting Mount Damavand with a rising sun, the symbol of the Pahlavi dynasty. The shield is crowned by the Pahlavi crown and surrounded by the chain of the Order of Pahlavi. Two lions rampant regardant, holding scimitars supports the coat of arms on either side. Under the whole device is the motto: "Mara dad farmud va Khod Davar Ast" ("Justice He bids me do, as He will judge me" or, alternatively, "He gave me power to command, and He is the judge").
Imperial symbols
The Pahlavi imperial family employed rich heraldry to symbolise their reign and ancient Persian heritage. An image of the imperial crown was included in every official state document and symbol, from the badges of the armed forces to paper money and coinage. The image of the crown was the centerpiece of the imperial standard of the Shah.
The personal standards consisted of a field of pale blue, the traditional colour of the Iranian imperial family, at the centre of which was placed the heraldic motif of the individual. The Imperial Iranian national flag was placed in the top left quadrant of each standard. The appropriate imperial standard was flown beside the national flag when the individual was present. In 1971, new designs were adopted.
Bibliography
Mohammad Reza published several books in the course of his kingship and two later works after his downfall. Amongst others, these include:
Mission for My Country (1960)
The White Revolution (1967)
Toward the Great Civilisation (Persian version: Imperial 2536 = 1977 CE; English version: 1994)
Answer to History (1980)
The Shah's Story (1980)
See also
Guadeloupe Conference
History of Iran
Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran
Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
Monarchism in Iran
National Car Museum of Iran, showcases the cars of Mohammad Reza
Nuclear program of Iran
Trans-Iranian Railway
White Revolution
Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
References
Sources
Alvandi, Roham. Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War (Oxford University Press, 2016).
Amini, Parvin. "A Single Party State in Iran, 1975–78: The Rastakhiz Party-the Final Attempt by the Shah to Consolidate his Political Base." Middle Eastern Studies 38.1 (2002): 131–168.
Cooper, Andrew Scott. The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East, 2011, .
Cooper, Andrew Scott. The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran, 2016 .
Cottam, Richard W. "Human rights in Iran under the Shah." Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 12 (1980): 121+ online.
Devos, Bianca, and Christoph Werner, eds. Culture and cultural politics under Reza Shah: the Pahlavi State, new bourgeoisie and the creation of a modern society in Iran (Routledge, 2013).
Ghazvinian, John. America and Iran: A History, 1720 to the Present (2021), a major scholarly history excerpt
Harris, David, The Crisis: the President, the Prophet, and the Shah—1979 and the Coming of Militant Islam, New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2004. .
Johns, Andrew L. "The Johnson Administration, the Shah of Iran, and the Changing Pattern of US-Iranian Relations, 1965–1967: 'Tired of Being Treated like a Schoolboy'." Journal of Cold War Studies 9.2 (2007): 64–94. online
Kapuściński, Ryszard (1982). Shah of Shahs. Vinage. .
Kinzer, Stephen, All the Shah's Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, John Wiley & Sons, 2003, .
Kurzman, Charles. The unthinkable revolution in Iran (Harvard University Press, 2005).
Offiler, Ben. US Foreign Policy and the Modernization of Iran: Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon and the Shah (Springer, 2015).
Quinn, Sholeh. Shah Abbas: The King who Refashioned Iran (Simon and Schuster, 2015).
Richards, Helmut. "America's Shah Shahanshah's Iran." Merip Reports 40 (1975): 3–26. online
Saikal, Amin. The Rise and Fall of the Shah 1941–1979, (Princeton University Press, 1980) excerpt.
Summitt, April R. "For a white revolution: John F. Kennedy and the Shah of Iran." Middle East Journal 58.4 (2004): 560–575. online
Takeyh, Ray. "What really Happened in Iran: The CIA, the Ouster of Mosaddeq, and the Restoration of the Shah." Foreign Affairs 93.4 (2014): 2–12. online
Villiers, Gerard de. The Imperial Shah: An Informal Biography (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976).
IranChamber.com History of Iran, a short account of the 1953 coup
Primary sources
Ahmad Ali Massoud Ansari, Me and the Pahlavis, 1992.
Farmanfarmaian, Manucher, and Roxane Farmanfarmaian. Blood & Oil: A Prince's Memoir of Iran, from the Shah to the Ayatollah (Random House, 2007).
Farah Pahlavi, An Enduring Love: My Life with the Shah. A Memoir, Miramax Books, 2004, .
Ardeshir Zahedi, The Memoirs of Ardeshir Zahedi , IBEX, 2005, .
Historiography
Shannon, Matthew K. "Reading Iran: American academics and the last shah." Iranian Studies 51.2 (2018): 289–316.
External links
Decadence and Downfall: The Shah of Iran's Ultimate Party – Storyville, 2015–2016
, a motion picture about the Shah of Iran
IranNegah.com, video archive of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
ISNA interview with Dr. Mahmood Kashani, The Iranian
Mosaddeq saved the Shah, by Fereydoun Hoveyda, on Iranian.com
James Risen: Secrets of History: The C.I.A. in Iran – A special report; How a Plot Convulsed Iran in '53 (and in '79), The New York Times, 16 April 2000
Stephen Fleischman. Shah knew what he was talking about: Oil is too valuable to burn, on CommonDreams.org, 29 November 2005
Roger Scruton: In Memory of Iran, from 'Untimely tracts' (NY: St. Martin's Press, 1987), pp. 190–1
Brzezinski's role in overthrow of the Shah , Payvand News, 10 March 2006
Fereydoun Hoveyda: Free elections in 1979, my last audience with the Shah, The Iranian
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1919 births
1980 deaths
20th-century monarchs of Persia
Mohammad Reza
Deaths from cancer in Egypt
Iranian anti-communists
Critics of Islamism
Alumni of Institut Le Rosey
Royalty from Tehran
Deaths from chronic lymphocytic leukemia
World War II political leaders
Iranian twins
Rastakhiz Party politicians
Dethroned monarchs
People of the Iranian Revolution
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in the United States
Chief Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
Collars of the Order of the White Lion
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion of Finland
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Extraordinary Grades of the Order of Merit (Lebanon)
20th-century Iranian people
Articles containing video clips
Islam and secularism
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in Egypt
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in Morocco
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in the Bahamas
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in Mexico
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in Panama
Exiled royalty
Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Commanders-in-Chief of Iran
Mazandarani people
Shooting survivors
People of the Cold War
Foreign recipients of the Nishan-e-Pakistan
Recipients of the Collar of Honour
Politicide perpetrators
Iranian nationalists
Pahlavi monarchs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Reza%20Pahlavi
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is a Japanese lawyer and a former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan. He is a graduate of the University of Tokyo Faculty of Law and of Columbia Law School.
At age 64, Takesaki replaced Niro Shimada as the Chief Justice when November 21, 2008, the date of Shimada's mandatory retirement, came. He retired in March 2014.
Takesaki has been harshly criticized by former judge Hiroshi Segi in his book Zetubo no Saibansho, where he is alleged to have "ensured judges who issued rulings or published academic papers running counter to his leadership policies were denied promotion and banished to rural areas. As a result, terrified judges learned to kowtow to their superiors and shy away from handing down nonconforming rulings."
Takesaki was replaced by Itsurō Terada as the new Chief Justice on April 1, 2014, the date of Takesaki's retirement.
References
Chief justices of Japan
20th-century Japanese lawyers
Living people
Columbia Law School alumni
University of Tokyo alumni
1944 births
21st-century Japanese lawyers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hironobu%20Takesaki
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Ole Doc Methuselah is a collection of science fiction short stories by American writer L. Ron Hubbard, published in 1970.
Contents
The stories follow the adventures of "Old Doc Methuselah" in a future where interstellar travel is completely routine; humanity has spread through several galaxies, and has met many alien races.
Old Doc Methuselah is a "Soldier of Light". The Soldiers of Light are an organization of supremely skilled, extremely long-lived physicians whose prestige and authority are so great that they can go where they please and do very much as they please. At one point, a low-ranking character mentions that in his instructions for welcoming visiting dignitaries, Soldiers of Light are not mentioned. "Neither is God", is the answer he receives.
The stories usually deal with some situation that has become very bad, until Old Doc Methuselah arrives, figures out what has gone wrong, and puts things to rights, using his great authority to bend lesser folk to his will.
His only companion for most of the series is an alien he bought on a whim. The alien prefers serving Old Doc Methuselah over freedom, and mopes when the Doc frees him in one story. His servant is quite useful because of his photographic memory and great resilience and strength.
References
External links
1970 short story collections
Science fiction short story collections
Works by L. Ron Hubbard
American short story collections
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole%20Doc%20Methuselah
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Jimmy Wang (born in Jersey City) is a freelance video and film producer.
Professional life
Jimmy Wang is currently working as a freelance video producer, in addition to working on his first feature length narrative film.
In 2012, Wang directed "Underground Hip-hop in China," a 45-minute documentary following the story of MC Webber, one of the first Hip-hop
rappers in China. The documentary follows the lives of many of China's "post-90's generation," critically juxtaposing the experiences of young post Mao-millennials as they grapple for their place in the new China with their nouveau riche counterparts, or " 富二代" (fu er dai) as they are known in Chinese. The documentary takes an insider look at the changing social landscape in Beijing through the eyes of its local urbanites, right as the largest urbanization in history floods China's cities with more and more outsiders.
The film's sociological importance lies in its illustration of how soft power and censorship in the mainland Chinese music industry have forced many young talented Chinese musicians and artists to either embrace talent companys' blend of censorship and commercialism completely, or remain underground in obscurity, and banned from performing, in many cases. This choice has forced many young artists to adopt attitudes of self-censorship towards their own music and thought if they wish to remain relevant on a national level, or, conversely, remain underground, on the internet, in the shadows.
From 2005 until 2012, Wang worked as a video journalist in the Beijing bureau of The New York Times. His short video news work has
appeared on Time.com, The Asia Society.org, and syndicated international television broadcasts, in addition to nytimes.com.
Wang got his MFA from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in writing/directing. He got his BA from Northwestern University.
He is not Jimmy Wang Yang, the smack down wrestler, or Jimmy Wang Yu, the Kung-Fu choreographer
Past awards
Mr. Wang's documentaries have won awards, including, in 2009, the global media award for outstanding informational long form story at the International CES, organized by The National Academy of Television Arts and the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) to promote new media models. Wang received the award for producing the videos in “Choking on Growth,” a 9-part documentary series about the environmental challenges facing China in the wake of its unprecedented economic growth. Wang worked within a team of committed journalists and senior staff to produce the videos. He also received the Grantham Prize for Excellence in Reporting on the Environment for the series. For more information on past work and awards, see http://thejimmywang.com
Examples of journalism
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/05/23/world/1194817477927/tracking-chinas-missing.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/05/24/world/1194817104011/chinese-ask-why-schools-crumbled.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2008/02/27/arts/music/1194817096752/good-morning-pyongyang.html?partner=permalink&exprod=permalink
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/arts/music/24hiphop.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/26/business/worldbusiness/26yuan.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/25/world/asia/25pole.html
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/21/business/worldbusiness/21gas.html
References
External links
Official website
Journalists from New York City
Living people
Northwestern University alumni
American film producers
American people of Chinese descent
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Wang%20%28journalist%29
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Iowa Highway 346 (Iowa 346) is a short state highway in north-northeastern Iowa. Iowa 346 begins at U.S. Route 218 / Iowa Highway 27 at Nashua, Iowa and ends at the intersection of U.S. Highway 18 and U.S. Highway 63 south of New Hampton.
Route description
Iowa Highway 346 begins at exit 220 of U.S. Route 218 (US 218) and Iowa Highway 27, the Avenue of the Saints highway, west of Nashua. It heads east and intersects Amherst Boulevard, which is the former alignment of US 218 through Nashua. It crosses the Cedar River adjacent to the dam which holds back Red Cedar Lake and passes the Big Four Fairgrounds before leaving Nashua.
From Nashua, Iowa 346 takes an S-curve to the north and east at Bradford. After exiting the curve, it heads due east for the remainder of its length along section lines. The route travels through rolling farmland before ending at an interchange with U.S. Highway 18 and U.S. Highway 63 in Richland Township.
History
Iowa Highway 346 was originally a spur route connecting Bradford to U.S. Route 218 in Nashua. By 1954, Iowa 346 had been extended east to the intersection of U.S. Highway 18 and U.S. Highway 63 west of Fredericksburg. After the Avenue of the Saints corridor was constructed and opened in 2003, the western end of Iowa 346 was moved to the west.
Major intersections
References
346
Transportation in Chickasaw County, Iowa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20Highway%20346
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Deshaipet is a village in Warangal district, Telangana, India.
References
Villages in Hanamkonda district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deshaipet
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Narendra Dhar Jayal (Nandu Jayal) (25 June 1927 – 28 April 1958) was an Indian mountaineer and an officer of the Bengal Sappers and the Indian Army Corps of Engineers. He is credited with pioneering and patronizing early post-Independence mountaineering in India, and was the founder principal of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute. He encouraged the youth of India to take up mountaineering, and has been called the "Marco Polo of Indian Mountaineering".
Education and early life
Nandu Jayal and his cousin Nalni Dhar joined Doon school in 1935. His father Pandit Chakra Dhar Jayal, was Diwan of the hill state of Tehri Garhwal. He stayed in the school for nine years, where he also became head of his House and captain of school boxing. In 1940 R. L. Holdsworth joined the Doon school as headmaster and became Nandu's housemaster. Nandu was fascinated with Holdsworth's interests in mountaineering and his mountaineering career started while he was a student at The Doon School, where his teachers encouraged his interest in climbing as a way to tame his somewhat unruly nature. He accompanied Holdsworth in many expeditions.
Jayal's first major expedition as a 16-year-old schoolboy was to the Awar Valley above Badrinath, reaching 6,000 meters. Other climbs, while still at Doon, included Trisul with Gurdial Singh, a teacher from Doon. While Singh went on to reach the peak of Trisul, where he performed a headstand asana to honor the Hindu god Shiva, Jayal noted his own feelings in lyrical terms: "The grass on which we camped was like a cushion sprinkled with tiny mauve primula and the gentle lapping of the running water recalled melodies from Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony. I confess a desire to bring my efforts to an honourable conclusion here – as long as somebody got to the top – and revel in this bracing and saner altitude."
He left the school in December 1944 and was immediately selected in the Army as he was given high rating by the selection committee board due to his outstanding interest in training subordinates . It was a remarkable transformation of Doon's most delinquent boy who had become a "gentle, perfect knight".
Career
In 1948, Nandu Jayal went to Switzerland and acquired a Ski Teacher's Certificate, a very respectable achievement. He was appointed Chief Instructor at the Winter Warfare School, later known as the High Altitude and Winter Warfare School. Under the leadership of the Engineer-in-Chief, Maj. Gen. Harold 'Bill' Williams, himself an eager climber, Nandu Jayal organised the first Sappers expedition to Bandarpunch successfully in 1950. As a young Captain in 1950–51, he carried out a strategic reconnaissance of the Garhwal Himalayas and was later the Indian Army liaison officer for the French Expedition to Nanda Devi in 1951. He organised and led two expeditions to Kamet; the first in 1952 when the summit team was forced back by a blizzard from just 600 metres short of the mountain and later in 1955 when he summitted - at that point of time, it was the highest that an Indian had climbed.
Jayal was the founder principal of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute at Darjeeling, with Tenzing Norgay of Everest fame as the Chief Instructor. Both of them were invited by the Swiss Government to Switzerland where they spent three months seeing new things and having new experiences. Maj Jayal became the only non-Swiss to win the coveted Swiss Guide's Diploma and Badge. Jayal led the 1955 Kamet expedition as the Director HMI. Jayal organised an expedition to Nanda Devi in 1957. Bad weather thwarted the expedition but Jayal, never one to give up, went next to the Karakoram where he conquered Saken (24,130 ft) and Sakang (24,150 ft), the third highest peak in the Karakoram range.
Death
In 1958, the Government sponsored an expedition to Cho Oyu (26,864 ft), the sixth highest mountain in the world. Jayal died of pulmonary oedema caused by overexertion on this expedition at Camp I. He had started late and tried to catch up with the main party. There was also a problem in his medical care as much of the expedition equipment had been lost in a Dakota crash en route to Nepal. His death and that of some others brought home the cruel lesson of need for acclimatisation and discipline in the pursuit of Himalayan mountaineering.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, paid rich tributes to Jayal saying "the Major has set an example of courage and adventure which should inspire our young people. The news of his death came to me as a shock and I feel that the country has suffered the loss of her finest mountaineer..."
Arthur Foot, Jayal's Headmaster of Doon, noted that "The Himalaya completed his education into a stature of nobility", echoing a sentiment expressed two years earlier by Jayal himself who had noted, after an expedition to Saser Kangri, that "Pushing the body to the utmost for something indefinably inherent in a person, is intrinsically noble and worthwhile." R.L. Holdsworth, a teacher at Doon who had encouraged Jayal to pursue mountaineering noted after his death that "He died very much the master of himself and of most of the world that is worth mastering."
The Indian Mountaineering Foundation had a Nandu Jayal Fund and published, along with the Corps of Engineers, a book Nandu Jayal and Indian Mountaineering, which contained articles on various aspects of Indian Mountaineering by him and by others. Nandu Jayal's life and career motivated many young officers of the Corps to take up mountaineering, most prominent of whom were his nephews, Harsh Vardhan Bahuguna and Jai Vardhan Bahuguna ; both were officers of the Indian Army, dedicated mountaineers and both died on Mount Everest.
See also
Role of The Doon School in Indian mountaineering
Bibliography
. Lest We Forget, Weekly of the College of Military Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India, Issue of 25 October 2008.
. Indian Mountaineering Foundation and Indian Mountaineering. Himalayan Mountaineering Journal, Dec 1968, Vol 4, No 2, pg 15.
Bengal Sappers - Trail Blazers of the Indian Army Published by Bengal Engineer Group & Centre, Roorkee.
A. E. Foot Alpine Journal Vol. 63. No. 297, 1958, Pages 231-232, https://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1958.html
References
The Doon School alumni
Indian mountain climbers
Indian Army personnel
Bengal Sappers and Miners personnel
1958 deaths
Mountaineering deaths
1927 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narendra%20Dhar%20Jayal
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The 1987 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 55th in the National Football League (NFL). Despite the interruption of the schedule by the second strike in six seasons, the team improved upon its previous output of 5–10–1, going 7–8. However, three of those losses came during the three-game stretch during the strike when teams were staffed primarily with replacement players, or "scabs," who crossed the picket lines to suit up. Despite the improvement, the team once again failed to qualify for the playoffs.
Defensive lineman Reggie White nonetheless had a breakout season, establishing a new NFL record by exploding for 21 sacks in only 12 games.
On October 25 at Veterans Stadium, in the first game back after the strike was settled, Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan called for the infamous "fake kneel" in the final seconds with the hosts leading the Dallas Cowboys by 10 points. The fake eventually led to another late touchdown, payback for Cowboys head coach Tom Landry running up the score with starters who crossed the picket line to play two weeks earlier at Texas Stadium. One week later, Philadelphia won its final road game against the Cardinals at the old Busch Stadium, before the franchise moved to Phoenix for the 1988 season.
Offseason
NFL draft
The 1987 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. The draft was held April 28–29, 1987, in New York City. This again would be a 12-round draft of 28 teams. The Philadelphia Eagles would get the 9th in the 12 rounds. They would make 10 selections in the draft.
The table shows the Eagles selections and what picks they had that were traded away and the team that ended up with that pick. It is possible the Eagles' pick ended up with this team via another team that the Eagles made a trade with.
Not shown are acquired picks that the Eagles traded away.
NFL supplemental draft
The Eagles would also use a pick in the 1987 NFL Supplemental Draft to take Cris Carter a wide receiver out of Ohio State. Prior to Carter's senior season in 1987, he secretly signed with notorious sports agent Norby Walters. When the contract was discovered, Carter was ruled ineligible to play for Ohio State.
Personnel
Staff
NFL replacement players
After the league decided to use replacement players during the NFLPA strike, the following team was assembled:
Roster
Regular season
In 1987, Mike Quick was part of NFL history. He finished second in the NFL in touchdown receptions with 11. The leader was Jerry Rice with 23. This marked the first time in NFL history that a category leader doubled the total of his nearest competitor.
Schedule
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Games summaries
Week 1
Sunday, September 13, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium on grass playing surface in 74F degrees with wind at 11 MPH.
Week 2
Sunday, September 20, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at Veterans Stadium on an Astroturf playing surface in 62F degrees with wind at 12 MPH.
Week Canceled
Because of the NFLPA union's players strike against the NFL, all the games this week were cancelled. Replacement players were used when the season resumed the following week.
The Eagles would have traveled to Candlestick Park to face the host 49ers in what would have been Buddy Ryan's only trip to the Bay Area as the Eagles' head coach. The Eagles sought their second win in San Francisco since 1983 (and also since the AFL-NFL merger). Ryan's Eagles did meet the 49ers once, losing at Veterans Stadium in 1989. The Eagles did not travel to San Francisco until 1992, nor did they win in San Francisco until the final night of the 1993 season.
Week 3
Sunday, October 4, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 PM Eastern
Played at Veterans Stadium on an Astroturf playing surface; 48 degrees with wind at 19 MPH. This was the first game of the season with replacement players. The announced attendance was 4,074, the smallest crowd at an NFL contest in almost 40 years (since October 30, 1949, when 3,678 people attended a Washington Redskins-New York Bulldogs game at the Polo Grounds).
Week 4
Sunday, October 11, 1987 Kickoff 12:00 pm Central
Played at Texas Stadium on a grass playing surface in 58F degrees with wind at 16 MPH. Played with replacement players.
Week 5
Sunday, October 18, 1987 Kickoff 12:00 pm Central
Played at Lambeau Field on a grass playing surface in 46F degrees with wind at 11 MPH. Played with replacement players.
Week 6
Sunday October 25, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at Veterans Stadium on an Astroturf playing surface in 56F degrees with wind at 15 MPH. This was the first week the Eagles played after the NFLPA strike ended.
This was the revenge game for Week 4, where the Cowboys ran up the score against an Eagles replacement squad. Despite the game being effectively over, with the Eagles leading and having possession of the ball, the Eagles performed a fake kneel into a pass. Pass interference was called, and the Eagles successfully scored from the 1-yard line on the next play as time expired.
Week 7
Sunday, November 1, 1987 Kickoff 12:00 pm Central
Played at Busch Stadium on an AstroTurf playing surface in 68F degrees with wind at 10 MPH.
Week 8
Sunday, November 8, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at Veterans Stadium on an Astroturf playing surface in 52F degrees with wind at 10 MPH.
Week 9
Sunday, November 15, 1987 Kickoff 4:00 pm Eastern
Played at Veterans Stadium on an Astroturf playing surface in 50F degrees with wind at 8 MPH.
Week 10
Sunday, November 22, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at Veterans Stadium on an Astroturf playing surface in with wind at 19 MPH with a wind chill of .
Week 11
November 29, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at Sullivan Stadium on an AstroTurf playing surface in 38F degrees with wind at 11 MPH.
Week 12
December 6, 1987 Stadium Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at The Meadowlands on an AstroTurf playing surface in 38F degrees with wind at 22 MPH and a wind chill of 27F.
Week 13
Sunday, December 13, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at Veterans Stadium on an Astroturf playing surface in 43F degrees with wind at 15 MPH.
Week 14
Sunday, December 20, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at The Meadowlands on an Astroturf playing surface in 42F degrees with wind at 11 MPH.
Week 15
Sunday, December 27, 1987 Kickoff 1:00 pm Eastern
Played at Veterans Stadium on an Astroturf playing surface in 35F degrees with wind at 10 MPH with a wind chill of 28.
Standings
Awards and honors
Mike Quick, 1987 Pro Bowl selection
References
External links
1987 Philadelphia Eagles at Pro-Football-Reference.com
Philadelphia Eagles seasons
Philadelphia Eagles
Philadelphia Eagles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%20Philadelphia%20Eagles%20season
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Lego Power Miners (stylized as LEGO Power Miners) was a product range of the construction toy Lego, themed around a team of "Power Miners" who, while investigating the cause of a series of severe earthquakes, discover Rock Monsters and Energy Crystals. The theme was originally released in 2009 after the discontinued Lego Rock Raiders theme. The product line was discontinued by the end of 2010.
Overview
The Power Miners (Doc, Duke, Rex, and Brains) are sent underground by the government to investigate a series of earthquakes that have destroyed several cities on the surface of the Lego World. While underground, they discover Energy Crystals and the Rock Monsters (Meltrox, Boulderax, Glaciator, Sulfurix, Firox, Geolix and Tremorox). They attempt to collect and mine the crystals in order to stop the monsters from consuming them and causing the earthquakes on the surface. However, a bigger threat emerges in the form of the Crystal King, the undisputed ruler of all Rock Monsters underground.
In January 2010, a new sub-theme called Power Miners: Core of the Underworld was introduced, with the plot having the Power Miners collapse to a lower level of caves while fighting the Crystal King with the Titanuim Command Rig, finding themselves in the inner core of the earth and encounter the Lava Monsters (Firax, Combustix, Infernox, and Eruptorr).
Construction sets
According to Bricklink, The Lego Group released 24 playsets and promotional polybags as part of the Lego Power Miners theme. The product line was eventually discontinued by the end of December 2010.
Below is a list of Power Miners sets. The first two promotional sets were released in December 2008, but later in the year a few of the first wave sets were available at Toys "R" Us stores. Finally, in January 2009, the entire first wave was released. A second batch of sets was released in May 2009 and a third wave of sets in August 2009. All four new sets of 2010 were released in January 2010 to Europe, while sets 8190 and 8191 were not released to America until August 2010. Most of the sets were similar to the Lego Rock Raiders theme.
Awards and nominations
In 2009, Titanium Command Rig was awarded "DreamToys" in the Construction category by the Toy Retailers Association.
