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Gaius Julius Plancius Varus Cornutus was a man of Roman Senatorial rank who lived in the Roman Empire in the 2nd century.
Cornutus was the son of Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus and Plancia Magna. His paternal grandparents were the Proconsul and Suffect Consul Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus and possibly Tertulla. While his maternal grandparents were the Roman Senator and Proconsul Marcus Plancius Varus and Herodian Princess Julia. His family were prominent citizens and patrons in Perga.
Cornutus was of Roman, Jewish, Nabataean, Edomite, Greek, Armenian and Persian ancestry. Through his maternal grandmother, Cornutus' ancestors were King Archelaus of Cappadocia, King of Judea Herod the Great and his wife Mariamne. Cornutus along with his mother, maternal uncle Gaius Plancius Varus and his maternal relatives were among the last known descendants of the Herodian Dynasty. He appeared to be an apostate to Judaism. It is unlikely that Cornutus attempted to exert influence on Judean Politics. He was born and raised in Perga, the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia.
In the Agora in Perga, the local government in Perga had dedicated and honored Cornutus with an inscription on a statue base. This inscription honors Cornutus and his family. Cornutus and his ancestors are highly praised as the benefactors of Perga and the inscription states how lawful, considerable and rewarding citizens they were. This inscriptions reveals how prominent he and his family were and shows the respect that the citizens of Perga had for Cornutus and his family.
Sources
2nd-century Romans
Senators of the Roman Empire
Herodian dynasty
Plancius Varus Cornutus, Gaius
People from Roman Anatolia
Plancii
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius%20Julius%20Plancius%20Varus%20Cornutus
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On 4 November 2008 an official Mexican Secretariat of the Interior aircraft crashed in central Mexico City at around 18:45 local time. There were sixteen fatalities—all nine people on board and seven people on the ground. The plane, a Learjet 45, was carrying Mexican Secretary of the Interior Juan Camilo Mouriño.
The plane crashed in rush-hour traffic close to the intersection of Paseo de la Reforma and the Anillo Periférico, in the Las Lomas business district. During its approach to Mexico City International Airport, the plane followed a Boeing 767 too closely and encountered wake turbulence which caused it to invert into a nose-down position. The pilots were able to reduce the angle of descent, but due to excessive speed and insufficient altitude, were unable to regain control of the aircraft. The plane crashed into a building, exploding on impact and killing 16 people.
Details
The Secretariat of the Interior-owned Learjet 45 (registration XC-VMC) left Ponciano Arriaga International Airport in San Luis Potosí and was short of landing at Mexico City International Airport when it crashed. The crash occurred at 18:45 in the middle of rush-hour traffic of the Las Lomas business district, causing an explosion whose flames "reached higher than the buildings". According to Secretary of Communications and Transport Luis Téllez, there were no survivors. Téllez also stated that the crash appeared to be an accident.
The crash set multiple cars and a newsstand on fire and injured at least 40 people. Body parts were reported to be scattered around the wreckage.
Deaths
All 9 people on board and a further 7 people on the ground were killed. Among the dead were Secretary of the Interior Juan Camilo Mouriño, top aide to President Felipe Calderón, and José Luis Santiago Vasconcelos, former assistant attorney general.
Government response
After the crash, President Calderón addressed the nation live on national television. He spoke of Mouriño as one of his closest friends and collaborators and conveyed his condolences to the family. He stated that Mouriño was a man who always fought to make Mexico a better country and he guaranteed the nation that there would be an investigation into the causes behind the plane crash. Calderón encouraged Mexican men and women to continue fighting for a better country no matter how difficult or painful any event may be.
Marcelo Ebrard, Head of Government of the Federal District, also conveyed his condolences to Mouriño's family assured that Mexico City's government would issue a statement to the nation regarding the issue. Ebrard later said that the Mexico City government would give financial aid to all of the injured receiving medical care, irrespective of whether they had been admitted to private or public hospitals. He also said that the local authorities had handed over all recordings taken by surveillance video cameras to the federal attorney general, along with all witness accounts that local police gathered.
Several other political figures made statements regarding the crash, including various senators from the Institutional Revolutionary Party and Germán Martínez, leader of the ruling National Action Party. A group of senators from different political parties asked the Attorney General of Mexico to investigate the accident.
Results of investigation
The jet's black boxes were sent to the United States for analysis. Information gathered from 38 minutes of cabin conversations, along with video footage from a security camera on top of the Omega Office Building, provided evidence for an official statement by the Mexican government that the crash was the result of pilot error. The Learjet was ruled to have been flying too close to a Boeing 767-300ER operated by Mexicana and as a result suffered violent wake turbulence caused by the larger jet. The minimum allowable distance for a lighter plane following behind a heavier plane is ; the Learjet was only behind the Mexicana plane.
Investigations into the accident discovered several issues with the Mexican government's use of private contractors as pilots of government aircraft.
Several key elements of the accident emerged during the investigation:
Pilot Martín Olíva and co-pilot Álvaro Sánchez were not certified to operate the Learjet 45. The investigation concluded that both pilots had received fraudulent certifications: Captain Olíva lied about the number of training flights he had made, and had issues on the few training flights he did complete, while Captain Sánchez lied about being a Learjet 45 instructor. Both men had taken advantage of a corrupt system to get false training documents and some unsigned Learjet 45 certification forms from their flight schools. These revelations led Mexican authorities to suspend the licences of both flight schools.
The descent profile showed that the improperly trained pilots approached the airport with an inconsistent descent angle. The plane descended rapidly and then leveled off in a stepped approach to the airport. The plane did not slow down to the required speed dictated by the air traffic controller, which brought the plane closer to the Mexicana 767-300.
Conversation among the flight crew further indicates that they had little familiarity with the operation of the plane; they voiced confusion on several occasions about the cockpit instruments and failed to enter the proper information into the flight computers, did not follow a proper flight plan, and had navigational difficulties, missing their original arrival to San Luis Potosí by over . Further, their in-flight conversations were more of the nature of people driving a car, not of trained pilots following a proper flight plan.
The flight crew waited over a minute to follow the order from air traffic control to reduce their speed. The Learjet had been traveling at , while the Mexicana 767-300 was flying at ; this caused the Learjet to get too close to the 767-300.
The accident happened during peak hours at the airport with heavy air traffic, which called into question the handling and scheduling of flight plans for top government officials.
The accident happened just at the point where aircraft entering Mexico City traveling on a 170° course (south-southeast) make a sharp left turn to align with the runways of Benito Juárez International Airport at 53° (northeast). When the Learjet reached the turning point, too close behind the Mexicana 767-300, and making a steep descent that dropped it through the violent wake turbulence, it caused the plane to invert into a nose-down attitude. At this point, the plane was within of the ground, limiting the room to enact a recovery.
The weather at the time of the accident was calm, which sustained the wake turbulence.
Due to the flight crew being unqualified for the plane, when faced with the conditions regarding the airspeed, inverted nose-down position, and insufficient altitude, they were unable to regain control of the plane. Though it was too late to make any difference, and too marginal to be meaningful, the flight crew did manage to reduce the angle of descent from 45° to 40° before hitting the ground at over .
Dramatization
The accident and subsequent investigation were featured in Season 14 – Episode 8 of documentary series Mayday. The episode was titled "Inner City Carnage" in the United Kingdom and Australia and "Accident or Assassination" in the United States and Canada.
There has been controversy and conspiracy theories due to the nature of the crash and whether if it had any relation to the drug-trafficking world (suggesting it was crashed on purpose) and, relating it to the corruption within governmental institutions. One uses as evidence the fact that a helicopter, with registration XA-JSL flew a mere 600m from the Learjet that day according to the Secretary of Communications and Transportation and Luis Téllez, without any problems whatsoever from the wake turbulence.
See also
Air Caribbean Flight 309
Aeroflot Flight 593
United Airlines Flight 2885
2011 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash, an accident where pilots who did not complete training made many mistakes.
American Airlines Flight 587, an accident where poor training caused the pilot to overreact to wake turbulence from a Boeing 747 that had taken off ahead of them.
Tatarstan Airlines Flight 363, an accident in which the captain used fake credentials to get his license and both pilots being poorly trained.
References
External links
Press conference transcript of final report
Final report of crash (Archive)
2008 in Mexico
Accidents and incidents involving the Learjet 45 family
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2008
Aviation accidents and incidents in Mexico
History of Mexico City
November 2008 events in Mexico
Aviation accidents and incidents caused by wake turbulence
Paseo de la Reforma
Disasters in Mexico City
2008 disasters in Mexico
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Mexico%20City%20Learjet%20crash
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Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus was a Roman senator who was active during the late 1st and early 2nd centuries. He is best known as the older friend of Pliny the Younger, with whom Cornutus was suffect consul for the nundinium of September to October 100.
Family
How Cornutus is related to other known Romans of his time is unclear. Older authorities note that the one inscription that preserves his full name is missing the middle of the relevant line, and conclude from the name of his son, Gaius Julius Plancius Varus Cornutus, that Cornutus' full name may be Gaius Julius Plancius Varus Cornutus Tertullus. This would imply that he is somehow related to Marcus Plancius Varus, a citizen of Perga, who was proconsular governor of Bithynia and Pontus. Further, at least one authority believes Julia Tertulla is his daughter. However, Julia Tertulla married Lucius Julius Marinus Caecilius Simplex, who was suffect consul in 101, which indicates either Julia was married at a very young age, or would be better considered Cornutus' sister. Further, Olli Salomies reports an unpublished inscription that proves Cornutus' wife was Plancia Magna (which explains how that element entered their son's name), and the full name of their son.
Senatorial career
His career can be reconstructed from an inscription found in Tuscany. There is no information about which board Cornutus Tertullus served on as a member of the vigintiviri, so it may be possible he missed that office in his cursus honorum. The first office Cornutus is recorded as holding was urban quaestor, which was followed by aedile as he proceeded through the traditional republican magistracies, before being adlected as a praetor by Vespasian and Titus, likely during their censorship of AD 73/74. The specific reason that Cornutus received this promotion is not recorded; examining the evidence, George W. Houston could find no evidence of how he aided the Flavian cause during the Year of Four Emperors or the following year. One must be content with Suetonius' report that Vespasian found the Senate "weakened by frequent murders and longstanding neglect" and convinced that Cornutus was one of "the most eligible Italian and provincial candidates available."
With praetorian rank, Cornutus held two further offices, first as legate to the proconsular governor of Crete and Cyrenaica, then as governor of the public province of Gallia Narbonensis.
A gap of roughly twenty years follows. Cornutus could have quickly served in both of the offices mentioned during the reign of Vespasian, who died in the year 79; the next office Cornutus held was prefect of the aerarium Saturni from 98 to 100, with the Younger Pliny as his colleague. This gap spans the reign of Domitian. It is possible that Cornutus was out of favor with this suspicious Emperor, but Pliny supplies the answer: in his Panegyric to Trajan, Pliny notes that Cornutus declined to promote himself to the Emperor, thus refusing to hold offices during that Emperor's reign.
After Cornutus completed his service at the aerarium Saturni, he advanced to the office of suffect consul, which he also held with Pliny. Following this, Pliny's letters show that Cornutus was active in the Senate, taking part in the trial of Marius Priscus for mismanagement while proconsul of Africa, and defending Publicius Certus when Pliny prosecuted the former delator or informer. He was appointed curator Via Aemilia, an achievement Pliny excitedly reported to his friend Paternus the moment he learns of it. After this, Cornutus was tasked with conducting a census in Gallia Aquitania, which was followed with governorship of Bithynia and Pontus between 112 and 115. The acme of his career was when Cornutus was proconsular governor of Asia in 116/117.
The date of his death is unknown. If we assume Cornutus was around 30 when adlected as praetor (the legal age one held that magistracy) in 73/74, he would have been in his seventies when he concluded his term in Roman Asia, so it is likely Cornutus died not long after that.
References
Senators of the Roman Empire
Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome
Roman governors of Gallia Narbonensis
Roman governors of Bithynia and Pontus
1st-century Romans
2nd-century Romans
Cornutus, Gaius Tertullus
Plancii
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius%20Julius%20Cornutus%20Tertullus
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The Eastern View High School (EVHS) is a public high school located in rural Culpeper County, Virginia, in the United States. The school shares its district with Culpeper County High School (CCHS). The school was built in 2008, and now holds around 1,200 students.
History
The construction for Eastern View High School began in 2006 and was completed in 2008. Eastern View High School is designed to be a green school. The plant recycles non-consumable water. The facility also utilizes natural light by providing a network of windows in both outside and inside walls. The school recycles paper, plastic, aluminum, and cardboard. On the school grounds are a rain garden and a small area of wetlands. The principal of Eastern View High School is Nathan Bopp.
Academic opportunities
In addition to courses on the EVHS campus, students can apply to participate in specialized programs that meet at off-campus locations. A cohort of EVHS students attend Mountain Vista Governor's School to take advanced math, science, humanities, and research courses once they enter their sophomore, junior, and senior years. Additionally, through a partnership with Germanna Community College students are offered the opportunity to enroll in Germanna Scholars, the successful completion of the Germanna Scholars program allows students to earn an associate degree prior to high school graduation.
References
External links
Eastern View High School Home Page
Schools in Culpeper County, Virginia
Educational institutions established in 2008
Public high schools in Virginia
2008 establishments in Virginia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20View%20High%20School
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Julia Tertulla was a Roman woman who lived in the 1st century and 2nd century in the Roman Empire. Tertulla was the daughter of suffect consul Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus and the identity of her mother is unknown. Tertulla was born and raised in Perga, the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia. She was the paternal aunt to Gaius Julius Plancius Varus Cornutus.
She married Lucius Julius Marinus Caecilius Simplex, a Roman Senator. He was Proconsul of Lycia et Pamphylia from 96-98 and served as a consul in 101 during the reign of the Roman Emperor Trajan in Rome. In the city of Tlos, Lycia there is an honorary inscription dedicated to her as the wife of Caecilius Simplex. This dedication was most probably done when her husband served as a legatus Augusti in that province.
Sources
Shelagh Jameson, "Cornutus Tertullus and the Plancii of Perge", Journal of Roman Studies, 55 (1965), pp. 54-58
Jones, Brian W. (1992). The Emperor Domitian, Routledge
People from Roman Anatolia
1st-century Roman women
2nd-century Roman women
Tertulla
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Tertulla
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Stephen F. Paul (November 13, 1953 – September 15, 2012) was a physicist at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory at Princeton University. He created and patented the P-series fuels, a new, liquid, renewable, non-petroleum gasoline formulation. He was in the process of converting an unused sludge plant in Trenton, NJ to process organic waste for fuel before he died.
He lived in New Jersey with his wife. He had three grown children.
He had a BS from Cornell University and received his master's degree and PhD from Columbia University.
See also
P-series fuels
References
External links
Focuses on P-series environmentally safe fuel developed by the author.
Stephen F. Paul (Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory website)
"Stephen F. Paul Obituary - Columbia University"
1953 births
2012 deaths
Cornell University alumni
American physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Paul%20%28physicist%29
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The 123rd Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is in Northeastern Pennsylvania and has been represented by Timothy Twardzik since 2021.
District profile
The 123rd Pennsylvania House of Representatives District is located in Schuylkill County and includes the following areas:
Ashland (Schuylkill County Portion)
Blythe Township
Branch Township
Butler Township
Cass Township
Cressona
East Norwegian Township
Frackville
Gilberton
Girardville
Gordon
Mechanicsville
Middleport
Minersville
Mount Carbon
New Castle Township
New Philadelphia
North Manheim Township
Norwegian Township
Palo Alto
Port Carbon
Pottsville
Schuylkill Haven
St. Clair
Wayne Township
West Mahanoy Township
Representatives
Recent election results
References
External links
District map from the United States Census Bureau
Pennsylvania House Legislative District Maps from the Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission.
Population Data for District 123 from the Pennsylvania Redistricting Commission.
Government of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania
123
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%20House%20of%20Representatives%2C%20District%20123
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Gaius Julius Cornutus Bryonianus was a Roman who lived in the 1st century in the Roman Empire. Bryonianus originally came from Perga, the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia. Bryonianus could have been related to a certain Bryonianus Lollianus, a local man of Equestrian Rank from Side, Pamphylia.
Bryonianus served as an Agonothetes (magistrate of games) during the Varian Games in Perga. He had built a large, prestigious palace where he lived. The palace was built near the baths in Perga and its remains are still there.
Bryonianus in the reign of Roman Emperor Claudius (41-54), had built Perga's Palaestra. The monument measures 76 x 76 meters and Bryonianus dedicated this building and its inscription to Claudius. The Palaestra's structure has been preserved well. In the reign of Roman Emperor Nero (54-68) Bryonianus did a bilingual (see Multilingualism) dedication to Nero.
Bryonianus could have married a Roman woman called Tertulla. From this marriage, he had a son called Gaius Julius Cornutus Tertullus a future proconsul, suffect consul and a friend to historian Pliny the Younger.
Sources
Shelagh Jameson, "Cornutus Tertullus and the Plancii of Perge", Journal of Roman Studies, 55 (1965), pp. 54–58
People from Roman Anatolia
1st-century Romans
Cornutus Bryonianus, Gaius
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius%20Julius%20Cornutus%20Bryonianus
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Hyssopus officinalis or hyssop is a shrub in the Lamiaceae or mint family native to Southern Europe, the Middle East, and the region surrounding the Caspian Sea. Due to its purported properties as an antiseptic, cough reliever, and expectorant, it has been used in traditional herbal medicine.
Description
Hyssop is a brightly coloured shrub or subshrub that ranges from in height. The stem is woody at the base, from which grow a number of upright branches. Its leaves are lanceolate, dark green, and from long.
During the summer, hyssop produces pink, blue (ssp. aristadus), or, more rarely, white fragrant (ssp. f. albus) flowers. These give rise to small oblong tetra-achenes.
History
A plant called hyssop has been in use since classical antiquity. Its name is a direct adaptation from the Greek ὕσσωπος (). The Hebrew word אזוב (ezov, esov, or esob) and the Greek word ὕσσωπος probably share a common (but unknown) origin. The name hyssop appears as a translation of ezov in some translations of the Bible, notably in : "Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean", but researchers have suggested that the Biblical accounts refer not to the plant currently known as hyssop but rather to one of a number of different herbs, including Origanum syriacum (Syrian oregano, commonly referred to as "bible hyssop"). mentions that 'ezov' was a small plant and some scholars believe it was a wall plant. It was burned with the red heifer () and used for purification of lepers (, ; ), and at Passover it was used to sprinkle the blood of the sacrificial lamb on the doorposts (). A sponge attached to a hyssop branch was used to give Jesus on the cross a drink of vinegar.
Suggestions abound for the modern day correlation of biblical hyssop ranging from a wall plant like moss or fern, to widely used culinary herbs like thyme, rosemary or marjoram. Another suggestion is the caper plant which is known to grow in the rocky soils of the region and along walls.
Hyssop was also used for purgation (religious purification) in Egypt, where, according to Chaeremon the Stoic, the priests used to eat it with bread in order to purify this type of food and make it suitable for their austere diet.
Cultivation
Hyssop is resistant to drought, and tolerant of chalky, sandy soils. It thrives in full sun and warm climates.
Cultivars include 'Blue Flower'.
Harvest
Under optimal weather conditions, herb hyssop is harvested twice yearly, once at the end of spring and once more at the beginning of autumn. The plants are preferably harvested when flowering in order to collect the flowering tips.
Once the stalks are cut, they are collected and dried either stacked on pallets to allow for draining or hung to dry. The actual drying process takes place in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, where the materials are mixed several times to ensure even drying. Drying herbs are kept from exposure to the sun to prevent discoloration and oxidation. The drying process takes approximately six days in its entirety. Once dried, the leaves are removed and both components, leaves and flowers, are chopped finely. The final dried product weighs a third of the initial fresh weight and can be stored for up to 18 months.
Essential oil
The essential oil includes the chemicals thujone and phenol, which give it antiseptic properties. Its high concentrations of thujone and chemicals that stimulate the central nervous system, including pinocamphone and cineole, can provoke epileptic reactions. The oil of hyssop can cause seizures and even low doses (2–3 drops) can cause convulsions in children.
Uses
Culinary
The fresh herb is commonly used in cooking. Za'atar is a famous Middle Eastern herbal mixture, some versions of which include dried hyssop leaves.
Essence of hyssop can be obtained by steaming, and is used in cooking to a lesser extent.
The plant is commonly used by beekeepers to produce nectar from which western honey bees make a rich and aromatic honey.
Herb hyssop leaves are used as an aromatic condiment. The leaves have a lightly bitter taste due to its tannins, and an intense minty aroma. Due to its intensity, it is used moderately in cooking. The herb is also used to flavor liqueur, and is part of the official formulation of Chartreuse. It is also a key ingredient in many formulations of absinthe, where it is the main source of the green colour.
Herbal medicine
In herbal medicine hyssop is believed to have soothing, expectorant, and cough suppressant properties. Hyssop has been used for centuries in traditional medicine in order to increase circulation and to treat multiple conditions such as coughing and sore throat. Hyssop can stimulate the gastrointestinal system.
Gallery
References
External links
Herbs
Lamiaceae
Medicinal plants
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of the Mediterranean Basin
Mediterranean cuisine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyssopus%20officinalis
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The Philosopher's Pupil is a 1983 novel by the British writer and philosopher Iris Murdoch. It is set in a small English spa town called Ennistone.
Main characters
George McCaffrey---George, 44 years old, was a pupil of John Robert Rozanov, the philosopher. After changing from philosophy to history and archaeology, he had entered the museum and archive world but published nothing except A Short History of the Ennistone Museum. He married Stella; their son, Rufus, died in an unexplained "mishap."
Stella McCaffrey--- George's wife.
Brian McCaffrey--- George's brother, age 41.
Gabriel McCaffrey--- Brian's wife.
Adam McCaffrey--- Gabriel and Brian's son, age 8.
Zed--- Adam's small Papillon dog.
Alex McCaffrey--- George and Brian's mother, age 66.
Tom McCaffrey--- Alex's stepson, George and Brian's younger half-brother, age 20.
John Robert Rozanov--- the philosopher.
Hattie Meynell--- John Robert's granddaughter.
Ruby Doyle--- Alex's long-time maid; a gipsy.
Diane Sedleigh--- George's mistress and Ruby's sister or cousin (no one knows).
Pearl Scotney--- Hattie's maid and companion, also related to Ruby and Diane.
Emmanuel (Emma) Scarlett-Taylor--- Tom's friend.
(Father) Bernard Jacoby--- Known as the creepy priest. Many view him with suspicion.
N. --- The narrator and a minor character. He plays a tangential role in the story multiple times.
Plot
George McCaffrey cannot understand why his long-ago philosophy professor told him to pick another field of study. But that professor, John Robert Rozanov, is returning to Ennistone where George lives, giving George the chance to ask him and finally understand. John Robert, the only famous person to have originated from Ennistone, will have none of it, simply telling George "you weren't good enough" and bringing the conversation to a close as quickly as he can, given George's desperate attempts to continue. John Robert has returned to Ennistone for an entirely different purpose, indeed one that disincentivizes further effort at socially graceful tolerance of George's neuroses. George is simultaneously a focus of town suspicion, as he was recently involved in a mysterious car crash that may have been an attempt to kill his wife, Stella.
As a part of his purpose, John Robert wishes to arrange the future of his granddaughter Hattie Meynell, without her knowledge, by encouraging Tom McCaffrey, George's younger step brother, to woo Hattie, and then to marry her. But during their first meeting, when Tom clumsily lets on that his meeting request was not entirely the result of his own initiative and interest in Hattie, she reacts with hurt and anger. Through a sequence of plot twists, Tom finds himself trapped deep beneath the spa for which Ennistone is famous. As in many Murdoch novels, this physical struggle for survival parallels the characters' struggle to resolve their complex, interwoven emotional issues.
References
Further reading
Mohsen Hamli: "A Guide to Iris Murdoch's The Philosopher's Pupil" (2003).
External links
Review of The Philosopher's Pupil by Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, The New York Times, 29 June 1983.
1983 British novels
Novels by Iris Murdoch
Chatto & Windus books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Philosopher%27s%20Pupil
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Aridarum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. All of the known species in this genus are rheophytic and are endemic to the Island of Borneo. The plant is aquatic and has willow-shaped leaves that are able to take strong currents without sustaining damage.
Species
Aridarum borneense (M.Hotta) Bogner & A.Hay - Sarawak
Aridarum burttii Bogner & Nicolson - Sarawak
Aridarum caulescens M.Hotta - Sarawak, Brunei
Aridarum crassum S.Y.Wong & P.C.Boyce - Sarawak
Aridarum incavatum H.Okada & Y.Mori - Borneo
Aridarum minimum H.Okada - Borneo
Aridarum montanum Ridl. - Sarawak
Aridarum nicolsonii Bogner - Sarawak, West Kalimantan
Aridarum purseglovei (Furtado) M.Hotta - Sarawak
Aridarum rostratum Bogner & A.Hay - West Kalimantan
References
Aroideae
Araceae genera
Endemic flora of Borneo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aridarum
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The Giant Garden of Oz is a novel written and illustrated by Eric Shanower, first published in 1993 by Emerald City Press, a division of Books of Wonder. As its title indicates, the novel is a volume in the ever-growing literature on the Land of Oz, written by L. Frank Baum and many successors.
Synopsis
Temporally, Shanower places his novel at the end of the twentieth century; he takes up the story of Uncle Henry and Aunt Em, the surrogate parents of Dorothy Gale. In his sixth Oz book, The Emerald City of Oz, Baum had brought the two characters from the mundane world of Kansas to the Emerald City, where they enjoyed a blissful retirement. At the start of The Giant Garden of Oz, the couple, "after eighty-some years of a life of luxury," have decided to return to farming. (Inhabitants of Oz do not age, unless they want to.) They have acquired a small farm in the Munchkin Country; with magical aids designed by the Wizard of Oz, their farm labor is much less demanding than in the Kansas of their past.
Dorothy comes to pay her first visit to the new farm — but encounters an unprecedented problem. Overnight, the couple's vegetable garden grows to enormous size, with giant beets, broccoli, peppers, and watermelons, and heads of cabbage twenty feet high. The farmhouse is hemmed in by a vegetable wall. Dorothy sets out for the Emerald City, climbing a landscape of mountainous produce. Outside the garden, she crosses the Munchkin Country and meets new friends, principally a white-and-purple cow named Imogene, who gives varying dairy products depending upon her mood:
In a crisis, Imogene can yield a healing golden milk; and in the course of the tale, she gives whipped cream and ice cream too. (Imogene the cow originated in The Wizard of Oz, the 1902 stage adaptation of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.)
Imogene talks Dorothy into accepting her companionship (the cow wants to see the Emerald City). With the help of the Wizard, Dorothy begins to unravel the mystery of the giant garden, and to follow the trail of a would-be witch called Old Magda who is its cause. The task isn't easy; the trio endure a thunderstorm and a near-crash-landing during a balloon flight.
Magda created a giantism potion to make her gardening more productive and her life easier — but lost control of it; giant moles, eating the giant vegetables, become a pest to all and sundry. Dorothy falls prey to giantism herself and endures a subterranean ordeal before she, the Wizard, and Princess Ozma resolve the problem and restore the normal order of Oz.
In the end, Dorothy and her friends face a choice. They rescue Old Magda and Imogene the cow from being buried alive; then they learn that they can revive one or the other, but not both. Saving the old witch can lead to the antidote for Dorothy's giantism; but Dorothy finds she cannot allow her bovine companion to die. Once recovered, however, Imogene supplies the golden milk that restores Magda too. The antidote is obtained, and Dorothy is restored to her normal size. Old Magda reforms, and Imogene gets her tour of the Emerald City.
References
External links
Oz (franchise) books
1993 fantasy novels
1993 American novels
1993 children's books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Giant%20Garden%20of%20Oz
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Jenny Ferguson is a retired New Zealand netball player. Ferguson played domestic netball with the Otago Rebels from 2000 to 2002 and the Southern Sting from 2003 to 2007, captaining the side in 2007. She is also a former New Zealand A captain. Ferguson announced her retirement from all aspects of netball after the Sting won the 2007 National Bank Cup against the Northern Force. This was the last season of the National Bank Cup, which was replaced by a new trans-Tasman netball league called the ANZ Championship.
Ferguson linked up with the new Southern ANZ Championship franchise, the Southern Steel, as a physiotherapist. Nevertheless, she has been called up as a temporary replacement for injured or absent Steel players in each year of the ANZ Championship: in 2008 Ferguson filled in for former teammate Megan Hutton who was finishing her stint in England with Team Northumbria; in 2009 she was a temporary replacement player for the injured Sheryl Scanlan; and in 2010 provided injury cover during the preseason.
References
New Zealand netball players
Southern Steel players
ANZ Championship players
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Southern Sting players
Otago Rebels players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny%20Ferguson
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Bloodsworth Island is an island in the Chesapeake Bay. It lies in southern Dorchester County, Maryland. Historic research suggests that sites discovered in an archaeological investigation of the northern third of the island were associated with families who worked in the nineteenth-century Chesapeake Bay oystering industry.
History
Bloodsworth Island Range
From 1942 to 1995, the United States Navy used the island as a shore bombardment and bombing range for firing and dropping live ordnance from ships and aircraft. This included bombs, small and large caliber ammunition, rockets, and missiles that contained explosives, propellants, and other energetics. Due to extensive contamination by unexploded ordnance, the island is currently off-limits to the public.
In popular culture
The episode "What We Become" in the AMC original series The Walking Dead features the island as a major location. Newcomer Virgil says he is from a community living on Bloodsworth Island and he is trying to return. The episode ends with Michonne (Danai Gurira) accompanying Virgil, presumably to return to Bloodsworth Island to obtain weapons.
External links
Bloodsworth Island Range Safety Bulletin
Gallery
References
Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster Incorporated, 1997. .
Maryland islands of the Chesapeake Bay
Landforms of Dorchester County, Maryland
Uninhabited islands of Maryland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodsworth%20Island
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Kookal is a Panchayat village of terrace farmers at the far western end of the Palani Hills in Kodaikanal block of Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu state, South India. It is from Kodaikanal at: . Elevation is . Kookal is notable for the high biodiversity of the area.
Geography
Kookal sits at the head of the Kudiraiyar River basin. In this hilly terrain, topography may account for large variations in rainfall over short distances. A rain gauge at the border of the Kookal forest at recorded rainfall about 50% higher than that of two rain gauges in grasslands at the same altitude and northern slope during 1956–1966.
Employment
Out of 392 households reporting income, the means of livelihood are: casual labour 149, subsistence cultivation 183, artisan 32, salary 14. other 14. 33 cookkal 149 183 32 14 14 0 392
Health
Drinking water for 391 households is supplied from a source: greater than elevation of 100 meter - 13, within Elevation of 50-100 meter - 149, within Elevation of less than 50 meters -127, within House - 102. within an elevation of more than 50 meters. There is a lack of sanitary latrine facilities. Out of a total of 392 homes: 291 use open defection, 44 use a group latrine with regular water supply, 22 use group latrine with regular water supply, 2 use a clean group latrine with regular water supply and a regular sweeper and 33 use a private latrine.
Education
There is a Panchayat Union primary school here.
Out of 392 children 5–14 years old, 204 are working and not going to school, 7 are going to school and working, 176 are going to school and not working and 5 no response. Household literacy rate is 79%.
Wildlife
The area includes four types of ecosystems — swamp, grassland, freshwater lake and shola. Kookal lake runs through the middle of the sholas and surrounding grasslands. The Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History has a field research station here.
Flora
The Southern Montane Wet Temperate Forest has some unique features. An enormous 800-year-old tree, (sp.?) which bears fruit said to be useful for patients with diabetes and high blood pressure, is found here. It is now fenced in and under the care of the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. Very rare single fern trees, jamun and rudraksha trees, 26 species of cinnamon and the Shenbagam flower tree highlight the plant biodiversity.
Evergreen rain forest once extended down the valleys and slopes of the Palani Hills almost to the plains. One relatively large patch of evergreen forest survives on the north-west edge of the Palani plateau west of the settlement of Kookal. It lies on the flanks and crest of a north–south ridge and is mostly between and elevation. There is also a stunted dry woodland on parts of the ridge crest. Beyond the forest is the most extensive remaining montane grassland wilderness of the Palani Hills, merging with Manjampatti Valley in the Indira Gandhi National Park.
Woody plants were inventoried in December 2004 in the Kookal Reserve Forest. A total of
2279 stems belonging to 83 species, 68 genera and 40 families were inventoried. Of these, 16
species from 12 genera and 12 families were lianas. The most abundant species (≥ 1 cm dbh) was Psychotria nilgiriensis var. astephana (Rubiaceae), which accounted for 12% of the stems sampled. Xantolis tomentosa var. elengioides had the
largest basal area. Lauraceae was the dominant family accounting for 20% of the stems. About 30% of the species were endemic to the Western Ghats.
The Sholas are shrinking and wildlife population are threatened due to monoculture plantations of the Introduced species pine, eucalyptus and wattle. Along with the encroaching trees, ground ferns are also eating into the grasslands, affecting both the flora and the fauna of the area.
Kookal lake hosts a healthy otter population. The Kookal sholas are noted for 165 species of butterflies, and a number of relatively uncommon birds such as the wood pigeon, Nilgiri pipit and 15 types of dabchicks.
Trekking
Many of these wilderness areas and various wildlife may be seen while trekking in the area of Kookal. It is not safe to trek in the area without a local guide.
The Kookal caves, at about: , are ancient rock shelters that show traces of and are believed to be home to the descendants of the original Palaiyar (meaning "old ones") tribes who used to wear leaf clothing. The caves are overhanging slabs of different types of metamorphic rocks called charconite and granulite. Till the mid-1980s, over 30 families resided on the hill top, where a small temple is located.
To reach Kookal Caves, travel by bus from Kodaikanal to Poombarai and begin walking northwest. After walking through geranium plantations, and pine and wattle forest, the Kookal Forest Rest house can he reached. From there is a trail to the Kookal natural rock cave formations on a hill top. This stretch is leech-infested and best avoided during the monsoon.,.
Kookal - Kudiraiyar Dam - Palani: This is a difficult hike. Though the distance is only a good hiker will take about 5 hours. From Kookal, follow the foot-path leading to Pappampatti. After three kilometers this crosses the Kudiraiyar River and continues along the river. A waterfall high can be heard to the left. Elephants are common here. You'll walk through sholas, and deciduous forest. On getting to Kudiraiyar Dam, take a bus to Palani and back to Kodaikanal.