See also
Lego Rock Raiders
References
External links
Power Miners
Products introduced in 2009
Products and services discontinued in 2010
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego%20Power%20Miners
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La Brea Bakery is an industrial baking company started in Los Angeles, California. Since opening its flagship store on 624 S La Brea Avenue in 1989—six months earlier than Campanile, the restaurant it was built to serve—La Brea has opened two much larger bakeries in Van Nuys, California, and Swedesboro, New Jersey, to serve wholesale clients. La Brea Bakery is one of the largest sellers of artisan bread in the US. In 2001, La Brea was acquired by Aryzta AG. In 2021, Aryzta sold its interest in La Brea Bakery and its other North American brands (Aryzta North America) to Lindsay Goldberg. In May 2021, Aryzta North America was renamed to Aspire Bakeries.
History
Founders Nancy Silverton and Mark Peel had originally wanted to open a restaurant that offered fresh-baked bread. At the time, Silverton was working at Wolfgang Puck's Spago. However, she found that "unless you were really set up for it, it wasn't very profitable to make your own bread. You need to have a dedicated space and you need to do wholesale to make money at it."
Originally just a small storefront, in 1998 the business raised US$10 million for a new production plant in Van Nuys and became the largest artisanal bakery in the United States. The facility prepares par-baked bread, dough that has been 80% baked and then quick-frozen for baking later. La Brea breads are widely available throughout Southern California and are sold in many supermarkets.
In October 2008, La Brea Bakery was chosen to open a new restaurant at Los Angeles International Airport.
In November 2012, the Campanile Restaurant and the adjoining original flagship La Brea Bakery retail store closed. In January 2013, a new La Brea Bakery and Cafe opened one block away, in a converted florist's shop.
In 2014, for the company's 25th anniversary, the logo and packaging was redesigned. The burgundy logo with a capital "B" was replaced by a lowercase "b" on a bright red background. The flagship location also underwent a design renovation.
In January 2023, La Brea Bakery announced it would close its retail bakery locations in Downtown Disney and the original bakery located on La Brea Ave.
See also
History of California bread
Footnotes
External links
http://aspirebakeries.com
Bakeries of California
Restaurants established in 1989
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Brea%20Bakery
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Puin () also spelled PuTin () is a brand of vegetable and mushrooms canned goods produced by Astrakhan Canned-food Plant (Astarkhanskiy Konservniy Kombinat) and its parent company Russian Canned-food Plant (Russkiy Konservniy Kombinat). The official name of the brand is Puin but the logo is crossed by the T-shaped sword (a KGB symbol) making the impression that the brand is PuTin, similar to the name of Russian President Vladimir Putin. The logo is put on the background of a Double-headed eagle very similar but not identical to the Coat of arms of Russia. The official logo was developed in 2007 to compete with Ukrainian brand Veres that had then approximately 70% share of all the canned food sold in Russian supermarkets. According to the owners of the trademark the logo increased their sales in a short time by 25%.
References
External links
Astrakhan Can Plant
Russian brands
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puin%20%28brand%29
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The is a review board affiliated with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan. It is responsible for resolving disputes between the national government and local authorities regarding grants (or denied grants) of national government authority to local governments.
Under the Local Autonomy Law, the Committee is appointed by the Internal Affairs Minister with the consent of both houses of the Diet. It consists of five part-time members (although two may be made full-time as necessary) who serve for a term of three years. Decisions are made by a simple majority of members present at a meeting, with a quorum requirement of three members (including the chairman).
Any local government may petition the Committee within thirty days of the act which is being contested. The Committee must then make its determination on the matter within ninety days and either (1) notify the responsible government agency of the illegality of the act, (2) notify all parties that the act is proper, or (3) issue a conciliation proposal to the parties. A party dissatisfied with the ruling may appeal to a High Court within 30 days.
Since its inception in 2000, the Committee has heard only one petition. This petition was filed by the City of Yokohama in 2001, and ultimately ordered Internal Affairs Minister Toranosuke Katayama to revisit a previous denial of permission to impose a municipal tax on horse betting.
External links
Official site (Japanese)
Government of Japan
Local government in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee%20for%20Settling%20National-Local%20Disputes
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Six special routes of U.S. Route 75 exist. Two routes exist in Oklahoma, two in Kansas, one in Nebraska, and two in Iowa.
Henryetta business loop
The first special route along U.S. 75 is U.S. Route 75 Business in Henryetta, Oklahoma, in Okmulgee County. The route is in length. It begins at I-40 exit 237 west of town. It then continues east through the town to end at US-62/75 east of downtown. The entirety of the route is concurrent with Business Loop I-40 and U.S. 62 Business.
Beggs–Sapulpa alternate route
U.S. Route 75 Alternate, the only such special route stemming from U.S. 75, is a former alignment of the mainline highway from east of Beggs to Sapulpa, Oklahoma, a suburb of Tulsa. The route is long. U.S. 75 Alternate is also sporadically signed as U.S. 75A and State Highway 75A.
The highway begins at U.S. 75 east of Beggs and travels west to that town, where it turns north. It runs through the towns of Mounds and Kiefer before reaching Sapulpa. In Sapulpa, its northern terminus is explicitly signed at an intersection with State Highway 66 and other state highways, but official Oklahoma Department of Transportation maps show it extending northeast along SH-66 until the point where it merges with I-44.
U.S. 75 followed what is now U.S. 75 Alternate prior to 1959. On August 28 of that year, mainline U.S. 75 was rerouted onto the new Okmulgee Beeline freeway and expressway, and U.S. 75 Alternate was established along the former route of the highway.
Altoona business loop
Topeka business loop
Nebraska City business loop
Sioux City business loop
U.S. Highway 75 Business in Sioux City, Iowa was created in 2001 after the completion of a freeway around Sioux City. Officially, US 75 Business is known as Iowa Highway 376, but it is never signed as such. The route begins at the I-29/I-129/US 20/US 75 interchange in Sioux City and follows US 75's former route through Sioux City, rejoining US 75 on the city's northern edge.
Northbound US 75 Business traffic follows I-29 southbound.
Le Mars business loop
U.S. Route 75 Business in Le Mars, Iowa was created in 2006 after the completion of a by-pass around Le Mars. The business route begins at the Iowa Highway 3 interchange, with which the US 75 Business runs concurrently, and ends at the new US 75/Iowa 60 interchange. The portion of US 75 Business that is not concurrent with Iowa 3 is officially known as Iowa 404, but it is never signed as such.
Former routes
Galveston–Houston temporary route
Houston business loop
Oakhurst-Owasso temporary route
Tulsa business route
Wakarusa–North Topeka alternate
Topeka bypass route
North Topeka–Hoyt alternate
References
75
75
75
75
S75
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20routes%20of%20U.S.%20Route%2075
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Maramar Deuta is a children's novel written in Assamese by renowned Assamese author and film director Dr. Bhabendra Nath Saikia. It is about the bond between a child and his father. It was first published serially in several episodes in children's magazine Xophura, also then edited by Dr. Bhabendra Nath Saikia. Although the author said that the novel was especially meant for teenagers, it is popular among all age groups.
The novel was translated into English by Ashok Bhagawati and published by National Book Trust of New Delhi in 1998. The name of the English version is Dear Father.
References
Indian children's novels
Assamese-language books
Novels first published in serial form
Assamese novels
1998 novels
1998 children's books
Works originally published in children's magazines
1998 Indian novels
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramar%20Deuta
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Modelo is a city in Santa Catarina, in the Southern Region of Brazil. The area was granted municipality status in 1961, its area being taken from the existing municipality of São Carlos; Three areas have subsequently been removed to form the new municipalities of Bom Jesus do Oeste, Serra Alta and Sul Brasil.
References
Municipalities in Santa Catarina (state)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo%2C%20Santa%20Catarina
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Phebe Gibbes (died 1805) was an 18th-century English novelist and early feminist. She authored twenty-two books between 1764 and 1790, and is best known for the novels The History of Mr. Francis Clive (1764), The Fruitless Repentance; or, the History of Miss Kitty Le Fever (1769), and The History of Miss Eliza Musgrove (1769). She received recent attention with the scholarly publication of Hartly House Calcutta (1789) in 2007.
Biography
Phebe Gibbes possesses one of the most elusive histories of the 18th-century women writers. Almost all of the information on Gibbes' life is derived from an application to the Royal Literary Fund for financial support in 1804. As noted in her application, Gibbes, a widow for most of her life, married early and mothered two daughters and one son. One can conjecture that she spent part of her life in British India, as some of her novels, particularly Hartly House, avow a markedly accurate knowledge of Indian lifestyle as perceived through contemporary records. It is also known that Gibbes' son never returned from a military mission in India, a fact that is manifest in her later writing; she writes in the first lines of Hartly House, “the Eastern world is, as you pronounce it, the grave of thousands”.
The financial mismanagement of Gibbes’ father-in-law, a compulsive gambler, was the eventual cause of her extreme poverty; parental neglect and a strong aversion to gambling are manifest in many of Gibbes' novels.
Career
Author
Gibbes first entered the world of English literature with a double-debut in 1764: the controversial The Life and Adventures of Mr. Francis Clive (1764) and the epistolary novel, History of Lady Louisa Stroud, and the Honorable Miss Caroline Stretton (1764). Three years after her debut, Gibbes published two novels, The Woman of Fashion; or, the History of Lady Diana Dormer (1767) and The History of Miss Pittsborough (1767), a novel especially lauded by the Critical Review as "chaste" and "virtuous". Two years later, Gibbes published The History of Miss Somerville (1769); The Fruitless Repentance; or, the History of Miss Kitty Le Fever (1769), and The History of Miss Eliza Musgrove (1769). The Critical Review wrote positively of Miss Eliza Musgrove, citing Gibbes' novel as "equal in genius to Lennox, Brookes, and Scott." Gibbes continued to produce novels until Hartly House, Calcutta in 1789; she may have created works into the 1790s, but if so they are unverified or also attributed to other writers.
Gibbes claims, in her 1804 application to the Royal Literary Fund, some 22 titles; but only 14 of Gibbes' novels (or potential novels) are actually traceable. Like many writers of her time, she wrote anonymously, with the exception of The Niece; or the History of Sukey Thornby (1788), which she signed "Mrs. P. Gibbes".
Gibbes’ writing provides descriptive accounts of her visits to India and the American continent. She names the precise titles of the servants and the exact prices of items. Her work therefore provides a resource for Indologists.
Gibbes in her later life earned her living by writing. She appears to cherish the epicurean lifestyles of the contemporary upper-class, while also critiquing the gross materialism of her era. She often describes a lush material culture, and at the same time causes her protagonist to reject that culture.
Social protests
Several contemporary issues surface multiple times in Gibbes' writing: child neglect, lack of female education, acquisitiveness, gambling, and personal vanity. Many of her heroines, particularly Sophia 'Goldborne' – a somewhat onomastic name – are stark contrasts to the materialistic, indulgent culture of the time, as discussed above; and yet at the same time, appear to relish female materialism. One can see in this scene in which Gibbes creates a vivid picture of extravagance, this slightly awe-filled distaste at both the foolishness and the power involved in materialism,
"The Europe shops, as you will naturally conclude, are those ware-houses where all the British finery imported is displayed and purchased; and such is the spirit of many ladies upon visiting them, that there have been :instances of their spending 30 or 40,000 rupees [about 5000 pounds] in one morning, for the decoration of their persons; on which account many husbands are observed to turn pale as ashes, on the bare mention of their wives :being seen to enter them: but controul is not a matrimonial rule at Calcutta; and the men are obliged to make the best of their conjugal mortifications.”
One can conclude that these scenes serve to express her distaste for the ‘materialistic’ nature of some English women; and yet, Gibbes finds a power in this ability for women to ‘control’ their spouses or fathers through expenditure.
Gibbes is especially known for her protests against the lack of early education for girls. Gibbes was particularly inspired by the comparatively free lifestyle for women in America, and in fact was sometimes construed as a Republican. In Her Friendship in a Nunnery; or, The American Fugitive, the narrator, a fourteen-year-old American girl, is so well-spoken and eloquent that the Critical Review reviled the novel, writing, "what may not be expected from the old men and sages of [America], when its maidens, its babes and sucklings talk, write, and reason thus!" William Enfield, a well-regarded Unitarian minister and writer, however, applauded her novel as having,
"so much truth… that it merits attention in an age, in which it is become too fashionable for females to receive the last finishing of their education in a convent."
One must also note as particularly feministic, the accidentally bigamous marriage of Elfrida, in the eponymous novel Elfrida, and the incredible death of Hannah, the household servant in Mr. Francis Clive, who suffers a painful and protracted demise after imbibing a faulty abortifacient (abortion-inducing poultice) from an apothecary when she becomes pregnant with Clive's child. These kinds of outrageous, yet plausible, situations left Gibbes’ novels as somewhat polemic in the time period; and, clearly, it is hardly precocious to call her an early feminist.
The social protestation of these types of double standards for males and females amazingly pre-dates those reactionary works of the later feminist writers, such as Mary Hays and Mary Wollstonecraft, by nearly forty years. It is unquestionable that the later feminists of the late 18th and early 19th century, particularly Wollstonecraft who reviewed Gibbes' work with delight, were inspired in part by this prodigal 18th century author.
Selected works
The Life and Adventures of Mr. Francis Clive (1764)
History of Lady Louisa Stroud, and the Honorable Miss Caroline Stretton (1764)
The Woman of Fashion; or, the History of Lady Diana Dormer (1767)
The History of Miss Pittsborough (1767)
The History of Miss Somerville (1769)
The Fruitless Repentance; or, the History of Miss Kitty Le Fever (1769)
The History of Miss Eliza Musgrove (1769)
Modern Seduction, or Innocence Betrayed; Consisting of Several Histories of the Principal Magdalens (1777)
Friendship in a Nunnery; or, The American Fugitive (1778)
Elfrida; or Paternal Ambition (1786)
Zoriada: or, Village Annals (1786) – unclear, as this novel is claimed by Gibbes, but had been previously attributed to Anne Hughes.
The Niece; or the History of Sukey Thornby (1788)
Harty House, Calcutta (1789). Republished in 1908, which was in turn republished in 1988/1989 in US and UK editions by Pluto Press. This bicentenary edition, with the subtitle "A Novel of the days of Warren Hasting", was prepared by Monica Clough, when the author was still unknown.
Jemima: A Novel (1795) –unclear; attributed in its printing to ‘the author of Zoriada: or, Village Annals.’
Heaven’s Best Gifts (1798) – unclear, as this novel is also attributed to ‘Mrs. Lucius Phillips’.
Further reading
Blain, Virginia, Patricial Clements, and Isobel Grundy, eds., The Feminist Companion to Literature in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present (London: Batsford, 1990).
Foster, William, 'Whoe Wrote Hartly House?"; Bengal Past and Present, 15, pt. 2, no. 30 (1917), pp. 28–9.
Green, Katherina Sobba, The Courtship Novel 1740–1820: A Feminized Genre. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998.
Grundy, Isobel, '"the barbarous character we give them": White Women Travelers Report on Other Races', Studies in English Eighteenth Century Culture, 22 (1992), pp. 73–86.
Grundy, Isobel, '(Re)discovering women's texts', in Women in Literature in Britain, 1700–1800, Vivien Jones, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 179–96.
London, April, Women and Propriety in the Eighteenth-Century English Novel. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Messenger, Ann, His and Hers, Essays in Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1986.
Nussbaum, Felicity A., Torrid Zones: Maternity, Sexuality, and Empire in Eighteenth-Century English Narratives. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Pratt, Mary Louise, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge, 1992.
Rajan, Balachandra, 'Feminizing the Feminine: Early Women Writers on India', in Romanticism, Race and Imperial Culture, 1780–1834, Sonia Hofkosh and Alan Richardson, eds. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1996, pp. 49–72.
Reynolds, Nicole. 'Phebe Gibbes, Edmund Burke, and the Trials of Empire', Eighteenth Century Fiction, 20.2 (2007-8), pp. 151–176.
Sharpe, Jenny, Allegories of Empire: The Figure of Woman in the Colonial Text. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
Teltscher, Kate. India Inscribed: European and British Writing on India 1600–1800. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Turner, Cheryl, Living by the Pen: Women Writers in the Eighteenth Century. London: Routledge, 1992.
References
Year of birth missing
1805 deaths
18th-century English women writers
18th-century English novelists
English feminist writers
English women novelists
Writers of the Romantic era
British people in colonial India
18th-century English people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phebe%20Gibbes
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Gabriel Gudding is an American poet, essayist, and translator.
Life
Gudding attended The Evergreen State College, an experimental school in Olympia, Washington, Purdue University and Cornell University. He is Professor of English in the English Studies Department at Illinois State University in Normal, Illinois where he was hired to teach experimental poetry writing and poetics. His work has been translated into French, Danish, Portuguese, Vietnamese and Spanish.
Gudding is the author of the books, (Ahsahta Press, 2015), Rhode Island Notebook (Dalkey Archive, 2007), and A Defense of Poetry (University of Pittsburgh Press), which won the 2001 Agnes Lynch Starrett Prize.
He has given hundreds of poetry readings and lectures in Europe, the Caribbean, and America. He has published poems and essays in periodicals such as Harper’s Magazine, The Nation, and The Journal of the History of Ideas. His poetry appears dozens of anthologies, including Best American Experimental Writing (Wesleyan, 2016), &Now: Best Innovative Writing (2010), Best American Poetry (Scribner, 2010) and Great American Prose Poems: From Poe to the Present (Scribner).
His translations from Spanish appear in anthologies such as The Oxford Book of Latin American Poetry (Oxford UP), Poems for the Millennium (University of California Press), and The Whole Island: Six Decades of Cuban Poetry (University of California Press)
Gudding has a daughter named Clio. Gudding practices vipassana meditation in the tradition of Sayagyi U Ba Khin (as taught by S. N. Goenka).
Books
A recipient of The Nation Discovery Award, Gudding received the Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize from the University of Pittsburgh Pitt Poetry Series for his first book A Defense of Poetry.
Gudding's second book of poetry, Rhode Island Notebook, was published in November 2007 by Dalkey Archive Press. Rhode Island Notebook is a 436-page poem interlarded with essays. It was written in Gudding's car on the highways between Normal, Illinois, and Providence, Rhode Island, during 26 roundtrip journeys, and has been called by the polymathic writer and artist Alan Sondheim, "the first 21st Century classic."
Ahsahta Press published Gudding's third book, Literature for Nonhumans, in 2015.
Selected online publications
"Praise to the Swiss Federation", Harper's, August 2008
"Ecopoetry, Speculative Ontology, and the Disavowal of the Slaughterhouse: Some Notes on Ethics and Capital", Matter: A Journal of Political Poetry and Commentary, May 2013
"Et qu'est-ce, amis, qu'on appelle une route?", Myopies, #1, translated by Guillaume Fayard, January 2009
"The Genotype/Phenotype Distinction and the Disappearance of the Body." Journal of the History of Ideas. July 1996.
"A Defense of Poetry", Wild Honey Press,
"My Buttocks" and "To Roosevelt" (a translation of Rubén Darío's "A Roosevelt"), Maximum Post-Avant
"The Tuning Fork of St. Louis", St. Louis Magazine
"Minnesota," "No, Popsickle," "An Ditch," "Dear Eagles" and "Literary Narcissism and the Manufacture of Scandal", Seven Corners, 5 April 2006
"And What, Friends, is Called a Road" Action Yes.
"Congratulations on Being Here", Eoagh. Issue 5.
"On Kindness and Hipness as They Relate to Cultural Production", Octopus Magazine, Issue 9
"[The Parenthesis Inserts Itself into the Transcripts of the Committee on Un-American Activities]" Jacket #7
"How I Caught My Cold" The American Poetry Review (APR), March/April 2001, Vol. 30, No. 2
"Praise to the Swiss Federation," and "To the Sun at Anchor", GutCult
Online interviews
"The Dangerfield Conundrum: A Roundtable on Humor in Poetry" - George Bowering, Maxine Chernoff, Katie Degentesh, Gabriel Gudding, Rachel Loden, Ange Mlinko, K. Silem Mohammad, D. A. Powell, Ron Silliman, Gary Sullivan Jacket 33 (July 2007).
"Prison Education" (radio interview with Danny Hajek on teaching in prisons).
Interview on Creative Writing Pedagogy, MiPOesias.
P. F. S. Post—Maximum Post Avant (Waxing Hot), Gabriel Gudding and Adam Fieled.
Here Comes Everybody, Lance Phillips, 18 June 2005.
Ray Bianchi, Chicagopostmodernpoetry.com.
, Andy Zeigert, "Face to Face: Gabriel Gudding", The Ball State Daily News Online, 7 February 2005.
Audio files
Gabriel Gudding: PennSound.
Series A Reading with Tony Barnstone and Tony Trigilio, March 25, 2008.
Selected online reviews
Peter O'Leary. "On Gabriel Gudding's Rhode Island Notebook."The Cultural Society.
Jasper Bernes. "Revulsion as Revolt." Review of Lara Glenum and Gabriel Gudding's first books. Jacket.
Levi Stahl. "The Five Minute Muse: George Oppen, Gabriel Gudding, and Campbell McGrath - The Off-The-Cuff Art of the Poet's Notebook." Poetry Foundation.
Dorothy Barresi. "Playing in the Dark: Black Humor in Poetry." Poetry Daily.
Stephen Burt. "New Poets on the Block: Gabriel Gudding." Boston Review.
Giles Goodland, "Short Reviews of Recent Titles: Gabriel Gudding, Rhode Island Notebook": Stride Magazine.
Ray McDaniel. "A Defense of Poetry. Gabriel Gudding. U Pitt Press, 2002." The Constant Critic.
Fred Muratori. "Gabriel Gudding. Rhode Island Notebook", Library Journal.
Rob Telfer, "Gabriel Gudding. Rhode Island Notebook. Dalkey Archive, 2007" ,Octopus Magazine.
Josh Corey. "Gudding, Bolaño, and the Limits of Literature." Cahiers de Corey.
Erin McNellis, "A Sea Sewn to a Spine: Gabriel Gudding's Rhode Island Notebook", uncomplicatedly.
Ray Bianchi, "Why The Rhode Island Notebook by Gabriel Gudding Matters",The Irascible Poet.
External links
Dalkey Archive Press
University of Pittsburgh Pitt Poetry Series
h o l z w e g e (Gabriel Gudding's blog)
Rhode Island Notebook Blog (a collection of reviews, interview, blurbs and excerpts).
References
Cornell University alumni
American academics of English literature
Purdue University alumni
1966 births
Living people
American people of Norwegian descent
Illinois State University faculty
Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize winners
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%20Gudding
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Andrea Aghini Lombardi (born 29 December 1963 in Livorno, Tuscany) is an Italian rally driver. He won the 1992 Rallye Sanremo and took four other podium finishes in the World Rally Championship from 1992 to 1995. In 1992, he also won the Race of Champions, after beating Carlos Sainz in the semi-final and Colin McRae in the final.
Career
Aghini began his rallying career on national events with a Peugeot 205 GTI in 1984. He debuted in the World Rally Championship driving a Renault 5 GT Turbo at his home event, the Rallye San Remo, in 1986. He retired from the rally after a turbo problem, but two years later, he won the Group N class of the event. For the 1991 season, Aghini got a contract with the Lancia-supported Jolly Club team for two WRC events; the Sanremo and the Rally Catalunya. He drove his Delta Integrale 16V to fifth place in both rallies, taking his first drivers' world championship points.
These results earned Aghini a drive with Martini Racing, Lancia's factory team, for the following season. He finished sixth at the Tour de Corse, and then edged out his team-mate Juha Kankkunen to take his first and only world rally win in Sanremo. Aghini's second podium finish followed in Catalunya. After Lancia withdrew from the WRC, he moved back to Jolly Club to partner defending world champion Carlos Sainz. His only podium finish of the season came at the Rally Portugal, where he took third place behind Ford's François Delecour and Miki Biasion.
In 1994, Aghini partnered Kankkunen and Didier Auriol at the Toyota factory team in a few events and finished third at the Tour de Corse with a Celica Turbo 4WD. He repeated this feat in the 1995 season, driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution 3 for the Team Mitsubishi Ralliart. With consistent results, he also equalled his career-best seventh place in the drivers' championship from 1992. Aghini then became less active in the WRC. He won the Italian Rally Championship with a Toyota Corolla WRC in 1998 and 1999. In 1998, he also finished runner-up in the European Rally Championship.
Results
WRC results
References
External links
Aghini at World Rally Archive
1963 births
Italian rally drivers
Living people
World Rally Championship drivers
Sportspeople from Livorno
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Aghini
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Michigan Technological University's sports teams are called the Huskies. The Huskies participate in NCAA Division II as a member of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC), a member of the Central Collegiate Ski Association for men's and women's nordic skiing, and NCAA Division I Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) for men's ice hockey.
Varsity sports
Men's ice hockey
The Men's ice hockey team is the only athletic program at MTU to compete in Division I athletics. The Huskies compete in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. Michigan Tech has had a storied history from its inception in 1919, producing three national championships. The program has played in five different home arenas including the Amphidrome, Calumet Colosseum, Dee Stadium, and the MacInnes Student Ice Arena. The Husky hockey program is a charter member of the WCHA in 1951 and became a national powerhouse under the leadership of Coach John MacInnes during the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s. The team has won three NCAA Division I championships (1962, 1965, and 1975) and eight Western Collegiate Hockey Association championships (1962, 1965, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1976 and 2017).
The Huskies host and compete in the annual Great Lakes Invitational held in December of each year. The four-team tournament was played for the 48th year in 2012, with the Huskies defeating Western Michigan by a score of 4–0, to win their 10th GLI championship, and their first since 1980.
Football
The football program at Michigan Tech has been around for over 80 years. They play their home games at Sherman Field. On March 18, 2003 the football program was eliminated due to budgets cuts made by the university, but through alumni funding, the program was brought back ten days later. The 2004 football season brought the Huskies into the spotlight with the winning of a GLIAC championship. The 2004 season was also a highlight for the football program due to the "Bash at the Big House", a football game played at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor against rival Grand Valley State University attempted to set an all-time attendance record. The team was the 2004 GLIAC Champions.
In 1981 Head Coach Jim Kapp retired after a six-year record of 41–30–2. During Kapp's first three years as coach and Ted Kearly's last three years the Huskies racked up a record of 52–12–1. In 1981 Ron Marciel was hired as head coach and stayed for only two seasons.