There is a trekking route from Mannavanur via Keelanavayal (90 mins.) to ManjampattI (3 hours) and Thalinji (2 hours) then to SH 17 (1 hr) and bus to Udumalaipettai.
Another route is from Paricombai - Kookal (8 km) - Kuthirayar-Pappanpatty-Kavalapatty (7 hours) then bus to Palani.
Mannavanur is about an hour's drive from Kodaikanal. Some popular trekking routes pass through the Sheep Research Center. The route from Kavunji to Kookal is fairly difficult.
From Kavunji take the footpath leading to Mannavanur. From there an old footpath leads to the sheep farm. Cross it and reach the Kodaikanal road. Follow the road to Kookal. En route, there are pleasant meadows of the sheep farm. Above Kookal you can see the caves where ancient men were living. Deer are common.
Visitor information
Tourists are required to get permission from the Forest Department to visit Kookal or trek in the forest areas. Please contact: Government of Tamil Nadu, Tourist Office, Annasalai, Kodaikanal, 624 101, Tamil Nadu, India. PH; 04542- 241675. A trekking map is available from them. Bison Wells Lodge has a panoramic view of the eastern slopes of Kookal ridge.
Notes
Villages in Dindigul district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukkal
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Clark Waddoups (born April 21, 1946) is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Utah.
Education and legal career
Waddoups received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Brigham Young University in 1970 and his Juris Doctor from the S.J. Quinney College of Law at the University of Utah in 1973. He was most recently a partner in the law firm of Parr, Waddoups, Brown, Gee & Loveless where he was a trial lawyer specializing in commercial litigation, including antitrust, securities, labor/employment, banking, construction, environmental and insurance claims. Waddoups has represented clients in industries such as heavy manufacturing, broadcasting, banking and finance, automotive, oil, and real estate.
Community and professional involvement
Waddoups practiced for O'Melveny & Myers, a large California law firm for seven years in Los Angeles before joining Parr Waddoups in 1981. Prior to that, he served as a law clerk for Judge J. Clifford Wallace of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, from 1973 to 1974.
Prior to his appointment, Judge Waddoups, who is admitted to practice in California and before all state and federal courts in Utah, was a registered lobbyist in the State of Utah, an active member of the Utah Supreme Court Advisory Committee on the Rules of Evidence, and past President of the A. Sherman Christensen American Inn of Court.
Federal judicial service
Waddoups was nominated by President George W. Bush on April 29, 2008. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 26, 2008. He received his commission on October 21, 2008. He assumed senior status on January 31, 2019.
Tenure as federal judge
Waddoups has been the presiding judge in over 600 cases since his confirmation in 2008, involving contract, real property, torts, civil rights, labor, bankruptcy, intellectual property, social security, and more.
Notable rulings and selected opinions
Kody Brown, et al. v. Gary Herbert, Governor of Utah, et al.
On July 13, 2011, Kody Brown and family, from the TLC reality television show Sister Wives, filed a complaint in the United States 10th District Court, District of Utah, to challenge Utah's polygamy laws. Jonathan Turley of George Washington University represented the plaintiffs in the case. The plaintiffs were found to have legal standing, though no charges have been filed against them. On December 13, 2013, approximately eleven months after he heard oral arguments in the case, Judge Waddoups rendered a 91-page decision striking down the cohabitation clause of Utah's polygamy statute as unconstitutional, but also allowing Utah to maintain its ban on multiple marriage licenses. Unlawful cohabitation, where prosecutors did not need to prove that a marriage ceremony had taken place (only that a couple had lived together), had been a major tool used to prosecute polygamy in Utah since the 1882 Edmunds Act.
HB 497
Judge Waddoups blocked an immigration law signed by Gov. Gary Herbert in March 2011 that would require police to check citizenship status upon arrest. According to ABC News, Waddoups "issued his ruling in Salt Lake City just 14 hours after the law went into effect, saying that there is sufficient evidence that at least some portions of the Utah legislation will be found unconstitutional.
United States v. John and Susan Ross
In December of 2009, Judge Waddoups sentenced two Davis School District employees, John and Susan Ross, for money laundering and fraud. The couple pleaded guilty and received 36 months probation, 3,000 hours of community service, $10,000 in fines, and $350,000 in restitution. Waddoups issued no jail time, against the prosecutors request, causing some to ask whether the judge was "going easy" on white-collar crimes.
Fitisemanu v. United States
In December 2019, Waddoups ruled that Samoans should be recognized as U.S. citizens. This decision was later reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit and is pending certiorari before the Supreme Court of the United States.
References
External links
District court web page
Resume
1946 births
Living people
Brigham Young University alumni
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Utah
People from Butte County, Idaho
United States district court judges appointed by George W. Bush
University of Utah alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark%20Waddoups
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An online lecture is an educational lecture designed to be posted online. Lectures are recorded to video, audio or both, then uploaded and made viewable on a designated site. Students may go to a certain designated site to view the lecture online at a time which is convenient for them. The lecture may also be available for live viewing online at the time it is recorded.
Traditionally, vocal education is possible only when the teacher and the pupil are together in the same room, where the teacher passes on the information in the same vicinity of the student. The development of the online lecture makes it possible so that the teacher and student no longer have to be in the same vicinity to teach and learn, respectively.
There are certain advantages to online lecturing. Students may access online lectures posted on their designated websites anywhere in the world, at any time they wish, as long as they have an internet connection. They can also be repeated for the sake of note taking. Studies have shown that students improve significantly in courses with online archived lectures. Studies have also noted that students' overall experience of a course has improved with the addition of online lectures. Online lecture may also one of the solutions in equalizing education for students. There are also disadvantages to online lecturing, namely the lack of face-to-face interaction, and the fact that students cannot easily contact their instructors unless a communications link is created. Additionally, attendance for in-class lectures may drop due to recorded lectures.
Provider and lists
:Category:Tertiary educational websites
See also
Screencast
Slidecast
Video podcast
Online video presentations
MOOC
Tertiary education
Educational technology
Video lesson
References
Distance education
Lectures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20lecture
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Harry 'Doc' Kloor is an American scientist, film producer, director, writer, and entrepreneur. Kloor was the first to be awarded two PhDs simultaneously in two distinct academic disciplines (i.e. Physics and Chemistry) both earned at Purdue University. In recognition of this achievement, he was named ABC person of the week in August 1994.
Scientific activities
Kloor is the CEO of Beyond Imagination and Jupiter 9 Productions, as well as the CSO of StemCC. He was one of the three co-founders of the Rocket Racing League, was one of the five original founding team members of Ansari XPRIZE, and served on the founding team for Singularity University, where he still serves as a media adviser. Kloor taught at the first summer session of Singularity University in 2009. He was also the chief science adviser for the X Prize Organization, advising X Prize Chairman and CEO Dr. Peter H. Diamandis on science and technology issues. In 2011, Kloor was one of the chairs of the DARPA's 100 Year Starship study.
Kloor also co-founded the company Universal Consultants, where he served as chief science consultant, providing guidance to clients in the development of new technological products, patents, and policy positions. These clients include NASA, the National Security Agency, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the US Senate, American Medical Association, and Jet Propulsion Laboratories.
Film
Kloor is a film writer, director, and producer. He has written for Star Trek: Voyager and was the story editor for Gene Roddenberry's Earth: Final Conflict, a series he co-created/developed. Kloor has received Federal grants to develop some of his work with the entertainment industry, creating TV/film projects with NASA and the U.S. Immigration Customs Enforcement Agency. He completed his first feature in 2010, co-directing, producing and writing Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey, a 3-D, computer-animated, action adventure, sci-fi program. In 2014, he co-wrote and produced a film titled ILL WIND, based on Kevin J. Anderson's and Doug Beason's book.
Filmography
As producer
Earth: Final Conflict (20 episodes, 1997–1998)
Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey (2010) (and as director and writer)
ILL WIND (2015-2017) (and as writer)
As writer
Earth: Final Conflict (1 episode 1997, 15 stories uncredited)
Episode "Scorpion's Dream" (1997)
Star Trek: Voyager (6 episodes, 1997–1998)
"Real Life" (1997)
"The Raven" (1997)
"Scientific Method" (1997)
"Be Afraid of the Dark" (unproduced, 1999)
"Drone" (1998)
"False Profits" (1998)
Godzilla: The Series (1 episode, 1999)
"Competition" (1999)
Deadzone: The Series (1 episode, 2004)
"The Master" (unproduced, 2004)
Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey (2010)
ILL WIND (2015)
Carson of Venus (2016)
References
External links
DonnaReed.co
Harry Kloor interview
SignaCert
Southern Oregon University alumni files
Living people
1963 births
American film producers
American television producers
American film directors
21st-century American physicists
21st-century American chemists
Purdue University alumni
English-language film directors
American film studio executives
Southern Oregon University alumni
American male screenwriters
American chief technology officers
American chief executives
21st-century American screenwriters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Kloor
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Provincial Road 266 (PR 266), is a provincial road in the Canadian province of Manitoba.
Route description
Provincial Road 266 starts on the east side of the village of Bowsman at PTH 10 and close to PR 279. The route leads to Birch River. It is an alternative route to PTH 10. The first part of the road near Bowsman follows along the Woody River, then it travels straight north. In Birch River it joins up with PR 268, about a mile from PTH 10. It is almost entirely a gravel road, except for the paved sections within Bowsman and Birch River.
266
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba%20Provincial%20Road%20266
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A rheophyte is a plant that lives in fast moving water currents in an environment where few other organisms can survive. Rheophytes tend to be found in currents that move at rates of one to two meters per second and that are up to 1 to 2 m deep. The amount of force produced by these currents, and the damaging debris they can carry, makes this environment inhospitable to most plants. Rheophytes are able to live in such environments because their leaves are streamlined so as put up little resistance to the flow of water. The leaves tend to be quite narrow and flexible as well. Simply being an aquatic plant with narrow leaves is not a sufficient condition for being a rheophyte. In order to prevent being uprooted by the rushing currents, rheophytes have an extremely strong wide spreading root system.
Rheophytes comprise two main groups - obligate rheophytes (or 'true' rheophytes) and facultative rheophytes. Apart from being adapted for fast currents, the survival of obligate rheophytes are dependent on the oxygenated water brought along with fast currents for survival. Facultative rheophytes are just as adapted to survive in areas where fast currents run through, but are not dependent on these fast currents to survival.
When low water levels occur, obligate rheophytes often quickly begin to flower to take advantage of these occurrences.
Examples of rheophytic plants are Asplenium obtusifolium, Osmunda lancea, and Tectaria lobbii (ferns) and Gosong brevipedunculata (an aroid). Aiphanes argos is a rheophytic palm.
References
Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. .
Aquatic plants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheophyte
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Oleg Aleksandrovich Oshenkov (; 27 May 1911 – 1 January 1976) was a Soviet football player and coach. Merited Master of Sports of USSR (1953)
Born in the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, Oshenkov spent all of his playing career in the city, while most of it playing for Dynamo Leningrad. As coach and manager, he worked with several clubs, including Dynamo Kyiv and Shakhtar Donetsk.
In 1956 along with Anton Idzkovsky, Oshenkov was a head coach of the Ukraine national team at the Summer Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR.
From 1971 through 1975 he chaired the Football Federation of Ukrainian SSR.
References
1911 births
1976 deaths
Ukrainian people of Russian descent
Soviet men's footballers
Footballers from Saint Petersburg
Men's association football midfielders
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
FC Dynamo Saint Petersburg players
Soviet football managers
FC Dynamo Kyiv managers
MFC Mykolaiv managers
FC Shakhtar Donetsk managers
FC Metalist Kharkiv managers
Ukraine national football team managers
Ukrainian Association of Football chairmen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg%20Oshenkov
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Astragon Entertainment GmbH is a German video game publisher based in Düsseldorf, Germany. Originally a subsidiary of the German video game distributor Astragon Sales & Services GmbH (formerly Rondomedia Marketing & Vertriebs GmbH). The company become known for being the original worldwide publisher of the Farming Simulator series and continues to do so in German territories.
They were originally headquartered in Hagen but moved to Mönchengladbach in 2004. Astragon formerly specialised in publishing simulation games for Microsoft Windows, but in 2008 they moved into other areas, when they published more casual games like Wendy: Holidays at Rosenborg for the Nintendo DS.
They have released several English language games under their Just Play It! label, including Myst IV: Revelation and CSI: Dark Motives. Astragon publish games by Big Fish Games and iWin in the German language market.
Currently, the company is primarily focused on publishing simulation games for a variety of platforms. Titles include the Construction Simulator series (for PC, Mac, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, iOS and Android), the Bus Simulator series (for PC, PS4 and Xbox One), the Farming Simulator series (for PC, Mac, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch) and additional titles like commercial fishing simulation Fishing: Barents Sea, the upcoming Firefighting Simulator and FPV drone racing simulation game Liftoff: Drone Racing and Police Simulator: Patrol Officers.
In September 2015, Astragon became the 100th GAME member of the association of the German games industry called GAME – Bundesverband der deutschen Games-Branche e.V..
In 2019, the company moved to Düsseldorf. In July 2021, the two companies merged and now operate as astragon Entertainment.
In January 2022, the company was acquired by Team17 in a deal worth £83 million.
Computer software
In addition, Astragon publishes computer software. They have published archiving software, educational CDs, multimedia tools and some design programs.
PC Games
Farming Simulator series (Germany only)
Bus Simulator series
Construction Simulator series
The Farm (2008)
Disco Tycoon (2010)
Dive to the Titanic (2010)
Camping Manager 2012 (2012)
Jack Keane 2 - The Fire Within (2013)
Water Park Tycoon (2014)
TransOcean: The Shipping Company (2014)
Ropeway Simulator 2014 (2014)
Mystery of Neuschwanstein (2015)
Coast Guard (2015)
CITYCONOMY: Service for your City (2015)
Oil Enterprise (2016)
TransOcean 2: Rivals (2016)
Gravity Island (2016)
Police Tactics: Imperio (2016)
Industry Manager: Future Technologies (2016)
Take Off - The Flight Simulator (2017)
TransRoad: USA (2017)
Fishing: Barents Sea (2018)
Police Simulator: Patrol Duty (2019)
Drone Swarm (2020)
Firefighting Simulator - The Squad (2020)
Railroads Online (2021)
Police Simulator: Patrol Officers (2022)
References
External links
Official website
MobyGames database (As 'astragon Sales & Services GmbH')
Companies based in Düsseldorf
Video game companies of Germany
Video game publishers
Video game companies established in 2000
German companies established in 2000
2022 mergers and acquisitions
Team17
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astragon
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The 2005 Bavarian Cup was the eighth edition of this competition, organised by the Bavarian Football Association (BFV), which was started in 1998. It ended with the Jahn Regensburg winning the competition. Together with the finalist, FC Ingolstadt 04, both clubs were qualified for the DFB Cup 2005-06.
The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).
Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998 these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event, their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners plus the finalist from last season's winners region are qualified for the first round.
Participating clubs
The following eight clubs qualified for the 2006 Bavarian Cup:
Bavarian Cup season 2004-05
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.
Regional finals
The Jahn Regensburg, runners-up of the Oberpfalz Cup is the eights team qualified for the Bavarian Cup due to the club's reserve team having won the Cup in the previous season.
First round
Semi-finals
Final
DFB Cup 2005-06
The two clubs, Jahn Regensburg and FC Ingolstadt 04, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2005-06 both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:
References
Sources
Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen 2004/05 Yearbook of German football, author: DSFS, publisher: Agon Sport Verlag, published: 2005, page: 280
External links
Bavarian FA website
2005
Bavarian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Bavarian%20Cup
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Alto Gállego (Aragonese: Alto Galligo) is a comarca located in the north of the autonomous community of Aragón, Spain. It occupies practically the entirety of the upper basin of the Río Gállego.
Historically the comarca was a part of the area known as Jacetania, the original nucleus of the old county of Aragón. The historical territories integrated into that area were the Tena Valley, the lands surrounding Biescas, and the Serrablo.
Today, Alto Gállego borders with the comarca of Jacetania to the West, the Sobrarbe to the East, the Hoya de Huesca, France to the North.
Territory and Population
See also
Linea P
References
External links
Official Website
Friends of Serrablo
Official map (pdf)
Comarcas of Aragón, Alto Gállego
Geography of the Province of Huesca
Comarcas of Aragon
Pyrenees
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto%20G%C3%A1llego
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The HP Pavilion dv4 is a model series of laptops manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Company that features a 14.1" diagonal display. The HP Pavilion dv5 features a 15.4" and the HP Pavilion dv7 a 17" display.
Models
dv4se (Special Edition) - Features the Midnight Wave finish
dv4-1502yu- Uses An Intel Processor
dv4z - Uses An AMD Processor
Weight And Dimensions
Note: Weight varies by configuration
Customizable Features
The following are customizable features only available in the United States (HP CTO Notebooks). Information retrieved on the HP store website, November 2008.
References
Pavilion dv4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%20Pavilion%20dv4
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The Annales Compostellani (Anales compostelanos) or Anales castellanos terceros are a set of Latin annals found in, and named after, Santiago de Compostela. They were found in the manuscript known as the Tumbo negro (or colorado) de Santiago de Compostela (also Codex Compostellanus or Códice compostelano), but they were originally redacted in the Rioja. They are grouped with the Chronicon Ambrosianum and the Chronicon Burgense as the Efemérides riojanas. They cover the history of the County and Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Navarre until the reconquest of Seville in 1248.
Editions
In Enrique Flórez, ed. España Sagrada, XXIII (Madrid: 1767), 317–24.
In José María Fernández Catón, ed. El llamado "Tumbo Colorado" (León: 1990), 251–58.
References
Conerly, Porter (1993). "Cronicones," pp. 468–9. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, vol. 1. Germán Bleiberg, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, edd. (Greenwood Publishing Group, ).
Martínez Díez, Gonzalo (2005). El condado de Castilla, 711–1038: La historia frente a la leyenda. Marcial Pons Historia.
Iberian chronicles
13th-century history books
13th-century Latin books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales%20Compostellani
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Ariopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. There are only two species of plants in the genus namely Ariopsis peltata and Ariopsis protanthera. Both species are found in the understories of tropical forests, but they both live in different areas. Ariopsis peltata is found in the Western Ghats, whereas Ariopsis protanthera is found in Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, northern Bangladesh, Myanmar and Thailand. Ariopsis has heart shaped leaves and are tuberous plants. The spadix is cylindrical and has cavities into which the pollen falls into.
References
Aroideae
Araceae genera
Flora of the Indian subcontinent
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariopsis%20%28plant%29
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The vice president-elect of the United States is the candidate who has won election to the office of vice president of the United States in a United States presidential election, but is awaiting inauguration to assume the office.
There is no explicit indication in the U.S. Constitution as to when that person actually becomes vice president-elect, although the Twentieth Amendment uses the term "Vice President-elect", thus giving the term constitutional justification.
The term corresponds to the term "president-elect of the United States", used for those elected president of the United States for the same period between their election and inauguration.
Incumbent vice presidents who have won re-election for a second term are generally not referred to as vice presidents-elect, as they are already in office and are not waiting to become vice president.
Elections of vice presidents-elect
In many, but not all, instances in which a new vice president has been elected, there is also a change of presidents, with a new president having been elected. This has not always been the case, however. There have been instances in which an incumbent president is reelected with a new vice president-elect as their running mate. This has often been due to an incumbent vice president having not received renomination. The most recent time this happened was in 1944, when Harry S. Truman was elected to replace Henry A. Wallace alongside the ailing three-term president Franklin D. Roosevelt. However, in other instances, this has been due to the vice presidency having been vacant, as there was no way to fill a vice presidential vacancy mid-term until the ratification of the Twenty-Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The most recent time that a new vice president was elected alongside an incumbent president was in 1964, when Hubert Humphrey was elected alongside Lyndon B. Johnson, with the vice presidency being vacant due to Johnson's ascension after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Ever since, all elections of new vice presidents have come alongside an election of a new president. No president has sought reelection with a running mate different than their incumbent vice president since Gerald Ford did so unsuccessfully in 1976.
It is possible for an incumbent vice president to win reelection as the running mate of a new president-elect, in which case there would be a United States presidential transition with the election of a new president-elect, but there would be no vice president-elect. This first happened in 1808 when vice president George Clinton, who was originally elected with Thomas Jefferson, was reelected as vice president with James Madison becoming president-elect. This happened again in 1828, when vice president John C. Calhoun, who was elected vice president in 1824 with John Quincy Adams, was re-elected as vice president with Andrew Jackson becoming president-elect.
Roles in presidential transitions
As previously mentioned many vice presidents-elect, and all from 1968 onwards, have been elected alongside a new president-elect, meaning that the period before many vice-presidents elects have entered office as vice president have entailed presidential transitions.
Similar to the president-elect, the General Services Administration is authorized by the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 to provide the vice president-elect with funding, office space, and various government services (such as transportation and communications) to accommodate their role in the transition between presidential administrations.
The role that various vice presidents-elect have played in United States presidential transitions has differed.
Two vice presidents-elect have been in charge of presidential transitions as formal chairmen, Dick Cheney in the presidential transition of George W. Bush (2000–01) and Mike Pence in the presidential transition of Donald Trump (2016–17).
Bill Clinton heavily involved Vice President-elect Al Gore in his 1992–93 transition, including him in a group of confidants that joined Clinton in making many of the transition's top decisions. Jimmy Carter allowed Vice President-elect Walter Mondale to play a role in his 1976–77 transition, including allowing him to provide input on some individuals being considered for roles in the administration.
Some presidents-elect have excluded their vice presidents-elect from playing a significant role in their transition. For instance, in Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1952–53 transition, Vice President-elect Richard Nixon did not play an active role. During Nixon's own the 1968–69 transition, Vice President-elect Spiro Agnew was similarly largely uninvolved.
Procedure for replacement
If the vice president-elect dies or resigns before the meeting of the Electoral College in December, the national committee of the winning party would, in consultation with the president-elect, choose a replacement to receive the electoral votes of the vice presidential nominee in the same manner as would happen if the former vice presidential nominee had become president-elect due to the death of the apparent winner. Assuming the requisite number the electors agreed to vote for the replacement candidate, that person would then become the vice president-elect. If such a vacancy were to occur after the electoral votes had been cast in the states, most authorities maintain that no replacement would be chosen and the new president (after taking office) would nominate a vice president, per the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Vice President-designate of the United States
Before ratification of the 25th Amendment in 1967, the Constitution contained no provision for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency. As a result, when one occurred (and did 16 times), the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Since 1967, the vice presidency has been vacant twice, and a successor was nominated each time to fill the vacancy in accordance with the 25th Amendment. The first instance was in 1973 when Gerald Ford was nominated by President Richard Nixon to succeed Spiro Agnew, who had resigned. The second came in 1974, when Ford, who had succeeded to the presidency following Nixon's resignation, nominated Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him. During both vacancies, the nominee was called vice president-designate, instead of vice president-elect, as neither had been elected to the office.
List of vice presidents-elect
See also
-elect
References
Presidential elections in the United States
United States presidential inaugurations
United States presidential transitions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice%20President-elect%20of%20the%20United%20States
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Razzmatazz is an Indian dance reality show and competition that was broadcast on Zee TV in 2001. It The show was hosted by Arshad Warsi and Shweta Menon.
Show format
The contestants' are divided into two separate groups, where the contestants' from each of the group perform their dancing skills to obtain points.
References
External links
Indian reality television series
Zee TV original programming
2001 Indian television series debuts
2001 Indian television series endings
Indian dance television shows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzmatazz%20%28Indian%20TV%20series%29
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The Bull of Osuna is a limestone high relief Iberian sculpture, 82 cm high, dated from the end of the 5th century BCE, that is on display at the National Archaeological Museum of Spain in Madrid.
It was found in the archeological site of the ancient Iberian city of Urso (Osuna) in Seville, Spain. The bull is ashlar and was carved, (probably in a Turdetani workshop), as a funeral monument. It is believed to have had some protective function.
References
Ayuntamiento de Osuna
Limestone statues
Iberian art
Collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Madrid
Sculptures in Madrid
Archaeological discoveries in Spain
Sculptures of cattle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull%20of%20Osuna
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The HP Pavilion dv5 was a model series of laptop/mobile computers manufactured by Hewlett-Packard Company that features a 15.4" diagonal display. The HP Pavilion dv4 features a 14.1" and the HP Pavilion dv7 a 17" display. The dv5 series has been discontinued, being partially replaced by the dv6 (16") series, and released again as a 14.5" model in 2010.
Models
dv5se (Special Edition) - Features the Renewal Imprint finish
dv5t - Uses An Intel Processor
dv5z - Uses An AMD Processor
Weight And Dimensions
Note: Weight varies by configuration
Customizable Features
The following are customizable features only available in the United States (HP CTO Notebooks). Information retrieved on the HP store website, November 2008.
References
HP dv5tse Information webpage
HP dv5t Information webpage
HP dv5z Information webpage
HP dv5 14.5-Inch Edition, 2010
See also
Hewlett-Packard
HP Pavilion
Pavilion dv5
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%20Pavilion%20dv5
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The Suburban Trib was a three-day-a-week newspaper, albeit with its own staff and policies, inserted into suburban issues of the Chicago Tribune. The Suburban Trib operated from 1967 until it was discontinued in 1985 in favor of regional editions of the Chicago Tribune.
References
Shapiro, Michael (2004) "No News is Good News", Columbia Journalism Review, July/August 2004.
Chicago Tribune
Defunct newspapers published in Chicago
Newspapers established in 1967
Publications disestablished in 1984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban%20Trib
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The HP Pavilion dv7 was a model series of laptops manufactured by Hewlett-Packard from 2008 that featured a 17.3" diagonal display. The HP Pavilion dv4 featured a 14.1" and the HP Pavilion dv5 a 15.4" display. The DV7 had bays for two hard drives, but was supplied with one; if a second hard drive was fitted then a hard drive hardware kit of bracket, connector cable, Mylar shield, and screws was required.
As of August 2012, most Pavilion laptops (namely the Pavilion M4, M6, dv6 and dv7 series) have been upgraded, rebranded and integrated into the premium HP Envy lineup with the newer Microsoft Windows 8 operating system. The Pavilion dv7 as such is therefore out of production.
Models
dv7t Uses An Intel Processor
dv7z Uses An AMD Processor
dv7-1000 to dv7-1400 series
Model produced alongside dv5 series. Display 17.0" CCFL WXGA+ (1440 × 900) or WSXGA+ (1680 × 1050).
dv7-1000 to dv7-2300 series
Model produced alongside dv6 series. Display 17.3" LED HD+ (1600 × 900), BrightView or flush glass AntiGlare. New look. MediaPlay button has been removed from the capacitive board.
dv7-3000 to dv7-3300 series
Very similar to the dv7-2000. In addition, was introduced a models with an Intel i5 and i7 processors and Nvidia discrete graphics — GeForce G 105M (512 MB) or GeForce GT 230M (1024 MB).
dv7-4000 to dv7-4300 series
Model produced alongside dv6-3000 series. Completely changed the design and construction, reducing the amount of gadget link in used in previous models. This will remove an ExpressCard slot, remote control, capacitive board, built-in TV tuner. Introduced island keyboard and "ClickPad" touchpad without buttons. New motherboard and cooling system reduced the amount of available ports on the left side of the computer. Introduced switchable graphics.
dv7-5000 series
Intel-based notebooks:
Processors: II-generation Intel Core i7 Quad
Graphics: Intel HD Graphics (UMA), switchable ATI Mobility Radeon HD 5650 1024 MB or ATI Mobility Radeon HD 5470 512 MB
dv7-6000 to dv7-6100 series
Display 17.3" LED HD+ (1600 x 900) BrightView or FullHD (1920 × 1080) AntiGlare. New look. Touchpad with mechanical switch. Quad speakers and subwoofer. eSATA combo port was removed.
dv7-6b00
dv7-6c00
dv7-7000 and dv7-7100 series
Some design changes. Quad speakers (two in the lid) and subwoofer. Supports III-generation Intel Core processors and mSATA SSD drive. Now supports two USB 3.0 ports. Second headphone jack was removed.
ENVY dv7-7200 and dv7-7300
The Pavilion brand was renamed to the brand ENVY. Laptops are sold with Microsoft Windows 8 operating system. For this reason, changed the motherboard. Added some new CPUs. Other specifications are the same as the DV7-7000 series notebooks.
In 2015. HP released a new series of HP Envy Laptops including the dv3, dv5 and dv7 models. The models feature a fingerprint sensor, a lifted hinge, Bang and Olufsen speakers and new Intel Core i processors based on the Skylake architecture. HP claims that this laptop is a very thin laptop due to the fact that the laptop was meant for entertainment.
References
Pavilion dv7
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%20Pavilion%20dv7
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Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (안전보건공단, 韓國産業安全保健公團) is a body in South Korea, which serves to protect the health and safety of Korean workers.
The advent of KOSHA
It was late 1980s that KOSHA (Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency) Law was released to the public. After the KOSHA Act was released in 1986, the labor department of Korea, which is the competent organization of KOSHA, moved to the next step that set up the plan for establishing KOSHA and inaugurated the institution committee for KOSHA in 1987. Since then, KOSHA has been taking responsibility for the important role in occupational safety and health in the workplace.
It had been a long time for people to look forward to working at the workplace without getting involved in occupational accidents or diseases. It was one of the fastest changing periods for Koreans who lived in during the industrial revolution of Korea. Before moving to the history of KOSHA, we need to examine the environmental and societal circumstances that lead to its development.
Korea experienced significant economic growth, the so-called "the miracle of Han river", during a five-year-long Economic Development Plan beginning in 1962. It resulted from two societal factors, the movement of population from rural to urban environments and the change of major industry. According to the statistic of Koreans agricultural department, the majority of Korean made a living engaging in farming and over 80% of people in Korea belonged to the rural community at that time. In particular, the rice culture that has been the most important crop in Korea since the Lee Dynasty, it required significant physical labor, but the gains from that were in vain, compared to the time and labor that farmers spent on doing that. Also, the Korean government tried to improve the quality of life in an agricultural village, but people who knew a vicious circle of farming were driven into cities which needed less expensive labor. At the very beginning of industrial boom, most small-medium factories and industries could take-off to increase in light of size and quality through using these affluent labor powers.
Thus, as industrial facilities became larger and the process became varied, the rate of exposure to the dangerous materials were increased, numerous occupational disasters and diseases broke out and started to affect the health of workers, both directly and indirectly. Since the statistics of occupational disaster were begun during July, 1964, taking the industrial accidents compensation insurance effect, over two million of workers were involved in occupational accidents. Among them, over 20,000 workers died, the remained became the disabled and the economic loss reached the amount of 6,000 million dollars (KOSHA 20th annual report).
Likewise, as occupational disasters became a bigger issue in the view of society and economics, the Korean government established and released the Occupational and Safety Law in 1981. But that was not enough to stop the growth of the rate of occupational disasters. Even the casualties of industrial accidents continued to increase because of the shortage of the experts and because owners of industries lacked interest. Hence, there were few effective ways to prevent those accidents. Accordingly, the government recognized the seriousness of the incident's harm and searched for a solution by establishing a professional organization for preventing occupational disaster.
Also, there has been pressure from labor unions and from society. Until that time, Korea had been ruled by presidents from army circles since President Park was inaugurated by a military coup in 1961. They did not allow workers to establish trade unions or ask for the enactment of the Labor Union Act, although there were, in name only, Labor Acts such as the Labor Standard Act, the Mediation Act in labor trouble. These were used for the benefit of owners. When seen from the political view, there were a significant number of demonstrations for democracy in Korea. The different point is that workers, including white collar workers, and the general public joined the request. Demonstrations were usually college students' before 1986. Especially, workers called upon substantial laws to reinforce owners who pursued the profit, but were not interested in employees' basic rights. Consequently, the Korean government stepped forward to establish a professional organization intended to protect the basic rights of workers at worksites.
KOSHA's goals involve promoting the safety and health of workers, encouraging efficient business to prevent industrial accidents, and to motivate business proprietors into joining them, contributing to the improvement of economic development. The meanings of the establishment can be summarized as follows.
KOSHA offers professional knowledge and experts to establish, national, synthetic and technical systems of occupational accident prevention.
KOSHA advocates for providing safe and clean environments for workers and contributes to enlighten Korean society about safety.
KOSHA seeks to reduce the rate of industrial disasters that prevent Korea from entering the developed country; it raised the power of national competition to join the OECD. (E-book of the history of KOSHA)
Likewise, KOSHA was established having a significant mission to protect the precious life, physical safety, and health of workers. Also, KOSHA uplifted the quality of life while growing into a professional organization.
The office organization and staff of KOSHA
At the beginning of the institution, there was one headquarters, two branch offices, and one education center. It had 368 employees including, one president and three trustees. KOSHA has reorganized twenty-one times to provide the best service for workers and to deal with the ever-changing society and occupational safety policy of government. The contents of important reforms are as follows.
In 1989, the research center was newly established.
In 1991, KOSHA extensively reformed the staff organization in accordance with KOSHA Act. Thus, the size of the organization increased and employed over 800 people.
In 1995, KOSHA needed to form a division into the department for promoting safety culture to let people get to know the safety at the worksites because big accidents kept occurring.
In 2001, KOSHA reorganized the division into teams and founded Human Resource Development (HRD) team.
In 2003, KOSHA added one more branch office in Jeju and two chemical research centers to manage chemical materials.
In 2004, human power at headquarters was reduced and transferred to 20 branch offices.
In 2006, KOSHA has become a flexible organization to support the relationship between businesses and, to make it possible to focus on the scene of labor. Also, the human resources that were separated into technical and management parts, were integrated on one part.
At present, KOSHA has a headquarters that consists of nine departments and 19 teams, an education center, a research center, and 20 branch offices around Korea where over 1,300 occupational experts do their best to prevent industrial disasters from happening at the worksite.
Likewise, KOSHA has changed a lot with respect to office and staff organization to adapt to the new environment that the entire world entered into the age of unlimited competition represented as the age of information and globalization.
Basic businesses
From the beginning, KOSHA played a significant role preventing occupational hazards, accidents, and diseases from worksites. Speaking of the businesses, first we cannot help but talk about the development and spread of prevention technologies, support to educate workers visiting worksites, as well as, analysis and inspection of facilities that are likely to bring the danger or harmfulness, since KOSHA was released.
KOSHA focused on activities such as safety diagnoses, guiding new technologies, and education for workers concerned with safety and health that workers and workplaces were asking for in the beginning. It took two years for KOSHA to develop and spread the systematic ways such as visiting worksites and analyzing causes or doing epidemiology research to find the cause of industrial accidents.
It was in 1995 that KOSHA was absorbed in trying to reduce the rate of occupational accidents because the campaign for safety culture at workplaces was widespread all over the country. Therefore, KOSHA started to take an action that put aside the some amount of money to prevent those accidents in small and medium businesses that were blamed for occupying the 73.5% of total occupational disasters. Also, the rate of industrial accidents was plunged under 1% that is the sign of getting into the developed country.
External links
Official Website
Government-owned companies of South Korea
Medical and health organizations based in South Korea
Occupational safety and health organizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%20Occupational%20Safety%20and%20Health%20Agency
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An impulse facility is a testing facility that relies on rapid release of stored energy to generate a short period of high enthalpy test conditions for testing of aerodynamic flow, aerodynamic heating and atmospheric reentry, combustion, chemical kinetics, ballistics, and other effects. The rapid release of energy can result in very high instantaneous energy release rates even though the total energy released is modest. The use of an impulse facility can allow testing of violently energetic phenomena generating temperatures and pressures that no known materials could withstand in steady state. This effect also produces short test times, however, with some types of tests in these facilities lasting less than 100 microseconds. Impulse facilities are a special case of blow down facilities where an energy storage mechanism is charged over a period of time and then released to initiate a test and must be charged again before the next test. This contrasts with continuous facilities such as wind tunnels that may run continuously. Examples of impulse facilities are the shock tube, the shock tunnel, the expansion tube, the expansion tunnel, and the Ludwieg tube.
References
Engineering equipment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse%20facility
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The presidential transition of Barack Obama began when he won the United States presidential election on November 4, 2008, and became the president-elect. Obama was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 15, 2008. The results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8, 2009, and the transition ended when Obama was inaugurated at noon EST on January 20, 2009.
Organization of the transition
The Obama transition organization was called the Obama-Biden Transition Project. The transition team was convened during the height of the campaign, well before the outcome could be known, to begin making preparations for a potential administration. It was co-chaired by John Podesta, who was Bill Clinton's fourth and last White House chief of staff and the president/chief executive officer of the Center for American Progress, Valerie Jarrett, who is one of Obama's longest-serving advisers, and Pete Rouse, former Senate chief of staff for Tom Daschle who succeeded Rahm Emanuel as Obama's chief of staff.
On November 5, the General Services Administration declared that Obama was the "apparent winner," making him eligible to receive transition funding and other government services, and granting him access to their 2008 presidential transition headquarters in Washington, D.C. Podesta estimated that the transition would employ approximately 450 people and have a budget of about $12 million: $5.2 million would be paid by the federal government and the remaining $6.8 million would be funded by private sources, with each contribution limited to $5,000. The transition project would not accept money from political action committees or federal lobbyists.
Transition team
On November 5, Obama announced his complete transition team, which was organized as a nonprofit tax-exempt organization under U.S. federal tax code 501(c)(4). The advisory board consisted of Carol Browner, William M. Daley, Christopher Edley, Michael Froman, Julius Genachowski, Donald Gips, Janet Napolitano, Federico Peña, Susan Rice, Sonal Shah, Mark Gitenstein and Ted Kaufman.
Members of the transition team's senior staff included:
Chris Lu – Executive Director
Dan Pfeiffer – Communications Director
Stephanie Cutter – Chief Spokesperson
Robert Gibbs - Press Secretary
Cassandra Butts – General Counsel
Jim Messina – Personnel Director
Patrick Gaspard – Associate Personnel Director
Christine A. Varney - Personnel Counsel
Melody Barnes – Co-Director of Agency Review
Lisa Brown – Co-Director of Agency Review
Phil Schiliro – Director of Congressional Relations
Michael Strautmanis – Director of Public Liaison and Intergovernmental Affairs
Katy Kale – Co-Director of Operations
Brad Kiley – Co-Director of Operations
Joshua Gotbaum and Michael Warren headed the transition team of the Treasury Department. In addition, Thomas Donilon and Wendy Sherman oversaw the transition of the State Department. Seth Harris oversaw the transition in all of the labor, education, and transportation agencies with Edward B. Montgomery leading the Labor Department agency review team, Mortimer Downey leading the Transportation Department agency review team, and Judith Sherman leading the Education Department agency review team. Finally, John P. White and Michele Flournoy led the transition of the Defense Department.
Activities as the president-elect
Bush administration
In mid-October, the George W. Bush administration convened a fourteen-member council to coordinate with and brief the winning campaign's transition team. The New York Times reported that White House chief of staff Joshua Bolten then planned to recruit his predecessor, Andrew Card, to oversee the activity. On November 6, Obama received his first classified intelligence briefing from director of national intelligence John Michael McConnell and Central Intelligence Agency director Michael Hayden.
President Bush invited Obama and his team to attend the 2008 G-20 Washington summit held between November 15 and 20 in order to introduce him to more than twenty world leaders who attended the event. However, Obama did not come, and his transition team instead sent former Republican Rep. Jim Leach and former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to meet with the heads of state. Obama was expected to address a United Nations global warming summit in Poland in December or allow a representative such as Al Gore to present his policies.
On November 10, Obama traveled to the White House and met with President Bush to discuss transition issues while First Lady Laura Bush took his wife Michelle on a tour of the mansion. NBC News reported that Obama advanced his economic agenda with Bush, asking him to attempt to pass a stimulus package in a lame duck session of Congress before the inauguration. He also urged Bush to accelerate the disbursement of $25 billion in funds to bail out the automobile industry and expressed concern about additional Americans losing their homes as mortgage rates increase again.
The Bush administration reportedly went out of its way to make the transition as seamless as possible for the incoming administration, earning accolades from Obama staff members and outside experts alike. According to nearly all accounts, the Bush administration streamlined the process for new officials to obtain security clearances and planned training exercises for the incoming national security team, to ensure that they would be ready to face a possible crisis on the first day in office. Part of this enhanced cooperation is required by laws passed at the behest of the 9/11 Commission, while part is attributed to the difficulty that the Bush administration had with its own transition, which lasted only five weeks and was felt to have had a deleterious effect on Bush's ability to govern. "I'm not sure I've ever seen an outgoing administration work as hard at saying the right thing," said Stephen Hess of the Brookings Institution. "This is really quite memorable."
During the transition, the Bush administration had many important matters to address, even as a lame duck president. There was an ongoing financial crisis, and this was the first presidential transition since the presidential transition of Richard Nixon to occur while the United States was at war.
Resignation from Senate offices
At the time of their election, President-elect Obama and Vice President-elect Joseph Biden were incumbent U.S. senators from Illinois and Delaware respectively. In accordance with Article I, Section 6 of the United States Constitution, both were required to resign their respective Senate seats on or before January 20, 2009, in order to become president and vice president.
Obama Senate transition
Obama resigned from the Senate effective November 16, 2008. Initially, it was thought that his replacement would be named by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich. Since the term for the seat expired in January 2011, it would come up for its normal election in 2010 with no special election necessary. Blagojevich was expected to name Obama's immediate successor in the Senate by January 3, 2009. However, on December 9, 2008, the status of Obama's succession in the Senate was cast in doubt after Blagojevich was arrested on federal corruption charges, which included allegedly attempting to sell the appointment. Although placed in federal custody and released on $4,500 bail, as long as he remained governor Blagojevich continued to have sole authority to make the appointment. Several Democrats, including Sen. Dick Durbin, asked the Illinois General Assembly to schedule a special election instead.
Speaking through a surrogate, Obama called for Blagojevich's resignation on December 10. Had Blagojevich resigned or been removed from office before making the appointment, the duty would have fallen to Illinois Lt. Gov. Pat Quinn, who would succeed Blagojevich as governor. However, Illinois Senate president Emil Jones said that he would call the Senate back into session to write a law that would result in Obama's replacement being determined in a special election.
However, after the state legislature did not pass a law mandating a special election for the seat, on December 30, Blagojevich announced that he was appointing Roland Burris, a former Illinois Attorney General, Illinois Comptroller, and U.S. Treasury Department official, to the seat, citing his constitutional duty in the absence of a law requiring a special election.
Blagojevich, Burris, and Representative Bobby Rush urged the public to consider the qualifications of Burris as a public servant and not the scandals in which Blagojevich was embroiled.
However, the Senate Democrats released a statement in which they reaffirmed that they would refuse to seat anyone appointed to the seat by Blagojevich, as that individual would be an ineffective representative of Illinois because of "questions of impropriety."
Some members of the Congressional Black Caucus, including Rush, expressed their support for seating Burris, who would be the only African-American in the Senate; Rush compared a Senate rejection of Burris to a lynching. However, President-elect Obama released a statement condemning the appointment and again calling on Blagojevich to resign. In addition, the Illinois Secretary of State, Jesse White, reiterated that he would not certify any appointment made by Blagojevich, although at the time it was not clear whether this could prevent Burris from taking office. Furthermore, the Senate might not actually have been able to refuse to seat Burris, as he met all constitutional requirements for the office and was not involved in the Blagojevich corruption scandal (per the U.S. Supreme Court decision Powell v. McCormack).
On January 9, 2009, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled in the case Burris v. White that the appointment only required the signature of the governor to be valid, and not that of the Illinois Secretary of State, and that the state of Illinois is not required to use the Senate's recommended certification form, as it is only "recommended" under the Standing Rules of the United States Senate. The Court further remarked that "no explanation has been given as to how any rule of the Senate, whether it be formal or merely a matter of tradition, could supersede the authority to fill vacancies conferred on the states by the federal constitution". Following the ruling, White provided Burris with a certified copy of the appointment's registration, and Burris delivered that copy, that bears the State Seal, to the Secretary of the Senate. His credentials declared valid, Burris was finally sworn in on January 15, 2009, by outgoing President of the Senate Dick Cheney.
Biden Senate transition
Biden had indicated that he would remain in the Senate until he was sworn in as vice president on January 20, 2009. Although he was sworn in for a seventh Senate term in early January 2009, he resigned from the seat on January 15, 2009, having served just over 36 years in the body. He was Delaware's longest-serving senator.
On November 24, 2008, Delaware Gov. Ruth Ann Minner announced that Ted Kaufman would serve as Biden's appointed replacement. Kaufman was sworn in on January 16, 2009. A special election was held in November 2010, which elected Democratic candidate Chris Coons.
During his abbreviated final term in the Senate, Biden went on a diplomatic fact-finding trip to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, becoming the first vice-president-elect to undertake such a mission before entering office.
Change.gov website
On November 5, 2008, the transition team launched change.gov, the official website of the transition.
The website included a blog and jobs page. It also had a section that allowed visitors to share stories or their visions for the country. Visitors were able to comment on issues important to them using the Citizen's Briefing Book. Individuals applying for work within the Obama administration via this site were required to go through intensive consumer and criminal background checks performed by the ChoicePoint Corporation. The website used a Creative Commons license.
As part of their efforts towards transparency, on December 5 the transition team announced that "all policy documents from official meetings with outside organizations will be publicly available for review and discussion on Change.gov." After the inauguration, many of the functions of change.gov were transferred to a redesigned White House website.
Administration appointments
Thirty-one of the appointments to the transition team had previously worked in the Clinton administration, including Podesta, chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, and Biden's chief of staff Ron Klain.
Announcements
Obama held near-daily press conferences as president-elect to announce his administration nominees to the public. He introduced the nominees and occasionally took questions from the press regarding issues such as economic difficulties and the war in Afghanistan.
The appointments of Lawrence Summers and Timothy F. Geithner to key economic positions were criticized, on grounds that they had been prominently involved in creating many of the conditions that led to the financial crisis of 2007–2008, so "failure is being rewarded." Summers was a leading advocate of the derivatives deregulation, together with Alan Greenspan and Robert Rubin, and during his transition to Secretary of the Treasury, the act that kept commercial banks out of Wall street, the Glass–Steagall Act, was repealed. Geithner instead was criticized for his failure to pay $34,000 in income taxes.
The appointment of Eric Holder for attorney general raised concerns, due to his role in the last-minute pardon issued by Bill Clinton for fugitive financier Marc Rich.
During his first press conference as president-elect, on November 7, Obama remarked about former first lady Nancy Reagan holding seances in the White House, which gained widespread attention. Termed his "first gaffe," Obama called Mrs. Reagan later that evening to apologize for what his spokesperson said was a "careless and off-handed remark."
Chief of staff: Representative Rahm Emanuel of Illinois was selected by President-elect Obama on November 6, two days after the election.
Deputy Chiefs of Staff: Jim Messina, current director of personnel for the Obama Transition team and former chief of staff to Senator Max Baucus; and Mona Sutphen, a former career foreign service officer who worked for President Clinton's National Security Council.
Senior Advisors to the President: Campaign strategist David Axelrod and Pete Rouse, who has been serving as Obama's Senate chief of staff.
Senior Advisor and Assistant to the President for Intergovernmental Relations and Public Liaison: Valerie Jarrett, a lawyer who served as Chicago's planning commissioner and later was chairperson of the Chicago Transit Authority. In 1995, Jarrett left public service to join the Habitat Corporation, a Chicago real estate management company.
Assistant to the President for Legislative Affairs: Phil Schiliro.
White House Counsel: Greg Craig.
Cabinet Secretary: Chris Lu, former legislative director of Obama's Senate office.
Staff Secretary: Lisa Brown, executive director of the American Constitution Society.
Press Secretary: Robert Gibbs, announced on November 22.
Communications Director: Ellen Moran.
Deputy Director of Communications: Dan Pfeiffer.
Chair of the White House Council on Environmental Quality: Nancy Sutley, a well-known member of the LGBT community, and Deputy Mayor of Los Angeles.
Deputy Director of White House Office of Health Reform: Jeanne Lambrew.
White House photographer: Pete Souza.
Cabinet and top advisors
There was one withdrawal, New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson, whom Obama had named Secretary of Commerce. Richardson's administration was, at the time, the subject of a federal corruption probe; while maintaining that his administration was responsible for no wrongdoing, he withdrew so as to prevent a lengthy confirmation process from hindering the work of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The position was filled by Gary Locke.
Obama named Tim Kaine as new chairman of the Democratic National Committee, replacing Howard Dean who has clashed with Obama and his advisors in the past. Kaine served concurrently as Governor of Virginia until his term ended in January 2010.
Obama named Aneesh Chopra for the new position of Chief Technology Officer of the United States, Vivek Kundra as Chief Information Officer and Jeffrey Zients Chief Performance Officer and deputy director for management of the Office of Management and Budget
Initial reaction to Obama's choice of Leon Panetta as CIA director was mixed, with some intelligence professionals expressing concern that Panetta lacked specific intelligence experience, and others such as former Congressman and co-chair of the Iraq Study Group Lee H. Hamilton praising the choice.
Domestic policy
Economic policy
Environment and energy
Foreign affairs and national security
Table
Emerging agenda
Obama's developing presidential agenda was divided into domestic and foreign policy issues. In most cases, this agenda involved addressing crises already underway. His principal strategic decisions concerned how quickly to move bills through Congress. Some of his advisors suggested moving quickly, as Franklin D. Roosevelt did in 1933, under the belief that a more moderate approach would waste valuable time early in his presidency, when his political capital will be strongest. Others suggested moving more slowly, as Bill Clinton did before his attempt to enact a national healthcare program, based on the notion that rapid change could quickly wear down any bipartisan consensus. He was expected, in any case, to issue a series of executive orders within days of his inauguration, including a reversal of Bush-era executive orders restricting funding to family planning (including abortion) services and stem-cell research. There was also a possibility that a new cabinet level advisory post would be created overseeing the Department of Energy, Department of the Interior and the Environmental Protection Agency.
According to Podesta, the transition team planned to conduct an exhaustive review of Bush's executive orders in an effort to find quick changes that could be implemented on the first day in office. Podesta also says that there is a great deal that can be accomplished without waiting for Congress to act and that Obama wanted to move quickly once in office to restore "a sense that the country is working on behalf of the common good."
Economic agenda
The economic agenda under development initially focused on short-term measures intended to hold off widespread economic losses so that a longer-term economic agenda could then be formulated. That approach subsequently shifted to a longer-term stimulus plan, with a goal of creating 2.5 million jobs over a two-year period. With a cost of $700 to $800 billion, the stimulus plan would cost more than a quarter million dollars per job created (divide 750 billion by 2,500,000 yielding $300,000). In a nationally televised interview on December 7, he acknowledged that his agenda has changed over the past month, and that a short-term stimulus package had again become his first priority. He wanted to emphasize "shovel ready" infrastructure projects to create new jobs quickly. Barack Obama said he hoped to sign the stimulus package into law soon after taking office on January 20.
Obama's most immediate concern was an economic stimulus proposal that some Congressional Democrats had advocated. Like previous stimulus packages, that proposal was demand-side (Keynesian) in nature. It would likely consist of increased funding for unemployment benefits, the Food Stamp Program, and infrastructure projects, rather than tax rebates. In fact, Obama claimed to be planning "the largest infrastructure program in roads and bridges and other traditional infrastructure since the building of the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s." However, he also emphasized his plans to "green" the federal government by updating heating and lighting systems in federal buildings, as well as significant investment in technology initiatives such as mandatory electronic medical records, improved computers in schools, and universal availability of broadband Internet access.
Additional funding for Medicaid was also being considered. A similar stimulus bill was passed by the House of Representatives on September 26, 2008, but never approved by the Senate. Obama promised to promote a stimulus bill early in his presidency if one was not passed before his inauguration on January 20, 2009.
In addition, Obama considered the request of the U.S. automotive industry for a cash infusion of $50 billion in addition to the $25 billion that had already been approved, but emphasizing that his support is "conditioned on them making significant adjustments."
Obama also planned to push for a program to spend $150 billion over 10 years to develop new renewable energy sources. This money would also be used to encourage energy conservation and help the auto industry develop fuel-efficient vehicles. However, Mother Jones reported that the Windfall Profits Tax on oil companies, which he frequently cited during the campaign, had been dropped from the agenda early in the transition.
According to the transition's website, Obama also hoped to rekindle volunteerism by expanding AmeriCorps and the Peace Corps and also creating a new Classroom Corps. Other volunteer efforts reportedly include a Health Corps, Clean Energy Corps, and Veterans Corps. Middle and high school students would be asked to do 50 hours of community service work a year. College students would be eligible for $4,000 in tuition tax credits in exchange for community service work. Improved volunteerism programs aimed at senior citizens were projected, as well as augmented Youth Build and Head Start programs.
Agenda on healthcare
On December 5, Tom Daschle, who was designated to lead Obama's efforts for health care reform, announced a month-long campaign to solicit public input on the shape of that reform. People were encouraged to hold community meetings to discuss the issue, and to post their thoughts on www.change.gov, where over 10,000 comments had already been posted. Although Democratic leaders had met in private for several months to prepare a legislative package for unveiling in January, Daschle was anxious to avoid the appearance that the transition was working behind closed doors to create a sweeping agenda for change.
This technique, developed by grass roots organizations like MoveOn.org, was designed to reinforce the notion that Obama intended to aggressively pursue his health care reform agenda despite the worsening economy. "President-elect Obama has made health reform one of his top priorities, and I'm here to tell you that his commitment to changing the healthcare system remains strong and focused", said Daschle.
During a news conference on December 11, 2008, Obama linked health care reform to the upcoming economic stimulus package, noting that "It's not something that we can sort of put off because we're in an emergency." "This is part of the emergency." He expected the stimulus legislation to include a $40 billion increase in Medicaid spending over two years, plus a massive investment in health information management technology. Consideration was also being given to funding for retraining medical workers, expansion of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and expansion of the COBRA provisions, which allow unemployed workers to purchase health insurance through their previous employer's plan.
Foreign policy agenda
One of the principal foreign policy issues that Obama ran on during the presidential campaign concerned his promise to withdraw most American troops from the Iraq War within sixteen months of his inauguration.
Another issue concerned the three areas of foreign policy that President Bush had been focusing on during the final months of his term: Iran's nuclear development, North Korea's nuclear arsenal, and the Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. In all three cases, a diplomatic structure had already been established, although some of the Bush administration's goals might differ from those Obama would adopt as president.
In the Middle East, Bush began a new approach to the peace process, the so-called Annapolis process, which attempts to encourage Israeli and Palestinian leaders to agree on the outlines of a peace accord. Although both sides cite some success in these discussions, critics believe the talks have unduly ignored Hamas, which has been labeled as a terrorist organization, despite the fact that it holds an enormous amount of political power in the region.
Obama had not specified what his approach would be, although it was considered likely that he would appoint a high-level Middle East envoy, in part to free his Secretary of State so that other matters can also be addressed. Hamas expressed a willingness to talk to Obama, who has said that he will reciprocate only if it renounces terrorism, recognizes Israel's right to exist, and agrees to abide by past agreements. The Hamas leader in Gaza, Ismail Haniyeh, has said the Hamas government would accept a Palestinian state that followed the Green Line and would offer Israel a long-term truce if Israel recognises the Palestinians' national rights.
During his second term, Bush pursued an agreement with North Korea to end its nuclear weapons programs. To prevent a collapse in the process, Bush agreed to remove North Korea from the State Department's list of State Sponsors of Terrorism, which Obama supported. Obama has criticized Bush for taking so long to engage with North Korea, and has indicated that he would be eager to engage in a more proactive diplomatic effort to reach an agreement. A senior North Korean official recently told reporters that "we are ready to deal" with the incoming Obama administration.
Obama also deliberated on how to deal with Iran. Outgoing Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice had assembled a coalition of six states—the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, China, and the United States—to confront Iran.
While the group won approval from the United Nations, Iran largely ignored its demands. While Obama had previously advocated carefully planned direct talks with Iran, he was now being seen as likely to build on the current coalition to broker an agreement with Iran.
In addition, Obama formulated a policy to deal with the U.S. missile defense shield that was under construction in Poland. He discussed the matter with both Polish President Lech Kaczyński and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. While his advisors were working on a missile shield policy, his position at that time was simply that one might be deployed if and when it has been "proved to be workable".
Obama also planned to revoke a series of executive orders enacted by Bush that would have the effect of overturning a practice that many critics have labeled as torture against "detainees."
This would include requiring the CIA to abide by the Army Field Manual when interrogating prisoners. Resistance was expected, however, from some in the Intelligence Community, regarding the practicality of a complete revocation of these orders. He was also hoping to close the detention camp at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba, although issues were expected to arise in such a plan because many of the detainees have been held without evidence or have been coerced in their confessions, which would not be admissible in a federal court.
A November 20, 2008, Los Angeles Times article stated, "Antiwar groups and other liberal activists are increasingly concerned at signs that Barack Obama's national security team will be dominated by appointees who favored the Iraq invasion... 'It's astonishing that not one of the 23 senators or 133 House members who voted against the war is in the mix,' said Sam Husseini of the liberal group Institute for Public Accuracy."
National defense
Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, who was retained in the Obama Administration, outlined an agenda for reform of the Department of Defense. His ideas centered on a perceived need to shift purchasing priorities away from costly high tech weapons, and toward lower cost alternatives that are more appropriate for the wars the U.S. was currently fighting, as well as those he believed might lie in the immediate future. He noted that there are limits to U.S. military power, and believed that the emphasis should be shifted away from fighting, and toward training, advising and equipping allied forces to fight.
Specific areas Gates and Obama agreed on were said to include:
Improved coordination and cooperation between the military and the State Department, as well as other civilian agencies.
Improving the "security capacity" of US allies to allow them to increase their participation in the War on Terrorism.
Being attentive to the risk from conventional military forces, as well as insurgencies.
Shifting troops and other resources from Iraq to Afghanistan.
Continued expansion of the Army and Marine Corps.
Overhaul of the Pentagon's procurement system.
Energy policy
Obama made energy policy one of his topmost priorities in his 2008 campaign. Towards his energy goals of United States energy independence through investment in alternative energy production he has set the following objectives:
Within ten years save more oil than current imports from the Middle East and Venezuela combined.
By 2015 put one million plug-in hybrid vehicles on the road.
By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025.
By 2050, 80% of currently emitted greenhouse gases shall be eliminated.
To achieve these objectives, Obama proposed the following measures
Over 10 years invest $150 billion for energy development with a lower emissions including:
Transition to a digital electricity grid. Create a Grid Modernization Commission to facilitate adoption of smart grid practices.
Accelerate commercialization of plug-in hybrid technology.
Create 5 million green collar jobs involved in projects such as in construction, retrofitting buildings to make them more energy efficient or to generate their own power.
Develop and deploy clean coal technology.
Establish a national low-carbon fuel standard.
Weatherize one million homes annually.
Increase "CAFE" fuel efficiency standards for vehicles.
Set construction of the Alaska natural gas pipeline as a high priority.
Establish a "use it or lose it" approach to existing oil and gas leases granted for federal land.
Establish an economy-wide cap and trade program.
Appointees recruited by Obama with experience on energy policy included Peter Orszag, an expert on cap and trade programs, who was named as director of the Office of Management and Budget. John Podesta, transition chief, was an early advocate of Detroit's refocus on using lower carbon alternatives to gasoline.
Secret Service preparations
The Secret Service, of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, was the lead agency for both security and logistics for the Inaugural Ceremony. Their plan was to open the event to as many spectators as possible. Security was expected to be strict, and vast portions of downtown Washington would be closed to all traffic. Initially, it was thought that up to 4 million people would descend upon the area of the National Mall, but later reports from the Secret Service suggested that the number might not be that high. Arrangements for 8000 police officers were made, however, and parking for up to 10,000 tour buses was arranged. A Metro spokesperson warned that the subway system "will be utterly overwhelmed." Camping was not permitted on the mall.
On November 13, 2008, the Secret Service announced that Obama's codename would be "Renegade". In addition, his wife's is "Renaissance" and his daughters' are "Rosebud" and "Radiance".
Residential transition
The first family visited both Sidwell Friends School and Georgetown Day School before deciding on Sidwell. The residential transition began with the first of two interim stops at the Hay-Adams Hotel on January 4. The second interim stop was a move to Blair House on January 15, the traditional interim move date for residents-elect. The residential transition began earlier than for most incoming presidents because the daughters began school at Sidwell on January 5. During the campaign, Michelle Obama had stated that the residential transition would be planned to be as unified as possible for all members of the family. Michelle's mother, Marian Robinson, made plans to move into the White House to assist with child care. In the current real estate market, the Obamas did not intend to sell their South Side Chicago home that sits on the border between the Hyde Park and Kenwood community areas.
Jenna and Barbara Bush had much advice for Malia and Sasha Obama. The Bush twins sent the Obama daughters an open letter that was published in The Wall Street Journal.
The outgoing Bush family did not take much with them as they left the White House. Among the items they left behind was their official state china service, a Lenox gilt-edged style with a green basket weave border, estimated to be worth $492,798. However, what they did not take with them can be included in the collection of the presidential library.
Vice President Dick Cheney was injured moving out of his residence just before the inauguration and used a wheelchair during the ceremony.
Assessment of the transition
Experts have given the transition high praise. Numerous experts have referred to the transition between Bush and Obama as the "gold standard" for presidential transitions. Both the Bush and Obama ends of the transition have been praised.
The transition has been praised as "seamless", in part, for its adherence to Obama's insistence that there be "one president at a time", with Obama largely avoiding giving comment during the transition on matters Bush was handling, such as the ongoing financial crisis.
See also
Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Barack Obama election victory speech 2008
First inauguration of Barack Obama
Notes
Further reading
(Initial likely appointments to the transition team.)
(Pre-election meeting of the Obama transition team.)
External links
Presidential Transition Resource official General Services Administration (GSA)/National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) website
Change.gov archive of the Obama-Biden presidential transition project
Obama's Presidency from BBC News
The Obama Transition from the Financial Times
Lost in Transition from the National Journal
The Presidential Transition from the IBM Center for the Business of Government
The New Team from The New York Times'', profiles of potential members of the Obama administration
HLS and the new administration: Whom will Obama choose? from the Harvard Law Record, November 13, 2008
Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count, January 9, 2009 (C-Span video)
November 2008 events in the United States
December 2008 events in the United States
January 2009 events in the United States
Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
Presidential transition, Obama
Obama
John Podesta
Presidential transition, Obama
Presidential transition, Obama
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential%20transition%20of%20Barack%20Obama
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Aromanian settlements can be found across the southern Balkan peninsula. They are populated solely by or a large proportion of Aromanians. Below is a list of the settlements that were either founded by Aromanians or are inhabited by a large number or strong Aromanian populations.
List of settlements
Muzachia region
The Muzachia region (, ) is an area in western Albania which encompasses parts of the Fier, Tirana and Durrës counties. It has a large Aromanian population spread across many villages. The Aromanian inhabitants of Muzachia are referred to as Muzachiars or Muzachirenji in Aromanian.
Tirana (in the latest Albanian census, Tirana had the highest number of Aromanians in Albania, although Aromanians form a negligible percentage of the population)
Kavajë
Divjakë
Elbasan
Fier ()
Patos
Kosovë
Ardenicë
Portëz
Perlat
Beshisht
Cerkovinë
Çipllak
Grabian
Grabova e Sipërme ()
Gradishtë ()
Jubë ()
Kalasë
Koshova ()
Kryegjatë
Libofshë
Moravë ()
Përparim
Pobrat ()
Poshnjë
Shtyllas
Skrofotinë ()
Stan-Karbunarë
Xhyrinë
Zhepë
Epirus region
The Epirus region encompasses northwestern Greece and southern Albania.
Berat ()
Vlorë ()
Selenicë ()
Kotë
Gjirokastër
Andon Poci ()
Humelicë ()
Palokastër ()
Hundëkuq
Labovë
Karjan ()
Kakoz ()
Gjat ()
Erind ()
Nokovë ()
Mingul
Këllëz ()
Dhoksat ()
Qestorat ()
Valare ()
Stegopul ()
Suhë ()
Saraqinisht
Selckë
Leusë
Sqepur ()
Poliçan ()
Skore ()
Zagoria ()
Topovë ()
Ndëran
Xarrë ()
Shkallë
Delvinë ()
Kardhikaq
Bajkaj
Stjar
Igoumenitsa ()
Paramythia ()
Filiates
Arta
Agrinio
Përmet ()
Frashër
Leshicë
Badëlonjë
Biovizhdë
Çarshovë ()
Draçovë
Hoshevë
Kosinë ()
Kutal
Vllaho-Psillotarë
Gërmenj
Ioannina ()
Delvinaki
Kefalovryso ()
Vovousa ()
Smenos
Asproklisi
Pindus
One of the largest population of Aromanians in the Balkans is concentrated in the Pindus Mountains. These people are referred to as Pindians or Pindenji in Aromanian. The Aromanians have traditionally formed a majority population in this area. These populations were the subjects of two failed, Italian-sponsored attempts at creating an autonomous Aromanian statelet in the area, with the Principality of Pindus in World War I and the so-called "Roman Legion" in World War II.
Agia Paraskevi
Amarantos
Ampelochori
Anilio ()
Anthousa
Armata
Avdella ()
Chrysomilea
Dessi
Distrato ()
Doliana
Elatochori
Elefthero
Flampourari
Fourka ()
Fteri
Gardiki
Glykomilea
Grevena ()
Greveniti ()
Haliki
Iliochori ()
Kalarites
Tzoumerkon
Kaminia
Kastaniani
Kastania
Katafyto
Kipourio
Klino
Konitsa ()
Korydallos
Kranea ()
Laista ()
Makrino
Malakasi
Matsouki
Megali Kerasia
Metsovo ()
Milea ()
Mouria
Nea Zoi ()
Orthovouni
Palaioselli
Panagia
Parakalamos
Pefki
Perivoli ()
Pertouli
Pirra
Samarina ()
Skamneli
Smixi ()
Syrrako ()
Tsepelovo
Tristeno
Trygona
Vasiliko
Vissani
Votonossi
Votnossi
Vovousa ()
Vrysochori ()
Trikomo
Gramos
The Gramos Mountains (, , ) in the northern part of the Epirus region of the Balkan peninsula. Many Aromanian settlements are concentrated in this area which is shared by both Greece and Albania. Gramustians or Yrãmushcianji as they are referred to by Aromanians, make up a large proportion of the population there.
Aetomilitsa ()
Argos Orestiko ()
Dendrohori
Fousia ()
Gramos ()
Ieropigi
Kleisoura ()
Linotopion ()
Milohorion
Llëngë ()
Grabovë e Sipërme ()
Niçë ()
Shipskë ()
Nikolicë ()
Dardhë
Arrëz
Veterniko
Vlasti ()
Macedonia region
A large proportion of Aromanians can be found in the region of Macedonia, which is shared by Albania, Greece, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria (region of Pirin Macedonia).
The city of Moscopole () was once home to the largest Aromanian population in the world. It was the cultural and commercial center of the Aromanians with a population of over 60,000 people. The city was razed to the ground by Ali Pasha in 1788 causing an exodus of Aromanian people across the Balkans. Many of these ended up in what would become North Macedonia, Albania and Greece. The largest concentration of these were in the Pelister region of North Macedonia, the city of Kruševo and around the Prespa Lakes. The Moscopolitans of the Moscopoleanji as they are known in Aromanian form one of the largest populations of Aromanians today. They speak the Grabovean/Moscopolean dialect of Aromanian and the descendants of the Graboveans/Moscopoleans in Krusevo (, ) are today a fully recognised minority group under the constitutional law of North Macedonia.
Moscopole (, , , or )
Korçë ()
Floq
Vithkuq ()
Drenovë ()
Maliq
Dishnicë
Plasë ()
Boboshticë ()
Kamenice ()
Kruševo ()
Bitola ()
Agios Germanos
Arilevo
Dolna Belica ()
Drosopigi ()
Marmaras
Flampouro
Gopeš ()
Gorna Belica ()
Jankovec
Kallithea
Kruševo ()
Krystallopigi ()
Magarevo ()
Malovište ()
Medovon
Milohorion
Moschochori
Lechovo
Nižepole ()
Nymfaio ()
Ohrid ()
Patima ()
Pili
Resen
Trnovo ()
Vlasti ()
Pipilista ()
Vrontero
Thessaloniki ()
Kozani ()
Kavala
Ano Poroia ()
Arzach
Bratsigovo
Bozhdovo
Štip ()
Kočani ()
Čatal
Dorkovo
Emirica
Gevgelia
Irakleia ()
Kalini Kamen
Karamandra
Vrbica ()
Kratovo ()
Kumanovo ()
Lisec
Lopen
Lopovo
Lozovo
Ovcepole
Pazardzhik
Popovi livadi ()
Peshtera
Ponikva, Osogovo (Kočani Municipality)
Radovistea
Shatravo
Sofia
Strumski Chiflik
Sveti Nikole ()
Tito Veles
Tsepina
Vroica
Mount Vermion
Agios Pavlos
Ano Grammatiko ()
Ano Vermio ()
Kato Vermio ()
Kedrona ()
Naousa ()
Polla Nera
Seli ()
Stenimachos ()
Veria ()
Megala Livadia ()
Xirolivado ()
Thessaly-Mount Olympus area
This region is home to the most southerly population of Aromanians in the Balkans, with a prominent presence during the late Middle Ages. The Farsherots or the Fãrshãrots as they are known in Aromanian make a substantial percentage of the region's inhabitants.