The winner of the annual game against Northern Michigan University is awarded the Miner's Cup.
Women's basketball
The Women's Basketball team started off the 2009–2010 season at number one, and stayed in the top five for the entire season. They went on to win the GLIAC Tournament, moving them on to the Elite 8 for two years in a row, this time in Missouri. The team also was ranked at number one for a large part of the season nationally. Along with this successful season, there were many records broken for Michigan Tech. These include: best winning percentage, most wins, most home wins, longest home winning streak, longest road winning streak, and best free throw percentage.
From his start in 2003 coaching the Women's Basketball team, head coach John Barnes lead the Huskies to success. Barnes won GLIAC coach of the year in 2005–2006 and again in 2008–2009. He was also named Women's Basketball Coaches Association Region coach of the year. Barnes holds under his belt 1 NCAA Elite 8 berth, 4 NCAA Tournament berths, 2 GLIAC North Division Championships in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 seasons, and 1 GLIAC Tournament Championships in the 2007–2008 season from his time with the Huskies.
Assistant coach Kim Cameron is finishing out her fifth year with the Women's Basketball team after being appointed to the position in September 2005. Cameron served as not only the recruitment and travel coordinator, but also coordinated the girls' basketball summer camps. Kim Cameron will be taking over the position of head coach for the Michigan Tech Huskies for the 2010–2011 after John Barnes resigned to become assistant coach for the Badgers at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Michigan Tech strongly supports their academic program. Each player on the team has at least a 3.0 grade point average. In 2009–2010, the MTU Women's Basketball team number one in the nation by the Women's Basketball Coaches Association for an overall team grade point average. The Michigan Tech
Huskies had an outstanding 3.732 GPA. This was higher than any women's basketball team in any division two team.
The Michigan Tech Huskies reached the national championship (which is the farthest they've ever gone) on March 25, 2011 against the Clayton State University Lakers. They lost 69–50 at the Civic Center in St. Joseph's, MO. They did manage to fend off the Northwest Missouri State Bearcats in the final four with an 89–78 win. In the Elite Eight the Huskies managed to beat the number one ranked Arkansas Tech University Golden Suns with a 69–58 victory. All the Arkansas Tech fans were sure they were going to the championship so they had a whole section already reserved for them at the national championship game. In the Midwest Regional Championship the Michigan Tech Huskies defeated the University of Wisconsin–Parkside Rangers 69–57. In the second round Michigan Tech beat the Drury Panthers 60–51, and in the first round defeated the Lewis Flyers 72–56. This year also produced another GLIAC Championship team as they defeated the Tiffin Dragons in the first round 58–40, the Hillsdale Chargers 69–58, and the Ashland Eagles in the championship game 63–53. The Michigan Tech Huskies finished the season 31–3 with their only losses coming to Clayton State University 69–50, Concordia University–St. Paul 78–70, and Ferris State University 63–60.
The Michigan Tech Huskies are 2010–11 national Runners-up, 7-time GLIAC Champions, 25-time GLIAC Tournament Appearances, 18-time NCAA Tournament Appearances, and 4-time Midwest Region Champions.
Nordic skiing
Like many schools in the northernmost regions of the United States MTU fields men's and women's nordic skiing. The Huskies ski teams compete in the Central Collegiate Ski Association, an NCAA ski-only athletic conference.
MTU has its own downhill ski/snowboard hill, Mont Ripley, just across Portage Lake from campus, and maintains extensive cross-country ski trails (used for mountain biking in summer).
Track and field
One of Michigan Technological University's Division II sports is men and women's outdoor track and field. The women's team came about in 1984, as an addition to the men's team. The school also funded an indoor track and field team until 1991 but had to cut its varsity status due to lack of funding for scholarship sports. Due to renovation of Sherman Field and high cost to repair, the outdoor track was partially torn up and is not usable for track meets as of summer 2008. This means the current track team travels mostly in Minnesota, Wisconsin and the Lower Peninsula for meets, allowing them to continue a variety of competition.
Women's volleyball
The Women's volleyball team at Michigan Tech first formed in 1975 under Title IX. The first coach was Cheryl Depuydt, the Michigan Tech figure skating instructor. When football coach and athletic director, Ted Kearly, was in need of a women's athletic coach, Coach DePuydt, or Cheryl as she was known, volunteered to coach both the women's basketball and volleyball teams. She initially coached both teams without pay. Not only was she the first female coach at MTU, she was the first female instructor and served as chair of the department until her death in 2006, after a battle with cancer. Cheryl's work was crucial to developing Husky volleyball and is highly regarded for her role in the foundation of women's athletics at Michigan Tech.
MTU volleyball has qualified for the NCAA Women's Volleyball Championship Tournament ten times. The 2018 season was the last season the team qualified for the tournament. The Huskies advanced to the regional final three straight times from 1993 to 1996.
The program has made 18 appearances in the GLIAC Tournament, winning its sole championship in 1994.
MATT JENNINGS (2012–Present)
The Huskies are currently coached by Matt Jennings, a former NCAA D1 assistant coach at the University of Pittsburgh. Jennings is credited with rebuilding the program and was named the GLIAC Coach of the Year in 2017. He's one of two coaches in program history to be named coach of the year, Mary Kaminski being the other (1993, 1994). Jennings has led the Huskies to the NCAA Tournament in back to back seasons (2018 and 2017), falling to Lewis University in the opening round each time. In 2018, MTU volleyball cracked the AVCA Top 25 poll for the first time since 2003 and was in the top 5 in each of the Midwest regional rankings that season.
The Huskies have a 110–100 overall record under Jennings and have gone 69–52 in the GLIAC in the seven seasons he's coached the team.
ORLANDO GONZALES (2009–2011)
The team was coached by Orlando Gonzalez for 3 seasons. Gonzales and the Huskies advanced to the NCAA Tournament in 2009. His final year saw the team only win two matches overall, zero in conference. His three-year record at Tech was 21–61 overall and 13–41 in the GLIAC. Previous to coaching at Tech he coached at Rutgers University from 2005 to 2007. He also spent almost 10 years at head coach to an elite high-level club, USA Michigan Volleyball.
KRISTA MIKESCH (1999–2008)
The previous coach for the Huskies was Krista Mikesch, who was a former player at Tech. She was an outstanding athlete and was an All-American setter from 1993 to 1996. She started all four years that she attended MTU and her freshman year she helped the Huskies to a first ever NCAA tournament bid. Mikesch holds the school records for assists in a season (1,421) and career (5,093). She led the Huskies to the best season in school history in 1994 with a 30–3 record and a GLIAC title.
She coached two seasons as an assistant at Michigan Tech starting in April 1999 and then spent ten seasons as the head coach. Krista Mikesch resigned as head volleyball coach after the 2008 season, in which the Huskies finished with a 19–11 record and finished the year in the first round of the NCAA tournament. The Huskies qualified for the NCAA twice during her ten seasons as head coach, first in 2006 and then again in 2008, her final season at Tech.
Mikesch left Michigan Tech with an overall record of 137–165 overall and 81–97 in the GLIAC in her 11 seasons.
Mikesch was inducted into the Michigan Tech Athletics Hall of Fame on October 8, 2011.
ALAN SEGAL (1997–1998)
Alan Segal served as the head coach of the Huskies for two seasons, going 40–32 overall. In his first season, the Huskies won 23 times and advanced to the NCAA tournament.
MARY KAMINSKY (1984–1996)
With a career record of 258–202, Mary Kaminsky is the winningest coach in program history. Kaminsky was the 1994 AVCA DII National Coach of the Year, the only coach to have ever earned that honor. The 1994 season stands as the best in program history. At 30–3 overall, the Huskies won their only GLIAC championship that year and advanced to the regional final where they fell to UP rival Northern Michigan. NMU went on to win the 1994 national championship.
Michigan Tech played in four straight NCAA Tournaments (1993–96) and advanced to the regional championship in three of those seasons. Kaminsky had ten winning seasons as coach of the Huskies and during the mid 1990s had turned the program into a national power.
Kaminsky was inducted into the Michigan Tech Athletics Hall of Fame in November 2001.
All Americans
2018 – Olivia Ghormley (3rd), Laura DeMarchi (HM)
2008 – Jen Jung (HM)
1997 – Marisol Mosquera (1st)
1996 – Marisol Mosquera (1st)
1995 – Kristan Schuster (2nd)
1994 – Kim Hoppes (1st), Krista Valdivia (1st), Kristan Schuster (2nd)
1993 – Kim Hoppes (2nd)
Academic Honors
The volleyball team has had a reputation of having a great academic standing in the GLIAC conference. Well over 100 players have earned Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference All-Academic Honors. Four players have been named Academic All American and two have earned the GLIAC's prestigious Commissioner's Award.
Cheer team
The Tech cheer team is a Coed noncompetitive squad that stunts, dances, and cheers on the sidelines of home women's and men's basketball games, and at Sherman Field for home football games.
Notable athletic alumni
Hockey players
National Hockey League players
Lou Angotti
Garry Bauman
Tom Bissett
Chris Cichocki
Steve Coates
Chris Conner
Pheonix Copley
Chris Durno
Tony Esposito
John Grisdale
Steve Jensen
Al Karlander
Tanner Kero
Jujhar Khaira
Geoff Kinrade
Joel L'Esperance
Michael Lauen
Bob Lorimer
George Lyle
Darcy Martini
Jim Mayer
Randy McKay
Al McLeod
Gord McRae
Glenn Merkosky
Lyle Moffat
Rob Murray
Jim Nahrgang
Davis Payne
Brent Peterson
Blake Pietila
Jamie Ram
Dave Reierson
Mitch Reinke
Damian Rhodes
Matt Roy
Jarkko Ruutu
Geoff Sarjeant
Andre Savage
John Scott
Lorne Stamler
Tony Stiles
Jim Storm
Andy Sutton
Bill Terry
Tim Watters
Brian Watts
Clay Wilson
Warren Young
Mike Zuke
Other hockey players
Greg Amadio – American Hockey League
Herb Boxer – International Hockey League
Paul Coppo – 1964 United States Olympic team
Ken Desjardine – World Hockey Association
Brett Engelhardt – American Hockey League
Lars Helminen – SM-liiga
Colin Murphy – American Hockey League
Riley Nelson – American Hockey League
Rob Nolan – ECHL
Brett Olson – American Hockey League
Bill Prentice – World Hockey Association
Ron Rolston – ECHL
Jimmy Roy – International Hockey League
Tyler Shelast – American Hockey League
Football players
Joe Berger – National Football League player
Seasons
2021 Michigan Tech Huskies football team
See also
Blizzard T. Husky
Huskies Pep Band
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan%20Tech%20Huskies
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Lust for Gold is a 1949 American Western film directed by S. Sylvan Simon and starring Ida Lupino and Glenn Ford. The film is about the legendary Lost Dutchman gold mine, starring Ford as the "Dutchman" and Lupino as the woman he loves. The historical events are seen through a framing device set in the contemporary 1940s. It was based on the book Thunder God's Gold by Barry Storm. Part of the film was shot on location in Arizona's Superstition Mountains.
Plot
In modern times, a newspaper reports that "noted explorer and writer" Floyd Buckley claims to have discovered the location of the lost gold mine. He is approached by Barry Storm, who believes he has some claim to it, as the Dutchman was his grandfather. Buckley brushes him off, but when he heads into the Superstition Mountains, Storm secretly follows him.
However, an unseen killer shoots Buckley, making him the fourth recent murder victim. Storm notifies Sheriff Early and his deputy Covin. Covin tells Storm more about the mine; a hundred years before, Pedro Peralta had hidden $20 million in gold in the most inaccessible of his mines, only to be killed by the Apaches for defiling a place holy to their "thunder god". His greed whetted, Storm investigates further.
A flashback follows. In 1880, Jacob "Dutchy" Walz and his friend Wiser overhear Ludi carelessly call his companion "Peralta". Recognizing the name, they trail the pair into the mountains. After Ramon Peralta finds his brother's mine, Walz and Wiser gun the two other men down in cold blood; then Walz treacherously shoots Wiser too.
When Walz returns to Phoenix with huge gold nuggets, the news spreads quickly. Scheming, discontented Julia Thomas becomes acquainted with Walz, without telling him she is married to Pete. His suspicions of her motives are allayed by the fact that she can speak German. They soon fall in love. When she finally tells him about her husband, Walz gives her money to bribe Pete into giving her a divorce. However, Walz later learns that Julia has lied to him repeatedly. Unseen, he watches as Julia placates her husband by telling him she will soon learn the location of the mine.
Walz gives Julia directions to the treasure. Though Julia seems to care for Walz, Pete forces her to show him the map. When the couple reach the mine, Walz pins them down with his rifle. In the ensuing gunfight, Pete eventually runs out of bullets. Walz cruelly toys with them, letting them go without water. Finally, Julia stabs Pete in the back and pleads with Walz to believe she loves him. Before he can act, an earthquake triggers a rockfall that crushes her and closes the mine.
The film returns to the present. Storm has uncovered enough information that he believes he knows where the mine is. When he gets to the key landmark, he encounters Covin, who pulls a gun on him. It turns out that the deputy has been searching for the mine for twenty years and has been disposing of his competitors. A fight breaks out; Covin is about to push Storm off the mountain when a poisonous snake bites him; he falls to his death. Afterwards, Sheriff Early points out that, even with the new clue, Storm does not know the exact location and would have to dig up the entire mountainside. At that point, Storm gives up the search, but invites the viewer to try if they wish.
Cast
Ida Lupino as Julia Thomas
Glenn Ford as Jacob 'Dutch' Walz
Gig Young as Pete Thomas
William Prince as Barry Storm
Edgar Buchanan as Wiser
Will Geer as Deputy Ray Covin
Paul Ford as Sheriff Lynn Early
Hayden Rorke as Floyd Buckley (uncredited)
Percy Helton as Barber (uncredited)
Jay Silverheels as Deputy Walter (uncredited)
Myrna Dell as Lucille (uncredited)
Arthur Hunnicutt as Ludi (uncredited)
Harry Cording as Joe (uncredited)
Production
The film was originally directed by George Marshall and known as Bonanza. Marshall quit four days into filming due to disputes with producer S. Sylvan Simon. Simon took over directing.
Reception
Dennis Schwartz called it "the poor man's Treasure of Sierra Madre" and gave it a grade of B-.
References
External links
1949 films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by S. Sylvan Simon
1949 Western (genre) films
Films scored by George Duning
Films set in the 1840s
Films set in 1880
Films set in the 1940s
Films set in Phoenix, Arizona
Films set in Arizona
Films shot in Arizona
Films about mining
Superstition Mountains
American mystery films
Columbia Pictures films
1940s historical adventure films
American historical adventure films
American Western (genre) films
Films about treasure hunting
1940s American films
1940s English-language films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust%20for%20Gold
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The Substitute 3: Winner Takes All is a 1999 action thriller film directed by Robert Radler and starring Treat Williams as a mercenary who goes undercover as a teacher in order to expose a college football team's steroid-abuse scandal. It is the second sequel to The Substitute (1996). The film was later released on DVD and in 2000 it was bundled with the first film.
Plot
Students at a local college have become unusually antagonistic, and when a teacher is attacked by a gang of steroid-pumped students, Karl Thomasson—having earned a teacher's degree to facilitate his actions in the previous film—returns to the classroom to uncover the truth.
What he finds is shocking: the college's football coach is involved in a steroid-doping scandal, and his 'juiced' students were responsible for the attack on the teacher. Thomasson recruits his old team, planting surveillance equipment in a jukebox inside a local sports-bar that hosts a number of the coach's football players.
It turns out that the coach was doping his players, and rigging football games, to pay off his backers—a local crime syndicate. When the audio equipment draws the attention of the syndicate's thugs, one of Karl's team is killed in the van, and Karl's calm and collected mask begins to slip.
When one of Thomasson's students dies from a steroid overdose, Thomasson finally loses his jovial nature, confronting the coach and telling him that he knows how the student died, that he knows the coach is responsible, and that he has videotape to prove his allegations.
In one last showdown, Karl defeats the syndicate and reveals the doping scandal—as he leaves, and the credits roll, a radio news report reveals that the football coach committed suicide in disgrace.
Cast
Treat Williams as Karl Thomasson
Rebecca Staab as Professor Nicole Stewart
Claudia Christian as Andrea 'Andy'
James R. Black as Rahmel
Frank Gerrish as Ed Lincoln
David H. Stevens as Tony Lo Russo
Richard Portnow as Vincent 'The Brick' Lo Russo
George Fisher as Sylvio
Maxx Payne as 'Muscle'
Dane Stevens as Jerry Sundheim
Richard Humphreys as Kirby
David Jenson as Mason 'Macy' Stewart
Spencer Ashby as Professor Wayne McMurdo
Barbara Jane Reams as Albanian Girl
Brian Simpsons as Soldier #1
Jeff Jenson as Soldier #2
Erin Chambers as Terri
Scott Wilkinson as Coach Bill Braden
Michael Shane Davis as Josh Silver
Ed Cameron as Bo Robinson
Christian Jenson as Thad
Danny Hansen as Jeremy Phillips
Robert Harvey as Counterman
External links
1999 action thriller films
1990s crime action films
1999 films
American action thriller films
American crime action films
American crime thriller films
American sequel films
Films about educators
Films about school violence
Direct-to-video sequel films
The Substitute films
Films directed by Robert Radler
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Substitute%203%3A%20Winner%20Takes%20All
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Modelo is a Spanish word for model. It may also refer to:
Modelo, Santa Catarina, a city located in Santa Catarina, Brazil
Building model
Car model
Airplane model
Arts
"La Modelo", song by José Capmany
"La Modelo", song by Ozuna
Fashion models
Companies
Modelo Continente, a company, owner of the largest hypermarket (Continente) and supermarket (Modelo) chains of Portugal
Grupo Modelo, a large brewery in Mexico
Modelo Brewery, a brewery in Havana, Cuba
Prisons
Presidio Modelo, a prison of Panopticon design in Cuba
La Modelo, a prison in Colombia
Cárcel Modelo, a prison in Madrid
See also
Las modelos (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo
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Lady of Guardamar (Dama de Guardamar), is a limestone female bust, high, dated circa 400 BCE, that was discovered in fragments in the Phoenician archaeological site of Cabezo Lucero in Guardamar del Segura in Alicante province, Spain, on September 22, 1987.
A large piece of a stone rodete (wheel headgear) was found first, at a shallow depth. There followed other fragments of the bust of an Iberian lady, and one large piece included the headdress, face and neck, which were found to have similarities to the Iberian bust, Lady of Elche. The sculpture had been hammered to fragments and even burnt in places. These fragments were taken to the laboratory of the Provincial Archaeological Museum of Alicante, where restorer Vincent Bernabeu began with washing and identifying the bits, first the chin, then the lips, then collar and chest pieces, and many other fragments that did not fit together and were not part of the carved surface. The delicate and painstaking task of restoration began in October 1987 and was completed in June 1988.
The restored sculpture is of fine-grained greyish limestone. The Lady is wearing a tunic with a round neckline.
A scalloped headband crosses the brow and connects the rodetes, which represent hollow wheels, probably of thin metal, on each side. Above the headband and rodetes the Lady wears a mantle with finely carved drapery details. The necklaces the Lady wears are each different; one is composed of seven bullae which are all the same except for the central one, which is grooved. Below it is another necklace that has larger bullae, some shaped like curved triangles and some semicircular at the bottom. The string of beads worn second from the neck has olive-shaped, spherical and flat beads, above it is a string of spherical beads with two plates at the center. In real life, these beads would have been made of glassy paste, as such beads often appeared in the Albufereta excavation.
In style, the Lady of Guardamar is a bit more archaic than the other contemporary Iberian sculptures Lady of Baza or the Lady of Elche, with features more Iberian. As nothing from the site is more recent than 300 BCE, and the site flourished between 430 and 350 BCE, it seems likely that the Lady dates from 400 to 370 BCE.
See also
Carthaginian Iberia
Lady of Elche
References
Archaeological discoveries in Spain
4th-century BC sculptures
4th-century BC artifacts
Iberian art
Busts in Spain
Sculptures of women in Spain
1987 archaeological discoveries
Limestone sculptures
Phoenician sculpture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20of%20Guardamar
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Li Ang may refer to:
Emperor Wenzong of Tang (809–840), personal name Li Ang, Tang dynasty emperor
Li Ang (writer) (born 1952), Taiwanese writer
Li Ang (footballer) (born 1993), Chinese association footballer
Li Ang (murderer), murdered Amanda Zhao
See also
Ang Li (disambiguation)
Ang Lee, Taiwanese-American film director
Liang (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Ang
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Iowa Highway 415 is a short state highway that runs mostly north-to-south in central Iowa. Iowa 415 begins at U.S. Highway 6 in Des Moines and ends at Iowa Highway 141 east of Granger. Prior to 2003, Iowa 415 extended north from Polk City and ended at Iowa Highway 17 south of Madrid. Now, Iowa 415 turns west at Polk City and crosses the Des Moines River at Saylorville Lake prior to ending at Iowa 141. Since the rerouting in 2003, the northern terminus for Iowa 415 is now farther south than its northernmost point in Polk City.
Route description
Iowa Highway 415 begins at an intersection with U.S. Highway 6, which runs along Euclid Avenue, in Des Moines. Iowa 415 heads north along Second Avenue through Des Moines' Highland Park neighborhood. It exits Des Moines and enters Saylor Township, where it passes a Firestone Tire and Rubber Company factory and intersects Interstate 35 / Interstate 80. Iowa 415 continues north as a four-lane divided highway and passes the Margo Frankel Woods State Park. Just east of Saylorville, Iowa 415 intersects NE 66 Avenue at a diamond interchange.
On the southern edge of Ankeny, Iowa 415 turns west at the intersection of State Street and Oralabor Road, which is also the western end of Iowa Highway 160. The highway goes west for before turning to the north and reaching the access road to the Saylorville Lake causeway. Iowa 415 stays about one mile (1.6 km) east and north of Saylorville Lake coast, following the general northwest angle of the lake. Along the northern coast of the lake, Iowa 415 provides marina and beach access for those seeking recreation.
At Polk City, Iowa 415 turns to the west along West Bridge Road, which becomes NW 112 Avenue as it leaves Polk City and turns to the southwest. NW 112 Avenue crosses Saylorville Lake over the Mile Long Bridge. Northbound Iowa 415, heading southwest, intersects NW Beaver Drive just west of the western coast. It continues south and west for where it ends at a trumpet interchange with Iowa Highway 141 in Jefferson Township, east of Granger.
History
Iowa Highway 415 was designated in 1959, first appearing on state maps in 1960, as a spur route from Des Moines to Polk City. It was created from an abandoned segment of Iowa Highway 60, which had been relocated to the west. In the early 1980s, it was extended north from Polk City to south of Madrid, on Iowa Highway 17. This route stayed the same until 2003 when it was rerouted from Polk City across Saylorville Lake to a new interchange at Iowa Highway 141.
Major intersections
References
External links
End of IA 415
415
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20Highway%20415
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The Pacific University Health Professions Campus is a satellite campus of Pacific University located in downtown Hillsboro, Oregon, United States. Opened in 2006, the campus contains the school's College of Health Professions with plans to move Pacific's College of Optometry and School of Professional Psychology in later phases. Housed in two brick buildings, the campus is located in the city's Health and Education District and adjacent to the Tuality Hospital/Southeast 8th Avenue light rail station. The campus of Tuality Community Hospital is across Baseline Street to the south.
History
In March 2005, Pacific University’s board of trustees decided to build a new campus in Hillsboro to house the college’s healthcare related programs. In May 2005, the university purchased a half-acre of land from Tuality Healthcare next to Tuality Hospital for the campus. Plans called for an initial building to cost $30 million followed by a building, both constructed over a three- to five-year period. The Virginia Garcia Memorial Health Center in Hillsboro was also to move into the building.
The decision to move these programs from the main Forest Grove campus was made to move the programs closer to hospitals the programs had relationships with such as Oregon Health & Sciences University and Tuality Hospital. The move also allowed the university to have students closer to patients and to allow for the College of Liberal Arts to expand and its main campus. Pacific balanced a need to expand closer to health care partners and its longstanding relationship with Forest Grove. Pacific partnered with the federal government, the city of Hillsboro, health care providers, Washington County, and private developers.
The second phase of the campus was expected to cost $45 million and have of space, built on a second half-acre parcel the school purchased an option to from Tuality. Pacific’s psychology and optometry schools would relocate to the campus once the second phase was built. Once both parts were completed the campus was expected to have 1,300 students and approximately 150 faculty or staff.
On August 9, 2005, a groundbreaking was held at the site and construction began with Lease Crutcher Lewis as the general contractor. In August 2006, the initial building of the campus was completed. Prior to opening, residents of the area raised concerns about adequate parking for the campus. These concerns led the city and university to seek state funding to build a parking garage estimated to cost $16 million. Once built, the 500 space garage would be owned by the city and would allow Pacific to complete the second phase of construction on the campus. Oregon gave the school lottery backed bonds in the amount of $7 million to help finance construction.
The first campus building was awarded Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design gold status in December 2007. Future plans call for three additional structures on the campus. A second building was approved for a location north of the first building by the city after a variance was needed to the local zoning code. Neighbors objected to the structure and lost an appeal to the Oregon Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA) concerning the four-story building. In November 2008, the Oregon Court of Appeals affirmed the LUBA decision, with the land cleared by December. Construction of the structure was planned to begin in 2009 with completion in early 2010. The school plans to open a third building in 2014, and in ten years a fourth building planned to be built on the site of part of the Miller Education Center.
Construction of the parking garage, the Hillsboro Intermodal Transit Facility, began in 2009 and will include electric vehicle charging stations and a secure bike facility that has lockers and showers. The original building on campus was dedicated as Phillip D. Creighton Hall in July 2009. Creighton had been the president of Pacific when the campus was developed. In August 2010, the second building on campus opened, and the area around the campus became part of Hillsboro's Health and Education District. A doctoral program for audiology was added in 2012, housed in Tuality Healthcare's 7th Avenue Medical Plaza a few blocks from the university's campus.