Larissa regional unit
Farsala
Trikala ()
Kalabaka
Volos ()
Almyros ()
Anthotopos ()
Makrychori
Mikri Perivoli ()
Neriada ()
Parapotamos
Sesklo ()
Tyrnavos
Velestinon ()
Vlachogiano
Kalochori Larisa ()
Mount Olympus
Argyropouli ()
Falana
Karitsa
Kokkinopilos
Leivadi
Rodia
Romania
Dobruja
Constanța ()
Săcele ()
Ovidiu
Castelu
Medgidia
Cogealac
Tariverde
Agigea
Techirghiol
Beidaud
Sarighiol de Deal
Tulcea
Lăstuni ()
Stejaru ()
Caugagia
Ceamurlia de Jos
Ceamurlia de Sus
Nicolae Bălcescu
Camena
Vasile Alecsandri ()
Baia
Lunca
Casimcea
Panduru
Sinoe
Mihai Viteazu ()
Cobadin
Slobozia
Urziceni
Călărasi ()
Modelu ()
Voluntari
Vădeni
Maps
See also
Vlachs
History of Aromanians
Aromanians in North Macedonia
List of prominent Aromanians
References
Aromanian
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Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville (1811 - 16 October 1849) was a Polish soldier, who led dissenting Poles and Hungarians into battle against Austria in 1848.
His family consisted of French immigrants to Poland. Augustyn, his father, was the brother of the war minister of King Louis XVI, Charles Xavier Abancourt. Karol's younger brother, Franciszek Ksawery (1815–1892) became a publicist.
He was educated in Sambir and Przemyśl, where he decided to join the Austrian army. As a cadet he was assigned to the 30th Infantry of the Earl of Nugent. In 1837, he became involved in an attempted military coup, and was subsequently imprisoned and sentenced to death. The sentence was commuted to 20 years imprisonment in 1838. He was granted amnesty in 1848 and released.
After his discharge from the Austrian army, he joined the ranks of the insurgent Hungarian armies. He commanded 12 regiments of hussars in Southern Hungary, where it is said that his bravery greatly inspired his soldiers. He fought in battle until the battle of Szolnok, where he was wounded and lost his voice.
He then went on to serve as adjutant General to Henryk Dembiński, marshall of the Southern army. Captured by the Austrians in battle, he was tried for his activities supporting the agitating Poles and Hungarians, as well as for his actions against Austrian troops in combat. He was convicted and sentenced to death along with fellow defendants Peter Giron and Prince Mieczysław of Woroniec. He was executed on 16 October 1849.
References
1811 births
1849 deaths
Polish Austro-Hungarians
Polish soldiers
Polish people of French descent
Executed Polish people
19th-century executions by Austria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol%20d%27Abancourt%20de%20Franqueville%20%28soldier%29
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Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville may refer to:
Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville (soldier) (1811–1849), Polish soldier who fought against the Austrians
Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville (lawyer) (1851–1913), Polish politician, social activist, and lawyer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol%20d%27Abancourt%20de%20Franqueville
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Fire And Fame is a memoir co-written by Joerg Deisinger, former bassist and founding member of the German hard rock band Bonfire, and Carl Begai, a Canadian writer and music journalist.
The memoir showcases Deisinger's career as a professional musician, focusing on his formative years, his career with Bonfire from 1985–1994, concluding with a brief overview of his activities from the time he left the band to 2007. The project was inspired by Deisinger's near death experience on 26 December 2004, when he narrowly missed being killed by the tsunami that ripped through Southeast Asia and decimated parts of Thailand. A last minute change of plans for a scheduled vacation while living in Thailand saved him, resulting in weeks and months of reflection, and the final decision to write his memoirs.
Deisinger outlined his idea for the project to Begai in early 2005, mapping out plans for English and German versions of the as-yet-untitled book. Deisinger made it clear from the beginning that Begai would not be a ghost writer, but play an active role in shaping the story. Over a two-year period the pair got together as schedules allowed, with Deisinger dictating the text to Begai in German, who would then translate, arrange and trim the story in English, adding facts and information when necessary. Thus, the book was a genuine collaboration and not a regurgitation of Deisinger's words.
Fire And Fame is an account of Deisinger's life and career, with no embellishment. It does not attempt to cash in on cliché tales of music industry debauchery, although the occasional sordid tale does surface. Some names have been changed to protect the not-so-innocent, and Deisinger makes a point of portraying former bandmates and rivals alike in a respectful light.
The writing for the project, eventually dubbed Fire And Fame by Begai, wrapped up in late 2007 and was released independently in cooperation with Books On Demand GmbH in August 2008. Graphic artist / photographer Thomas Riess did the final layout of the book.
An early 2009 release is planned for the German version of Fire And Fame.
References
External links
Fire And Fame Official Website
2008 non-fiction books
Music autobiographies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20and%20Fame
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Neville Coleman OAM (1938 - 4 May 2012) was an Australian naturalist, underwater nature photographer, writer, publisher and educator.
Coleman started scuba diving in 1963, exploring Sydney Harbour. Later he joined a scientific study group and, in 1969, commenced a project aiming to document the entire marine life of Australia, using underwater photography.
His first book, Australian marine fishes in colour, was published in 1974 and he subsequently authored more than 50 books. His books included various texts for scuba divers, shell collectors, amateur naturalists and children, and typically took the forms of field guides, encyclopedias and dive guides. Departures included a collaboration with a poet and CD-ROM companions to printed publications, which included video clips of marine species. His photographs often appeared in publications by other authors on marine subjects.
In 2007 Coleman was inducted to the International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame and, in 2011, he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for "service to conservation and the environment through the photographic documentation of Australian marine species". Coleman died of natural causes at 4:55am on 4 May 2012, in his sleep.
Taxon named in his honor
Coleman discovered many marine creatures new to science. Several species of fish, nudibranchs and other invertebrates have been named after him, including:
The mantis shrimp Lysiosquilla colemani
The nudibranch Chromodoris colemani
The pygmy seahorse Hippocampus colemani
The Sand perch Parapercis colemani
Legacy
Neville Coleman Memorial Dives are held annually, with special events including a sea slug photo competition and public art exhibition held in South Australia.
Bibliography
References
External links
Neville Coleman's website - no longer exists
Books by Neville Coleman
National Library of Australia
Scuba Hall of Fame
CSIRO Taxon Report
Australian Museum
1938 births
2012 deaths
Australian naturalists
Australian non-fiction writers
Australian photographers
Australian underwater divers
Underwater photographers
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville%20Coleman
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Arisarum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region, east to the Caucasus and west to Macaronesia.
Taxonomy
Species
Accepted species:
Natural Hybrids
Arisarum × aspergillum Dunal - Spain, Algeria, Morocco (A. simorrhinum × A. vulgare)
Phylogeny
It is closely related to the genera Ambrosina, Peltandra, and Typhonodorum. Ambrosina is the sister group to Arisarum, from which it separated about 46.1 Million years ago.
The precise relationships are displayed in the following cladogram:
Description
In A. simorrhinum, the flower stalk is shorter or equal in length to the leaf stalk, whereas in A. vulgare, the flower stalk is longer than the leaf stalk. A. vulgare also has a generally longer spadix than A. simorrhinum.
Ecology
Parasite ecology
Arisarum foliage is parasitized by the siphonous green algae Phyllosiphon arisari Kühn. It induces necrosis in leaf tissue, after invading the intracellular space. The foliage also may be affected by two species of fungi, namely Phyllosticta arisari and Melanustilospora arisari. The scale insect Icerya purchasi also feeds on Arisarum.
References
External links
Aroideae
Araceae genera
Taxa named by Philip Miller
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisarum
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Mark Bytheway (22 July 1963 – 9 July 2010) was an England International Quiz player best known for becoming Quizzing World Champion in 2008 and winning the Top Brain competition of Brain of Britain.
Brain of Britain
In 2007 he won Brain of Britain and in 2008 won the 3-year competition Brain of Brains beating TV's Egghead Chris Hughes and rival Pat Gibson and 9-year competition Top Brain titles, succeeding Kevin Ashman as holder.
National and International Titles
In 2008 he won the prestigious title of Quizzing World Champion. He has been capped six times for the National team (with five wins) and has a current European/World ranking of number 3, behind Kevin Ashman (his pairs partner) and Pat Gibson. In 2009 he was third in the World Quizzing Championships and won the British title for the first time. He was unable to attend the 2010 World Quizzing Championships due to serious illness.
Bytheway was one of the original British Quizzing Grandmasters (as created under the Order of Merit maintained by Quizzing.co.uk) and has the third largest haul of international medals, with 16, (5 gold, 6 silver and 5 Bronze) after Ashman (27) and Gibson (24).
Domestic Competition
In domestic competitions he played with the Milhous Warriors, the first British team to win the Club competition at the European Quizzing Championships, which comprises Ashman, captain and England international Tim Westcott, Welsh international Sean O'Neill, Eric Kilby, Keith Andrew and Brian Wilkins.
He several times appeared as an aspiring contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? but never qualified for the hot seat.
Bytheway died on 9 July 2010 after having esophageal cancer. As he was the reigning British Quiz Champion at the time of his death, the British Quizzing Championship trophy has been named in his honour, and will now be called the Mark Bytheway Trophy - aka the 'M*BY'.
2008 Interview
A 2008 interview, after winning the World title, is available on the Norwegian Quiz Association website.
References
1963 births
2010 deaths
Contestants on British game shows
IQA team event gold medalists
Deaths from esophageal cancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Bytheway
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In aeronautics, expansion and shock tunnels are aerodynamic testing facilities with a specific interest in high speeds and high temperature testing. Shock tunnels use steady flow nozzle expansion whereas expansion tunnels use unsteady expansion with higher enthalpy, or thermal energy. In both cases the gases are compressed and heated until the gases are released, expanding rapidly down the expansion chamber. The tunnels reach speeds from Mach 3 to Mach 30 to create testing conditions that simulate hypersonic to re-entry flight. These tunnels are used by military and government agencies to test hypersonic vehicles that undergo a variety of natural phenomenon that occur during hypersonic flight.
Expansion process
Expansion tunnel
Expansion tunnels use a dual-diaphragm system where the diaphragms act as rupture discs, or a pressure relief. The tunnel is separated into three sections: drive, driven, and acceleration. The drive section is filled with high pressure helium gas. The driven section is filled with a lower pressure desired test gas, such as carbon dioxide, helium, nitrogen, or oxygen. The acceleration section is filled with an even lower pressurized test gas. Each section is divided by a diaphragm, which is meant to be ruptured in sequence causing the first diaphragm to rupture, mixing and expanding the drive and the driven. When the shock wave hits the second diaphragm, it ruptures causing the two gases to mix with the acceleration and expand down the enclosed test section. Operation time is approximately 250 microseconds.
Shock tunnel
Reflected shock tunnels heat and pressurize a stagnant gas by using shockwaves that are redirected back into the center; this excites the gases and produces movement, heat, and pressure. The gases are then released and expanded through the nozzle and into the test chamber. Operation time is approximately 20 milliseconds.
Testing
During the expansion process, a variety of test are run to analyze the aerodynamic and thermal properties of the test vehicle.
Skin friction The drag that is created when an object travels through a fluid, such as a liquid or gas
Flow chemistry The analysis of reactions that take place during a continuous flow
Durability The ability to withstand deterioration
Turbulence The disordered movement of fluids
Heat transfer The thermal energy transfer from one system to another
Aero elastic The forces created by the movement of air and the manner in which air bends around the object
Thermal protection The ability to withstand heat transfer, reducing the temperature
Vibration The oscillation, or shaking, of the molecules
Testing instruments
Thin-film heat transfer gauge When the gauge is heated, the resistance changes; this causes a change in voltage, which is used to calculate the amount of heat transferred into an object
Piezoelectric pressure transducer Under pressure, crystals became electrically charged, proportional to that of the pressure exerted
Laser diode spectrograph Measures the properties of the refracted light, generated by the laser traveling through the turbulent gas around an object
Force -moment balance Used to measure three or six components, three forces (lift, drag, and side) and three moments (pitch, roll, and yaw), to completely describe the conditions on the model. Forces on the model are detected by strain gauges located on the balance. Each gauge measures a force by the stretching of an electrical element or foil in the gauge. The stretching changes the resistance of the gauge which changes the measured electric current through the gauge according to Ohm's law. This resistance change, usually measured using a Wheatstone bridge, is related to the strain by the quantity known as the gauge factor.
Facilities
Hypervelocity Expansion Tube (HET)
The HET is one of the shock tunnels in the Caltech Hypersonics group at the California Institute of Technology directed by Professor Joanna Austin. It operates similarly to a shock tube where a shock formed by the primary diaphragm heats up the test gas. The novel part of this facility is when its test gas is further accelerated by an expansion shock that forms when the primary shock interacts with a second downstream diaphragm. It is a 150mm inner diameter facility with the capability to reach Mach 4-8, and was built in 2005.
HYPULSE
The Hypersonic Pulse Facility (HYPULSE) is operated by Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana on the campus of Purdue's Maurice J. Zucrow Laboratories. HYPULSE was formerly operated as NASA's HYPULSE by the General Applied Science Laboratory (GASL) in New York before it was donated to Purdue in 2020 by Northrop Grumman. The HYPULSE facility was developed for the testing of re-entry vehicles and air-breathing engines. The specifications of the HYPULSE include a diameter of 7 feet and a 19 foot length. This facility was upgraded to have two modes, Reflected Shock Tunnel (RST) and Shock-Expansion Tunnel (SET). HYPULSE-RST generates speeds from Mach 5 to 10, whereas the HYPULSE-SET produces speeds from Mach 12 to 25.
Vehicles tested at HYPULSE:
X-34
X-43
Space Shuttle thermal protection system (TPS)
HYPLUSE Scramjet Model (HSM)
LENS-I,II
Large Energy National Shock tunnels (LENS) were constructed over the past 15 years at the Aerothermal/Aero-optic Evaluation Center (AAEC) at CUBRC. The LENS facilities were developed for the testing of advanced missile seekerheads and scramjet engines. LENS I and LENS II have similar control, compression and data acquisition systems. LENS I facility has an 11-inch diameter by 25.5 foot long drive tube that is electrically heated with an 8-inch by 60 foot driven section capable of reaching Mach 7 to 18. Test models can have a maximum length of 12 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. The LENS I heats up the drive gas to 750 degrees F to operate at a maximum 30,000 psi. The LENS II facility integrates a 24-inch diameter to both the 60 foot drive and also the 100 foot driven tubes, which runs between Mach 3 and 9.
Vehicles tested at LENS-I:
HyFly
X-34
Orbiter model
National Aerospace Plane(NASP)
Vehicles tested at LENS-II:
HyFly
BLK IVA
X-43
ARRRMD
HyCause
RRSS
LENS-X
LENS-X is an 8 foot diameter by 100 foot expansion tunnel with a top speed of Mach 30. The drive chamber, filled with helium or hydrogen gas, is compressed to 3,000 psi at 1000 degrees Fahrenheit; this breaks the first diaphragm, causing the driven chamber to experience an influx of hot gas, generating pressures over 20,000 psi before the second diaphragm is ruptured.
Vehicles tested at LENS-X:
Orion
DARPA Falcon
High Enthalpy Shock Tunnel (HIEST)
It is located at Kakuda Space research centre – JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency). Both high pressure and high temperature can be simulated simultaneously in this tunnel. Major applications include Aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic tests on scale models of returnable spacecraft; and Combustion process tests on scramjet engines. HYFLEX (Hypersonic Flight Experiment) which was a re-entry demonstrator prototype vehicle of JAXA was tested in this facility. Another speciality of this tunnel is 3 pistons of different masses can be used.
T4 Shock Tunnel
It is located at University of Queensland, Australia. It is a large free piston driven shock tunnel capable of producing sub-orbital flow speeds at a range of Mach numbers. The T4 shock tunnel began operation in April 1987 and commenced routine operation, after a commissioning period, in September 1987. The 10000th shot of T4 was fired in August 2008 and it remains significantly better than X2, though outclassed by X3R.
T5 Hypervelocity Shock Tunnel Facility
It is a free piston shock tunnel located at California Institute of Technology, USA. It is the largest free-piston shock tunnel in the world at a university. It is an impulse facility capable of reaching very high stagnation enthalpies (25 MJ/kg) and pressures (40 MPa). The test time is on the order of 1 ms. It uses helium and argon as the driver gas and a .25" steel plate as its primary diaphragm. Test gases include air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or mixtures thereof. The 120kg piston can reach maximum speeds in excess of 300 m/s.
References
Aerodynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion%20tunnel
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An expansion tube is a type of impulse facility that is conceptually similar to a shock tube with a secondary diaphragm, an expansion section, a test section, and a dump tank where the endwall would be located in a shock tube. It is typically used to produce high enthalpy flows for high speed aerodynamic flow and aerodynamic heating and atmospheric reentry testing.
It is used to engender short-duration, high-velocity gas flows. The device is composed commonly of three sections of tubing aligned in tandem. Thin plastic or metal diaphragms are used for separating from the sections from each other. As in an ordinary shock tube, the driver section is originally filled to high pressure with a light gas. The driven section is filled to a lower pressure with the test gas of interest. The third section of tubing, named the expansion section, includes a light gas at very low pressure.
During the time that the driver or driven diaphragm out of function, the driver gas expands into the driven section. A shock wave comes into being which propagates into the test gas, generating an increase in temperature and pressure behind it. The shock travels down the tube, and breaks the driven or expansion diaphragm, and accelerates upon participating in the expansion section. And the shocked test gas is then cooled and speeded up by an unsteady, constant area expansion from the driven section into the lower-pressure expansion section.
References
Engineering equipment
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion%20tube
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Arophyton is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It consists of 7 species that are found only in northeast Madagascar. Arophyton are tuberous plants with a few rhizomatous species that go through a dormant period during the dry season.
Species
Arophyton buchetii
Arophyton crassifolium
Arophyton humbertii
Arophyton pedatum
Arophyton rhizomatosum
Arophyton simplex
Arophyton tripartitum
References
Aroideae
Araceae genera
Endemic flora of Madagascar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arophyton
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Ángel Ramón Paz Rápalo (28 October 1950 – 4 November 2008) was a Honduran footballer, who played for Olimpia and Real Juventud.
Club career
Nicknamed Mon, his debut in the Honduran league was on 22 June 1969 scoring one of the goals against Atlético Indio in the 3–0 victory.
International career
He has represented his country in two FIFA World Cup qualification matches and amassed 9 caps for Honduras.
Death
He died of stomach cancer on 4 November 2008.
References
External links
Descanse en PAZ (Obituary) - La Tribuna
1950 births
2008 deaths
People from Tela
Men's association football midfielders
Honduran men's footballers
Honduras men's international footballers
C.D. Real Juventud players
C.D. Olimpia players
Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras players
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in Honduras
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel%20Paz
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Human Ecology, Human Economy: Ideas for an Ecologically Sustainable Future is a 1997 book edited by Mark Diesendorf and Clive Hamilton. The authors' intent is to "develop some of the basic ideas, concepts and tools that are needed to create a set of preferred futures for the Earth". According to the editors, the book provides equal measures of human ecology and ecological economics, in order to assist the process of working towards a better future.
Human Ecology, Human Economy has been reviewed in Ecological Economics and The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics.
See also
List of Australian environmental books
Sustainability
Ecologically sustainable development
References
Environmental non-fiction books
1997 non-fiction books
Allen & Unwin books
1997 in the environment
Energy economics
Technology in society
Sustainability books
Ecological economics
Australian non-fiction books
Books by Clive Hamilton
Books about globalization
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Ecology%2C%20Human%20Economy
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Sambhunath De ; (1 February 1915 – 15 April 1985) was an Indian medical scientist and researcher, who discovered the cholera toxin, the animal model of cholera, and successfully demonstrated the method of transmission of cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae.
Early career
Shambhu Nath De was born in Hooghly District, West Bengal, India. His father Mr Dasarathi De was a not so successful businessman. Supported by his uncle Asutosh De, De completed the Matriculation examination with distinction from Garbati High School that helped him to get the District scholarship as well as to pursue further education in Hooghly Mohsin College, which was then affiliated with the prestigious University of Calcutta. His higher education was supported by Kestodhan Seth, who identified De as an extraordinary student. De passed his M.B. examination in 1939 from Calcutta Medical College and completed a Diploma in Tropical Medicine (DTM) in 1942. Soon after graduation he joined Calcutta Medical College as a Demonstrator of Pathology and initiated his research under Professor B. P. Tribedi. In 1947, De joined as a PhD student under Sir Roy Cameron at the Department of Morbid Anatomy, University College Hospital Medical School, London, and obtained his PhD degree in Pathology in 1949. After his return, De worked on pathogenesis of cholera and started publishing his findings. In 1955, De became the Head of Pathology and Bacteriology Division of the Calcutta Medical College, which he continued until his retirement. De published more than 30 research papers and has written an excellent monograph on cholera and its pathogenesis.
Contributions
De made significant contributions to our recent understanding of cholera and related diarrhoeal diseases and set a permanent milestone in the modern view of diseases caused by bacterial exotoxins. Followed by the discovery of Vibrio cholerae in 1884 by Robert Koch, many works have been carried out all over the world to answer many questions related with its pathogenesis and mode of transmission in causing outbreaks. The seminal works of De in Calcutta (now, Kolkata), during 1950–60 breached several qualms pertaining to the enteric toxin produced by bacteria including V. cholerae and Escherichia coli. Three of his works viz., ligated intestinal loop method (which was a reinvention of Violle and Crendiropoulo method in 1915, but De was unaware of this work and made an independent discovery) for studying cholera in rabbit model; ileal loop model to demonstrate the association of some strains of E. coli with diarrhoea and lastly but most importantly is his discovery of cholera toxin in 1959 in the cell-free culture filtrate of V. cholerae that stimulated a specific cellular response.
Says Eugene Garfield, founder-editor of Current Contents and Science Citation Index and publisher of The Scientist, in his 1986 tribute to De: In 1959 De was the first to demonstrate that cholera bacteria secrete enterotoxin. This discovery eventually promoted research to find a treatment aimed directly at neutralising the cholera enterotoxin. De’s paper “Enterotoxicity of bacteria-free culture-filtrate of Vibrio cholerae,” while initially unrecognised, today is considered a milestone in the history of cholera research. Biochemist W.E. van Heyningen, professor emeritus, University of Oxford, UK, and John R. Seal, former scientific director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, note that De’s paper “deserves to go down as a classic in the history of cholera, and, indeed, as later developments have shown, in the history of cellular physiology and biochemistry.” Thanks to De’s discovery of the cholera enterotoxin, research has been redirected to find a vaccine that will spark the immune system to fight the enterotoxin specifically, rather than the bacteria.
De and colleagues also published highly cited pioneering studies on V.cholerae action on the intestinal membrane.,, The 1953 paper “An experimental study of the mechanism of action of Vibrio cholerae on the intestinal mucous membrane” is De’s most-cited paper, cited 340 times until August 1986. De’s most-cited paper has been core to cholera research fronts for many years, especially research fronts on "E. coli and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin: detection, characterization, and role of adherence" and "Characterization of cholera enterotoxin and other enterotoxins". As noted by John Craig, State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn, De’s work was truly creative and novel, and it “forever altered our concepts surrounding the pathogenesis of secretory diarrhoea.”
These famous findings came out from the work he carried out at the Nilratan Sircar Medical College, Calcutta Medical College and Bose Institute, Kolkata in extremely modest laboratory settings. Using research methodology that was very simple, easy to perform and inexpensive, he set the highest standards of excellence in novel experimental design and execution.
In the words of Nobel Laureate Prof. Joshua Lederberg, “De’s clinical observations led him to the bold thought that dehydration was a sufficient cause of pathology of cholera, that the cholera toxin can kill ‘merely’ by stimulating the secretion of water into the bowel". Thus, the oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for replenishing the massive fluid loss in cholera patients, has saved innumerable lives, should be considered as a direct outcome of De's discovery of cholera toxin. His findings on exotoxins set the stage for the modern views of diseases caused by toxin producing bacteria, helped in the purification of cholera and heat-labile (LT) enterotoxins produced by V. cholerae and E. coli, respectively, and in the development of series of cholera and enterotoxigenic E. coli (in short ETEC strains) vaccines.
Post-retirement
De retired in 1973 from the Calcutta Medical College at the age of 58. After his retirement, he showed no interest in higher positions but continued his research at the Bose Institute, Calcutta. De's desire to purify the cholera toxin did not progress any further as the protein purification technology was not well established in his research settings. During his time of research, De worked with hypertoxin-producing classical strains of V. cholerae O1, which was abruptly replaced by El Tor biotype [producing less cholera toxin] in Calcutta from 1963. This new development was another reason why De could not continue his research on purification of cholera toxin.
In 1978, the Nobel Foundation invited De to participate in the 43rd Nobel Symposium on Cholera and Related Diarrhoeas.
De died on 15 April 1985 at the age of 70.
Significance of work
But for Eugene Garfield's 1986 tribute to De in Current Contents,6 De's great contributions to cholera research would have continued to remain unknown to many even in India. A special issue of the journal Current Science (Bangalore, India) was published in 1990 in honour of De, to which several eminent scientists of national and international repute contributed.
In the words of Dr S Sriramachari, former director of the Institute of Pathology and additional director general of the Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, De's contributions stand out as a pinnacle of excellence in our understanding of the pathogenesis of cholera.
Nobel laureate Prof. Joshua Lederberg had nominated De for the Nobel Prize more than once. Said Lederberg, "our appreciation of De must then extend beyond the humanitarian consequences of his discovery. . . he is also an examplar and inspiration for a boldness of challenge to the established wisdom, a style of thought that should be more aggressively taught by example as well as precept.”
And yet De was never elected a fellow of any Indian academy and never received any major award. Indeed as Professor Padmanabhan Balaram pointed out in an editorial in Current Science, "De died in 1985 unhonoured and unsung in India's scientific circles. That De received no major award in India during his lifetime and our Academies did not see it fit to elect him to their Fellowships must rank as one of the most glaring omissions of our time. De emerges, in retrospect, as a modest self-effacing scientist driven by inner compulsions to grapple with a major scientific problem of the time. His choice of cholera as his field of interest was remarkably appropriate to his setting. To this problem De brought a wonderfully thoughtful approach, together with deep intuition, enabling him to make the long-awaited breakthrough in the field. De's heroic story of persistence, dedication and achievement should serve as an inspiration to the many who are increasingly bewildered by the current fashion of mega projects, surrounded by fanfare and publicity and most often surprisingly little discernible scientific output.”
References
1915 births
1985 deaths
Indian medical researchers
Scientists from West Bengal
University of Calcutta alumni
Academic staff of the University of Calcutta
People from Hooghly district
Hooghly Mohsin College alumni
Medical doctors from Kolkata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambhu%20Nath%20De
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Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville (26 May 1851 – 16 August 1913) was a Polish politician and lawyer. He was born in Łówcza, Poland to Franciszek Ksawery d' Abancourt de Franqueville, a publisher and political activist. His family consisted mainly of French refugees.
His sense of patriotism was fostered not only by the political activities of his father, but also by the legacy of his uncle, Karol, who was hailed as a national hero. He attended school in Lwów, where he decided to attend university and study law. After completing his studies, he worked in the region of Galicia, especially in Bełz, Brody, Bolechów, Żurawno, and Lwów. He worked tirelessly as a social activist in every town where he practiced law. The town of Żurawno awarded him honorary citizenship in 1895.
From 1895 to 1900, he served as member of the Parliament of the Galician Galician Sejm, elected to represent Żydaczów. Initiatives he presented included bills regarding regulation of rivers and mountain streams. Though he belonged to no political party at that time (he later joined the National-Democratic Party), he was considered a nationalist, often pushing for the removal of Austrian influences from Galician politics.
As he aged he lost his sight and retired from public life. He died in August 1913 in Rabka-Zdrój.
References
Helena d'Abancourt de Franqueville, Karol d'Abancourt de Franqueville, w: Polski Słownik Biograficzny, tom I, Kraków 1935
1851 births
1913 deaths
People from Lubaczów County
Polish people of French descent
National-Democratic Party (Poland) politicians
Members of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria
Lawyers from Austria-Hungary
19th-century Polish politicians
19th-century Polish lawyers
20th-century Polish lawyers
Members of the Polish Gymnastic Society "Sokół"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol%20d%27Abancourt%20de%20Franqueville%20%28lawyer%29
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The Earl of Charlemont was a medium-sized, 878 ton passenger ship, which sank on a voyage to Australia.
Ship history
The ship was built at Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, in 1849.
It sailed from the Port of Liverpool on 13 March 1853 with 366 passengers plus crew, captained by William Gardner. The first port of call was to be Port Phillip, Australia, before continuing to Sydney with the majority of the passengers.
After a passage of 97 days the ship reached Cape Otway on 17 June, and set a course for Port Phillip some 56 miles away. At 5.15 a.m. the next morning the ship struck a reef (later named Charlemont Reef) about 1½ miles from Point Flinders (now Barwon Heads). An attempt to launch the ships boats failed in the heavy surf, so the main mast was cut down to lighten ship, which then washed over the reef and grounded nearer shore. A passenger named Savage swam ashore with a light rope, and a hawser was stretched between the ship and the shore. Using a ship's boat the passengers and crew were all safely ferried ashore by 8.30 p.m., apart from one elderly passenger named Thwaites, who died from a heart attack, and was buried on the headland. The passengers were provided with shelter by a local settler Mr. McVean, who alerted the authorities at Geelong. James Cowie, the mayor of Geelong, sent food and eight bullock drays to transport the women, children and infirm to Geelong, while the able-bodied followed on foot. The people of Geelong raised £1,000 to assist the passengers who had lost all their possessions.
A subsequent inquiry laid blame for the disaster on Captain Gardner, but a sailing directory published by the Admiralty in 1855 noted that the wreck of the Earl of Charlemont and that of Sacramento two months earlier, were due to strong currents carrying the vessels inshore when hove to awaiting daylight.
In 1953, on the centenary of the wreck, a memorial service was held attended by descendants of the survivors, and in November 1953 a cairn was erected overlooking the scene of the wreck.
References
1849 ships
Shipwrecks of Victoria (state)
Maritime incidents in June 1853
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20of%20Charlemont%20%28ship%29
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The 2003 Bavarian Cup was the sixth edition of this competition which was started in 1998. It ended with the TSV Aindling winning the competition. Together with the finalist, TSV Gerbrunn, both clubs were qualified for the DFB Cup 2003-04.
The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).
Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998 these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event, their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners plus the finalist from last season's winners region are qualified for the first round.
Participating clubs
The following eight clubs qualified for the 2003 Bavarian Cup:
Bavarian Cup season 2002-03
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.
Regional finals
The MTV Ingolstadt, runners-up of the Oberbayern Cup is the eights team qualified for the Bavarian Cup due to the FC Bayern Munich II from Oberbayern having won the Cup in the previous season.
First round
Semi-finals
Final
The reason for the one-sided result in the final can be seen in the fact that TSV Gerbrunn had withdrawn its team from the Bayernliga to the lower Bavarian amateur leagues, therefore fielding a much weaker side.
DFB Cup 2003-04
The two clubs, TSV Aindling and TSV Gerbrunn, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2003-04 both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:
References
Sources
Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen 2002/03 Yearbook of German football, author: DSFS, publisher: Agon Sport Verlag, published: 2003, page: 286
External links
Bavarian FA website
2003
Bavarian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20Bavarian%20Cup
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Arophyteae is a tribe in the family Araceae. It contains three genera Colletogyne, Carlephyton, and Arophyton. All species in Arophyteae are endemic to Madagascar.
References
Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. .
Monocot tribes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arophyteae
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Michael Maher may refer to:
Michael Maher (hurler) (1930–2017), Irish hurler
Michael Maher (Australian politician) (1936–2013), member of Parliament from 1982 to 1987
Michael Whalen Maher (1830–1905), architect, builder and politician in New Brunswick
Michael 'Moegie' Maher, mayor of County Galway, 2011–12
Mikey Maher (1870–1947), Irish hurler
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Maher
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Bruiser & Scratch is a WiiWare game developed and produced by American studio Steel Penny Games. It was released in North America on December 8, 2008, but it is no longer on the WiiWare service.
Story
Bruiser is a male dog who wears a tartan flat cap and a studded collar. Scratch is a female cat who wears a flower in her hair and a heart-shaped necklace. The game begins as the pair are having a walk in some nearby woods. Scratch spots a large paw-shaped marking in the ground and calls Bruiser over to have a look. However just as she does so a thin vapour comes up out of the ground and becomes a door. Bruiser trips over and they both go tumbling through the doorway.
Gameplay
The game is split into a series of levels in which the player takes control of either Bruiser or Scratch depending on the level. The aim of the game is to try to escape each level by creating a portal out of different random objects. The player does this by pushing these objects together to form a completely new object to create a portal out of the level. Objects move in a straight line and are controlled by a four-direction one-button interface. There are a few tutorials to introduce a player to the game and the actual story takes place over 48 puzzles and six landscapes. Challenge mode also offers 75 additional puzzles that range in difficulty.
Reception
Wiiloveit.com gave the game a 20/30, commenting that the game is "really challenging for almost all ages", and "will last you many, many hours". Unfortunately, the mediocre presentation and the "high price tag" are big put-off's to an otherwise pretty good game.
References
External links
Bruiser and Scratch official website
2008 video games
North America-exclusive video games
Wii-only games
WiiWare games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in the United States
Wii games
Single-player video games
Adventure games
Steel Penny Games games
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruiser%20and%20Scratch
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The Rātana Church () is a Christian denomination of New Zealand Māori people based on the teachings and principles of the faith healer and prophet Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana. On 8 November 1918, Rātana received a divine revelation from the Holy Spirit which commanded him to unite the Māori people in worship of the One True God, Jehovah. On 5 July 1925, the Rātana Established Church of New Zealand was formally established and registered with the Registrar-General of New Zealand.
Beliefs and teachings
The Ratana church believes in the Holy Trinity, the administration of the True and Faithful Angels, the commissioning and relevance of Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana as "God's Mouthpiece" in this dispensation, the authority of the scriptures, the rejection of spiritism (tohungaism), the vitalisation and healthiness of the body and soul, faith healing and unity within the church.
Creed of faith
Glory and Praise be to Jehovah of Hosts, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and honour also be to the Faithful Angels.