Details
Programs at the campus are part of the College of Health Professions. The student body includes both graduate and undergraduate students, totaling 650 as of 2007. Pacific offers programs in dental health, pharmacy, occupation therapy, and physical therapy among others at the campus. Other schools located at the campus include the School of Physician Assistant Studies and part of the School of Professional Psychology, along with a masters program in healthcare administration. The building also houses psychology, optometry, dental health, and physical therapy clinics where students receive hands-on training.
Plans for the second building include a wellness center with programs to include psychology and optometry. A total of four buildings and a parking garage are planned for the campus, with the garage a joint project with the city and hospital. The campus includes a library. A nursing program may eventually be added to the campus. Pacific expects the campus to have around 1,000 students once the first three buildings are opened, with about 350 students enrolled in 2009.
Building
The first building, a five-story structure, was designed by SRG Partnership. This building was named as Phillip D. Creighton Hall in 2009 after retired school president Phillip Creighton. Costing $30 million to build, it includes cantilevered shades on the windows, a rainwater collection system used to provide non-potable water for toilets, an advanced HVAC system, and the building is aligned in a north-south orientation. The building exterior consists of orange brick and silver-colored metal siding. The Virginia Garcia Memorial Health Center occupies on the first two floors of the structure.
References
External links
Hillsboro Magazine
Schools in Hillsboro, Oregon
Pacific University
Educational institutions established in 2006
School buildings in Oregon
Satellite campuses
2006 establishments in Oregon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20University%20Health%20Professions%20Campus
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Out of My Intention () is a 2008 South Korean short film written and directed by Yoo Ji-tae. It is the third short film by actor-turned-director Yoo, and the first of his films to receive a public release. Lee Dae-yeon and Jo An star as the film's only characters.
Plot summary
An unnamed middle-aged man (Lee Dae-yeon) drives listlessly through downtown Seoul on a downcast summer afternoon, with the view outside, periodically glimpsed through the car windows, fuzzy and blurred. Sitting in the passenger seat next to him is Ok-gyeong (Jo An), a young woman some twenty years younger than he is. Although their dialogue is scarcely distinguishable with regard to its content, the two are engaged in a typical lover's quarrel. The woman is desperate to talk through their problems, but the man remains silent. Their drive along the highway is interrupted by memories of the past, which include dates taken by the lovers in the countryside, and surreal fantasy scenes where Ok-gyeong has her face painted like a mime artist.
Production and casting
Out of My Intention is the third directorial project by Yoo Ji-tae, following his earlier short films Bike Boy and How Does the Blind Dream. Regarding the brevity and ambiguity afforded by the short film format, Yoo said, "If I had made the film into a full feature, I would have had to give all of the sundry reasons and episodes about their initial relationships". Actor Lee Dae-yeon admitted to being "a bit baffled" by the film's script, but felt compelled to take the part after Yoo told him it had been written with him in mind.
Themes and interpretations
Like Yoo's earlier shorts, the central theme in Out of My Intention is one of love. The film is a blend of past and present; though the two characters talk to each other constantly, the camera almost never captures them together in one frame. The man is actually "driving down memory lane" and reminiscing about his first love, his thoughts conjuring her back to life. While he has grown old and weary, Ok-gyeong remains young in his heart, suggesting that first love never dies.
Release
The press preview for Out of My Intention received an unusual level of interest, much to the surprise of director Yoo Ji-tae. The first of his films to be released theatrically, it opened on March 20, 2008 at the Gwanghwamun Spongehouse in Seoul, where it was given a limited screening. At the South Korean box office, Out of My Intention peaked at 42 over its opening weekend, and as of April 6, 2008, it had grossed a total of .
In June 2008, Out of My Intention was screened at the Short Shorts Film Festival in Tokyo, where director Yoo won the Special Mention Award. It later competed at the Mise-en-scène Short Film Festival, held from June to July 2008, the New York Korean Film Festival in August 2008, the Vancouver International Film Festival from September to October 2008, and the Asiana International Short Film Festival in November 2008.
Critical response
Lee Hyo-won of The Korea Times described Out of My Intention as an "audiovisual poem," albeit a "rough draft," and noted the director's "ability to orchestrate subtle emotions" in spite of the film's short running time, going on to say, "Yoo takes full advantage of the film medium, creating an ambiance from what is included and excluded in the mise-en-scene." The review also praised the contribution of the cast, saying, "Lee gives the film a nice gravitational pull, weighing down the fluffy parts, while fresh actress Jo An... embodies youthful vigor and beauty.
References
External links
2008 films
2000s Korean-language films
South Korean short films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out%20of%20My%20Intention
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The Fruita Schoolhouse is a historic school building located in Fruita, Utah, United States.
Description
The Behunin family, early settlers of the Capitol Reef area, donated the land in 1892. For over a decade the school had a dirt roof and in 1935 the bare walls were chinked in. Elijah Cutler Behunin donated the land for the school and his daughter, Nettie Behunin, was the school's first teacher. In 1895 the school became part of the Junction School Precinct and remained a functional grade school until 1941. From 1941 until its induction into the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1973, the building was unoccupied.
Images
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Wayne County, Utah
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Wayne County, Utah
Defunct schools in Utah
One-room schoolhouses in Utah
School buildings completed in 1895
Schoolhouses in the United States
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Historic American Buildings Survey in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Wayne County, Utah
1896 establishments in Utah
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Capitol Reef National Park
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruita%20Schoolhouse
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Herbert Jenner (23 February 1806 – 30 July 1904) was an English barrister. As an amateur cricketer he played first-class cricket from 1825 to 1838. He changed his name to Herbert Jenner-Fust in 1864.
Life
Herbert Jenner was the eldest son of the judge Herbert Jenner-Fust, Dean of the Arches. He was educated at Eton College, where he was first noted as a schoolboy cricketer playing against Harrow School in 1822, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. In 1827, he captained Cambridge University in the inaugural University Match at Lord's.
Jenner entered Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1831. He became an advocate of Doctors' Commons in 1835.
Cricket career
Jenner was an all-rounder who was right-handed as both batsman and bowler. He was an underarm bowler but his pace is unknown. He kept wicket when not bowling and is said to have been one of the "finest amateur wicketkeepers".
In the 1820s, Jenner did not wear gloves or pads while keeping wicket. These protections were gradually introduced in response to the development of roundarm bowling from 1827. Until then, the role of the wicketkeeper had been "offensive" rather than "defensive" in that he was primarily concerned with looking for stumping chances, but the increased pace of roundarm forced wicketkeepers to improve their ability to stop the ball and so prevent byes. By 1836, the Kent wicketkeeper Ned Wenman was using gloves but it is not known if Jenner himself adopted them in the latter part of his career.
In first-class cricket, he was associated with Cambridge University, Kent XIs and MCC. He played for several predominantly amateur teams including the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players series.
Jenner made 36 known appearances in first-class matches from 1825 to 1838. He scored 842 runs with a highest score of 75. He is credited with 75 wickets, including a best performance of seven wickets in an innings; he took five wickets in an innings on at least five occasions. As a wicket-keeper, he took 24 catches and made 17 stumpings.
References
Sources
1806 births
1904 deaths
People educated at Eton College
English cricketers
English cricketers of 1787 to 1825
English cricketers of 1826 to 1863
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Kent cricketers
Cambridge University cricketers
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Married v Single cricketers
Gentlemen of Kent cricketers
Wicket-keepers
English barristers
Presidents of the Marylebone Cricket Club
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Jenner
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Dorylaeus or Dorylaüs (Ancient Greek: Δορύλαιος; early 1st century BC), was a commander in the Kingdom of Pontus who served under Mithridates the Great. Dorylaeus reinforced Archelaus with eighty thousand fresh troops after the latter's loss at Battle of Chaeronea. Dorylaeus wanted to bring about a battle with Sulla right away, but changed his mind after a skirmish with Roman troops.
Bibliography
Plutarch: Sulla, 20
Strabo: Geography, 10.4.10
Inscription: OGIS 372
People from the Kingdom of Pontus
1st-century BC people
Hellenistic generals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorylaeus
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A Delicate Balance may refer to:
A Delicate Balance (play), by Edward Albee
A Delicate Balance (film), an adaptation directed by Tony Richardson
"A Delicate Balance" (Touched by an Angel episode)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Delicate%20Balance
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Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine (EQMM) honors authors each year as voted upon by readers, hence the name, Readers Choice Award. Recipients include many of the most popular authors of thrillers and mysteries.
Presentation
Awards are bestowed in April of the following year, coinciding with the annual Mystery Writers of America conference, at an informal ceremony sponsored by Dell Publishing.
Recipients
2020
1st : Barb Goffman, "Dear Emily Etiquette," Sept-Oct 2020
2nd : John M. Floyd, "Crow's Nest," Jan-Feb 2020
3rd : Gregory Fallis, "Terrible Ideas," Sept-Oct 2020
2019
1st : David Dean, "The Duelist," May-June 2010
2nd : Paul D. Marks, "Fade-out on Bunker Hill," Mar-Apr 2019
3rd : Doug Allyn (tied), "The Dutchy," Nov-Dec 2019
3rd: G.M. Malliet, "Whiteout," Jan-Feb 2019
2018
1st : Stacy Woodson, "Duty, Honor, Hammett", Nov-Dec 2018
2nd : Josh Pachter, "50", Nov-Dec 2018
3rd : David Dean, "Sofee", Mar-Apr 2018
2017
1st : Brendan Dubois, "Flowing Waters", Jan 2017
2nd : Doug Allyn, "Tombstone", Nov-Dec 2017
3rd : Dave Zeltserman, "Cramer in Trouble", Mar-Apr 2017
2016
1st : Paul D. Marks, "Ghosts of Bunker Hill", Dec 2016
2nd : Doug Allyn, "Puncher's Chance", Jun 2016
3rd : Doug Allyn, "The Dropout", Mar-Apr 2016
2014
1st : Doug Allyn, "The Snow Angel", Jan 2014
2nd : Marilyn Todd, "Blood Red Roses", Sep-Oct 2014
3rd : Miriam Grace Monfredo, "The Tavern Keeper's Daughter", Dec 2014
2013
1st : Dave Zeltserman, "Archie Solves the Case", May 2013
2nd : Doug Allyn, "Borrowed Time", Mar-Apr 2013
3rd : Marilyn Todd, "The Wickedest Town in the West", Jun 2013
2012
1st : Doug Allyn, "Wood-Smoke Boys", Mar-Apr 2012
2nd : David Dean, "Mariel", Dec 2012
3rd : Lia Matera, "Champawat", Sep-Oct 2012
2011
1st : P. N. Elrod, "Beach Girl", Nov 2011
2nd : Doug Allyn, "A Penny for the Boatman", Mar-Apr 2011
3rd : Clark Howard, "Hangman's Rhapsody", Sep-Oct 2011
2010
1st : Dave Zeltserman, "Archie’s Been Framed", Sep-Oct 2010
2nd : Doug Allyn, "The Scent of Lilacs", Sep-Oct 2010
3rd : Doug Allyn, "Days of Rage", Mar-Apr 2010
2009
1st : Doug Allyn, (tied) "An Early Christmas", Jan 2009
1st : Mick Herron, "Dolphin Junction", Dec 2009
2nd : Clark Howard, "White Wolves", Nov 2009
3rd : Dave Zeltserman, "Julius Katz", Sep-Oct 2009
2008
1st : Kristine Kathryn Rusch, "The Secret Lives of Cats", Jul 2008
2nd : Doug Allyn, "The Sonnets of September", Jul 2008
3rd : Brendan DuBois, "The Blue Plate Special", Mar-Apr 2008
2007
1st : David Dean, (tied) "Ibrahim's Eyes", Jun 2007
1st : Edward D. Hoch, "The Theft of the Ostracized Ostrich", Sep-Oct 2007
2nd : Dale C. Andrews and Kurt Sercu, "The Book Case", May 2007
3rd : Doug Allyn, "Stone-Cold Christmas", Jan 2007
2006
1st : Leigh Lundin (writing under L. Leigh), "Swamped", Aug 2006
2nd : Doug Allyn, "The Black Chapel", Sep-Oct 2006
3rd : Edward D. Hoch, "A Convergence of Clerics", Dec 2006
2005
1st : Doug Allyn, "Wolf Woman Bay", Jun 2005
2nd : J.A. Konrath, "With a Twist", Dec 2005
3rd : Robert S. Levinson, "Death Conquers All", Sep-Oct 2005
2004
1st : Doug Allyn, "The Gin Mill", Sep-Oct 2004
2nd : Clark Howard, "Deep Lock", Dec 2004
3rd : Clark Howard, "Tequila Memories", Jun 2004
2003
1st : Doug Allyn, "Palace in the Pines", Jul 2003
2nd : Clark Howard, "The Mask of Peter", Apr 2003
3rd : Clark Howard, "The Leper Colony", Aug 2003
2002
1st : Jeffery Deaver, "Without Jonathan", Nov 2002
2nd : Edward D. Hoch, "The Problem of Bailey's Buzzard", Dec 2002
3rd : Doug Allyn, "Telephone to Forever", Jul 2002
2001
1st : Peter Sellers, "Avenging Miriam", Dec 2001
2nd : David Handler, "The Mondo Whammy", Sep-Oct 2001
3rd : Neil Schofield, "Groundwork", Nov 2001
2000
1st : Doug Allyn, "The Death Row Pet Show", Apr 2000
2nd : Doug Allyn, "The Christmas Mitzvah", Dec 2000
3rd : Donald Olson, "Don't Go Upstairs", Aug 2000
1999
1st : Clark Howard, "The Global Man", Dec 1999
2nd : Michael A. Kahn, "The Bread of Affliction", Sep-Oct 1999
3rd : Minette Walters, "The Tinder Box", Dec 1999
1998
1st : Kristine Kathryn Rusch, "Details", Dec 1998
2nd : Barbara D'Amato, "Of Course You Know That Chocolate Is a Vegetable", Nov 1998
3rd : Joan Richter, "Recipe Secrets", Sep-Oct 1998
1997
1st : Jeffery Deaver, "Double Jeopardy", Sep-Oct 1997
2nd : Doug Allyn, "Copperhead Run", Jun 1997
3rd : George C. Chesbro, "The Problem with the Pigs", Jun 1997
1996
1st : Doug Allyn, "Roadkill", May 1996
2nd : Doug Allyn, "Puppyland", Sep-Oct 1996
3rd : Steven Saylor, "The White Fawn", Dec 1996
1995
1st : Doug Allyn, (tied) "Franken Kat", mid-Dec 1995
1st : Jeffery Deaver, "Gone Fishing", Oct 1995
2nd : Brendan DuBois, "Heirlooms", Jul 1995
3rd : Edward D. Hoch, "The Killdeer Chronicles", Mid-Dec 1995
1994
1st : Jan Burke, "Unharmed", mid-Dec 1994
2nd : Doug Allyn, "Black Water", Oct 1994
3rd : Doug Allyn, "The Cross-Wolf", Mid-Dec 1994
1993
1st : Doug Allyn, "The Ghost Show", Dec 1993
2nd : Steven Saylor, "The House of the Vestals", Apr 1993
3rd : Peter Lovesey, "You May See a Strangler", Mid-Dec 1993
1992
1st : Doug Allyn, "Candles in the Rain", Nov 1992
2nd : Jo Bannister, "Howler", Oct 1992
3rd : Doug Allyn, "Icewater Mansions", Jan 1992
1991
1st : Peter Lovesey, "The Crime of Miss Oyster Brown", May 1991
2nd : Clark Howard, "Dark Conception", Oct 1991
3rd : Peter Lovesey, "Supper with Miss Shivers", Mid-Dec 1991
1990
1st : Clark Howard, "Deeds of Valor", Nov 1990
2nd : Clark Howard, "Challenge the Widow-Maker", Aug 1990
3rd : Peter Massarelli, "Once Upon a Time", Dec 1990
1989
1st : James Powell, "A Dirge for Clowntown", Nov 1989
2nd : Doug Allyn, "Star Pupil", Oct 1989
3rd : Patricia Moyes, "The Faithful Cat", Dec 1989
1988
1st : Clark Howard, "The Dakar Run", Aug 1988
2nd : Peter Lovesey, "The Wasp", Nov 1988
3rd : Clark Howard, "The Color of Death", Jun 1988
1987
1st : Robert Barnard, "The Woman in the Wardrobe", Dec 1987
2nd : Ann Bayer, "A Pleasure to Deal With", Nov 1987
3rd : John F. Suter, "That Man's Moccasins Have Holes", Jul 1987
1986
1st : Clark Howard, "Scalplock", Jul 1986
2nd : Thomas Adcock, "Thrown-Away Child", Oct 1986
3rd : Nell Lamburn, "Tom's Thatch", Jul 1986
1985
1st : Clark Howard, "Animals", Jun 1985
2nd : Lawrence Block, "Like a Bug on a Windshield", Oct 1985
3rd : Clark Howard, "McCulla's Kid", Sep 1985
Records
Edward D. Hoch, who contributed a story each month, had so many stories nominated, they kept him from taking first place until 2007. He received notification shortly before his death.
Clark Howard often won first place and placed second or third in the same year.
Doug Allyn has won more often than any other author.
Leigh Lundin (under the pseudonym L. Leigh) in 2006 became the first first-time writer to take first place in a major Ellery Queen award.
Dale Andrews, a student of the Ellery Queen canon, became the first to place with an Ellery Queen story.
References
External links
Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine awards page
American literary awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers%20Choice%20Award
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PDCurses is a public domain software programming library for DOS, OS/2, Windows, X11 and SDL2. It is a continuation of the original curses system - while development of curses ended in the mid-1990s, work on ncurses and PDCurses continued. PDCurses implements most of the functions available in the original X/Open and UNIX System V R4 curses. Development started in 1987 to support The Hessling Editor. It supports many compilers for these platforms. The X11 port lets one recompile existing text-mode curses programs to produce native X11 applications.
External links
PDCurses on GitHub
Curses (programming library)
Public-domain software with source code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDCurses
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Zachary Hansen is the former drummer for such Newark, Delaware bands as Jake and the Stiffs, Medicine Man (and the sexy new illusion), Raised on Sugar, Spindrift, and D.Machine among other appearances on numerous Mid-Atlantic region recordings with such bands as The Stone Road Stalkers, Blue Water, and The Sonny Mishra Project. In 1993 Zachary along with partner Eric Teather founded Manic Music Recording Studio, recording such acts an Ellemmenno, Spindrift, and Homegrown. In 1994 he along with partner Steve Funk founded one of the first mp3 websites featuring free music and news, drophit.com which later turned into DropHit Records producing numerous albums, compilation releases and promoting musicians worldwide. Hansen went on to own and operate a dot com data company based in Las Vegas, Nevada and is currently writing/recording music with Former Jake and The Stiffs front man Randy America. Starting in 2013 he served as the Director of Connected Devices at the largest North American music distribution company Music Choice overseeing all customer facing web/mobile/stb music platforms working in the first of its kind "real-time streaming video channels" allowing multiple users to watch synch-streamed music videos. In 2015 he began work on a revamp of DropHit.com – iAmRadioWorld.com showcasing independent music from around the world.
Jake and the Stiffs
Hansen is the second drummer, coming into the lineup in 1991, after Randy America relocated the project punk rock band, Jake and the Stiffs, from Detroit to Newark, Delaware. Hansen has appeared on numerous Jake and the Stiffs recordings including Love So Deep and Steal This Record. Hansen left the band in 1994, and later returned to the lineup for random reunion appearances and recordings.
Spindrift
Hansen is the second drummer of the music line-up of the neo-psychedelic rock band Spindrift, stepping in after Paul Budd and Chris Andrews left the band in 1999. Along with members Rob Campanella, Bobby Bones (from Psychic TV), Dave Koenig and band leader Kirpatrick Thomas, the band took on a new music direction to that of their original experimental style, playing psychedelic music inspired by the spirit of the Old West as mythologized by Western Cinema; Spaghetti Westerns in particular. As a member of Spindrift, Zachary appeared on the 2001 release 'We Come From the United States', recorded and produced by Bon Jovi writer/producer Bill Grabowski.
In 2002 Zachary relocated to Las Vegas to re-join the Spindrift members. During this time he recorded with Kirpatrick Thomas on the 2007 Spindrift release Songs From The Ancient Age, which featured new material along with material from earlier recordings Kirpatrick and Hansen had done together.
Hansen continues to play with Spindrift when available on tour and in reunion gigs.
Other projects
That same year Hansen discovered a somewhat unknown band traveling through the Vegas scene known as The Killers. The band frequented such venues as the Double Down Saloon, The Rock, and The Palupa Lounge. After much convincing, the band was offered an opening gig with The Brian Jonestown Massacre in Las Vegas and was subsequently signed to Lizard Records (now renamed Marrakesh Records).
In 2009 Hansen alongside 2 co-authors wrote and published "The Deal Breakers: A COLLECTION OF SHORT, INFORMATIVE TIPS FOR MEN" which was used as the basis for the writing of "Dealbreakers Talk Show #0001".
Kirpatrick and drummer Z. Miles Hansen invented the “Hansen Guitar Mic”, essentially a cheap microphone routed and wired into his guitar with an on/off switch enabling vocals and feedback through guitar effects. Earlier 90's albums by Spindrift include the heavier but catchy debut Strange Range(1996), the Hawkwind influenced We Come From the United States(1999), and the space-punk upbeat sound of 10 Million Asians Can't Be Wrong! (2000) which featured the Hansen Mic.
References
External links
ReverbNation.com
iAmRadioWorld.com
MusicChoice.com
DropHit.net
Jake and the Stiffs
BandMix.com
American drummers
Living people
1972 births
21st-century American drummers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary%20Hansen
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Steve Costanzo (born 22 January 1988 in Ingham, Queensland) is an Australian professional basketball player who currently plays for the Townsville Heat in the Queensland Basketball League. At 18 years old, he earned himself a position at the Australian Institute of Sport. During this time he was acknowledged as having the largest every recorded wingspan. Costanzo played one game for the Townsville Crocodiles in 2008 2008-09 NBL season., before a foot injury forced him out for the rest of his career. Despite this set back, Costanzo did earn himself a Maccas Gold Card, guaranteeing him 50% discount on anything in the menu for life. He is also a valuable member of SMC.
References
1988 births
Living people
Townsville Crocodiles players
Australian men's basketball players
People from Ingham, Queensland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Constanzo
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Events in chess in 1914:
Chess events in brief
St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament – the tournament celebrated the 10th anniversary of the St. Petersburg Chess Society. President of the organizing committee was Peter Petrovich Saburov. Russian organizers intended to invite the present top twenty chess players, with world champion Emanuel Lasker and challenger José Raúl Capablanca, but strong Austro-Hungarian masters could not accept due to tensions of Russia with Austria-Hungary in the year 1914. Finally, eleven top players from Germany, France, United Kingdom, United States, Cuba, and Russian Empire were accepted. The winner was Lasker who played magnificently in the doubled rounded finals. Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, who had partially funded the tournament, awarded the Grandmaster title to the five finalists.
Mannheim 1914 chess tournament – the 19th DSB Congress, comprising several tournaments, began on 20 July 1914 in Mannheim, Germany. On 1 August Germany declared war on Russia, and on France (3 August), Britain joining in the next day. The congress was stopped on 1 August 1914. Alexander Alekhine was leading the Meisterturnier, with nine wins, one draw and one loss, when World War I broke out. German organizers of the tournament decided that the players should be "indemnified" according to their score, but not paid the total prize money. After the declaration of war, eleven "Russian" players (Alekhine, Bogoljubov, Bogatyrchuk, Flamberg, Koppelman, Maljutin, Rabinovich, Romanovsky, Saburov, Selezniev, Weinstein) were interned in Rastatt, Germany. On 14, 17 and 29 September 1914, four of them (Alekhine, Bogatyrchuk, Saburov, and Koppelman) were freed and allowed to return home via Switzerland. A fifth player, Romanovsky was freed and went back to Petrograd in 1915, and a sixth one, Flamberg was allowed to return to Warsaw in 1916.
Tournaments
St. Petersburg (the 8th All-Russian Masters' Tournament), won by Alexander Alekhine and Aron Nimzowitsch, followed by Alexander Flamberg, Moishe Lowtzky, Grigory Levenfish, etc. December 1913 – January 1914.
New York (Manhattan CC), won by Abraham Kupchik, January.
St. Petersburg (Hexagonal), won by Peter Romanovsky and Sergey von Freymann.
Kiev (Quadrangular), won by Alexander Evensohn ahead of Efim Bogoljubow and Fedor Bogatyrchuk.
Cracow won by Flamberg ahead of Józef Dominik, March.
St. Petersburg won by Emanuel Lasker followed by José Raúl Capablanca, Alekhine, Siegbert Tarrasch, and Frank James Marshall, 21 April – 22 May.
Baden bei Wien (Gambit Tournament), won by Rudolf Spielmann followed by Savielly Tartakower, Carl Schlechter, Gyula Breyer, etc.
Berlin (Quadrangular), won by Erich Cohn and Spielmann.
Vienna (Quadrangular), won by Siegfried Reginald Wolf and Ernst Grünfeld.
Geneva won by Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky.
Paris (Quadrangular), won by Marshall and Alekhine, 12–14 June.
Lyon won by Alphonse Goetz ahead of Frédéric Lazard and A. Téléguine, finished on 31 July.
Mannheim (the 19th DSB Congress), won by Alekhine ahead of Milan Vidmar, 20 July – 1 August.
Chester (the British Chess Championship), won by Frederick Yates and Joseph Henry Blackburne. Yates won the playoff on forfeit, finished on 21 August.
Memphis (the 15th Western Chess Association Championship), won by Jefferson and Wolbrecht, finished 26 August.
Baden-Baden won by Flamberg, followed by Bogoljubow, Ilya Rabinovich, etc.
Triberg won by Bogoljubow, followed by Rabinovich, Peter Romanovsky, etc. 1914/1915.
Vienna won by Grünfeld ahead of Kalikst Morawski, 1914/1915.
Vienna (the 6th Trebitsch Memorial), won by Schlechter ahead of Arthur Kaufmann, 1914/15.
Matches
Alexander Alekhine drew with Aron Nimzowitsch (play-off) 1 : 1 (+1 –1 =0), St. Petersburg, January.
Emanuel Lasker drew with Ossip Bernstein (exhibition) 1 : 1 (+1 –1 =0), Moscow, February.
José Raúl Capablanca won against Ossip Bernstein (exhibition) 1.5 : 0.5 (+1 –0 =1), Moscow, 4–5 February.
José Raúl Capablanca won against Savielly Tartakower (exhibition) 1.5 : 0.5 (+1 –0 =1), Vienna, 13–14 March.
José Raúl Capablanca beat Arnold Aurbach (exhibition) 2 : 0 (+2 –0 =0), Paris, 20–24 March.
Peter Romanovsky beat Sergey von Freymann (play-off) 2 : 0 (+2 –0 =0), St. Petersburg.
Richard Réti defeated Walter John 2 : 1 (+1 –0 =2), Breslau.
Paul Saladin Leonhardt drew with Hans Fahrni 1 : 1 (+1 –1 =0), Munich.
Paul Saladin Leonhardt won against J. Szekely 2.5 : 1.5 (+2 –1 =1), Munich.
Frederick Yates defeated George Alan Thomas 3 : 1 (+2 –0 =2), London.
Richard Teichmann won against Frank Marshall 1.5 : 0.5 (+1 –0 =1), Berlin.
Richard Teichmann beat Rudolf Spielmann 5 : 1 (+5 –1 =0), Leipzig.
José Raúl Capablanca defeated Emanuel Lasker 6.5 : 3.5 (blitz, 5 seconds per move), Café Kerkau in Berlin, July 1914.
Births
8 January – Hermann Pilnik in Stuttgart, Germany. Argentine GM.
21 February – Arnold Denker in New York City. American GM.
6 March – Theo van Scheltinga in Amsterdam. Dutch IM.
8 March – Oleg Neikirch in Tbilisi, Georgia. Bulgarian IM.
7 October – Alexander Tsvetkov in Topolovgrad, Bulgaria.
11 October – Reuben Fine in New York City. American GM.
20 October – Mona May Karff in Bessarabia. Women's US Champion.
26 October – Adriaan de Groot in Santpoort, the Netherlands.
26 December – Albert Simonson in New York City. American IM.
1914 – Abram Khavin in Ukraine.
Deaths
23 April – Nicolai Jasnogrodsky, American master, died in Baltimore.
December – Constant Ferdinand Burille, American master, died in Boston.
References
20th century in chess
Chess by year
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914%20in%20chess
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Storfjorden or Storfjord (meaning "big fjord" in Norwegian) may refer to several places in Norway:
Fjords
Storfjorden (Sunnmøre), a fjord in the Sunnmøre district of Møre og Romsdal county
Storfjorden (Svalbard), a body of water separating Spitsbergen from Barentsøya and Edgeøya in Svalbard
Storfjorden, Troms, a branch off the main Lyngen fjord in Troms county
Storfjorden, a branch off the main Velfjorden in Brønnøy municipality, Nordland county
Storfjorden, a branch off the main Laksefjorden in Lebesby municipality, Finnmark county
Storfjorden, the innermost part of the Hjørundfjorden in Ørsta municipality, Møre og Romsdal county
Other places
Storfjord, a municipality in Troms county
Storfjord Bridge, a proposed suspension bridge that would span Storfjorden in Sunnmøre, Norway
Storfjord Church, a church in Storfjord municipality, Troms county
Storfjord Station, a former hunting and radio station in East Greenland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storfjorden
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Dare Foods, Limited is a Canada-based food manufacturing company. They have seven factories in Canada and the United States. Their products are distributed in North America and at least 25 other countries.
Company history
In 1892, the founder of Dare Foods, Charles H. Doerr began making and selling cookies and candies in a small grocery shop in Berlin, Ontario, Canada. By 1919, Doerr had created the C.H. Doerr Company, which distributed his goods throughout Ontario. Following Charles's death in 1941, the company was led by his twenty-four-year-old grandson Carl Doerr. Carl had been raised by his paternal grandparents after both his parents died of the Spanish flu.
On February 16, 1943, a fire destroyed the company's factory at Weber and Breithaupt in Kitchener, killing nightwatchman Julius Eckstein and risking the future of the company, then known as C.H. Doerr Co. Ltd. Carl quickly moved to rebuild, relocating the same year as the fire to a plot of land on what is today Kingsway Drive in Kitchener.
The name of the company was changed to "Dare" in 1945 because it was easier to pronounce. Dare products became more popular Canada-wide by 1954, and began to be exported to the U.S. in 1956.
Products
Dare is known for adopting the resealable "tin tie" packaging for their cookies in 1954. The resealable bag ensured freshness and soon became the standard packaging for cookies across Canada.
Dare continued to grow rapidly by expanding their product lines and starting new trends in the food industry. Due to the recent awareness of peanut allergies, Dare declared all of its facilities to be "peanut free." They were one of the first large food manufacturers in Canada to do this.
The following is a list of traditional products they make:
Maple Leaf Crème Cookies
Ultimate Coconut Crème Cookies
Bear Paws
Viva Puffs
Whippets
Wagon Wheels
Breton Crackers
Vinta Crackers
RealFruit Gummies and RealFruit Minis
Maxi Fruit
Melba toast
Breaktime Chocolate Chip Cookies
Dare provides snacks for families. A few of their new promoted products are:
Bear Paws Cereal and Fruit
Bear Paws Crackers
Baguettes Bites
Simple Pleasures Moments
Since 2003, they have produced Canada's Girl Guide cookies.
References
External links
Homepage
Food and drink companies of Canada
Companies based in Kitchener, Ontario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dare%20Foods
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Rock Mill is a Grade II listed smock mill at Washington, West Sussex, England, which has been converted to residential use.
History
Rock Mill was built in 1823. The mill was working at the outbreak of the First World War but was converted to a house in about 1919, using the machinery as decoration. The composer John Ireland bought the mill in 1953 and died there in 1962. As of 2007, the mill is used as offices.
Description
Rock Mill is a three-storey smock mill on a single-storey base, formerly carrying a beehive cap winded by a fantail. It had four Patent sails and drove three pairs of millstones (two pairs French Burr and one pair of Peak stones).
Millers
Thomas Harwood, 1837
Henry Harwood, 1837-40
E. Mitchell, 1845-55
S.A. Coote, 1890
References
External links
Windmill World webpage on Rock Mill.
Windmills in West Sussex
Smock mills in England
Grade II listed buildings in West Sussex
Windmills completed in 1823
Octagonal buildings in the United Kingdom
Grade II listed windmills
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20Mill%2C%20Washington
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Emil Pfeiffer (1 March 1846 – 13 July 1921) was a German physician and pediatrician.
He studied medicine at the universities of Bonn, Würzburg, and Berlin. It was at Berlin where he received his doctorate in 1869.
As a pediatrician he dealt with issues of infant nutrition, campaigned for the establishment of children's homes and crèches. He is known for describing infectious mononucleosis (also known as "mono," "glandular fever," and "kissing disease"), an Epstein–Barr virus-induced infectious disease of the lymphatic tissue that also bears his name—Pfeiffer's disease.
References
External links
German pediatricians
People from Wiesbaden
1846 births
1921 deaths
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil%20Pfeiffer
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The Pomeranian Coarsewool or simply Pomeranian () is an old domestic sheep breed from the Pomerania region. The first records of similar sheep in Pomerania can be traced to more than 3000 years ago. This breed is raised primarily for meat and vegetation management.
Characteristics
This breed is polled (hornless), and has a black head with slate-blue or grey wool on the body – lambs are born wholly black. The legs are also covered with wool, and the tongue is blue. The fleece has shorter hairs amongst the longer wool.
The breed is very hardy and is able to live outside all year, even raising lambs in the snow. The sheep thrive on poor forage.
Ewes average around in weight, and rams about . The fleece ranges from .
History
Initially, this breed was called Grauwollschafe ("greywool sheep"), which in time changed to Rauhwollschafe ("coarsewool sheep") by dropping the first letter. The breed almost vanished in the second half of the 20th century, when the population dropped below 100 and it was placed on the Red List of endangered livestock breeds. The population has since recovered somewhat.
See also
Conservation grazing
References
Pomerania
Sheep breeds originating in Germany
Sheep breeds originating in Prussia
Sheep breeds
Animal breeds on the GEH Red List
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian%20Coarsewool
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Thysanoplusia orichalcea, the slender burnished brass, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. It is a polyphagous pest of vegetable crops that originated in Indonesia, from where it spread to Europe, South Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In northern Europe it is a migrant species.
Description
The wingspan is 36–44 mm. Its head, collar and the vertex of its head are reddish orange. Tegulae and forewings pale reddish brown. The forewings are extensively covered with a metallic golden shimmering surface. Only the costal field and hem are brown. Sub-basal, antemedial and postmedial waved lines very indistinct, fine and whitish in colour. The sub-marginal line irregularly lunulate. The reniform and orbicular tain are small and white bordered. The unpatterned hindwings are grey brown, somewhat darker at the margin. The thorax is furry and with some hair tufts, the proboscis is well developed.
Larva bluish green with a few short dorsal hairs. There are slender dorsal white lines and a prominent lateral line.
Ecology
The moth flies from August to October, depending on the location.
The larvae feed on various herbaceous plants, including crops such as sunflower, Coreopsis, potato and soybean. In managing their population, phenylacetaldehyde, a volatile floral compound attractive to many Lepidoptera and present in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), was found to be effective in trapping especially the females of the species.
Gallery
References
External links
"73.004 BF2433 Slender Burnished Brass Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775)". UKMoths. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
"09078 Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Fabricius, 1775) - Südliche Goldeule". Lepiforum e.V. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
Plusiinae
Moths described in 1775
Agricultural pest insects
Owlet moths of Africa
Moths of Australia
Moths of Cape Verde
Moths of the Comoros
Owlet moths of Europe
Moths of Japan
Moths of Madagascar
Moths of Mauritius
Moths of the Middle East
Moths of New Zealand
Moths of Réunion
Moths of Asia
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thysanoplusia%20orichalcea
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Flubber (named from the film The Absent-Minded Professor), Glorp, Glurch, or Slime is a rubbery polymer formed by cross-linking of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a borate compound. Slime can be made by combining polyvinyl-acetate-based adhesives with borax.
Reaction
The gelation process entails formation of a borate ester that cross links the chains of the PVA. Borate esters form readily by condensation of hydroxyl groups and the B-OH groups.
The individual polymer chains are bound together by weak hydrogen bonds. The resulting polymer network is composed of strands of polyvinyl alcohol held together side-by-side by the borate molecules. It is evident that this cross linking is weak because of the ease with which the slime flows and pulls apart. However, even though this cross linking is weak, it does alter the properties of the resulting polymer.
Properties
Flubber is a non-Newtonian fluid that flows under low stress, but breaks under higher stresses and pressures. This combination of fluid-like and solid-like properties makes it a Maxwell fluid. Its behavior can also be described as being viscoplastic or gelatinous.
See also
Silly Putty
Gunge
Slime (toy)
References
Chemistry experiments
Non-Newtonian fluids
Sensory toys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flubber%20%28material%29
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The spiny turbots are a family, Psettodidae, of relatively large, primitive flatfish found in the tropical waters of the east Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. The family contains just three species, all in the same genus, Psettodes. The common name comes from the presence of spines in the dorsal and anal fins, which may indicate an evolutionary relationship with the Perciformes. They are less asymmetrical than other flatfish, although the region around the eyes is twisted. They reach lengths of .
Species
The currently recognized species in this genus are:
Psettodes belcheri E. T. Bennett, 1831 (spottail spiny turbot)
Psettodes bennetti Steindachner, 1870 (spiny turbot)
Psettodes erumei (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Indian halibut)
References
Pleuronectiformes
Taxa named by Edward Turner Bennett
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiny%20turbot
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"Between the Lines" is the first single by Evermore, taken from their third studio album Truth of the World: Welcome to the Show. Evermore's Jon Hume said that "Between the Lines was the first song to come out of a search for a new musical experience as a band." It was released as a free download on Evermore's official website on 10 November 2008.
The song failed to chart in Australia and New Zealand as it was not physically released as a single by the band; it was more of a teaser of the band's new musical direction on their new album. The song, however, has become a favourite amongst fans and is now a staple song in the band's live setlist.
Music video
A music video has been made for the single. The band stated that they had grown tired of miming in their previous music videos, and therefore, they made this video such that the audio you hear was recorded whilst the video was shot.
The TV screens shown in the back of shot are being used again by the band as part of their new high-tech live setup that they are taking with them to every show on their current Australian tour.
Track listing
Release history
Personnel
Jon Hume – vocals, guitar, programming
Peter Hume – bass, keyboards, synthesizers, programming
Dann Hume – drums, piano, percussion
References
Evermore (band) songs
2008 singles
2008 songs
Warner Music Australasia singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between%20the%20Lines%20%28Evermore%20song%29
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HSRN may refer to:
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy
Renk Airport, South Sudan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSRN
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Michael Porter (born Kim Michael Porter, January 14, 1951 – October 23, 2010) was an American professional wrestling ring announcer and internet radio host.
Porter was born in Gridley, California, and began his career in 1969 in the San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento region working under the guidance of legendary promoters Roy Shire, Louie Miller and Terry Garvin. Porter was best known for working as a house show ring announcer for the World Wrestling Federation (now World Wrestling Entertainment) from 1988 to 1993 (mostly on the west coast, including the historic Cow Palace in San Francisco, Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Arena - now Oracle Arena - in Oakland and ARCO Arena - now Sleep Train Arena - in Sacramento). He worked security at WrestleMania VII at the Los Angeles Sports Arena in 1991.
He had announced for such independent feds such as the United Wrestling Alliance (Marysville, California) in 2002-2003, Pro Championship Wrestling (Oroville, California) in 2006 and Devil Mountain Wrestling (Martinez, California) in 2007-2008. Porter hosted a pro wrestling interview program Michael Porter's WrestleShoot, which started as a weekend radio show on Marysville, California, radio station KMYC-AM 1410 and aired there during 2004 and 2005. The show was later broadcast on the internet radio network, Blog Talk Radio. Porter interviewed varying levels of talent from independent stars to members of the WWE Hall of Fame. He also co-hosted the popular Cloverleaf Radio on the same channel.
Porter remained close friends with many WWE stars like Rowdy Roddy Piper, Koko B. Ware, Jimmy "Superfly" Snuka, Honky Tonk Man and Mean Gene Okerlund.
Porter died on October 23, 2010, at his home in Hollywood, California. He was suffering through various health problems from obesity to diabetes and was a two-time cancer survivor.
Good friends of Porter's, internet radio host Wacko Bob (Robert Guercia) & indy pro wrestler Rick Ryder would reunite with their old wrestling internet radio show The Dark Match on Blog Talk Radio and pay tribute to him only a few days after his death with The Stro and Bill Apter as guests on the show.
Michael Porter's WrestleShoot
On June 22, 2008, after co-hosting Cloverleaf Radio and The Dark Match for a number of months, and after a one-year stint on KMYC-AM radio in the 1990's, Porter relaunched his radio program Michael Porter's WrestleShoot on internet radio using the service Blog Talk Radio. He interviewed personalities from independent wrestlers to hall of famers and became a featured program on BTR until his death in 2010. On October 23, 2012, exactly two years after his death, Michael Porter's WrestleShoot returned to BTR with close friends Mike Summers (now of Action Video Entertainment of Mt. Shasta, California, and Action VR Network of Coconut Creek, Florida) and Paula Jo Schaber as hosts and producers. (Schaber has since passed away and "Wacko" Bob Guercia now serves as co-host and producer.) The program aired on Sundays on BTR and also spawned a spin-off program called RollerShoot, a program devoted to roller derby. On August 5, 2013, Michael Porter's WrestleShoot ended its five-year run with BTR with its final program by re-airing the pilot from 2008. The program returned to internet radio on its new home, The Wacko Radio Network (now Action VR Network), on December 4, 2016, now airing on Mixlr. In 2017, repeats and marathons of the program began airing on Action VR 2. Summers, Guercia as The Star Wacko Bob (A Heel Persona), former wrestler "Pretty Boy" Doug Masters and former WWE Tough Enough participant Brian Danovich (until his passing) served as hosts until the last all-new episode on May 31, 2020.
Career highlights
World Wrestling Federation
Ring Announcer/Security/Ring Crew (House shows and WrestleMania VII, 1988-1993)
United Wrestling Alliance
UWA Commissioner (2003)
UWA Hardcore Champion (2003)
Pro Championship Wrestling
Ring Announcer (2005)
Devil Mountain Wrestling
Ring Announcer (2007)
References
External links
Michael Porter's WrestleShoot on Blog Talk Radio
Cloverleaf Radio on Blog Talk Radio
"The Dark Match" Tribute to Michael Porter
AVE Radio Network on Blog Talk Radio
Action VR Network on Mixlr
Professional wrestling announcers
2010 deaths
1951 births
People from Gridley, California
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Porter%20%28wrestling%29
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Lebanon Branch may refer to:
Lebanon Branch (Ohio) of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Lebanon Branch (Pennsylvania) of the Pennsylvania Railroad
Louisville and Nashville Railroad Lebanon Branch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon%20Branch
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Chrysodeixis acuta, the tunbridge wells gem, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Africa as well as the on Canary Islands eastwards to Australasia Indonesia and Oceania.
The wingspan is 35–45 mm.
The larvae feed on various plants, including barley, linseed and sorghum.
References
External links
Lepiforum.de
Plusiinae
Moths described in 1858
Moths of Asia
Moths of Cape Verde
Moths of Japan
Moths of the Middle East
Owlet moths of Africa
Owlet moths of Europe
Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysodeixis%20acuta
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Blake Shinn (born 26 September 1987) is an Australian jockey, who rode the 2008 Melbourne Cup winner Viewed for trainer Bart Cummings.
On Melbourne Cup day 2010, Blake Shinn missed his ride in the Cup on Precedence, after a fall in Race 3 at Flemington resulted in him being taken to hospital.
Shinn also won:
the 2021 Hong Kong Classic Mile on Excellent Proposal for trainer John Size
the 2022 Hong Kong Champions & Chater Cup on Russian Emperor for Douglas Whyte
the 2022 Hong Kong Gold Cup on Russian Emperor for Douglas Whyte
Major wins
Canterbury Stakes - (2) - Happy Clapper (2018), Trapeze Artist (2019)
Coolmore Classic - (1) - Appearance (2013)
Doomben Cup - (2) - Streama (2014), Pornichet (2015)
Doncaster Handicap - (1) - Happy Clapper (2018)
Epsom Handicap - (2) - Rock Kingdom (2009), Happy Clapper (2017)
Flight Stakes - (1) - First Seal (2014)
Futurity Stakes - (1) - Alligator Blood (2023)
George Main Stakes - (1) - Streama (2013)
Golden Slipper Stakes - (1) - Capitalist (2016)
Kingsford-Smith Cup - (1) - Hot Snitzel (2015)
Melbourne Cup - (1) - Viewed (2008)
Sires' Produce Stakes - (1) - Sebring (2008)
Surround Stakes - (1) - First Seal (2015)
Sydney Cup - (1) - Who Shot Thebarman (2018)
Tattersall's Tiara - (1) - Prompt Response (2018)
TJ Smith Stakes - (1) - Melito (2010)
The Galaxy - (1) - Sweet Idea (2015)
Vinery Stud Stakes - (1) - Fenway (2015)
Ellerslie Sires Produce Stakes - (1) - Summer Passage (2017)
Hong Kong Classic Mile - (1) - Excellent Proposal (2021)
Hong Kong Sprint - (1) - Sky Field (2021)
Hong Kong Gold Cup - (1) - Russian Emperor (2022)
Hong Kong Champions & Chater Cup - (1) - Russian Emperor (2022)
References
External links
The Virtual FormGuide - Jockey Directory - Blake Shinn
1987 births
jockeys from Melbourne
living people
21st-century Australian people
Australian jockeys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake%20Shinn
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Geriatric neurology is the branch of medicine that studies neurologic disorders in elderly.
Origin
In 1991 Advanced Fellowship Program in Geriatric Neurology was started by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Many veterans suffered from neurodegenerative changes such as Alzheimer's disease, Lewy Body dementia, Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, and other age related central nervous system changes. The implications for family caregivers and the healthcare system were enormous. So the Geriatric Neurology Fellowship Program developed a cadre of physicians for academic leadership in this complex, interdisciplinary field.
The subspecialty of Geriatric neurology is defined by its expertise in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of neurological conditions that affect elderly and by its unique body of knowledge regarding the aging nervous system, its vulnerability to specific neurological disorders, and its influence on the prevalence and expression of neurological disease. Neurologists are called with increasing frequency to provide care for older adults. As the number of elderly in the population increases, there will be a concomitant increase in the prevalence of acute and chronic neurological disorders associated with advancing age. Through training fellowships, the neurological community will endeavor to master, codify and transfer the knowledge and skills to effectively care for the elderly with neurological disorders. Behavioral Neurology Clinic at the Perlman Ambulatory Care Center.
The Geriatric Neurology Section of the American Academy of Neurology increases awareness of, and fosters interest and expertise in, issues of geriatric neurology in the areas of patient care, research, education, and public policy, and enhances the role of neurologists in geriatric training programs.
Training & education programs
Fellowships for training on geriatric neurology were established.
The Veterans Affair Geriatric Neurology Fellowship Program provides two years of post-residency research, education, and clinical learning opportunities to eligible physician neurologists. Graduates are expected to be role models in leading, developing, conducting, and evaluating innovative research, education, and clinical care in the field of geriatric neurology.
The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Foundation and the Alzheimer's Association established a two-year Clinical Research Training Fellowship in Alzheimer's disease research. The fellowship is supported by the AAN Foundation and the Alzheimer's Association.
The American Academy of Neurology offers a prize for Research in Pick's, Alzheimer's, and Related Diseases.
The American Academy of Neurology offers an award for research in Geriatric Neurology.
Clinical courses and books on geriatric neurology are available.
A journal dedicated to geriatric neurology & psychiatry was issued.
Organisation & societies
The Geriatric Neurology Section of the American Academy of Neurology was organized in 1989 to increase awareness of and foster interest and expertise in issues of geriatric neurology in the areas of patient care, research, education, and public policy, and to enhance the role of neurologists in geriatric training programs.
The United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties (UCNS) has approved geriatric neurology as its seventh subspecialty in May 2007.
Geriatric Neurology Related Societies
References
External links
Geriatric Neurology Section of the American Academy of Neurology
United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties, Geriatric subspeciality
Neurology
Geriatrics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatric%20neurology
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Elemental: War of Magic is a fantasy 4X turn-based strategy game developed and published by Stardock, released in August 24, 2010.
Stardock calls Elemental "a strategy game in a role-playing world." The game revolves around exploration, city-building, resource management and conquest, but also incorporates quests and detailed unit design.
Stardock has released four further turn-based strategy games set in the world of Elemental: Elemental: Fallen Enchantress, in October 2012, Fallen Enchantress: Legendary Heroes, in May 2013, Sorcerer King, in July 2015, and Sorcerer King: Rivals, in September 2016. Following the release of Fallen Enchantress, Stardock discontinued Elemental: War of Magic and no longer sells the game.
Plot
The game is set in a world once filled with magic, which comes to form the basis of human civilization. Immortal beings known as the Titans were attracted to the world by construction of the reality-warping Forge of the Overlord, an artifact able to create magical items.
While engaged in civil war, the Titans imprison the world's magic in a number of elemental shards. At first, only they could use the magic within the shards. In time, human channelers arose to challenge the Titans.
Ensuing battles lead to the destruction of the Forge, and ultimately the land itself. A century later, the player leads a faction of humans or Fallen (corrupted life-forms created by the Titans) in a still-devastated world, able to renew it with magic – or pervert it to their will. Human kingdoms sometimes band together against the empires of the Fallen, but each faction strives for ultimate dominance.
Gameplay
Elemental has a single-player campaign, minimal support for multiplayer, no local play (LAN) (despite being advertised), and nonlinear "sandbox" gameplay. Outside the campaign, players win by conquering or allying with other factions, or rebuilding the Forge. Forge pieces may be quested for, or created by learning and casting the Spell of Making, requiring control of all elemental shards.
Players control a pre-built or custom sovereign and belong to a faction; each has characteristics affecting gameplay. Influence over land and resources is gained by founding cities, introducing the ability to train characters and research spells and technologies. Cities can be improved to provide additional space or generate money, resources or prestige (a factor in population growth).
Elemental incorporates many features of role-playing video games. Each character in the game is individually named and outfitted through a character editor, with statistics increasing with experience. Units may be combined into armies to fight more dangerous or numerous opponents. Combat takes place on a separate tactical map, although battles may normally be auto-resolved.
Quests and useful items are scattered randomly across the land, as are wandering monsters and neutral characters; the latter may be hired with gildar, the game's currency. Both may be fought for experience and treasure, although attacking civilians decreases the sovereign's reputation. The number of quests available increases over time as adventuring technologies are unlocked.
Players may negotiate with each other to exchange money, material goods, or diplomatic capital (but not technology), and to enter into treaties and alliances; however, the ability to do so must first be researched. Factors affecting negotiation include race, relative military strength, current relations, trade routes, treaties, character, traits, and family connections.
Gameplay varies depending on the chosen faction. Human kingdoms tend to focus on government and civilization, while the empires of the Fallen are more about individual units.
Executive producer Scott Tykoski compared the game to Viva Piñata, but substituting "shovels and creatures filled with candy for swords and creatures filled with dark magic". Designer Brad Wardell said that players should expect to reach "a Sauron or Morgoth level of power" by the end of the game.
Multiplayer
Before the game was released the developers were talking about a 16-way multiplayer. It wasn't until version 1.08b 09/16/2010 that multiplayer was enabled, but at first it was enabled as a beta for the consumers to test. As of version 1.4 the multiplayer still only supported small maps, which is not enough for 16 players.
Magic
Magic resides in crystal shards named after the elements; earth, air, fire, and water. Spells (which must be researched before use) belong to a number of thematic spellbooks, some of which are unavailable at the start of the game. Players may learn individual spells at their current level, or devote their research to unlocking higher spell levels. While magic-users may cast researched spells from any spellbook possessed by their faction, controlling shards greatly amplifies the potency of spells which use the relevant elements.