I believe in Jehovah of Hosts, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, the Creator of all things that do exist, and the Author of all life, who in Infinite Wisdom and Love presides over all His Creations.
I believe that man was created in the image of Jehovah, but that through wrongdoing, he lost the possibilities and joy of this his heritage; thus the necessity arose for a Saviour/Redeemer to deliver him from the power and consequences of sin in this life and the life that is beyond the death of the body.
I believe that Jehovah sent His Son in the human form (of Jesus Christ) to redeem man and to conquer the power of sin, of darkness and of death. Heaven is now Christ's throne and the earth is his foot-stool, but His chosen dwelling place is in the hearts of those who truly believe in Him and have union with Him in His Victory and Glory.
I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Breath of Jehovah, the giver of life, who proceeding from the Father and from the Son is to be worshipped with the Father and the Son. The Prophets spoke by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. He reveals to man's consciousness his sins and their correction and leads man to trust, and rest firmly upon the Saviour, transforming his heart and mind until he becomes Christ like in Holy Love.
I believe that the Faithful Angels of Jehovah are ever active doing His will. They are His workers and messengers. They are the helpers of all those who truly believe the Gospel of Jehovah. They are Co-Workers with man. They render continuous loving to Jehovah.
I believe in the Holy Christian Church, the company of all those who have truly received the Christ and are united with Him and with each other; in seeking righteousness and in rendering loving service to God and to man, and fighting against all evil beliefs and sinful practices.
I believe as Jesus Christ has taught us, that JEHOVAH is our Heavenly Father and all men are brethren; that all our labours should be, not for personal gain, but in co-operation with each other as co-workers with JEHOVAH for benefit of mankind and the honour of God; that all men should be honest workers, and in love and justice and knowledge, each bear his share of the burden of life, thus serving JEHOVAH and his fellowmen.
I believe in the Holy Bible, in both the Old Testament and the New Testament, for it is the record of JEHOVAH's greatest revelations concerning the eternal life of the Spirit and the vitality of the body.
I believe that in JEHOVAH is the light and the great joy for my Spirit and for my body. This fact is experienced through union with Christ in the Infinite Love of the Father and the power of the Holy Spirit and the Faithful Angels, and active fellowship with the true Christian believers.
I believe that Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana is a MOUTHPIECE of JEHOVAH, spreading abroad new light as the above truths concerning the salvation of the Spirit and the vitalising of the body.
Amen
Headquarters at Rātana Pā
The headquarters of the Rātana Church and movement is at Rātana Pā, located 20 km south of Whanganui. Formerly the farm of Tahupotiki Wiremu Ratana, Rātana Pā became a settlement of Rātana followers in the 1920s. Located there is the Temepara Tapu o Ihoa (Holy Temple of Jehovah), the Manuao (an accommodation facility and head office of the church), the Whare Māori (which contains crutches and wheelchairs from followers who were healed by Rātana in the 1920s and 1930s) and the Ratana Archives Center, which contains artifacts and stories from the history of the Rātana Church.
25 January and 8 November are anniversary days of the Rātana Church. On these days thousands of church members converge on Rātana Pā for the special anniversary services commemorating the birth of Rātana (25 January 1873) (25 January 1873) and his first spiritual vision (8 November 1918).
Servants of the church
Servants of the Church are also called Officers. They are the Morehu (members) who hold offices in the church and movement which include the spiritual and physical aspects of the Faith. The Servants of the Church are called in Māori, Te Pou o Te Haahi. The following is the hierarchical system from Top to Bottom of all offices of the church and movement.
PRESIDENT:
The President is the head of the church on earth and is known as the Tumuaki. He/She is both Servant of Man and Servant of God. The spiritual title attributed to the Tumuaki is the Defender of the Faith. The current Tumuaki or President of the Ratana Church is Sonny Manuao Te Kohamutunga Tamou. He succeeds the late Harerangi Meihana, and he’s a great grandson of church founder Tahupōtiki Wiremu Ratana.
SYNOD:
The Synod is the policy-making body of the Church and Movement and is known as Hui Whakapumau. Synod shall convene during the annual 25 January Celebrations each year. The Synod is responsible for deciding on various issues concerning the church in local and regional areas.
COUNCIL OF TWELVE APOSTLES:
The Council of Twelves Apostles is the highest council authority in the church and is also known as Te Runanga. Members are chosen from the Ratana community itself.
CHURCH EXECUTIVE:
The Executive Committee of Ratana Pa. shall be recognised as the Head, or CHURCH COMMITTEE of the Church, or Spiritual Works, and shall be called the "RATANA CHURCH EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE".
TE WHETU MARAMA O TE KOTAHITANGA:
Te Whetu Marama is the chief newspaper and publishing arm of the Church and Movement.
DISTRICT APOSTLE:
The District Apostle (Apotoro Takiwa) is a Registered Apostle (see below) in charge of presiding over various parishes in His district.
REGISTERED APOSTLE:
The Registered Apostle (Apotoro Rehita) is a registered minister with the power to marry people and preside over a parish. The Registered Apostle wears a purple bib, a purple cassock, a white surplice, a purple stole with pink tassels, and a degree hood. All Apostles meet in July at Ratana Pa for the Apostles Annual Convention.
SPIRITUAL APOSTLE:
The Spiritual Apostle (Apotoro Wairua) is a lay-councillor in the church. He assists the Registered Apostle in Parish Life. The Spiritual Apostle wears a blue bib, a blue gown and red stole.
DISCIPLE:
The Disciple (Akonga) is a male member of the church training to become an Apostle later. The Disciple wears a white gown, yellow stole and blue bib.
SISTER OF MERCY:
A Sister of Mercy (Awhina) is a lay-woman of the church who assists the Apostle in Parish Life. She is also known as a Deaconess. A Sister of Mercy wears a purple cassock and white habit.
PSALMIST:
A Psalmist (Roopu Raupo Waiata) is a lay-woman of the church who leads the Devotional Prayers in the Worship Service. The Psalmists wear an orange cassock and orange habit.
PARISH CHURCH COMMITTEE:
The Parish Church Committee (Komiti Haahi) is responsible for the needs of the local parish.
BANDS:
The Bands (Nga Reo) are important to the church. There are seven bands:
Te Reo o Te Arepa (Ratana Pa)
Te Reo o Te Omeka Ratana Manuao (Mangakahia / Auckland)
Te Reo o Piri-Wiri-Tua (Kaikohe)
Te Reo o Hamuera (Napier, Taupō, Turangi)
Te Reo Te Ratana Tua-Toru (Tauranga)
Te Reo o Nga Tuahine (Wellington)
Te Reo Te Whaea o Te Katoa (Christchurch)
The Bands are responsible for leading the Morehu to the Worship Service and Temple at Ratana Pa. These Band were formed and named after prominent people within the church who significantly helped to shape the church. The bands also have significant spiritual roles and purposes, and service the followers (Morehu) that belong in these certain areas around New Zealand.
CHOIRS:
The Choirs (Nga Koea) are important in the church. The Choirs are responsible for leading the Morehu in Congregational Singing in the Worship Service.
CHURCH WARDENS:
The Church Wardens (Kaitiaki-Whakamoemiti) are responsible for keeping peace and order in the Worship Service and recording attendance during the Worship Service (Whakamoemiti).
Important dates
8 November – 2pm – The Birth of our Maramatanga. Date Ratana had visitation from the Holy Spirit in 1918.
11 November – 11am – Passing of Ratanas' son Te Omeka in Wanganui at the 11th hour, the 11th day of the 11th month in 1932.
25 December – 11am – Birth of Jesus Christ.
1 January – Midnight – New Year. Passing of Ratanas' son Te Arepa on 31 December 1931.
25 January – 11am – Ratana was born on this day 12 noon in 1873.
6 February – Signing of The Treaty of Waitangi and the Opening of Kii Koopu in 1938.
Good Friday to Easter Monday – Death and Resurrection of Jesus. Hui Whakapumau.
5 July 1935 – Consecration of Temple Archway.
15 July 1925 – The Ratana Established Church of New Zealand registered.
18 September 1939 – 10am – Ratana died at age 66.
22 October 1934 – Passing of Ratanas' son Hamuera.
25 January 1928 – Physical opening of the Temepara by Juji Nakata & Ratana (Mangai).
11 September 1938 – Opening of original Manuao.
26 April 1940 – Te Urumanao Ngāpaki Baker (Te Whaea o te Katoa) died.
Worship service
All Ratana Church parishes hold the worship service known as Whakamoemiti at 11:00am each Sunday. The service is led by the Apotoro. Attendees are asked to dress formally and take no money into the Worship area. All monies must be left outside the Worship area or placed in the offering pouch. The whole service is conducted in the Māori language with parts in the English language if desired. The Hymns and Prayers are said out of the Ratana Book of Hymns and Prayers (a.k.a. Blue Book). Devotional Prayers are led by the Roopu Raupo. Congregational Singing is led by the Choir. Most parishes operate autonomously however still remaining united with the Church Administration (KOMITI HAAHI MATUA).
The following is the order of service for the Whakamoemiti:
1. Apostle – (Must confess his own sins or
wrongdoings first).
2. Apostle – (Opening Prayer) –
O Spirit of God, True and Faithful
Angels and Holy Trinity. Join us in this,
our hour of praise and thanksgiving to make final
decisions on every word that we speak in
your glorious Kingdom. For you are the
beginning and the end of our hopes and
desires in your glorious Kingdom. May
the Spirit of God confirm this
Prayer now and forever Amen.
3. Apostle – (Take Confession and Repentance) O brethren, do we agree to confess our sins and wrongdoings before The Father, Son, Holy Spirit, so that they may burn our sins in the Holy Fire until they turn to ashes, Agreed?
– Answer – "Yes we agree"
(Repentance) – And with heart and in mind, do we agree to continually abide in humble repentance, so that we may be born again in the Spirit. Agreed?
– Answer – "Yes we agree"
4. Apostle – (Thanksgiving Prayer) O Spirit of God, True and Faithful Angels and Holy Trinity, you have now heard our confessions and repentance, therefore it is fitting that we give praise and thanksgiving before you for the blessings we have received in days gone by, right up to this present day. We ask that you instil your unconditional love upon us for all times. May God's Spirit confirm this prayer now and forever – Amen .
5. Song of Praise and Thanksgiving.
6. The Psalm Singers – (Devotional Prayer) – (After the Devotional Prayer is this short prayer by the Apostle) – Be seated o brethren in the name of The Father, Son, Holy Spirit, True and Faithful Angels and the Spirit of God – Amen.
7. The Sermon – (After the sermon is this prayer) O True and Faithful Angels, instil the words of truth and righteousness within this sermon, into the hearts of the brethren an essence of goodness for the physical and spiritual body for all times. May the Spirit of God confirm this prayer now and forever Amen.
8. Doxology – Song. 70. MA TE MARIE (MAY THE PEACE)
9. Prayer from the heart.
10.(Closing Prayer)-
O Spirit of God, True and Faithful Angels, and
Holy Trinity, embrace us in true
brotherly love, bind us together in unity and peace.
May God's Spirit confirm this prayer now and
forever – Amen.
Ratana Church of Australia
Monday 15 August 1983, fifth president of the Ratana Established Church of New Zealand, Maata "Te Reo" Hura, sanctioned the Ratana Church of Australia. It is estimated that there are more than 20,000 Ratana Church members in Australia (2008).
On 31 August 2003 the seventh tumuaki Harerangi Meihana conducted a pastoral visit to the Morehu of Sydney, District of Australia. In September 2005, Te Reo O Piri-Wiri-Tua, (one of seven Ratana Brass/Silver Bands) travelled to Sydney.
A scout hall is named after them at Glenfield Scout Activity Center, Cambridge Avenue, Glenfield, New South Wales.
Recently, Te Reo O te Arepa, (one of the seven Ratana Brass/Silver Bands) have established a branch in Sydney. The District of Australia is currently being administered by District Apostle (Apotoro Takiwa) Te Kotahitanga Abraham.
List of parishes
Kai Hapai i te Rama (Manurewa)
Kia Mataara (Otara)
Kia Maia (Mangere East)
Pukekiwiriki (Papakura)
Rotorua (Waiariki)
Te Whitinga I Nga Moana 1924–1925 (Pukekohe)
Takanini (Takanini)
Te Papaioea (Palmerston North)
Taupō ki Waimarino (Taupō)
Manawanui (Manurewa)
Oruawharo
Otamatea
Puke Ariki (Taranaki)
Turanganui (Gisborne)
Mangamuka me Mangataipa Pariha o te Haahi Ratana Aotearoa New Zealand (Mangamuka)
Nga Tapuwae o te Mangai (Te Kao)
Ponsonby
Te Reo Powhiri (Te Hapua)
Te Taku Tai Moana te Rohe (Ahipara)
Te Tatau (Sydney)
Te Piringa (Sydney)
Te Arepa Pariha Perth WA Inc. (Western Australia)
Huntly Morehu Parish (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
Kemureti Pariha Cambridge (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
Kirikiriroa Pariha Hamilton (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
Hamilton Morehu Congregation (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
Mangatoatoa Kihikihi (Waikato Te Rohe Potae)
Marton Morehu Komiti Haahi (Marton)
Glen Innes Tamaki Pariha (Glen Innes, Auckland)
Te Kii O Te Wairua Tapu Pariha (Melbourne)
Taumarunui Ratana Church Parish
Piripono (Faithful) Logan City Pariha (Brisbane)
PiriWiriTua Pa – Te Haroto Marae
Hamuera Pa – Moteo Marae
Orakei Tamaki Makaurau Pariha
Te Reo o te Morehu. (Whangarei)
Nga Pariha o Mangakahia (Mangakahia)
Christian denominations in New Zealand
Māori organisations
Māori religion
Christian denominations in Australia
Indigenous Christianity
Rātanas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Haahi%20Ratana
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The Diamond Trellis egg is a jewelled enamelled Easter egg made by August Holmström under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1892. It is one of the Imperial Fabergé eggs, made for Alexander III of Russia, who presented it to his wife, the Empress Maria Feodorovna. The egg is owned by Dorothy McFerrin, as part of the collection acquired by her and her husband, Artie McFerrin, who died on August 8, 2017, and is on display at the Houston Museum of Natural Science.
The egg cost 4,750 silver roubles, and contained an automaton of an ivory elephant covered with precious stones. The surprise, thought missing for many years, has since been found in the collection of the British Royal Family.
Design
The egg is made of jadeite, gold, rose-cut diamonds, and is lined with white satin. It is carved from pale green jadeite and is enclosed in a lattice of rose-cut diamonds with gold mounts. The egg is hinged, and a large diamond sits at its base. Originally it was supported on a base of three silver putti said to represent the three sons of the imperial couple, the Grand Dukes Nicholas, George and Michael. The putti were set on a jadeite base, now lost. The last record of the base was when it was photographed with the egg, by Sothebys, in 1960.
Surprise
The surprise was an automaton of an elephant in ivory. It was the first automaton made by Fabergé for an Imperial egg, his next automaton was made in 1900 for the Pine Cone egg presented to Barbara Kelch. The surprise was described in detail when the egg was held at the Gatchina Palace. A small key wound the ivory elephant which had a small gold tower on its back decorated with rose-cut diamonds. The sides of the elephant were decorated with gold and five precious stones. The tusks, trunk and harness were decorated with small diamonds, and a black mahout sat on its head. The elephant had special significance; the design resembles the badge of the highest order in Denmark, Empress Maria Feodorovna's homeland. It was likely sold by the Soviets at the same time as its egg, and may have been resold by Wartski. It was recorded as missing, but had been purchased by George V and was residing in a cabinet in Buckingham Palace, where in 2015 it was identified as Fabergé and the lost surprise by Royal Collection Trust senior curator Caroline de Guitaut.
The surprise and the egg were placed on display together for the first time at the Houston Museum of Natural Sciences in 2017 since the identification of the surprise where the surprise was loaned by the Royal Collection for a year.
Ownership
The egg was presented to the Empress Maria Feodorovna by her husband, Alexander III of Russia on 5 April 1892, and was subsequently held at the Gatchina Palace. It was one of 40 eggs sent to the Kremlin Armoury by the Russian Provisional Government for safekeeping in September 1917. It was transferred to the Council of People's Commissars in 1922, and around 1927 was sold by the Antikvariat to Michel Norman of the Australian Pearl Company. Subsequently purchased by Emanuel Snowman of the London jewellers, Wartski, it was bought from Wartski by a Mr. T. B. Kitson in October 1929. Following Kitson's death it was auctioned by Sotheby's in December 1962 for £2,400, and bought by a buyer's agent, named Drager. The egg was subsequently owned by a private collection in the United Kingdom from 1962 to 1977, and was held by a private collection in London in 1983.
The Diamond Trellis egg is currently owned by Dorothy McFerrin, the widower to successful businessman in the Houston chemical and petroleum industry Artie McFerring, who has collected one of the largest private collections of Fabergé objet d'art in the United States. As well as the Diamond Trellis egg, McFerrin owns Fabergé eggs made for the Russian nobleman Alexander Kelch, and the Swedish-Russian oil baron Emanuel Nobel.
The Diamond Trellis egg was exhibited at London's Victoria and Albert Museum in 1977, the Museum of Applied Arts in Helsinki in 1980, New York's Cooper-Hewitt Museum in 1983 and the Swedish Nationalmuseum in Stockholm in 1997.
See also
Egg decorating
References
Sources
External links
1892 works
1892 in the Russian Empire
Culture of Houston
Imperial Fabergé eggs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond%20Trellis%20%28Faberg%C3%A9%20egg%29
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The Guv'nor is a 1935 British comedy film starring George Arliss, Gene Gerrard and Viola Keats, and directed by Milton Rosmer. Arliss in the title role is a tramp who rides a series of misunderstandings and becomes the president of a bank. It was a remake of the 1934 French film Rothchild. The film was re-released in England in 1944 and 1949. It was released in the US as Mr. Hobo.
It was shot at the Lime Grove Studios in Shepherd's Bush. The film's sets were designed by the art director Alfred Junge.
Plot
Monsieur Barsac is in a great deal of trouble - the Paris bank of which he is president is bankrupt, though nobody else knows yet. He tells his secret to his crony Dubois, since he needs his help. Dubois is to purchase an iron mine that is supposedly played out. However, Barsac's mining engineer has found rich, untapped deposits of ore. The mine is 51% owned by the widow Mrs. Granville and her daughter Madeleine, who are deeply in debt to his bank. Barsac uses his stepson Paul as an intermediary since Paul is a friend of the family, particularly the beautiful Madeleine.
Meanwhile, a vagabond known as the "Guv'nor" decides to head south for the winter with his friend Flit. At the Granville estate, he offers to mend some china in exchange for food and is treated very cordially by Madeleine.
Soon after, the two men are taken into custody for poaching and returned to Paris. After the policeman learns the Guv'nor's unusual real name, François Rothschild, he informs a member of the great banking dynasty who, unwilling to have their illustrious family name besmirched by an arrest, gives the Guv'nor a check for 2000 francs and has the two men released.
The Guv'nor is happy with his lifestyle, so he offers the money to Flit. They clean themselves up before trying to cash the check at Barzac's bank. Barzac mistakes the Guv'nor for one of the Rothschilds and tries to persuade him to join the board of directors to prop up the bank. During the conversation, the Guv'nor catches Barzac in a lie about Madeleine and becomes interested. He is made president of the bank.
When the Guv'nor learns details about Barsac's scheme from Madame Barzac, who is anxious to prevent her husband from investing in a "worthless" mine, he returns to the Granville estate. There, dressed as the tramp, he advises Madeleine to get Paul to ask for impartial advice about Barzac's strong recommendation to sell - from Monsieur Rothschild. Instead, she goes to see Rothschild herself and discovers his real identity. She believes that he has deceived her so he can purchase the mine himself and stalks out before he can explain. The next morning, the Guv'nor attends a meeting of the shareholders called to vote on whether to sell for the pittance Dubois is offering. The Guv'nor denounces Barzac and Dubois, but Madeleine votes to sell.
The wily Guv'nor then makes it look as if he has committed suicide. People fear he did so because there is something wrong with the bank and Dubois' company; panic selling soon drives down the price of shares in both. Meanwhile, Paul buys them on the Guv'nor's behalf. Having saved the Granvilles and ruined Barzac and Dubois, the Guv'nor gives the shares to Madeleine and Paul as a wedding present and resumes his carefree journey to warmer climes.
Partial cast
George Arliss as François Rothschild, the "Guv'nor"
Gene Gerrard as Flit
Viola Keats as Madelaine Granville
Patric Knowles as Paul
Frank Cellier as Barsac
George Hayes as Dubois
Mary Clare as Madame Barsac
Henrietta Watson as Mrs. Granville
Mignon O'Doherty as Margot
Critical reception
Writing for The Spectator in 1936, Graham Greene gave the film a middling review, noting that although he was not an admirer of George Arliss, he found this film "rather more tolerable than his recent appearances". Greene spoke favorably about the hint of satire concerning the last name (Rothschild) of the tramp played by Arliss, and speculated that the film might have been improved if it had been directed by René Clair.
Frank Nugent wrote in The New York Times, "George Arliss, fresh as any septuagenarian can be from his personal triumphs as Disraeli, Richelieu, Wellington and Hamilton, becomes a completely non-historical tramp in "Mister Hobo," the new Gaumont-British film which opened yesterday at the Roxy. An unpretentious little picture, happily devoid of international crises and court intrigues, it is gently humorous, quietly paced and a rather pleasant breathing spell for Mr. Arliss and his admirers"; while more recently, Hal Erickson in Allmovie called it "a standard George Arliss vehicle, despite his rags and tatters"; and TV Guide wrote, "though the situation is contrived, the script is quite good and completely believable. It's all helped by a terrific ensemble effort from the cast, handled with grace and style. It's a smoothly directed, witty little piece."
References
External links
1935 films
1935 comedy films
British black-and-white films
British comedy films
British remakes of French films
Films set in Paris
Films shot at Lime Grove Studios
Films directed by Milton Rosmer
Gainsborough Pictures films
1930s business films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Guv%27nor%20%28film%29
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The Brain Research Foundation (BRF) is a non-profit private organization in Chicago, Illinois. The foundation was established in 1953 to promote and support scientific research concerning the brain. The BRF aides scientists in their pursuits to understand, prevent, treat, and cure brain disorders. Brain tumors, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), learning disorders, depression and many others are disorders the BRF has helped raise awareness for.
External links
Brain Research Foundation Homepage
Medical and health foundations in the United States
Organizations established in 1953
Non-profit organizations based in Chicago
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%20Research%20Foundation
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The 2004 Bavarian Cup was the seventh edition of this competition which was started in 1998. It ended with the Jahn Regensburg II winning the competition. Together with the finalist, TSV Aindling, both clubs were qualified for the DFB Cup 2004-05.
The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).
Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998 these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event, their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners plus the finalist from last season's winners region are qualified for the first round.
Participating clubs
The following eight clubs qualified for the 2004 Bavarian Cup:
Bavarian Cup season 2003-04
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.
Regional finals
First round
Semi-finals
Final
DFB Cup 2004-05
The two clubs, TSV Aindling and Jahn Regensburg II, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2004-05 both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:
References
Sources
Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen - Die Saison 2003-04 Yearbook of German football, publisher: DSFS
External links
Bavarian FA website
2004
Bavarian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Bavarian%20Cup
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The Cure at Troy: A Version of Sophocles' Philoctetes is a verse adaptation by Seamus Heaney of Sophocles' play Philoctetes. It was first published in 1991. The story comes from one of the myths relating to the Trojan War. It is dedicated in memory of poet and translator Robert Fitzgerald.
Characters
Odysseus
Neoptolemus
Philoctetes
Chorus
Chorus Leader
Sentry
Merchant (in disguise)
Hercules (in person of chorus leader)
Premise
The story takes place in the closing days of the Trojan War. Before the play begins, the Greek archer Philoctetes has been abandoned on the island of Lemnos by his fellows because of a foul-smelling wound on his foot, and his agonised cries. The play opens with verses from the Chorus and the arrival of Odysseus and Neoptolemus to the shore of Lemnos. Their mission is to devise a plan to obtain the mighty bow of Philoctetes, without which, it has been foretold, they cannot win the Trojan War.
Themes
At the beginning of the play, the protagonist Philoctetes has been abandoned on an island with a wound that will not heal. His suffering and exposure to the elements have made him animal-like, a quality he shares with other outcasts in Heaney's work, such as Sweeney.
Narratives relating to the Trojan War had attracted Heaney and other Irish poets, sometimes for its resonance with the Northern Ireland conflict. Heaney also reworked The Testament of Cresseid, and had drawn on the Oresteia of Aeschylus for his sequence of poems "Mycenae Lookout".
Heaney's version is well known for its lines:History says, Don't hopeOn this side of the grave.But then, once in a lifetimeThe longed-for tidal waveOf justice can rise up,And hope and history rhyme.
The passage was quoted by Bill Clinton in his remarks to the community in Derry in 1995 during the Northern Ireland Peace Process.
Joe Biden has also frequently quoted the passage, including in his presidential acceptance speech at the 2020 Democratic National Convention and at the memorial service for Sean Collier, a campus police officer who was killed in the line of duty during the aftermath of the Boston Marathon bombing. In the opening chorus of the play, Heaney's translation emphasizes the role of poetry as "the voice of reality and justice" in expressing "terrible events".
The work was recited, in part, by Lin-Manuel Miranda at the inauguration of Joe Biden.
At the time of its composition, Heaney saw themes of the Philoctetes as consonant with the contemporary political situation in South Africa, as the apartheid regime fell and Nelson Mandela was released from prison without a full-scale war. Heaney described Mandela's return as a similar overcoming of betrayal and a display of "the generosity of his coming back and helping with the city—helping the polis to get together again."
Production history
The Cure at Troy was first performed in 1990 by the Field Day Theatre Company. The cast included Seamus Moran as Odysseus, Sean Rocks as Neoptolemus, and Des McAleer as Philoctetes. It was directed by Stephen Rea and Bob Crowley.
References
Cure
1990 plays
Plays based on works by Sophocles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Cure%20at%20Troy
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The Caucasus Egg is a jewelled enameled Easter egg made by Michael Perkhin under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1893. The Fabergé egg was made for Alexander III of Russia, who presented it to his wife, Empress Maria Feodorovna.
Currently the egg is a long term installation at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, New York, as part of the Matilda Geddings Gray Foundation.
Design
The egg is made of yellow and varicoloured gold, silver, ruby enamel, rose-cut diamonds, portrait diamonds, platinum, ivory, pearls, rock crystal and watercolour on ivory.
It commemorates Abastumani in Caucasus (Georgia) where Grand Duke George spent most of his life after being diagnosed with tuberculosis. Miniatures were done and signed by Krijitski. The miniatures are revealed by opening four pearl-bordered doors around the egg. Each door bears a diamond-set numeral of the year, forming the year 1893. Behind the hinged cover at the top is a portrait of the Grand Duke in his naval uniform.
This is the first Imperial egg known to be dated. Ruby red enamel was used only one other time for the Imperial eggs as Alexei Nikolaevich's hemophilia was a constant worry for the family.
Surprise
The surprise for this egg are the miniature paintings themselves.
See also
Egg decorating
References
Sources
External links
A detailed article by Annemiek Wintraecken on the 'Caucasus' egg and its miniatures from wintraecken.nl
Imperial Fabergé eggs
1893 works
Jewelry in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus%20%28Faberg%C3%A9%20egg%29
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The 1986 Detroit Lions season was their 57th in the league. The team failed to improve upon their previous season's output of 7–9 and missed the playoffs for the third straight season with a 5–11 record. The highlight of the season was first round draft choice Chuck Long’s first pass for a TD against Tampa Bay. Long would start in a Monday Night game against the Chicago Bears.
Offseason
NFL draft
Roster
Schedule
Season summary
Week 1 at Vikings
Week 6
Source: Pro-Football-Reference.com
Standings
References
Detroit Lions seasons
Detroit Lions
Detroit Lions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20Detroit%20Lions%20season
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The Antonov A-1 and related designs were a family of single-seat training gliders produced in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s. All were derived from the Standard-2 (Стандарт-2) (designed and flown by Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov in 1930), which in turn was derived from the Standard-1. They were produced in large numbers, with around 5,400 built of the U-s3, U-s4 and P-s2 major versions alone. The same design formed the basis for the Antonov A-2 and its related group of two-seat designs. Altogether, including the two-seaters, production exceeded 7,600 by 1937.
While members of the family varied in detail, they shared the same basic design, and parts were interchangeable between them. The design featured a typical primary glider layout with a conventional empennage carried at the end of a long boom in place of a conventional fuselage. The boom could be folded sideways for storage. The monoplane wing was carried high on a pylon above this "keel" and was further braced to it with two struts on either side. The pilot sat in front of the wing, and was enclosed in a simple U-shaped wooden fairing that was removed by sliding it forward to allow him or her to enter and leave the aircraft. The undercarriage consisted of a single skid underneath the "keel", but this could also be fitted with small wooden wheels.
While the original primary training versions (designated У, 'U') featured wings of constant chord, subsequent variants designed for soaring flight (designated П, 'P') had longer-span wings with tapering outer panels and a streamlined nose fairing. The ultimate development in the line were gliders intended for towed flight (designated Б, 'B), which shared the longer wings and streamlined fairing of the P-types, but added a canopy to enclose the cockpit.
Unlicensed copies were produced in Turkey following World War II by THK and Makina ve Kimya Endüstrisi Kurumu (MKEK), as the THK-7 (P-s2) and THK-4 (U-s4).
Variants
In each case, the "s" stands for serii (серии: 'series')
Prototypes
Standard-1 (Стандарт-1)
Standard-2 (Стандарт-2)
Trainers
Uchebnyi (Учебный, 'Trainer')
U-s1 (У-с1)
U-s2 (У-с2) (First version built in series)
U-s3 (У-с3) (1,600 built)
U-s4 (У-с4) (Redesignated A-1, major production version. 3000 built)
Sailplanes
Paritel (Паритель, 'Sailplane'), also Upar (Упар, portmanteau of учебный паритель, uchebnyi paritel, 'training sailplane') (800 built)
P-s1 (П-с1)
P-s2 (П-с2)
Towed
Buksirovochnye (Буксировочные, 'Towed') (265 built by 1937)
B-s3 (Б-с3)
B-s4 (Б-с4)
B-s5 (Б-с5)
Specifications (A-1)
Notes
References
1930s Soviet sailplanes
Glider aircraft
A-01
Aircraft first flown in 1930
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov%20A-1
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Capernwray Harbour Bible Centre is a evangelical Christian Bible School & Conference Centre located on Thetis Island, British Columbia, Canada.
The Centre was established by a Capernwray Hall alumnus, Charles Fordham, in 1979. The primary offering is a One-Year Bible School which runs from September to mid-April. During May - August over 4,000 participants are hosted for predominantly Christian-oriented conferences, retreats and Outdoor Education programmes.
The primary purpose and ministry of Capernwray Harbour is Christian education. Its goal is to offer students training in Bible study, evangelical outreach, leadership development, community living, and personal discovery through discipleship. According to school founder Charles Fordham, the mission of Capernwray Harbour is the "training of men and women to be equipped for full-time Christian service, regardless of their occupation," following the ideas expounded by Major W. Ian Thomas.
History
The site of Capernwray Harbour Bible Centre was first settled by Henry Severn in 1886. Despite the school being named for Capernwray Harbour, it is in fact located on the shores of Preedy Harbour. Severn built a log cabin on the property; the subsequent owner, H. Burchell, added Preedy Hall, one of the largest buildings on the Gulf Islands at the time, and home to a store, a chapel, and a ballroom. In 1924 the property was sold to Hans Hunter, who built the Main Hall in 1926 after a fire. In 1979, Charles and Marlene Fordham formed a Board of Directors to begin operations for a Bible School on the site, signed a lease to purchase, and opened the school with an inaugural class of 77 students. Current School buildings and facilities include a gymnasium, lecture hall, outdoor amphitheatre, climbing tower, several kilometres of trails, and accommodations for 150.
Mission statement
Statement of Faith
The Capernwray Harbour Statement of Faith asserts that God created man in such a way that the presence of God as Creator within a man as creature is imperative to his humanity, and that we as men can do nothing without him. Furthermore, according to the "Regenerative Purpose of God", Christ "rose again from the dead to live his life in us."
The Statement of Faith also declares that once one has truly assumed the Christian life, "Christ can then do the work in us as the Father then did the work in Him, and we let all God loose in the world; not, then just the sky, but God Himself is the limit!"
Ultimately, according to the Statement of Faith, "Jesus Christ established the fact that our spiritual union with him, as he was in spiritual union with the Father, is the true and ultimate basis of all evangelism, missions and Church planting."
Programmes
One of the principal ideas forwarded by Major Thomas, "simplicity in Christ", is emphasized in the curriculum at Capernwray Harbour. Students are encouraged to engage in discipleship to enable personal discovery, rather than looking for academic merit in Bible study. Thomas wrote, "If there is any situation from which you are not prepared to step back, in recognition of the total adequacy of Christ who is in you, then you are out of the will of God."
Curriculum
The Capernwray Harbour's Bible School curriculum covers about seventy-five percent of all of the Biblical books. Essential to the Capernwray Harbour approach are the creation of journals, (ungraded summaries of lecture principles), and study projects, presentations which ensure a thorough study of the Bible and the ability to impart teachings to others.
Ventures
A variety of camping and recreational programmes are offered to students in the initial autumn weekends of Bible School. These Venture Programme activities are designed to establish relationships between the new students. The programmes are conducted at a variety of regional recreational areas and ecological preserves, such as Carmanah Walbran Park, and the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve.
Outreach
Outreach programmes for students involve visits to several elementary schools, First Nations reserves, youth drop-in centres and senior facilities. Additionally, students lead monthly church services in a medium-security prison in nearby Nanaimo. Spring break outreach programs have included ministries to Seattle USA, Mexico, Japan, India, Philippines, Israel, and Italy.
Community Life
Capernwray Harbour hosts a variety of intramural sports, including soccer, basketball, floor hockey, and volleyball. Students have opportunities to participate in other outdoor adventures such as climbing wall activities, ropes course challenges, biking and mountain hiking. Students can also organize individual team games in their free time.
Other Capernwray Harbour Programmes
Conferences and Holiday Bible Weeks
Capernwray Harbour hosts several conferences throughout the year, including the Men's Conference, Ladies Conferences, and the Pastors & Ministry Leaders Conference. Retreats are offered for families, church groups, seniors groups, and those wishing for personal getaways.
The Holiday Bible Weeks are attended by families and individuals who want to have a Christian vacation experience. Christ-centred devotionals and talks round out a program that includes several outdoor activity options each day.
The Holiday Bible Weeks outdoor recreational activities include ocean kayaking, waterskiing, Gulf Islands boat tours, trail hiking, trout fishing, and beachcombing. Team events such as ropes course challenges and beach volleyball are available to participants of all ages, from preschool to adult. Facilities include a fully equipped gymnasium, five kilometres of beach and forest trails, 32 stations on two challenge courses, and a 14-metre climbing wall/rappelling tower.
The devotional services are conducted in several meeting areas, which include the gymnasium, the lecture hall, and an outdoor amphitheatre.
Outdoor Education Programme
The Capernwray Harbour outdoor education programme takes advantage of many of the same facilities, but is geared toward youth aged 10 to 18. The outdoor education focusses on problem solving, communication skills, leadership, community, and teambuilding.
Footnotes
References
Capernwray Harbour Bible School official website
Association for Biblical Higher Education
Protestant educational institutions
Evangelical parachurch organizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernwray%20Harbour%20Bible%20School
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For the Liberation of Brazil is a Marxist tract on guerrilla warfare written by Carlos Marighella. First published in France as Carlos Marighela: Pour la Libération du Brésil presented by Conrad Detrez, Editions du Seuil, 1970. In March 1970 the Journal Official announced that the sale and distribution of the book throughout French territory would be forbidden.
It was then published in English by Penguin Books in 1971 as part of their "Pelican Latin American Library" series and with more material than the French version. This edition was translated by John Butt and Rosemary Sheed with an introduction by Richard Gott (pp. 7-15).
The first part of the book provides a timeline of events that includes actions taken by the Revolutionary Movement 8th October.
"Marighela Calls on the People to Join the Struggle" (Sept 1969)
"Declaration by the ALN October Revolutionary Group" (Sept 1969)
"Greetings to the Fifteen Patriots"
"On the Organizational Function of Revolutionary Violence" (May 1969)
"Problems and Principles of Strategy" (Jan 1969)
"Questions of Organization" (Dec 1968)
"Handbook of Urban Guerrilla Warfare" (June 1969)
"On Rural Guerrilla Warfare"
"Guerrilla Tactics and Operations"
"Call to the Brazilian People "
"Letter to Fidel Castro" (Aug 1967)
"Declaration by the Communist Group of São Paulo"
The second part consists of articles written in 1966 before he left the Brazilian Communist Party including his resignation letter penned on December 10, 1966.
Footnotes
1970 non-fiction books
Urban guerrilla warfare handbooks and manuals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%20the%20Liberation%20of%20Brazil
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The 1986 Houston Oilers season was the 27th season overall and 17th with the National Football League (NFL). The team matched their previous season's output of 5–11, and missed the playoffs for the sixth consecutive season.
Offseason
NFL draft
Personnel
Staff/Coaches
Roster
Schedule
Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.
Standings
References
Houston Oilers
Houston Oilers seasons
Houston
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%20Houston%20Oilers%20season
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Toxteth Dock railway station was on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name and the Brunswick Goods station on the Cheshire Lines railway, England. It was situated above a London Midland & Scottish goods railway station.
It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury and closed, along with the rest of the line, on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.
References
External links
Toxteth railway station at Disused Stations
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxteth%20Dock%20railway%20station
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The 2002 Bavarian Cup was the fifth edition of this competition which was started in 1998. It ended with the FC Bayern Munich II winning the competition. Together with the finalist, Jahn Regensburg, both clubs were qualified for the DFB Cup 2002-03.
The competition is open to all senior men's football teams playing within the Bavarian football league system and the Bavarian clubs in the Regionalliga Süd (III).
Rules & History
The seven Bezirke in Bavaria each play their own cup competition which in turn used to function as a qualifying to the German Cup (DFB-Pokal). Since 1998 these seven cup-winners plus the losing finalist of the region that won the previous event advance to the newly introduced Bavarian Cup, the Toto-Pokal. The two finalists of this competition advance to the German Cup. Bavarian clubs which play in the first or second Bundesliga are not permitted to take part in the event, their reserve teams however can. The seven regional cup winners plus the finalist from last season's winners region are qualified for the first round.
Participating clubs
The following eight clubs qualified for the 2002 Bavarian Cup:
Bavarian Cup season 2001-02
Teams qualified for the next round in bold.
Regional finals
The SC Luhe-Wildenau, runners-up of the Oberpfalz Cup is the eights team qualified for the Bavarian Cup due to the Jahn Regensburg from Oberpfalz having won the Cup in the previous season.
First round
Semi-finals
Final
DFB Cup 2002-03
The two clubs, FC Bayern Munich II and Jahn Regensburg, who qualified through the Bavarian Cup for the DFB Cup 2002-03 both were knocked out in the first round of the national cup competition:
References
Sources
Deutschlands Fussball in Zahlen 2001/02 Yearbook of German football, author: DSFS, publisher: Agon Sport Verlag, published: 2002, page: 282
External links
Bavarian FA website
2002
Bavarian
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Bavarian%20Cup
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Brunswick Dock railway station was on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to Brunswick Dock and in close proximity to the Cheshire Lines Committee's extensive goods yard of the same name.
It was opened on 6 March 1893 by Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. The station had a hydraulic lift bridge which enabled a section of track to be lifted up to allow large vehicles to pass underneath. It was heavily bombed during the Liverpool Blitz.
The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 30 December 1956. No evidence of the station remains.
References
Sources
External links
Brunswick Dock at Disused Stations
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick%20Dock%20railway%20station
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Vrtojba (; ) is a settlement in the Municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba in the Slovene Littoral region of Slovenia. A border crossing into Italy is located here. On the Italian side of the border, opposite Vrtojba, is the suburb of San Andrea (), now part of the town of Gorizia ().
Name
Vrtojba was first mentioned in the early 13th century as Toyfa, Toyua, or Tojva in a list of properties belonging to the Counts of Gorizia. Its etymology is unknown, but is likely of pre-Slavic origin. By 1350 it was listed as Vertoib.
History
The population increased in the 16th and 17th centuries with settlers from areas further south affected by Ottoman raids moving to the fertile countryside around Gorizia.
In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Vrtojba became known for its early season vegetables and potatoes with regular supply to the markets of Gorizia and beyond. Although this fame still continues to some extent today, industrialization of Nova Gorica after the Second World War meant workers also settled in the village and the urban expansion in recent decades has virtually turned Vrtojba into the southern suburbs of Nova Gorica.
References
External links
Vrtojba on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba
Italy–Slovenia border crossings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrtojba
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Wapping Dock railway station was on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name. It was primarily used for access to the large warehouses nearby.
It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury. The station received some damage during the Liverpool Blitz.
The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 31 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains, save for a small number of supporting columns set into the walls at Wapping.
References
External links
Wapping Dock railway station at Disused Stations
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapping%20Dock%20railway%20station
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James Street was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, located just south of its namesake, within the city centre, close to the still-open Merseyrail James Street station.
It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquess of Salisbury. The station was primarily used by workers travelling to the shipping offices and the Corn Exchange. Passengers could also use it to change for the Merseyrail station of the same name.
The station closed, along with the rest of the line, on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.
References
External links
James Street station on Subterranea Britannica
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Street%20railway%20station%20%28Liverpool%20Overhead%20Railway%29
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Engineer Special Brigades were amphibious forces of the United States Army developed during World War II. Initially designated engineer amphibian brigades, they were redesignated engineer special brigades in 1943. The 1st, 5th, and 6th Engineer Special Brigades were assigned to the European Theater of Operations. The 1st Engineer Special Brigade participated in the landings in Sicily and Italy before joining the 5th and 6th Engineer Special Brigades for the invasion of Normandy.
The 2nd, 3rd and 4th Engineer Special Brigades were assigned to the Southwest Pacific Area, and participated in the campaigns in the Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, Leyte, Luzon, the Southern Philippines and Borneo campaign. The 1st Engineer Special Brigade fought in both theaters of the war, participating in the Okinawa campaign near the end of the war. The 2nd Engineer Special Brigade remained active after the war, and served in the Korean War before being inactivated in 1955.
Concept
At the onset of direct American involvement in World War II, it became apparent that the United States would need a large strategic and tactical amphibious warfare capability. In 1941, the amphibious forces were divided into two corps: one in the Atlantic, and one in the Pacific. Both were combined United States Army and United States Marine Corps commands, administered by the United States Navy. The Amphibious Corps, Atlantic Fleet, consisted of the 1st Infantry Division and the 1st Marine Division, while the Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, consisted of the 3rd Infantry Division and the 2nd Marine Division.
In April 1942, the United States and United Kingdom agreed on plans for an emergency invasion of Northwest Europe in the late northern summer of 1942 (Operation Sledgehammer) that would be conducted in the event of signs that the Soviet Union was on the brink of collapse, or that the Germans were withdrawing from Western Europe, possibly due to an internal coup or collapse. This would be followed by a full-scale crossing of the English Channel in mid-1943 (Operation Roundup). These were envisaged as shore-to-shore operations. The US Navy's policy at this time of only taking volunteers meant that it was short of manpower, and those personnel it had available were mainly allocated warships and the amphibious ships required for ship-to-shore operations. This meant that the landing craft for Sledgehammer would have to be operated by the British and the US Army.
Amphibious Training Center
The Joint Staff then considered the issue of amphibious warfare training. Very large scale operations were contemplated in both Europe and the Pacific, which the Army would have to conduct. To have the Marines carry out all amphibious operations was impractical, as there were limitations on its size, and joint Army-Marine amphibious operations would involve problems of coordination in view of their different organization, doctrine and procedures. The Joint Staff planners therefore felt that the Army should conduct amphibious training. This meant that the Army would have to establish its own amphibious training establishment.
The Joint Staff hoped to have twelve Army divisions (eleven infantry and one armored) trained in amphibious warfare by 1 February 1943. Another two infantry divisions and one armored division would receive training overseas. This did not include the 1st, 3rd and 9th Infantry Divisions, which were already undergoing training, the 3rd on the West Coast and the 1st and 9th on the East coast. In addition, the Army would train enough boat crews to move eight divisions. These would also be available by 1 February 1943. The Joint Staff intended to create three amphibious training centers. The plan was to train four divisions at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts, six at Camp Carrabelle, Florida, and two at Fort Lewis, Washington. It was intended that training at Camp Edwards would be conducted between July and November 1942. The Army Ground Forces was given responsibility for the development of amphibious warfare doctrine and the conduct of unit training.
The Army activated its Amphibious Training Center at Camp Edwards on 22 May 1942, with Colonel Frank A. Keating, the chief of staff of the 2nd Infantry Division, assigned to command it. It became active on 15 June 1942. The 45th Infantry Division underwent training at Camp Edwards from 15 July to 20 August 1942. Training concluded with major amphibious maneuvers from 17 to 19 August, during which the division conducted a shore-to-shore operation, embarking from Washburn Island, Massachusetts, and crossing Vineyard Sound to land on Martha's Vineyard, about away. It was followed by the 36th Infantry Division, which arrived on 22 August, and completed its training on 3 October. The final three days saw a repeat of the shore-to-shore exercise the 45th had conducted.
The Amphibious Training Center moved to Camp Carrabelle in October 1942. The first formation to undergo training there was the 38th Infantry Division, which commenced its amphibious warfare training there on 23 November 1942. The final shore-to-shore amphibious maneuver was conducted on 17 to 19 December, but performance was not considered satisfactory by the Amphibious Training Center staff, and it was repeated on 28 to 30 December. Camp Carrabelle was renamed Camp Gordon Johnston 13 January 1943. The 28th Infantry Division commenced training on 28 January 1943, and conducted its landing exercise on 7 to 9 March. This was the last division to be trained by the Amphibious Training Center, although three separate battalions, the 81st Chemical Battalion, 61st Medical Battalion and 462nd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion, received training there in May 1943.
On 10 March 1943, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General George Marshall, and the Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet, Admiral Ernest King, entered into an agreement that amphibious training would henceforth be a Navy responsibility. The Army Ground Forces was relieved of responsibility for the Amphibious Training Center on 16 March, and it was closed on 10 June.
Engineer Amphibian Command
In addition to training combat units in amphibious warfare, the Army also had to train personnel in the operation and maintenance of landing craft. Operating the necessary landing craft was estimated to require 48,000 men, organized into 18 boat operating regiments and seven boat maintenance battalions. Each boat regiment had three battalions, each of three boat companies. It was agreed with the British that boat units deploying to the UK would receive their initial training in the US, and final training in the UK. A consequence was the amphibian engineers' adoption of the British Combined Operations shoulder patch, but with the colors switched to gold on blue. The War Department also authorized the wearing of a pocket patch showing a scarlet seahorse on a white background, these being the colors of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.
The Engineer Amphibian Command was created on 10 June 1942 at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts under the command of Colonel Daniel Noce, with Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Trudeau as his chief of staff. Noce was answerable to Brigadier General Clarence Sturdevant, the Assistant Chief of Engineers for training. Additional training facilities were established at Cape Cod. The beach south of Buzzards Bay was selected for shore facilities, and Washburn Island was leased as a training site. Some $1.6 million was spent on dredging and the construction of roads, camps, piers and utilities.
Noce and Trudeau considered how the boat units would operate in combat, and noted the importance of well-trained shore parties to load and unload the boats, and establish supply dumps on the far shore. Since combat engineers were not specifically trained for the task, and would in any case have their hands full dealing with obstacles and fortifications, they felt that a permanent organization was required. They drew up a structure for an engineer shore regiment that would combine the functions of a Navy beach party and the Marine Corps shore party. About half the size of a boat regiment, a shore regiment would consist of three battalions, each with a near shore company and two far shore companies. Each shore regiment would be grouped with a boat regiment, a boat maintenance battalion, and support units to form an engineer amphibian brigade capable of moving an entire infantry division. The proposed organization was approved, and authority was granted to form eight engineer amphibian brigades.
The table of organization and equipment for an engineer amphibian brigade provided for 349 officers, 20 warrant officers, and 6,814 enlisted men. The Army searched its personnel records for men with appropriate marine experience. Arrangements were made to train ships' carpenters and marine mechanics at the Gray Marine Motor Company in Michigan, Higgins Industries in Louisiana, and Evinrude Outboard Motors and the Manitowoc Shipbuilding Company in Wisconsin. In all, 3,368 personnel were trained by these companies. Another 1,481 were trained at the Army Ordnance School at Aberdeen, Maryland, the Naval Operating Base at Toledo, Ohio, and the Army Motor School at Fort Holabird, Maryland. The majority, some 33,627 men, were trained at schools run by the Engineer Amphibian Command. Instructors were obtained from the British Army, Royal Navy, and the United States Coast Guard, Marine Corps and Coast and Geodetic Survey. Of the 37,651 enlisted men assigned between 10 June 1942 and 31 December 1943, 20,244 came from replacement centers, 11,898 from reception centers and 5,509 from other units; of the 2,899 officers, 634 came from other units, 825 from the Officer Reserve Corps, 965 from Officer Candidate Schools, and 475 through direct commissioning from civilian life.
The Engineer Amphibian Command estimated that it required 1,000 landing craft and 225 tank lighters, but it was soon discovered that this exceeded the number available. The Navy agreed to turn over 300 36-foot craft from new production in June and July. Initially the Engineer Amphibian Command used whatever landing craft were available: the 36-foot landing craft, personnel (LCP); landing craft, ramp (LCR); landing craft, personnel (ramp) (LCP(R)); and landing craft, vehicle (LCV); and a small number of the 50-foot landing craft, mechanized (LCM). Some were petrol-, and some diesel-powered. The 36-foot boats were later superseded by the landing craft, vehicle, personnel (LCVP), which combined their attributes.
The shortage of landing craft meant that enough were available for only one boat battalion at a time. The practice of allocating the boats to one battalion at a time, while the only way that all battalions could be trained, annoyed the Amphibious Training Center, as it meant that its ground units were always training with inexperienced boat crews. Tests were carried out with the newly-developed DUKW, and it was decided that each brigade should be equipped with three of them. An important organizational change as a result of experience with training occurred on 5 September, when Noce decided to group the boat and shore engineers into three boat and shore regiments, each with one boat and one shore battalion. Each boat and shore regiment could work with one of the three infantry regiments in an infantry division.
While the Navy was still willing to allow the Army to operate landing craft, it reserved the right to operate ocean-going landing ships. A dispute arose over which category the larger Landing craft, tank (LCT) belonged to. The LCT was powered by the same Gray marine diesel engine as the LCVP and LCM, so no special training was required to operate or maintain it. The Engineer Amphibian Command was informed on 21 May 1942 that the Navy had agreed that the Army could operate LCTs, but the British then decided that the LCT was a landing ship after all, and on 29 June the Navy announced that it would be operating the LCTs. This came as a blow to the Engineer Amphibian Command, as it meant that it was dependent on the Navy to transport its larger pieces of equipment like the D8 bulldozer.
The Navy also announced that it would take over the operation of all landing craft as soon as possible. The reason for this was that Sledgehammer had been abandoned in favor of an invasion of French Northwest Africa (Operation Torch), a ship-to-shore operation, and plans for the 1943 cross-Channel invasion operation were scaled back on 1 July from twelve to eight divisions. The number of engineer amphibian brigades was cut from eight to five; on 17 August it was reduced to just three. Given the additional time, the Navy now believed that it could train all boat crews, but the absorption of the engineer amphibian brigades into the Navy was precluded by the fact that they contained draftees, which the Navy was still refusing to accept.
Uncertainty about the future became acute as the year wore on, as Camp Edwards was unsuitable for boat operations in winter. The Amphibious Training Center moved to Camp Carrabelle, Florida in October, taking the 2nd Engineer Amphibian Brigade with it, but left the 3rd Engineer Amphibian Brigade at Camp Edwards. Up to this point, all plans had revolved around operations in Europe, as the war against Germany had priority, although in planning for amphibious training for twelve divisions, the War Department had also been providing for operations in the Pacific. In the wake of the US victory in the Battle of Midway in June 1942, plans were advanced for offensive operations in the Pacific, particularly in the Solomon Islands.
Amphibious operations in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) depended on the availability of landing craft. The Navy intended to ship only 60 per month to the theater, as they had to be sent deckloaded on ships bound for Australia, as they were too large to fit into ships' holds. Trudeau proposed shipping them as components. In this way hundreds could be carried in a ship's hold. They could be assembled in Australia by the 411th Base Shop Battalion. The decision to ship the 2nd Engineer Amphibian Brigade to Australia freed accommodation at Camp Carrabelle for the 3rd Engineer Amphibian Brigade, although it meant that yet another cycle of training would be conducted with inexperienced boat crews. On 27 November, General Douglas MacArthur asked for two more brigades. He also recommended that their name be changed from "amphibian" to "special".
Voluntary enlistment in the Navy of men aged 18 to 37 ended on 5 December 1942; henceforth men in this age group could be obtained only through the draft. This cleared the way for absorption of the Army boat crews into the Navy. On 8 March 1943, the War and Navy Departments agreed that landing craft should be operated by the Navy, but exempted the three engineer special brigades allocated to SWPA. The 4th Engineer Special Brigade completed its training at Camp Edwards in August 1943, and then moved to Camp Gordon Johnston, where it conducted joint training with the 4th Infantry Division. After it departed for Australia in December 1943, the Engineer Amphibian Command provided instruction to replacement crews before being disbanded in April 1944.
1st Engineer Special Brigade
The 1st Engineer Amphibian Brigade was activated at Camp Edwards on 15 June 1942. Some 2,269 men were transferred from existing units, the 37th Engineer Combat Regiment providing the nucleus of the boat regiment, and the 87th Engineer Heavy Ponton Battalion that of the shore regiment. Brigadier General Henry C. Wolfe was assigned as commanding general on 7 July 1942. The brigade trained until 15 July, when it was assigned to the Amphibious Training Command.
The brigade was pulled from the Amphibious Training Center early and sent to England to participate in Operation Sledgehammer, departing from the New York Port of Embarkation on 5 August, and arriving on 17 August. Elements of the brigade participated in the Operation Torch. The 531st Shore Regiment and 286th Signal Company acted as the shore party for the 1st Infantry Division, while the 2nd Battalion, 591st Engineer Boat Regiment was reorganized as a shore battalion, and operated in support of Combat Command B, 1st Armored Division. Brigade headquarters departed Glasgow on 24 November, and landed in North Africa on 6 December. Wolfe became chief engineer at the Services of Supply on 22 February and Colonel R. L. Brown of the 531st Engineer Shore Regiment acted as commander.
Wolfe rejoined the brigade on 22 March 1943, but on 25 May he became S-3 at Allied Force Headquarters, and was replaced by Colonel Eugene M. Caffey. On 10 May 1943, the brigade was redesignated the 1st Engineer Special Brigade. The 591st Boat Regiment was detached, as was the 561st Boat Maintenance Company, which remained in England working on Navy landing craft, but the 36th and 540th Engineer Combat Regiments were attached for the 10 July Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky), bringing the strength of the brigade to over 20,000. The brigade then participated in the Allied invasion of Italy at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September.
In November 1943, the headquarters of the 1st Engineer Special Brigade, along with the 531st Shore Regiment, 261st Medical Battalion, 286th Signal Company, 262nd Amphibian Truck Battalion and 3497th Ordnance Medium Automotive Maintenance Company, returned to England to participate in the invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). This nucleus of 3,346 men was built up to a strength of 15,000 men for Overlord. During Exercise Tiger, a rehearsal for the Normandy operation on 28 April, German E-Boats attacked a convoy of landing ships, tank (LSTs) of the XI Amphibious Force carrying troops of the brigade. Two LSTs were sunk, and the brigade lost 413 men dead and 16 wounded. The exercise was observed by Lieutenant General Omar N. Bradley, who, unaware of the sinking of the LSTs, blamed the resulting poor performance of the brigade on Caffey, and had him temporarily replaced for the Normandy landings by Brigadier General James E. Wharton.
The brigade participated in the D-Day landing on Utah Beach, and operated as Utah Beach Command until 23 October 1944, and then as the Utah District of the Normandy Base Section until 7 December 1944. Under the command of Colonel Benjamin B. Talley, the brigade headquarters returned to England, and embarked for the United States on 23 December. It arrived at Fort Dix, New Jersey, on 30 December. After four weeks leave, it reassembled at Fort Lewis, Washington. Part of the brigade headquarters went by air to Leyte to join the XXIV Corps for the invasion of Okinawa, while the rest traveled directly to Okinawa on the . The brigade was in charge of unloading on Okinawa from 9 April to 31 May. It then prepared for the invasion of Japan. This did not occur due to the end of the war, and the brigade landed in Korea on 12 September 1945. Its final commander was Colonel Robert J. Kasper, who assumed command on 1 November 1945. The brigade was inactivated in Korea on 18 February 1946.
On 30 September 1986, the brigade was reformed at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, as the 1st Engineer Brigade, and was assigned to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.
Organization for the landing in Normandy
Brigade Headquarters
531st Engineer Shore Regiment
24th Amphibian Truck Battalion
462nd Amphibian Truck Company
478th Amphibian Truck Company
479th Amphibian Truck Company
306th Quartermaster Battalion
556th Quartermaster Railhead Company
562nd Quartermaster Railhead Company
3939th Quartermaster Gas Supply Co
191st Ordnance Battalion
3497th Ordnance Medium Automotive Maintenance Company
625th Ordnance Ammunition Company
161st Ordnance Platoon
577th Quartermaster Battalion
363rd Quartermaster Service Company
3207th Quartermaster Service Company
4144th Quartermaster Service Company
261st Medical Battalion (Amphibious)
449th Military Police Company
286th Joint Assault Signal Company
33rd Chemical Decontamination Company
Campaign credits
World War II
Sicily
Naples-Foggia
Normandy (with arrowhead)
Northern France
Ryukyus
2nd Engineer Special Brigade
The 2nd Engineer Amphibian Brigade was activated at Camp Edwards on 20 June 1942, with the 532nd Engineer Shore Regiment and 592nd Engineer Boat Regiment assigned. Colonel William F. Heavey, who was appointed its commander on 6 August 1942, and was promoted to brigadier general on 10 September, led the brigade for the rest of the war. It quickly expanded to 6,000 men, but lost 1,500 in September to the 540th Shore Regiment. On 1 October, the brigade was reorganized; the 532nd and 592nd became engineer amphibian regiments and the 542nd Engineer Amphibian Regiment was formed. The brigade, less the 542nd Engineer Amphibian Regiment, moved by rail to Camp Carrabelle on 15 October. On 7 November, the brigade moved to Fort Ord, California, where it was joined by the 542nd Engineer Amphibian Regiment the following day. In January and February 1943, the brigade embarked from the San Francisco Port of Embarkation on a series of vessels bound for Australia.
In Australia, the brigade was based at Cairns, although its headquarters was co-located with that of I Corps in Rockhampton, away. The brigade helped the 411th Base Shop Battalion establish a landing craft construction facility, which produced its first finished LCVP on 7 April. In May, elements of the brigade began moving to New Guinea. A detachment of ten LCMs of the 592nd Engineer Amphibian Regiment went to Port Moresby, where it moved supplies to the Lakekamu River. They were followed by detachments of the 532nd and 542nd, which moved to Milne Bay, Oro Bay and Samarai. On 30 June, the brigade participated in its first amphibious operation, the landing at Nassau Bay. On 4 July, the brigade was renamed the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade, and its three regiments became engineer boat and shore regiments.
The 2nd Engineer Special Brigade trained at Cairns with the Australian 9th Division in June and July 1943. The 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment then moved to New Guinea, and landed part of the 9th Division at Red Beach near Lae on 4 September. On 22 September, it landed elements of the 9th Division at Scarlet Beach near Finschhafen. On 11 October, four Japanese barges attempted to land on Scarlet Beach. They were defeated by men of the 532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment, including Private Junior Van Noy, who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.
Over the next few months, units of the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade participated in the landings at Arawe, Long Island, Saidor, Sio, Los Negros, Talasea, Hollandia, Wakde and Biak. On 20 October 1944 it participated in the amphibious assault on Leyte in the Philippines. Over the following months it participated in a series of amphibious operations to liberate the Philippines. Nine of the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade's units were awarded Presidential Unit Citations.
The 2nd Engineer Special Brigade arrived back in San Francisco on 16 December 1945, and returned to Fort Ord. It later moved to Fort Worden, Washington, where it was stationed when the Korean War broke out in June 1950. The brigade moved to Yokohama, Japan, and participated in the landing at Inchon in September 1950. Afterwards it operated the ports of Suyong and Ulsan. The brigade was redesignated as the 2nd Amphibious Support Brigade on 26 June 1952. In December 1953 it moved to Camp McGill in Japan, where it was inactivated on 24 June 1955.
The brigade was reactivated at Fort Belvoir, Virginia, on 13 November 1956, and inactivated at Fort Story, Virginia, on 25 August 1965. It was reactivated as the 2nd Engineer Brigade at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, on 16 September 2011. Although no longer an amphibian brigade, it wore the World War II-era seahorse emblem until inactivated there on 15 May 2015.
World War II organization
Brigade Headquarters
532nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment
542nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment
592nd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment
562nd Engineer Boat Maintenance Battalion
1458th Engineer Maintenance Company
1459th Engineer Maintenance Company
1460th Engineer Maintenance Company
1570th Engineer Heavy Equipment Shop Company
1762nd Engineer Parts Supply Platoon
262nd Medical Battalion
162nd Ordnance Maintenance Company
189th Quartermaster Gas Supply Company
287th Signal Company
695th Truck Company
3498th Ordnance Medium Maintenance Company
5204th Transportation Corps Amphibious Truck Company
Medical Detachment, 2nd Engineer Special Brigade
Support Battery (Provisional) 2nd Engineer Special Brigade
416th Army Service Forces Band
Campaign credits
World War II
New Guinea
Leyte (with arrowhead)
Korean War
UN Defensive
UN Offensive
CCF Intervention
First UN Counteroffensive
CCF Spring Offensive
UN Summer-Fall Offensive
3rd Engineer Special Brigade
Commanded for almost the entire war by Colonel David Ayres Depue Ogden, who was promoted to brigadier general on 18 September 1942, the 3rd Engineer Amphibian Brigade was activated at Camp Edwards on 6 August 1942 with the 533rd Engineer Shore Regiment and 593rd Engineer Boat Regiment assigned. On 9 November they became engineer amphibian regiments, and the 543rd Engineer Amphibian Regiment was assigned to the brigade. The brigade moved to Camp Gordon Johnston by rail in November. In April 1943 it relocated to Fort Ord, where it prepared to move to Australia. Due to shipping shortages and changes in priorities, this took six months. The brigade was redesignated the 3rd Engineer Special Brigade on 25 May 1943, and the amphibian regiments became engineer boats and shore regiments.
The first unit of the brigade to reach New Guinea was the 563rd Engineer Boat Maintenance Battalion, which arrived at Milne Bay on 14 October 1943; the rest of the brigade followed in December 1943 and January 1944. The brigade became widely scattered, and never operated as a single unit, but Ogden retained control using a special radio net. It participated in the landings at Talasea, Aitape, Lingayen, and Borneo and Mindanao. The brigade returned to the United States on 20 December 1945, and was inactivated two days later.
World War II organization
Brigade Headquarters
Medical Detachment
533rd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment
543rd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment
593rd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment
563rd Engineer Boat Maintenance Battalion
HQ and HQ Detachment
1461st Engineer Maintenance Company
1462nd Engineer Maintenance Company
1463rd Engineer Maintenance Company
1571st Engineer Heavy Equipment Shop Company
1763rd Engineer Parts Supply Platoon
263rd Medical Battalion
163rd Ordnance Maintenance Company
198th Quartermaster Gasoline Supply Company
288th Signal Company
693rd Truck Company
3499th Ordnance Medium Maintenance Company
417th Army Service Forces Band
Campaign honors
World War II
New Guinea
4th Engineer Special Brigade
The 4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade was activated at Fort Devens on 1 February 1943, with the 534th, 544th and 594th Engineer Amphibian Regiments assigned. The brigade moved to Camp Edwards, where it was redesignated the 4th Engineer Special Brigade on 10 May, with the three regiments becoming engineer boat and shore regiments. The brigade moved to Camp Gordon Johnston in September 1943, and then staged at Camp Stoneman, California, on 21 April 1944, before departing the San Francisco Port of Embarkation for New Guinea on 28 April. Its commanding general throughout its lifetime was Colonel Henry Hutchings, Jr., who was promoted to brigadier general on 15 January 1944.
The 4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade arrived at Oro Bay on 18 May 1944, where its headquarters opened on 23 May. Most of the rest of the brigade arrived in the area over the next few weeks, and participated in amphibious training with the 31st Infantry Division. The Boat Battalion of the 534th Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment was sent to the Bulimba Boat Yards in Brisbane, where it was engaged in assembling landing craft. It participated in the assaults on Morotai in the Netherlands East Indies on 15 September 1944, and Lingayen Gulf on Luzon in the Philippines on 9 January 1945. It was inactivated in Japan on 15 April 1946.
World War II organization
Brigade Headquarters
Medical Detachment
534th Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment
544th Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment
594th Engineer Boat and Shore Regiment
564th Engineer Boat Maintenance Battalion
264th Medical Battalion
164th Ordnance Maintenance Company
199th Quartermaster Gasoline Supply Company
289th Signal Company
694th Truck Company
3492nd Ordnance Medium Maintenance Company
4th Engineer Amphibian Brigade Band (August 1945 became 434th Army Service Forces Band attached to Sixth Army)
Campaign honors
World War II:
New Guinea
Luzon
5th Engineer Special Brigade
The 336th Engineer General Service Regiment was activated at Camp Rucker, Alabama, on 25 July 1942, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel William D. Bridges. On 7 April 1943, it was redesignated the 1119th Engineer Combat Group, with its 1st and 2nd Battalions becoming the 336th and 234th Engineer Combat Battalions respectively. The 1119th Engineer Combat Group moved to Fort Pierce, Florida, on 15 April, where the 348th Engineer Combat Battalion was assigned as the third battalion of the group on 21 April. The group moved to Camp Pickett, Virginia, on 16 June. The 234th Engineer Combat Battalion was detached on 15 August, and replaced by the 37th Engineer Combat Battalion on 22 August. The group staged for overseas movement at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts. It left the Boston Port of Embarkation on 21 October, and arrived in the UK on 1 November. It was redesignated the 5th Engineer Special Brigade on 12 November 1943 at Swansea, Wales. The following day, Colonel William M. Hoge assumed command of the brigade.
Unlike the brigades in the Pacific, those in the European Theater had no boat units, although they did have additional service units to handle cargo over the beaches. When Hoge stepped up to command the provisional Special Brigade Group, he was replaced by Colonel Doswell Gullatt. For the invasion of Normandy, the brigade had a strength of 6,756 men. It landed on Omaha Beach, where it was responsible for the eastern beaches, Easy Red, Fox Green and Fox Red. Gullatt was hospitalized due to illness in July 1944, and Bridges assumed command on 31 July. The brigade operated Omaha Beach until it was closed on 19 November 1944. On 4 January 1945, the brigade was transferred to the Seine Section of Paris, where it supervised construction activities. It returned to the United States on 11 July 1945, and was inactivated at Camp Gordon Johnston on 20 October of that year.
Units assigned on D-Day, 6 June 1944
Brigade Headquarters
37th Engineer Combat Battalion
336th Engineer Combat Battalion
348th Engineer Combat Battalion
61st Medical Battalion
391st Medical Collection Company
392nd Medical Collection Company
395th Medical Collection Company
643rd Medical Clearing Company
210th Military Police Company
30th Chemical Decontamination Company
294th Joint Assault Signal Company
251st Ordnance Battalion
616th Ordnance Ammunition Company
3566th Ordnance Medium Automotive Maintenance Company
26th Bomb Disposal Squad
4042nd Quartermaster Truck Company
533rd Quartermaster Battalion
4141st Quartermaster Service Company
4142nd Quartermaster Service Company
4143rd Quartermaster Service Company
131st Quartermaster Battalion (Mobile)
453rd Amphibian Truck Company
458th Amphibian Truck Company
459th Amphibian Truck Company
619th Quartermaster Battalion
97th Quartermaster Railhead Company
559th Quartermaster Railhead Company
Co. A, 203rd Quartermaster Gas Supply Battalion
Campaign honors
World War II
Normandy
Northern France
Ardennes-Alsace
Central Europe
6th Engineer Special Brigade
The 146th Engineer Combat Regiment was activated at Camp Swift, Texas, on 25 January 1943. On 1 April 1943 it was redesignated the 1116th Engineer Combat Group. The group moved to Fort Pierce, Florida, for amphibious training on 16 August, and then to Camp Pickett, Virginia, on 10 October. It staged at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, before departing the New York Port of Embarkation on 8 January 1944. It arrived in the UK on 17 January, where it was redesignated the 6th Engineer Special Brigade on 15 May.