Sovereigns start with a certain amount of magical essence, determining how much mana they have, and so how many spells they may cast. They may imbue essence into champions, granting limited power at the cost of their own abilities. Essence may also be expended by sovereigns to escape death and return to a nearby settlement. Marriages involving magic-using characters may result in children with magical skills of their own.
Research
Research is based on reclaiming lost technologies from libraries scattered around the world. Players may direct research to one of five categories; humans and Fallen have separate technology trees.
The chance of gaining a particular technology varies – some are not even offered until a breakthrough is made – so the technology gained may only be picked once the research is complete. The cost of research within a category increases as technologies are researched, making the order of research important.
Artificial intelligence
Players face up to nine computer-controlled factions, neutral cities, bandits and monsters. Neutral cities may be conquered by players or destroyed by bandits and monsters.
The artificial intelligence has two modes of operation: basic and advanced. Basic algorithms are not CPU-intensive, but are not as good as the advanced ones. The chance of using advanced algorithms for a decision – the intelligence factor – varies between difficulty levels. At "challenging", this factor reaches 100%. Some low difficulty levels prohibit the AI from using combat magic, and penalize their economy, hit points and/or starting funds. At higher levels, the AI acquires bonuses; the highest permits the AI to see through the fog of war.
Development
Stardock originally intended to purchase the rights to Master of Magic from Atari, but decided to create their own universe, due in part to issues of compliance and code ownership.
The campaign story was developed with assistance from Random House's Del Rey subsidiary.
Elemental's art style was based on the work of Alphonse Mucha – in particular, his use of "hard lines and soft tones on realistic forms" – and designed for "minimal overhead" so the game might be played on "a crappy netbook."
In March 2010, Stardock CEO Brad Wardell estimated that the game would cost US$5 million to develop. Later in July, he said the game cost approximately half that.
Wardell also indicated Stardock's intention to develop free updates and addons to the game after release, as well as several expansion packs:
When games come out, that's the end of development, but we don't consider our game done - it won't be done for years, because there's so much stuff we can do. So after release we have tons of new quests we want to come out with, we're going to be adding new factions to the game to help liven things up further, we have a ton of new map styles we want to put in - all kinds of crazy new stuff we can put in here.
Early versions of Elemental were provided throughout the development cycle to those who had pre-ordered. The last such version was on August 22, two days before the scheduled release.
The developers planned to allow players to have their worlds populated with player-made mods, accessible from a moderated central database. The game contains an interactive tile editor, and its engine uses only dynamic light sources.
Features
The game engine, Kumquat, provides a user interface able to zoom from a cloth map to a 3D representation of individual buildings and units. 3D objects have variable level of detail, while location names are positioned dynamically on the cloth map. The limited edition includes a poster, canvas map, 20-track music CD, mini-encyclopedia, and a pewter dragon figurine. Copies sold by Best Buy and Walmart had early access to content that could be distributed to all players 90 days after release.
Elemental uses Havok middleware for physics and animation and Bink video. Multiplayer is handled using Stardock's Impulse Reactor; players may use Facebook credentials to log in. The retail copy of the game shipped without any form of digital rights management; however, a legal copy is required to access updates and free addons to the game. Originally users were required to register the game via the Impulse software in order to download updates, but after Impulse was sold to Gamestop updates are also available through Stardock's own website. The Elemental soundtrack was composed by Mason Fisher.
Other media
A novel, Elemental: Destiny's Embers (), was published by Random House to accompany the game. The book is set after the time of the game itself, and involves the quest of a former messenger to save mankind from the Fallen. It came with a coupon for exclusive downloadable content.
Reception
Elemental has an average rating of 53% on review aggregator Metacritic, with grades ranging from 72% to 30%. Reviewers criticized the game for technical issues, problems with core game concepts, and poor GUI and documentation, but praised its ambition and strategic flexibility.
Due to severe technical problems, PC Gamer, GameSpot and GamePro delayed reviewing the game until post-release patches were available.
Game Informer criticized the game's lack of polish and broken combat system, stating that Elemental failed to combine excellent individual features into a cohesive game. PC Gamer felt the game's ambition and sense of discovery were let down by inadequate AI. G4 said the game felt like "a work in progress", lacking documentation and polish, and called it a victim of an over-ambitious design. 1UP.com also criticized the AI and over-ambitious design, concluding that the game "just isn't fun" due to crashes and "a poorly designed GUI". Tom Chick called the game "disappointingly primitive", lacking clarity and purpose, and in need of "the work it should have gotten when it was in beta, if not earlier". For GameSpot, Elemental'''s "solid game foundation" and "many worthy ideas and ambitions" were impeded by a wide range of problems including frequent crashes, disappointing visuals, a poor interface, bad AI and unsatisfying tactical combat. GamePro felt that the game's complexity and lack of focus may be off-putting, but fans of the 4X genre would find a fun game underneath the bugs and lack of tutorials. IGN called the game "strangely engaging" despite its instability and inaccessibility issues, concluding that Elemental was "a game with some great ideas that just haven't been implemented as well as they could be".
Many reviewers felt the game had the potential for significant improvement with sufficient patching, citing Stardock's track record of post-release support.Elemental's designer Brad Wardell agreed with the negative reviews. He ascribed the game problems to insufficient QA process and misuse of RAM Memory and "[his] own catastrophic poor judgment in not objectively evaluating the core game play components". Stardock was forced into layoffs due to the unexpectedly poor launch.
Sales
As of September 5, 2010, Stardock reported that Elemental: War of Magic'' has sold approximately 82,000 copies.
References
External links
2010 video games
4X video games
Games for Windows
Turn-based strategy video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with gender-selectable protagonists
Windows games
Windows-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Stardock games
N3V Games games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental%3A%20War%20of%20Magic
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John Carter is a Seventh-day Adventist Christian evangelist known especially for his work in the former Soviet Union. His presentation is known as the "Carter Report", and he is a somewhat known figure within the Adventist church. He is married to Beverley L. Carter.
Biography
John Carter was born in Australia. His first mission was in Albury, NSW around 1976 after a local TV advertising campaign that saw some 1500 people attend at the Albury Civic Center. He ran a mission in Melbourne in 1980. In 1989, the Carter Report television studio in Newbury Park, California was dedicated.
Work in Communist Countries
A 1990 crusade was attended by thousands of people. In 1991 a small mission was held in Moscow, the capital of the formerly Communist country of Russia. 100 people were baptized and joined the church. In 1992, 2500 were baptized in an outreach in the city of Nizhny Novgorod. Meetings there in the following year brought in 1200 people to the Adventist church. Another series in 1994 saw 8000 conversions to Christianity. Later, 1300 joined the Adventist church through his work. In 1995, he ran meetings in Ukraine's capital Kyiv. 52,000 attended, and 2819 joined the Adventist church. There were city officials that harassed attenders at that evangelistic meeting.
Other Outreach Work
A Los Angeles, California campaign in 1999 saw 100 people join the church. In 1998, the former First Secretary of the local Communist Party of the Nizhny Novgorod was converted through Carter's ministry. Another series in Ukraine in 2001 was attended by 25,000 at its opening.
The Carter Report
In 1996, the Carter Report won two Silver Angel Awards from Excellence In Media. The Tenth Carter Report occurred in 2002.
See also
Media ministries of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
References
John Carter: The Authorised Biography by Phil Ward (Victoria, Australia: Signs, 2006);
External links
The Carter Report official website
Articles by Carter, about Carter, and about the Carter Report as cataloged in the Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index (SDAPI)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Evangelists
Seventh-day Adventist ministers
History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Australian Seventh-day Adventists
Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in Russia
Seventh-day Adventist missionaries in Ukraine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Carter%20%28evangelist%29
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Chrysodeixis subsidens (Australian cabbage looper) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Australia.
The wingspan is ca. 30 mm.
The larvae feed on various plants, including Cabbage, Brassica, Tomato, Solanaceae and Silver Beet.
External links
detailed species info
Plusiinae
Moths described in 1858
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysodeixis%20subsidens
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Te Rehunga is a rural locality located in the Tararua District, part of the Manawatu Whanganui Region of New Zealand.
Known today for its sheep and dairy farming, Te Rehunga is adjacent to the agricultural service towns of Dannevirke and Woodville, and borders the eastern slopes of the Ruahine Range. Local education is provided by Ruahine primary school, with older students attending the nearby Dannevirke High School. The other primary school in Te Rehunga, Rua Roa, was closed in 2003 and the student population transferred to Ruahine School.
Local history
The area was settled originally by Māori iwi (tribes), primarily members of the Rangitāne and Ngāti Kahungunu. A nearby marae, or "meeting house", is the famous Makirikiri Aotea Marae in Dannevirke. There is a strong Māori presence in Te Rehunga, and the Māori continue to play a vital role in the culture and community at large. European settlement in the region began with the arrival of Scandinavian settlers, brought in to begin logging the old-growth timber in the region known as the "Seventy-Mile Bush" (from Norsewood south to what is now Eketāhuna). To this day, Te Rehunga retains some significant vestiges of the original Danish settlement, including descendants of the Danish and Norwegian families.
Today
The Te Rehunga area, although affected by the expected closure of the nearby PPCS Oringi meat-processing plant, continues to slowly progress economically, due in part to its proximity to the Ruahine Forest Parks, as well as adjacent to the busy SH2 national highway linking Auckland and Wellington via Hawke's Bay.
References
Tararua District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Rehunga
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The 1954 LEN European Aquatics Championships were held 31 August – 5 September in Turin, Italy. In swimming, butterfly events were contested for the first time; 100 m for women and 200 m for men.
Medal table
Medal summary
Diving
Men's events
Women's events
Swimming
Men's events
Women's events
Water polo
See also
List of European Championships records in swimming
References
European Championships
European Aquatics Championships
LEN European Aquatics Championships
International aquatics competitions hosted by Italy
European Aquatics
1950s in Turin
European Aquatics Championships
European Aquatics Championships
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%20European%20Aquatics%20Championships
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Juraj Amšel (17 December 1924 in Zagreb – 7 August 1988) was a Croat water polo player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1948 Summer Olympics.
He was part of the Yugoslav team that was eliminated in the second round of the 1948 Olympic tournament. He played two matches. Four years later he was a squad member of the Yugoslav Olympic team in the 1952 tournament but did not play in a match. Again in 1956 he was a squad member but did not play a single match in the 1956 tournament.
See also
Yugoslavia men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
List of men's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers
External links
Juraj Amšel's profile at Proleksis Enciklopedija
1924 births
1988 deaths
Sportspeople from Zagreb
Croatian male water polo players
Yugoslav male water polo players
Water polo goalkeepers
Olympic water polo players for Yugoslavia
Water polo players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juraj%20Am%C5%A1el
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The Secret of the Iron Door (, translit. Tayna zheleznoy dveri) is a 1970 Soviet children's film directed by Mikhail Yuzovsky after a screenplay by Aleksandr Rejzhevsky loosely based on a story Wizard Walked Through the City by Yuri Tomin. It was produced by Gorky Film Studio.
Plot summary
Fourth form boy Tolik Ryizhkov (Evaldas Mikaliunas) is a naughty child and fibber. Once he received a box of magic matches while hiding behind the iron door of a transformer booth. Every match, when broken, can act like a magic wand but just once.
A boy with his two friends and a dog find themselves on an island of an evil wizard (Sergei Yevsyunin) of their age, who found the equal box of matches and used them to create his own little egocentric world.
The young wizard put Tolik's friends in prison and is trying to make Tolik as evil as himself. But Tolik stays faithful to his friendship and rescues his friends without the help of any magic.
Cast
Evaldas Mikaliunas as Tolik (boy)
Andrei Kharybin as Mishka (boy)
Dmitri Yuzovsky as Mitka (boy)
Sergei Yevsyunin as Wizard (boy)
Alisa Freindlich as Tolik's mother
Oleg Tabakov as Tolik's father
Saveli Kramarov as guitar player Zaytsev / Pigeon
Yuri Uspensky as Robot Balbes
Alexander Ivanov as traffic policeman
Gerasim Voronkov as violinist Leonid
Vyacheslav Tsyupa as Chicha
Supporting cast
Vladimir Brezhnev, Valeri Fomenkov, Svetlana Galkina
Tatyana Grishina, Anatoli Ivanov, Eduard Ivanov
Dmitri Kitayev, Boris Mayorov, Yevgeni Mayorov
Tatyana Mikhajlova, Vladimir Popkov, Nikolai Sologubov
Svetlana Starikova, Georgi Svetlani
Crew
Cinematography by Vitaly Grishin.
Music by Vadim Gamaleya, lyrics by Evgeny Agranovich.
Artists by Lyudmila Bezsmertnova, Aleksander Vagichev.
Editing by Yanina Bogolepova.
Costumes by M. Tomashevskaya.
Trivia
After transforming back from pigeon into Zaytsev Saveli Kramarov appears nude in the end of the film.
References
External links
1970 films
Russian children's fantasy films
1970s adventure films
1970s science fiction films
1970s Russian-language films
Gorky Film Studio films
Films based on Russian novels
Soviet children's films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20of%20the%20Iron%20Door
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Ciarán O'Boyle (born 22 February 1984) is an Irish former rugby union player.
Career
O'Boyle joined the Munster academy ahead of the 2005–06 season, and progressed to a development contract with the province ahead of the 2006–07 season. In 2007, O'Boyle was part of the Garryowen team that defeated Cork Constitution 16–15 in the All-Ireland League Division 1 final. He made his senior debut for Munster in their 28–14 win against Edinburgh on 22 February 2009, with O'Boyle scoring the try that clinched a bonus-point for the province. He also scored a try for Munster during his second appearance for the province in their 20–9 win against Newport Gwent Dragons on 7 March 2009, however, he also sustained a torn hamstring during the game, ruling him out for two months. Despite this setback, O'Boyle was promoted to a full contract for the 2009–10 season, but he was released by Munster at the end of that season and returned to the amateur club scene with Garryowen.
References
External links
Munster Profile
1984 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Limerick (city)
Irish rugby union players
Munster Rugby players
Garryowen Football Club players
Rugby union wings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n%20O%27Boyle
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Officially called the Treaty between Australia and the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste on Certain Maritime Arrangements in the Timor Sea (CMATS), the treaty provides for the equal distribution of revenue derived from the disputed Greater Sunrise oil and gas field between Australia and East Timor. The field is located in the Timor Gap where Australia and East Timor have overlapping claims over the continental shelf or seabed. Prior to the treaty, East Timor would only have received about 18% of the revenue from the field.
CMATS also puts on hold the right by both countries to claim sovereign rights, discuss maritime boundaries or engage in any legal process in relation to maritime boundaries or territorial jurisdiction for 50 years which is the duration the treaty is in effect. CMATS is one of three treaties concerning the exploitation of gas and petroleum in the Timor Gap and is to be "read together" with the other two treaties, namely the Timor Sea Treaty of 2002 and the Sunrise International Unitization Agreement (Sunrise UIA) of 2003.
CMATS was signed in Sydney on January 12, 2006, by Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer and his East Timorese counterpart José Ramos-Horta. It came into force on February 23, 2007, with the exchange of notes in Dili, East Timor. The East Timor parliament had ratified the treaty while Alexander Downer invoked the national interest exemption to fast-track ratification at the Australian Parliament.
The Treaty became the subject of an action by East Timor before the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague as a result of the Australia-East Timor spying scandal. Hearings commenced on 29 August 2016.
In 2017, East Timor terminated CMATS, claiming it was invalid, due to Australian intelligence operations in 2004. Following a resolution at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, CMATS was succeeded in 2018 by the Treaty Between Australia and the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Establishing Their Maritime Boundaries in the Timor Sea.
Treaty provisions
Without prejudice to the final settlement of borders
CMATS will not prejudice or affect Timor-Leste's or Australia's legal position or legal rights to the delimitation of their respective maritime boundaries. It will also not amount to a renunciation of any right or claims.
Treaty duration
The treaty replaces Article 22 of the Timor Sea Treaty, making its validity period the same as CMATS's, which is until 2057. The Timor Sea Treaty can however be renewed by the agreement of both parties.
Moratorium
Both parties will not "assert, pursue or further by any means in relation to the other party" its claims to sovereign rights, jurisdiction and maritime boundaries for the period CMATS is in force. Both countries will also not start any proceedings against the other before any court on issues related to maritime boundaries or delimitation in the Timor Sea. Furthermore, no court proceedings involving the countries shall decide or comment on anything related to maritime boundaries or delimitation and any such comment or finding shall be of no effect and shall not be relied upon at any time. Neither country shall also pursue in any international organization matters related to maritime boundaries or delimitation.
This "postponement" on settling the question of sovereignty over the seabed is aimed at providing stability for the legal regime governing the exploitation of the Greater Sunrise field and removing the "petroleum factor" once the two countries get down to settling their maritime boundaries.
Existing petroleum exploitation to continue
Under CMATS, both countries can continue with petroleum exploitation activities in areas in which had been authorised by its domestic legislation on 19 May 2002. This is taken to allow Australia to continue with petroleum exploration and exploitation activities in the Laminaria-Coralina and other fields it claims to be located in its territorial waters as a result of the Agreement between the Government of the Commonwealth of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia Establishing Certain Seabed Boundaries in the Area of the Timor and Arafura Seas, Supplementary to the Agreement of 18 May 1971 (See Australia-Indonesia border page). East Timor had not granted any such activity as it had not attained independence at the said date. The state of domestic legislation on the said date was confirmed by two side letters, one from José Ramos-Horta confirming East Timor's position, and the other from Alexander Downer confirming Australia's position. This has been argued to be unfair to East Timor as it legitimises Australia's exploitation of petroleum in the disputed areas outside the Joint Petroleum Development Area established under the Timor Sea Treaty.
Timor Sea Treaty terms stay
The terms of the Joint Petroleum Development Area established under the Timor Sea Treaty will continue to be applied over the said area.
Negotiations for permanent boundaries
Both parties are not obliged to negotiate permanent maritime boundaries for the period of the treaty.
Division of Greater Sunrise' revenues
Both countries will share the upstream (valued as at oil well) revenue from the Greater Sunrise field on a 50:50 basis. The upstream value of the petroleum shall be determined at "arm's length" basis. The increase in East Timor's share on the proceeds from Greater Sunrise from 18.1% to 50% could be said to be the result of pressure based on East Timor's argument that the field was located closer to it than Australia and should therefore belong to it, a position claimed in submissions to the Australian Joint Standing Committee on Treaties in 2007, by which a 50% share is still not adequate for East Timor. According to this position, if a maritime boundary were established along the median line between the coasts of the two countries, the current prevailing practice, all of Greater Sunrise would be in Timor-Leste's territory. However, another source indicates that the part of Greater Sunrise that lies outside of East Timor's current jurisdiction, while indeed closer to East Timor than to Australia, is also closer to Indonesia than to East Timor and thus would not be in East Timor's territory.
As for the method of payment, Australia is to pay East Timor half the total revenue earned by itself and East Timor less the amount of revenue earned by East Timor. On the event East Timor's revenue exceeds that of Australia, no payment will be made by East Timor but subsequent payments by Australia to East Timor shall be adjusted accordingly.
Each party can request the appointment of an assessor to determine the amount of revenue earned by either country.
Treaties governing petroleum resources exploitation
All obligations related to exploring and exploiting for petroleum by Australia and East Timor for the duration of CMATS shall be governed by CMATS, Timor Sea Treaty, Sunrise International Unitization Agreement and any future agreement drawn up pursuant to the Timor Sea Treaty. CMATS however does not revoke the Timor Sea Treaty or the Sunrise IUA.
Water column jurisdiction
East Timor shall have "sovereign rights" over the water column north of the southern border of the Joint Petroleum Development Area established under the Timor Sea Treaty while Australia gains "sovereign rights" over the water column south of the line. The coordinates of the line is determined in Annex II of the treaty.
Timor-Leste/Australia Maritime Commission
A Maritime Commission comprising one minister each appointed by the two countries. The commission should meet at least once a year.
No further re-apportionment of Greater Sunrise revenue
The parties agree not to re-determine the apportionment ratio of the Greater Sunrise field for the period the treaty is in force.
Duration of CMATS
CMATS shall remain in force for 50 years after its entry into force, which was on February 22, 2057, or five years after the exploitation of the Greater Sunrise field ceases, whichever earlier. Either East Timor or Australia can terminate most of CMATS if a development plan for the Greater Sunrise field is not approved within six years after its entry into force, or if production of petroleum from the field does not commence within 10 years after the date of entry into force of this Treaty. Should petroleum production take place in the Greater Sunrise field after the termination of CMATS, all the terms of this treaty shall come back into force and operate from the date of commencement of production. No development plan had been approved by 23 February 2013, six years after CMATS came into force, and Timor-Leste was weighing whether to give notice of termination.
Entry into force
CMATS will enter into force after an exchange of notes by both parties that their respective parliaments have ratified the treaty. The exchange of notes occurred on February 23, 2007.
East Timor's parliament ratified the treaty on February 20, 2007. CMATS was tabled in the Australian parliament on the first sitting day of 2007 on February 6, 2007, and on February 22, 2007, just before the exchange of notes with East Timor, Minister for Foreign Affairs Alexander Downer wrote to inform the parliament's Joint Standing Committee on Treaties of his decision to invoke the national interest exemption, to speed up ratification of the treaty by not first referring it to the Joint Committee.
See also
Sunrise International Unitization Agreement
Timor Gap
Timor Gap Treaty
Timor Sea Treaty
References
Notes
Further reading
Timor Sea
Australia–East Timor border
Commercial treaties
Joint development areas
Timor Sea
Timor Sea
2006 in East Timor
2006 in Australian law
Treaties concluded in 2006
Treaties entered into force in 2007
2000s establishments in East Timor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20on%20Certain%20Maritime%20Arrangements%20in%20the%20Timor%20Sea
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"She Does It Right" is a song by the band Dr. Feelgood. Recorded in 1974 it appeared on their debut album, Down by the Jetty.
"She Does It Right" was also issued as a single in the UK in March 1975. It failed to reach the UK Singles Chart. Written by Wilko Johnson, and produced by Vic Maile, the song was Dr. Feelgood's second single release, following their debut with "Roxette". The b-side of the record, "I Don't Mind", was also penned by Johnson.
"She Does It Right" was also later included in Dr. Feelgood's 1997's compilation album, Twenty Five Years of Dr. Feelgood.
During an interview with Wilko Johnson, Songwriting Magazine described the track as "three and a half minutes of proto-punk heaven".
References
1975 singles
Music in Southend-on-Sea
Dr. Feelgood (band) songs
1975 songs
Song recordings produced by Vic Maile
United Artists Records singles
Songs written by Wilko Johnson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%20Does%20It%20Right
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Maroochy Barambah is an Australian Aboriginal mezzo-soprano singer. She is a song-woman, law-woman and elder of the Turrbal people.
Early life
She was born Yvette Isaacs in the 1950s in Cherbourg, Queensland. She is of the Turrbal-Gubbi Gubbi people and is a member of the Stolen Generations. She considers herself a beneficiary of her removal. As a tribute to her Aboriginality she took the names Maroochy (meaning "black swan") and Barambah (meaning "source of the western wind").
Career
Maroochy Barambah rose to fame for her part in the 1989 Sydney Metropolitan Opera production of Black River, by Julianne Schultz and Andrew Schultz, an opera about black deaths in custody, and later starring in the 1993 film adaption which was awarded the Grand-Prix, Opera Screen at Opera Bastille, Paris. She also has appeared in the indigenous musical Bran Nue Dae, the 1981 television series Women of the Sun and in the opera Beach Dreaming (written for and about her by Mark Isaacs).
She has released two singles, one of which, "Aborigine", reached the top 10 on the U.S. Billboard Dance chart.
She performed at the 1993 AFL Grand Final, singing Waltzing Matilda and Advance Australia Fair. Her performance was criticized by many as she sang out of tune and missed an entire verse.
Maroochy's translation of Advance Australia Fair into Turrubul, the native language of the Aboriginal people of the Brisbane region, was performed at the 2013 Indigenous All Stars Rugby League match at Suncorp Stadium, Brisbane, on 9 February 2013.
On 15 November 2014, Maroochy featured in the Welcome to Country ceremony at the formal opening of the 2014 G-20 Australia Summit, held in Brisbane, Australia, performing in front of national leaders and international dignitaries.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Appears on
Women of the sun (1981) miniseries
Black River (1997) soundtrack - MusicArtsDance Films
References
1950s births
Living people
Indigenous Australian musicians
Australian mezzo-sopranos
20th-century Australian women opera singers
Members of the Stolen Generations
Operatic mezzo-sopranos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroochy%20Barambah
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Theodora Komnene or Comnena () may refer to:
Theodora Komnene (daughter of Alexios I) (born 1096), daughter of Alexios I Komnenos, wife of Constantine Angelos and ancestor of the Angelos dynasty
Theodora Despina Komnene, daughter of John IV of Trebisond and consort of Aq Qoyunlu's ruler Uzun Hasan
Theodora Komnene Dalassene, sister of Alexios I Komnenos, wife of Constantine Diogenes II
Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem (born c. 1145), niece of Manuel I Komnenos, wife of Baldwin III of Jerusalem
Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria (died 1184), niece of Manuel I Komnenos, wife of Henry II, Duke of Austria
Theodora Komnene, Princess of Antioch (fl. 1140), niece of Manuel I Komnenos, wife of Bohemond III of Antioch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora%20Komnene
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Flowering Plants of Africa is a series of illustrated botanical magazines akin to Curtis's Botanical Magazine, initiated as Flowering Plants of South Africa by I. B. Pole-Evans in 1920. It is now published by the South African National Biodiversity Institute in Pretoria. The magazine depicts and describes flowering plants from Africa and its neighbouring islands. The issues are printed in soft cover measuring 250 x 190 mm.
The first volumes were printed in England by L. Reeve & Co. These first illustrations were done in black and white by lithography, zinc plates later replacing the stone. A copy of the original water colour guided teams of hand-colour artists who applied paint where needed. Hand-colouring was a family craft carried on from generation to generation. Single colour printing was occasionally done to help speed the process, especially when skilled hand-colour artists were in short supply, as happened in World War II.
Notable botanists who contributed to this journal include Anna Amelia Obermeyer and Josef Bogner.
Notable botanical artists who have contributed to its pages include Kathleen Annie Lansdell, Gillian Condy, Fay Anderson, Auriol Batten, Rosemary Holcroft, Betty Connell, Cythna Letty (who was responsible for over 700 plates), Barbara Pike and Ellaphie Ward-Hilhorst.
The series was edited by I. B. Pole-Evans (1921-1939), Edwin Percy Phillips (1940-1944), Robert Allen Dyer (1945-1964) and L. E. W. Codd.
References
External links
Botany journals
Defunct magazines published in South Africa
Horticultural magazines
Magazines established in 1920
Mass media in Pretoria
Magazines published in South Africa
English-language magazines published in South Africa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering%20Plants%20of%20Africa
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Veljko Bakašun (June 14, 1920 – July 17, 2007) was a Croat water polo player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics.
He died in Korčula.
Bakašun was part of the Yugoslav team which was eliminated in the second round of the 1948 Olympic tournament. He played all three matches.
Four years later he won the silver medal with the Yugoslav team in the 1952 tournament. He played six matches.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
External links
1920 births
2007 deaths
Croatian male water polo players
Yugoslav male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Yugoslavia
Water polo players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Yugoslavia
Olympic medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veljko%20Baka%C5%A1un
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Sir Stephen Stewart Templeton Young, 3rd Baronet, QC, is a Scottish baronet and held the post of Sheriff Principal of Grampian, Highland and Islands from 2001 until 2012. He is the third Baronet of Partick.
He gained an MA degree from Oxford University and an LLB degree from the University of Edinburgh.
He was appointed Sheriff Principal of Grampian, Highlands and Islands in 2001, a position he held until 2012.
He became a QC in 2002 and in 2005 was appointed Chairman of the Sheriff Court Rules Council.
He is also ex officio a Commissioner of the Northern Lighthouse Board, and a Governor of The Robert Gordon University.
Arms
References
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Scottish sheriffs
Living people
21st-century King's Counsel
Scottish King's Counsel
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh School of Law
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
1947 births
Partick
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Stephen%20Young%2C%203rd%20Baronet
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Dean Parma Waugh (born 3 February 1969) is a former Australian first-class cricketer who played a match for New South Wales and also represented South Australia at list A level.
Although he only had a brief career in Australian domestic cricket, the right-handed batsman is noted for being the younger brother of players Mark and Steve Waugh.
His only first-class appearance came during the 1995–96 Sheffield Shield season when a Phil Emery led New South Wales, in the absence of their Test stars, took on Queensland at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The Queenslanders batted first and amassed 371, with Waugh taking a catch to dismiss their captain Allan Border off the bowling of Greg Matthews. Waugh batted at five in the batting order and made 19 before falling to Paul Jackson, caught behind. He was dismissed in the same fashion in his second dig, this time to Michael Kasprowicz for three, as New South Wales followed on and could only set Queensland a target of one run.
Also in the 1995–96 summer he took the field for New South Wales in two Mercantile Mutual Cup matches. After opening the batting and scoring 15 on his debut, Waugh moved back into the middle order when he was picked in the Semi Final side which played Western Australia. He made a rapid 28, off just 25 balls, before being run-out and then watched the Western Warriors chase down their score in the 47th over. The following season he played one other Mercantile Mutual one day match for New South Wales and then decided to make the move to South Australia.
Waugh could not break into the South Australian Sheffield Shield team but did take part in their 1998–99 Mercantile Mutual Cup campaign. The second of his two games - his last appearance in Australian domestic cricket, was another Semi Final loss. On this occasion it was Victoria who eliminated his team from the competition. After scoring 17 of South Australia's total of 175, he took a couple of catches during Victoria's pursuit of their target before the winning runs were hit with just nine balls to spare.
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
Australian cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
South Australia cricketers
Kensington cricketers
Waugh family (Australia)
Cricketers from Sydney
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Waugh
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Djaambi were an urban rock band formed in 1989 by Richard Frankland (ex-Interaction) on lead vocals and saxophone, with both Aboriginal and white members. Initially a ten-piece, they had a variable line-up and sometimes had 15 performers. The word, djaambi, is "brother" in an Aboriginal language. The group released a self-titled album in 1990 and supported Prince on his Australian Tour in 1992.
Djaambi were the subject of a documentary, Beating About the Bush (Titus Films, 1993), which followed their travels from Alice Springs, through Aboriginal communities, to Darwin. It was co-produced and co-directed by Nicholas Adler and Caroline Sherwood. According to The Canberra Times staff reporters, "It was obvious that most of the band members, particularly the more vocal Aboriginal ones, did not want the film crew there. It was a wonder they allowed the crew in the first place, considering the distrust of them... Franklin was virtually the only person who was happy with the filming." Frankland, who was also a film maker, had the group provide music for three of his films.
Former members of Djaambi include Peter Rotumah on bass guitar (ex-Hard Times), who was later in the Black Arm Band. Three female vocalists, Amy Saunders (Frankland's sister), Sally Dastey and Lou Bennett, left in 1991 to form a folk band, Tiddas. Other band members included Peter Pascotto (drums), Peter Camm (guitar), Dean Hilson (sax), Eugene Ball (trumpet), Allyson Walker (vocals), Julia Messenger (vocals), Sonny Cooper (didge, dancer) and Paul Wright (didge, dancer), Francis Cleary (audio & production) . Bennett later recalled her time with Djaambi, "the band could range from 10 to 15, depending on who was in the audience with a didgeridoo, or who could dance." Bennett, Dastey and Saunders were also members of the Black Arm Band. During 1995 to 1996 Frankland recorded his debut solo album, Down Three Waterholes Road (September 1997).
References
Victoria (state) musical groups
Indigenous Australian musical groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djaambi
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J. Kevin Barlow is a Mi'kmaq from the Indian island of New Brunswick. He is a former Chief Executive Officer of the Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network (CAAN).
Barlow worked in the aboriginal health field for over 25 years. He has presented his research in New Zealand, the United States, Mexico, and across Canada, exploring challenges in international HIV prevention and AIDS education.
He has worked primarily in the HIV/AIDS sector, and is Principal Investigator on a number of grants exploring cultural competence, mental health, and historical trauma. His leadership and advocacy earned him a national award for excellence in aboriginal programming in 2006.
References
External links
Cedar Project website
Publications
J. Kevin Barlow, EXAMINING HIV/AIDS AMONG THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION IN CANADA: in the post-residential school era (2003), found at PDF
HIV/AIDS activists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20Kevin%20Barlow
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Marko Brainović (17 July 1920 – 16 October 2010) was a Croat water polo player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1948 Summer Olympics and in the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Yugoslav team that was eliminated in the second round of the 1948 Olympic tournament. He played two matches. Four years later he won the silver medal with the Yugoslav team in the 1952 tournament. He played three matches.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
References
Mention of Zdravko-Ćiro Kovačić as the last Yugoslavian water polo player from 1948
External links
1920 births
2010 deaths
Water polo players from Split, Croatia
Croatian male water polo players
Yugoslav male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Yugoslavia
Water polo players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Yugoslavia
Olympic medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Burials at Lovrinac Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko%20Brainovi%C4%87
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Vladimir Ivković (25 July 1929 – 10 March 1992) was a Croat water polo player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1952 Summer Olympics and in the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born in Dubrovnik. Ivković was part of the Yugoslav team which won the silver medal in the 1952 tournament. He played two matches. Four years later he won again the silver medal with the Yugoslav team in the 1956 tournament, and again he played two matches.
See also
List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
References
External links
1929 births
1992 deaths
Sportspeople from Dubrovnik
Croatian male water polo players
Yugoslav male water polo players
Olympic water polo players for Yugoslavia
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Yugoslavia
Olympic medalists in water polo
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Ivkovi%C4%87
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Baitul Huda (House of Guidance) may refer to:
Baitul Huda (Sydney), Australia
Baitul Huda (Usingen), Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitul%20Huda
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The Gums is a rural town and locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , The Gums had a population of 159 people.
Geography
The town is at the junction of the Leichhardt Highway and the Surat Developmental Road on the Darling Downs, west of the state capital, Brisbane.
The Glenmorgan railway line passes through the locality from east (Tara) to west (Hannaford). In 2017, there were three stations serving the locality: The Gums railway station (which is north of but close to the town, ), Cabawin railway station (), and South Glen railway station (). However, in 2019, only The Gums railway station is listed as still operational.
History
The name of the town was derived from The Gums railway station, on the Glenmorgan railway line from Dalby to Glenmorgan, used from 1924.
South Glen Provisional School opened in 1913 and closed circa 1921.
The Gums State School opened on 27 January 1913.
In 1914 a Methodist church was built at The Gums.
Cabawin Provisional School opened on 30 January 1934. In 1952 it became Cabawin State School. It closed in 1960. It was on Cabawin South Road ().
At the , The Gums and the surrounding area had a population of 169.
In the , The Gums had a population of 159 people.
Education
The Gums State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 12051 Surat Developmental Road (). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 22 students with 4 teachers (2 full-time equivalent) and 5 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).
There is no secondary school in The Gums. The nearest secondary school is Tara Shire State College in Tara.
Facilities
The Gums has a small cemetery (). One of the headstones is for the first headmaster of The Gums State School, Alexander Davison who died on 7 November 1916.
References
External links
Towns in Queensland
Western Downs Region
Darling Downs
Localities in Queensland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gums%2C%20Queensland
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Rhoda Dakar (born 1959) is a British singer and musician, best known as the lead singer of The Bodysnatchers, who were signed to the 2 Tone record label. She also worked with The Specials/Special AKA, and also other 2-Tone artists.
Career
Dakar, born in Hampstead, London, joined The Bodysnatchers in 1979. Their first single was a double A-side "Let's Do Rock Steady" backed with "Ruder Than You". It reached # 22 in the UK Singles Chart. The band were invited to appear on Top of the Pops, to tour with The Selecter and to record a session for BBC Radio 1 disc jockey John Peel. Their second single "Easy Life" coupled with their version of Bob Andy's "Too Experienced" reached number 50. Several members of the Bodysnatchers then left to form The Belle Stars.
Dakar also collaborated with The Specials. Her duet with Terry Hall, "I Can't Stand It", appeared on the album More Specials. She also sang backing vocals on Pearl's Cafe on the album. After The Specials announced their break up in 1981, Jerry Dammers formed The Special AKA, along with Dakar and John Bradbury. Their first single release, "The Boiler", reached # 35 in the UK Singles Chart in 1982.
Dakar performed on The Special AKA album In the Studio, which featured the UK Top 10 single "Free Nelson Mandela". The album reached # 34 in the UK Albums Chart.
Her first solo album, Cleaning in Another Woman's Kitchen, was released in November 2007 on Moon Ska World. It featured acoustic versions of songs from the Bodysnatchers as well as material co-written with Nick Welsh, who attended the same comprehensive school as Buster Bloodvessel, and who recorded as King Hammond in the early 1990s. Dakar and Welsh released a garage rock album Back to the Garage on N1 Records in April 2009.
In 2009, she was the featured guest vocalist on the song "On the Town" on the Madness album The Liberty of Norton Folgate. She performed the track at their Madstock show in Victoria Park, London in July 2009.
In 2015, she returned to the studio to re-record The Bodysnatchers tracks for the album Rhoda Dakar Sings the Bodysnatchers. The line up for the recording included Lynval Golding and Horace Panter from The Specials, plus members of Pama International and Intensified.
In 2022, Rhoda had a guest appearance on the song "As We Live" on the album "In the Wild" by The Interrupters.
Discography
Singles
The Bodysnatchers
"Let's Do Rock Steady" UK #22 (March 1980)
"Easy Life" UK #50 (July 1980)
The Special AKA
"The Boiler" UK #35 (January 1982)
"Racist Friend" UK #60 (September 1983)
"Free Nelson Mandela" UK #9 (March 1984)
"What I Like Most About You Is Your Girlfriend" UK #51 (September 1984)
Rhoda Dakar
"Everyday Is Like Sunday" (April 2021)
"The Man Who Sold The World" (January 2022)
"Walking After Midnight" (March 2022)
"As Tears Go By" (July 2022)
"What a Wonderful World" (January 2023)
Albums
Various Artists, Dance Craze #5 (February 1981)
Various Artists, This Are Two Tone UK #51 (November 1983)
Various Artists, The Two Tone Story UK #16 (July 1989)
The Special AKA, In the Studio UK #34 (June 1984)
Rhoda Dakar, Cleaning in Another Woman's Kitchen (November 2007)
Rhoda Dakar & Nick Welsh, Back to the Garage (April 2009)
Rhoda Dakar, Rhoda Dakar Sings the Bodysnatchers (August 2015)
Rhoda Dakar, The Lotek Four Vol. I (October 2016)
Rhoda Dakar, The Lotek Four Vol. II (October 2018)
References
British ska musicians
English rock singers
English women singers
Women new wave singers
Musicians from Hampstead
1959 births
Living people
2 Tone Records artists
The Specials members
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoda%20Dakar
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Henri Joseph Fenet (11 July 1919 – 14 September 2002) was a French collaborator who served in the Milice française before joining the Waffen-SS during World War II. As the surviving battalion commander of SS Charlemagne, Fenet was part of the last defenders in the area of the Reich Chancellery and Hitler's in April-May 1945. After the war, he was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment with hard labour in 1949. He was released in 1959 and died on 14 September 2002.
French service
Henri Joseph Fenet was born on 11 July 1919 in France. Prior to World War II he studied literature at the University of Paris. At the outbreak of war he volunteered for the French Army and was commissioned as an officer with the rank of lieutenant. He was wounded twice and decorated with the Croix de Guerre. Following the capitulation of France he chose to stay and join the Armistice Army of Vichy France serving in a colonial regiment in Mauritania until October 1942.
On his return Fenet joined the newly formed collaborationist paramilitary Milice before volunteering in October 1943 for the Waffen-SS.
Waffen-SS
In July 1943 Paul Marion, the Vichy Propaganda Minister, began a nationwide recruitment for the Waffen-SS in France. The (Committee of the Friends of the Waffen-SS) was established by the minister and proceeded to actively recruit men who were between the ages of 20–25, "free of Jewish blood," and physically fit. Roughly 3000 applied to the assorted offices in the first few months, many of them college students. The organization also spent much time trying to recruit experienced French officers, like Fenet, to the organization. In October 1943, Fenet volunteered for the Waffen-SS and was sent to the SS school at Bad Tölz. In March 1944 he received the rank of Obersturmführer (senior assault leader, equivalent of first lieutenant) in the Waffen-SS and was given command of a company of the newly formed 8th SS Assault Brigade Frankreich.
In September 1944, Fenet and his company were sent to Könitz, West Prussia, where they joined other French recruits to form a new brigade-sized formation, later known as the SS Division Charlemagne. Joining them were French collaborators fleeing the Allied advance in the west, as well as Frenchmen from the German Navy, the National Socialist Motor Corps (NSKK), the Organisation Todt and the detested Milice security police. In February 1945, the unit was officially upgraded to a division. At this time it had a strength of 7,340 men. Fenet was named the commander of a battalion, which he led until April 1945.
The unit was sent to fight the Soviet Red Army in Poland, but by 25 February it was attacked at Hammerstein (present day Czarne) in Pomerania, by troops of the 1st Belorussian Front. The Soviet forces split the French force into three pockets. In heavy fighting against the Soviet Red Army, 7 officers and 130 men were killed, while 8 officers and 661 men were wounded. Fenet's battalion was part of one of the groups that was able to break out and return to the German lines. They were evacuated by the German Navy to Denmark and later sent to Neustrelitz.
Berlin, 1945
On 23 April 1945, the Reich Chancellery in Berlin ordered Brigadeführer Gustav Krukenberg to proceed to the capital. About 350 men from the remains of the Charlemagne division chose to go to Berlin. The men had been reorganized as Sturmbataillon ("assault battalion") "Charlemagne" and was attached to the SS Division Nordland.
In the days which followed, fighting was very heavy and by 28 April, 108 Soviet tanks had been destroyed in the southeast of Berlin within the S-Bahn. The French squads under the command of Fenet accounted for "about half" of the tanks. Fenet, who was now wounded in the foot, withdrew with the battalion to the vicinity of the Reich Aviation Ministry in the central government district under the command of Wilhelm Mohnke. For the combat actions of the battalion during the Battle of Berlin, Fenet was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 29 April 1945 by Mohnke. By the evening of 30 April, the French SS men serving under Fenet had destroyed another 21 Soviet tanks.
SS Charlemagne and its remaining men under the command of Fenet, were one of the last units defending Hitler's . On 2 May 1945, most of the surviving Frenchmen left in Berlin surrendered to the Soviet Red Army. The rest, including Fenet, surrendered to British forces at Bad Kleinen and Wismar. Fenet was handed over to the Soviet Red Army, who put him in a prisoner of war camp and then let him be treated for his foot wound at hospital. He was then returned to a POW camp and a short time later released by the Soviets. Fenet was arrested upon his return to France.
Later life
In 1949, Fenet was convicted of being a collaborator and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment with hard labour. He was released in 1959. After Fenet was released, he appeared in several documentary films and television programmes. He also ran a small independent auto business. Fenet died on 14 September 2002.
Awards
Croix de Guerre (France).
Knight's Cross; 29 April 1945 (Nazi Germany).
References
Citations
Bibliography
1919 births
2002 deaths
People from Ain
SS-Hauptsturmführer
French Army personnel of World War II
French prisoners of war in World War II
French Army officers
University of Paris alumni
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
French Waffen-SS personnel
World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union
People convicted of indignité nationale
French military personnel of World War I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Fenet
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Theodora Komnene (, died 2 January 1184), Latinized Theodora Comnena, was a daughter of the Byzantine prince Andronikos Komnenos and his wife, Eirene (?Aineiadissa). Based on the writings of Niketas Choniates, it is likely Theodora was Andronikos' second daughter. The year of Theodora's birth is unknown.
Life and Death
Little is known of Theodora's early life, except that her father died in 1142. She does not appear in the historical record again until the late 1140s, when she was betrothed to and married Henry II of Austria, whose first wife, Gertrude of Supplingenburg had died in 1143. The marriage had been arranged by her uncle, Manuel I and her eventual husband's half-brother, Conrad III of Germany, during the latter's stay in Constantinople.
Theodora and Henry were married in Constantinople, and subsequently granted the Duchy of Austria by Frederick I Barbarossa in 1156.
Theodora died on 2 January 1184.
Family
Theodora had three children by her husband Henry:
Agnès (?1154 – 13 January 1182) married to Stephen III of Hungary
Leopold V, Duke of Austria (1157 – 31 December 1194)
Henry, Duke of Mödling (1158 – 31 August 1223) married Richeza of Bohemia, daughter of Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia.
Ancestry
References
Sources
Runciman, S.; A History of the Crusades, Vols. 1-3 (Penguin Books, 1978)
Fuhrmann, H., (trans. Reuter, T.); Germany in the high middle ages c.1050-1200 (Cambridge University Press, 1995)
Pertz, G. H. (ed.); Auctarium Zwetlensis et Continuatio (Hannover, 1851, 1925)
Hereberg-Fränke, S. (ed.); Diocesis Salisburgensis Regiones Salisburgensis et Bavarica (Berlin, 1904)
Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Von Ostarrichi an den Bosporus. Ein Überblick zu den Beziehungen im Mittelalter (From Ostarrichi to the Bosporus: an overview of relations in the Middle Ages), in: Pro Oriente Jahrbuch 2010. Vienna 2011, p. 66-77
Theodora
1184 deaths
12th-century Byzantine people
Austrian royal consorts
Year of birth unknown
Mothers of monarchs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora%20Komnene%2C%20Duchess%20of%20Austria
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Live at the Royal Albert Hall is a live album by Paul Weller. The concert was first released on DVD on 27 November 2000, and this live album is the audio of that concert. The track listing for the album runs in a different order to the DVD. The original DVD was also packaged with the album. The album reached #140 in the UK album chart.
Track listing
Disc 1 – DVD
Peacock Suit
Friday Street
He's the Keeper
Back in the Fire
Dust and Rocks
Out of the Sinking
Heavy Soul
Time and Temperance
Frightened
You Do Something to Me
The Changingman
Porcelain Gods
There's No Drinking After You're Dead
As You Lean into the Light
Broken Stones
Picking Up Sticks
Loveless
Woodcutter's Son
Disc 2 – CD
The Changingman
Porcelain Gods
You Do Something to Me
Peacock Suit
Out of the Sinking
Friday Street
Broken Stones
Back in the Fire
Loveless
Heavy Soul
Picking Up Sticks
There's No Drinking After You're Dead
He's the Keeper
As You Lean into the Light
Dust and Rocks
Woodcutter's Son
Frightened
Time and Temperance
References
Live albums recorded at the Royal Albert Hall
2000 live albums
2000 video albums
Live video albums
Paul Weller live albums
Paul Weller video albums
Warner Records live albums
Warner Records video albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20at%20the%20Royal%20Albert%20Hall%20%28Paul%20Weller%20album%29
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David Gomez may refer to:
David Gómez (baseball) (1902–?), Cuban baseball player
David Gómez Martínez (born 1981), Spanish decathlete
David Gomez (footballer) (born 1988), Brazilian-Israeli footballer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Gomez
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The Baitus Salam (House of Peace) is a mosque in Sarajevo run by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (AMJ) in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
See also
Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of mosques in Europe
Ahmadiyya mosques in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mosques in Sarajevo
Mosques completed in 2004
21st-century mosques
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baitus%20Salam%20Mosque%2C%20Sarajevo
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is a railway station in Chūō-ku, Fukuoka in Japan. Its station symbol is a track and field athlete in red be looks like "ア" which is Akasaka's initials, in connection with the annual Fukuoka Marathon, which starts and finishes at Heiwadai Athletic Stadium, located 600 m from this station.
Lines
Akasaka Station is served by the Fukuoka City Subway Kūkō Line.
Platforms
History
The station opened on 26 July 1981.
Surrounding area
Fukuoka Central District Office
Fukuoka Transportation Bureau
Maizuru Park
Korokan Ruins, Exhibition Hall (formerly Heiwadai Stadium)
Fukuoka Castle
Heiwadai Athleic Stadium
Fukuoka High Court
Fukuoka District Court
Fukuoka Legal Affairs Bureau
Fukuoka Public Prosecutors Office
Fukuoka Central Employment Office
Central City Health Center
Fukuoka City Civic Center
Fukuoka Central Fish Wholesale Market
References
Kūkō Line (Fukuoka City Subway)
Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1981
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1982
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akasaka%20Station%20%28Fukuoka%29
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"If She Knew" is a song by British R&B singer Lemar, released as the first single from his fourth album, The Reason.
The song has been a further top 20 success for Lemar; it was C-listed on BBC Radio 1, entering the UK Singles Chart at #61 after just two full days of download sales, and then climbing to #14 upon the release of the physical CD. The following week the single fell to #19 but Radio 1 moved the track up to their B-list. In its fourth week, "If She Knew" dropped two places to #21.
Reception
In a review from Digital Spy Alex Fletcher gave the song 3/5 and wrote, "For some reason he keeps his best vocals in the locker on 'If She Knew' and replaces his usual laid-back R&B with a futuristic pop sound that wouldn't sound out of place on a Kanye record. The results are slick and satisfactory, but this sounds more like passable album fodder than a storming comeback track."
Track listings
CD single
"If She Knew"
"Fall Over"
Digital download
"If She Knew"
"If She Knew" (Full Phat Remix)
"If She Knew" (Snowflakers Remix)
"If She Knew" (Crazy Cousinz Remix)
"If She Knew" (Stonebridge Remix)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
External links
Lemar interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' December 2008
2008 singles
Lemar songs
Song recordings produced by Soulshock and Karlin
Songs written by Lemar
Songs written by Claude Kelly
Epic Records singles
2008 songs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If%20She%20Knew
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Attagirl is the sixth studio album by the Dutch band Bettie Serveert, released on 25 January 2005.
Track listing
All tracks by Carol van Dijk and Peter Visser except where noted.
"Dreamaniacs" – 3:50
"Attagirl" – 3:53
"Don't Touch That Dial!" – 3:37
"Greyhound Song" – 3:21
"You've Changed" – 4:33
"Versace" – 5:16
"1 Off Deal" – 2:35
"Hands Off" – 3:35
"Staying Kind" – 4:40
"Lover I Don't Have to Love" (Bright Eyes) – 5:48
"Dreamaniacs" (acoustic) – 3:40
"Attagirl" (acoustic) – 3:54
References
2005 albums
Bettie Serveert albums
Minty Fresh Records albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attagirl%20%28album%29
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Cinco Villas may refer to:
Cinco Villas, Navarra a comarca in Navarra
Cinco Villas, Aragon a comarca in Aragon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco%20Villas
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Setting
The National Memorial Arboretum near Lichfield, Staffordshire, England, comprises 150 acres of woodland and memorials dedicated to the fallen servicemen and women from World War I, World War II and other conflicts of the 20th Century.
Rationale and other monuments
Until this monument, there was none in Britain to all Poles across Europe who died during World War II. Polish Forces served with the Allies from the first day of war until the last, fielding for instance the fourth-largest Allied army in the fight against Nazi German tyranny across Europe. Poles gave their lives on all fronts – on land, at sea and in the air – where they distinguished themselves with courage and self-sacrifice. Many were stationed in Britain. A prominent memorial in Cardiff commemorates all Polish soldiers, sailors and airmen who died in the war.
Design and landscape
Four humble toy soldiers, each painted bronze and glued back-to-back atop a two-pence piece, created by Dr. Andrzej Meeson-Kielanowski, provided the inspiration behind the monument's design. It was decided that the statue design would be based on the concept and would comprise four sculptures of typical members of the main branches of the Polish Armed Forces: the Air Force, the Army, the Navy and the Polish Underground Home Army. The airman is a Polish pilot from RAF 303 Squadron during the Battle of Britain; the Underground figure is a woman courier wearing civilian clothes; the army is represented by a typical Polish soldier from the battle of Monte-Cassino; the seaman is a crew member of the Polish destroyer Błyskawica. In addition, the figures are ‘combined’ with an eagle uniting all four under its outspread wings.