The brigade participated in the invasion of Normandy, operating the western end of Omaha Beach, the Charlie, Dog and Easy Green beaches. The brigade lost its commander, Colonel Paul W. Thompson, who was seriously wounded on D-Day, and he was replaced by Colonel Timothy L. Mulligan. It operated Omaha Beach until it was closed on 19 November. The brigade then became responsible for the security of the western coast of the Cotentin Peninsula. On 29 December the brigade was assigned to the Advance Section (ADSEC), where it was responsible for construction and road maintenance. On 28 March 1945, it was made responsible for coal mining. On 14 July the brigade headquarters, without any troops, embarked at Le Havre for the United States. The brigade arrived in the United States on 23 July 1945, and was inactivated at Camp Gordon Johnston on 20 October.
Units assigned on D-Day, 6 June 1944
Brigade Headquarters
147th Engineer Combat Battalion
149th Engineer Combat Battalion
203rd Engineer Combat Battalion
60th Medical Battalion
453rd Medical Collection Company
499th Medical Collection Company
500th Medical Collection Company
634th Medical Clearing Company
214th Military Police Company
31st Chemical Decontamination Company
293rd Joint Assault Signal Company
74th Ordnance Battalion
618th Ordnance Ammunition Company
3565th Ordnance Medium Automotive Maintenance Company
538th Quartermaster Battalion
967th Quartermaster Service Company
3204th Quartermaster Service Company
3205th Quartermaster Service Company
280th Quartermaster Battalion
460th Amphibian Truck Company
461st Amphibian Truck Company
463rd Amphibian Truck Company
95th Quartermaster Battalion (Mobile)
88th Quartermaster Railhead Company
555th Quartermaster Railhead Company
3820th Gas Supply Company
Campaign honors
World War II
Normandy
Northern France
Rhineland
Central Europe
Other amphibian units
Provisional Engineer Special Brigade Group
The Provisional Engineer Special Brigade Group was formed at Penllergaer, England, on 17 February 1944 to control Omaha Beach. It was commanded by Brigadier General William M. Hoge. Its main components were the 5th and 6th Engineer Special Brigades, and the 11th Port. For the D-Day landing it had a strength of 30,000 men. On 26 June it became the Omaha Beach Command.
540th Engineer Combat Group
The 540th Engineer Shore Regiment was activated at Camp Edwards on 11 September 1942, and was rushed to Europe to participate in Operation Torch. The 3rd Battalion was inactivated at Camp Edwards on 3 October; thereafter it had only two battalions. It staged at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, and departed the New York Port of Embarkation and the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation on 23 October 1942. It was redesignated the 540th Engineer Combat Regiment on 25 October 1942, and assaulted French Northwest Africa on 8 November. It subsequently participated in the assault landings at Licata, Sicily, on 9 July 1943, at Salerno and Anzio in Italy on 9 September 1943 and 22 January 1944 respectively, and the invasion of Southern France on 15 August 1944. It was redesignated the 540th Engineer Combat Group on 15 February 1945, with its 1st and 2nd Battalions becoming the 2832nd and 2833rd Engineer Combat Battalions. It was inactivated on 25 October 1945. The 2832nd Engineer Combat Battalion returned to Camp Kilmer on 13 November 1945, where it was disbanded two days later. The 2833rd Engineer Combat Battalion returned to Camp Kilmer on 26 November 1945, and was disbanded on the following day.
411th Engineer Special Shop Battalion
The 411th Engineer Base Shop Battalion was formed at Camp Edwards on 17 August 1942. A composite platoon from the battalion went to England with the 1st Engineer Amphibian Brigade. It departed the San Francisco Port of Embarkation on 17 January 1943, and arrived in Australia on 30 January. It moved to Cairns where it operated an assembly plant for LCVPs. On 5 June 1944 it moved to Milne Bay, where it operated a facility that assembled the larger LCMs. It was redesignated the 411th Engineer Special Shop Battalion on 1 November 1944. On 16 December it moved to Batangas in the Philippines, where a new LCM assembly plant was established. It returned to the San Francisco Port of Embarkation on 4 February 1946, and was inactivated at Camp Stoneman, California, two days later.
692nd Engineer Special Shop Battalion
The 692nd Engineer Base Shop Battalion was formed at Camp Edwards on 15 May 1943. It was redesignated the 692nd Special Shop Battalion on 12 August. It departed the New Orleans Port of Embarkation on 10 February 1944, and arrived at Milne Bay on 25 February, where it assisted the 411th Engineer Base Shop Battalion in the operation of the LCM assembly plant there. It followed it to Batangas on 17 June 1945. It returned to the Los Angeles Port of Embarkation on 25 January 1945, and was inactivated at Camp Anza, California, two days later.
Notes
References
Military units and formations of the United States Army in World War II
Military engineering of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%20Special%20Brigade
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Pier Head was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway. Opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury, it was located close to the landing stage of the Mersey Ferry, and next to the land on which the Royal Liver Building was built in 1911.
The station was the busiest railway station on the overhead network, providing connections to trams, buses and ferries. When constructed it was expected to be this busy, and so additional staircases were built.
The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.
References
External links
Pier Head station on Subterranea Britannica
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier%20Head%20railway%20station
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DJCXL, is a New Zealand hip hop DJ, producer and member of the band Ill Semantics. He was the 2003 NZ Disco Mix Club Champion.
He has collaborated with many New Zealand and international artists on tracks including King Kapisi's "Second Round KO" and "Dazzling DJ" with Black Wall Street Japan's S.H.O.. He also remixed the Chicago producer Mulatto Patriot's "International Connection", which featured Eternia, De:Joeso and DJ Goersch.
His first album as a solo producer was due in late 2010. The first single from the album, "My Love", featured the R&B artist J Williams and the rapper The Gift. The track was released to New Zealand radio in the third week of January 2010.
In 2012, DJCXL was the supporting act for the New Zealand boy band Titanium on their Come On Home Tour.
Discography
Albums
References
External links
DJCXL's official homepage - news, videos, photos, music
DJCXL's Myspace
New Zealand hip hop DJs
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJCXL
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Princes Dock was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name.
It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury.
The station closed, on 13 March 1941, due to extensive damage during the World War II Blitz. No evidence of this station remains.
References
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1941
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes%20Dock%20railway%20station
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The history of San Diego State University began in the late 19th century with the establishment of a normal school in San Diego, California. Founded on March 13, 1897, the school opened on November 1, 1898, with a class of 135 students. By 1921, the school had become San Diego State Teachers College, allowing it to grant certificates and degrees. Due to the increased student enrollment, the college was relocated to its current location at the east side of Mission Valley, with classes beginning in February 1931. The government works programs during the Great Depression assisted in construction of numerous buildings on the new campus.
World War I and II both affected student enrollment, and led many students and faculty members to serve in the armed forces. By the end of the 1950s, the student population was at 10,000, and the renamed San Diego State College was now the fourth largest California state institution. In the 1960s and 1970s the campus saw increased enrollment, the accreditation of its professional schools, multiple incidents of student activism, and on January 1, 1974, a new name: San Diego State University (SDSU). By 1987, the university's population peaked at nearly 36,000 students and attained the status of the largest university in California and tenth in the nation.
Recently, the university has worked to improve its academic rankings, and faced adversities including a school shooting and a large drug bust. As the university continues to grant numerous degrees in various fields, it has developed several construction plans for replacement of some of its older buildings and infrastructure.
Establishment
In the late 1890s, San Diego officials believed that a normal school should be established to help the town grow and increase certification of teachers. The tuition and travel for out-of-town normal schools were large and San Diegans desired to have a closer school. San Diego had to compete with Fresno, Los Angeles, and several other cities for a school, and its first attempt to establish one in 1895 was vetoed by California governor James Budd. On March 13, 1897, Governor Budd changed course and signed legislation appropriating $50,000 to allow for the establishment of a state normal school in San Diego, to be located in University Heights. By 1905, total funds appropriated to the school totaled $333,300.
The board of trustees for San Diego Normal School was established by Budd and first met on June 3, 1897. They appointed Samuel T. Black, who had previously served as the California Superintendent for Public Instruction, as president of the new school by unanimous decision on October 1, 1898. On January 21, 1898, the San Diego firm Hebbard and Gill was selected to design the new school building. The architect Irving Gill, who developed the building in a Beaux-Arts style, was responsible for the design. The ground was broken for construction on August 1, the cornerstone of the building was laid on December 10, and the building was dedicated on May 1, 1899. During the building's construction, the first classes were held at the Hill Block on the southwest corner of 6th and F street in downtown San Diego beginning on November 1, 1898. The classes moved to the Normal School in May 1899, even as construction continued. 135 students (90% of whom were women), were enrolled by the end of the first year; enrollment grew to 400 by 1910.
In the summer of 1899, San Diego Normal School became the first California normal school to offer summer courses, and maintained this position until 1913. On June 21, 1900, the first class was graduated: 23 women and three men. Later that year, the east wing of the initial building was finished, adding 18 rooms. In 1903, $61,000 was appropriated by the state for a west wing; it included a gym, library, laboratories, lecture rooms, and a museum. The west wing was completed in September 1904. In 1906, the California legislature required that students have a high school diploma in order to be admitted to a normal school. This was the same requirement as for entry into the University of California.
In 1910, Samuel Black resigned, and was replaced by Edward L. Hardy, who had previously served as the principal of San Diego High School. He increased the faculty size from 19 to 27 in 1912 to meet the demands of increased enrollment. The annual salary for the president increased to $4,000 (from $3,400) in 1915 and salaries for the faculty and administration ranged from $600–2,500 (compared to the national average of $687 for all industries except for farm labor). Hardy argued for the pay increases, claiming increases would "give merited and much needed relief...[and] will be entirely justified by the increased good of the service." More buildings were added after appropriations of funds in 1907 and total expenditures for the campus reached $312,000. Even with the expansion, by 1910 space was limited, so the training school dropped the high school program, although it still taught the elementary and intermediate grades (7th and 8th grades). In 1914, of the 136 new students for the school year, 17 were from California counties (excluding San Diego), while 26 were from other states. This proportion would remain common throughout the school's history as the majority of its students were from the San Diego area.
World War I
World War I had a large impact on the school. A newfound sense of patriotism had the administration require students to recite the Pledge of Allegiance as an entrance requirement to the school. The war also had an effect on enrollment as all of the male students gradually left the school to join the war efforts; in 1916 there were 421 total students, 382 in 1917, 172 in 1918 (including only one male student), and in 1919, 147 students. In addition to the students, some of the faculty members joined the military. Due to the decreased student enrollment, the remaining faculty had the opportunity to further their own training. On campus, both students and faculty worked with the Red Cross, organized bond drives, and sent packages to troops overseas.
During this period, Hardy pushed the notion of granting the school college status. In 1921, the California legislature made the school a four-year teacher's school, which placed it under the management of the State Department of Education. On July 28, 1921, the San Diego Normal School became San Diego State Teachers College (usually shortened to San Diego State College or SDS). With this ranking, the college could now grant certificates and degrees. Prior to the school's conversion, it had graduated 1,500 teachers, educated many of the San Diego children at its training school, and helped to expand the economic and cultural development of the city. Also in 1921, the legislature moved San Diego Junior College, that was a part of San Diego High School, to the college campus due to crowding issues. Administrators moved the junior college believing it would only overlap the same material taught at the teacher's school. The junior college remained with the school until 1947, when it became independent.
On June 30, 1923, the legislature allowed the college to begin granting Bachelor of Arts degrees, which included accountancy, agriculture, and industrial engineering. On July 1, 1927, the junior college courses became lower-division courses and on July 12, 1928, the State Board of Education granted the college the ability to offer credentials in secondary education with majors in English, history, chemistry, and the Romance languages.
Move to current location
The Normal School was initially built for a maximum capacity of 600 students. Hardy proposed in 1922 building on a new campus at a plot at Park Boulevard (near Balboa Park), which was rejected by San Diego voters. However, the California legislature authorized a move to a new site in 1925 if San Diego was willing to buy the old school building and provide a new site. The following year the Citizen's Advisory Committee, a 21-member committee led by Mayor John L. Bacon, initially recommended the northeast part of Balboa Park that would be located over , but the location was voted down by San Diego voters. In 1927, another location was selected, this time in Encanto, but was also voted down. In total, ten locations would be proposed before the final location was chosen. By June 1928, the Bell-Lloyd Investment Company offered at Mission Palisades, $50,000, and a promise to build a road connecting the site to El Cajon Blvd. The site was located at the east side of Mission Valley, about away from the old site. The group proposed the site in hopes of it being the center of a new retail and housing development. Before the new site could be built, San Diego voters had to approve of buying the old site, which it did overwhelmingly on May 15, 1928. After the move to the new campus, the old Normal School building was used for Horace Mann Junior High and administrative offices. In 1955, it was demolished to make room for a new wing of an administrative building.
George B. McDougall was selected as the supervising architect and the State Department of Architecture for Public Buildings designed the new campus. The initial planned cost was $7.5 million. On October 7, 1929, classes were dismissed early so all current students could attend the groundbreaking held on that day. Pettifer & Hupt was selected as the construction firm, and it completed several buildings by September 1930. The first classes made up of 1,220 students were held at Montezuma Mesa in February 1931.
The Great Depression, although negative to the local economy, also benefited the San Diego State Teachers College, as the federal government made money available for construction projects in an attempt to stimulate the economy. For the campus, some of these construction projects included new buildings (such as a $500,000 stadium completed in 1936 and a $200,000 open air theater completed in 1941), facilities, and art works. Several federal programs were also created to give jobs to students and to increase financial aid.
In June 1935, President Hardy retired and was replaced by Walter R. Hepner. The bell tower on campus was named in honor of Hardy in 1976. On September 15, 1935, as a result of the California legislature dropping "teachers" from the names of state colleges, San Diego State Teachers College became San Diego State College (SDSC). In 1935 the college began offering engineering courses. During that period, the college acquired $18,000 from the state for the purpose of purchasing an additional .
World War II
Just as World War I had a significant impact on the college, World War II was pivotal in the college's history too. Within four days of the attack on Pearl Harbor, thirteen students withdrew from the college to join the military. The enrollment dropped from 2,077 students in 1940 to a low of 860 students (21% were men) in spring 1943. Faculty decreased to as low as 60 from 112 before the war had begun. Before the war was over, 3,500 SDSC graduates, students, former students, and faculty entered the armed forces, with 135 losing their lives. Not surprisingly for a city dominated by a naval base, a large majority joined the Navy. Others joined the Air Corps, participating in the Doolittle Raid over Japan and battles over the Philippines and the East Indies.
In 1942, the campus became a War Information Center, one of 140 in the nation. The center was established to boost civilian morale and practice air raid drills. Rationing on campus of sugar, gas, soft drinks, and paper became common throughout the war. Classes were cut back due to the limited staff and the courses were shifted to more scientific and technological emphasis. The majority of the sports were canceled during the war and various drives were held to increase supplies sent to troops.
As the war neared its end, enrollment increased, until it reached 2,000 students in 1946. Nearly half of these students were veterans from the war, and they received a monthly stipend to assist with housing and tuition costs. Sports and activities resumed to their prior levels and by the end of the 1940s, the faculty had expanded to 230 personnel and 40 part-time staff.
In 1946, Hepner grouped the various disciplines into seven divisions: Education, Fine Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, and Health, Physical Education, and Recreation. In 1950, the college awarded its first master's degree, and by the end of the decade offered master's degrees in 38 areas. On May 23, 1947, Governor Earl Warren signed legislation making SDSC an official four-year liberal arts institution.
Postwar changes and expansion
In 1952 President Hepner retired, and was replaced by Malcolm A. Love, who previously served as president of the University of Nevada (since 1950). At this point, the college had more than 4,800 students, 222 faculty members, offered 27 majors, had a budget of $2.01 million and contributed more than $14 million to the local San Diego economy.
By the end of the 1950s, the student population was over 10,000, placing it as the fourth largest California state institution and larger than 96% of the U.S.’s colleges and universities at the time. In 1957, entering freshmen scores on examinations were ranked in the top 10% of all universities in the U.S. In the following years, the college's scores also surpassed most of the other California state colleges. In 1957 the college became the first to use an identification number for each student, which was necessary to simplify handling of records, grades, and other tasks of the large number of students. To keep up with student expansion, the square footage of the buildings and classrooms was increased from 255,434 to 1,243,737.
In 1959, the school began offering classes at Central Union High School in El Centro as part of its Imperial Valley branch. The campus remained focused on teacher training until the mid-1970s. In 1960, the school became the first California state college to have an educational radio station, KPBS-FM.
Before World War II, less than 25% of the faculty had doctorates, and in an attempt to reach university status for the school, the 1956 Statement of General Policy on Employment of Faculty stipulated that incoming faculty had to have their doctorates (or soon receive one) in order to be hired. By the end of the 1950s, 56% of permanent faculty had doctorates. By the beginning of 1965 this had increased to 68%.
During the Red Scare, psychology professor Harry C. Steinmetz was accused of being a Communist. San Diego representatives persuaded the California legislature along with Governor Earl Warren to attempt to remove him from his teaching position. After the State Board of Education was unable to get an answer from Steinmetz about whether or not he was a Communist, he was dismissed on February 5, 1954. He attempted to be reinstated but never was even after the legislation that had been developed during the Red Scare was later deemed unconstitutional.
On July 1, 1961, as a result of the Donahue Act, SDSC became a part of the California State College system which included a new set of regulations for the school, along with a statewide board of trustees and a chancellor. The school continued to grow, with a population of 10,700 in 1960 and 25,500 in 1970. The San Diego county administrator Fred Morey reflected on so many graduates being hired by the county: "We would find it difficult to keep the County running without the help of San Diego State."
John F. Kennedy, then the U.S. president, gave the graduation commencement address at Aztec Bowl in front of 40,000 people on June 6, 1963. Kennedy was given an honorary doctorate degree in law at the ceremony, making San Diego State the first in California to award an honorary doctorate degree. To commemorate his visit, the campus added his portrait to the campus library collection and a granite stone marker placed where his helicopter landed (California Historical Landmark #798). In April 2008, a plaque that commemorated his visit was stolen and has yet to be recovered. On May 29, 1964 Martin Luther King Jr. spoke at the Open Air Theater about proposed legislation in improving rights for African Americans.
In 1965, San Diego State began offering a doctorate in chemistry in a joint effort with University of California, San Diego. By 1991, the campus had eight different doctorate programs. Research became a vital practice of the faculty during the 1960s. By 1965, more than 200 books had been authored by SDSC faculty. Federal research grants increased from $398,202 in 1961 to $1,184,387 in 1967. Faculty research included medical and scientific research, teacher enhancement, Peace Corps training, and a review of nursing curricula.
In 1966, the Carnegie Corporation named President Love one of the best college Presidents in the country. President Love changed the structure of the college, developing its divisions into professional schools, which would allow them to be accredited. The schools were developed into colleges, which increased the possibility of SDSC of becoming a university. He reflected on San Diego State's progress in a Time magazine article: "Though we are called a college, we are in deed and in fact a university."
Throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s there were numerous protests, sit-ins, and radical changes in traditions among the students. Author Raymond Starr called this period "...the liveliest, most colorful, and most challenging in State’s history." Students mainly protested racism and the war in Vietnam. In March 1970, 600 students held a week-long sit-in in protest of the decision of the campus leaders not to rehire four radical instructors. Protests expanded to the presence of Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), military recruiters, the Police Community Relations Training Institute, among others. Significant speakers visited the campus during the time including Cesar Chavez, Jane Fonda, Angela Davis, Donald Freed, Joan Baez, and Jerry Brown. On April 20, 1972, 75 demonstrators took ROTC students hostage while they were taking an examination in the Business Administration and Math building. Although there was some violence, the students were released peacefully. On May 3, 1972, 35 protesters (later growing to 2,000) smashed windows of the Administration building and burned copies of The Daily Aztec, the student newspaper. Protesters eventually entered the locked building and set fires on the first floor, and moved on to Aztec Center to set more fires and break windows. The mayhem resulted in six injuries and several thousand dollars in damages. On May 24, 1972, a bomb exploded in Tarastec Hall, injuring Lawrence Jackson, an African American student. A group of African American students marched on campus to show support for Jackson.
The first women's studies program in the United States was established in 1970 at the college, after a year of intense organizing of women's consciousness raising groups, rallies, petition circulating, and operating unofficial or experimental classes and presentations before seven committees and assemblies.
In early 1971, President Love retired. With the extraordinary growth of students, faculty and facilities, there were plans for new library to be named in honor of him, which was dedicated in May 1971. After a brief unsuccessful nomination of Walter Waetjen to replace Dr. Love, and Academic Vice President Walker acting as president for 1971–72, Brage Golding became the new president. He served from 1972 to 1977, and although he did not implement any mainstream changes as prior presidents had, he was instrumental in bringing in qualified administrators who would improve the school during its upcoming years. He worked to establish the San Diego History Research Center for collecting materials on the city's history and established the Educational Growth Opportunities program which offered classes for older people. At Golding's leaving of the university, one person commented: "By the end of the five-year administration, San Diego State University had grown into the institution implied by its name. This was the mark that Brage Golding left on San Diego State University."
Golding left to lead Kent State, and with a brief intermission of Academic Vice President Trevor Colbourn serving as president, Thomas B. Day became the sixth president in 1978. When Proposition 13 passed, the school faced budget issues and Day proposed abolishing some departments, combining others, and laying off approximately 80 faculty members. However, budget cuts were deemed not necessary, and on April 8, 1980, Day again proposed cutting 115 faculty members and four departments due to foreseeing upcoming budget cuts; on May 16, 1980, he recanted his comments.
President Love had fought hard throughout his tenure to increase SDSC's ranking from a college to a university. In 1972, the California legislature approved the renaming of the school to "California State University, San Diego". San Diego State officials were still not happy with the name, and on January 1, 1974, it was renamed to "San Diego State University" (SDSU), its current name.
Modern history
In 1987, the school reached its peak attendance with 35,945 students, resulting in SDSU being the largest university in California and 10th in the nation. Due to the overwhelming number of students and available facilities and majors, the California State University Board of Trustees decided to limit enrollment to 33,000. However, in 1993, enrollment dropped to 26,800, the lowest attendance since 1973 as a result of the budget crisis of 1991.
In 1984, the California Higher Education Journal ranked SDSU as first among the CSU campuses, and U.S. News & World Report ranked the school among the top five comprehensive universities in the west in 1983, third in 1985, and in the top fifteen in 1989. In the 1980s, the College of Business' School of Accountancy was the only accredited accountancy program in California. Throughout the decade students scored the highest score on the Certified Public Accountancy (CPA) exam three times, and by 1990 was second in the nation (after the University of Texas) for graduates passing the CPA exam.
In January 1987, Playboy ranked SDSU as the 3rd best party school in the nation, which appalled some administrators, and amused students. The ranking was determined on a number of factors including the education offered at the university, social opportunities, the male–female ratio, and off-campus activities located near the campus. Some students feared that the ranking would diminish the quality of their degree. In 2002 it dropped to tenth place, and in 2005 was included again without a specific rank, before jumping to fifth place in 2006.
The Graduate School of Public Health was first offered to students in 1981, and was one of only 24 accredited schools of public health in the nation and the only one in the CSU system in 1995. President Day considered it the major achievement of his administration, and it provided training in hospitals, public health agencies, health maintenance organizations, ambulatory care, and mental health facilities.
In the 1990s, the College of Business was the fourth largest undergraduate program in the U.S. By 1989–90 SDSU was granting over 1,100 Master's degrees and 10 doctoral degrees a year.
As a result of the California state government proposed budget cuts to the CSU campuses, 1991 to 1994 at SDSU were marked by a long period of university budget stress, faculty unrest/layoffs, and student protests against SDSU fee increases and class cuts.
Spring of 1991 brought large fee increases and budget cuts by the governor and state legislature to the California State University (CSU) and University of California (UC) systems impacted SDSU in a unique way. While other schools in the systems chose an across the board approach on campus, the president of SDSU at the time, Thomas Day, chose to use a "deep and narrow" approach to program cuts. The result were largest student marches and protests since the Vietnam war.
Yet again in Spring 1992, the CSU and UC systems were facing another round of severe budget cuts and dramatic student fee increases by the state government. Still a second time, SDSU President Thomas Day took the same deep and narrow approach for budget cuts for SDSU, but this time proposed elimination of not only full-time faculty professors, but of entire majors such as Aerospace Engineering. In an attempt to alleviate fears of students in those majors, a large meeting by President Day was planned in the student center with hundreds of students and teachers. However, meeting quickly turned angry and chaotic with an overcapacity crowd pressing against the glass windows outside. Following the meeting, students feeling betrayed a 2nd time after 1991, about a dozen students held a temporary occupation of President Day's office. This occupation led to a 24-hour vigil in front of the Administration building, summer student bus trips to the state legislature in Sacramento, large campus student voter registration drive, and further student marches and protests in the Fall 1992. Under heavy student, teacher, and public pressure, the conclusion of these events ended with CSU Chancellor Barry Munitz eventually reversing President Day's deep and narrow approach, saving the majors and programs in Fall 1992.
Central and parallel to the SDSU student protest movement was an 8 foot high wooden construction fence that encircled a new campus building. Students quickly put up protest messages, paintings, and cartoons urging students to rally, vote, and challenge the school president. Citing a need to "clean up" the campus during graduation of 1991, President Day attempted to paint over the now symbolic construction fence wall. The night before the attempted wall paint over by President Day, a large police force arrested eight students peacefully sitting in front of the wall. The next morning, word quickly gathered on campus about the arrests and dozens of student rushed to sit in front of the wall ultimately stopping the painters.
In May 1994, the student government dedicated a permanent memorial to the wall in Pfiefer Lounge (later a Starbucks and now the new Student Center) a few yards from the wall's edge. The student memorial to the protests included the wall painting of President Day's head in a guillotine.
When President Day retired in July 1996, SDSU's incoming freshman had a 38% success rate in graduating from the university within six years. Day was replaced by the university's seventh president, Stephen Weber. Just one month later, on August 15, a 36-year-old graduate student pulled out a handgun while defending his thesis and killed three professors. The student pleaded guilty and is serving a life sentence prison term. On August 23, 2003, a memorial was dedicated to the three professors that included three trees along with a set of three tables and benches.
On July 10, 2005, a new trolley station opened on the SDSU campus, after construction began in 1999. The station connected students and faculty with other areas in San Diego county and helped to combat the low availability of parking around campus. The $103 million station was just one of the university's several construction projects that occurred in the 2000s. Starting in the late 1990s, a $500 million College Community Redevelopment Project led to the development of the $8.5 million Piedra del Sol Apartments, the $14.3 million Fraternity Row, and future developments of a $15 million Sorority Row, a $150 million Paseo retail, office, and apartment project, as well as a $125 million research and office park. In 2003, a pedestrian bridge opened, connecting several of the dorms to the main campus. In the same year, the campus's most technologically advanced and largest classroom (capable of holding 500 students) was completed. Through 2008 and 2009, the campus began work on constructing a new alumni center, expanding Aztec Center, and modifying Storm Hall and Nasitir Hall to add more office and classroom space.
In June 2007, SDSU was deemed the number one small research university in the nation. The ranking was determined based on faculty productivity, honorary awards, publications in journals, and number of research grants received. At any point, the campus usually has around 800 studies in progress in various fields. A 2007 study revealed that the campus has an economic impact of $2.4 billion on the San Diego region. Due to projections of current and future growth, the study indicated that the school's economic impact is expected to increase to $4.5 billion by 2025.
On May 6, 2008, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) announced the arrest of 96 individuals, of whom 75 were San Diego State University students, on a variety of drug charges in a multiple-month narcotics sting called Operation Sudden Fall. Two kilograms of cocaine were seized, along with 50 pounds of marijuana, 350 Ecstasy pills, hash oil, methamphetamine, other drug paraphernalia, three guns, and $60,000 in cash. Several months after the May 6 announcement, it was reported that the majority of the defendants had pleaded guilty to the felony charges. The defendants were then either placed on probation or were required to enter drug diversion programs. Other defendants only received citations or had their cases dismissed.
In 2010, after 15 years as president, Weber announced his upcoming retirement for the following year. Weber was credited for improving the graduation rate; in 2003, 66% of freshmen were graduating within six years. In May 2011, University of Maryland Baltimore County senior vice president Elliot Hirshman was named by the CSU Board of Trustees to replace Weber. Hirshman assumed his appointed role as president in July.
After the departure of the San Diego Chargers for Los Angeles in 2017, SDSU endeavored to gain control of the city stadium (then called Qualcomm Stadium) and surrounding city property, which is just across the freeway from the main campus and where SDSU football games are played. The proposal, called SDSU West, was put to city voters in November 2017 where it won approval by 54% of those voting, easily beating out a competing commercial proposal called SoccerCity. Negotiations began for SDSU to purchase the property from the city of San Diego. On May 29, 2020, the city council gave conceptual approval to sell 135 acres, including the stadium, to San Diego State for $88 million. SDSU hopes to break ground for a new 35,000-seat stadium in August 2020. The stadium will house SDSU football games as well other NCAA games, professional soccer and special events such as concerts. The entire $3.5 billion project, which includes housing, office and retail space, hotels, and 80 acres of parks and open space including a 34-acre river park on city property, will be rolled out in phases over 15 years.
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
San Diego State University Official Website
San Diego State University Historical Collection
H
San Diego State University
San Diego State University
Mission Valley, San Diego
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20San%20Diego%20State%20University
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Clarence Dock was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name.
It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury.
The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 30 December 1956. No trace of this station remains.
References
External links
Clarence Dock station on Subterranea Britannica
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Dock%20railway%20station
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The Charles Shorey House is a two-story wood home on Main Street in downtown Hillsboro, Oregon, United States. Completed about 1908, the Queen Anne style structure was built by Charles Shorey. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
History
Charles Shorey was born in 1850 in Waterville, Maine, and moved to Washington County, Oregon, in 1878. Around 1908 he purchased on Main Street in Hillsboro from Wesley W. Boscow for $857. Formerly part of the Boscow Dairy Farm, Shorey used the land to build a home for his family. Once complete he moved the family from their homestead near Mountaindale on Dairy Creek. The family included his wife Sarah and daughter Eliza Jane.
A carpenter, Charles died in 1934 followed by Sarah in 1938. The home remained in the family with Eliza living there until she died in the 1950s. She preserved the home, and later owners renovated the house in 1987. By 1989 the Slansky family owned the property, and on June 16 of that year the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places as an example of a middle class home from turn of the century Hillsboro.
Details
The home is a cross-shaped structure featuring the mixture of both a gambrel roof and a gable roof. Primarily Queen Anne in style, the two-story wood building also has features of the Colonial Revival style. The exterior contains horizontal board siding, some fish-scale shingles, a wraparound porch, and other decorative accents. These accents include jigsawn brackets and turned-posts on the porch.
Much of the exterior remains as it was with the original building materials still intact, including lead windows. The interior is also largely in original condition including the main stairway that has turned balusters. Fir wainscot is present throughout most of the home, which the interior design is of an Arts and Crafts style design.
References
External links
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Oregon
Houses completed in 1908
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon
1908 establishments in Oregon
Houses in Hillsboro, Oregon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Shorey%20House
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Nelson Dock was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name.
It was opened in May 1896 and replaced nearby Sandon Dock, which was closed at the same time.
The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.
References
External links
Nelson Dock station on Subterranea Britannica
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1896
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20Dock%20railway%20station
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Sandon Dock was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name.
It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury. The station had a hydraulic lift bridge which enabled a section of track to be lifted up to allow large vehicles to pass underneath.
The station was an early closure, closing in 1896, to be replaced by nearby Huskisson Dock and Nelson Dock, located to the north and south respectively. No trace of this station remains.
References
External links
Sandon Dock station on Subterranea Britannica
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1896
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandon%20Dock%20railway%20station
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Huskisson Dock was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name. It was primarily used for access to the passenger liners, particularly those of Cunard and Ellerman.
It was opened in May 1896 and replaced nearby Sandon Dock station, which was closed at the same time.
The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.
References
External links
Huskisson Dock station on Subterranea Britannica
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1896
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huskisson%20Dock%20railway%20station
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Acuariidae is a family of spirurian nematodes. Like all nematodes, they have neither a circulatory nor a respiratory system. They are the only family in superfamily Acuarioidea, and number about 40 genera and 300 species, most of which are parasites of birds.
Genera
Several genera, particularly in the Seuratiinae, are monotypic. At least some of them are liable to be invalid.
Subfamily Acuariinae Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
Acuaria Bremser, 1811
Cheilospirura Diesing, 1861
Chevreuxia Seurat, 1918
Chordatortilis Mendonça & Rodrigues, 1965
Chordocephalus Alegret, 1941
Cosmocephalus Molin, 1858
Decorataria Sobolev, 1949 (sometimes included in Syncuaria)
Desportesius Chabaud & Campana, 1949
Dispharynx Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912 (sometimes included in Synhimantus)
Echinuria Soloviev, 1912
Paracuaria Krishna Rao, 1951
Pectinospirura Wehr, 1933
Sexansocara Sobolev & Sudarikov, 1939
Skrjabinocerca Shikhoblaova, 1930
Skrjabinoclava Sobolev, 1943
Stammerinema Osche, 1955
Syncuaria Gilbert, 1927 (sometimes included in Echinuria)
Synhimantus Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
Willmottia Mawson, 1982
Xenocordon Mawson, 1982
Subfamily Schistorophinae Travassos, 1918
Ancyracanthopsis Diesing, 1861
Quasithelazia Maplestone, 1932 (sometimes included in Schistorophus)
Schistorophus Railliet, 1916
Sciadiocara Skrjabin, 1916
Viktorocara Guschanskaja, 1950
Subfamily Seuratiinae Chitwood & Wehr, 1932
Aviculariella Wehr, 1931
Ingliseria Gibson, 1968
Proyseria Petter, 1959
Pseudohaplonema Wang et al., 1978
Rusguniella Seurat, 1919
Seuratia Skrjabin, 1916
Stegophorus Wehr, 1934
Streptocara Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912
Incertae sedis
Antechiniella Quentin & Beveridge, 1986
Chandleronema Little & Ali, 1980
Cyclopsinema Cobb, 1927
Deliria Vicente, Magalhaes Pinto & Noronha, 1980
Molinacuaria Wong & Lankester, 1985
Pseudoaviculariella Gupta & Jehan, 1971
Tikusnema Hasegawa, Shiraishi & Rochma, 1992
Voguracuaria Wong & Anderson, 1993
Footnotes
References
(2007): Family Acuariidae. Version of 2007-AUG-07. Retrieved 2008-NOV-04.
Spirurida
Nematode families
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acuariidae
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Lita dela Rosa (died July 1994) was a Filipino 4-time World champion in Tenpin Bowling from Cebu, Philippines. She was posthumously inducted in the World Bowling Hall of Fame and in the Philippine Sports Hall of Fame in 2018.
Career
World tournaments
Lita won the AMF Bowling World Cup in Bogota, Colombia, in 1978. In 1979 IX Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs World Championship that was held in Manila, Philippines (at the Celebrity Sports Plaza), she won the gold medal in Women Single, as well as the prestigious Masters title. She won another gold medal in Women Doubles teamed up with country woman Bong Coo, and added another silver medal in Trios with Coo and Nellie Castillo.
Dela Rosa is only one of two women who have won the AMF Bowling World Cup and the FIQ/WTBA Masters in successive years (the other is Annette Hagre Johansson of Sweden (1986 AMF Bowling World Cup, 1987 FIQ/WTBA Masters)).
In the following world championships in 1983 X Fédération Internationale des Quilleurs held in Caracas Venezuela, Lita, Bong Coo and Arianne Cerdeña took another crack at the Trios but tied with the United States team for the silver medal.
Dela Rosa is a recipient of government incentives as a past achiever per R.A. 9064 through the Philippine Sports Commission.
Asian tournaments
In the 1979 5th FIQ Asian Zone Championships at Ploenshit Bowling Center in Bangkok, Lita combined with Nellie Castillo for the Women Doubles Gold medal.
International and National Hall of Fame
She was posthumously elected to the WBW International Bowling Hall of Fame in 2000 and posthumously inducted in the Philippine Sports Hall of Fame with compatriots Rafael "Paeng" Nepomuceno and Olivia "Bong" Coo on October 12, 2019.
Duckpin
Dela Rosa was also one of the best Duckpin bowlers in the Philippines, also having won the silver medal at the World Cup of Duckpin.
Death
She died in July 1994, at the age of 57, following a heart bypass operation. She was honored by the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) for faithfully serving it for 32 years. She retired in April 1994 with the rank of Technical Assistant in the GSIS Manpower Development Division.
References
Year of birth missing
1994 deaths
Filipino ten-pin bowling players
Asian Games medalists in bowling
Bowlers at the 1978 Asian Games
Sportspeople from Cebu
Asian Games gold medalists for the Philippines
Asian Games silver medalists for the Philippines
Asian Games bronze medalists for the Philippines
Medalists at the 1978 Asian Games
Date of death missing
Philippine Sports Hall of Fame inductees
SEA Games medalists in football
SEA Games gold medalists for the Philippines
SEA Games silver medalists for the Philippines
SEA Games bronze medalists for the Philippines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lita%20dela%20Rosa
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The use of comics in education is based on the concept of creating engagement and motivation for students.
Overview
The effectiveness of comics as medium for effective learning and development has been the subject of debate since the origin modern comic book in the 1930s. Sones (1944) notes that comics "evoked more than a hundred critical articles in educational and non-professional periodicals."
The use of comics in education would later attract the attention of Fredric Wertham who noted that the use of comics in education represented "an all-time low in American science."
It has been noted that the use of a narrative form such as a comic "can foster pupils' interest in science" and help students remember what they have learnt and providing a means of fostering discussion. However, it has also been noted that many educators remain "ambivalent" about the use of comic books as an educational tool. Comics have also been used as a medium to communicate health care information on subjects such as diabetes.
In 1978, Pendulum Press published a primer on the value of comics as an educational tool: The Illustrated Format: an Effective Teaching Tool (). In the US, the use of comics for education, using the Internet, can be seen on Comics in the Classroom, and the state of Maryland's Comic Book Initiative. Teacher professional development content on how teachers can integrate comics into the classroom is available through the State of California Department of Education's Brokers of Expertis website.
See also
Comics studies
Graphic medicine
Notes
Further reading
Abel, Jessica & Matt Madden. Drawing Words and Writing Pictures. (First Second, 2008)
Bang, Molly. Picture This: How Pictures Work. (A Bulfinch Press Book, Little, Brown and Company, 1991)
Bowkett, Stephen, and Tony Hitchman. Using Comic Art to Improve Speaking, Reading and Writing (Routledge, 2012)
Brunetti, Ivan. Cartooning: Philosophy and Practice (Yale University Press, 2011)
Eisner, Will. Comics and Sequential Art. (Poorhouse Press, 1987)
Elder, Josh (editor). Reading with Pictures: Comics that Make Kids Smarter! (Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2014)
Gorman, Michele. Getting Graphic!: Comics for Kids. (Linworth Publishing, 2007)
Hart, Melissa. Using Graphic Novels in the Classroom: Grades 4-8 (Teacher Created Resources, 2010)
McCloud, Scott. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. (Harper Paperbacks, 1994)
McCloud, Scott. Reinventing Comics: How Imagination and Technology Are Revolutionizing an Art Form. (Harper Paperbacks, 2000)
McCloud, Scott. Making Comics: Storytelling Secrets of Comics, Manga and Graphic Novels. (Harper Paperbacks, 2006)
Monnin, Katie. Teaching Graphic Novels: Practical Strategies for the Secondary ELA Classroom (Maupin House Publishing, Inc., 2010)
Morice, Dave. Poetry Comics: An Animated Anthology. (Teachers & Writers Collaborative, 2002)
Thompson, Terry. Adventures in Graphica: Using Comics and Graphic Novels to Teach Comprehension, 2-6 (Stenhouse Publishers, 2008)
van der Sluis, Hendrik. Manga, graphic novels, and comics in Higher Education?. (New Vistas, 7(1): 24-30, 2021). .
Whitworth, Jerry. A Case For Comics: Comic Books as an Educational Tool. (Sequential Tart, 2006)
External links
Comic Book Initiative — The State of Maryland's program of instructional strategies that support the use of graphic literature in elementary, secondary, adult, and corrections education.
The Comic Book Project (Teachers College, Columbia University) — Arts-based literacy and learning initiative designed to help children forge an alternative pathway to literacy by writing, designing, and publishing original comic books.
Imperial County Office of Education, Featured Stories - Using Sequential Arts Project (USA Project - Comic Books): A short video describing how comics are integrated in the classroom.
En/Sane World — Information on "Sequential Art Narratives in Education (SANE)."
First Second Lesson Plans — Lesson plans for a number of First Second books, ranging in grade level from 3-6 to high school.
The Graphic Classroom — Resource for teachers and librarians to help stock educational-worthy graphic novels and comics in their classroom or school library.
Mysterious World of Dr. Biology — Large collection of comic clipart and activity from Ask A Biologist.
National Association of Comic Art Educators — Organization committed to promoting the acceptance of comics as an art form within educational institutions, and facilitating the teaching and use of comics in educational settings.
Educational Comics for Kids - Educational comics on various topics such as study maths, learn to eat healthy or learning vocabulary.
Comics English Reference list of research articles and books about comics in education.
Comics in Education - Educational resource dedicated to the use of visual narrative in the K-12 classroom
Education
Educational comics
Creative writing programs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics%20in%20education
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Canada Dock station was on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, situated sixteen feet above street level between Canada Branch Dock No.1 dock to its west and the LNWR's Canada Dock goods station to the east; the LNWR's Canada Dock passenger station lay immediately east of the goods station.
The station was originally intended for transatlantic passengers, though the dock became a centre for timber trading. It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury. During the December 1940 Liverpool Blitz the station received heavy damage, including a direct hit to track close to the station.
The line and station closed on 30 December 1956, being demolished a year later. Nothing remains of the station.
References
External links
Canada Dock station on Subterranea Britannica
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20Dock%20railway%20station%20%28Liverpool%20Overhead%20Railway%29
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Langton Dock was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name.
It was opened in May 1896 due to demand from the busy nature of the dock. The station had a hydraulic lift bridge which enabled a section of track to be lifted up to allow large vehicles to pass underneath.
The station closed on 5 March 1906. No evidence of this station remains.
References
Sources
External links
Langton Dock station on Subterranea Britannica
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1896
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1906
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langton%20Dock%20railway%20station
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Brocklebank Dock was a railway station on the Liverpool Overhead Railway, adjacent to the dock of the same name. It became particularly busy after Langton Dock station was closed in 1906, with workers of the Langton Dock using it instead.
It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury.
The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.
References
External links
Brocklebank Dock station on Subterranea Britannica
Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
1893 establishments in England
1956 disestablishments in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocklebank%20Dock%20railway%20station
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Kutta is a small village in Ponnampet taluk of Kodagu, in Karnataka state of India. As per census survey 2011, location code number of Kutta is 618078.
Location
Kutta is the southern tip of Kodagu district. It is located at a distance of 86 kms from district headquarters, Madikeri and 32 kms from taluk headquarters, Ponnampet on SH-89 and 260 kms from state capital, Bengaluru.
Geography
Kutta is situated at an elevation of above MSL. The village is bounded by Coffee plantation and Paddy fields to the north, Brahmagiri Mountain Range to the west, Nagarahole to the east and Tholpetty wildlife Sanctuary of Wayanad district to the south. It experiences an annual rainfall of about . Kutta is situated on SH-89 of Karnataka and no major state highway of Kerala is connected to Kutta. Mananthavady (28 kms) and Kalpetta (52 kms) are the two major towns of Kerala, near to Kutta.
National Park and Safari
Kutta (Nanchhi Gate) is one of the three entry points to Nagarhole National Park, the other two being Veeranahosalli Gate and Karmadu Gate (Balele-Mysore Road), the latter does not host safari. The Tholpetty wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala, lies south of Kutta village.
Post Office
Kutta has a post office. The pincode is 571250.
Tourist attractions
Pakshi Pathalam is a hillock near Kutta which can be reached by trekking seven kilometers from Thirunelli temple. There is a cave on the hillock with many bird species.
Iruppu Falls
Kabini backwaters
Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary
White water rafting, Barapole river
Tadiandamol
Banasura Sagar Dam
Banasura Hill
Chembra Peak
SAI Sanctuary
Transportation & Connectivity
Kutta bus station is a terminal for both Karnataka buses and Kerala buses. There is a jeep stand at the end of the street.
Nearest Railway stations are Thalassery railway station (106 kms) and Mysuru Junction railway station (120 kms). Nearest International Airports are Kannur International Airport (106 kms), Calicut International Airport (135 kms) and Mangalore International Airport (212 kms).
References
Villages in Kodagu district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutta
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Leslie Edward Wostall Codd (16 September 1908 in Vants Drift, Dundee, District, Natal – 2 March 1999 in Pretoria), was a South African plant taxonomist.
Life
Codd was born in 1908. He attended the Natal University College where he obtained an M.Sc in 1928. He continued his studies at Cambridge University in 1929, and the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad in 1930, where he met his future wife, Cynthia. He worked with the Department of Agriculture in British Guiana between 1931 and 1936. In 1937 he was appointed to the Pasture Research Section of the Department of Agriculture in Pretoria. In 1941 he was awarded a D.Sc degree by the University of South Africa.
In 1945 he assumed the post of Officer-in-Charge at the Prinshof Experiment Station in the Division of Botany, where he was involved with the selection, growing and testing of pasture grasses. At the same time he was in charge of the Botanical Survey of South Africa.
While stationed at Prinshof he frequently visited the Kruger National Park on plant collecting trips. He saw the need for an informal botanical guide to the reserve and in 1951 produced "Trees and Shrubs of the Kruger National Park", one of the most popular items in the series Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa. With librarian Mary Gunn, he co-authored Botanical Exploration of Southern Africa in 1981, a history of the country's plant collecting, collectors and early botanical illustrations, with a follow-up in 1985. Gunn was known for specialising in non-contemporary botanists. A student once asked her a question about a contemporary botanist to which she replied "...I only deal with dead botanists, either kill him off or ask Codd next door!"
He succeeded Robert Allen Dyer as director of the Botanical Research Institute from 1963 until his retirement in 1973, and worked in the Flora Research Section thereafter.
Codd is commemorated in numerous specific names including Brachystelma coddii Dyer, Agapanthus coddii Leighton etc. His specimens number more than 10,000 (PRE, K, SRGH) and are mainly South African, with about 500 having come from Caprivi and Barotseland in 1952.
Awards & honours
1957–58 President of Section B of SA Assoc. for the Adv. of Sc.
1961 President of the SA Biological Soc.
1977 SA Medal by SA Assoc. for the Adv. of Sc.
1979 SA Medal for Botany
1982 Senior Captain Scott Memorial Medal by the South African Biological Society.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
20th-century South African botanists
South African taxonomists
Agrostologists
1908 births
1999 deaths
Botanists with author abbreviations
South African expatriates in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Codd
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Herculaneum Dock railway station was the original southern terminus for the Liverpool Overhead Railway. Actually adjacent to Harrington Dock it was named after Herculaneum Dock, a somewhat larger dock beyond the end of the line. It was opened on 6 March 1893 by the Marquis of Salisbury.
The station became a carriage shed on 21 December 1896, upon the LOR's southern extension through the cliffside to Dingle and the subsequent construction of a 'through' station by the same name slightly north of the original.
The station closed, along with the rest of the line on 30 December 1956. No evidence of this station remains.
References
External links
Herculaneum railway station at Disused Stations
Disused railway stations in Liverpool
Former Liverpool Overhead Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1893
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1896
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1896
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1956
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum%20Dock%20railway%20station
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Fighting Scots may refer to the nickname of athletic teams of several United States high schools and colleges/universities, including:
Colleges/Universities
The College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio
Edinboro University of Pennsylvania in Edinboro, Pennsylvania
Gordon College, Massachusetts
Monmouth College in Monmouth, Illinois
Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Alma College in Alma, Michigan
Ohio Valley University in Vienna, West Virginia
High schools
Caledonia High School in Caledonia, Michigan
Rim of the World High School in Lake Arrowhead, California
Ben Lomond High School in Ogden, Utah
Scotland County High School in Laurinburg, North Carolina
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting%20Scots
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Circipania () was a medieval territory in what is now northeastern Germany. The name derives from Latin circum (around) and Pane (the Peene River). The region was enclosed roughly by the upper Recknitz, Trebel and Peene rivers, the western border ran east of Güstrow. The region developed in the 10th and 11th centuries, when it was the tribal territory of the Circipanes (), a West Slavic tribe which along with the neighboring tribes was a part of the Lutici federation. The main burghs were Teterow, Malchin, and Demmin.
In 936, the Circipania was incorporated into the Billung March of the Holy Roman Empire. The Circipanes were one of the four constituent tribes of the Lutici federation centered on Rethra, which started a successful uprising in 983. Rid of the empire's overlordship, the Circipanes stayed with the Liutizians until the federation broke apart due to internal struggles in the 1050s, culminating dissolution in 1057. The Redarians and Tollensians opposed the Circipanes and Kessinians struggling for more influence within the federative administration, and allied with the Obodrites. The Obodrites successfully invaded Circipania and made it a province of their realm. The internal struggles had weakened the area, such that in the following year it became the target of numerous expeditions of an expansive Holy Roman Empire during their Wendish Crusade in 1147), then by Denmark in the raid of 1170, and finally by the Duchy of Pomerania which subdued and incorporated the area into Pomerania-Demmin in the late 12th century. The last of the territory was invaded by Mecklenburg and subdued in the early 1230s.
The 1230s marked the end of Circipania as a distinct territory as well as the end of the Circipanes. Pomerania-Demmin was in a miserable position and lost most of the territory to the Margrave of Brandenburg in the Treaty of Kremmen in 1236. Thus, Pomerania-Demmin could not counter the Mecklenburgian advance led by Borwin III of Rostock. Circipania would stay divided with Mecklenburg controlling the western bulk with Güstrow and Teterow, and Pomerania controlling the eastern smaller part around Demmin. Later the Mecklenburg part divided into Mecklenburg-Rostock and Mecklenburg-Werle, and the name Circipania dropped out of use.
Though Circipania vanished as a name from political maps, it was still visible on Roman Catholic ecclesiastic maps as the Pomeranian province of the Diocese of Cammin, because the borders of this province did not differ from that of Circipania and remained as they were before the conquest.
The Circipanes, whose numbers already dwindled due to the previous warfare, were assimilated by the German settlers called in by Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania before the Mecklenburg conquest, and by Mecklenburg knights during the Ostsiedlung.
See also
List of medieval Slavic tribes
Sources
Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp. 23ff,
Joachim Herrmann et al., Die Slawen in Deutschland
History of Pomerania
Lechites
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circipania
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Suzanne Joy Lynch (née Donaldson, born 11 December 1950) is a New Zealand singer who has worked professionally under the names Suzanne Donaldson, Suzanne Lynch and Suzanne.
Career
Lynch first came to wide public knowledge in the 1960s as half of the duo The Chicks with her sister, Judy Hindman, on the NZBC television series C'MON. In 1969, she became a solo performer and was a resident performer on the follow-up show Happen Inn. In 1970 she was voted NZ Entertainer of the Year and won a Loxene Golden Disc in 1972.
After marrying fellow entertainer Bruce Lynch she moved to London, England, where she worked as a session musician until she became a regular part of Cat Stevens' vocal group and appeared on several of his albums until he gave up recording after a religious conversion. The first song Lynch did for Stevens was "Oh Very Young" in which she sang the solo and background vocals.
Lynch appeared on the 2008 and 2009 series of Stars in Their Eyes as vocal coach and backup singer.
She is a member of the Lady Killers alongside Tina Cross and Jackie Clarke.
Discography
Charting singles
Honours and awards
1971 NEBOA Entertainer of the year award
1972 APRA Golden Disc award
1972–73 Gold Disc Award for Success as a singer in NZ and overseas
2001 In the 2001 Queen's Birthday Honours, Lynch was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to entertainment.
2008 Rock’Ons award for International NZ star
2008 Top female artist award
2008 Benny Award from the Variety Artists Club of New Zealand Inc, the highest honour available to a variety entertainer in New Zealand.
References
External links
1950 births
Living people
Members of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand Idol
Place of birth missing (living people)
Lynch, Suzanne
20th-century New Zealand women singers
New Zealand expatriates in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne%20Lynch
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The 2009 Swedish Touring Car Championship season was the 14th Swedish Touring Car Championship (STCC) season. It was decided over nine race weekends (comprising eighteen races) at six different circuits.
Tommy Rustad won the drivers' championship for the second time. The ethanol powered Volvo C30 of Polestar Racing proved to be the fastest car over one lap, as evidenced by them setting all fastest qualifying times during the season (although grid penalties ruined the perfect score), but they were plagued by bad reliability. Instead, Thed Björk, driving for Flash Engineering, lead the championship most of the season, only to be overtaken in the last race.
The team championship also went down to the wire, with Polestar Racing besting WestCoast Racing by one point in the last race.
The entry of the Biogas.se team with their Volkswagen Scirocco meant the debut of a biogas powered car in STCC. Unfortunately, they had trouble matching the pace of the other factory teams and ended up last in the team championship.
Changes for 2009
There were several rule changes for the 2009 season.
Race format changes:
Two races of approximately 20 minutes were held each race weekend.
There were no mandatory pitstops in either race.
The starting grid of the first race was determined by qualifying.
The starting grid of the second race was determined by the results from the first race with the top eight positions reversed.
The qualifying was divided into two sessions, where the eight fastest from the first (20 minutes) session moved on to the second (10 minutes) session.
Both races used rolling starts.
Other changes:
Yokohama replaced Michelin as tyre supplier.
Each race weekend, the team that scored most points received a price sum of 100.000 SEK. For this purpose, some of the one-car teams combined two and two.
The winner of the team championship was awarded an additional 100.000 SEK.
The manufacturers' championship was dropped.
Drivers
These were the STCC entries for the 2009 season. Drivers with numbers 88 and higher also competed in Semcon Cup, open for privateers only. All teams were Swedish-registered.
* Mikko Tiainen, Petter Granlund and Joakim Ahlberg were on the official entry list, but failed to participate in any races during the season.
Race Calendar
The race calendar for this season was as follows:
Results and standings
The points system used for both the main championship and Semcon Cup was the standard FIA system of 10-8-6-5-4-3-2-1, awarded to the top eight finishers of each race. In case of ties in points, the championship positions were determined by the classification in the latest race.
Races
* Robert Dahlgren set the fastest qualifying time, but was moved down 10 places on the grid, due to engine changes.
♯ Robert Dahlgren set the fastest qualifying time, but was moved down 10 places on the grid, due to having received two yellow cards for unfair driving.
Drivers Championship
The drivers' championship was won by Tommy Rustad. In the end he scored the same number of points as Thed Björk, but won thanks to finishing higher in the last race.
* Tommy Rustad was given a 30 seconds time penalty for an incident in the start, dropping him from 7th to 14th place.
♯ Robert Dahlgren was docked 10 points in the drivers' championship, due to being deemed responsible for a crash with Thed Björk. Note that this penalty didn't affect the team score.
Team Championship
The team championship was won by Polestar Racing, a single point ahead of West Coast Racing.
Semcon Cup
The results in the 2009 Semcon Cup were as follows:
References
External links
STCC Official Website (Swedish)
TouringCarTimes – STCC news in English
Swedish Touring Car Championship seasons
Swedish Touring Car Championship
Swedish Touring Car Championship season
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Swedish%20Touring%20Car%20Championship
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The is an Anti-tank/Landing craft missile used by the JGSDF. It is the first Japanese missile system that uses a complete digitally controlled interface.
History
Development of the Type 96 system began in 1986 by JGSDF Ground Research and Development Command.
Description
The Type 96 missile has a large warhead which can destroy tanks with a direct hit from the top, but it can also be used in an anti-helicopter role. The missile is guided by an operator with an infrared image monitor in the launch vehicle. An optical fiber connects the flying missile's infrared camera and its guidance system. It can also be fired vertically and the fibre-optic cable is paid out from the back of the missile as it flies.
The warhead is unnecessarily large for attacking tanks because it is also designed to destroy landing craft (LCAC). Japanese officers estimate that no tank can survive a direct hit to the weak point of its top armor by the Type 96 Multi-Purpose Missile System. This is a result of the missile striking the tank from the top, which is not so heavily armoured as the front and side sections of the tank.
It is designed to destroy remote targets before a landing, such as armoured fighting vehicles or small landing ships. The gunner carries out target selection and acquisition and the automatic tracker locks onto the image of the target. Tracking commands are relayed to the ground station computer, which sends steering command data up the fibre-optic cable to guide the missile. The gunner can also carry out manual tracking.
Operators
: 37 Sets (2012)
Similar missiles
ALAS
CM-501G
FOG-MPM
MGM-157 EFOGM
XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System
Polyphem, a similar European project
See also
ALAS (missile)
Middle range MPM
Type 64 MAT
Type 79 Jyu-MAT
Type 01 LMAT
Notes
References
External links
Official JGSDF Page (in Japanese)
EFOGM Project Details on Army Technology
Guided Missile Specifications Japan Ministry of Defence
Type-96 Multi-Purpose Missile System GlobalSecurity.org
Type-96 Multi-Purpose Missile System fas.org
Post–Cold War anti-tank missiles of Japan
Anti-tank guided missiles of Japan
Post–Cold War military equipment of Japan
Post–Cold War weapons of Japan
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%2096%20Multi-Purpose%20Missile%20System
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The A12 motorway, an Autobahn in western Switzerland, is a divided highway connecting the A9 to the A1.
The A12 runs from the A9 in Vevey along the Freiburger Alps via Fribourg to the A1 in Bern and thus represents an important link to Western Switzerland. The A12 acts as the main route of the Canton of Freiburg and crosses the Canton area in the diagonal of Chatel-Saint-Denis (in the southwest) to the Flamatt in the northeast. Since 1981, the entire highway has been open to traffic. A scenic location on the Lac de la Gruyère is the resting place de Gruyère, with its adjacent hotel.
Route
The A12 travels from the junction of the A9 La Veyre on a plateau (500 m above sea level) over Vevey.
During the first , the highway rises along the eastern flank of the Veveyse up to above sea level and forms a sharp S-curve. This highway section, with an average gradient of 5.8% (and maximum gradients over 6%), is one of the steepest stretches of motorway in the Swiss national road network. After the ascent portion, the canyon of Veveyse de Fégire is crossed by a bridge. Once reaching the plateau of Haute Veveyse, at the foot of the Alps, the road has only small differences in height. The culminating point is located, at an altitude of above sea level, at Weiler Prayoud northeast of Chatel-Saint-Denis. Here are the main European watershed between the Rhone with the catchment area of the Veveyse, and passes the Rhine (with the catchment areas of Broye and Sarine).
At a length of , the A12 now runs at an altitude of about above sea level, before it reaches the Gruyère region and the basin of Bulle. It then runs between the reservoir Lac de la Gruyère and the heights of the Gibloux to the north. At Gumefens and Avry-devant-Pont there are two Tagbau-tunnels. North of the latter is the most important building of the A12, the approximately 2-km long Viaduc du Lac de la Gruyère, constructed during the years 1974–1979 in a sweeping curve to the western valley side, spanning two short arms of the Lac de la Gruyère.
Afterwards, the highway enters the Molasse plateau of Freiburg Plateau, tackling in several stages a height difference of just over . After the bridge over the Glâne, the agglomeration of Freiburg in the west and northwest is bypassed through hilly terrain, known before (with another bridge over the Schiffenensee and Pont de la Madeleine, in line to the little hermitage in the sandstone cliffs near the highway bridge), and thus the Sarine gulch crosses the German/French language border.
As a result, the corridor runs through the little reliefs plateau at Düdingen and Wünnewil. With a bridge at Flamatt, which has a gradient of 4%, the road leaves the plateau and reaches the valley of the Sense (river). Thereafter, the A12 runs through the relatively densely populated and industrial and commercial buildings lined Wangental valley, to the western border of the city of Bern. Following is the Southern Bypass of the district Bümpliz, with an almost bridge crossing the plateau, before the highway ends at the junction Weyermannshaus into the A1.
Engineering structures
The A12 has, due to the hilly, pre-alpine topography, some different engineering structures, especially bridges. The most significant of which are (in sequence from Vevey to Bern):
Viaduct Fégire: long, high
Tunnel de Gumefens: long, Tagbautunnel
Tunnel d'Avry: long, Tagbautunnel
Viaduc du Lac de la Gruyère: long, 33 piers, piers with a height of
Viaduc de la Glâne: approximately long, high
Pont de la Madeleine (bridge over the Schiffenensee): long, a medium storage level of the lake above the water surface
Bridge Flamatt: long, 4% incline, leading through residential and commercial neighborhoods of Flamatt
Tagbautunnel Thörishaus: long
Viaduct Weyermannshaus: long, high
Historical Aspects
The leadership of a motorway, through the Canton of Freiburg, had already been studied in the 1950s decade. Concrete plans on the lines of the first sections have been around since the beginning of the 1960s. The first walked the line between Corpataux Matran and the end of 1963, for consultation, a year later it was followed by the northeastern continuation of the highway to Düdingen. In 1966 and 1967, the sections were sanctioned by the then Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications of the Swiss Federal and soon started to build.
On 31 July 1971, with the section of Düdingen Corpataux, the first leg of the A12 was in operation. The city of Fribourg was thus a bypass for transit traffic. It was first created by Matran Corpataux as only one lane, the second lane followed about seven years later. The last section of the A12, between Vaulruz and Vevey, was opened at the end of 1981.
The thruway A12 existed from end to end in 1981, as a motorway link between the German-speaking Switzerland and those in western Switzerland. As a result, developed the line from Bern via the A12 and the A9 for Lausanne on the A1 for approximately 20 years to the main transit route between Zurich and Geneva. However, the A12, during the winter, was always vulnerable to ice and snow-covered roadways because of the steep gradients and long sections at elevations above .
As has been made consistently in 2001, the A1 is also in operation, shifted back some of the traffic on the originally planned as a transit route highway. This is very well documented by the counting stations of Wünnewil and bull (overland routes), which in 2000 were measured in the average daily volume of 29,000 vehicles, 2002 just over 22,000 vehicles (about 20% less than two years before). The highest traffic densities on the A12 were recorded 2004, in the Fribourg area, with an average daily traffic of 29,000 vehicles.
The full opening of the A12 in particular gave the regions of Fribourg and Bones and the structurally Haute Veveyse important economic stimulus and led to the easy accessibility to the tourist region of Gruyère, both from the Lake Geneva region as well as from Berne.
Major engineering works
The following are major construction projects underway along A12:
(none at present)
Notes
References
"Die Schweitzer Autobahnen", Autobahnen.ch, 2009, web: Autobahnen.ch (with sub-webpage for A9).
More sources in "Motorways of Switzerland".
External links
Autobahn A12 (Website of the Service des Autoroutes du canton de Fribourg; in French)
Photo-series: A12 on Autobahnen.ch
A12
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A12%20motorway%20%28Switzerland%29
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The Patrouille des Glaciers (PDG) is a ski mountaineering race organised every two years by the Swiss Armed Forces, in which military and civilian teams compete. It takes place once every two years at the end of April, in the south part of the canton of Valais below the summits of the Pennine Alps.
The Patrouille des Glaciers is a stage of La Grande Course that includes the most important ski mountaineering competitions of the season.
There are two different races, a normal and a short one:
Zermatt – Arolla – Verbier: 53 kilometres, altitude difference +3994m and – 4090m. This is equivalent to 110 km without altitude difference.
Arolla – Verbier: 27 kilometres, altitude difference +1881m and – 2341m. This is equivalent to 53 km without altitude difference.
Each patrol consists of 3 members who, in order to compete, must
have alpine experience which ensures their capability to independently master unexpected situations under extreme conditions in an inhospitable high-alpine environment
train to meet the physical, mental and technical requirements of the competition
be willing to live the ‘PDG spirit‘ towards their own team, all participants and organising staff by acting fair, with caution and solidarity recognizing their limits as well as respecting nature and the unique alpine world
have excellent skiing skills, experience in skiing while being roped up to others, experience in alpine touring and mountaineering competitions
be able to complete the races in the following times, given normal conditions: Zermatt – Schönbiel within 3h; Zermatt – Arolla within 8h 30min; Arolla – Riedmatten within 1h 45 min; Arolla – Verbier within 8h 30 min.
History
The Patrouille des Glaciers has military origins. During the Second World War, the Swiss army organised a race to test the abilities of its soldiers. The first military patrol edition was held in April 1943 thanks to the work of two captains of Mountain Brigade 10 (Rodolphe Tissières and Roger Bonvin). That year, 18 patrols, each consisting of three members, travelled 63 kilometres to reach Verbier. In 1944, 44 teams participated, but for a few years, no races were organized because of war fatigue from the years of military mobilization during World War II. On April 10, 1949, the race was organised once again, but the deaths of three participants from Orsières (Mauritius Crettex, Robert Droz and Louis Thétaz) who died in a crevasse caused a controversy. As a result of that accident the organisation of the race was prohibited by the Federal Military Department until 1984.
The competition was revived by Rene Martin and Camille Bournissen. It remains under the control of the army which ensures its smooth running. The race is now held every two years and is also open to civilians. In 1986, bad weather forced organizers to interrupt the race. In 2002, the same mishap occurred.
In 2004, a foreign team won the race for the first time. The same year, the race was competed by 2934 participants (approximately 60% of civil patrols and 40% military), with 984 for the normal race, and 636 and 1314 for the short races.
In 2006, organisers were forced to refuse a thousand entries. That year a second race was organized from Zermatt for the first time. The media have recently raised the problem of doping: patrols are not subject to any controls which causes rumours about the performance of the participants. The commander of the race, Brigadier Marius Robyr (who retired in 2008), refused to impose controls and instead called for participants to act honestly, and in the spirit of the race in which there is no financial gain for the winners.
On April 18, 2007, memorials donated by the Swiss army were unveiled in Zermatt, Arolla and in Verbier in honour of the communities connected with, benefactors of, and friends of, the PDG. A doping case came to light at the end of the 2008 edition in which ten competitors were checked.
Records
Record times are measured on the longer course only (i.e. from Zermatt to Verbier)
Men
The record time is 5 h 35'27 and is held by an Italian team winning the 2018 race. Team members are:
Michele Boscacci
Robert Antonioli
Matteo Eydallin
Women
The record time is 7 h 15'35 and is held by a French/Swiss team from the 2018 race. Team members are:
Axelle Mollaret
Laetitia Roux
Jennifer Fiechter
Checkpoints
Several supply and control stations are located between Zermatt and Verbier:
The total drop is 3994 meters (ascent) and 4090 meters (descent).
Rules
Participants are divided into two groups: civilians and military. The categories are (Regulation 2006):
Female civilian patrols
Male or mixed civilian patrols
Senior I (total age of three members less than 102 years)
Senior II (total age of three members between 103 and 132 years)
Senior III (patrols remaining)
Female military patrols
International military patrols (only for normal race)
Swiss military patrols
Military I (total age of three members less than 102 years)
Military II (total age of three members between 103 and 132 years)
Military III (patrols remaining)
Female international civilian patrols (only short race)
Male international civilian patrols (only short race)
Material
Each patrol must be equipped with the following equipment (Regulation 2006):
Ice axe
compass, altimeter
three climbing harnesses
pairs of gloves, hats, bags
a Rope of at least 30 meters, snow shovel
skis
three headlamps, first aid kit, glasses
Avalanche transceiver
See also
Haute Route
References
External links
Official website
Swiss Air Force at Patrouille des Glaciers 2012
Swiss Army at Patrouille des Glaciers 2010
Swissinfo.org
Video
Ski mountaineering competitions
Mountaineering in the Alps
Military patrol (sport)
Skiing in Switzerland
Mountaineering in Switzerland
Bagnes
Skiing in the Alps
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrouille%20des%20Glaciers
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This is a list of the extreme points of Slovakia: the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location, as well as the highest and lowest points.
Latitude and longitude
North: near Oravská Polhora
South: Patince
West: near Záhorská Ves
East: Nová Sedlica
The distance between Záhorská Ves (the westernmost point) and Nová Sedlica (the easternmost point) is 428 km.
Altitude
Maximum: Gerlachovský štít, High Tatras (2655 m)
Minimum: Streda nad Bodrogom (94 m)
Other features
Longest river: Vah (402,5 km).
Deepest mountain lake: Velke Hincove pleso, High Tatras (53 m deep, 20 hectares)
Uppermost mountain lake: Modre pleso, High Tatras (2157 m above sea level)
See also
Extreme points of Europe
Extreme points of Earth
References
Lists of coordinates
Slovakia
Extreme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20points%20of%20Slovakia
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