The Polish Forces War Memorial statue is set within an imposing 18-metre diameter architectural feature and has a series of plaques inset into the monument surround describing the Polish contribution in the Second World War so therefore the monument acts as a tribute to the fallen and to enable visitors to learn an overview of the history of the allied Polish Forces during World War II.
The instigators of the Polish Forces Memorial project, Dr. Marek Stella-Sawicki – the project committee's chairman – and Dr. Meeson-Kielanowski, deputy chairman, were the driving force behind the Memorial with the aim to commission the design and construction of an imposing bronze monument of fitting artistic and architectural merit. Renowned Polish figurative sculptor Robert Sobociński was commissioned to create design mock-ups for the statues with the plan that the final bronze statue was to be cast in Poznań, Poland and imported, ready for installation in the early summer of 2009. The installation saw its unveiling ceremony in September 2009, to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II.
The Polish Forces Memorial project main sponsors and associated organisations:
The Polish Ex-Combatants Association (Polish: Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów)
The Association of Polish Knights of The Sovereign and Military Order of Malta (UK)
The Polish Air Force Association Charitable Trust (Polish: Stowarzyszenie Lotników Polskich)
The Polish Underground Movement (1939–1945) Study Trust (Polish: Studium Polski Podziemnej)
References
External links
The Polish Forces War Memorial official site
The National Memorial Arboretum official site
The Association of Polish Knights of The Sovereign and Military Order of Malta (UK)
The Association of Polish Knights of Malta (UK) official site
Sculptor Robert Sobociński official site
The Polish Underground Movement (1939-1945) Study Trust official site
2009 establishments in England
2009 sculptures
Bronze sculptures in England
Cultural infrastructure completed in 2009
Granite sculptures in the United Kingdom
National Memorial Arboretum
Poland–United Kingdom relations
Polish military memorials and cemeteries
World War I memorials in the United Kingdom
World War II memorials in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20Forces%20War%20Memorial%3ANational%20Memorial%20Arboretum
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Electronic Markets - The International Journal on Networked Business is a quarterly double-blind peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research on the implications of information systems on e-commerce. It was established in 1991 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. Since 2010, Electronic Markets is included in the Social Sciences Citation Index. The editors-in-chief are Rainer Alt (Leipzig University) and Hans-Dieter Zimmermann (FHS St. Gallen University of Applied Sciences).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, Inspec, ProQuest, Academic OneFile, Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 3.818.
References
External links
Official Website
Copyright policies & self-archiving
Business and management journals
Information systems journals
German economics journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1991
English-language journals
Quarterly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20Markets%20%28journal%29
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Davezilla.com is a humor website, run by Digital Strategist, Dave Linabury since December, 1994. It began as a link portal to items of interest to Linabury, humor and hacking links. In 1996, Linabury began adding his cartoons. When the first blogging platforms emerged, Davezilla switched to a daily site, focusing mainly on humor at the suggestion of blogger Jeffrey Zeldman. Since then, it has become a popular destination for bloggers. In 2000, the site gained notoriety by receiving a Cease and desist letter from Seyfarth Shaw, the legal representation for the Toho Corporation of Japan due to the website's name being partly derived from the word "Godzilla." After Linabury posted the C&D letter on numerous blogs and legal websites, Seyfarth Shaw backed off.
Anagram Interviews
In 2000, Davezilla.com began running "Anagram Interviews", a concept pioneered by Linabury in which a fake interview was conducted with answers composed only of anagrams of the interviewee's name. For example, this excerpt from the interview with Paris Hilton:
Davezilla: “First off, how do you start the week?”
Paris Hilton: “I plan or shit.”
Davezilla: “Um, Paris? What are you doing under the table? Drop something?”
Paris Hilton: “Lost hairpin.”
Davezilla: “I heard you once seduced Ralph Lauren.”
Paris Hilton: “I sit on Ralph.”
Personal information
Dave Linabury was born January 30, 1964. He is currently a full-time illustrator in the Detroit area. He has been interviewed by Wired magazine, CNET and several other publications on the subject of blogging.
References
New York Times: Compressed Data; And Now the Sequel: Every-zilla Meets the Lawyers
CNET: Godzilla vs. the blog thing
Register UK: Godzilla attacks harmless blogger
Chilling Effects: Godzilla tries to stomp Davezilla.com
Wikipedia: List of American bloggers
External links
Official website
American bloggers
Living people
American comedy websites
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davezilla
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The Hakka are a Han Chinese people group.
Hakka may also refer to:
Hakka Chinese, a branch of the Chinese language
Hakka architecture
Hakka cuisine
Harihara I, also known as Hakka, king and ruler of the ancient Vijayanagara Empire
Hakka (spider), a genus of jumping spiders
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakka%20%28disambiguation%29
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Greg Tanner is a television producer and presenter from London, England. He is most known for fronting basketball programmes and is the editor of FadeAway magazine (now known as MVP Magazine).
Career
Producing and directing
In 2007, Tanner produced and presented UKTV Slam, 15 one-hour magazine programmes for Britain's second biggest non-terrestrial broadcaster. The series culminated in a four-hour live broadcast of the Euroleague finals, with Tanner reporting from Athens.
In 2008, Tanner presented and helped to produce (for Cheerleader Productions) two basketball documentaries for Channel 4. The first, Midnight Madness, was a 90-minute feature about a Nike-sponsored, nationwide summer basketball event. It involved shooting across the UK and in Miami, Florida.
In November 2008, Tanner presented "Team GB: Road To Eurobasket" - a 60-minute documentary following the Great Britain basketball team as they tried to qualify for the Eurobasket tournament for the first time.
In May 2010, Tanner presented features for Sky Sports' coverage of the Euroleague Final Four in Paris.
Away from his basketball activities, Tanner has worked as a television news producer and reporter. He began his career at London Tonight and worked with ITN as a producer on the ITV News Channel. Since 2004 he has worked on a freelance basis.
Basketball247.co.uk
In May 2000, Tanner set up the website Streetball.co.uk which became Basketball247.co.uk in 2008 - broadening its remit from just covering streetball to more mainstream basketball. He has traveled the world covering events - from the Euroleague to the NBA to Streetball.
References
External links
Greg Tanner personal website
MVP Magazine website
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English television producers
English television presenters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Tanner
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Michael Essex (born 9 July 1985 in Ruislip, London) is a professional Rugby union player. He plays as a hooker for North Otago Rugby Football Union. He was formally player for Munster Rugby. He has played for Ireland as a schoolboy, U19 and U21 international, his father Andy Essex is a former Wasps, Metropolitan Police and Middlesex player.
References
External links
Munster profile
1985 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Munster Rugby players
North Otago rugby union players
Rugby union players from the London Borough of Hillingdon
People from Ruislip
Shannon RFC players
University College Cork RFC players
Rugby union hookers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Essex
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InterMine is an open source data warehouse system, licensed under the LGPL 2.1. InterMine is used to create databases of biological data accessed by sophisticated web query tools. InterMine can be used to create databases from a single data set or can integrate multiple sources of data. Support is provided for several common biological formats and there is a framework for adding other data. InterMine includes a user-friendly web interface that works 'out of the box' and can be easily customised.
InterMine makes it easy to integrate multiple data sources into a single data warehouse. It has a core data model based on the sequence ontology and supports several biological data formats, allowing sysadmins to configure which organisms or data files are required. It is easy to extend the data model and integrate other data, with a web service API, clients in seven different languages, and an XML format to help import custom data.
As an active open source project, InterMine maintains a developer mailing list and thorough developer and user documentation.
Supported data formats
Chado
GFF3
FASTA
GO & gene association files
UniProt XML
PSI XML (protein interactions, Protein Structure Initiative)
InParanoid orthologs
Ensembl
Clients
Web clients allow users to access the data programatically with minimal effort, and are available for perl, python, ruby, javascript, Java, and R. Data can also be queried via a native Android app.
Web application
The InterMine web application allows creation of custom bioinformatics queries, includes template queries (web forms to run 'canned' queries). Users can upload and operate on lists of data. It is possible to configure/create widgets to analyse lists with graphs and enrichment statistics.
An admin user can publish new template queries, change report pages and create public lists at any time without any programming. Many aspects of the web app can be configured and branded.
Current projects (not exhaustive list)
An up-to-date list of projects can be viewed at the InterMine Registry
Generic Model Organism Database
modENCODE
FlyMine
HumanMine
RatMine
YeastMine
TargetMine
MitoMiner
MouseMine
ZebrafishMine
WormMine
INDIGO
ThaleMine
TargetMine
PhytoMine
MedicMine
BovineMine
HymenopteraMine
SoyMine
BeanMine
ChickpeaMine
LegumeMine
PeanutMine
Shaare
Wheat3Bmine
PlanMine
GrapeMine
RepetDB
XenMine
CHOMine
References
External links
InterMine
Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge
Wellcome Trust
InterMine API Documentation
Bioinformatics software
Biological databases
Data warehousing products
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire District
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterMine
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Chaderton is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Edmund Chaderton, English archdeacon
Laurence Chaderton ( 1536–1640), English Puritan divine
Roy Chaderton (born 1942), Venezuelan politician, lawyer, and diplomat
William Chaderton ( 1540–1608), English academic and bishop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaderton
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Gutierre Tibón (16 July 1905 – 15 May 1999) was an Italian-Mexican writer. He wrote widely on issues of cultural identity, mixing ideas from anthropology, linguistics, psychology, philosophy, ethnology, sociology, and political science.
Early career
Tibón was born in Lombardy, Italy. In his early years he worked as a typewriter salesman, later travelling widely in Europe and the Americas for his work. His visits to Mexico attracted him to the country, and he moved there in 1940. He established himself as a writer and radio personality. His first major work was on the culture and future prospects of Mexico. México, 1950, Un País en Futuro (1942) looked forward to what he called a México Feliz, which he thought could be achieved by 1950. He advocated strong leadership and government intervention to promote mass education. He later had a success with Viaje à la India por el Aire, which originated as broadcast conversations with the poet Ricardo López Méndez about his travels in the Middle East on the way to India. Tibón's ability to mix anecdotes, philosophical observations and political commentary on the culture of the countries he passed through proved popular. He was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo on 11 October 1946 for his writings.
Onomastics
Tibón has been especially interested in the history of personal and topographical names. His book América: Setenta siglos de la historia de un nombre (1945) constitutes what has been called a "novelized study in which a word is the chief character". He argues that the name "America" is "a masterpiece of chance", and proceeds to trace its etymology from the personal name of Amerigo Vespucci to its Germanic original Amalric and to ancient roots, which he claims to link to the meaning "land of industrious and powerful men". In Origen, Vida y Milagros de su Apellido, he extended this method to the discussion of personal names, providing elaborate historical genealogies and anecdotes to create a narrative of humanity though names. He was most interested in Spanish and Sephardic Jewish names.
In 1946 the Academia Mexicana de Genealogía y Heráldica elected him as a Numbered Academician
Later work
His later writings continue his interest in names, but also branch out to include mysticist or occult topics. He developed the method of his book on America in his discussion of the origins of Mexico in Historia del nombre y de la fundación de México (1975).
In El Ombligo como centro cósmico (1981), he argued for the survivals of "paleolithic magic" in a "prenatal triad" of umbilical cord, placenta and amniotic sac and on the navel as "cosmic center". In Los Ritos Mágicos y Trágicos de la Pubertad Femenina (1984) he explored the "magic and tragic rites" of female puberty.
He was elected to the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua as an honorary member on 10 December 1987.
From 1959 until his death at the age of 93, Tibon lived in Acapantzingo, Cuernavaca, Mexico.
Bibliography
1942, México 1950, un país en futuro
1944, Viaje à la India por el aire
1945, América, Setenta siglos de la historia de un nombre
1946, Aventuras de Gog y Magog
1946, Origen, vida y milagros de su apellido
1947, Divertimentos lingüísticos de Gog y Magog
1956, Diccionario etimológico de los nombres propios de las personas
1957, Introducción al budismo
1961, Pinotepa Nacional. Mixtecos, negros y triquis
1967, Mujeres y diosas en México
1972, El mundo secreto de los dientes
1975, Historia del nombre y de la fundación de México
1979, El ombligo como centro erótico
1981, El ombligo como centro cósmico: Una contribución à la historia de las religiones
1981, La tríade prenatal: cordón, placenta, amnios. Supervivencia de la magia paleolítica
1983, El jade en México: el mundo esotérico del chalchihuite
1983, La ciudad de los hongos alucinantes
1984, Los ritos mágicos y trágicos de la pubertad femenina
1986, Diccionario etimólogico comparado de nombres propios de personas
See also
List of people from Morelos, Mexico
References
External links
bookfinder.com
El Ombligo como centro cósmico
Murió el escritor, antropólogo e historiador Gutierre Tibón La Jornada, Obituary, 16 May 1999
1905 births
1999 deaths
Members of the Mexican Academy of Language
Italian emigrants to Mexico
20th-century Mexican historians
Mexican male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutierre%20Tib%C3%B3n
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Leslie George Edwards (6 August 1916 – 8 February 2001) was a British ballet dancer and ballet master. He was one of the final links with Ninette de Valois's original pre-war Vic-Wells Ballet. Apart from two years of military service during the Second World War, his entire 60-year career was effectively spent with what became the Royal Ballet organisation, until his final retirement from the stage in 1993.
Early years
Edwards was born on 6 August 1916 and trained with Marie Rambert after leaving school at the age of 15. He then joined the Vic-Wells Ballet School. He also trained with Margaret Craske, Stanislav Idzikowski and Vera Volkova. He debuted at Rambert's Ballet Club in 1932.
Performing career
Edwards was a cast member in the original production of Antony Tudor's Jardin aux Lilas in 1936. He first danced with the Vic-Wells Ballet in 1933, however, he only officially joined the company in 1937. With the Vic-Wells Ballet, he was a member of the first cast of Frederick Ashton's Les Patineurs. Edwards was known for his character roles rather than classical technique and later enjoyed purely mime roles. He taught mime at the Royal Ballet School while still a principal with the Royal Ballet. His career began in the supporting male roles before graduating to the villains. His niche, however, was in "the meatier roles in the mime and character repertory" such as the Red King in De Valois's Checkmate and as the American tourist in Massine's La Boutique fantasque. Edwards's success grew, however, after Frederick Ashton created the amiable role of Arthur for him in his A Wedding Bouquet of 1937. Edwards as the Beggar in Robert Helpmann's 1944 ballet Miracle in the Gorbals was deemed irreplaceable and he thus appeared in all 92 performances of the ballet. He was also notable as the farmer Thomas in Ashton's La Fille Mal Gardée of 1960. He had an unusually long 60-year career, which was interrupted only for two years of war service during the Second World War. However, he returned, after being invalided out, to create many more roles and he appeared in dozens of ballets. His most famous role was as Catalabutte in Sleeping Beauty.
Roles created for him
Arthur in Ashton's A Wedding Bouquet, 1937
Lawyer in de Valois's The Prospect Before Us, 1940
Archimago in Ashton's The Quest, 1943
the Beggar in Helpmann's Miracle in the Gorbals, 1944
Chauffeur in Ashton's Les Sirènes, 1946
Bilby in Howard's A Mirror for Witches, 1952
Hypnotist in MacMillan's Noctambules, 1956
Oedipus in Cranko's Antigone, 1959
farmer Thomas in Ashton's La Fille Mal Gardée, 1960
Basil G. Nevinson in Ashton's Enigma Variations, 1967
Later years
Edwards worked as a rehearsal director for the Royal Ballet from 1959 to 1970. He was the first director of the newly formed Royal Ballet Choreographic Group from 1967 to 1987. Here he assisted many emerging British choreographers, including Ronald Hynd, Geoffrey Cauley, David Bintley and Michael Corder. He also served as ballet master for the Royal Opera from 1970 to 1990.
He was described as "gentle, unassuming, kindly, very distinguished in bearing – a senior civil servant among dancers – yet happily possessed of a wicked but never malicious sense of humour". He died at his home in London on 8 February 2001 after suffering from cancer. His autobiography, In Good Company: Sixty Years with the Royal Ballet, was published posthumously in 2003.
References
Obituaries
NY Times by Jack Anderson, 12 February 2001
Dance Magazine Obituary
Musical Opinion Obituary
Further reading
Musical Opinion review of In Good Company: Sixty Years With the Royal Ballet
Ballet Magazine review of In Good Company: Sixty Years With the Royal Ballet
British male ballet dancers
Dancers of The Royal Ballet
1916 births
2001 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Teddington
20th-century British ballet dancers
English autobiographers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Edwards%20%28dancer%29
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Oh, Coward! is a musical revue in two acts devised by Roderick Cook and containing music and lyrics by Noël Coward. The revue consists of two men and one woman in formal dress, performing songs based on the following themes: England, family album, travel, theatre, love and women. There are also sketches, such as "London Pastoral" which tells of the joys of London in the spring, "Family Album" about relatives who "were not excessively bright", and a scene with excerpts from several of Coward's plays, such as Private Lives.
It ran Off-Broadway in 1972, in London in 1975 and on Broadway in 1986. Also in 1972 a revue along similar lines, Cowardy Custard played in London.
Productions
A Coward revue at the 1968 Vancouver International Festival called And Now Noël Coward…: An Agreeable Impertinence, was created and directed by Roderick Cook and starred Dorothy Loudon. It received scathing reviews from the critics. It was soon revised and presented on Broadway, with mostly the same cast, as Noël Coward's Sweet Potato. Though it received slightly better notices, it lasted only 44 performances. Cook again reshaped the material, as Oh, Coward!, premiering the work in Toronto, then touring it to Boston and Chicago.
Oh, Coward! opened Off-Broadway with a new cast on 4 October 1972 and was one of the last Noël Coward shows staged during his life. It played for 294 performances at the New Theatre. Its cast included Barbara Cason, Jamie Ross and Cook, who also directed the revue. A London production opened on 5 June 1975 at the Criterion Theatre, starring Cook, Ross and Geraldine McEwan, and ran until 2 August 1975. The show later played on Broadway beginning on 17 November 1986 at the Helen Hayes Theatre, where it ran for 56 performances. Again directed by and starring Cook, the cast also featured Catherine Cox and Patrick Quinn. The production received two Tony Award nominations, Best Actor and Actress in a Musical for Cook and Cox.
Of the London production, Michael Billington of The Guardian wrote, "the star performer is undeniably Mr Cook himself... with a dangerous tooth-baring smile... he delivers each syllable of each song with a clinical, omniscient precision. Geraldine McEwan, willowy and acidulous in white satin, likewise realises that merciless articulation is the key to Coward performing, and Jamie Ross amiably makes up the trio in the manner of someone completing a country house party." The New York Times review of the 1986 production noted, "The performance is determinedly low-key and genteel, in keeping with its source. Neither in the selection of material nor in the performances does the show overstep into self-parody, as is often the case in other musical anthologies. As before, Mr. Cook lets Coward speak and sing for himself, which he does, trippingly."
A review of the original cast recording compared it with the contemporary London show, Cowardy Custard: "The formula is much the same, a show made out of Noël Coward's writing and composing. Where it differs is that Cowardy Custard was a carefully co-ordinated revue, this is more of a cabaret entertainment, the songs being delivered by the three performers without, as far as one can judge from the recording, any attempt at staging, accompanied by two pianos, bass, drums and percussion... the Coward enthusiast will note the first recording ever of his early trio 'Bright Young People'."
Songs
Note: Partial list
Act 1
Medley
"Something To Do With Spring"
"Bright Young People"
"Poor Little Rich Girl"
"Zigeuner"
"Let's Say Goodbye"
"This Is A Changing World"
"We Were Dancing"
"Dance Little Lady"
"A Room With A View"
"Sail Away"
"The End of the News"
"The Stately Homes of England"
"London Pride"
"Family Album"
"The Music Hall" medley
"Chase Me, Charlie"
"Saturday Night at the Rose and Crown"
"The Island of Bolamazoo"
"What Ho! Mrs. Brisket"
"Has Anybody Seen Our Ship?"
"Men About Town"
"If Love Were All"
"Why Do The Wrong People Travel?"
"Mrs. Worthington"
Act 2
"Mad Dogs and Englishmen"
"A Marvelous Party"
"You Were There"
"I Am No Good At Love"
"Sex Talk"
"A Question of Lighting"
"Mad About the Boy"
"Nina"
"In A Bar On The Piccola Marina"
"World Weary"
Finale-Medley
"Where Are The Songs We Sang?"
"Someday I'll Find You"
"If Love Were All"
"Play, Orchestra, Play"
References
External links
Oh, Coward! at the Lortel Archives
Off-Broadway musicals
1972 musicals
Musicals by Noël Coward
Revues
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh%2C%20Coward%21
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Hexthorpe railway platform was a short, wooden railway platform on the South Yorkshire Railway line about west of Doncaster in the area known as Hexthorpe Flatts, just on the Doncaster side of the road bridge. The platform was situated on the Doncaster – bound line and was normally used for the collection of tickets particularly on the days of the St. Leger race meeting.
1887 accident
On 16 September 1887 the platform was the scene of a tragic railway accident. The Hexthorpe rail accident was one of a series of accidents which occurred in the "Battle of the Brakes", a period when railway managements were in dispute over the type of brake, if any, which should be used on passenger trains. The death toll reached 25 and 66 were injured.
References
Great Central, Volume 2 George Dow, Locomotive Publishing Co.,
Historic Railway Disasters by O.S. Nock. Ian Allan. 1966.
Disused railway stations in Doncaster
Former South Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1855
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexthorpe%20railway%20platform
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Geriatric rehabilitation or geriatric physical therapy is the branch of medicine that studies rehabilitation and physical therapy issues in elderly.
Origins
Geriatric rehabilitation covers three areas – normal aging due to disuse and deconditioning, cardiovascular problems like vascular disease and stroke, and skeletal problems including osteoporosis and osteoarthritis conditions such as knee and hip replacements. Physical medicine physicians [physiotherapists] use rehabilitation to work toward the goal of returning the patient to a pre-injury quality of life and may use physical, occupational, and speech therapies.
With increased age, patients often face many physical and emotional changes that can affect level of physical, mental, social function and well-being. Rehabilitation maintains functional independence in the elderly. Rehabilitation of geriatric patients is imperative for the patients' well-being and for society, so that we can thrive socially and economically. Essential to geriatric rehabilitation is communication, specifically improving any sensory impairment, including those related to vision and hearing. The prevention of falls and osteoporosis can improve the patient's health and longevity. Addressing malnutrition can promote healing and vitalize the patient to participate in a formal rehabilitation program. Depression is common in the older population if a functional loss of mobility and an inability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) predominates. Cognitive impairment, such as delirium and dementia, can affect the patient's rehabilitation goals and outcomes. Finally, a driver's evaluation for an appropriate elderly candidate is an underutilized part of rehabilitation that has a considerable impact on society.
Geriatric rehabilitation also have a role in intermediate care, where patients are referred by a hospital or family doctor, when there is a requirement to provide hospital based short term intensive physical therapy aimed at the recovery of musculoskeletal function, particularly recovery from joint, tendon, or ligament repair and, or, physical medicine and rehabilitation care when elderly patients get out of sync with their medication resulting in a deterioration of their personal health which reduces their ability to live independently.
Finally, geriatric rehabilitation has a large influence on the growing life expectancy around the globe. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) surveyed 556 adults over 65 years old in order to gain an understanding on the factors that affect adherence to an exercise program. Adherence to an exercise program influences frailty, speed, ability to live independently, and best of all, life expectancy. The study compared two factors: exercise barriers and motivation. The study concluded that exercise barriers play the largest role in determining adherence to a home exercise program (HEP). According to APTA, motivators include self-efficacy, the ability to control behavior, and outcome expectation, the belief that consequences follow certain actions. APTA describes barriers as: insufficient time, lack of social support, no place to exercise, limited finances, no transportation, and the fear of falling. Researchers recently found that depression, stress levels, increased age, decreased health status and lack of pleasure while exercising contribute to exercise adherence.
References
External links
American Geriatrics Society
Rehabilitation medicine
Geriatrics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatric%20rehabilitation
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Theodora Komnene () was a grandniece of Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor, a possible daughter of John Komnenos and of Maria Taronitissa, and the second wife of Bohemond III, prince of Antioch.
She was the mother of :
Constance (died young)
Philippe, married Baudouin Patriarch
Manuel (1176 † 1211)
Her granduncle Manuel I Komnenos died in 1180. Therefore, Bohemond believed that the alliance with Byzantium wouldn't be beneficial anymore and divorced Theodora.
Theodora then remarried to Walter of Béthune, son of the lord of Bethsan.
References
12th-century Byzantine people
Theodora Komnene, Princess of Antioch
Theodora Komnene, Princess of Antioch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora%20Komnene%2C%20Princess%20of%20Antioch
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"Back in the Night" is a song by the band Dr. Feelgood. Recorded in 1975, it appeared on their second album, Malpractice.
"Back in the Night" was also issued as a single in the UK in July 1975. It failed to reach the UK Singles Chart. Written by Wilko Johnson, and produced by Vic Maile, the song was Dr. Feelgood's third single release. The b-side of the record, was a live recording of a cover version of "I'm a Man", penned by Bo Diddley.
"Back in the Night" was also later included in Dr. Feelgood's 1997's compilation album, Twenty Five Years of Dr. Feelgood.
References
1975 singles
Music in Southend-on-Sea
Dr. Feelgood (band) songs
Song recordings produced by Vic Maile
1975 songs
United Artists Records singles
Songs written by Wilko Johnson
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back%20in%20the%20Night
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is a train station located in Hakata-ku, Fukuoka in Japan. Its station symbol is a young male dressed in happi, representing the famous Hakata Gion Yamakasa, held in July each year.
Lines
Fukuoka City Subway
Kūkō Line
Platforms
Vicinity
Canal City Hakata
TVQ Kyūshū Broadcasting
Fukuoka Chamber of Commerce
Hakata Ward Office
Kushida Shrine
Tochoji Temple
Hakata Machiya Folk Museum
References
Sources
https://gionfestival.org/blog-ofune-boko-return/
Railway stations in Fukuoka Prefecture
Kūkō Line (Fukuoka City Subway)
Railway stations in Fukuoka, Fukuoka
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gion%20Station%20%28Fukuoka%29
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